Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Gary Auerbach
Gary Alan Auerbach  was born April 24, 1948  in Monticello, New York, to Norman and Judith Auerbach. He received  his BS in accounting in 1971 from the University of Arizona in Tucson, and worked for Coopers & Lybrand in San Francisco. He received his Doctor of Chiropractic Degree from Palmer College of Chiropractic in 1975.  Auerbach is notable for having been the founding President of the World Federation of Chiropractic; and for being the Democratic candidate  for  Arizona's 5th congressional district in 1994. He was Vice-President of "Triple A Pistachios", owned and operated by his family in Cochise,  Arizona. Subsequently he became one of the leading artists of Platinum Photography, with his works appearing in the Smithsonian Institution, Library of Congress, and the private collections of Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Walter Cronkite, among others. He is married to Christine Tamulaitis Auerbach, and they have three children.

# Biography
- 1978 He was elected President of the Chiropractors Association of Arizona.
- 1984 Auerbach was elected a member of the Board of Directors of the International Chiropractor's Association
- 1985 He conceived the idea of a world governing body for the Chiropractic profession. At a meeting of world leaders in Chiropractic, in London, England in 1987 and, it was by unanimous accord of the delegates that the World Federation of Chiropractic was formed in 1989 in Australia.
- 1989-1992 Auerbach was elected the first President of the World Federation of Chiropractic.
- 1991 After injuring his wrist, he decided to pursue a career in Photography, when he discovered that Platinum and Palladium metal salts could provide the basis for archival permanence for a photograph. He opened a studio in Tucson, and became one of the leading artists of this little known photographic specialty.
- 1993 He was a candidate for a seat in Arizona's 5th congressional district, but was defeated by the incumbent, Jim Kolbe.

# Bibliography
We Walk in Beauty - G. Auerbach, 2008 - ISBN 0-9773062-0-8
Gastrograffin
Gastrograffin is a liquid radiocontrast agent containing iodine. It may be used as an alternative to barium sulfate for medical imaging of the gastrointestinal tract. It is indicated for use in patients who are allergic to barium, or in cases where the barium might leak into the abdominal cavity.
Gastrograffin may be used both as a liquid drink, or as an enema.
The taste is foul, even when mixed and diluted with Kool-Aid or juice.  Gastrograffin does not coat the stomach/bowel lining as well as barium, thus it is used only as a last resort.  In CT imaging water may be used as often.
If the patient has an allergy to iodine, barium sulfate will be administered and gastrograffin, which contains iodine, must not be used.
Gastrograffin is a hypertonic solution and therefore should be avoided in imaging studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract in patients who are at risk of aspiration, as it will cause prompt pulmonary edema if accidentally introduced into the tracheobronchial tree.
Gastroschisis
Gastroschisis is a type of abdominal wall defect in which the intestines and sometimes other organs develop outside the fetal abdomen through an opening in the abdominal wall.  This defect is the result of obstruction of the omphalomesenteric vessels during development.  It is often detected through AFP screening or a detailed fetal ultrasound.  Gastroschisis is also called paraomphalocele, laparoschisis, or abdominoschisis.
Omphalocele is a similar birth defect, but it involves the umbilical cord, and the organs are enclosed in a membranous sac instead of directly in the amniotic fluid.
Genetic counseling and further genetic testing, such as amniocentesis, may be offered during the pregnancy, as some abdominal wall defects are associated with genetic disorders.  If there are no additional genetic problems or birth defects, surgery soon after birth can often repair the opening.

# Embryology
During the fourth week of development, the lateral body folds move ventrally and fuse in the midline to form the anterior body wall. Incomplete fusion results in a defect that allows abdominal viscera to protrude through the abdominal wall. The bowel typically herniates through the rectus muscle, lying to the right of the umbilicus.

