Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Jasmonate
The jasmonates (JAs) are a group of plant hormones which help regulate plant growth and development. Jasmonates include jasmonic acid and its esters, such as methyl jasmonate (MeJa). Like the related prostaglandin hormones found in mammals, the jasmonates are cyclopentanone derivatives which are derived biosynthetically from fatty acids. They are biosynthesized from linolenic acid by the octadecanoid pathway.
The level of JA in plants varies as a function of tissue and cell type, developmental stage, and in response to several different environmental stimuli. High levels of JA are also found in flowers and pericarp tissues of developing reproductive structures and in the chloroplasts of illuminated plants; JA levels also increase rapidly in response to mechanical perturbations such as tendril coiling and when plants suffer wounding.
Demonstrated roles of JA in planta include:
- JA and MeJA inhibit the germination of nondormant seeds and stimulate the germination of dormant seeds
- High levels of JA encourage the accumulation on storage proteins; genes encoding vegetative storage proteins are JA responsive and tuberonic acid (a JA derivative) has been proposed to play a role in the formation of tubers
- JA application can induce chlorosis and inhibition of genes encoding proteins involved in photosynthesis, although the purpose of this response is unknown it is proposed that this response to JA could help reduce the plant's capacity for carbon assimilation under conditions of excess light or carbon
- The role of JA accumulation in flowers and fruit is unknown, however it may be related to fruit ripening (via ethylene), fruit carotenoid composition, and expression of genes encoding seed and vegetative storage proteins
- JA plays a role in insect and disease resistance, many genes during plant defense are induced by JA; JA and ethylene may act together in defense response
Jequirity
The Jequirity, also called Crab's Eye, Rosary Pea, 'John Crow' Bead, Precatory bean or Indian Licorice (Abrus precatorius), is a legume with long, pinnate-leafleted leaves. Their seeds are often used as beads and in percussion instruments. The seed is highly poisonous but is unlikely to harm if swallowed raw and unbroken, as they have a hard seed coat.
The toxin present in Abrus precatorius is a close relative to ricin called abrin. It is a dimer consisting of two protein subunits, termed A and B. The B chain facillitates abrin's entry into a cell by bonding to certain transport proteins on cell membranes, which then transport the toxin into the cell. Once inside the cell, the A chain prevents protein synthesis by inactivating the 26S subunit of the ribosome. One molecule of abrin will inactivate up to 1,500 ribosomes per second. Symptoms are identical to those of ricin, except that the fatal dose of ricin is approximately 75 times greater than the fatal dose of abrin. Abrin can kill with a circulating amount of less than 3 g (micrograms).
The seeds of Abrus precatorius are much valued in native jewelry for their bright coloration. The third of the bean with the hilum (attachment scar) is black, while the rest is bright red, suggesting a ladybug. Jewelry-making with jequirity seeds is dangerous, and there have been cases of death by a finger-prick while boring the seeds for beadwork. However, it has long been a symbol of love in China.
Jintropin
Jintropin is the brand name for a synthetic human growth hormone product, which is made by the Chinese company GeneScience.  Jintropin is used to treat GH deficiency and a few other legitimate disorders (see Growth hormone treatment).  It also has a number of controversial uses (see HGH controversies).

# Legal status
Jintropin is approved for use in China.  It is not approved for sale or import in the United States or Australia.  Since early 2007, GeneScience has stated on its website that it does not ship Jintropin out of China, but the United States accuses the company of supplying human growth hormone smuggled into the U.S.

## Sylvester Stallone
Sylvester Stallone was found guilty of importing 48 vials of Jintropin into Australia on a 2007 trip to promote the film Rocky Balboa. He was ordered to pay a A$12,975 fine.

