Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Raymond Vieussens
Raymond Vieussens (ca. 1635 - August 16, 1715) was a French anatomist from Vigan. He studied medicine at the University of Montpellier where he earned his degree in 1670. He later became head physician at Hotel Dieu Saint-Eloi in Montpellier. There is uncertainty regarding the exact year of Vieussens birth, with some sources placing it as late as 1641.
Vieussens is remembered for his pioneer work in the field of cardiology, and his anatomical studies of the brain and spinal cord. He regarded English anatomist Thomas Willis (1621-1675) as a major influence towards his career. Vieussens is credited as being the first physician to give an accurate description of the left ventricle, as well as several blood vessels of the heart. He was also the first to give a comprehensive description of mitral stenosis, as well as other types of heart disease and circulatory disorders. He provided an early description of the brain's centrum semiovale, which is sometimes referred to as Vieussens' centrum. This structure is also known as Vicq d'Azyr's centrum, after Felix Vicq-d'Azyr (1746-1794), who provided a later, more detailed description.
Several other anatomical structures are named after Vieussens, however they have largely been replaced by clinical nomenclature. These include Vieussens' valve (superior medullary velum), Vieussens' ventricle (cavity of septum pellucidum), Vieussens' ansa (subclavian loop), Vieussens' ganglia (celiac ganglia), Vieussens' isthmus (limbus of fossa ovalis) and Vieussens' veins (innominate cardiac veins). He also provided an early description of the tiny openings in the veins of the right atrium of the heart that are known as Vieussens' foramina, or foramina venarum minimarum, and sometimes Thebesian foramina after Adam Christian Thebesius (1686-1732).
Among his written works are Neurographia universalis, an early work on neuroanatomy that is known for its excellent copperplate illustrations, and Novum vasorum corporis humani systema, an important treatise on the anatomy and diseases of the heart. During his lifetime, Vieussens was known for his controversial views on human physiology. However, these theories are largely of a metaphysical nature, and are of minor importance from a scientific standpoint.

# Selected works
- Neurographia universalis (General neurography) (1684)
- Vieussens's Tractatus duo (Treatise on two subjects) (1688)
- Epistola de sanguinis humani (An article concerning human blood) (1698)
- Deux dissertations (Two dissertations) (1698)
- Novum vasorum corporis humani systema (System of the vessels of the human body; considered an early classic work of cardiology) (1705)
- Dissertatio anatomica de structura et usu uteri ac placentae muliebris (Anatomical study on the structure of the uterus and placenta) (1712)
- Traite nouveau de la structure de l'oreille (Treatise on the structure of the ear) (1714)
- Traite nouveau des liqueurs du corps humain (1715)
- Traite nouveau de la structure et des causes du mouvement naturel du coeur (Treatise on the structure of the heart and the causes of its natural motion) (1715).

