Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
NME4
Non-metastatic cells 4, protein expressed in, also known as NME4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NME4 gene.

# Function
The nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinases (EC 2.7.4.6) are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze transfer of gamma-phosphates, via a phosphohistidine intermediate, between nucleoside and dioxynucleoside tri- and diphosphates. The enzymes are products of the nm23 gene family, which includes NME4. The first nm23 gene, nm23-H1 (NME1), was isolated based on its reduced expression in a highly metastatic murine melanoma cell line and was proposed to be a metastasis suppressing gene. The human equivalent was obtained by cDNA library screening using the murine gene as a probe and found to be homologous to the Drosophila awd gene. A second human gene, nm23-H2 (NME2), encoding a protein 88% identical to nm23-H1, was subsequently isolated. Both genes were localized on 17q21.3 and their gene products were formerly identified as the A and B subunits of NDP kinases. In mammals, functional NDP kinases are heterohexamers of the A and B monomers, which can combine at variable ratios to form different types of hybrids. These enzymes are highly expressed in tumors as compared with normal tissues. In some cell lines and in certain solid tumors, decreased expression of NME1 is associated with increased metastatic potential; moreover, when transfected into very aggressive cell lines, such as human breast carcinoma, NME1 decreased the metastatic potential. A third human gene, DR-nm23 (NME3), was identified and found to share high sequence similarity with the NME1 and NME2 genes. It is highly expressed in blast crisis transition of chronic myeloid leukemia. When overexpressed by transfection, NME3 suppressed granulocyte differentiation and induced apoptosis of myeloid precursor cells.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of NME4 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Nme4tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed:  - In-depth immunological phenotyping
NME8
Thioredoxin domain-containing protein 3 (TXNDC3), also known as spermatid-specific thioredoxin-2 (Sptrx-2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NME8 gene (also known as the TXNDC3 gene) on chromosome 7.

# Function
This gene encodes a protein with an N-terminal thioredoxin domain and three C-terminal nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDK) domains, but the NDK domains are thought to be catalytically inactive. The sea urchin ortholog of this gene encodes a component of sperm outer dynein arms, and the protein is implicated in ciliary function.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in the TXNDC3 gene are associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia.
NOL1
Putative ribosomal RNA methyltransferase NOP2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NOP2 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a nucleolar antigen expressed in proliferating cells. It is not detectable in non-proliferating normal tissue but is detectable in many human tumors.
Overexpression of p120 leads to malignant transformation of 3T3 cells while treatment with antisense p120 mRNA causes the transformed cells to revert to their original non-malignant phenotype. The p120 protein displays a dramatic increase in expression at the G1/S transition suggesting that p120 regulates the cell cycle and nucleolar activity that is required for cell proliferation.

# Interactions
NOL1 has been shown to interact with MCRS1.
NOM1
Nucleolar protein with MIF4G domain 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOM1 gene.
Proteins that contain MIF4G (middle of eIF4G (MIM 600495)) and/or MA3 domains, such as NOM1, function in protein translation. These domains include binding sites for members of the EIF4A family of ATP-dependent DEAD box RNA helicases (see EIF4A1; MIM 602641) (Simmons et al., 2005 )..

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of NOM1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Nom1tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty five tests were carried out on mutant mice and three significant abnormalities were observed. No homozygous mutant embryos were identified during gestation, and therefore none survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice and females had an abnormal hair cycle.
NOS1
Nitric oxide synthase 1 (neuronal), also known as NOS1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NOS1 gene.

# Function
Nitric oxide synthases (EC 1.14.13.39) (NOSs) are a family of synthases that catalyze the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. NO is a chemical messenger with diverse functions throughout the body. In the brain and peripheral nervous system, NO displays many properties of a neurotransmitter and may be involved in long term potentiation. It is implicated in neurotoxicity associated with stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, neural regulation of smooth muscle, including peristalsis, and penile erection. NO is also responsible for endothelium-derived relaxing factor activity regulating blood pressure. In macrophages, NO mediates tumoricidal and bactericidal actions, as indicated by the fact that inhibitors of NO synthase (NOS) block these effects. Neuronal NOS and macrophage NOS are distinct isoforms. Both the neuronal and the macrophage forms are unusual among oxidative enzymes in requiring several electron donors: flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN), NADPH, and tetrahydrobiopterin.