## GeneScience indicted
In September 2007, a U.S. federal grand jury indicted GeneScience and its CEO, Lei Jin, on charges of smuggling.  U.S. authorities say that Jin imported illegal growth hormone into the country and marketed the drugs through web sites under the brand name "Jinotropin."
Junk food
Junk food is a term describing food that is unhealthy and/or has poor nutritional value, according to the Food Standards Agency (UK). The term is believed to have been coined by Michael Jacobson, director of the Center for Science in the Public Interest, in 1972. The term has since become common usage.
Junk food often contains high levels of saturated fat, salt, or sugar and numerous food additives such as monosodium glutamate and tartrazine; at the same time, it is lacking in proteins, vitamins and fibre, among other healthy attributes. It is popular with suppliers because it is relatively cheap to manufacture, has a long shelf life and may not require refrigeration.  It is popular with American consumers because it is easy to purchase, requires little or no preparation, is convenient to consume and has lots of flavor.  Consumption of junk food in America, has been associated with obesity, heart disease, Type 2 diabetes and dental cavities.  There is also concern about the targeting of marketing to children.

# Classification
What constitutes unhealthy food may be confusing and, according to critics, includes elements of class snobbery, cultural influence and moral judgement.  For example, fast food in North America, such as hamburgers and french fries supplied by companies such as McDonald's, KFC and Pizza Hut are often perceived as junk food, whereas the same meals supplied by more up-market outlets such as California Pizza Kitchen or Nando's are not, despite often having the same or worse nutritional content.  Some foods that are considered ethnic or traditional are not generally considered junk food, such as falafel, pakora, gyoza or chicharron, though all of these foods have little nutritional value and are usually high in fat from being fried in oil. Other foods such as white rice, roast potatoes and processed white bread are not considered junk food despite having limited nutritional content compared to wholegrain foods. Similarly, breakfast cereals are often regarded as healthy but may have high levels of sugar, salt and fat.
Some types of chips that are said to be "junk food" may actually be partially harmful because they may contain polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats. It should also be understood that the detrimental effects of the empty calories may outweigh the benefits of the unsaturated fats. These foods tend to be high in sodium, which may contribute in causing hypertension (high blood pressure) in some people.

# Marketing
During 2006 in the United Kingdom following a high profile media campaign by the chef Jamie Oliver and a threat of court action from the National Heart Forum, the UK advertising regulator and competition authority, Ofcom, launched a consultation on advertising of foods to children. The Food Standards Agency was one of many respondents. As a result a ban on advertising during children's television programmes and programmes aimed at young people was announced. The ban also includes marketing using celebrities, cartoon characters and health or nutrition claims. Some schools have tried to ban junk food.
Junk page
Synonyms / Brand Names:

# Dosing and Administration
FDA Package Insert Resources
Indications, Contraindications, Side Effects, Drug Interactions, etc.
Calculate Creatine Clearance
On line calculator of your patients Cr Cl by a variety of formulas.
Convert pounds to Kilograms
On line calculator of your patients weight in pounds to Kg for dosing estimates.
 Publication Resources
Recent articles, WikiDoc State of the Art Review, Textbook Information
Trial Resources
Ongoing Trials, Trial Results
Guidelines & Evidence Based Medicine Resources
US National Guidelines, Cochrane Collaboration, etc.
Media Resources
Slides, Video, Images, MP3, Podcasts, etc.
Patient Resources
Discussion Groups, Handouts, Blogs, News, etc.
International Resources
en Espanol

# FDA Package Insert Resources
Indications
Contraindications
Side Effects
Drug Interactions
Precautions
Overdose
Instructions for Administration
How Supplied
Pharmacokinetics and Molecular Data
FDA label
FDA on Junk page
Return to top

# Publication Resources
Most Recent Articles on Junk page
Review Articles on Junk page
Articles on Junk page in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
WikiDoc State of the Art Review
Textbook Information on Junk page
Return to top

# Trial Resources
Ongoing Trials with Junk page at Clinical Trials.gov
Trial Results with Junk page
Return to top

# Guidelines & Evidence Based Medicine Resources
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Junk page
Cochrane Collaboration on Junk page
Cost Effectiveness of Junk page
Return to top

# Media Resources
Powerpoint Slides on Junk page
Images of Junk page
Podcasts & MP3s on Junk page
Videos on Junk page
Return to top

# Patient Resources
Patient Information from National Library of Medicine
Patient Resources on Junk page
Discussion Groups on Junk page
Patient Handouts on Junk page
Blogs on Junk page
Junk page in the News
Junk page in the Marketplace
Return to top

# International Resources
Junk page en Espanol
Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Keratin 1
Keratin 1 is a member of the keratin family. It is specifically expressed in the spinous and granular layers of the epidermis with family member keratin 10. Mutations in this gene have been associated with the variants of bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma in which the palms and soles of the feet are affected.
This gene, of the keratin family, is formed by type II cytokeratins set in pairs in a heterotypic chain, which are shown throughout the differentiation of epithelial tissues. This type II cytokeratin is specifically expressed in the spinous and granular layers of the epidermis. Connections between mutations in the Keratin family and bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma have been made, on account of type II cytokeratins being found clustered in a region of chromosomes 12q12-q13.

