Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Metabolife
Metabolife is an American corporation which manufactures dietary supplements. Metabolife's best-selling product, an ephedra-based supplement called Metabolife 356, once generated over $1 billion in annual sales. However, Metabolife 356 and other ephedra-containing supplements were linked to thousands of serious adverse events, including deaths, culminating in a ban on ephedra-containing dietary supplements as unsafe by the Food and Drug Administration in 2004.
Metabolife founder Michael Ellis was indicted on 8 counts of making false statements to the FDA in an effort to obstruct regulation of ephedra. Metabolife was also investigated by the Internal Revenue Service and the Department of Justice for income tax evasion; ultimately, the company pled guilty to filing fraudulent tax returns and was sentenced to pay a criminal fine of $600,000. Metabolife owner William Bradley also pled guilty to evading millions of dollars in taxes and was sentenced to 6 months in federal prison and 2 years of probation.
In response to falling sales, and facing more than $1 billion in personal injury legal claims related to Metabolife 356, Metabolife filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2005. The company's furnishings and property, including a large collection of artwork, were liquidated in late 2006 to compensate creditors and settle outstanding personal-injury claims.

# Notes
-  Defending a diet pill, by Daniel Eisenberg. Published in Time on October 18 1999. Accessed April 11 2007.
-  Criminal investigation sought for diet supplement seller. Published in USA Today on August 15 2002. Accessed April 11 2007.
-  Metabolife will plead guilty, end tax probe, by David Washburn. Published in the San Diego Union-Tribune on August 6 2005. Accessed April 11 2007.
-  News Release from the United States Department of Justice, dated December 16 2005. Accessed April 11 2007.
-  Metabolife and Owner William Bradley Plead Guilty to Tax Charges. A press release from the United States Department of Justice, dated October 5 2005. Accessed April 11 2007.
-  Breaking Stories: Case Closed, by Matt Potter. Published on SanDiegoReader.com on October 5 2006. Accessed April 11 2007.
-  Ex-Metabolife Hopes to Settle Ephedra Claims, by Penni Crabtree. Reprinted from the San Diego Union-Tribune on June 2 2006. Accessed April 11 2007.
-  Metabolife Continues Its Search for Buyer, by Mike Allen. Published in the San Diego Business Journal on October 17 2005. Accessed April 11 2007.
-  Metabolife's Artwork Goes on the Block Today, by Diane Bell. Published in the San Diego Union-Tribune on November 30 2006; accessed June 22 2007.
Metacarpus
The metacarpus is the intermediate part of the hand skeleton that is located between the fingers distally and the carpus which forms the connection to the forearm.

# Specific metacarpals
It consists of five cylindrical bones which are numbered from the radial to the ulnar side (ossa metacarpalia I-V).
- First metacarpal bone
- Second metacarpal bone
- Third metacarpal bone
- Fourth metacarpal bone
- Fifth metacarpal bone

# Common characteristics of the metacarpal bones
Each consists of a body and two extremities.

## Body
The body (corpus; shaft) is prismoid in form, and curved, so as to be convex in the longitudinal direction behind, concave in front.
It presents three surfaces: medial, lateral, and dorsal.
- The medial and lateral surfaces are concave, for the attachment of the interosseus muscles, and separated from one another by a prominent anterior ridge.
- The dorsal surface presents in its distal two-thirds a smooth, triangular, flattened area which is covered in by the tendons of the Extensor muscles. This surface is bounded by two lines, which commence in small tubercles situated on either side of the digital extremity, and, passing upward, converge and meet some distance above the center of the bone and form a ridge which runs along the rest of the dorsal surface to the carpal extremity. This ridge separates two sloping surfaces for the attachment of the Interossei dorsales.
To the tubercles on the digital extremities are attached the collateral ligaments of the metacarpophalangeal joints.

## Base
The base or carpal extremity (basis) is of a cuboidal form, and broader behind than in front: it articulates with the carpus, and with the adjoining metacarpal bones; its dorsal and volar surfaces are rough, for the attachment of ligaments.

