Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Citrulline

# Overview
The organic compound citrulline is an -amino acid. Its name is derived from citrullus, the Latin word for watermelo], from which it was first isolated in 1930.
It has the idealized formula H2NC(O)NH(CH2)3CH(NH2)CO2H. It is a key intermediate in the urea cycle, the pathway by which mammals excrete ammonia.  Citrulline is a substituted urea.

# Biosynthesis
Citrulline is made from ornithine and carbamoyl phosphate in one of the central reactions in the urea cycle. It is also produced from arginine as a by-product of the reaction catalyzed by NOS family (NOS; EC 1.14.13.39).  Arginine is first oxidized into N-hydroxyl-arginine, which is then further oxidized to citrulline concomitant with release of nitric oxide.  When starved for arginine, organisms will convert ornithine to citrulline, which in turn gives arginine.

# Function
Although citrulline is not coded for by DNA directly, several proteins are known to contain citrulline as a result of a posttranslational modification. These citrulline residues are generated by a family of enzymes called peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), which convert arginine into citrulline in a process called citrullination or deimination. Proteins that normally contain citrulline residues include myelin basic protein (MBP), filaggrin, and several histone proteins, whereas other proteins, such as fibrin and vimentin are susceptible to citrullination during cell death and tissue inflammation.
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis often (at least 80% of them) develop an immune response against proteins containing citrulline. Although the origin of this immune response is not known, detection of antibodies reactive with citrulline containing proteins or peptides is now becoming an important help in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.

# Dietary supplement
Citrulline in the form of citrulline malate is sold as a performance-enhancing athletic dietary supplement which is said to reduce muscle fatigue.
Clara cell
Clara cells are non-mucous and non-ciliated secretory cells found in the primary bronchioles of the lungs.
Clara cells are dome-shaped and have short microvilli. One of the main functions of Clara cells is to protect the bronchiolar epithelium. They do this by secreting a small variety of products, including Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) and a component of the lung surfactant. They are also responsible for detoxifying harmful substances inhaled into the lungs. Clara cells accomplish this with cytochrome P450 enzymes found in their smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Clara cells also multiply and differentiate into ciliated cells to regenerate the bronchiolar epithelium.
Clara cells were originally described by their namesake, Max Clara in 1937.
The respiratory bronchioles represent the transition from the conducting portion to the respiratory portion of the respiratory system. The narrow channels are usually less than 2 mm in diameter and they are lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium, consisting of ciliated cells and non-ciliated Clara cells, which are unique to bronchioles. In addition to being structurally diverse, Clara cells are also functionally variable. One major function they carry out is the synthesis and secretion of the material lining the bronchiolar lumen. This material includes glycosaminoglycans, and proteins such as antibodies and lysosymes. These play an important defensive role, and they also contribute to the degradation of the mucus produced by the upper airways. The heterogeneous nature of the dense granules within the Clara cell's cytoplasm suggests that they may not all have a secretory function. Some of them may contain lysosomal enzymes, which carry out a digestive role, either in defense: Clara cells engulf airborne toxins and break them down via their cytochrome P-450 enzymes present in their smooth endoplasmic reticulum; or in the recycling of secretory products. Clara cells are mitotically active cells. They divide and differentiate to form both ciliated and non-ciliated epithelial cells.
Clear cell

# Overview
Clear cell tumors are part of the surface epithelial-stromal tumor group of Ovarian cancers, accounting for 6% of these neoplastic cases. Clear cell tumors are also associated with the pancreas and salivary glands.
Benign and borderline variants of this neoplasm are rare, and most cases are malignant.
Typically, they are cystic neoplasms with polypoid masses that protrude into the cyst.
On microscopic pathological examination, they are composed of cells with clear cytoplasm (that contains glycogen) and hob nail cells (from which the glycogen has been secreted).
The pattern may be glandular, papillary or solid.
Clioquinol

# Overview
Clioquinol is an antifungal drug and antiprotozoal drug.  It is neurotoxic in large doses.  It is a member of a family of drugs called hydroxyquinolines which inhibit certain enzymes related to DNA replication.  The drugs have been found to have activity against both viral and protozoal infections.