# Clinical significance
It has been implicated in asthma, schizophrenia and restless leg syndrome. It has also been investigated with respect to bipolar disorder  and air pollution exposure.

# Interactions
NOS1 has been shown to interact with DLG4 and NOS1AP.
NOX4
NADPH oxidase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NOX4 gene, and is a member of the NOX family of NADPH oxidases.

# Function
Oxygen sensing is essential for homeostasis in all aerobic organisms. A phagocyte-type oxidase, similar to that responsible for the production of large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neutrophil granulocytes, with resultant antimicrobial activity, has been postulated to function in the kidney as an oxygen sensor that regulates the synthesis of erythropoietin in the renal cortex.
Nox4 protects the vasculature against inflammatory stress. Nox-dependent reactive oxygen species modulation by amino endoperoxides can induce apoptosis in high Nox4-expressing cancer cells.
NPM1
Nucleophosmin (NPM), also known as nucleolar phosphoprotein B23 or  numatrin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPM1 gene.

# Function
NPM1 is associated with nucleolar ribonucleoprotein structures and binds single-stranded and double-stranded nucleic acids, but it binds preferentially G-quadruplex forming nucleic acids. It is involved in the biogenesis of ribosomes and may assist small basic proteins in their transport to the nucleolus. Its regulation through SUMOylation (by SENP3 and SENP5) is another facet of the proteins's regulation and cellular functions.
It is located in the nucleolus, but it can be translocated to the nucleoplasm in case of serum starvation or treatment with anticancer drugs.  The protein is phosphorylated.
Nucleophosmin has multiple functions:
- Histone chaperones
- Ribosome biogenesis and transport
- Genomic stability and DNA repair
- Endoribonuclease activity
- Centrosome duplication during cell cycle
- Regulation of ARF-p53 tumor suppressor pathway
- RNA helix destabilizing activity
- Inhibition of caspase-activated DNase
- Prevents apoptosis when located in nucleolus

# Clinical significance
NPM1 gene is up-regulated, mutated and chromosomally translocated in many tumor types. Chromosomal aberrations involving NPM1 were found in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, acute promyelocytic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and acute myelogenous leukemia. Heterozygous mice for NPM1 are vulnerable to tumor development. In solid tumors NPM1 is frequently found overexpressed, and it is thought that NPM1 could promote tumor growth by inactivation of the tumor suppressor p53/ARF pathway; on the contrary, when expressed at low levels, NPM1 could suppress tumor growth by the inhibition of centrosome duplication.
Of high importance is NPM involvement in acute myelogenous leukemia, where a mutated protein lacking a folded C-terminal domain (NPM1c+) has been found in the cytoplasm in patients. This aberrant localization has been linked to the development of the disease. Strategies against this subtype of acute myelogenous leukemia include the refolding of the C-terminal domain using pharmalogical chaperones and the displacement of the protein from nucleolus to nucleoplasm, which has been linked to apoptotic mechanisms.

# Interactions
NPM1 has been shown to interact with
- AKT1,
- BARD1,
- BRCA1, and
- nucleolin.
Nucleophosmin has multiple binding partners:
- rRNA
- HIV Rev and Rex peptide
- p53 tumor suppressor
- ARF tumor suppressor
- MDM2 (mouse double minute 2, ubiquitin ligase)
- Ribosome protein S9
- Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3)
- Exportin-1 (CRM1, chromosome region maintenance)
- Nucleolin/C23
- Transcription target of myc oncogene
NPR1
Natriuretic peptide receptor A/guanylate cyclase A (atrionatriuretic peptide receptor A), also known as NPR1, is an atrial natriuretic peptide receptor. In humans it is encoded by the NPR1 gene.