# Interactions
Keratin 1 has been shown to interact with Desmoplakin and PRKCE.
Lopinavir
Lopinavir (ABT-378) is an antiretroviral of the protease inhibitor class. It is marketed by Abbott as Kaletra, a co-formulation with a sub-therapeutic dose of ritonavir, as a component of combination therapy to treat HIV/AIDS.
As of 2006, lopinavir/ritonavir forms part of the preferred combination for first-line therapy recommended by the US DHHS. It is available as capsules, tablets and oral solution.

# History
Lopinavir was developed by Abbott in an attempt to improve on the HIV resistance and serum protein-binding properties of the company's earlier protease inhibitor, ritonavir. Administered alone, lopinavir has insufficient bioavailability; however, like several HIV protease inhibitors, its blood levels are greatly increased by low doses of ritonavir, a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450 3A4. Abbott therefore pursued a strategy of co-administering lopinavir with sub-therapeutic doses of ritonavir, and lopinavir is only marketed as a co-formulation with ritonavir. It is the first multi-drug capsule to contain a drug not available individually.
Lopinavir/ritonavir was approved by the US FDA on 15 September 2000, and in Europe in April 2001. Its patent will expire in the US on June 26, 2016.

# Pharmacology
Lopinavir is highly bound to plasma proteins (98-99%).
There are contradictory reports regarding lopinavir penetration into the CSF.  Anecdotal reports state that lopinavir cannot be detected in the CSF; however, a study of paired CSF-plasma samples from 26 patients receiving lopinavir/ritonavir found lopinavir CSF levels above the IC50 in 77% of samples.

# Adverse effects
The most common adverse effects observed with lopinavir/ritonavir are diarrhea and nausea. In key clinical trials, moderate or severe diarrhea occurred in up to 27% of patients, and moderate/severe nausea in up to 16%. Other common adverse effects include abdominal pain, asthenia, headache, vomiting and, particularly in children, rash.
Raised liver enzymes and hyperlipidemia (both hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia) are also commonly observed during lopinavir/ritonavir treatment.

# Access
As a result of high prices and the spread of HIV infection, the government of Thailand issued a compulsory license on 29 January 2007 to produce and/or import generic lopinavir/ritonavir.  In response, Abbott Laboratories pulled registration for lopinavir and seven of their other new drugs in Thailand, citing the Thai government's lack of respect for patents.
Abbott's attitude has been denounced by several NGOs worldwide, including a netstrike initiated by Act Up-Paris and a public call to boycott all of Abbott's medicines by the French NGO AIDES.
Ken Jeong
Ken Jeong, a.k.a. "Dr. Ken", is an American comedian, actor, and physician. He is known for incorporating his medical knowledge into his comedy.
Jeong is of Korean descent. He completed his undergraduate studies at Duke University and attained his medical degree at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He then completed his Internal Medicine residency in New Orleans while developing his stand-up comedy. His big break then came when he won the Big Easy Laff-Off where NBC president Brandon Tartikoff and Improv founder Budd Friedman were judges. They both urged Jeong to move to Los Angeles and he began performing regularly at the Improv and Laugh Factory comedy clubs.
Jeong's background in theater and improv has led to several television appearances which include NBC's The Office, HBO's Entourage and Curb Your Enthusiasm, and the Jon Stewart-produced Three Strikes pilot. Jeong made his feature film debut in Knocked Up in 2007 and will reteam with Judd Apatow and Seth Rogen in The Pineapple Express. He is currently filming All About Steve, starring Sandra Bullock, Thomas Haden Church, and Bradley Cooper.