# Mortality and Morbidity
Current advances in surgical techniques and intensive care management for neonates have increased the survival rate to 90%, in adequate settings. The possibility of prenatal diagnosis either through echosonogram or any other method available allows the mother to be referred to an adequate center where a caesarean section can be made at term (or as close to full term as possible) and allow the immediate surgery to be performed in the newborn.
The morbidity is closely related to the presence of other malformations and complications of the wound or the intestine. Patients frequently require more than one surgery.

# Statistics
The malformation is slightly more frequent in males than females. The frequency of gastroschisis is associated with young maternal age, and low number of gestations.

# Causes and Risk Factors
High risk pregnancies such as the ones complicated with infections, teen aged mothers, smoking, drug abuse, or anything that contributes to low birth weight can increase the incidence of gastroschisis, which is more frequent in small for gestational age newborn. Either if the intrauterine growth retardation can facilitate the apparition of gastroschisis or if the abdominal wall defect impairs fetal growth is not clear yet.
Gene knockout
A gene knockout is a genetically engineered organism that carries one or more genes in its chromosomes that have been made inoperative (have been "knocked out" of the organism). This is done for research purposes. Also known as knockout organisms or simply knockouts, they are used in learning about a gene that has been sequenced, but which has an unknown or incompletely known function. Researchers draw inferences from the difference between the knockout organism and normal individuals.
The term also refers to the process of creating such an organism, as in "knocking out" a gene.

# Method
Knockout is accomplished through a combination of techniques, beginning in the test tube with a plasmid, a bacterial artificial chromosome or other DNA construct, and proceeding to cell culture. Individual cells are genetically transformed with the construct and--for knockouts in multi-cellular organisms--ultimately fused with a stem cell from a nascent embryo.
The construct is engineered to recombine with the target gene, which is accomplished by incorporating sequences from the gene itself into the construct. Recombination then occurs in the region of that sequence within the gene, resulting in the insertion of a foreign sequence to disrupt the gene. With its sequence interrupted, the altered gene in most cases will be translated into a nonfunctional protein, if it is translated at all.
A conditional knockout allows gene deletion in a tissue no terminal manner.
Because recombination is a rare event in the case of most cells and most constructs, the foreign sequence chosen for insertion usually includes a reporter. This enables easy selection of cells or individuals in which knockout was successful.
In diploid organisms, which contain two alleles for most genes, and may as well contain several related genes that collaborate in the same role, additional rounds of transformation and selection are performed until every targeted gene is knocked out.  Selective breeding may be required to produce homozygous knockout animals.
Knock-in is similar to knock-out, but instead it replaces a gene with another instead of deleting it. To replace the gene unit, one must use the chemical imulsion. Knock-in is also used to rejuvenate downed COGs in order to resume the functionality of the gene unit.
George Lignac
George Otto Emil Lignac (1891 - 1954) was a Dutch pathologist-anatomist.
The disease Lignac-Fanconi syndrome is named for him. (later: Abderhalden etc. disease)
Lignac was born in Passoeroean, Java, Dutch East Indies where his father worked as a civil servant. He studied medicine at Leiden and then returned to the Dutch East Indies and was a teacher at the S.T.O.V.I.A.(School for Native Indies doctors) Batavia.
He returned to The Netherlands and was appointed Professor of pathology, general diseases, pathological anatomy, and juridical medicine in Leiden in 1934.
He published work on skin pigmentation, cysteine metabolism and the carcinogenic nature of benzol and many many more.
Lignac died in a plane crash in the river Shannon (Ireland) in 1954.
Gerontophobia

# Background
Gerontophobia is the fear of growing old, or a hatred of the elderly. 

# Indicators
Ken Dychtwald identifies seven markers that can make up this phobia in chapter two of Age Wave: How the Most Important Trend of Our Time Will Change Your Future:
- If young is good, then old is bad
- If the young have it all, the old are losing it
- If the young are creative, the old are dull
- If the young are beautiful then the old are unattractive
- If the young are stimulating, then the old are boring
- If the young are full of passion, then the old are beyond caring
- If the children are tomorrow, the old represent yesterday
Gin and tonic
A gin and tonic is a  highball cocktail made with gin and tonic water, usually garnished with a slice of lime and/or lemon, served over ice. The ratio of gin to tonic water can vary considerably, from a glass of gin with a splash of tonic to one part gin for every five parts tonic.
In some countries, gin and tonic is marketed pre-mixed in single-serving cans.

