Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Phlyctenule

# Overview
A phlyctenule (also called phlycten) is medical term for a small whitish bump or blister found on eye.  Characteristic nodular affection occurring as an allergic response of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium to some endogenous allergens to which they have become sensitized.  It is a collection of white blood cells (primarily polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes) in response to staphylococcus or other bacteria. In underdeveloped regions Tuberculosis is the most common cause.
The condition may improve with proper hygiene. Medical treatment may consist of the use of artificial tears eye drops, vasoconstrictors (such as Tetrahydrozoline), or corticosteroid eyedrops.

## Etiological factors
- tuberculous protein
- staphyloccus protein-most common
- others- moraxella axenfeld bacillus and certain parasites.

## Predisposing factors
- age3-15 yrs
- sexf>m
- under nourished
- living conditions- over crowded and unhygienic conditions
- season- more in spring and summer

## Symptoms
- mild discomfort and irritation
- reflex watering
- associated mucopurulent conjunctivitis due to secondary bacterial infection

## Signs
- 1.Phlyctenular conjunctivitis presents in three forms-
- A. Simple
- Most common
- Presence of pinkish white nodule surrounded by hyperemia on the bulbar conjunctiva, usually near the limbus.
- Mostly presents as solitary nodule,sometimes more may be present.
- In a few days, nodule ulcerates at apex, which later on gets epithelialised.
- remaining of conjunctiva is normal.
- Presence of very large phlycten with necrosis and ulceration.
- Leads to severe pustular conjunctivitis.
- C. Miliary
- Multiple phlyctens arranged haphazardly or in the form of ring around limbus.
- 2. Lacrimation without discharge
- 3. May be associated with enlarged tonsils and cervical nodes
- 4. Phlyctenular keratitis:
- Corneal involvement may present as:
- 1. Ulcerative PKC
- A. Sacrofulous ulcer
- B. Fascicular ulcer
- C. Miliary ulcer
- 2. Diffuse infiltrative keratitis

## Treatment
- Local-
- Topical steroid-dexamethasone or betamethasone
- Antibiotic drops and ointment
- Atropine 1% eye ointment once daily if cornea is involved
- Specific:
- Tuberculosis should be excluded by Chest x-ray, mantoux test, ESR and if necessary full dose ATT should be given.
- Septic focus in the form of tonsillitis, adenoiditis, teeth caries should be treated by antibiotics and necessary surgical interventions.
- parasitic infestation should be ruled out and treated if necessary.
- General-
- High protein diet and Vit. A, C, and D supplementation
Phytoalexin
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Phytoalexins are antibiotics produced by plants that are under attack.  Phytoalexins tend to fall into several classes including terpenoids, glycosteroids and alkaloids; however, researchers often find it convenient to extend the definition to include all phytochemicals that are part of the plant's defensive arsenal.
Phytoalexins produced in plants act as toxins to the attacking organism.  They may puncture the cell wall, delay maturation, disrupt metabolism or prevent reproduction of the pathogen in question.  However, phytoalexins are often targeted to specific predators; a plant that has anti-insect phytoalexins may not have the ability to repel a fungal attack.
When a plant cell recognizes particles from damaged cells or particles from the pathogen, the plant launches a two-pronged resistance: a general short-term response and a delayed long-term specific response.
As part of the induced resistance, the short-term response, the plant deploys free radicals such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide to kill invading cells. In pathogen interactions, the common short-term response is the hypersensitive response, wherein apoptosis-compromised cells commit suicide in order to create a physical barrier for the invader.
Long-term resistance, or systemic acquired resistance (SAR), involves communication of the damaged tissue with the rest of the plant using plant hormones such as jasmonic acid, ethylene, abscisic acid or salicylic acid. The reception of the signal leads to global changes within the plant, which induce genes that protect from further pathogen intrusion, including enzymes involved in the production of phytoalexins.  Often, if jasmonates or ethylene (both gaseous hormones) is released from the wounded tissue, neighboring plants also manufacture phytoalexins in response.  For herbivores, common vectors for disease, these and other wound response aromatics seem to act as a warning that the plant is no longer edible.  Also, in accordance with the old adage, "an enemy of my enemy is my friend," the aromatics may alert natural enemies of the plant invaders that lunch is available.
Piceatannol
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# Overview
Piceatannol (3,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a phenolic.   It is a metabolite of resveratrol, so its not surpising that it is found in red wine.   LMP2A, a viral protein tyrosine kinase implicated in leukemia, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and other diseases associated with  Epstein-Barr Virus, were found to be blocked by picetannol in vitro, and a target for therapeutic anti-cancer and anti-EBV drugs.