# Antiprotozoal use
A 1964 report described the use of Clioquinol in both the treatment and prevention of shigella infection and Entamoeba histolytica infection in institutionalized individuals at Sonoma State Hospital in California.  The report indicates 4000 individuals were treated over a 4-year period with few side effects. 
Several recently reported journal articles describing its use as an antiprotozoal include:
- A 2005 reference to its use in treating a Dutch family for Entamoeba histolytica infection. 
- A 2004 reference to its use in Denmark in the treatment of Dientamoeba fragilis infection.
- A 1979 reference to the use in Zaire in the treatment of Entamoeba histolytica infection. 

# Clioquinol and SMON
Clioquinol's use as an antiprotozoal drug has been restricted or discontinued in some countries due to an event in Japan where over 10,000 people developed SMON (subacute myelo-optic neuropathy) between 1957 and 1970.  The drug was used widely in many countries before and after the SMON event without similar reports.  As yet, no explanation exists as to why it produced this reaction, and some researchers have questioned whether clioquinol was the causative agent in the disease, noting that the drug had been used for 20 years prior to the epidemic without incident, and that the SMON cases began to reduce in number prior to the discontinuation of the drug.  Theories suggested have included improper dosing, the permitted use of the drug for extended periods of time,  and dosing which did not consider the smaller average stature of Japanese.  Researchers have also suggested the SMON epidemic could have been due to a viral infection with a Inoue-Melnick virus.

# Topical use
Clioquinol is used in the drug Vioform, which is a topical antifungal treatment.

# Use in neurodegenerative diseases
Recent research at UCSF indicates that clioquinol appears to block the genetic action of Huntington's disease in mice and in cell culture.
Evidence from phase 2 clinical trials suggested that clioquinol could halt cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease, possibly owing to its ability to act as a chelator for copper and zinc ions. This led to development of analogs including PBT2 as potential therapeutic compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

# Continued use and manufacture around the world
Clobutinol

# Overview
Clobutinol is a cough suppressant distributed by Boehringer-Ingelheim, Novartis's Hexal (Sandoz), Stada and possibly other companies.

# Side effects and withdrawal
Studies in 2004 had indicated that clobutinol has the potential to prolong the QT interval.
Clobutinol was in 2007 determined to cause cardiac arrhythmia in some patients.
Boehringer Ingelheim products containing clobutinol were voluntarily withdrawn from sale in Germany, and the rest of the world, on August 31, 2007.
The approval for Germany and the EU was revoked in 2008.
Clodronate

# Overview
Clodronic acid (INN) or clodronate disodium (USAN) is a first generation (non-nitrogenous) bisphosphonate. It is an anti-osteoporotic drug  approved for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women and men to reduce vertebral fractures, hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia in malignancy, multiple myeloma and fracture related pain because of its potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects shown as a reduction in inflammatory markers like IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alfa.
An Italian study compared the analgesic effect of clodronic acid versus acetaminophen in reumatic condition related pain.  Study result show a reduction in pain in favor of clodronic acid that provided more analgesia than 3 grams/day of acetaminophen. Clodronate is also used in experimental medicine to selectively deplete macrophages.
Clodronic acid is approved for human use in Canada and Australia, the United Kingdom, where it is marketed as Bonefos, Loron, Clodron and in Italy as Clasteon, Difosfonal, Osteostab and several generics. In other countries is prescribed as a bone resorption inhibitor and antihypercalcemic agent.

# Use in equine medicine
Clodronic acid is approved for use in horses under the trade name Osphos, for treatment of navicular syndrome. It is given by intramuscular injection, with the total dose divided into 3 sites on the horse. Clinical effects may not be seen for up to 2 months, and horses may need treatments repeated every 3 to 6 months.

