Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Homokaasu
Homokaasu (Finnish name, literally gay (homosexual) - gas) is a fictitious poisonous chemical substance, that is supposedly an odorless and invisible gas at room temperature. It is a Finnish urban legend, and is often the subject of running gags on Finnish Usenet newsgroups.

# Conspiracy theory
Homokaasu is supposedly used on specific people by secret agents of the Roman Catholic Church to gain a subliminal control of the victims. The substance is usually leaked into rooms and areas in which the victim spends time  the home, workplace and psychiatric wards, for example. It also may be mixed in foodstuffs and beverages to the same effect.
The concept of homokaasu was introduced to the public in a series of controversial reports distributed in Helsinki, Copenhagen and Los Angeles in the 1980s. The reports themselves claim to have been written and distributed by an alleged victim of the supposed operation. The reports contemplate the motives, mentioning that the Roman Catholic Church might be attempting to convert the victims to homosexuality.

## Effects
Regular exposure supposedly makes social interaction difficult for the victim. Regular exposure also has various health-related effects on the victim, such as deterioration of eye-sight and hearing, diarrhoea and aches in various parts of the body. These symptoms supposedly disappear soon after the exposure has been discontinued.
In addition to the symptoms above, the victim is supposedly harassed in various ways. They experience for example constant re-occurrence of accidents and near-misses, and abnormal sexually charged encounters of various degrees.
The name (gay-gas) originates from the suppression of social interaction and the abnormal sexual encounters arranged in the operation.

# Cultural impact
Homokaasu is a widespread in-joke among Finnish net-users, and the homokaasu legend is the origin of the name of the Finland-based web community called "The Sect of Homokaasu". Moreover, there are recurring references to the homokaasu legend on the web pages of known Finnish Internet personalities, notably Niilo Paasivirta.
The legend itself was created by an obviously paranoid person spreading tracts about homokaasu. Nevertheless, it is widely perceived as both hilarious and bizarrely original, and it has persisted in Finnish Internet folklore.
Coincidentally, a Gay bomb conceptually reminiscent of homokaasu has also been investigated by the US military.
Hopanoids
Hopanoids are pentacyclic compounds similar to sterols, whose primary function is to improve plasma membrane fluidity in prokaryotes. Cholesterol serves a similar function in eukaryotes (including humans). This relationship between biochemical structure and cellular function can be seen in the similarity of the basic structures of diploptene, a hopanoid compound found in some prokaryotic cell membranes, and cholesterol, a sterol compound found in eukaryotic membranes (I, II, and III in images at right).
Hopanoid molecules, including particular types of hopanoid (2-alpha-methylhopanes) from photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria), were discovered by Roger Summons and colleagues as molecular fossils preserved in 2.7-billion-year-old shales from the Pilbara, Australia. The presence of abundant 2-alpha-methylhopanes preserved in these shales indicates that oxygenic photosynthesis evolved 2.7 billion years ago, well before the atmosphere became oxidizing.
In many bacteria hopanoids may play important roles in the adjustment of cell membrane permeability and adaptation to extreme environmental conditions. They are formed in the aerial hyphaespore bearing structuresof the prokaryotic soil bacteria Streptomyces, where they are thought to minimise water loss across the membrane to the air. This is a physiological adaptation not faced by most bacteria which mainly live in water, but similar adaptations are needed by eukaryotic fungi that produce aerial spore bearing hyphae.
In the ethanol fermenting bacterium Zymomonas mobilis hopanoids may have a role in adaptation of cell membranes to ethanol accumulation and to temperature changes which influence membrane functions. In the actinomycete Frankia, the hopanoids in diazovesicle membranes likely restrict the entry of oxygen by making the lipid bilayer more tight and compact.
Andrew H. Knoll, in Life on a Young Planet (2003), especially in Chapter 6, The Oxygen Revolution, has an authoritative and very readable account of the usefulness of hopanoid molecular fossil biomarkers in reconstruction of early evolution and geology.
Hordenine
Hordenine (N,N-dimethyltyramine) is a phenylethylamine alkaloid with antibacterial and antibiotic properties.  It stimulates the release of norepinephrine in higher animals.  It is produced in nature by several varieties of plants in the family Cactaceae and some in Acacia.
Peyote (Lophophora williamsii), San Pedro cactus (Trichocereus pachanoi), and Peruvian Torch cactus (Trichocereus peruvianus) all produce high levels of this compound.   These cacti also produce high levels of mescaline and other phenylethylamine compounds.
Cacti in the genus Ariocarpus, Pereskia, and Coryphantha also produce these alkaloids, though not in high concentrations.
". . .it has been shown that hordenine, N, N-Dimethyl-hydroxyphenylethylamine, exhibits an inhibitory action against at least 18 strains of penicillin resistant Staphylococcus bacteria."
Hot aches
The hot aches is a very painfully physical reaction to the cold, most often felt in the hands or feet. When exposed to the cold, blood stops flowing normally to the extremities. Later once you warm up, the blood begins to flow again; this causes the pain known as the hot aches.
Andy Cave (2005 winner of the Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature) describes it well in his award winning book Learning to Breathe:
"I had the hot aches... As the blood began to creep back into my hands I bowed my head. It felt like small shards of broken glass were being hammered into my fingertips."
In North America it goes by the more colourful name of the 'screaming barfies'.
Hoveround
Hoveround is an American corporation which makes and distributes power wheelchairs and scooters. The company, founded in 1992 by Tom Kruse, is based in Sarasota, Florida. The products are sold directly to consumers, and advertised in commercials that feature Tom Kruse. Hoverhound has over 500 employees and locations in 45 US states as of 2006. Annual revenue reached $100 million in 2005.
In 2005 the company began opening retail locations in Wal-Mart stores.