# Function
NPR1 is a membrane-bound guanylate cyclase that serves as the receptor for both atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP, respectively).
It is localized in the kidney where it results in natriuresis upon binding to natriuretic peptides. However, it is found in even greater quantity in the lungs and adipocytes.
NPTN
Neuroplastin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NPTN gene.
Neuroplastin is a type I transmembrane protein belonging to the Ig superfamily. The protein is believed to be involved in cell-cell interactions or cell-substrate interactions. The alpha and beta transcripts show differential localization within the brain.
In 2014, in a study led by Dr. Sylvane Desrivieres, of King's College London's Institute of Psychiatry found that "teenagers who had a highly functioning NPTN gene performed better in intelligence tests"
NRAP
Nebulin-related-anchoring protein (N-RAP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NRAP gene. N-RAP is a muscle-specific isoform belonging to the nebulin family of proteins. This family is composed of 5 members: N-RAP, nebulin, nebulette, LASP-1 and LASP-2. N-RAP is involved in both myofibrillar myogenesis during development and cell-cell connections in mature muscle.

# Structure
N-RAP is a 197 kDa protein composed of 1730 amino acids. As a member of the nebulin family of proteins, N-RAP is characterized by 35 amino acid stretches of nebulin repeats, which are actin binding domains containing a conserved SDxxYK motif. Like nebulin, groups of seven single repeats within N-RAP form super repeats, which incorporate a single conserved motif WLKGIGW at the end of the third repeat. A unique feature of NRAP relative to nebulin is its N-terminal cysteine-rich LIM domain, a feature shared with LASP-1 and LASP-2.

# Function
An important role has been implicated for N-RAP in myofibrilar organization during cardiomyocyte development. It is clear that NRAP is critical for normal -actinin-dependent organization of myofibrils in cardiomyocytes, as knock-down of N-RAP protein levels causes myofbrillar disassembly in embryonic cardiomyocytes. Specifically, studies suggest that NRAP super repeats may be an essential scaffold for organizing alpha-actinin and actin into sarcomereic I-Z-I complexes in premyofibrils, and dynamic imaging studies have shown that N-RAP departs from the I-Z-I complexes upon completion of actin thin filament assembly. In adult cardiac muscle, N-RAP colocalizes to intercalated discs, where it functions to anchor terminal actin filaments to the sarcolemma. It has been suggested that its role in adult muscle is force transduction from the sarcomere to the extracellular matrix.

# Clinical significance
Though no known direct link exists between N-RAP mutations and human cardiomyopathies, N-RAP has been shown to be significantly upregulated in murine models of dilated cardiomyopathy. This has been hypothesized to be an adaptive response to correct for disorganized actin thin filament architecture at intercalated disc junctions in cardiomyocytes during dilated cardiomyopathy.
NRF1
Nuclear respiratory factor 1, also known as Nrf1, Nrf-1, NRF1 and NRF-1, encodes a protein that homodimerizes and functions as a transcription factor which activates the expression of some key metabolic genes regulating cellular growth and nuclear genes required for respiration, heme biosynthesis, and mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication. The protein has also been associated with the regulation of neurite outgrowth. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, which encode the same protein, have been characterized. Additional variants encoding different protein isoforms have been described but they have not been fully characterized. Confusion has occurred in bibliographic databases due to the shared symbol of NRF1 for this gene and for "nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 1" which has an official symbol of NFE2L1.

# Function
Nrf1 functions as a transcription factor that activates the expression of some key metabolic genes regulating cellular growth and nuclear genes required for mitochondrial respiration, and mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication. Nrf1, together with Nrf2, mediates the biogenomic coordination between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes by directly regulating the expression of several nuclear-encoded ETC proteins, and indirectly regulating the three mitochondrial-encoded COX subunit genes by activating mtTFA, mtTFB1, and mtTFB2.
Nrf1 is associated with the regulation of neurite outgrowth.
Alternate transcriptional splice variants, which encode the same protein, have been characterized. Additional variants encoding different protein isoforms have been described but they have not been fully characterized.
Cyclin D1-dependent kinase, through phosphorylating NRF-1 at S47, coordinates nuclear DNA synthesis and mitochondrial function.

# Interactions
NRF1 has been shown to interact with DYNLL1, PPARGC1A, and PPRC1.
NUB1
NEDD8 ultimate buster 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUB1 gene.