# Reference
- Biography of Raymond Vieussens
Reaction quotient

# Overview
In chemistry, reaction quotient is a quantitative measure of the extent of reaction, the relative proportion of products and reactants present in the reaction mixture at some instant of time. 
For a chemical mixture with certain initial concentrations of reactants and products, it is useful to know if the reaction will shift to the right/in the forward direction (increasing the concentrations of the products) or if it will shift to the left/in the reverse direction (increasing the concentrations of the reactants). Given a general equilibrium expression such as
where A, B, C, and D are chemical species involved in this reaction and k, m, n, and p are the stoichiometric coefficients for the reaction, the reaction quotient, Q, is defined as :
where the { Ai } denotes the instantaneous activity  of the species A at a certain moment of time and so on for the other species.
The reaction quotient is taken at a particular instant in time, not necessarily the moment when equilibrium is reached.
The reaction quotient is directly related to Le Chatelier's Principle. For a reaction at chemical equilibrium, the equilibrium constant, K, may be defined as:
where {A} is the activity of the species A when the mixture is at equilibrium, etc. By comparing the values of Q and K, one can determine whether the reaction will shift to the right, to the left, or if the concentrations will remain the same (equilibrium).
- If Q < K : The reaction will shift to the right (i.e. in the forward direction, and thus more products will form)
- If Q > K : The reaction will shift to the left (i.e. in the reverse direction, and thus more reactants will form)
- If Q = K : The reaction is at equilibrium
The relationship of reaction quotient Q with the instantaneous derivative of Gibbs energy (G) and standard change of Gibbs energy (GO) is given by
G = GO + RT ln Q
Red Osier Dogwood
The Red Osier Dogwood (Cornus sericea, syn. C. stolonifera, Swida sericea) is a species of dogwood native throughout northern and western North America from Alaska east to Newfoundland, south to Durango and Nuevo Leon in the west, and Illinois and Virginia in the east. Other names include Redtwig Dogwood, Red-rood, Red rood, American Dogwood, and (subsp. occidentalis) Western Dogwood.  In the wild, it commonly grows in areas of damp soil, such as wetlands.
It is a medium to tall deciduous shrub, growing 1.5-4 m tall and 3-5 m wide, spreading readily by underground stolons to form dense thickets. The branches and twigs are dark red, although wild plants may lack this coloration in shaded areas. The leaves are opposite, 5-12 cm long and 2.5-6 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin; they are dark green above and glaucous below; fall color is commonly bright red to purple. The flowers are small (5-10 mm diameter), dull white in color, in clusters 3-6 cm diameter. The fruit is a globose white berry 5-9 mm diameter.
Cornus sericea is a popular ornamental shrub that is often planted for the red coloring of its twigs in the dormant season.
It is a variable species, with two subspecies commonly accepted:
- Cornus sericea subsp. sericea - throughout the range of the species. Shoots and leaves hairless or finely pubescent; flower petals 2-3 mm.
- Cornus sericea subsp. occidentalis (Torr. & A.Gray) Fosberg - western North America. Shoots and leaves densely pubescent; flower petals 3-4.5 mm.
Reed canary grass
Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) is a tall, coarse-looking perennial grass that commonly forms extensive single-species stands along the margins of lakes and streams and in wet open areas, with a wide distribution in Europe, Asia, northern Africa and North America.
The stems can reach 2 m in height. The leaf blades are blue-green when fresh and straw-colored when dry. The flowers are borne on the stem high above the leaves and are pinkish at full bloom.
A number of cultivars of P. arundinacea have been selected for use as ornamental plants, including variegated (striped) cultivars  sometimes called ribbon grass  such as Dwarfs Garters and Strawberries and Cream. The latter gets its name from the large white stripes and pinkish color that appears on the leaves at varying times. When grown, although drought tolerant, it likes abundant water and can even be grown as an aquatic plant.
In many places, reed canary grass is an invasive species in wetlands, particularly in disturbed areas. It is also planted as a hay crop or for forage. Furthermore it provides fibers which find use in pulp and papermaking processes.
Leaves of P. arundinacea contain DMT, 5-MeO-DMT and related compounds (Smith 1977).
- File:Rietgras tongetje Phalaris arundinacea.jpg
- File:Poaceae spp Sturm5.jpg
- File:Phalaris.arundinacea.jpg
- File:Phalaris.arundinacea.2.jpg
- File:Phalaris arundinacea 2005.06.19 11.31.26-p6190063.jpg
- Inflorescense
Inflorescense
- Seeds
Seeds
Refsum's syndrome
Refsum Disease (also called Refsum's Syndrome) is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the nervous system with a series of debilitating symptoms.  Some symptoms include: degenerative nerve disease (peripheral neuropathy); vision loss (retinitis pigmentosa); loss of muscle control/coordination (ataxia); and possibly scaly, dry skin and scalp (ichthyosis).
Refsum's Syndrome is thought to be caused by the accumulation of a branched fatty acid (phytanic acid) due to some malfunction in metabolism. This is thought to be caused by a faulty gene for an enzyme that metabolizes phytanic acid.  There is no current pharmacological cure for the syndrome, but a diet low in phytanic acid can be of benefit to patients with Refsum's Syndrome.
Plasma filtering to remove some of the dissolved phytanic acid from the blood is another common treatment.

