Besifloxacin

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# Overview
Besifloxacin is a quinolone antimicrobial that is FDA approved for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis.   Common adverse reactions include conjunctival redness.

# Adult Indications and Dosage

## FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

### Indications
- Besivance (besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension) 0.6%, is indicated for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis caused by susceptible isolates of the following bacteria:
- Efficacy for this organism was studied in fewer than 10 infections.

### Dosage
- Invert closed bottle and shake once before use.
- Instill one drop in the affected eye(s) 3 times a day, four to twelve hours apart for 7 days.

### DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
- 7.5 mL bottle filled with 5 mL of besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension, 0.6%.

## Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

### Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Besifloxacin in adult patients.

### NonGuideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label NonGuideline-Supported Use of Besifloxacin in adult patients.

# Pediatric Indications and Dosage

## FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
There is limited information regarding FDA-Labeled Use of Besifloxacin in pediatric patients.

## Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

### Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Besifloxacin in pediatric patients.

### NonGuideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label NonGuideline-Supported Use of Besifloxacin in pediatric patients.

# Contraindications
- None

# Warnings
- Topical Ophthalmic Use Only
- NOT FOR INJECTION INTO THE EYE.
- Besivance is for topical ophthalmic use only, and should not be injected subconjunctivally, nor should it be introduced directly into the anterior chamber of the eye.
- As with other anti-infectives, prolonged use of Besivance (besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension) 0.6% may result in overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms, including fungi. If super-infection occurs, discontinue use and institute alternative therapy. Whenever clinical judgment dictates, the patient should be examined with the aid of magnification, such as slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and, where appropriate, fluorescein staining.
- Patients should not wear contact lenses if they have signs or symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis or during the course of therapy with Besivance .

# Adverse Reactions

## Clinical Trials Experience
- Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in one clinical trial of a drug cannot be directly compared with the rates in the clinical trials of the same or another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
- The data described below reflect exposure to Besivance in approximately 1,000 patients between 1 and 98 years old with clinical signs and symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis.
- The most frequently reported ocular adverse reaction was conjunctival redness, reported in approximately 2% of patients.
- Other adverse reactions reported in patients receiving Besivance occurring in approximately 1-2% of patients included: blurred vision, eye pain, eye irritation, eye pruritus and headache.

## Postmarketing Experience
There is limited information regarding Postmarketing Experience of Besifloxacin in the drug label.

# Drug Interactions
There is limited information regarding Besifloxacin Drug Interactions in the drug label.

# Use in Specific Populations

### Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category (FDA): C
- Oral doses of besifloxacin up to 1000 mg/kg/day were not associated with visceral or skeletal malformations in rat pups in a study of embryo-fetal development, although this dose was associated with maternal toxicity (reduced body weight gain and food consumption) and maternal mortality. Increased post-implantation loss, decreased fetal body weights, and decreased fetal ossification were also observed. At this dose, the mean Cmax in the rat dams was approximately 20 mcg/mL, >45,000 times the mean plasma concentrations measured in humans. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for this embryo-fetal development study was 100 mg/kg/day (Cmax, 5 mcg/mL, >11,000 times the mean plasma concentrations measured in humans).
- In a prenatal and postnatal development study in rats, the NOAELs for both fetal and maternal toxicity were also 100 mg/kg/day. At 1000 mg/kg/day, the pups weighed significantly less than controls and had a reduced neonatal survival rate. Attainment of developmental landmarks and sexual maturation were delayed, although surviving pups from this dose group that were reared to maturity did not demonstrate deficits in behavior, including activity, learning and memory, and their reproductive capacity appeared normal.
- Since there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women, Besivance  should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Pregnancy Category (AUS):
- Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Besifloxacin in women who are pregnant.

### Labor and Delivery
There is no FDA guidance on use of Besifloxacin during labor and delivery.

### Nursing Mothers
- Besifloxacin has not been measured in human milk, although it can be presumed to be excreted in human milk. Caution should be exercised when Besivance is administered to a nursing mother.

