Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Pulpitis
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Pulpitis is an inflammation of the dental pulp.

# Causes of Pulpitis
- Caries that penetrate though the tooth enamel, the dentin, and into the pulp
- Repeated dental procedures or tooth trauma
Regardless of the cause of pulpitis the inflammation can be associated with a bacterial infection.  As in the case of a carie that penetrates the pulp cavity the tooth is no longer sealed to infectious pathogens, where as when the blood supply is cut off to the pulp, bacteria have an opportunity to over take the pulp.
When the pulp becomes inflamed pressure begins to build up in the pulp cavity exerting pressure on the nerve of the tooth and the surrounding tissues.  Pressure from inflammation can cause mild to extreme pain, depending upon the severity of the inflammation.  Often, pulpitis can create so much pressure on the tooth nerve the individual will have trouble locating the source of the pain, confusing it with neighbouring teeth.  Inflammation in the tooth provides a difficult environment for reducing the inflammation in the pulp cavity.  Unlike other parts of the body where pressure can dissipate through the surrounding soft tissues and where lymph can reach, the pulp cavity is very different.  The dentin surrounding the pulp is hard and does not give under the pressure of the inflammation so the pressure has very little chance of dissipating before pulp necrosis occurs.  The pulp cavity inherently provides the body with an immune system response challenge, which makes it very unlikely that the bacterial infection can be eliminated.  The pain will usually stop once the pulp has died, however the infection can spread to the ancillary anatomy.

# Differential Diagnosis of Pulpitis

# Treatment
Once the pulp has become inflamed the tooth can be diagnostically divided into two categories.
- reversible pulpitis
- irreversible pulpitis

## Reversible pulpitis
Once the irritant is removed the pulp remains vital and is not unduely affected by the changes.

## Irreversible pulpitis
The pulp is irreversibly damaged and necrosis will follow. Pain may not subside after removal of the irritant. Pain may be sharp or dull and throbbing.  If there is any drainage then severity of pain is reduced
The tooth may be endodontically treated where by the pulp is removed and replaced by gutta percha. An alternative is extraction of the tooth. This may be required if there is insufficient coronal tissue remaining for restoration once root canal therapy has been completed.
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Pungency
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# Overview
Pungency is a sharp and biting sensory impression. Regarding chili peppers, it refers to a scientific equivalent of the Scoville scale of measuring spicyness.

# Mechanism
The pungent feeling caused by capsaicin, piperine, and allicin is caused by activation of the heat and acidity sensing TRPC ion channel TRPC1 on nociceptors (pain sensing nerve cells).
Q-Q plot
In statistics, a Q-Q plot ("Q" stands for quantile) is a graphical method for diagnosing differences, between the probability distribution of a statistical population from which a random sample has been taken and a comparison distribution. An example of the kind of differences that can be tested for is non-normality of the population distribution.
For a sample of size n, one plots n points, with the (n+1)-quantiles of the comparison distribution (e.g. the normal distribution) on the horizontal axis (for k = 1, ..., n), and the order statistics of the sample on the vertical axis. If the population distribution is the same as the comparison distribution this approximates a straight line, especially near the center. In the case of substantial deviations from linearity, the statistician rejects the null hypothesis of sameness.

# Plotting positions
For the quantiles of the comparison distribution typically the formula k/(n + 1) is used.
Several different formulas have been used or proposed as symmetrical plotting positions. Such formulas have the form (k  a)/(n + 1  2a) for some value of a in the range from 0 to 1/2. The above expression k/(n + 1) is one example of these, for a = 0.  Other expressions include:
- (k  1/3)/(n + 1/3) 
- (k  0.3175)/(n + 0.365) 
- (k  0.326)/(n + 0.348) 
- (k  0.375)/(n + 0.25)
- (k  0.44)/(n + 0.12)
For large sample size, n, there is little difference between these various expressions.