# Notes
-  Kennedy, Sarah (2006-11-18). "Hoveround lays off 66 workers: President blames changes in Medicare wheelchair pricing". Bradenton Herald..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  "Hoveround Opens Retail Location in Wal-Mart". Home Care Magazine. 2005-02-01.
Human leg

# Overview
In common usage, a human leg is the lower limb of the body, extending from the hip to the ankle, and including the thigh, the knee, and the cnemis. The largest bone in the human body, the femur, is in the leg.

# Terminology
In human anatomical terms, the leg is the part of the lower limb that lies between the knee and the ankle. This article generally follows the common usage.
The leg from the knee to the ankle is called the cnemis (nee'mis) or crus. The calf is the back portion and the shin is the front.
Legs are often used metaphorically in many cultures to indicate either strength or mobility. The supporting columns of an object may be referred to as legs as well, as in chair legs.

# Function and cultural aspects
Legs are often used for standing, walking, jumping, running, kicking, and similar activities, and are a significant portion of a person's mass.
Adolescent and adult females in many Western cultures often remove the hair from their legs. Toned, tanned, shaved legs are sometimes perceived as a sign of youthfulness and are often considered attractive in these cultures.

# Anatomy

## Long bones of the lower limb
- Femur (thigh bone)
- Patella (kneecap)
- Tibia (shin bone)
- Fibula (calf bone)

## Muscles of the human lower limb

### Muscles of the thigh
Anterior compartment of the thigh
- Quadriceps femoris, which is composed of:
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Rectus femoris
- Vastus lateralis
- Vastus medialis
- Vastus intermedius
- Rectus femoris
- Sartorius
- Tensor fascia lata
Medial compartment of the thigh
- Adductor longus
- Adductor brevis
- Adductor magnus
- Gracilis
- Pectineus
Posterior compartment of the thigh
- Biceps femoris
- Semimembranosus
- Semitendinosus

