Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Mediterranean diet
The Mediterranean diet is a modern nutritional model inspired by the traditional dietary patterns of some of the countries of the Mediterranean Basin, particularly Greece and Southern Italy.
Common to the diets of these regions are a high consumption of fruit and vegetables, bread, wheat and other cereals, olive oil, fish, and red wine. The diet is often cited as beneficial for being low in saturated fat and high in monounsaturated fat and dietary fiber.
Although it was first publicized in 1945 by the American doctor Ancel Keys stationed in Salerno, Italy, the Mediterranean diet failed to gain widespread recognition until the 1990s. It is based on what from the point of view of mainstream nutrition is considered a paradox: that although the people living in Mediterranean countries tend to consume relatively high amounts of fat, they have far lower rates of cardiovascular disease than in countries like the United States, where similar levels of fat consumption are found.
One of the main explanations is thought to be the large amount of olive oil used in the Mediterranean diet. Unlike the high amount of animal fats typical to the American diet, olive oil is high in monounsaturated fat and lowers cholesterol levels in the blood.  It is also known to lower blood sugar levels and blood pressure. In addition, the consumption of red wine is considered a possible factor, as it contains flavonoids with powerful antioxidant properties.
Dietary factors may be only part of the reason for the health benefits enjoyed by these cultures.  Genetics, lifestyle, and environment may also be involved.
Concerns remain whether the diet provides adequate amounts of all nutrients, particularly calcium and iron.  Nonetheless, green vegetables, a good source of calcium and iron, are used in the Mediterranean diet as well as goat cheese, a good source of calcium.

# Health benefits
Regarding weight loss, the DIRECT randomized controlled trial found:
- "Mediterranean and low-carbohydrate diets may be effective alternatives to low-fat diets. The more favorable effects on lipids (with the low-carbohydrate diet) and on glycemic control (with the Mediterranean diet) suggest that personal preferences and metabolic considerations might inform individualized tailoring of dietary interventions"
Regarding reduction in mortality and MACE, the PREDIMED randomized controlled trial found:
- "Among persons at high cardiovascular risk, a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts reduced the incidence of major cardiovascular events. "
More recent systematic reviews have found:
- The Mediterranean diet may reduce cardiovascular disease.
Meerwein arylation
The Meerwein arylation is an organic reaction involving the addition of an aryl diazonium salt (ArN2X)  to an electron-poor alkene usually supported by a metal salt. The reaction product is an alkylated arene compound.  The reaction is named after Hans Meerwein, one of its inventors who first published it in 1939.
An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) on the alkene makes it electron deficient and although the reaction mechanism is unclear , involvement of an aryl radical is presumed after loss of nitrogen in the diazonium salt followed by a free radical addition. In the primary reaction product the intermediate alkyl radical is then captured by the diazonium counterion X which is usually a halogen or a tetrafluorborate. In a subsequent step an elimination reaction liberates HX (for instance hydrochloric acid) and an aryl vinyl compound is formed. The reaction mechanism from the arene's view ranks as a radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution.

# Scope
A reported reaction of alkene acrylic acid with an aryl diazonium salt and copper(I) bromide and hydrobromic acid yields the alpha bromo-carboxylic acid . When the alkene is butadiene the initial reaction product with catalyst copper(II) chloride is a 4-chloro-2-butene and after an elimination the aryl substituted butadiene . In a so-called reductive arylation with 3-buten-2-one, titanium trichloride reduces the newly formed double bond.
In a novel kilogram-scale metal-free Meerwein arylation the diazonium salt is formed from 2-nitroaniline, the alkene isopropenyl acetate is an adduct of actone and acetic acid and the reaction product 2-nitrophenylacetone :
Megacolon overview
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# Overview
Megacolon is an abnormal dilatation of the colon (a part of the large intestines) that is not caused by mechanical obstruction. The dilatation is often accompanied by a paralysis of the peristaltic movements of the bowel, resulting in chronic constipation. In more extreme cases, the feces consolidate into hard masses inside the colon, called fecalomas (literally, fecal tumor), which require surgery to be removed.
A human colon is considered abnormally enlarged if it has a diameter greater than 12 cm in the cecum, greater than 6.5 cm in the rectosigmoid region and greater than 8 cm for the ascending colon 
A megacolon can be either acute or chronic. It can also be classified according to etiology.