# History
This cocktail was introduced by the army of the British East India Company in India.
Tonic water contains quinine, which was used to prevent malaria. Because the tonic water consumed to prevent malaria in the 18th century was extremely bitter, gin was added to make it more palatable. Although the consumption of tonic water currently has less medical use than it once did, the gin and tonic remains a popular drink. Tonic water available today contains less quinine and is consequently less bitter (usually sweetened). Because of this connection to warmer climates and its refreshing nature, this cocktail is more popular during the warmer months.
Lore has it that the sheer quantity of limes (for the prevention of scurvy) and quinine (for the aforementioned prevention of malaria) was so unpalatable that the only way to get the members of the British Army to consume the prescribed amount was with the addition of gin.
Receding gums

# Overview
Receding gums (gingival recession) refers to a loss of gum tissue resulting in an exposure in the roots of the teeth. Gum recession is a common problem in adults over the age of 40, but may also occur starting from the teens.

# Causes
- Overaggressive brushing - often gum lines recede due to toothbrush abrasion.  The enamel at the gum line is worn away by scrubbing the sides of the teeth in a washboard fashion.
- Inadequate brushing or flossing - by allowing the bacteria to sit in between the teeth, bacteria can build up.  The enzymes which the bacteria release can cause the bone to be eaten away from the teeth. This erosion is very harmful.
- Periodontal disease
- Dipping snuff - by "dipping" snuff in between your lip and teeth it affects the mucus membrane lining in your mouth and overtime will cause your gums to recede.
- Inadequate placing of lip or tongue piercings.

# Treatment
Treatment should start with addressing the problem which caused the gum recession.  If overactive brushing is the cause, the patient should consider purchasing a softer toothbrush and use a more gentle brushing technique.  If poor plaque control was a contributing factor, improved oral hygiene must be performed, combined with regular professional dental cleanings (prophylaxis).  If severe calculus (tartar) was the cause, then a procedure called scaling and root planing may be necessary to clean the teeth and heal inflammation in the gingiva (gums).

# Gum (gingival) grafting (Also called Periodontal Plastic Surgery):
Depending on the shape of the gum recession and the levels of bone around the teeth, areas of gum recession can be regenerated with new gum tissue using a variety of gum grafting "periodontal plastic surgery" procedures performed by a specialist in periodontics (a periodontist).  These procedures are typically completed under local anesthesia with or without conscious sedation, depending on patient desires.  The may involve repositioning of adjacent gum tissue to cover the recession (called a pedicle graft), or use of a free graft of gingival or connective tissue from the roof of the mouth (called a Free Gingival Graft or a Connective Tissue Graft).  Alternatively, a material called Acellular Dermal Matrix (processed donated human skin allograft) may be used instead of tissue from the patient's own palate.
Healing from such procedures requires 2-4 weeks.  After a few months the results can be evaluated and in some cases the new tissue needs to be reshaped in a very minor procedure to get an optimal result.  In cases where recession is not accompanied by periodontal bone loss, complete or near complete coverage of the recession area is achievable.
Gleason score
Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.