### Pediatric Use
- The safety and effectiveness of Besivance in infants below one year of age have not been established. The efficacy of Besivance in treating bacterial conjunctivitis in pediatric patients one year or older has been demonstrated in controlled clinical trials  .
- There is no evidence that the ophthalmic administration of quinolones has any effect on weight bearing joints, even though systemic administration of some quinolones has been shown to cause arthropathy in immature animals.

### Geriatic Use
- No overall differences in safety and effectiveness have been observed between elderly and younger patients.

### Gender
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Besifloxacin with respect to specific gender populations.

### Race
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Besifloxacin with respect to specific racial populations.

### Renal Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Besifloxacin in patients with renal impairment.

### Hepatic Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Besifloxacin in patients with hepatic impairment.

### Females of Reproductive Potential and Males
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Besifloxacin in women of reproductive potentials and males.

### Immunocompromised Patients
There is no FDA guidance one the use of Besifloxacin in patients who are immunocompromised.

# Administration and Monitoring

### Administration
- topical Ophthalmic

### Monitoring
There is limited information regarding Monitoring of Besifloxacin in the drug label.

# IV Compatibility
There is limited information regarding IV Compatibility of Besifloxacin in the drug label.

# Overdosage
There is limited information regarding Overdose of Besifloxacin in the drug label.

# Pharmacology

## Mechanism of Action
- Besifloxacin is an 8-chloro fluoroquinolone with a N-1 cyclopropyl group. The compound has activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria due to the inhibition of both bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. DNA gyrase is an essential enzyme required for replication, transcription and repair of bacterial DNA. Topoisomerase IV is an essential enzyme required for partitioning of the chromosomal DNA during bacterial cell division. Besifloxacin is bactericidal with minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) generally within one dilution of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs).

## Structure
- Besivance (besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension) 0.6%, is a sterile ophthalmic suspension of besifloxacin formulated with DuraSite- (polycarbophil, edetate disodium dihydrate and sodium chloride). Each mL of Besivance contains 6.63 mg besifloxacin hydrochloride equivalent to 6 mg besifloxacin base. It is an 8-chloro fluoroquinolone anti-infective for topical ophthalmic use.
- Mol Wt 430.30
- Chemical Name:(+)-7--8-chloro-1- cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride.
- Besifloxacin hydrochloride is a white to pale yellowish-white powder.
- Each mL Contains:
- Besivance is an isotonic suspension with an osmolality of approximately 290 mOsm/kg.

## Pharmacodynamics
There is limited information regarding Pharmacodynamics of Besifloxacin in the drug label.

## Pharmacokinetics
- Plasma concentrations of besifloxacin were measured in adult patients with suspected bacterial conjunctivitis who received Besivance bilaterally three times a day (16 doses total). Following the first and last dose, the maximum plasma besifloxacin concentration in each patient was less than 1.3 ng/mL. The mean besifloxacin Cmax was 0.37 ng/mL on day 1 and 0.43 ng/mL on day 6. The average elimination half-life of besifloxacin in plasma following multiple dosing was estimated to be 7 hours.
- Besifloxacin is an 8-chloro fluoroquinolone with a N-1 cyclopropyl group. The compound has activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria due to the inhibition of both bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. DNA gyrase is an essential enzyme required for replication, transcription and repair of bacterial DNA. Topoisomerase IV is an essential enzyme required for partitioning of the chromosomal DNA during bacterial cell division. Besifloxacin is bactericidal with minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) generally within one dilution of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs).
- The mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones, including besifloxacin, is different from that of aminoglycoside, macrolide, and -lactam antibiotics. Therefore, besifloxacin may be active against pathogens that are resistant to these antibiotics and these antibiotics may be active against pathogens that are resistant to besifloxacin. In vitro studies demonstrated cross-resistance between besifloxacin and some fluoroquinolones.
- In vitro resistance to besifloxacin develops via multiple-step mutations and occurs at a general frequency of < 3.3 x 10-10 for Staphylococcus aureus and < 7 x 10-10 for Streptococcus pneumoniae.
- Besifloxacin has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following bacteria both in vitro and in conjunctival infections treated in clinical trials as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section:
- Aerococcus viridans*, CDC coryneform group G, Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum*, C. striatum*, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis*, M. lacunata*, Pseudomonas aeruginosa*, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, S. hominis*, S. lugdunensis*, S. warneri*, Streptococcus mitis group, S. oralis, S. pneumoniae, S. salivarius*
- Efficacy for this organism was studied in fewer than 10 infections.