# Function
NUB1 interacts with and negatively regulates NEDD8 (MIM 603171), a ubiquitin-like protein that covalently conjugates to cullin (see MIM 603134) family members.

# Interactions
NUB1 has been shown to interact with NEDD8, UBD and AIPL1.
NXF1
Nuclear RNA export factor 1, also known as NXF1 or TAP, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NXF1 gene.

# Function
This gene is one member of a family of nuclear RNA export factor genes. Common domain features of this family are a noncanonical RNP-type RNA-binding domain (RBD), 4 leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2)-like domain that allows heterodimerization with NTF2-related export protein-1 (NXT1), and a ubiquitin-associated domain that mediates interactions with nucleoporins. Alternative splicing results in transcript variants. The LRRs and NTF2-like domains are required for export activity. The encoded protein of this gene shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and binds in vivo to poly(A)+ RNA. It is the vertebrate homologue of the yeast protein Mex67p. The encoded protein overcomes the mRNA export block caused by the presence of saturating amounts of CTE (constitutive transport element) RNA of type D retroviruses.  A variant allele of the homologous Nxf1 gene in mice suppresses a class of mutations caused by integration of an endogenous retrovirus (intracisternal A particle) into an intron.

# Interactions
NXF1 has been shown to interact with TNPO2, MAGOH, U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 1, DHX9, HuD and NUP214.

# Tap protein
In molecular biology, another name for the protein NXF1 is TAP. In particular this entry focuses on the C-terminal domain, which also contains the UBA(protein domain).
This entry contains the NXF family of shuttling transport receptors for nuclear export of mRNA, which include:
- vertebrate mRNA export factor TAP or nuclear RNA export factor 1 (NXF1).
- Caenorhabditis elegans nuclear RNA export factor 1 (nxf-1).
- yeast mRNA export factor MEX67. Members of the NXF family have a modular structure. A nuclear localization sequence and a noncanonical RNA recognition motif (RRM) (see PROSITEDOC) followed by four LRR repeats are located in its N-terminal half. The C-terminal half contains a NTF2 domain (see ) followed by a second domain, TAP-C. The TAP-C domain is important for binding to FG repeat-containing nuclear pore proteins (FG-nucleoporins) and is sufficient to mediate nuclear shuttling.
The Tap-C domain is made of four alpha helices packed against each other. The arrangement of helices 1, 2 and 3 is similar to that seen in a UBA fold. and is joined to the next module by flexible 12-residue Pro-rich linker.

# Function
Nuclear export of mRNAs is mediated by the Tap protein.

# Structure
Tap can form a multimeric complex with itself and with other members of the NXF family. Three functional domains of Tap have been well characterized: the RNA-binding domain, the Nuclear Transport Factor 2 (NTF2)-like domain, and the ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain.
Neck

# Overview
The neck is the part of the body on many limbed vertebrates that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk.

# Anatomy of the human neck

## Bony anatomy: The cervical spine
The cervical portion of the human spine comprises seven bony segments, typically referred to as C-1 to C-7, with cartilaginous disks between each vertebral body. The neck supports the weight of the head and protects the nerves that travel from the brain down to the rest of the body. In addition, the neck is highly flexible and allows the head to turn and flex in all directions. From top to bottom the cervical spine is gently curved in convex-forward fashion. It is the least marked of all the curves of the column.

## Soft tissue anatomy
In the middle line below the chin can be felt the body of the hyoid bone, just below which is the prominence of the thyroid cartilage called "Adam's apple," better marked in men than in women. Still lower the cricoid cartilage is easily felt, while between this and the suprasternal notch the trachea and isthmus of the thyroid gland may be made out.  At the side the outline of the sternomastoid muscle is the most striking mark; it divides the anterior triangle of the neck from the posterior. The upper part of the former contains the submaxillary gland also known as the parotid glands, which lies just below the posterior half of the body of the jaw. The line of the common and the external carotid arteries may be marked by joining the sterno-clavicular articulation to the angle of the jaw.
The eleventh or spinal accessory nerve corresponds to a line drawn from a point midway between the angle of the jaw and the mastoid process to the middle of the posterior border of the sterno-mastoid muscle and thence across the posterior triangle to the deep surface of the trapezius. The external jugular vein can usually be seen through the skin; it runs in a line drawn from the angle of the jaw to the middle of the clavicle, and close to it are some small lymphatic glands. The anterior jugular vein is smaller, and runs down about half an inch from the middle line of the neck. The clavicle or collar-bone forms the lower limit of the neck, and laterally the outward slope of the neck to the shoulder is caused by the trapezius muscle.

