Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
TNFRSF18
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 18 (TNFRSF18) also known as activation-inducible TNFR family receptor (AITR) or glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFRSF18 gene. GITR is currently of interest to immunologists as a co-stimulatory immune checkpoint molecule.

# Function
TNFRSF18 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R) superfamily. This receptor has been shown to have increased expression upon T-cell activation, and it is thought to play a key role in dominant immunological self-tolerance maintained by CD25+/CD4+ regulatory T cells. Knockout studies in mice also suggest the role of this receptor is in the regulation of CD3-driven T-cell activation and programmed cell death. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.

## AITR
Human activation-inducible tumor necrosis factor receptor (AITR) and its ligand, AITRL, are important costimulatory molecules in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Despite the importance of these costimulatory molecules in autoimmune disease, their role in the autoimmune reaction to herniated disc fragments has yet to be explored.

## GITR
GITR was identified as a new member of the TNF receptor superfamily, by comparing gene expression in untreated and DEX-treated murine T-cell lines. GITR can also be induced when T cells are activated. Although mouse GITR  is induced by either GC engagement or T-cell activation, its human homologue (hGITR/AITR) is upregulated only by activation. Therefore, the requirements for GR signaling in inducing GITR expression by T cells remain moot .
GITR (glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor) is a surface receptor molecule that has been shown to be involved in inhibiting the suppressive activity of T-regulatory cells and extending the survival of T-effector cells. In mouse models, GITR was initially noted to be selectively enriched on the surface of regulatory T cells, making this an attractive potential surface marker for these rare cells.  However, subsequent studies revealed GITR to also be up-regulated on any activated T cells in humans, thus undermining its utility as a regulatory T cell marker.
TRAF3IP3
TRAF3-interacting JNK-activating modulator is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAF3IP3 gene.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of TRAF3IP3 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Traf3ip3tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium programa high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty three tests were carried out on homozygous mutant mice and two significant abnormalities were observed. Males had a decrease in white blood cell count and females had an increased susceptibility to bacterial infection.

# Interactions
TRAF3IP3 has been shown to interact with STRN, MOBKL3, STK24 and FAM40A.
Talbutal

# Overview
Talbutal (Lotusate) is a barbiturate with a short to intermediate duration of action. It is a structural isomer of butalbital. Talbutal is a schedule III drug in the U.S.

# Pharmacology
Talbutal is a short to intermediate-acting barbiturate. Barbiturates act as nonselective depressants of the central nervous system (CNS), capable of producing all levels of CNS mood alteration from excitation to mild sedation, hypnosis, and deep coma. In sufficiently high therapeutic doses, barbiturates induce anesthesia.

# Mechanism of action
Talbutal binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl ionopore at the GABAA receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl ionopore is open. The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged.

# Toxicity
Symptoms of acute barbiturate poisoning include drowsiness, confusion, coma, respiratory depression, hypotension, and shock.
Tarragon
Tarragon or dragon's-wort (Artemisia dracunculus L.) is a perennial herb in the family Asteraceae related to wormwood. Corresponding to its species name, a common term for the plant is "dragon herb." It is native to a wide area of the Northern Hemisphere from easternmost Europe across central and eastern Asia to western North America, and south to northern India and Mexico. The North American populations may however be naturalised from early human introduction.
Tarragon grows to 120-150 cm tall, with slender, branched stems. The leaves are lanceolate, 2-8 cm long and 2-10 mm broad, glossy green, with an entire margin. The flowers are produced in small capitulae 2-4 mm diameter, each capitulum containing up to 40 yellow or greenish-yellow florets.