# Overview
A Gleason score is given to prostate cancer based upon its microscopic appearance. The Gleason score is important because higher Gleason scores are associated with worse prognosis. This is because higher Gleason scores are given to cancer which is more aggressive. To assign a Gleason score, a piece of prostatic tissue must be obtained (a biopsy). This is done either by removing the gland (prostatectomy) or by sampling the gland with a needle introduced through the rectum.
The Gleason score ranges from two to ten. A Gleason score of two is associated with the best prognosis and a score of ten with the worst. The final score is a combination of two different scores which each range from one to five. Gleason scores are associated with the following features:
- Grade 1 - The cancerous prostate closely resembles normal prostate tissue. The glands are small, well-formed, and closely packed
- Grade 2 - The tissue still has well-formed glands, but they are larger and have more tissue between them.
- Grade 3 - The tissue still has recognizable glands, but the cells are darker. At high magnification, some of these cells have left the glands and are beginning to invade the surrounding tissue.
- Grade 4 - The tissue has few recognizable glands. Many cells are invading the surrounding tissue
- Grade 5 - The tissue does not have recognizable glands. There are often just sheets of cells throughout the surrounding tissue.
A pathologist examines the biopsy specimen and attempts to give a score to the two patterns. First called the primary grade, represents the majority of tumor (has to be greater than 50% of the total pattern seen). Second - a secondary grade - relates to the minority of the tumor (has to be less than 50%, but at least 5%, of the pattern of the total cancer observed). These scores are then added to obtain the final Gleason score. For example, a prostate biopsy specimen may exhibit two different patterns, one which is assigned a number two and the other a number three. The final Gleason score in this case would be five.
The Gleason score is used to help evaluate the prognosis of men with prostate cancer. Together with other parameters, the Gleason score is incorporated into a strategy of prostate cancer staging which predicts prognosis and helps guide therapy.
The scoring system is named after Donald F. Gleason, M.D., a pathologist at the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Hospital who developed it with other colleagues at that facility in the 1960s.   It remains an important tool.
Glomerulation
Glomerulation refers to bladder hemorrhages which are thought to be associated with some types of Interstitial cystitis. The presence of glomerulations, also known as petechial hemorrhages, in the bladder suggests that the bladder wall has been damaged, irritated and/or inflamed. In fact, the NIDDK Diagnostic Criteria for IC, developed in 1987, required the presence of glomerulations or Hunner's Ulcers to make a firm diagnosis of IC and is still used, today, to determine patient eligibility for some clinical trials.  Research conducted by Waxman, however, determined that the hydrodistention procedure itself may have created these tiny broken blood vessels. Thus, a diagnosis of IC is now based upon other, less invasive methods, such as the PUF questionnaire.
In addition to traditional IC therapies, diet modification remains a core self help strategy as foods that are irritating to the bladder dramatically worsen the symptoms that patients may experience. Foods high in acid and/or caffeine (such as all coffees, regular teas, green teas, sodas, diet sodas, artificial sugars and most fruit juices) should be avoided. The daily goal of patients should be to soothe rather than irritate the bladder wall.
Support Resources:
- Interstitial Cystitis Network
- Canada IC & OAB Resource Center
- ICU Texas
- Interstitial Cystitis Advice (A Patient Based Community for People with IC)
Information Resources
- Interstitial Cystitis Network Patient Handbook
- The Top Five List of Forbidden Foods
- IC Survival Guide by Robert Moldwin, MD
- A Taste of the Good Life: A Cookbook for an IC Diet
- Confident Choices: Customizing the IC Diet
- The ICN Special Report on Diet
- International Painful Bladder Foundation:
Glucuronidase
Glucuronidases are enzymes that separate glucoronic acid molecules from other molecules by cutting glycosidic bonds. They are thus classified as glycoside hydrolases that cleave glucuronides.
In eukaryotes, glucuronidase is located in lysosomes and plays an important role in recycling cellular components by cleaving glucuronide moieties from proteins.  Glucuronidase exhibits both endo-glycosidase and exo-glycosidase activities, meaning that it can cleave monosaccharides from the middle of a chain or from the end.
Preparations of beta-glucuronidase from the snail Helix pomatia are commercially available and referred to by the trademark Glusulase. These enzymes preparations are used to digest the ascus of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae after sporulation.
E. coli is among the few bacteria that can synthezise glucuronidase, and this trait is commonly used to identify the bacterium.