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

# Causes

# Differentiating Megacolon overview from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

## Natural History

## Complications

## Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Prevention
Megacystis (fetal)
Megacystis is a rare disease that is identified by an abnormally large or distended bladder.

# Diagnosis
Fetal megacystis is diagnosed during pregnancy by ultrasound imaging procedures.  Since it can be associated with genetic abnormalities, further ultrasounds and tests may be administered during pregnancy.  It may also be diagnosed as megalocystis, and/or termed megabladder - both of which are the same condition.
Megacystis is listed as a rare disease by the Office of Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which means it affects fewer than 200,000 people within the U.S.
Megavoltage X-rays

# Overview
Megavoltage X-rays are produced by linear accelerators ("linacs") operating at voltages in the 1000+ kV (1+ MV) range, and therefore have an energy in the MeV range (see External beam radiotherapy for an explanation of the maximum and mean energies as a function of voltage). Beams with the voltage range of 4-25 MV are used to treat patients as radiation oncologists find that they penetrate well to deep sites within the body.
For instance, in one particular technique of prostate radiotherapy, a patient will be treated with 5 radiation beams of 15 MV X-rays. While the beams will point into the patient from different angles, all the beams will be pointed towards one point or centre in the prostate (so called an isocentric technique). In this way the linac can rotate around the patient who does not need to move. In fact, patient motion is a source of positioning error which radiation therapist tries to eliminate.
By crossing multiple beams, the radiation dose delivered internally in the prostate is much higher (~70-78 Gy) than the radiation dose delivered on the entry and exit tracks of each individual beam (~40 Gy). This lower dose outside the prostate rarely leads to side effects or any detectable change.
By convention, the voltage is used to characterize X- and gamma-ray beams (in volts), whilst electron beams are characterized by their energies (in electronvolts).
Melatonin receptor
A melatonin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which binds melatonin.
Three types of melatonin receptors have been cloned. The MT1 (or Mel1A or MTNR1A) and MT2 (or Mel1B or MTNR1B) receptor subtypes are present in humans and other mammals, while an additional melatonin receptor subtype MT3 (or Mel1C or MTNR1C) has been identified in amphibia and birds.

# Expression patterns
In mammals, melatonin receptors are found in the brain and some peripheral organs. However, there is considerable variation in the density and location of MT receptor expression between species.

## MT1
In humans, The MT1 subtype is expressed in the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland, the retina and the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus.

## MT2
The MT2 subtype is expressed in the retina. MT2 receptor mRNA has not been detected by in situ hybridization in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus or pars tuberalis.

## MT3
The MT3 subtype of many non-mammalian vertebrates is expressed in various brain areas.

# MT Receptor function

## MT1
In humans, The MT1 subtype's expression in the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus is indicative of melatonin's circadian and reproductive functional involvement.

## MT2
In humans, the MT2 subtype's expression in the retina is suggestive of melatonin's effect on the mammalian retina occurring through this receptor. Research suggests that melatonin acts to inhibit the Ca2+-dependent release of dopamine. Melatonin's action in the retina is believed to affect several light-dependent functions, including phagocytosis and photopigment disc shedding. In addition to retina this receptor is expressed on the osteoblasts and is increased upon their differentiation. MT2 regulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and regulates their function in depositing bone. 
MT2 signaling seems  also involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. 
MT3 binding sites are widely distributed in the brain, liver, heart, kidneys, and lungs.Recent findings from animal studies suggest possible roles in the regulation of intraocular pressure and in inflammatory responses in the microvasculature.(Abdulhadi.m)