## Head
The head or digital extremity (capitulum) presents an oblong surface markedly convex from before backward, less so transversely, and flattened from side to side; it articulates with the proximal phalanx.
It is broader, and extends farther upward, on the volar than on the dorsal aspect, and is longer in the antero-posterior than in the transverse diameter.
On either side of the head is a tubercle for the attachment of the collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal joint.
The dorsal surface, broad and flat, supports the tendons of the extensor muscles; the volar surface is grooved in the middle line for the passage of the Flexor tendons, and marked on either side by an articular eminence continuous with the terminal articular surface.

# Articulations
Besides their phalangeal articulations, the metacarpal bones articulate as follows:
- the first with the greater multangular;
- the second with the greater multangular, lesser multangular, capitate and third metacarpal;
- the third with the capitate and second and fourth metacarpals;
- the fourth with the capitate, hamate, and third and fifth metacarpals;
- and the fifth with the hamate and fourth metacarpal.
Metatarsus

# Overview
The metatarsus consists of the five long bones of the foot, which are numbered from the medial side (ossa metatarsalia I.-V.); each presents for examination a body and two extremities.  These are analogous to the metacarpals of the hand.
Specifically, the bones are:
- First metatarsal bone
- Second metatarsal bone
- Third metatarsal bone
- Fourth metatarsal bone
- Fifth metatarsal bone

# Common characteristics of the metatarsal bones
- The body is prismoid in form, tapers gradually from the tarsal to the phalangeal extremity, and is curved longitudinally, so as to be concave below, slightly convex above.
- The base or posterior extremity is wedge-shaped, articulating proximally with the tarsal bones, and by its sides with the contiguous metatarsal bones: its dorsal and plantar surfaces are rough for the attachment of ligaments.
- The head or anterior extremity presents a convex articular surface, oblong from above downward, and extending farther backward below than above.
- Its sides are flattened, and on each is a depression, surmounted by a tubercle, for ligamentous attachment.
- Its plantar surface is grooved antero-posteriorly for the passage of the flexor tendons, and marked on either side by an articular eminence continuous with the terminal articular surface.

# Articulations
The base of each metatarsal bone articulates with one or more of the tarsal bones, and the head with one of the first row of phalanges.
- The first metatarsal articulates with the first cuneiform.
- the second with all three cuneiforms.
- the third with the third cuneiform.
- the fourth with the third cuneiform and the cuboid.
- The fifth with the cuboid.

# Injuries
The metatarsal bones are often broken by soccer players. These and other recent cases have been attributed to the modern lightweight design of football boots, which give less protection to the foot.
Stress fractures are thought to account for 16% of injuries related to sports preparation, and the metatarsals are most often involved.  These fractures are commonly called march fractures, as they are commonly diagnosed among military recruits after long marches.  They are also common among road runners, and even skimboarders.  The second and third metatarsals are fixed while walking, thus these metatarsals are common sites of injury.  The fifth metatarsal may be fractured if the foot is oversupinated during locomotion.

# Additional images
- CT 3D human Foot Skin and Bone
- Lower extremity
- X-ray of foot.
- Bones of the right foot. Dorsal surface.
- Skeleton of foot. Medial aspect.
- Oblique section of left intertarsal and tarsometatarsal articulations, showing the synovial cavities.
Metatheria
Metatheria is a grouping within the animal class Mammalia. First proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880, it is nearly synonymous with the earlier taxon Marsupialia (Illiger, 1811) though it is slightly wider since it also contains the nearest fossil relatives of marsupial mammals.
The earliest known representatives are from the uppermost Lower Cretaceous of North America.
The closest living relatives of the metatheres are the Eutheria (also erected by Huxley in 1880). Both are conventionally united as infraclasses within the subclass Theria (Parker and Haswell, 1897), which contains all living mammals except monotremes.
The Greek words meta- and theria mean the "changed beasts".
Metenolone

# Overview
Metenolone (or methenolone) is a long-acting anabolic steroid with weak androgenic (testosterone or androsterone-like) properties. It is a naturally occurring drug, found within the adrenal glands of pregnant domesticated felines, and is supplied as the acetate ester for oral administration and as the enanthate ester for intramuscular injection. Adult doses for the treatment of aplastic anemia are usually in a range of 13 mg/kg per day.