# Resources
WebMD Family Resource Page for Refsum Disease
Regressive autism
Regressive autism occurs when a child appears to develop typically but then starts to lose speech and social skills at about the age of 18 months and is later diagnosed with autism. Other terms used to describe regression in children with autism are autism with regression, autistic regression, setback-type autism, and acquired autistic syndrome.  There is no standard definition for regression, which is a puzzling feature of the disorder.
Approximately 2530% of children with autism spectrum disorders stop speaking after beginning to say words, often before the age of two.  After the regression, the child follows the standard pattern of autistic neurological development. The term refers to the appearance that neurological development has reversed; it is actually only the affected developmental skills, rather than the neurology as a whole, that regresses. It is more usual for autistic neurological development to not include such aberrations, with age-appropriate autistic symptoms being clear from birth.
Skill loss may be quite rapid, or may be slow and preceded by a lengthy period of no skill progression; the loss may be accompanied by reduced social play or increased irritability.  The temporarily acquired skills typically amount to a few words of spoken language, and may include some rudimentary social perception. In some cases a child will go through a period of learning new words at the cost of losing previously acquired words.
Regression in autism spectrum disorders is well documented; attributing regression to environmental stressors may result in a delay in diagnosis. The apparent onset of regressive autism is surprising and distressing to parents, who often initially suspect severe hearing loss.  The pattern of symptoms naturally leads many to suspect that postnatal environmental factors trigger autism.  In particular, because obvious symptoms start just after children receive multiple vaccinations, such as MMR plus varicella (chickenpox), some people perceive a causal link between vaccination and autism, especially if accompanied by a fever, rash, and rapid skill loss.  Although some controversy remains no link has been found with vaccines.
Other disorders that involve regression are total blindness from birth,  childhood disintegrative disorder, Rett syndrome and Landau-Kleffner syndrome.
Renal circulation
The renal circulation receives around 20% of the cardiac output. It branches from the abdominal aorta and returns blood to the ascending vena cava. It is the blood supply to the kidney, and contains many specialized blood vessels.

# Circulation
The table below shows the path that blood takes when it travels through the glomerulus, traveling "down" the arteries, and "up" the veins. However, this model is greatly simplified for clarity and symmetry. Some of the other paths and complications are described at the bottom of the table.
- Note 1: The renal artery also provides a branch to the inferior suprarenal artery to supply the adrenal gland.
- Note 2: The arcuate arterioles also supply blood to the vasa recta. The vasa recta supplies blood to the arcuate veins, thus bypassing the glomerulus.
- Note 3: The interlobular artery also supplies to the stellate veins.
- Note 4: The efferent arterioles don't directly drain into the interlobular vein, but rather they go to the peritubular capillaries first. The efferent arterioles also drain into the vasa recta.
Respiration organ
Breathing / Respiration organs are used by most, or all, animals to exchange the gasses necessary for their life functions, known as respiration. These organs come in many forms, some of them apparently having independently evolved:
- skin -- some aquatic, or small terrestrial (some of the smallest spiders and mites, for example), animals can respirate simply by exchanging gas through the surface of their body
- gill -- many aquatic, and a few smaller terrestrial, animals use gills to breath. Yes, even land animals can do this, as with isopods like the woodlice you probably can find living under rocks in your yard. Gills are simply layers of tissue adapted specifically to gas exchange.
- book lung -- Some spiders, scorpions, and other arthropods still use primitive book lungs, essentially gills adapted for land use, in their respiration. These are simply tissue with many wrinkles to increase their surface area.
- Labyrinth organ -- A secondary breathing organ specific to the labyrinth fish, essentially an enclosed maze of tissue, evolved from a niche in their gill structure.
- Invertebrate trachea -- tubes evolved by many arthropods, possibly from book lungs, which simply lead directly into their bodies through holes called spiracles, where their internal organs generally absorb their own air. These can be very primitive, as with some spiders, or more complex, ending with specialized air sacs, as with many insects.
- lung -- The lung is made up of muscle tissues the cells inside the lung which collect the oxygen in the air pass it into the blood stream via vein and carbon dioxide passes out and that is breathing  respiratory.
no:Pusteorgan
Respiratory burst
Respiratory burst is the rapid release of reactive oxygen species (superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide) from different types of cells.
Usually it denotes the release of these chemicals from immune cells, e.g. neutrophils and macrophages, as they come into contact with different bacteria or fungi. They are also released from the ovum of higher animals after it has been fertilized. These substances can also be released from plant cells.
NADPH oxidase leads to superoxide anion production.  The superoxide reacts with NO resulting in the formation of peroxynitrite, reducing the bioactive NO needed to dilate terminal arterioles, feed arteries and resistance arteries.  Superoxide anion, peroxynitrite and other reactive oxygen species also lead to pathology via peroxidation of proteins and lipids and via activation of redox sensitive signalling cascades and protein nitrosylation.
Respiratory burst plays an important role in the immune system.
It is a crucial reaction that occurs in phagocytes to degrade internalized particles and bacteria.
NADPH oxidase, an enzyme family in the vasculature (particularly in vascular disease) produces superoxide, which spontaneously recombines with other molecules to produce reactive free radicals. NADPH oxidase activation has been suggested to depend on prior PKC activation.  Myeloperoxidase uses one of these free radicals, hydrogen peroxide, to produce hypochlorous acid.  Many vascular stimuli, including all those known to lead to insulin resistance, activate NADPH oxidase via both increased gene expression and complex activation mechanisms.
Respiratory burst is sometimes called oxidative burst.
Respiratory tract
In humans the respiratory tract is the part of the anatomy that has to do with the process of respiration.
The respiratory tract is divided into 3 segments:
- Upper respiratory tract: nose and nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, and throat or pharynx
- Respiratory airways: voice box or larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
- Lungs: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
The respiratory tract is a common site for infections. Upper respiratory tract infections are probably the most common infections in the world.
Most of the respiratory tract exists merely as a piping system for air to travel in the lungs; alveoli are the only part of the lung that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood.
Moving down the respiratory tract starting at the trachea, the tubes get smaller and divide more and more. There are estimated to be about 20 to 23 divisions, ending up at an alveolus.
Even though the cross-sectional area of each bronchus or bronchiole is smaller, because there are so many, the total surface area is larger. This means there is less resistance at the terminal bronchioles. (Most resistance is around the 3-4 division from the trachea due to turbulence.)