# Diagnostic Findings

## MRI
(Images courtesy of RadsWiki)
- MRI: Normal neck
- MRI: Normal neck
- MRI: Normal neck
- MRI: Normal neck
- MRI: Normal neck
- MRI: Normal neck

# Neck pain
Disorders of the neck are a common source of pain. The neck has a great deal of functionality but is also subject to a lot of stress.  Common sources of neck pain (and related pain syndromes, such as pain that radiates down the arm) include:
- Whiplash, strained muscle or other soft tissue injury
- Cervical herniated disc
- Cervical spinal stenosis
- Osteoarthritis
- Vascular sources of pain, like arterial dissections or internal jugular vein thrombosis
Nose

# Overview
Anatomically, a nose is a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth.
In most humans, it also houses the nosehairs, which catch airborne particles and prevent them from reaching the lungs.  Within and behind the nose is the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses.  Behind the nasal cavity, air next passes through the pharynx, shared with the digestive system, and then into the rest of the respiratory system. In humans, the nose is located centrally on the face;on most other mammals, it is on the upper tip of the snout.
As an interface between the body and the external world, the nose and associated structures frequently perform additional functions concerned with conditioning entering air (for instance, by warming and/or humidifying it, also for flicking if moving and by mostly reclaiming moisture from the air before it is exhaled (as occurs most efficiently in camels).
In most mammals, the nose is the primary organ for smelling. As the animal sniffs, the air flows through the nose and over structures called turbinates in the nasal cavity. The turbulence caused by this disruption slows the air and directs it toward the olfactory epithelium. At the surface of the olfactory epithelium, odor molecules carried by the air contact olfactory receptor neurons which transduce the features of the molecule into non painful electrical impulses in the brain.
In cetaceans, the nose has been reduced to the nostrils, which have migrated to the top of the head, producing a more streamlined body shape and the ability to breathe while mostly submerged. Conversely, the elephant's nose has become elaborated into a long, muscular, manipulative organ called the trunk.
Nuke
The word nuke, as a verb or a noun, can refer to multiple things:
- A colloquialism for a nuclear weapon, or the use of one, or the equivalent destruction of the use of one (as an analogy)
- A colloquialism for a nuclear power plant
- A member of the United States Navy trained to operate a naval reactor (i.e. nuclear watch officer, nuclear Machinist Mate "MM", Electricians Mate "EM", or Electronics Technician "ET"). The enlisted ratings are found with an "N" after their ratings when taking promotion exams.
- Nuke (computer), a denial-of-service attack
- WinNuke, an exploit in some early versions of Microsoft Windows
- For the meaning in the context of the warez scene, see Nuke (warez)
- For the meaning in the context of role-playing games, see nuke (gaming)
- Nuke (software), digital compositing software by The Foundry
- A family of simple content management systems that provide basic functionality in the form of user management and news item editing, and add in more functionality, such as calendars and forums, through the use of modules.
OpenPHPNuke
PHP-Nuke
PostNuke
CPG-Nuke
DotNetNuke
Mambo (software)
Joomla
- OpenPHPNuke
- PHP-Nuke
- PostNuke
- CPG-Nuke
- DotNetNuke
- Mambo (software)
- Joomla
- Nuke (Marvel Comics), an American Flag faced comic book Marvel Comics character
- Nuke (Squadron Supreme), a superhero from Earth-712 in the fictional Marvel Universe
- Fictional drug in RoboCop 2
- A portmonteau term (coming from "Noah" and "Luke") for the relationship between Luke Snyder and Noah Mayer on As the World Turns
- Heating something in a microwave oven is sometimes referred to as "nuking" it
- Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, better known as nucleoside analogues or *Nukes were the first group of available antiretroviral drugs to treat HIV in 1987
de:Nuke