# Side effects
Adverse side effects include fluid and electrolyte retention, hypercalcaemia, increased bone growth and skeletal weight. In men, additional side priapism, azoospermia, hirsutism, male pattern baldness, acne and oedema. In women, side effects include virilization, amenorrhoea, menstrual irregularities, suppressed lactation, and increased libido. In children, side effects may include virilization symptoms. Metenolone may enhance effects of antidiabetics, ciclosporin, levothyroxine, warfarin. Resistance to the effects of neuromuscular blockers may occur, and metenolone also has the potential to interfere with glucose tolerance and thyroid function tests.

# Use in sports
As an anabolic steroid, the use of metenolone is banned from use in sports governed by the World Anti-Doping Agency.  Belarusian shot putter Nadzeya Ostapchuk was stripped of her gold medal after testing positive for metenolone at the London 2012 Olympic Games. She has been excluded from future IOC events.
The NBA and NBPA also banned the use of methenolone under the Anti-Drug Program. In February 2013, Hedo Turkoglu of the Orlando Magic was suspended for 20 games without pay by the league after testing positive for methenolone.
In December 2013, Natalia Volgina was stripped of her 2013 Old Mutual Two Oceans Marathon title and received a two-year competition ban, subsequent to a final guilty verdict for using the steroid Metenolone.
Meth mouth
Meth mouth is an informal name for advanced tooth decay attributed to heavy methamphetamine use. According to the American Dental Association, meth mouth "is probably caused by a combination of drug-induced psychological and physiological changes resulting in xerostomia (dry mouth), extended periods of poor oral hygiene, frequent consumption of high calorie, carbonated beverages and tooth grinding and clenching."
Characteristics include:
- xerostomia (dry mouth): Methamphetamine use may decrease the production of saliva. A lack of saliva's natural protective effects directly leads to increased tooth decay, particularly at the gumline. Many users also smoke tobacco or consume highly sugared soft drinks, worsening the problem.
- cracked teeth: Methamphetamine induces clenching and grinding of the teeth, leading to wear or cracks.
- neglect of oral hygiene: This is likely among the most important causes of poor oral health among methamphetamine users. After a prolonged binge, users may sleep for a day or more with their mouths open, exacerbating the problems of poor saliva supply.
Meth mouth is "difficult to distinguish" from a simple case of poor oral hygiene. Dentists are advised to look for "unaccounted for and accelerated decay in teenagers and young adults" and "malnourished appearance in heavy users, because methamphetamine acts as an appetite suppressant."
Contrary to a number of media reports, meth mouth's contributing causes do not include the "corrosive", "acidic" or "caustic" effect of the drug itself on tooth enamel or gum tissue. Jack Shafer of Slate magazine has written a series of articles disputing the role of "chemical" or "contaminant" factors in causing meth mouth.
Methorphan
Methorphan comes in two forms
- Dextromethorphan - An over-the-counter cough suppressant
- Levomethorphan - The left hand isomer of the above, a potent acting opioid.