# Selective Ligands

## Agonists
- 6-Hydroxymelatonin
- Agomelatine
- GR-196,429
- Melatonin
- N-Acetylserotonin
- Piromelatine
- Ramelteon
- Tasimelteon
- TIK-301 (LY-156,735)

## Antagonists
- Afobazole
- Luzindole
- Prazosin
Meniscus (anatomy)

# Overview
In anatomy, a meniscus is a moon-shaped figure. It usually refers to either of two specific parts of cartilage of the knee. The knee contains a lateral meniscus and a medial meniscus. Both are cartilaginous tissues that provide structural integrity to the knee when it undergoes tension and torsion. The menisci are also known as 'semi-lunar' cartilages - referring to their half-moon "C" shape - a term which has been largely dropped by the medical profession, but which led to the menisci being called knee 'cartilages' by the lay public.
Although menisci are largely associated with the knee, they are similar in function to structures called articular disks in other parts of the body.

# Anatomy
The menisci are two pads of cartilaginous tissue which serve to disperse friction in the knee joint between the lower leg (tibia) and the thigh (femur).  They are shaped concave on the top and flat on the bottom, articulating the tibia.  They are attached to the small depressions (fossae) between the condyles of the tibia (intercondyloid fossa), and towards the center they are unattached and their shape narrows to a thin shelf.

# Function
The menisci act to disperse the weight of the body and reduce friction during movement.  Since the condyles of the femur and tibia meet at one point (which changes during flexion and extension), the menisci spread the load of the body's weight. This differs from sesamoid bones, which are made of osseous tissue and whose function primarily is to protect the nearby tendon and to increase its mechanical effect.

# Injury
In sports and orthopedics, people will sometimes speak of "torn cartilage" and actually be referring to an injury to one of the menisci.
The Unhappy Triad is a set of commonly co-occurring knee injuries which includes injury to the medial meniscus.
Mercurial diuretic
Mercurial diuretics, although previously widely used, have largely been superseded by safer diuretics such as thiazides, and are hardly used anymore. 
Inorganic mercury compounds, such as mercury(I)chloride (calomel), were found to have diuretic properties several centuries ago, when they were used to treat syphilis. However, inorganic mercury compounds are very toxic and also have a strong laxative effect. Organic mercurials were found later, which were much more potent as diuretics and safer to use than inorganic ones. 
Mercurial diuretics cause diuresis by reducing the reabsorption sodium in the ascending loop of Henle, thus causing more water being delivered to the distal convoluted tubule. In the long run, mercurial diuretics tend to accumulate in the liver and the kidneys, causing damage.
Some common organic mercurials:
- Mersalyl acid (Mersal)
- Meralluride
- Mercaptomerin
- Mercurophylline
- Merethoxylline procaine
Mercury(II) iodide
Mercury(II) iodide (HgI2) is a chemical compound with an appearance of red-orange crystals. Unlike mercury(II) chloride it is hardly soluble in water (<100 ppm).
Conditions/substances to avoid include: heat, light, bromides, chlorides, ammonia, alkalis, cyanides, copper salts, lead salts, iodoform and hydrogen peroxide.
Mercury(II) iodide displays thermochromism; when heated above 126 C, it undergoes phase transition from the alpha crystalline form to a pale yellow beta form. As the sample cools, it gradually reacquires its original color. It is often used for thermochromism demonstrations. 
Mercury(II) iodide is used for preparation of Nessler's reagent, used for detection of presence of ammonia.
Mercury(II) iodide is a semiconductor material, used in some x-ray and gamma ray detection and imaging devices operating at room temperatures. 
In medicine, mercury(II) iodide was formerly used as a treatment for syphilis.
In veterinary medicine, mercury(II) iodide is used in blister ointments in exostoses, bursal enlargement, etc.
Mercury(II) iodide is one of the stated possibilities for the "red mercury".
Mesolimbic pathway

# Overview
The mesolimbic pathway is one of the neural pathways in the brain that links the ventral tegmentum in the midbrain to the nucleus accumbens, which is located in the striatum and is a part of the limbic system. It is one of the four major pathways where the neurotransmitter dopamine is found.