# Cultivation and uses
Tarragon has an aromatic property reminiscent of anise, due to the presence of estragole. French tarragon is the variety generally considered best for the kitchen, but cannot be grown from seed. Russian tarragon (A. dracunculoides L.) can be grown from seed but is much weaker in flavour.
However, Russian tarragon is a far more hardy and vigorous plant, spreading at the roots and growing over a meter tall. This tarragon actually prefers poor soils and happily tolerates drought and neglect. It is not as strongly aromatic and flavoursome as its French cousin, but it produces many more leaves from early spring onwards that are mild and good in salads and cooked food. The young stems in early spring can be cooked as an asparagus substitute. Grow indoors from seed and plant out in the summer. Spreading plant can be divided easily.
Tarragon is one of the four fines herbes of French cooking, and particularly suitable for chicken, fish and egg dishes. Tarragon is one of the main components of Bearnaise sauce.
Tarragon is used to flavor a popular carbonated soft drink in the countries of Armenia, Georgia and, by extension, Russia. The drinknamed Tarkhun (Template:IPA2, , ), which is the Armenian, Persian and Russian word for tarragonis made out of sugary tarragon concentrate and colored bright green.
"I believe that if ever I had to practice cannibalism, I might manage if there were enough tarragon around." --James Beard
Cis-Pellitorin, an isobutylamide eliciting a pungent taste, has been isolated from Tarragon plant.
Tautomer
Tautomers are organic compounds that are interconvertible by a chemical reaction called tautomerization. As most commonly encountered, this reaction results in the formal migration of a hydrogen atom or proton, accompanied by a switch of a single bond and adjacent double bond. In solutions where tautomerization is possible, a chemical equilibrium of the tautomers will be reached. The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, including temperature, solvent, and pH.  The concept of tautomers that are interconvertible by tautomerizations is called tautomerism. Tautomerism is a special case of structural isomerism and can play an important role in non-canonical base pairing in DNA and especially RNA molecules.
Tautomerizations are catalyzed by:
- base (1. deprotonation; 2. formation of a delocalized anion (e.g. an enolate); 3. protonation at a different position of the anion).
- acids (1. protonation; 2. formation of a delocalized cation; 3. deprotonation at a different position adjacent to the cation).
Common tautomeric pairs are:
- ketone - enol, e.g. for acetone (see: keto-enol tautomerism).
- amide - imidic acid, e.g. during nitrile hydrolysis reactions.
- lactam - lactim, an amide - imidic acid tautomerism in heterocyclic rings, e.g. in the nucleobases guanine, thymine, and cytosine.
- enamine - imine
- enamine - enamine, e.g. during pyridoxalphosphate catalyzed enzymatic reactions.
Prototropic tautomerism refers to the relocation of a proton, as in the above examples, and may be considered a subset of acid-base behavior. Prototropic tautomers are sets of isomeric protonation states with the same empirical formula and total charge.
Annular tautomerism is a type of prototropic tautomerism where a proton can occupy two or more positions of a heterocyclic system. for example, 1H- and 3H-imidazole; 1H-, 2H- and 4H- 1,2,4-triazole; 1H- and 2H- isoindole.
Ring-chain tautomerism occurs when the movement of the proton is accompanied by a change from an open structure to a ring, such as the aldehyde and pyran forms of glucose.
Valence tautomerism is distinct from prototropic tautomerism, and involves processes with rapid reorganisation of bonding electrons. An example of this type of tautomerism can be found in bullvalene. Another example is open and closed forms of certain heterocycles, such as azide - tetrazole. Valence tautomerism requires a change in molecular geometry and should not be confused with canonical resonance structures or mesomers.
Teaching
Robert G. Badgett, M.D.
In medical education, Teaching is a "formal and organized process of transmitting knowledge to a person or group"

# Methods of faculty physicians
Methods of teaching faculty include role modeling and teaching tactics.
Some aspects overlap as well as some aspects may conflict.
- Knowledgeable and efficiency as attributes for role modeling is also an important tactic for teaching.
- Most attributes for role modeling may require time to occur which may conflict with efficiency of teaching as a tactic.

## Teaching tactics
Teaching tactics used by individual faculty during clinical care have been validated:
- Learning climate
- Control of session. Efficiency, attention to time, complete, agenda setting, avoided digressions
- Communication of goals
- Promoting and understanding retention
- Evaluation
- Feedback
- Promoting self-directed learning
- Teacher's knowledge. Includes directing learners to use literature; discussed viewpoints other than is/her own.