### Muscles of the cnemis
- Popliteus
The anterior compartment
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor digitorum longus
- Extensor hallicus longus
- Fibularis tertius
The posterior compartment
- Gastrocnemius
- Plantaris
- Soleus
(all these muscles are at the distal end attached to the calcaneus by the Achilles' tendon)
The deep posterior compartment
- Tibialis posterior
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Flexor hallicus longus
The lateral compartment
- Fibularis longus
- Fibularis brevis

## Vasculature of the leg

### The arteries
- Femoral artery
- Profunda femoris
- Superficial femoral artery
- Popliteal artery
- Tibial artery
Anterior tibial artery
Posterior tibial artery
- Anterior tibial artery
- Posterior tibial artery
- Fibular artery
- Arcuate artery

### The veins
- Greater saphenous vein
- Lesser saphenous vein
- Femoral vein
- Popliteal vein
- Anterior tibial vein
- Posterior tibial vein
- Fibular vein
Hwabyeong

# Background
Hwabyeong, literally "anger illness" or "fire illness, is a Korean term for a kind of culture-bound somatization disorder, a mental illness. It manifests as one or more of a wide range of physical symptoms, in response to emotional disturbance, such as stress from troublesome interpersonal relationships or life crises.  It most often occurs in females in their menopausal years, less-educated people, those of lower socioeconomic status and those from rural areas.
Behavior related to hwabyeong includes death. In addition, sufferers might report such symptoms as; a heavy feeling in the chest, perceived abdominal mass (previously thought to define the illness, but now believed to be atypical), sleeplessness, hot flashes, cold flashes and blurred vision. They may also demonstrate typical neurotic symptoms such as anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsiveness, as well as anorexia, paranoia or fearfulness,  absent-mindedness, and irritability.
Western doctors are likely to diagnose it as a kind of stress or depression. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders currently lists hwabyeong among its culture-bound illnesses.  Outside of Korea, informally, hwabyeong may be mistaken as a reference to a psychological profile marked by a lack of temper or explosive, generally bellicose behavior resulting from a lack of temper. To the contrary, hwabyeong is a traditional psychological term used to refer to a condition characterized by passive suffering, is roughly comparable to depression, and is typically associated with older women.
In South Korea, it is also called ulhwabyeong ().

# Hwabyeong in popular culture
- A short animation a part of If You Were Me: Anima Vision, a 2005 South Korean omnibus featuring six short animated films addressing human rights issues in Korea, includes a sketch of a depressed female character who carries a jar (Korean: / byeong, a homophone of  illness)  with a flame ( hwa) drawn atop of it.
ko:
nl:Hwa-byung
Hydrolase

# Overview
In biochemistry, a hydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond.  For example, an enzyme that catalyzed the following reaction is a hydrolase:

# Nomenclature
Systematic names of hydrolases are formed as "substrate hydrolase." However, common names are typically in the form "substratease." For example, a nuclease is a hydrolase that cleaves nucleic acids.