# Function
The mesolimbic pathway is thought to be involved in producing pleasurable feeling, and is often associated with feelings of reward and desire, particularly because of the connection to the nucleus accumbens, which is also associated with these states. Because of this, this pathway is heavily implicated in neurobiological theories of addiction. However, recent research has pointed towards this pathway being involved in incentive salience rather than euphoric mood states.

# Clinical significance
The mesolimbic pathway is one of the major pathways targeted by antipsychotic medication. Although the process is not fully understood, it has been found that disruption of dopamine function (particularly, an excess of dopamine) in this area has been linked to psychosis and the 'positive symptoms' of schizophrenia (particularly delusions and hallucinations). Successful antipsychotic medication is therefore thought to have its effect by blocking dopamine receptors in this pathway.
Dopamine neurons are lost in the mesolimbic pathway in Parkinson's Disease; however, they are lost far more quickly in the nigrostriatal pathway, and, because deficits do not become apparent until a reduction of 80-90% in the numbers of neurons, their loss here is asymptomatic.

# Other pathways
Other major dopamine pathways include:
- mesocortical pathway
- nigrostriatal pathway
- tuberoinfundibular pathway
Metabolic disorder

# Overview
A metabolic disorder is a medical disorder which affects the production of energy within individual human (or animal) cells.  Most metabolic disorders are genetic, though a few are "acquired" as a result of diet, toxins, infections, etc.  Genetic metabolic disorders are also known as inborn errors of metabolism.
In general, the genetic metabolic disorders are caused by genetic defects that result in missing or improperly constructed enzymes necessary for some step in the metabolic process of the cell.
The largest classes of metabolic disorders are:
- Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism
- Disorders of amino acid metabolism
- Disorders of organic acid metabolism (organic acidurias)
- Disorders of fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial metabolism
- Disorders of porphyrin metabolism
- Disorders of purine or pyrimidine metabolism
- Disorders of steroid metabolism
- Disorders of mitochondrial function
- Disorders of peroxisomal function
- Lysosomal storage disorders
(for further details, see inborn errors of metabolism)
A fourth class, the channelopathies (some of which cause periodic paralysis and/or malignant hyperthermia) could be considered to be metabolic disorders as well, though they are not always classified as such.  These disorders affect the ion channels in the cell and organelle membranes, resulting in improper or inefficient transfer of ions through the membranes.
There are also a number of other metabolic disorders (such as myoadenylate deaminase deficiency) which do not cleanly fit into any of the above classifications.
de:Stoffwechselstorung
id:Penyakit metabolik
Methylcholanthrene

# Overview
Methylcholanthrene is a highly carcinogenic poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon produced by burning organic compounds at very high temperatures.  Methylcholanthrene is used in laboratory studies of chemical carcinogenesis. It is an alkylated derivative of anthracene]] and has a similar UV spectrum.
The most common isomer is 3methylcholanthrene, although the methyl group can occur in other places such as 20Methylcholanthrene. 20Methylcholanthrene is a known carcinogen.
The CAS registry number of 20methylcholanthrene is Template:CASREF. It is a yellow solid with a melting pont around 180 C.
Methylketobemidone
Methylketobemidone is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of ketobemidone. It was developed in the 1950s during research into analogues of pethidine and was assessed by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime but was not included on the list of drugs under international control, probably because it was not used in medicine or widely available.
Methylketobemidone is so named because it is the methyl ketone analogue of bemidone (hydroxypethidine). The more commonly used ethyl ketone ("ethylketobemidone") is simply called ketobemidone, as it is the only drug of this family to have been marketed.
Presumably methylketobemidone produces similar effects to ketobemidone and other opioids, such as analgesia and sedation, along with side effects such as nausea, itching, vomiting and respiratory depression which may be harmful or fatal.
Mevalonic aciduria

# Overview
Mevalonate kinase deficiency, also called mevalonic aciduria, is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that disrupts the biosynthesis of cholesterol and isoprenoids.