## Adverse reactions and contraindications
Osphos has been shown to have several adverse effects. These include:
- Signs of discomfort, agitation, or colic, usually within 2 hours of treatment.
- Head shaking
- Lip licking
Clonorchis
The Clonorchis sinensis is a human liver fluke in the class Trematoda, Phylum Platyhelminthes. This parasite lives in the liver of humans, and is found mainly in the common bile duct and gall bladder, feeding on bile. These animals, which are believed to be the third most prevalent worm parasite in the world, are endemic to Japan, China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia, currently infecting an estimated 30,000,000 humans.

# Life cycle
The egg of a Clonorchis sinensis (commonly: human liver fluke), which contains the miracidium that develops into the adult form, floats in freshwater until it is eaten by a snail.
Once inside of the snail body, the miracidium hatches from the egg, and parasitically grows inside of the snail. The miracidium develops into a sporocyst, which in turn house the asexual reproduction of redia, the next stage. The redia themselves house the asexual reproduction of free-swimming cercaria. This system of asexual reproduction allows for an exponential multiplication of cercaria individuals from one miracidium. This aids the Clonorchis in reproduction, because it enables the miracidium to captilatize on one chance occasion of passively being eaten by a snail before the egg dies.
Once the redia mature, having grown inside the snail body until this point, they actively bore out of the snail body into the freshwater environment. There, instead of waiting to be consumed by a host (as is the case in their egg stage), they seek out a fish. Boring their way into the fish's body, they again become parasites of their new hosts.
Once inside of the fish muscle, the cercaria create a protective metacercarial cyst with which to encapsulate their bodies. This protective cyst proves useful when the fish muscle is consumed by a human. The acid-resistant cyst enables the metacercaria to avoid being digested by the human gastric acids, and allows the metacercaria to reach the small intestine unharmed. Reaching the small intestines, the metacercaria navigate toward the human liver, which becomes its final habitat. Clonorchis feed on human bile created by the liver. In the human liver, the mature Clonorchis reaches its stage of sexual reproduction. The hermaphroditic adults produce eggs every 130 seconds, resulting in the rapid multiplication of inhabitants in the liver.

# Effects on human health
Dwelling in the bile ducts, Clonorchis induces an inflammatory reaction, epithelial hyperplasia and sometimes even cholangiocarcinoma, the incidence of which is raised in fluke-infested areas.
One adverse effect of Clonorchis is the possibility for the adult metacercaria to consume all bile created in the liver, which would inhibit the host human from digesting, especially fats. Another possibility is obstruction of the bile duct by the parasite or its eggs, leading to biliary obstruction and cholangitis (specifically oriental cholangitis).

# Treatment
Praziquantel or albendazole.
Open shell
In the context of atomic orbitals, an open shell is a valence shell which is not completely filled with electrons or that has not given all of its valence electrons through chemical bonds with other atoms or molecules during a chemical reaction.  Atoms generally reach a noble gas configuration in a molecule.  The Noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn) are not reactive and have configurations 1s2 (He), 1s22s22p6 (Ne), 1s22s22p63s23p6 (Ar), etc.
For molecules it signifies that there are unpaired electrons. In molecular orbital theory, this leads to molecular orbitals that are singly occupied. In computational chemistry implementations of molecular orbital theory, open shell molecules have to be handled by either the restricted Open-shell Hartree-Fock method or the unrestricted Hartree-Fock method.
Likewise a closed shell or closed shell configuration is obtained with a completely filled valence shell. This configuration is very stable . In another meaning a closed shell configuration corresponds to state with all molecular orbitals doubly occupied or empty (a singlet state)
Clotiapine

# Overview
Clotiapine (Entumine) is an atypical antipsychotic of the dibenzothiazepine chemical class. It was first introduced in a few European countries (namely, Belgium, Italy, Spain and Switzerland), Argentina, Taiwan and Israel in 1970.
Some sources regard clotiapine as a typical antipsychotic rather than atypical due to its high incidence of extrapyramidal side effects compared to the atypicals like clozapine and quetiapine, to which it is structurally related.Despite its profile of a relatively high incidence of extrapyramidal side effects it has demonstrated efficacy in treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients according to a number of psychiatrists with clinical experience with it, some weak clinical evidence supports this view too.