# See Also
- pterostilbene
- resveratrol
- Medline on Picetannol
Pimethixene
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# Overview
Pimethixene is an antihistamine often used to treat hyperactivity, anxiety, sleep disorders, and allergy. It is also used for anesthesia and as a bronchodilator (to dilate the bronchi and bronchioles for more airflow).
Piperaquine

# Overview
Piperaquine is an antimalarial drug, a bisquinoline first synthesised in the 1960s, and used extensively in China and Indochina as prophylaxis and treatment during the next 20 years. Usage declined in the 1980s as piperaquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum arose and artemisinin-based antimalarials became available. However, Chinese scientists have been studying whether piperaquine can still be used therapeutically in combination with artemisinin.
Piperaquine is characterized by slow absorption and a long biological half-life, making it a good partner drug with artemisinin derivatives which are fast acting but have a short biological half-life.
The fixed-dose combination dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (Eurartesim) was submitted for approval to the European Medicines Agency in 2009.
Piperocaine
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Piperocaine is a local anesthetic drug used as its hydrochloride salt for infiltration and nerve blocks.
Piritramide

# Overview
Piritramide (R-3365, trade names Dipidolor, Piridolan, Pirium and others) is a synthetic opioid analgesic (narcotic painkiller) that is marketed in certain European countries including: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany and the Netherlands. It comes in free form, is about 0.75x times as potent as morphine and is given parenterally (by injection) for the treatment of severe pain. Nausea, vomiting, respiratory depression and constipation are believed to be less frequent with piritramide than with morphine (which is the gold standard opioid against which other opioids are compared and contrasted against) and it produces more rapid-onset analgesia (pain relief) when compared to morphine and pethidine, after intravenous administration the onset of analgesia is as little as 12 minutes, which may be related to its great lipophilicity. The analgesic and sedative effects of piritramide are believed to be potentiated with phenothiazines and its emetic (nausea/vomiting-inducing) effects are suppressed. The volume of distribution is 0.7-1 L/kg after a single dose, 4.7-6 L/kg after steady-state concentrations are achieved and up to 11.1 L/kg after prolonged dosing.

# History & Regulation
Piritramide was developed and patented in the Netherlands, at Janssen, in 1960.  It is part of an eponymous two-member class of opioids in clinical use with the other being bezitramide (Burgodin).  The closest chemical and structural relatives of piritramide in clinical use include the diphenoxylate family, fentanyl (both Janssen discoveries) and somewhat more distantly alphaprodine.
Not being in clinical use in the United States, it is a Schedule I Narcotic controlled substance with a DEA ACSCN of 9642 and manufacturing quota of zero.  It presumably has abuse potential, and appears on the European black market on occasion and has a handful of street names including "Pierrette" and "P". LEXIS-NEXIS and other database searches do not show mentions of law enforcement contact with this drug in the United States.  Piritramide is specifically exempted from the Canadian controlled-substances law, and its relative bezitramide is a Schedule II controlled substance in the US, although not used there as of 2014.