# Classification
Hydrolases are classified as EC 3 in the EC number classification of enzymes. Hydrolases can be further classified into several subclasses, based upon the bonds they act upon:
- EC 3.1: ester bonds (esterases: nucleases, phosphodiesterases, lipase, phosphatase)
- EC 3.2: sugars (glycosylases/DNA glycosylases, glycoside hydrolase)
- EC 3.3: ether bonds
- EC 3.4: peptide bonds (Proteases/peptidases)
- EC 3.5: carbon-nitrogen bonds, other than peptide bonds
- EC 3.6: acid anhydrides (acid anhydride hydrolases, including helicases and GTPase)
- EC 3.7: carbon-carbon bonds
- EC 3.8: halide bonds
- EC 3.9: phosphorus-nitrogen bonds
- EC 3.10: sulfur-nitrogen bonds
- EC 3.11: carbon-phosphorus bonds
- EC 3.12: sulfur-sulfur bonds
- EC 3.13: carbon-sulfur bonds
ISO 13485
ISO 13485 is an ISO standard, published in 2003, that represents the requirements for a comprehensive management system for the design and manufacture of medical devices. This standard supersedes earlier documents such as EN 46001 and EN 46002 (both 1997), the  ISO 13485 published in 1996 and ISO 13488 (also 1996).
While it remains a stand-alone document, ISO 13485 is generally harmonized with ISO 9001. A fundamental difference, however, is that ISO 9001 requires the organization to demonstrate continuous improvement, whereas ISO 13485 requires only that they demonstrate the quality system is implemented and maintained.  Other specific differences include:
- the promotion and awareness of regulatory requirements as a management responsibility, will providing resources and during reviews. An example of the market specific regulatory requirements is 21 CFR 820 Quality System Regulation for Medical Devices sold in the United States.
- controls in the work environment to ensure product safety
- focus on risk management activities and design transfer activities during product development
- specific requirements for inspection and traceability for implantable devices
- specific requirements for documentation and validation of processes for sterile medical devices
- specific requirements for verification of the effectiveness of corrective and preventive actions
Compliance with ISO 13485 is often seen as the first step in achieving compliance with European regulatory requirements. The conformity of Medical Devices and In-vitro Diagnostic Medical Device 
according to EEC-decrees 93/42/EEC, 90/385/EEC and 98/79/EEC must be assessed before 
sale is permitted. The preferred method to prove conformity is the certification of the 
Quality Management System according ISO 9001 and/or ISO 13485, ISO 13488, or ISO 14971 by a 
Conformity Assessment Body (CAB). The result of a positive assessment is the authorisation 
for the CE-identification and the permission to sell the high quality medical device in the European Union.
ISO 639-3
ISO 639-3 is an international standard for language codes. It extends the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 codes with an aim to cover all known natural languages.  The standard was published by ISO on 5 February 2007.
It's intended for use in a wide range of applications, in particular computer systems where many languages need to be supported. It provides an enumeration of languages as complete as possible, including living and extinct, ancient and constructed, major and minor, written and unwritten.
It is a superset of ISO 639-1 and of the individual languages in ISO 639-2. ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-2 focused on major languages, most frequently represented in the total body of the world's literature. Since ISO 639-2 also includes language collections, whereas Part 3 does not, ISO 639-3 is not a superset of ISO 639-2. Where B and T codes exist in ISO 639-2, it uses the T-codes.
Examples:
The final standard contains 7589 entries. The inventory  of languages is based on a number of sources including: the individual languages contained in 639-2, modern languages from the Ethnologue 15th edition, historic varieties, ancient languages and artificial languages from Anthony Aristar at the Linguist List as well as languages recommended within a public commenting period.
A transition from ISO 639-1 could be done with List of ISO 639-1 codes.

# Code space
Since the code is three-letter alphabetic, one upper bound for the number of languages that can be represented is 26  26  26 = 17576. Since ISO 639-2 defines special codes (2), a reserved range (520) and B-only codes (23), 545 codes cannot be used in part 3. Therefore a lower upper bound is 17576 - 545 = 17032.
The upper bound gets even lower if one subtracts the language collections defined in 639-2 and the ones yet to be defined in ISO 639-5.

# Macrolanguages
There are 56 languages in ISO 639-2 which are considered, for the purposes of the standard, to be "macrolanguages" in 639-3 .
Some of these macrolanguages had no individual language as defined by 639-3 in ISO 639-2, e.g. 'ara'. Others like 'nor' (Norwegian) had their two individual parts ('nno' (Nynorsk), 'nob' (Bokmal)) already in 639-2.
That means some languages (e.g. 'arb') that were considered by ISO 639-2 to be dialects of one language ('ara') are now in ISO 639-3 in certain contexts considered to be individual languages themselves.
This is an attempt to deal with varieties that may be linguistically distinct from each other, but are treated by their speakers as two forms of the same language, e.g. in cases of diglossia.
For example:
-  (Generic Arabic, 639-2)
-  (Standard Arabic, 639-3)
See  for the complete list.

