Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Grifulvin V
This is one of two common brand names for the prescription medication Griseofulvin (GRISS-ee-oh-FULL-vin). It is used to treat fungal infections of the skin, hair, fingernails and toenails. Particularly ringworm, athlete's foot, jock itch, sweat rash, and many other fungal infections. Griseofulivin is not effective against infections caused by yeast or bacteria.

# Other Common Brand Names for Griseofulvin
Grifulvin V, Gris-PEG

# Uses
Taken as an oral tablet. Best taken with a meal that has a high fat content. It may take from several days to several months for treatment to be completed, depending on type and location of infection. Medication is taken in full prescribed amount until finished even if symptoms have disappeared for a few days. Stopping or missing medication may allow infection to re-occur.

# Side effects
Headache, diarrhea, gas, nausea, fatigue, vomiting, dizziness, trouble sleeping, increased sunlight sensitivity, (sunburn-like effect) may occur. If side effects worsen, doctor should be contacted promptly. Immediately contact doctor if the following occurs: yellowing of the eyes or skin, signs of infection (e.g., fever, chills, persistent sore throat), soreness of the mouth or tongue, mental/mood changes, tingling or numbness of the hands/feet. In the unlikely event of an allergic reaction, seek immediate medical attention. Symptoms of an allergic reaction: trouble breathing, skin rash, itching, hives, swelling, severe dizziness. If any other effects are noticed contact doctor immediately.

# Precautions
Medication should be avoided if patient has a blood disorder or a severe liver disease(hepatic failure). Alcoholic beverages should be avoided while drug is taken, unless doctor approves permission. Drinking alcohol can result in a rapid heart rate and flushing of the skin. Griseofulvin may increase sunlight sensitivity, and sunlight should be avoided, or sunscreen and protective clothing worn.

## Pregnancy Warning
This drug interferes with birth control pills. This drug is not to be used during conception of children. It should not be used while pregnant and it has harmful effects on the human sperm and can cause birth defects. Males should wait at least six months after medication before fathering of children. This drug may also pass into breast milk.

# Drug Interactions
Doctor should evaluate each and every prescription and over the counter drug before treatment. Especially the blood thinners heparin and wafarin.

# Overdose
If overdose is suspected contact the US national poison control hot line at 1-800-222-1222 or your nations poison control.

# Notes
Dry it, treat it, and prevent it.
Avoid sticky wet creams at all costs, wetness and warmth are the breeding grounds for the infections. Use dry powders and keep well ventilated.
Guaiazulene

# Overview
Guaiazulene, also azulon or 1,4-dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene, is a dark blue crystalline hydrocarbon and a derivative of azulene.  Specifically, it is a bicyclic sesquiterpene that occurs naturally as a constituent of some essential oils, mainly oil of guaiac and chamomile oil, which also serve as its commercial sources. Various soft corals also contain guaiazulene as a principal pigment.
Guaiazulene is an FDA-approved cosmetic color additive. It is also a common component of cosmetics like shampoos or skin care products with other skin soothing compounds such as allantoin.
Guaiazulene has applications as an anti-ulcer drug, and can be also used as a volatile dye with a known evaporation rate to indicate end of use of various products (such as insecticide strips.)
Gymnophobia

# Background
Gymnophobia is a fear or anxiety about being seen naked, and/or about seeing others naked, even in situations where it is socially acceptable.  Gymnophobes may experience their fear of nudity before all people, or only certain people, and may regard their fear as irrational.  This phobia often arises from a feeling of inadequacy that their bodies are physically inferior, particularly due to comparison with idealized images portrayed in the media. The fear may also stem from anxiety about sexuality in general, or from a persistent feeling of vulnerability associated with the thought that those who have seen the gymnophobe naked will continue to imagine the gymnophobe nude.
Gymnophobia is derived from the Greek gymnos (naked) and phobos (fear).
In the television series Arrested Development, character Tobias Funke suffers from a similar fear and is described as a "never nude." Note that Tobias's case, as presented for humorous purposes, does not represent typical gymnophobia, which is usually not as extreme.
H-Y antigen
H-Y antigen is a male tissue specific antigen. Originally thought to trigger the formation of testes (via loci, an autosomal gene that generates the antigen and one that generates the receptor,) it is now known that it does not trigger the formation of testes but may be activated by the formation of testes.
There are several antigens which qualify as H-Y as defined by rejection of male skin grafts in female hosts or detected by cytotoxic T cells or antibodies. One H-Y, secreted by the testis, defined by antibodies, is identical to mullerian-inhibiting substance (AMH gene).
Another H-Y, minor histocompatibility antigen, seemed to be encoded in the SMCY gene (acronym for 'selected mouse cDNA on Y'), later identified as an 11-residue peptide from the Lysine-Specific Demethylase 5D protein (KDM5D gene) presented by HLA-B7. A third example is MEA1.