# Synthesis
- DE 1238472
Plane joint
A gliding joint (arthrodial joint, plane articulation) is a synovial joint which admits of only gliding movement. The gliding joint allows one bone to slide over the other.
The gliding joint in your wrist allows to flex your wrist.
It also makes very small side motions.
There are also gliding joints in your ankles.
A gliding joint is a synovial joint, and a synovial joint allows lots of movement.
Plasma cell

# Overview
Plasma cells (also called plasma B cells or plasmocytes) are cells of the immune system that secrete large amounts of antibodies. They differentiate from B cells upon stimulation by CD4+ lymphocytes.  The B cell acts as an antigen presenting cell (APC), consuming an offending pathogen.  That pathogen gets taken up by the B cell by receptor mediated endocytosis, and broken down within these endosomes after fusion with lysosomes releasing proteolytic enzymes onto the pathogen.  Once the enzymes break down the pathogen, pieces of the pathogen (which are now known as antigenic peptides) are loaded onto MHC II molecules, and presented on its extracellular surface.  Once on the extracellular surface, the CD4+ T-helper lymphocyte will bind to the MHC II/Antigen molecule and cause activation of the B cell, which includes differentiation into a plasma cell, and subsequent generation of antibody against the consumed pathogen.

# Physiopathology
After dividing for around five days, mature B cells differentiate into either plasma B cells or memory B cells. Plasma B cells originate in the bone marrow, then travel to the spleen or lymph nodes to secrete antibodies (approximately 10,000 per second).  During the initial stages of an immune response the lifespan of plasma cells is very short, typically only a few days to weeks.  However, following the process of affinity maturation, plasma cells can survive for months to years and continue to secrete high levels of antibodies.  Memory B cells tend to be longer-lived and can therefore respond quickly upon second exposure to an antigen.
The class of antibody that a plasma cell produces depends on signals, called cytokines, from other immune system cells, such as macrophages and T helper cells. This process is called isotype-switching. For example, plasma cells will likely secrete IgG3 antibodies if they matured in the presence of the cytokine interferon-gamma. Since B cell maturation also involves somatic hypermutation, these antibodies have a very high affinity for their antigen.

# Microscopic anatomy
Plasma cells are large lymphocytes with a considerable nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio and a characteristic appearance on light microscopy. They have basophilic cytoplasm and an eccentric nucleus with heterochromatin in a characteristic cartwheel arrangement. Their cytoplasm also contains a pale zone that on electron microscopy contains an extensive Golgi apparatus and centrioles. Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum combined with a well-developed Golgi apparatus makes plasma cells well-suited for secreting immunoglobulins.

# Role in disease
Cancer of plasma cells is termed multiple myeloma. This condition is frequently identified because malignant plasma cells continue producing an antibody, which can be detected as a paraprotein.
Common variable immunodeficiency is thought to be due to a problem in the differentiation from lymphocytes to plasma cells. The result is a low serum antibody level and risk of infections.
Plasmavirus
The Plasmavirus is a family of bacteriophages, viruses that infects bacteria.  Virions have an envelope, a nucleoprotein complex, and a capsid.  They are 50-125 nm in diameter with a baggy or loose membrane.

# Genome
The genome is condensed, non segmented and consists of a single molecule of circular, supercoiled double-stranded DNA, 12000 base pairs in length. The genome has a rather high G-C content of around 32 percent. 

# Infection
A productive infectious cycle begins before a lysogenic cycle establishes the virus in the infected bacteria.  After initial infection of the viral genome the virus may become latent within the host. Lysogeny involves integration into the host chromosome.