# Diagnosis
Mevalonate kinase deficiency causes an accumulation of mevalonic acid in the urine, resulting from insufficient activity of the enzyme mevalonate kinase (ATP:mevalonate 5-phosphotransferase; EC 2.7.1.36).
The disorder was first described in 1985.
Classified as an inborn error of metabolism, mevalonate kinase deficiency usually results in developmental delay, hypotonia, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, various dysmorphic features, mental retardation, an overall failure to thrive and several other features.
File:Autorecessive.svg
Microcalcification

# Overview
Microcalcifications are tiny specks of mineral deposits (calcium), that can be scattered throughout the mammary gland, or occur in clusters. When found on a mammogram, an operative will then decide whether the specks are of concern - usually, this is not the case.

# Differential diagnosis of microcalcification
Commonly, they simply indicate the presence of tiny benign cysts, but can signify the presence of early breast cancer; for this reason, it is important to attend regular screening sessions, as recommended by your health service.
They are caused by a number of reasons:
- Aging - the majority of diagnoses are made in women over 50
- Benign causes
- Genetic - involving the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
Depending on what pattern the microcalcifications present determines the future course of the action, whether it be further investigatory techniques (as part of the triple assessment), or more regular screening.
Misplaced catheter

# Misplaced nasogastric tube
- What happens if the Nasogastric tube is too high?
Aspiration
- Aspiration
- What happens if the Nasogastric tube is in the trachea or a bronchus?
Aspiration
Hypoventilation
- Aspiration
- Hypoventilation
- Can intracranial insertion of a Nasogastric tube occur?
Yes. Especially in trauma patients.
- Yes. Especially in trauma patients.

## Case #1: Inadvertent Intracranial Placement of a Nasogastric Tube in a Patient with Severe Craniofacial Trauma
- 35 cases of intracranial nasogastric tube insertion have been reported in the international literature.  
- A complex craniofacial fracture is the most common predisposing factor.
- Complications include hemiparesis, intracranial bleeding, decerebrate posturing, respiratory arrest, suctioning of brain parenchyma, blindness, loss of the sense of smell, meningitis, decreased mental status, and persistent cerebrospinal fluid fistula.
- Mortality rate of 64%.
Images courtesy of RadsWiki

## Case #2: Nasogastric tube in lung

# Misplaced endotracheal tube
- What happens if the endotracheal tube is too high?
Endotracheal tube can rub against the vocal cords and cause cord trauma.
- Endotracheal tube can rub against the vocal cords and cause cord trauma.
- What happens if the endotracheal tube is too low?
Endotracheal tube can selectively intubate the right or left mainstem bronchus.
- Endotracheal tube can selectively intubate the right or left mainstem bronchus.
- Esophagus can also be intubated
Suspect esophageal intubation when there is progressive gaseous distention of the stomach while the lung volumes remain low.
- Suspect esophageal intubation when there is progressive gaseous distention of the stomach while the lung volumes remain low.
Images courtesy of RadsWiki

# Misplaced central lines (CVP catheters)

## PICC from left superior vena cava to coronary sinus to right atrium to inferior vena cava to left hepatic vein
Image courtesy of RadsWiki

## Coiled in Axillary
Images courtesy of RadsWiki

# Misplaced umbilical venous catheters

## UVC through PFO
Image courtesy of RadsWiki

## UVC in SMV
Image courtesy of RadsWiki

# Misplaced Foley catheter

## A patient with suprapubic pain after the Foley catheter insertion
Images courtesy of RadsWiki

# Misplaced gastrostomy tube
Images courtesy of RadsWiki

# Misplaced ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheter
Images courtesy of RadsWiki