# General histology
The respiratory tract is covered in an epithelium, the type of which varies down the tract. There are glands and mucus produced by goblet cells in parts, as well as smooth muscle, elastin or cartilage.
Most of the epithelium (from the nose to the bronchi) is covered in pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelial cells, commonly called respiratory epithelium. The cilia beat in one direction, moving mucus towards the throat where it is swallowed. Moving down the bronchioles, the cells get more cuboidal in shape but are still ciliated.
Cartilage is present until the small bronchi. In the trachea they are C-shaped rings, whereas in the bronchi they are interspersed plates.
Glands are abundant in the upper respiratory tract, but there are fewer lower down and they are absent from the bronchioles onwards. The same goes for goblet cells, although there are scattered ones in the first bronchioles.
Smooth muscle starts in the trachea, where it joins the C-shaped rings of cartilage. It continues down the brochi and bronchioles which it completely encircles.
Instead of hard cartilage, the bronchi and brochioles have a lot of elastic tissue.
Retrograde P wave

# Overview
A retrograde P wave is a an atrial P wave on the elctrocardiogram that is inverted or upside down most often in leads II, III or aVF.

# Causes
- Low atrial focus to the rhythm (narrow QRS complex present)
- Retrograde or backward electrical conduction from the AV node or ventricles to the atria (a wide QRS complex may or may not be present)
- AV nodal reentry tachycardia
Revascularization

# Overview
Revascularization is the process of restoring the functionality of an affected organ. The term derives from the prefix re-, in this case meaning "restoration" and vasculature, which refers to the circulatory structures of an organ.

# Diagnosis
Revascularization involves a thorough analysis and diagnosis and treatment of the existing diseased vasculature of the affected organ, and can be aided by the use of different imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging, pet scan, CT scan, and X ray fluoroscopy.
This is a concept important in the subdisciplines of biomedicine which are concerned with the rehabilitation of important organs, such as the heart, liver, and lungs.
The term revascularization is also used in conjunction with other medical terms such as angioplasty, cardiac, and myocardial to denote specific forms of revascularization techniques.

# Treatment
Treatment for gangrene often requires revascularization, if possible.  The surgery is also indicated to repair ischemia (inadequate tissue perfusion) in some forms of chronic wounds, such as diabetic ulcers (Gottrup, 2004).