## Nonclinical Toxicology
- Long-term studies in animals to determine the carcinogenic potential of besifloxacin have not been performed.
- No in vitro mutagenic activity of besifloxacin was observed in an Ames test (up to 3.33 mcg/plate) on bacterial tester strains Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA. However, it was mutagenic in S. typhimurium strain TA102 and E. coli strain WP2(pKM101). Positive responses in these strains have been observed with other quinolones and are likely related to topoisomerase inhibition.
- Besifloxacin induced chromosomal aberrations in CHO cells in vitro and it was positive in an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay at oral doses  1500 mg/kg. Besifloxacin did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in hepatocytes cultured from rats given the test compound up to 2,000 mg/ kg by the oral route. In a fertility and early embryonic development study in rats, besifloxacin did not impair the fertility of male or female rats at oral doses of up to 500 mg/kg/day. This is over 10,000 times higher than the recommended total daily human ophthalmic dose.

# Clinical Studies
- In a randomized, double-masked, vehicle controlled, multicenter clinical trial, in which patients 1-98 years of age were dosed 3 times a day for 5 days, Besivance was superior to its vehicle in patients with bacterial conjunctivitis. Clinical resolution was achieved in 45% (90/198) for the Besivance treated group versus 33% (63/191) for the vehicle treated group (difference 12%, 95% CI 3% - 22%). Microbiological outcomes demonstrated a statistically significant eradication rate for causative pathogens of 91% (181/198) for the Besivance treated group versus 60% (114/191) for the vehicle treated group (difference 31%, 95% CI 23% - 40%). Microbiologic eradication does not always correlate with clinical outcome in anti-infective trials.

# How Supplied
- Besivance (besifloxacin ophthalmic suspension) 0.6%, is supplied as a sterile ophthalmic suspension in a white low density polyethylene (LDPE) bottle with a controlled dropper tip and tan polypropylene cap. Tamper evidence is provided with a shrink band around the cap and neck area of the package.
- 5 mL in 7.5 mL bottle
- NDC 24208-446-05

## Storage
- Store at 15- 25C (59 - 77F). Protect from Light. Invert closed bottle and shake once before use.

# Images

## Drug Images

## Package and Label Display Panel

### PACKAGE/LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL

### Ingredients and Appearance

# Patient Counseling Information
- Patients should be advised to avoid contaminating the applicator tip with material from the eye, fingers or other source.
- Although Besivance is not intended to be administered systemically, quinolones administered systemically have been associated with hypersensitivity reactions, even following a single dose. Patients should be advised to discontinue use immediately and contact their physician at the first sign of a rash or allergic reaction.
- Patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of the therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by Besivance or other antibacterial drugs in the future.
- Patients should be advised not to wear contact lenses if they have signs or symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis or during the course of therapy with Besivance.
- Patients should be advised to thoroughly wash hands prior to using Besivance.
- Patients should be instructed to invert closed bottle (upside down) and shake once before each use. Remove cap with bottle still in the inverted position. Tilt head back, and with bottle inverted, gently squeeze bottle to instill one drop into the affected eye(s).
- Manufactured by: Bausch & Lomb Incorporated
Tampa, Florida 33637
Besivance is a registered trademark of Bausch & Lomb Incorporated.
Bausch & Lomb Incorporated
U.S. Patent Nos. 6,685,958; 6,699,492; 5,447,926
- DuraSite is a trademark of InSite Vision Incorporated
9142605 (flat)
9142705 (folded)

# Precautions with Alcohol
- Alcohol-Besifloxacin interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

# Brand Names
- BESIVANCE

# Look-Alike Drug Names
There is limited information regarding Besifloxacin Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

# Drug Shortage Status

# Price