# Relation with rankit plots
Q-Q plots are similar to rankit plots, also called normal probability plots.  The difference is that in normal probability plots, instead of using the quantile of the normal distribution as the x-axis, one uses the expected value of the kth order statistic from a normal distribution with expectation 0 and variance 1.  Only when n is small is there a substantial difference between a Q-Q plot and a normal probability plot.
QH-II-66
QH-II-66 (QH-ii-066) is a sedative drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It produces some of the same effects as other benzodiazepines, but is much more selective than most other drugs of this class and so produces somewhat less sedation and ataxia than other related drugs such as diazepam and triazolam, although it still retains anticonvulsant effects.
QH-ii-066 is a highly subtype-selective GABAA agonist which was designed to bind selectively to the 5 subtype of GABAA receptors.
The 5 subtype (and to a lesser extent the 1 subtype) of GABAA are two of the most important targets in the brain that produce the effects of alcohol, and so one of the purposes for which QH-ii-066 was developed was to reproduce the GABAergic effects of alcohol separately from its other actions.
QH-ii-066 replicates some of the effects of alcohol, such as sedation and ataxia, but does not increase appetite, as this effect seems to be produced by the 1 subtype of GABAA rather than 5. It is also interesting to note that the inverse agonist Ro15-4513, which blocks the 4 subtype of GABAA, reverses the effects of alcohol, suggesting that this subtype is also important in producing the subjective effects of alcohol intoxication.
RNASEH2A
Ribonuclease H2 subunit A, also known as RNase H2 subunit A, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNASEH2A gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the heterotrimeric type II ribonuclease H enzyme (RNaseH2). The other two subunits are the non-catalytic RNASEH2B and RNASEH2C. RNaseH2 is the major source of ribonuclease H activity in mammalian cells and endonucleolytically cleaves ribonucleotides. It is predicted to remove Okazaki fragment RNA primers during lagging strand DNA synthesis and to excise single ribonucleotides from DNA-DNA duplexes.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene cause Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome (AGS), an autosomal recessive neurological disorder characterized by progressive microcephaly and psychomotor retardation, intracranial calcifications, elevated levels of interferon-alpha and white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid.
RNASEH2C
Ribonuclease H2 subunit C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RNASEH2C gene.
 RNase H2 is composed of a single catalytic subunit (A) and two non-catalytic subunits (B and C), and degrades the RNA of RNA:DNA hybrids.
Mutations in this gene are a cause of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome type 3 (AGS3).

# Function
This gene encodes a ribonuclease H subunit that can cleave ribonucleotides from RNA:DNA duplexes. Mutations in this gene cause Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome-3, a disease that causes severe neurologic dysfunction. A pseudogene for this gene has been identified on chromosome Y, near the sex determining region Y (SRY) gene.
RUB A535
RUB A535 (also known as Antiphlogistine) is a topical analgesic introduced in 1919 and manufactured by Church and Dwight in Canada. While relatively unknown outside of Canada (it isn't sold in the US), it is indeed a very popular product for the treatment of tough muscle pain, arthritic pains, rheumatic pains, bursitis, lumbago, etc. Church and Dwight claims on their website that nearly all the research, development and production of RUB A535 was and still is done in Canada. Patients who are allergic to salicylates (ASA based drugs, such as Aspirin ), or who are taking anticoagulant medications should avoid the use of the product.
Currently, RUB A535 has been released in a variety of products:
Originally, it was produced in a particular white cream, carrying a rather offensive medical odour.
Recently, the name was also given to a line of dual action back patches that change temperature (known as Hot-Cold patches).
Also, an improved cream was also developed, claiming to be odourless, differing from their normal cream, which carries the same smell as most topical anagesics.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES:
RUB A535 is sometimes referred to by the shorter expression "A535".  As the product is particularly Canadian, this usage may be only somewhat local.  Meanwhile, for French-speaking consumers in Canada, the name Antiphlogistine is used instead.
According to entries in the SlangDictionary.com,  RUB A535 is used in a sexual encounter known as a "Spicey Stranger" or "Fire and Ice".  In both applications, the product is applied and rubbed into either the penis or scrotum of the individual to produce a warm or burning sensation.  In "Fire and Ice", an ice cube is first used to "freeze" or stimulate the genitals first, and then RUB A535 is applied afterwards to "warm up" the sex organs.
This application has not been confirmed.
A similar usage in the USA might involve the use of "Ben-Gay" on the genitals, a practice that is reverved as extremely uncomforatble in the straight athletic community and locker rooms in the USA.

# Links
- The RUB A535 webpage on Church and Dwight's.
Tenesmus
Tenesmus is a feeling of incomplete defecation.  It is experienced as an inability or difficulty to empty the bowel at defecation.  It is frequently painful and may be accompanied by involuntary straining and other gastrointestinal symptoms.
"Vesical tenesmus" is a similar condition, referring to difficult or failed attempts to urinate despite the bladder feeling full.
"Rectal tenesmus" is sometimes used as a retronym to further distinguish defecation-related tenesmus from vesical tenesmus.