# Association with spermatogenesis
It has been shown that male mice lacking in the H-Y antigen, hence lacking in the gene producing it, have also lost genetic information responsible for spermatogenesis. This result also identified a gene on the mouse Y chromosome, distinct from the testis-determining gene, that was essential for spermatogenesis, thus raising the possibility that the very product of this "spermatogenesis gene" is the H-Y antigen.

# Male homosexuality and the birth order effect
Among humans, it has been observed that men with more older brothers tend to have a higher chance of being homosexual. For every additional older brother, a man's chance of being homosexual can rise by up to 33%. One theory to explain this involves H-Y antigens, which suggests that a maternal immune reaction to these antigens has, to an extent, an inhibitory effect on the masculinization of the brain, and therefore, the more male foetuses that the mother of a man has had, the greater the maternal immune response towards him and thus the greater the inhibitory effect on brain masculinization, which is believed to be a factor in sexual orientation.
This hypothesis is supported by evidence that older sisters have no discernible influence on the sexual orientation of later-born males, which would be expected since H-Y antigen is male tissue specific, the 'probable involvement of H-Y antigen in the development of sex-typical traits, and the detrimental effects of immunization of female mice to H-Y antigen on the reproductive performance of subsequent male offspring'.
HCCS (gene)
Cytochrome c-type heme lyase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HCCS gene on chromosome X.

# Structure
The HCCS gene is located on the Xp22 region of chromosome X and encodes a protein that is ~30 kDa in size. The HCCS protein is localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane and is expressed in multiple tissue including prominently in the cardiovascular system and the central nervous system.

# Function
The HCCS protein functions as a lyase to covalently attach the heme group to the apoprotein of cytochrome c on the inner mitochondrial membrane of the mitochondrion. The heme group is required for cytochrome c to transport electrons from complex III to complex IV of the electron transport chain during respiration. Heme attachment to cytochrome c takes place in the intermembrane space and requires conserved heme-interacting residues on HCCS on one of the two heme-binding domains on HCCS, including His154.  The HCCS protein may function to regulate mitochondrial lipid and total mitochondrial mass in response to mitochondrial dysfunctions.

# Clinical Significance
Mutations in the MCCS gene cause Microphthalmia with linear skin defects (MLS) syndrome, also known as MIDAS syndrome, microphthalmia, syndromic 7 (MCOPS7), or microphthalmia, dermal aplasia, and sclerocornea. MLS is a rare X-linked dominant male-lethal disease characterized by unilateral or bilateral microphthalmia and linear skin defects in affected females, and in utero lethality for affected males.
Habana Leon

# History and Background
The brand was created by Jose "Pepin" Garcia and is manufactured at the El Rey de los Habanos factory in the Little Havana section of Miami, Florida.
One of Cuba's great baseball teams was the Club Habana team who played as the Habana Leones (Havana Lions). They were nicknamed los Rojos ("The Reds"), which was the team color. This brand commemorates and celebrates this great Cuban baseball team, and the color theme is carried over to the cigar band, which is red with gold lettering. The brand consists of a single range of seven vitolas.

# Description
This is a full-bodied cigar. The filler is 70% Nicaraguan ligero, with a Nicaraguan wrapper and a Nicaraguan-grown Corojo wrapper from the crop of 2000.