# Pathology
Sly syndrome is an inherited disease in which a genetic defect leads to a deficiency in glucuronidase. This results in numerous symptoms because of the accumulation of complex carbohydrates in many tissues and organs of the body.

# Use as reporter gene
In molecular biology, beta-glucuronidase is used as a reporter gene to monitor gene expression. Monitoring glucuronidase activity using a so-called GUS assay allows determination of the spatial and temporal expression of the gene being monitored. The beta-glucuronidase enzyme transforms certain substrates into colored or fluorescent products which can then be observed and measured.
Glycolic acid

# Overview
Glycolic acid (or hydroxyacetic acid) is the smallest -hydroxy acid (AHA). It appears in the form of a colorless, odorless and hydroscopic crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and related solvents. Glycolic acid is associated with sugar-crops and is isolated from sugarcane, sugar beets, pineapple, canteloupe, and unripe grapes.

# Uses
Due to its excellent capability to penetrate skin, glycolic acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel performed by a dermatologist in concentrations of 20%-80% or at-home kits in lower concentrations of 10%. It is used to improve the skin's appearance and texture. It may reduce wrinkles, acne scarring, hyperpigmentation and improve many other skin conditions.  Once applied, glycolic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together. This allows the outer skin to "dissolve" revealing the underlying  skin.
Glycolic acid is also a useful intermediate for organic synthesis, in a range of reactions including: oxidation-reduction, esterification and long chain polymerization. It is used as a monomer in the preparation of polyglycolic acid and other biocompatible copolymers (e.g. PLGA). Among other uses this compound finds employment in the textile industry as a dyeing and tanning agent, in food processing as a flavoring agent and as a preservative. Glycolic acid is often included into emulsion polymers, solvents and additives for ink and paint in order to improve flow properties and impart gloss.

# Preparation
Glycolic acid is isolated from natural sources and is inexpensively available.  It can be prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with sodium hydroxide followed by re-acidification.

# Safety
Glycolic acid is a mild irritant.
Glycylcycline
Glycylcyclines are a new class of antibiotics derived from tetracycline.  These tetracycline analogues are specifically designed to overcome two common mechanisms of tetracycline resistance, namely resistance mediated by acquired efflux pumps and/or ribosomal protection.  Presently, there is only one glycylcycline antibiotic for clinical use: tigecycline.

# History
The development of these agents was spurred by the increasing prevalence of bacteria resistant to tetracyclines.  These agents were first synthesized in the early 1990's by making modifications to the tetracyclines.  By adding a bulky N,N-dimethylglycylamido side chain to position 9 of minocycline, the compound became less susceptible to tetracycline resistance mediated by acquired efflux pumps and/or ribosomal protection.  Further development of this initial work led to the creation of tigecycline, the first glycylcycline available for clinical use.

# Mechanism of Action
Glycylcycline antibiotics have a similar mechanism of action as tetracycline antibiotics.  Both classes of antibiotics bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit to prevent the amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A site of the ribosome.  However, the glycylcyclines appear to bind more effectively than the tetracyclines .

# Mechanisms of Resistance
While glycylcyclines have greater efficacy against organisms with tetracycline resistance mediated by acquired efflux pumps and/or ribosomal protection, the glycylcyclines are not effective against organisms with chromosomal efflux pumps, such as Pseudomonas and Proteeae.

# Side Effects and Contraindications
Since glycylcyclines are similar to tetracyclines, they share many of the same side effects and contraindications as tetracyclines.  These side effects may include nausea/vomiting, headache, photosensitivity, discoloration of growing teeth, and fetal damage.
These antibiotics should not be given to pregnant women due to risk of fetal harm.  Additionally, these drugs should not be administered during periods of tooth development because of the risk of tooth discoloration.  Due to glycylcyclines' similarities with tetracyclines, hypersensitivity reactions to tetracycline antibiotics may predispose one to hypersensitivity reactions with glycylcycline antibiotics; hence, glycylcyclines should be used with caution in these patients.