# Considerations
Tenesmus is characterized by a sensation of needing to pass stool, accompanied by pain, cramping, and straining. Despite straining, little stool is passed. Tenesmus is generally associated with inflammatory diseases of the bowel, which may be caused by either infectious or noninfectious conditions. Conditions associated with tenesmus include:
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Radiation proctitis
- Rectal Gonorrhoea
- Rectal Lymphogranuloma venereum
- Shigellosis
- Ulcerative colitis
- Rectal carcinoma
- Rectal Lower GI parasitic infection, particularly Trichuris Trichiura aka whipworm
Relacore
Relacore is a herbal supplement marketed by the Carter Reed Company, a brand for Basic Research of Salt Lake City, Utah. Some companies had suggested that cortisol is the primary cause of the occurrence of body fat in women over 30.  In October 2004, the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) alleged that marketers of CortiSlim and CortiStress (similar products to Relacore) were making false or unsubstantiated claims in their advertising. Since then, those makers have changed their marketing claims.
Advertisements in January 2006 tout Relacore vaguely as a "feel-good pill" that can "reduce stress" by unspecified means. The idea is that excess cortisol is a product of stress. The main ingredient, as it pertains to cortisol control, is Magnolia bark. 
Relacore's website claims that its product is stimulant free.

# Sales
Basic Research marketing claims that Relacore is the top-selling dietary supplement as of June 26, 2006, with sales of US $ 23.9 million and 900,000 bottles sold.

# Notes
-   "Basic Research has launched Relacore, a nonsedating, mild anti-anxiety mood enhancer that reduces stress-induced cortisol production by helping to minimize stress". OTC Drug Store News. 27 (7): 44. 2005. ISSN 0191-7587. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help).mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-   "Some weighty advice on diet aids". Herald News: C03. 2005. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
-  According to Supplement Watch, "a small dose of honokiol, or a magnolia bark extract standardized for honokiol content, can help to "de-stress" you without making you sleepy, while a larger dose might have the effect of knocking you out. When compared to pharmaceutical agents such as Valium (diazepam), honokiol appears to be as effective in its anti-anxiety activity, yet not nearly as powerful in its sedative ability."
Rev-ErbA
The Rev-ErbA proteins are members of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors.  There are two forms of the receptor, alpha and beta, each encoded by a separate gene (NR1D1 and NR1D2 respectively).
The rev-Erb- gene is highly unusual in that it is encoded on the opposite strand of the alpha-thyroid hormone receptor (TR) gene.
The rev-Erb- protein is a key regulatory component of the circadian clock.  In addition, rev-Erb- appears also to regulate the breakdown of cartilage.

# Ligands
- SR9009 (aka Stenabolic) is listed as an agonist
Rhamnose
Rhamnose is a naturally-occurring deoxy sugar. It can be classified either as a methyl-pentose or a 6-deoxy-hexose. Rhamnose occurs in nature in its L-form as L-rhamnose (6-deoxy-L-mannose). This is unusual since most of the naturally-occurring sugars are in D-form. Exceptions are the methyl pentoses L-fucose and L-rhamnose and the pentose L-arabinose.
L-Rhamnose can be isolated from Buckthorn (Rhamnus) and poison sumac.  It is also found as a glycoside in a variety of other plants.
Rhamnose is a component of the outer cell membrane of acid-fast bacteria in the Mycobacterium genus, which includes the organsism that causes tuberculosis.
Rheobase
In neuroscience, rheobase is the minimal electric current of infinite duration (practically, a few hundred milliseconds) that results in an action potential or the contraction of a muscle.
In the case of a nerve or single muscle cell, rheobase is half the current that needs to be applied for the duration of chronaxie to result in an action potential or muscle twitch.  This can be understood better by looking at a strength duration relationship. 
This is in short the : "Minimal Electrical current that results in an action potential"

# Links
Chronaxie
Rhizaria

# Overview
The Rhizaria are a major line of protists.  They vary considerably in form, but for the most part they are amoeboids with filose, reticulose, or microtubule-supported pseudopods.  Many produce shells or skeletons, which may be quite complex in structure, and these make up the vast majority of protozoan fossils.  Nearly all have mitochondria with tubular cristae.  There are three main groups of Rhizaria:
Cercozoa - Various amoebae and flagellates, usually with filose pseudopods and common in soil
Foraminifera - Amoeboids with reticulose pseudopods, common as marine benthos
Radiolaria - Amoeboids with axopods, common as marine plankton
A few other groups may be included in the Cercozoa, but on some trees appear closer to the Foraminifera.  These are the Phytomyxea and Ascetosporea, parasites of plants and animals respectively, and the peculiar amoeba Gromia.  The different groups of Rhizaria are considered close relatives based mainly on genetic similarities, and have been regarded as an extension of the Cercozoa.  The name Rhizaria for the expanded group was introduced by Cavalier-Smith in 2002, who also included the centrohelids and Apusozoa.