# Models/Vitolas

# Notes
-  Club Habana
-  Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 Catalogue blurb
Haemophilus
Haemophilus is a genus of Gram-negative, pleomorphic, coccobacilli bacteria. While Haemophilus bacteria are typically small coccobacilli, they are categorized as pleomorphic bacteria because of the wide range of shapes they occasionally assume. The genus includes commensal organisms along with some significant pathogenic strains such as H. influenzaea cause of sepsis and bacterial meningitis in young childrenand H. ducreyi, the causative agent of chancroid. All members are either aerobic or facultatively anaerobic.
Haemophilus species are classified by characterization of their capsule: seven serogroups exist, af and e. Capsule type b (Hib) is the most clinically significant because of its virulence.

# Metabolism
Members of the Haemophilus genus are typically cultured on blood agar plates as all species require at least one of the following blood factors for growth: hemin (factor X) and/or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (factor V). Chocolate agar is an excellent Haemophilus growth media as it allows for increased accessibility to these factors. Alternatively, Haemophilus is sometimes cultured using the "Staph streak" technique: both Staphylococcus and Haemophilus organisms are cultured together on a single blood agar plate. In this case, Haemophilus colonies will frequently grow in small "satellite" colonies around the larger Staphylococcus colonies because the metabolism of Staphylococcus produces the necessary blood factor by-products required for Haemophilus growth.
Hemosiderin
Hemosiderin or haemosiderin is an abnormal microscopic pigment found in the human body. Hemosiderin is composed of iron oxide and can accumulate in different organs in various diseases. Iron is required by many of the chemical reactions in the body but is toxic when not properly contained. Thus, many methods of iron storage have developed.
Humans typically store iron within a protein called ferritin. The form of iron in ferritin is Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide. By complexing with ferritin, the iron is made water soluble. Several diseases result in deposition of Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide in tissues in an insoluble form. These deposits of iron are called hemosiderin. Although these deposits often cause no symptoms, they can lead to organ damage.

# Pathophysiology
Hemosiderin often forms after bleeding (hemorrhage) into an organ. When blood leaves a ruptured blood vessel, the cell dies and the hemoglobin of the red blood cells is released into the intracellular space. White blood cells called macrophages engulf (phagocytose) the hemoglobin to degrade it, producing hemosiderin and porphyrin.

# Diseases associated with hemosiderin deposition
Hemosiderin deposition in the lungs is often seen after diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Thus, diseases such as Goodpasture's syndrome, Wegener's granulomatosis, and idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis. Mitral stenosis can also lead to pulmonary hemosiderosis. Hemosiderin collects throughout the body in hemochromatosis.  Hemosiderin deposition in the liver is a common feature of hemochromatosis and is the cause of liver failure in the disease. Deposition in the pancreas leads to diabetes and in the skin leads to hyperpigmentation. Hemosiderin deposition in the brain is seen after bleeds from any source, including chronic subdural hemorrhage, Cerebral arteriovenous malformations, cavernous hemangiomata. Hemosiderin collects in the skin and is slowly removed after bruising; hemosiderin may remain in some conditions such as stasis dermatitis.
Hemosiderin may deposit in diseases associated with iron overload. These diseases are typically diseases in which chronic blood loss requires frequent blood transfusions, such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia.

# Treatment
Treatment for hemosiderin focuses on limiting the effects of the underlying disease leading to continued deposition. In hemochromatosis, this entails frequent phlebotomy. In diseases such as Wegener's granulomatosis, immune suppression is required. Limiting blood transfusions and institution of iron chelation therapy when iron overload is detected are important when managing sickle-cell anemia and other chronic hemolytic anemias.
de:Hamosiderin
Haloarchaea
Haloarchaea are a member of the halophile community, in that they require high salt concentrations to grow. They are a distinct evolutionary branch of the Archaea, and are generally considered extremophiles, although not all members of this group can be considered as such.