# Filmography
- All About Steve (2008)
- The Pineapple Express (2008)
- Knocked Up (2007)

# Television
- Boston Legal (2007)
- Curb Your Enthusiasm (2007)
- The Shield (2007)
- Three Strikes (TV series) (2006)
- Entourage (TV series) (2006)
- The Office (2005)
- Two and a Half Men (2005)
- Crossing Jordan (2004)
Keratin 7
Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 7 also known as cytokeratin-7 (CK-7) or keratin-7 (K7) or sarcolectin (SCL) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT7 gene. Keratin 7 is a type II keratin. It is specifically expressed in the simple epithelia lining the cavities of the internal organs and in the gland ducts and blood vessels.

# Function
Keratin-7  is a member of the keratin gene family. The type II cytokeratins consist of basic or neutral proteins which are arranged in pairs of heterotypic keratin chains coexpressed during differentiation of simple and stratified epithelial tissues. This type II cytokeratin is specifically expressed in the simple epithelia lining the cavities of the internal organs and in the gland ducts and blood vessels. The genes encoding the type II cytokeratins are clustered in a region of chromosome 12q12-q13. Alternative splicing may result in several transcript variants; however, not all variants have been fully described.
Keratin-7 is found in simple glandular epithelia, and in transitional epithelium. Epithelial cells of the lung and breast both contain keratin-7, but some other glandular epithelia, such as those of the colon and prostate, do not. Because the keratin-7 antigen is found in both healthy and neoplastic cells, antibodies to CK7 can be used in immunohistochemistry to distinguish ovarian and transitional cell carcinomas from colonic and prostate cancers, respectively. It is commonly used together with CK20 when making such diagnoses.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of KRT7 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Krt7tm1b(KOMP)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed:  - In-depth immunological phenotyping
Keratin 8
Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 8 also known as cytokeratin-8 (CK-8) or keratin-8 (K8) is a keratin protein that is encoded in humans by the KRT8 gene.  It is often paired with keratin 18.

# Utility as an immunohistochemical stain
Antibodies to CK8 (e.g. CAM 5.2) can be used to differentiate lobular carcinoma of the breast from ductal carcinoma of the breast. CAM 5.2, an antibody that reacts with an epitope found on both CK8 and CK18, is used in immunohistochemistry to demonstrate certain forms of cancer. In normal tissue, it reacts mainly with secretory epithelia, but not with squamous epithelium, such as that found in the skin, cervix, and esophagus. However, it also reacts with a range of malignant cells, including those derived from secretory epithelia, but also some squamous carcinomata, such as spindle cell carcinoma. It is considered useful in identifying microscopic metastases of breast carcinoma in lymph nodes, and in distinguishing Paget's disease from malignant melanoma. It also reacts with neuroendocrine tumors.
Keratin 8 is often used together with keratin 18 and keratin 19 to differentiate cells of epithelial origin from hematopoietic cells in tests that enumerate circulating tumor cells in blood.

# Interactions
Keratin 8 has been shown to interact with MAPK14, Pinin and PPL.
Ketazolam

# Overview
Ketazolam (marketed under the brand names Anseren, Ansieten, Ansietil, Marcen, Sedatival, Sedotime, Solatran and Unakalm) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.

# Therapeutic uses
It is used for the treatment of anxiety and has similar effectiveness compared to diazepam. Ketazolam also appears to produce a reduced level of side effects such as sedation compared with diazepam and the side effects when they occur tend to be milder. Ketazolam is also an effective antispasmodic drug and is used for the treatment of spasticity.

# Availability
Ketazolam is not approved for sale in Australia, United Kingdom or the United States. In South Africa, GlaxoSmithKline markets ketazolam under its Solatran brand name.  In Canada, ketazolam is listed in schedule IV of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, along with other benzodiazepines.

# Tolerance and physical dependence
Chronic use of ketazolam as with other benzodiazepines can lead to physical dependence and the appearance of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of use or decrease in dose. Tolerance to ketazolam's therapeutic effects occurs over a period of 15 days.

# Contraindications and special caution
Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, during pregnancy, in children, alcohol or drug-dependent individuals and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders.