# Racemethorphan
Racemethorphan is a racemic mixture of the stereoisomers of methorphan, namely dextromethorphan, which is the active ingredient in "DM" cough syrups, and the lesser known levomethorphan which is described as a controlled substance in The Merck Index - likely because it has more potential for abuse than its dextro enantiomer .
Levomethorphan is the methyl ether analog of levorphanol and these two substances are related in the same way that codeine (which is the methyl ether of morphine) is related to morphine .
Methyl red

# Overview
Methyl Red, also called C.I. Acid Red 2, is an indicator dye that turns red in acidic solutions. It is an azo dye, and is a dark red crystalline powder.
Methyl red is a pH indicator; it is red in pH under 4.4, yellow in pH over 6.2, and orange in between.
In microbiology, methyl red is used in the Methyl Red (MR) Test, used to identify bacteria producing stable acids by mechanisms of mixed acid fermentation of glucose. Cf. Voges-Proskauer (VP) test.
Murexide and methyl red are investigated as promising enhancers of sonochemical destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbon pollutants. 
Methyl red is classed by the IARC in group 3 - unclassified as to carcinogenic potential in humans. Its risk phrases are Template:R20 Template:R21 Template:R22 Template:R36 Template:R37 Template:R38 Template:R40.
Mevastatin

# Overview
Mevastatin, compactin, ML-236B is a hypolipidemic agent that belongs to the statins class.
It was the first compound isolated in the 1970s during research into HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors produced by a mould Penicillium citrinum.
Nowadays, Mevastatin is not used in therapy of hyperlipidemias because of multiple side effects but it is the only source for production of other statin - pravastatin.

# Mechanisms of Action
Mevastatin inhibits isoprenoid biosynthesis by inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase (Ki for acid form is 1 nM)1 and therefore blocks protein isoprenylation and reduces plasma cholesterol levels in humans. It causes cells to arrest early in the G1 phase.  
Mevastatin is a close structural analog of lovastatin and both agents have the same biochemical and pharmacological activities. 
Mevastatin is inactive in cell-free assays. In cells however, it is hydrolyzed to the active free acid form by intracellular esterases.
Microgyrus
A microgyrus is an area of the cerebral cortex that includes only four cortical layers instead of six.
Microgyria are believed by some to be the cause of, or one of the causes of, dyslexia.
Albert Galaburda of Harvard Medical School noticed that language centers in dyslexic brains showed microscopic flaws known as ectopias and microgyria. Both affect the normal six-layer structure of the cortex. These flaws affect connectivity and functionality of the cortex in critical areas related to sound and visual processing. These and similar structural abnormalities may be the basis of the inevitable and hard to overcome difficulty in reading.
Middle age
Middle age is the period of life beyond young adulthood but before the onset of old age. Various attempts have been made to define this age, which is around the third quarter of the average life span of human beings.
According to Collins Dictionary, this is "... usually considered to occur approximately between the ages of 40 and 60".
The OED gives a similar definition but with a later start point "... the period between youth and old age, about 45 to 60".
The US Census lists middle age as including both the age categories 35 to 44 and 45 to 54, whilst Erik Erikson sees it ending a little later and defines middle adulthood as between 40 and 65.
In many Western societies, this is seen to be the period of life in which a person is expected to have settled down in terms of their sense of identity and place in the world, be raising a family, and have established career stability. It is also a period often associated with the potential onset of mid-life crisis.

# Health
Middle-aged adults often show visible signs of aging such as loss of skin elasticity and graying of the hair. Physical fitness usually wanes, with a 5-10 kg (10-20 lb) accumulation of body fat, reduction in aerobic performance and a decrease in maximal heart rate. Strength and flexibility also decrease throughout middle age. However, people age at different rates and there can be large differences between individuals of the same age. 
Female fertility declines significantly after age 40, and an advanced maternal age increases the risk of a child being born with some disorders such as Downs Syndrome. Some conditions are also correlated with advanced paternal age. Most women go through the menopause, which ends natural fertility, in their late 40s or 50s. 
In developed countries, yearly mortality begins to increase from age 40 onwards, mainly due to age-related health problems such as heart disease and cancer.   However, the majority of middle-aged people in industrialized nations can expect to live into old age. Life expectancy in developing countries is much lower and the risk of death at all ages is higher. 

# The prime of life
Some people  challenge the concept that middle age is something to dread. They assert that with the right attitude and careful planning, middle age can be truly a person's best years. Those age-positive groups range from advocacy groups such as the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) to purely social clubs like the Red Hat Society.