# Living environment
Haloarchaea require salt concentrations in excess of 2 M (or about 10%) to grow, and optimal growth usually occurs at much higher concentrations, typically 20-25%. However, Haloarchaea can grow up to saturation (about 37% salts).
Haloarchaea are found mainly in hypersaline lakes and solar salterns. Their high densities in the water often lead to pink or red colourations of the water (the cells possessing high levels of carotenoid pigments, presumably for UV protection). 

# Cellular shapes
Haloarchaea are often considered pleomorphic, or able to take on a range of shapes - even within the one species. This makes identification by microscopic means difficult, and it is now more common to use gene sequencing techniques for identification instead.
One of the more unusually shaped Haloarchaea is the "Square Haloarchaea of Walsby". This yet-to-be classified organism is square in shape and extremely thin (like a postage stamp). This shape is probably only permitted by the high osmolarity of the water, permitting cell shapes that would be difficult, if not impossible, under other conditions.

# Haloarchaea as Exophiles
Haloarchaea have been proposed as a kind of life that could live on Mars, since the martian atmosphere has a pressure below the triple point of water freshwater species would have no habitat.
Hamate bone
The hamate bone (unciform bone) is a bone in the human hand that may be readily distinguished by its wedge-shaped form, and the hook-like process which projects from its volar surface. It is situated at the medial and lower angle of the carpus, with its base downward, resting on the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, and its apex directed upward and lateralward.
The etymology derives from the Latin hamatus "hooked," from hamus which means "hook."

# Surfaces
The superior surface, the apex of the wedge, is narrow, convex, smooth, and articulates with the lunate.
The inferior surface articulates with the fourth and fifth metacarpal bones, by concave facets which are separated by a ridge.
The dorsal surface is triangular and rough for ligamentous attachment.
The volar surface presents, at its lower and ulnar side, a curved, hook-like process, the hamulus, directed forward and lateralward.
The medial surface articulates with the triangular bone by an oblong facet, cut obliquely from above, downward and medialward.
The lateral surface articulates with the capitate by its upper and posterior part, the remaining portion being rough, for the attachment of ligaments.

# Clinical significance
This is the bone most commonly fractured when an amateur golfer hits the ground hard with his/her golf club on his/her downswing. The fracture is usually a hairline fracture, commonly missed on normal X-Rays. Symptoms are pain aggravated by gripping, tenderness over the hamate and symptoms of irritation of the ulnar nerve. If the hamate bone is broken, it immobilizes your ring finger, pinky finger, and wrist until it is healed.
Hans Chiari
Hans Chiari (1851  1916) was an Austrian pathologist who practiced medicine in Vienna, Prague and Strasbourg. His primary duties were concerned with postmortem examinations, and most of his 177 published writings are the result of these autopsies.
In 1891, he described a brain malformation that is characterized by abnormalities in the region where the brain and spinal cord meet, and it causes part of the cerebellum to protrude through the foramen magnum (bottom of the skull) into the spinal canal. This was to be called the Arnold-Chiari malformation, named after Chiari and another pathologist, Julius Arnold (1835  1915). The malformation was given its name in 1907 by two of Dr. Arnold's students. However, Arnold and Chiari were not the first to describe this condition; a Scottish physician named John Cleland (1835  1925) first described the malformation in 1883, and called it "basilar impression syndrome".
Chiari has another eponymous medical term named after him; the Budd-Chiari syndrome, which is ascites and cirrhosis of the liver caused by an obstruction of the hepatic vein due to a blood clot. It was named in conjunction with British internist George Budd (1808  1882).
Haptocorrin
Haptocorrin also known as transcobalamin-1 (TC-1) or cobalophilin is a transcobalamin protein that in humans is encoded by the TCN1 gene. The essential function of haptocorrin is protection of the acid-sensitive vitamin B12 while it moves through the stomach.