# Literature
-  Buchen-Osmond, C. (Ed) (2003). 00.053. Plasmaviridae. In: ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database, version 3. Buchen-Osmond, C. (Ed), ICTVdB Management, The Earth Institute and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
de:Plasmaviridae
Pleurodesis
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# Overview
Pleurodesis is the artificial obliteration of the pleural space. It is done to prevent recurrence of pneumothorax or pleural effusion. It can be done chemically or surgically.
Chemicals such as bleomycin, tetracycline, povidone iodine, or a slurry of talc can be introduced into the pleural space through a chest drain. The instilled chemicals cause irritation between the parietal and the visceral layers of the pleura which closes off the space between them and prevents further fluid from accumulating.
Chemical pleurodesis is a painful procedure, so patients are often premedicated with a sedative and analgesics.. A local anesthetic may be instilled into the pleural space, or an epidural catheter may be placed for anesthesia.
Surgical pleurodesis is performed via thoracotomy or thoracoscopy.  This involves mechanically irritating the parietal pleura, often with a rough pad. Moreover surgical removal of parietal pleura is an effective way of achieving stable pleurodesis
Pneumonitis

# Overview
Pneumonitis or pulmonitis is a general term that refers to inflammation of lung tissue.
Many factors can cause pneumonitis, including breathing in animal dander, aspiration (inhaling small food particles or vomit "down the wrong pipe"),  and receiving radiation therapy to the chest.
Pneumonitis was listed as the one of the top 15 leading causes of death (at number 15) in the United States as of 2010, overtaking homicide, which dropped off the list.  This was due to a number of factors, including an increase in the population of people over 75, for whom pneumonitis is a common cause of death.
Pneumonia is pneumonitis combined with consolidation and exudation due to infection.

# Classification
It can be classified into acute interstitial pneumonitis, blood pneumonitis, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, radiation pneumonitis, and uremic pneumonitis.

# Causes
- Viral infection. As one example, measles can cause severe pneumonitis, and ribavirin has been proposed as a possible treatment.
- Pneumonia
- Radiation therapy
- Inhaling chemicals, such as Sodium hydroxide 
- Sepsis
- Adverse reaction to medications
- Ado-trastuzumab emtansine
- Azacitidine
- Ceritinib
- Crizotinib
- Cyclophosphamide
- Dactinomycin
- Hydrochlorothiazide
- Idelalisib
- Ixabepilone
- Pembrolizumab
- Sorafenib
- Sulfasalazine
- Sirolimus
- Vandetanib
- Hypersensitivity to inhaled agents
- Inhalation of spores of some species of mushroom (Bronchoalveolar allergic syndrome)
- Mercury exposure
- Smoking
- Overexposure to Chlorine
- Drugs such as Afatinib, Crizotinib, Everolimus, Minocycline hydrochloride, Olaparib , Trametinib
Pluto Water
Pluto Water was a trademark for a strongly laxative natural water product which was very popular in the United States in the early 20th century.  The water's high native content of mineral salts generally made it effective within one hour of ingestion, a fact the company played up in their promotional literature.
Pluto Water was bottled in French Lick, Indiana. It was advertised "America's Laxative" with the slogan "When Nature Won't, PLUTO Will". The bottle and many advertisements featured an image of the devil.
Louis Armstrong reported favoring Pluto Water until he switched to Swiss Kriss.
Pneumolysin

# Overview
Pneumolysin is a putative virulence factor of the gram-positive bacteria  Streptococcus pneumoniae.
It is a pore-forming toxin of 53 kDa composed of 471 amino acids. It has a range of biological activities including the ability to lyse and interfere with the function of cells and soluble molecules of the immune system.
Released pneumolysin will aid the bacteria during colonization, by facilitating adherence to the host, during invasion by damaging host cells, and during infection by interfering with the host immune response.
The presence of pneumolysin in sputum, urine, CSF and blood can be indicative of an S. pneumoniae infection.
Pocket mask
A pocket mask, or pocket face mask or CPR mask, is a device used to safely deliver rescue breaths during a cardiac arrest or respiratory arrest.