# Synthesis
Ullmann condensation of the substituted thiosalyciclic acid  with ortho-chloronitrobenzene results in the displacement
-f chlorine by thiophenoxide and the formation of the thioether . The nitro group in this last intermediate is then reduced to an aniline ; the resulting amino acid is then cyclized thermally to the lactam . Treatment of that with phosphorus oxychloride gives the imino chloride. Reaction with N-methylpiperazine leads to the replacement of chlorine by nitrogen and the formation of clothiapine .
Cloxazolam

# Overview
Cloxazolam (marketed under brand name Sepazon, Olcadil (Brazil, Portugal and Spain), Akton (Belgium), Lubalix (Switzerland) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. Cloxazolam is metabolised into the active metabolite chlordesmethyldiazepam (delorazepam). It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.

# Indications
Cloxazolam's main use is as an anti-anxiety drug.

# Side effects
An increased heart rate may occur as an adverse effect of cloxazolam.

# Pharmacology
The pharmacological effects of cloxazolam are a result of mainly its active metabolites, thus cloxazolam is a prodrug. The main site of action of cloxazolam and its active metabolites are the benzodiazepine receptor.
The pharmacological actions of benzodiazepines at the GABAa receptor are similar to those of neurosteroids. Neuroactive steroids are positive allosteric modulators of the GABAa receptor, enhancing GABA function and in turn have effects on mood and other functions. Many benzodiazepines (diazepam, medazepam, estazolam, temazepam, flunitrazepam and nitrazepam) potently inhibit the enzymes involved in the metabolism of neurosteroids. The tetrahydroxazole ring that cloxazolam and oxazolam have decreases the inhibitory potency of benzodiazepines on neurosteroids. Thus there could be subtle differences between cloxazolam and other benzodiazepines. However, because the parent prodrugs of cloxazolam and oxazolam were tested rather than the active metabolites, this is purely speculative.
Co-codamol
Co-codamol (BAN) is a non-proprietary name used to denote a combination of codeine phosphate and paracetamol (acetaminophen). Co-codamol tablets are used for the relief of mild/moderate (or in the case of 30/500mg - severe) pain.
Three strengths are available:
- 8mg of codeine phosphate per tablet
- 15mg of codeine phosphate per tablet
- 30mg of codeine phosphate per tablet (available in capsules as Tylex and Kapake, available in tablets as Solpadol).
Formulations contain from 300 mg to 1000 mg of paracetamol per tablet. In the United Kingdom the 500+15 mg and 500+30 mg tablets are available only with a prescription, and the 500+8 strength is available over the counter. This is also the case in Australia, however 500+15 mg tablets in packs of 12 or less are Schedule 3 (Pharmacist Only Medicine). Manufacturer directions state not to exceed more than the recommended dosage of two tablets every four hours, and no more than eight in a 24 hour period. Other drugs containing paracetamol should be avoided.
In the United States, Tylenol produces tablets containing 8, 15, and 30 milligrams, named Tylenol No.1, 2, and 3, respectively. There is also a Tylenol 4 containing 60mg of codeine. All tablets contain 300mg of paracetemol. No Tylenol w/Codeine Products in the USA contain Caffeine. In Canadian preparations Tylenol #2 & #3 contain 15mg caffeine.
Co-codamol is marketed in the United States and Canada as Tylenol 3 with Codeine, in the UK as both Solpadeine and Solpadol and in Australia as Panadeine, Panadeine 15 and Panadeine Forte.

# Side effects
Side effects can include: skin rashes, hypersensitivity reaction, constipation, fainting (syncope or near syncope), nausea and/or vomiting, confusion, loss of short-term memory, drowsiness, changes in blood, easy bruising and bleeding gums.
Colestilan

# Overview
Colestilan (INN, trade name BindRen) is a medication that acts as a phosphate binder and bile acid sequestrant.

# Clinical Use
Colestilan is used for the treatment of hyperphosphataemia (too high phosphate concentrations in the blood serum) in patients undergoing dialysis, including peritoneal dialysis.

# Contraindications
Colestilan is contraindicated in patients with bowel obstruction.

# Interactions
The substance can inhibit the resorption of other drugs, as well as fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and folate, from the gut. Resulting lower blood levels can be clinically problematic with immunosuppressant and antiepileptic drugs.