# Evolutionary relationship
Rhizaria is part of the bikont clade, which also comprises the Archaeplastida, the Chromalveolata, the Excavata, and some smaller, unresolved groups such as the Apusozoa and the Centrohelida.  As bikonts, they all descend from a heterotrophic eukaryote with two flagella.  It is also thought that the Rhizaria share a closer relationship with the Excavata than with the other groups, in a clade some call Cabozoa.
Historically, many rhizarians were considered animals, with their motility and heterotrophy as justification.  However, when the five-kingdom system took prevalence over the animal-plant dichotomy, the rhizarians were put into the kingdom Protista.  Then, after Woese published his three-domain system, because of the paraphyly of the kingdom Monera, taxonomists turned their attention to the eukaryote domain, and the inherent paraphyly of Protista.  After much debate, which continues to this day, Rhizaria emerged as a monophyletic group.
Rhizomes
In botany, a rhizome is a horizontal stem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes. Plants with underground rhizomes include ginger, hops, and turmeric, significant for their medicinal properties, and the weeds Johnson grass, bermuda grass, and purple nut sedge. Some plants have rhizomes that grow above ground or that sit at the soil surface, including some Iris species, and ferns, whose spreading stems are rhizomes. Rhizomes may also be referred to as creeping rootstalks, or rootstocks. A stolon is similar to a rhizome, but, unlike a rhizome, which is the main stem of the plant, a stolon sprouts from an existing stem, has long internodes, and generates new shoots at the end, e.g., the strawberry plant.  In general, rhizomes have short internodes; they send out roots from the bottom of the nodes and new upward-growing shoots from the top of the nodes.
For many plants, the rhizome is used by gardeners to propagate the plants by a process known as vegetative reproduction. Examples of plants that are propagated this way include asparagus, ginger, irises, Lily of the Valley, Cannas, and sympodial orchids.
A stem tuber is a thickened part of a rhizome or stolon that has been enlarged for use as a storage organ.  In general, a tuber is high in starch, for example, the common potato, which is a modified stolon. The term tuber is often used imprecisely, and is sometimes applied to plants with rhizomes.
The rhizome is a key metaphor in the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari.
Rhizopus

# Overview
Rhizopus is a genus of common saprobic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals. They are found on a wide variety of organic substrates, including "mature fruits and vegetables", faeces, jellies, syrups, leather, bread, peanuts and tobacco. Some Rhizopus species are opportunistic agents of human zygomycosis (fungal infection) and can be fatal. Rhizopus infections are also an associated complication of diabetic ketoacidosis. The widespread genus contains about nine species.
Rhizopus reproduces by vegetative, asexual and sexual methods by spores. The asexual sporangiospores are produced inside a pinhead-like structure, the sporangium, and are genetically identical to their parent. In Rhizopus, the sporangia are supported by a large apophysate columella, and the sporangiophores arise among distinctive rhizoids. Dark zygospores are produced after two compatible mycelia fuse during sexual reproduction producing colonies that may be genetically different from their parents.
- R. arrhizus causes fruit rot on apples.
- R. artocarpi causes fruit drop on jack fruit.
- R. nigricans is a common bread mold.
- R. oligosporus is used to make tempeh, a fermented food derived from soybeans.
- R. oryzae is used in the production of alcoholic beverages in parts of Asia and Africa.
- R. stolonifer (black bread mold) causes fruit rot on strawberry, tomato, and sweet potato and used in commercial production of fumaric acid and cortisone.

# Species
- Rhizopus arrhizus
- Rhizopus azygosporus
- Rhizopus circinans
- Rhizopus microsporus
- Rhizopus nigricans
- Rhizopus oligosporus
- Rhizopus oryzae
- Rhizopus schipperae
- Rhizopus sexualis
- Rhizopus stolonifer

# Plant body or mycelium
- The plant body of rhizopus is known as mycelium.It is made up of long tubular branched thread or filament like structure called hyphae.The mycelium can be distinguished into three types of hyphae namely
- stolons
- rhizoids
- Sporangiospores
Ribulose
Ribulose is a ketopentose  a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including a ketone functional group.  It has chemical formula Template:Carbon5Template:Hydrogen10Template:Oxygen5. Two enantiomers are possible, D-ribulose (D-erythro-pentulose) and L-ribulose (L-erythro-pentulose). D-Ribulose is the diastereomer of D-xylulose.
Ribulose sugars are composed in the pentose phosphate pathway.  They are important in the formation of many bioactive substances.  For example, D-ribulose is an intermediate in the fungal pathway for D-arabitol production.  Also, as the 1,5-bisphosphate, D-ribulose combines with carbon dioxide at the start of the photosynthetic process in green plants (carbon dioxide trap).
A synthetic form of ribulose known as sucroribulose is found in many brands of artificial sweeteners.