# Reference
- Gottrup F.  2004.  A specialized wound-healing center concept: importance of a multidisciplinary department structure and surgical treatment facilities in the treatment of chronic wounds.  The American Journal of Surgery, Volume 187, Issue 5, Supplement 1, Pages S38-S43.
Rhamnus purshiana
Rhamnus purshiana (Cascara Buckthorn, Cascara, Bearberry, and in the Chinook Jargon, Chittam or Chitticum; syn. Frangula purshiana, Rhamnus purshianus) is a species of buckthorn native to western North America from southern British Columbia south to central California, and inland to western Montana.
It is the largest species of buckthorn, occasionally growing up to 15 m tall, though more commonly a large shrub or small tree 5-10 m tall, with a trunk 20-50 cm in diameter. The bark is brownish to silver-grey with light splotching. The leaves are deciduous, alternate, clustered near the ends of twigs; they are oval, 5-15 cm long and 2-5 cm broad with a 0.6-2 cm petiole, dark shiny green on top, fuzzy and paler green below. The flowers are tiny, 4-5 mm diameter, with five greenish yellow petals; the flowering season is brief, disappearing by early summer. The fruit is a berry 6-10 mm diameter, bright red at first, quickly maturing deep purple or black, and containing three seeds.
It grows in moist, acidic soils in the shady side of clearings or in the marginal forest understory, near the edges of mixed deciduous-coniferous forests. It typically grows as a second-generation tree after alders have colonized a barren plot of land.

# Uses
The dried, aged bark of this tree has been used continually for at least 1,000 years by both native and immigrant Americans as a laxative natural medicine, commercially called "Cascara Sagrada", but old timers call it "chitticum bark".
Cascara Sagrada means "sacred bark" in Spanish. The much more pertinent name chitticum means "shit come" in Chinook Jargon; chittam comes from the Chinook Jargon phrase chittam stick = "laxative tree" which is similarly from the English word "shit".
Long used as a laxative by Native American groups of the northwest Pacific coast, chitticum bark or Cascara Sagrada was accepted in medical practice in the United States in 1877, and by 1890 had replaced the berries of the European Buckthorn (R. catharticus) as a commonly used laxative. It has been the principal ingredient in many commercial, over-the-counter laxatives in North American pharmacies. On May 9, 2002, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a final rule banning the use of aloe and cascara sagrada as laxative ingredients in over-the-counter drug products.
The bark is harvested mostly from wild trees; over-harvesting in the middle 1900s eliminated mature trees near many settled areas. Once stripped from the tree, the bark is aged for about 1 year to make its effect milder. Fresh cut, dried bark causes vomiting and violent diarrhea.
Sydenham's chorea
Sydenham's chorea (also known as "Saint Vitus Dance") is a disease characterized by rapid, uncoordinated jerking movements affecting primarily the face, feet and hands. SC results from childhood infection with Group A beta-hemolytic Streptococci and is reported to occur in 20-30% of patients with rheumatic fever (RF).  The disease is usually latent, occurring up to 6 months after the acute infection, but may occasionally be the presenting symptom of RF.  SC is more common in females than males and most patients are children, below 18 years of age. Adult onset of SC is comparatively rare and most of the adult cases are associated with exacerbation of chorea following childhood SC.
SC is characterised by the acute onset (sometimes a few hours) of motor symptoms, classically chorea, usually affecting all limbs. Other motor symptoms include facial grimacing, hypotonia, loss of fine motor control and a gait disturbance. Fifty percent of patients with acute SC spontaneously recover after 2 to 6 months whilst mild or moderate chorea or other motor symptoms can persist for up to and over 2 years in some cases (for example a patient in the UK who has suffered the illness since 1999) Sydenham's is also associated with psychiatric symptoms with obsessive compulsive disorder being the most frequent manifestation. It is related to other illnesses such as Lupus and Tourette's.
Movements cease during sleep, and the disease usually resolves after several months. It is associated with post-streptococcal rheumatic fever, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
It is named for British physician Thomas Sydenham, (1624-1689).
Below is the video of a child with Sydenham's chorea