# Adverse Effects
Adverse effects include gastrointestinal problems such as constipation, as well as vitamin and calcium deficiency. Vitamin K deficiency sometimes causes gastrointestinal bleeding.

# Chemistry and Mechanism of Action
Colestilan is a cross-linked copolymer of 2-methylimidazole and epichlorohydrin and works as an anion exchanger resin with affinity to phosphate, bile acid anions and urate. It binds these anions in the gut and removes them from the enterohepatic circulation. Colestilan is not absorbed from the gut, but is excreted together with the bound anions.
Commissure
A commissure is the place where two things are joined. The term is used especially in the fields of anatomy and biology.
In anatomy, commissure can refer to a number of such bodily junctions. The most common usage of the term refers to the brain's commissures, of which there are twothe anterior and posteriorand which consist of fibre tracts that connect the two cerebral hemispheres and span the longitudinal fissure.  The term may also refer to the junction of the upper and lower lips, or of the upper and lower eyelids.
In biology, the meeting of the two valves of a brachiopod or clam is a commissure; and in botany, when a fern's laterally expanded vein endings come together in a continuous marginal sorus.
de:Kommissur
Common Rue
The Common Rue (Ruta graveolens), also known as Herb-of-grace, is a species of rue grown as a herb. It is native to southern Europe. It is sometimes grown as an ornamental plant in gardens, especially because of its bluish leaves, and also sometimes for its tolerance of hot and dry soil conditions. It also is grown as both a medicinal herb and as a condiment.
In European folk medicine, rue is said to relieve gas pains and colic, improve appetite and digestion, and promote the onset of menstruation and uteral contractions. For this reason the refined oil of rue has been cited by the Roman historian Pliny the Elder and the gynecologist Soranus, as a potent abortifacient (inducing abortion). Rue contains pilocarpine which is used in horses to induce abortion, and is a traditional abortifacient among Hispanic people in New Mexico.
Rue can also be made into an ointment for external use against gout, arthritis, rheumatism and neuralgia.
Rue does have a culinary use if used sparingly but it is incredibly bitter and severe discomfort on ingestion may be experienced by some individuals.  Although used more extensively in former times it is not a herb that typically suits modern tastes, and thus its use declined considerably over the course of the 20th century to the extent that it is today largely unknown to the general public and most chefs, and unavailable in grocery stores. Rue leaves and berries are an important part of the cuisine of Ethiopia and rue is also used as a traditional flavouring in Greece and other Mediterranean countries. In Istria, there is a grappa/rakija recipe that calls for a sprig of rue. The plant produces seeds that can be used for porridge. The bitter leaf can be added to eggs, cheese, fish, or mixed with damson plums and wine to produce a meat sauce.
Rue is also grown as an ornamental plant, both as a low hedge and so the leaves can be used in nosegays. Most cats dislike the smell of it and therefore it can be used as a deterrent to them (see also Plectranthus caninus).
Complement

# Biology
- complement system, a cascade of proteins in the blood that form part of innate immunity
- complementary DNA, DNA reverse transcribed from a mature mRNA template
- complementarity (molecular biology), a property whereby double stranded nucleic acids pair with each other
- complementation (genetics), a test to determine if independent recessive mutant phenotypes are caused by mutations in the same gene or in different genes
Concoction

# Overview
A concoction (sometimes spelled concotion) is -strictly speaking- a combination of various ingredients, usually herbs, spices, condiments, powdery substances or minerals, mixed up together, minced, dissolved or macerated into a liquid so as they can be ingested or drunk. Concoctions are sometimes associated with poisons, alternative or magic cures or, in the past, even with witchcraft.
The term "concoction" is sometimes loosely used metaphorically in order to describe a cocktail or a motley assembly of things, persons or ideas.
Quite often various very pungent and spicy ketchups or hot sauces, usually based on Cayenne peppers are inadverdently -or for commercial reasons- called "concoctions".

# Advantages
vitamin-enriched concoction is used in curing and preventing malnutrition.