## Role modeling
Role-modeling behavior of quality physicians includes several attributes that have been recommended or studied:
- Curiosity:
- Caring, humanism, and kindness
- Competence in clinical skills, including knowledgeable
- Critical thinking
- Humility
- Promotes self-directed learning
Learners' perspectives on important attributes may differ from attributes that faculty value.
Teaspoon
A teaspoon is a small spoon commonly used to stir the contents of a cup of tea or coffee. Teaspoons with longer handles are commonly used for ice cream. Other spoon sizes include the tablespoon and the dessert spoon. Much less common is the coffee spoon, which is a smaller version of the teaspoon.

# Measure of volume
In some countries, the teaspoon is also used as a unit of volume, especially in cooking recipes and pharmaceutic prescriptions. It is abbreviated in English as t. or tsp. (German and Dutch: TL, from Teeloffel or Theelepel). It is often taken to mean 5 mL; in some countries this value is even defined in law, for example in the USA in 21CFR101.9(b)(5)(viii). The same definition is used in some other English-speaking countries (e.g., Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom). Older definitions included
1/6 U.S. fl. oz (4.93 mL) in the USA and 1/8 Imperial fl. oz (3.55 mL) in Britain.
A related unit is
Common teaspoons for stirring drinks are not always designed to contain any standard volume. In practice, they may hold between 2.5 mL and 6 mL of liquid, so caution must be exerted when using a teaspoon to measure a certain prescribed dose of a medicine. For this reason and in order to avoid dispensing errors, special measuring spoons are available that hold exactly 5 mL.
If a recipe calls for a teaspoon of a powder ingredient (salt, flour, etc.), this normally refers to an approximately levelled filling of the spoon, just like with liquids. For example, a teaspoon of salt for cooking purposes, is 5 mL or about 4.75 grams.
Some recipes also call for heaping (or heaped in British English) spoon measures. Such a heaping/heaped teaspoon, refers to an inexact volume of the required ingredient, obtained by scooping it up with a teaspoon and not levelling it off. The amount obtained by heaping a spoon can easily vary by more than a factor of two.
Teething

# Overview
Teething is the process during which an infant's teeth start to sequentially grow in. Teething can start as early as three months or as late, in some cases, as twelve months. Occasionally a baby may even present with one or more teeth at birth. The typical time frame for new teeth to appear is somewhere between six and nine months. It can take up to several years for all 20 deciduous (aka "baby" or "milk") teeth to emerge.  The process of teething is sometimes referred to as "cutting teeth".
The infant teeth tend to emerge in pairs - first one upper incisor emerges then the other upper incisor emerges before the next set begin to emerge.  The general pattern of emergence is:
- Lower central incisors (2)
- Upper central incisors (2)
- Upper lateral incisors (2),
- Lower lateral incisors (2)
- First molars (4)
- Canines (4)
- Second molars (4)
Milk teeth tend to emerge sooner in females than in males.  The exact pattern and initial starting times of teething appear to be hereditary. When and how teeth appear in an infant has no bearing on the health of the child.
During teething, the new teeth break through the surface of the gums.  Signs of teething may include
- Poor mood
- Loss of appetite
- Chewing of objects
- Bruises/swelling in gums
- Excess salivation
- Runny nose
Teething has not been shown to cause fever. A slight rise of temperature may occur when the teeth come through the gum, but this does not make a baby ill.
Infants chew on objects to aid in the teething process.  This can be dangerous if the baby is allowed to chew on objects which are small enough to be swallowed or which could break while being chewed and cause choking.  Teething rings and other toys are often designed with textures that will appeal to an infant during teething.
In cases where the infant is in obvious pain, some doctors recommend the use of anti-inflammatories or child-safe pain-relief treatments containing benzocaine. Some infants gain relief from chewing on cold objects.
Dentists recommend brushing infants' teeth as soon as they appear.  It is not advisable to wait for the teething process to be complete.  Dentists may recommend against the use of fluoride toothpaste during teething.
Tenascin
Tenascins are extracellular matrix glycoproteins. They are abundant in the extracellular matrix of developing vertebrate embryos and they reappear around healing wounds and in the stroma of some tumors.
There are four members of the tenascin gene family: tenascin-C, tenascin-R, tenascin-X and tenascin-W.
- Tenascin-C is the founding member of the gene family. In the embryo it is made by migrating cells like the neural crest; it is also abundant in developing tendons, bone and cartilage.
- Tenascin-R is found in the developing and adult nervous system.
- Tenascin-X is found primarily in loose connective tissue; mutations in the human tenascin-X gene can lead to a form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. 
- Tenascin-W is found in the kidney and in developing bone.
The basic structure is 14 EFG-like repeats towards the N-terminal end, and 8 or more FnIII domains which vary upon species and variant.
Tenascin-C isoform is the best understood. It has anti-adhesive properties, causing cells in tissue culture to become rounded after it is added to the medium. One mechanism to explain this may come from its ability to bind to the extracellular matrix glycoprotein fibronectin and block fibronectin's interactions with specific syndecans. The expression of tenascin-C in the stroma of certain tumors is associated with a poor prognosis.
Tentacle
Tentacles can refer to the elongated flexible organs that are present in some animals, especially invertebrates, and sometimes to the hairs of the leaves of some insectivorous plants. Usually, they are used for feeding, feeling and grasping. Anatomically, they work like other muscular hydrostats.