# Function
Haptocorrin (HC), also commonly known as the R-protein, or the R-factor, or previously referred to as transcobalamin I, is a unique glycoprotein produced by the salivary glands of the oral cavity, in response to ingestion of food. This protein binds strongly to vitamin B12 in what is an intricate and necessary mechanism to protect this vitamin from the acidic environment of the stomach.:44 Vitamin B12 is an essential water-soluble vitamin, the deficiency of which creates anemia (macrocytic anemia), decreased bone marrow cell production (anemia, pancytopenia), neurological problems, as well as metabolic issues (methylmalonyl-CoA acidosis).:5051
Vitamin B12 is therefore an important vitamin for the body to absorb.  Despite its vital role however, vitamin B12 is structurally very sensitive to the hydrochloric acid found in the stomach secretions, and easily denatures in that environment before it has a chance to be absorbed by the small intestine.  Found in fresh animal products (such as liver), vitamin B12 attaches haptocorrin, which has a high affinity for its molecular structure. Coupled together vitamin B12 and haptocorrin create a complex. This Haptocorrin-B12 complex is impervious to the insult of the stomach acid, and passes on via the pylorus to the duodenum. In the duodenum pancreatic proteases (a component of pancreatic juice) cleave haptocorrin, releasing vitamin B12 in its free form.
The same cells in the stomach that produce gastric hydrochloric acid, the parietal cells, also produce a molecule called the intrinsic factor (IF), which binds the B12 after its release from haptocorrin by digestion, and without which only 1% of vitamin B12 is absorbed. Intrinsic factor (IF) is a glycoprotein, with a molecular weight of 45 kDa. In the duodenum, the free vitamin B12 attaches to the intrinsic factor (IF) to create a vitamin B12-IF complex. This complex then travels through the small bowel and reaches the terminal tertiary portion of the small intestine, called the ileum. The ileum is the longest of all portions of the small intestine, and has on its surface specialized receptors called cubilin receptors, that identify the B12-IF complexes and take them up into the circulation via endocytosis mediated absorption.
In short, the essential function of haptocorrin is protection of the acid-sensitive vitamin B12 while it moves through the stomach.
Haptocorrin also circulates and binds approximately 80% of circulating B12, rendering it unavailable for cellular delivery by transcobalamin II.
Hard palate

# Overview
The hard palate is a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth. It spans the arch formed by the upper teeth.
It is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone.
It forms a partition between the nasal passages and the mouth. This partition is continued deeper into the mouth by a fleshy extension called the soft palate.

# Function
The interaction between the tongue and the hard palate is essential in the formation of certain speech sounds, notably. Also surrounds the teeth to protect them.

# Cleft
In the birth defect called cleft palate, the left and right portions of this plate are not joined, forming a gap between the mouth and nasal passage (a related defect affecting the face is cleft lip).
Cleft palate has a severe impact upon the ability to nurse and speak but is now cured through reconstructive surgical procedures at an early age (where such procedures are available).
Heliophobia

# Overview
Heliophobia has two meanings:
- a specific phobia:  dread or avoidance of sunlight
- excessive sensitiveness to sunlight.

# Causes
Heliophobia is a problem that afflicts hundreds of Americans, but one that suffers from a lack of true research. The Pacific Health Center suggested that many people have been staying away from the sun because of growing fears about skin cancer.  This is not technically heliophobia, simply an unfounded and illogical solution.
Medical conditions such as keratoconus, which is an eye disorder that results in extreme optic sensitivity to sunlight and bright lights, and porphyria cutanea tarda, which causes the skin to be overly sensitive to sunlight to the point of causing blisters, can result in heliophobia.
Since heliophobia forces its victims indoors, heliophobia causes a Vitamin D deficiency problem. This can be corrected by taking Vitamin D supplements or drinking Vitamin D fortified milk.

# Hypersensitivity
In chemistry or biology the terms heliophobic/heliophobe refers to an organism or substance that is sunlight-sensitive or has an aversion to sunlight.
Heliophobous plants are commonly known as "shade-tolerant".

# In culture
The classic history of heliophobia can be seen easily in most modern vampire stories (Nosferatu was the first to claim heliophobia as an attribute of vampires), in which it was shown that vampires had a total aversion to the sun.  This heliophobia was considered a "telltale sign" of witches, vampires, and demons.
There was a short-lived magazine Heliophobe (3 issues, 1994-1996), described as "a not-so-sexual fetish magazine exclusively devoted to pale-skinned women". 
Heliophobe is a 1997 album by a German rock band Scumbucket