# Further listening
- Does Age Quash Our Spirit of Adventure?, a segment on NPR's "All Things Considered" on an aging study done by middle-age neuroscientist Robert Sapolsky
- Ali Khan, Living Fully at Forty and Beyond
Right lung

# Overview
The Right lung is divided into three lobes, superior, middle, and inferior, by two interlobular fissures:

# Fissures
- One of these, the oblique fissure, separates the inferior from the middle and superior lobes, and corresponds closely with the fissure in the left lung. Its direction is, however, more vertical, and it cuts the lower border about 7.5 cm. behind its anterior extremity.
- The other fissure, the horizontal fissure, separates the superior from the middle lobe. It begins in the previous fissure near the posterior border of the lung, and, running horizontally forward, cuts the anterior border on a level with the sternal end of the fourth costal cartilage; on the mediastinal surface it may be traced backward to the hilus.

# Lobes
The middle lobe, the smallest lobe of the right lung, is wedge-shaped, and includes the lower part of the anterior border and the anterior part of the base of the lung. (There is no middle lobe on the left lung, though there is a lingula.)
The superior and inferior lobes are similar to their counterparts on the left lung.

# Difference in size
The right lung, although shorter by 2.5 cm. than the left, in consequence of the diaphragm rising higher on the right side to accommodate the liver, is broader, owing to the inclination of the heart to the left side; its total capacity is greater and it weighs more than the left lung.

# Impressions
On the mediastinal surface, immediately above the hilus, is an arched furrow which accommodates the azygos vein; while running upward, and then arching lateralward some little distance below the apex, is a wide groove for the superior vena cava and right innominate vein; behind this, and nearer the apex, is a furrow for the innominate artery.
Behind the hilus and the attachment of the pulmonary ligament is a vertical groove for the esophagus; this groove becomes less distinct below, owing to the inclination of the lower part of the esophagus to the left of the middle line.
In front and to the right of the lower part of the esophageal groove is a deep concavity for the extrapericardiac portion of the thoracic part of the inferior vena cava.

# Additional images
- Anatomy of lungs.
- Front view of heart and lungs.
- Transverse section of thorax, showing relations of pulmonary artery.
- The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind.
- The thymus of a full-time fetus, exposed in situ.
Mind's eye

# Overview
The phrase "mind's eye" refers to the human ability for visual perception, imagination, visualization, and memory, or, in other words, one's ability to "see" things with the mind.

# Physical basis
The biological foundation of the mind's eye is not fully understood. fMRI studies have shown that the lateral geniculate nucleus and the V1 area of the visual cortex are activated during mental imagery tasks. Ratey writes:
The visual pathway is not a one-way street. Higher areas of the brain can also send visual input back to neurons in lower areas of the visual cortex... As humans, we have the ability to see with the mind's eye -to have a perceptual experience in the absence of visual input. For example, PET scans have shown that when subjects, seated in a room, imagine they are at their front door starting to walk either to the left or right, activation begins in the visual association cortex, the parietal cortex, and the prefrontal cortex - all higher cognitive processing centers of the brain.
Not all humans have this ability. With eyes closed, some humans report that they can visualize, or imagine, detailed scenery that is not just a memory. Others however, cannot. These humans report that while details of visual memories can be recalled (with eyes open), the images themselves cannot be brought up, even with eyes closed.
Users of hallucinogenic drugs report seeing images with eyes closed, however the images are random and hard to control, and may interfere with normal consciousness.

# Philosophy
The use of the phrase mind's eye does not imply that there is a single or unitary place in the mind or brain where visual consciousness occurs.  Various philosophers have criticized this view, Daniel Dennett being one of the best-known.  However, others, such as Johnjoe McFadden of the University of Surrey in the UK and the New Zealand-based neurobiologist Susan Pockett, have proposed that the brain's electromagnetic field is consciousness itself, thus causing the perception of a unitary location.