# Tentacles in marine animals
The phylum mollusca includes many species with muscular hydrostats in the form of tentacles and arms (octopuses do not have tentacles: they have arms). Tentacles are longer than arms and usually have suckers at their tips only. Squid and cuttlefish have eight arms like octopuses, and also two tentacles, which is one good way to distinguish squid from octopuses.
The tentacles of the Giant Squid and Colossal Squid are particularly formidable, having powerful suckers and deadly teeth at the ends of the tentacle. The teeth of the Giant Squid are small, "bottle-cap" shaped circular saws, while the tentacles of the Colossal Squid wield two long rows of thick, sharp, finger-length screws of protruding bone.
Cnidarians, which include among others the jellyfishes, are another phylum with many tentaculated specimens. Cnidarians often have huge numbers of cnidocytes on their tentacles. Cnidocytes are cells containing a coiled thread-like structure called nematocyst, which can be fired at potential prey.
Many species of the jellyfishlike ctenophores have two tentacles, while some have none. Their tentacles have adhesive structures called colloblasts or lasso cells. These cells burst open when prey comes in contact with the tentacle; sticky threads released from each of the colloblasts will then capture the food.
Bryozoa (Moss animals) are tiny creatures with a ring of tentacles surrounding the mouth.

# Tentacles in amphibians
Some wormlike amphibians have tentacles. The caecilians have two tentacles at their heads, which are probably used for the olfactory sense.

# Tentacles in mammals
The star-nosed mole, Condylura cristata, possesses nasal tentacles which are mobile and extremely sensitive, helping the animal to find its way about the burrow and detect prey.

# Tentacles in plants
In carnivorous plants, tentacles refer to the stalked glands of the upper surface of the leaves. On a sundew plant, they are hairlike projections with a drop of nectar-like glue which attract insects. When an insect is captured, the tentacles bend inward and the leaf rolls together as shown in the picture. The tentacles then secrete digestive enzymes to dissolve and engulf the insect.

# Tentacles in cultural context
The great differences between humans and the tentacle-bearing mollusca have led to tentacles being associated with inhumanity and disgust in legend and fiction. For examples, see:
- Tentacle rape
- Purple Tentacle (see Day of the Tentacle)
- Cthulhu
- The Kraken
- Cecaelia

## In games
- Half-Life
- Die by the Sword
- Ing
Tentoxin
Tentoxin is a natural cyclic tetrapeptide produced by phytopathogenic fungi from genus Alternaria (A. tenuis and A. alternata). It selectively induces chlorosis in several germinating seedling plants. Therefore, tentoxin may be used as a potential natural herbicide.
Tentoxin was first isolated and characterized by George Templeton et al. in 1967 from Alternaria tenuis.