# Pharmacokinetics
Ketazolam breaks down in the blood to diazepam which breaks down to demoxepam which breaks down to desmethyldiazepam.

# Warnings
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration warns that in Spain, ketazolam marketed as Marcen may sometimes be mistakenly confused with Narcan.

# Legal status
Ketazolam is a List 3 drug under the Betaubungsmittelgesetz, like almost all benzodiazepines in Germany. Ketazolam is a List II drugs of the Opium Law in the Netherlands. Ketazolam is a Schedule IV drug under the Controlled Substances Act in the US.
Keto acid
File:Pyruvic-acid-2D-skeletal.png
Keto acids are organic acids containing a ketone functional group and a carboxylic acid group.
Common types of keto acids include:
- Alpha-keto acids, or 2-oxo acids, such as pyruvic acid have the keto group adjacent to the carboxylic acid
- Beta-keto acids, or 3-oxo acids, such as acetoacetic acid have the ketone group at the second carbon from the carboxylic acid
- Gamma-keto acids, or 4-oxo acids, such as levulinic acid have the ketone group at the third carbon from the carboxylic acid
L-838,417
L-838,417 is an anxiolytic drug used in scientific research. It has similar effects to benzodiazepine drugs, but is structurally distinct and so is classed as a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic.
L-838,417 is a subtype-selective GABAA agonist, acting as a partial agonist at 2, 3 and 5 subtypes, but as an antagonist at the 1 subtype, and has little affinity for the 4 or 6 subtypes. This gives it selective anxiolytic effects, which are mediated mainly by 2 and 3 subtypes, but with little sedative or amnestic effects as these effects are mediated by 1. Some sedation might still be expected due to its activity at the 5 subtype, which can also cause sedation, however no sedative effects were seen in animal studies even at high doses, suggesting that L-838,417 is primarily acting at 2 and 3 subtypes with the 5 subtype of lesser importance.
As might be predicted from its binding profile, L-838,417 substitutes for the anxiolytic benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide in animals, but not for the hypnotic imidazopyridine drug zolpidem.
L1 family

# Overview
The L1 family is a family of cell adhesion molecules that includes several different L1-like proteins, found in the nervous system and other tissues of many animal species. They are a found on radial glial cells and, as such, are important for neural cell migration during development.
The members of the L1-family in humans are called L1, CHL1 (close homolog of L1), Neurofascin and NrCAM (NgCAM related cell adhesion molecule).
The family is characterised by its ability to bind to a family of proteins called ankrins.
NrCAM and neurofascin both have class 1 PDZ domain binding motifs at their COOH termini.  NrCAM can bind to SAP102 and other members of the MAGUK family.
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae or Labiatae, also known as the Mint family, is a family of plants in about 210 genera and some 3,500 species.  It has been considered closely related to Verbenaceae but several recent phylogenetic studies have shown that numererous genera classified in Verbenaceae belong instead in Lamiaceae, whereas the core genera of Verbenaceae are not closely related to Lamiaceae and are more closely related to other members of the Lamiales.
The plants are frequently aromatic in all parts and include many widely used culinary herbs, such as basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory, marjoram, oregano, thyme, lavender, and perilla. Some are shrubs, but rarely trees or vines.  Many members of the family are widely cultivated, owing not only to their aromatic qualities but also their ease of cultivation: these plants are among the easiest plants to propagate by stem cuttings.  Besides those grown for their edible leaves, some are grown for decorative foliage, such as coleus.  Others are grown for food purposes, but seeds are utilized instead of leaves, such as with chia.
The original family name is Labiatae, so given because the flowers typically have petals fused into an upper lip and a lower lip.  Although this is still considered an acceptable alternate name, most botanists now use the name "Lamiaceae" in referring to this family.
The leaves emerge oppositely, each pair at right angles to the previous one (called decussate) or whorled.
The stems are frequently square in cross section, but this is not found in all members of the family, and is sometimes found in other plant families.
The flowers are bilaterally symmetrical with 5 united petals, 5 united sepals. They are usually bisexual and verticillastrate (a flower cluster that looks like a whorl of flowers but actually consists of two crowded clusters).

# Genera