# Collective languages
Some ISO 639-2 codes that are commonly used for languages do not precisely represent a particular language or some related languages (as the above macrolanguages). They are regarded as collective languages (or collectives) and are excluded from ISO 639-3.

# History
Stages :
- 2006-07-14 FDIS 50.00
Ibudilast

# Overview
Ibudilast (AV-411) is an antiinflammatory drug used mainly in Japan, which acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, inhibiting the PDE-4 subtype to the greatest extent, but also showing significant inhibition of other PDE subtypes.
Ibudilast has bronchodilator, vasodilator  and neuroprotective effects, and and is mainly used in the treatment of asthma and stroke. It inhibits platelet aggregation, and may also be useful in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
Ibudilast crosses the blood-brain barrier and suppreses glial cell activation. This activity has been shown to make ibudilast useful in the treatment of neuropathic pain and it not only enhances analgesia produced by opioid drugs, but also reduces the development of tolerance.
Ifosamide

# Overview
Ifosfamide (pronounced eye.fos'.fa.mide) (also marketed as Mitoxana and Ifex) is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used in the treatment of cancer.  It is sometimes abbreviated "IFO".

# Uses
It is given as a treatment for a variety of cancers, including:
- Testicular cancer
- Breast cancer
- Lymphoma (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's)
- Soft tissue sarcoma
- Osteogenic sarcoma (bone cancer)
- Lung cancer
- Cervical cancer
- Ovarian cancer

# Administration
It is a white powder which, when prepared for use in chemotherapy, becomes a clear, colorless fluid. The delivery is intravenous.
Ifosfamide is often used in conjunction with mesna to avoid internal bleeding in the patient, in particular hemorrhagic cystitis.  Ifosfamide is given quickly, and in some cases can be given in as little as an hour.

# Toxicity
A common and dose-limiting side effect isencephalopathy (brain dysfunction). It occurs in some form in up to 50% of people receiving the agent. The reaction is probably mediated by chloroacetaldehyde, one of the breakdown products of the ifosfamide molecule, which has chemical properties similar toacetaldehyde and chloral hydrate.

# Side/Adverse effects
- Encephalopathy
- Delirium
- Psychosis
- Nonconvulsive status epilepticus
- Coma
- Normal anion gap acidosis, specifically Renal tubular acidosis type 2.
- Hemorrhagic cystitis

# Treatment
The most effective treatment for severe (grade III-IV) encephalopathy is an intravenous solution of methylene blue, which appears to shorten the duration of encephalopathy.  Other treatments include albuminand thiamine, and dialysis as a rescue modality.
Impaction

# Overview
Impaction, from the Latin impingere, is a medical term used to describe several different types of blockage.

## In relation to Digestion
Impaction is a pathological condition in humans when an impassable mass of stone-like faecal matter collects in the rectum. It frequently occurs as a result of dehydration, inactivity, and medications, such as narcotics or psychotropicagents, which slow the peristalsis, and increase the time that the colonic mucosa will extract moisture from the faecal bolus. 

### Treatment
Treatment involves attempts at moving the impaction by enema and, failing that, breaking up the impaction transrectally by using a (gloved) finger, pressing the mass against the coccyx to fracture it into smaller pieces. Proceeding this, A follow-up enema is usually required in addition to proper ongoing hydration, bulk in the diet, exercise and review of all medications to discontinue all those responsible is important to prevent recurrence. 
Impaction is also used, in conjunction with filtration, to remove large dust particles and other foreign objects as they enter the body through the nose.

## Dental Impaction

### Informal Definition
Dental impactions are often known to occur when there is not enough room in the jaw for new molar teeth to erupt properly.  This can lead to a variety of dental problems, including cysts.  There are several types of dental impaction