# Notes
-  Templeton, G. E., C. 1. Grable, N. D. Fulton, W. L. Meyer. 1967. Tentoxin from Alternaria tenuis: its isolation and characterization. Proceedings of the Mycotoxin Research Seminar, Washington, D. C., June 8-9, 1967. United States Department of Agriculture. pp. 27-29.
Tetramer

# Overview
A tetramer is a protein with four subunits (tetrameric). There are homo-tetramers (all subunits are identical) such as glutathione S-transferase or single-strand binding protein, dimers of hetero-dimers such as haemoglobin (a dimer of an alpha/beta dimer), and hetero-tetramers, where each subunit is different.
In Immunology, MHC tetramers can be used to quantitate numbers of antigen-specific T cells (especially CD8+ T cells).  MHC tetramers are based on recombinant class I molecules that, through the action of bacterial BirA, have been biotinylated.  These molecules are folded with the peptide of interest and 2M and tetramerized by a fluorescently labeled streptavidin. (Streptavidin binds to four biotins per molecule.) This tetramer reagent will specifically label T cells that express T cell receptors that are specific for a given peptide-MHC complex. For example, a Kb/FAPGNYPAL tetramer will specifically bind to Sendai virus specific CTL in a C57BL/6 mouse. Antigen specific responses can be measured as CD8+, tetramer+ T cells as a fraction of all CD8+ lymphocytes.
The reason for using a tetramer, as opposed to a single labeled MHC class I molecule is that the tetrahedral tetramers can bind to three TCRs at once, allowing specific binding in spite of the low (10-6 molar) affinity of the typical class I-peptide-TCR interaction.
MHC Class II tetramers can also be made although these are more difficult to work with practically.
Theanine
Theanine is an amino acid commonly found in tea (infusions of Camellia sinensis). Theanine is related to glutamine, and can cross the blood-brain barrier. Because it can enter the brain, theanine has psychoactive properties. Theanine has been shown to reduce mental and physical stress and may produce feelings of relaxation.
Theanine is speculated to produce these effects by increasing the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production.  Theanine increases brain serotonin, dopamine, GABA levels and has micromolar affinities for AMPA, Kainate and NMDA receptors. It has also been found that injecting spontaneously hypertensive mice with theanine significantly lowered levels of 5-hydroxyindole in the brain.  Researchers also speculate that it may inhibit glutamic acid excitotoxicity. Theanine also promotes alpha wave production in the brain.
Studies on test rats have shown that even repeated, extremely high doses of theanine cause little to no harmful psychological or physical effects.
L-theanine may help the body's immune system response when fighting infection by boosting the disease-fighting capacity of gamma delta T cells. The study, published in 2003 by the Brigham and Women's Hospital, included a four-week trial with 11 coffee drinkers and 10 tea drinkers, who consumed 600 milliliters of coffee or black tea daily. Blood sample analysis found that the production of anti-bacterial proteins was up to five times higher in the tea-drinkers, an indicator of a stronger immune response.
Recently, marketing campaigns from tea companies have been emphasizing the natural presence of L-theanine in their tea and that L-theanine boosts the production of alpha brainwaves.
Thionins
Thionins are small, basic plant proteins, 45 to 50 amino acids in length, which include three or four conserved disulfide linkages. The proteins are toxic to animal cells, presumably attacking the cell membrane and rendering it permeable:
this results in the inhibition of sugar uptake and allows potassium and phosphate ions, proteins, and nucleotides to leak from cells. Thionins are mainly found in seeds where they may act as a defence against consumption by animals. A barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaf thionin that is highly toxic to plant pathogens and is involved in the mechanism of plant defence against microbial infections has also been identified. The hydrophobic protein crambin from the Abyssinian kale (Crambe abyssinica) is also a member of the thionin family.

# Databases
A database for antimicrobial peptides, including thionins is available: PhytAMP ().