# Design
The pocket mask is a small device that can be carried on one's person. Air is administered to the patient when the emergency responder exhales through a one-way filter valve. Modern pocket masks have either a built in one-way valve or an attachable, disposable filter to protect the emergency responder from the patient's potentially infectious bodily substances, such as vomit or blood.
Many masks also have a built-in oxygen intake tube, allowing for administration of 50-60% oxygen. Without being hooked up to an external line, exhaled air from the provider can still provide sufficient oxygen to live, up to 16%. Earth's atmosphere consists of approximately 21% oxygen.

# Usage
While a pocket mask is not as efficient as a bag valve mask, it does have advantages, besides portability, when only one rescuer is available. Because the bag valve mask requires two hands to operate, one to form a seal and the other to squeeze the bag, the pocket mask allows for both of the rescuer's hands to be on the patients head. This allows the responder to perform a jaw thrust on patient's suspected of a spinal injury.
Policosanol

# Overview
PolicosanolTemplate:Pronunciation-needed (or polycosanol) is the generic term for a natural mixture of long chain alcohols extracted from plant waxes. It is used as a nutritional supplement intended to lower LDL cholesterol ("bad" cholesterol) and increase HDL cholesterol ("good" or "healthy" cholesterol) and to help prevent atherosclerosis, though some studies have raised questions about the effectiveness of policosanol.

# Physical properties
Policosanol is a mixture of a few fatty alcohols derived from the waxes of such plants as sugar cane and yams, as well as beeswax. The most prevalent alcohol in policosanol is octacosanol, followed by triacontanol.
There is a much lower concentration of several other fatty alcohols: behenyl alcohol, lignoceryl alcohol, ceryl alcohol, 1-heptacosanol, 1-nonacosanol, 1-dotriacontanol, and geddyl alcohol.
Modulation of HMG-CoA reductase and bile acid absorption inhibition have been proposed as mechanisms.

# Studies
Published studies have come to conflicting conclusions regarding the efficacy of policosanol in lowering LDL (i.e., "bad cholesterol") or raising HDL (i.e., "good cholesterol")., despite a number of studies funded by the Cuban government, which produces and markets the drug. Older independent clinical trials found no evidence of the efficacy of policosanol, while more recent studies have found effect.
Polygonatum
Polygonatum (King Solomon's-seal, Solomon's Seal) is a genus of about 50 species of flowering plants within the family Ruscaceae, formerly classified in the lily family Liliaceae.
Some species of this genus have medicinal properties, and some (in particular P. sibiricum) are used as an  tisane in traditional Chinese medicine, which is called Duong Gul Le in Korea.
Some Polygonatum shoots are edible, cooked like asparagus, as are the roots - after appropriate treatment  - being a good source of starch .

# Selected species

# Medicinal uses
Revolving primarily around the root, "Solomon's Seal" are traditionally used in a range of afflictions from menopause to broken bones.  As a topical application, the root are said to expedite the healing of cuts and bruises, skin irritations and inflammations, and as a face wash is good for acne, blemishes and all kinds of imperfections of the skin.  When consumed as a tea, it is said to alleviate a range of symptoms associated with menopause, indigestion, diabetes, broken bones, insomnia, kidney pains, and even infertility.
Its use to fight diabetes was first observed in 1930 by Langecker.  After experiments, he concluded that it was effective in fighting nutricional hyperglycemia, though not that caused by adrenaline release, probably due to its content in glucokinin.
-  Altnature.com article on Solomon's Seal description and uses
-  Polygonatum odoratum in ibiblio.org
-  Source:Quer, Pio Font "Plantas Medicinales - El Dioscorides renovado". 1961/2005 Barcelona: Ediciones Peninsula
cs:Kokorik
de:Weiwurze
hsb:Kwetkata kokoricka
lt:Baltasakne
nl:Salomonszegel
nds-nl:Salemonszegel
wa:Foye di coixheure
Portal vein
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Portal vein can refer to:
- the hepatic portal vein, a large vein that carries blood from the digestive tract to the liver and is formed by the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
- a vein that is part of a portal venous system and connects two systems of capillary beds