Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Msh homeobox 2
Homeobox protein MSX-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSX2 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of the muscle segment homeobox gene family. The encoded protein is a transcriptional repressor whose normal activity may establish a balance between survival and apoptosis of neural crest-derived cells required for proper craniofacial morphogenesis. The encoded protein may also have a role in promoting cell growth under certain conditions and may be an important target for the RAS signaling pathways. Mutations in this gene are associated with parietal foramina 1 and craniosynostosis type 2.

# Interactions
Msh homeobox 2 has been shown to interact with DLX5, DLX2 and MSX1.
Mucinous tumor

# Overview
Mucinous tumors are part of the surface epithelial-stromal tumor group of ovarian neoplasms, and account for 12-15% of all ovarian tumors.
Approximately 75% are benign, 10% are borderline and 15% are malignant.
Rarely, the tumor is seen bilaterally, approximately 5% of primary mucinous tumors are bilateral.
Benign mucinous tumors are typically multilocular (have several lobes), and the cysts have a smooth lining of epithelium that resembles endocervical epithelial cells with small numbers of gastrointestinal-type epithelial cells.
Borderline and malignant mucinous tumors often have papillae and solid areas.
There may also be hemorrhage and necrosis.
It is well-documented that malignancy may be only focally present in mucinous neoplasms of the ovary, so thorough sampling is imperative.
The major distinguishing features of mucinous tumors are that the tumors are filled with a mucus-like material, which gives them their name; this mucus is produced by mucus-secreting goblet cells very similar to the cells lining normal intestine.
These tumors may become very large, some have been weighed as large as 25 kilograms.
Cystadenocarcinomas (malignant tumors) contain a more solid growth pattern with the hallmarks of malignancy: cellular atypia and stratification, loss of the normal architecture of the tissu, and necrosis. The appearance can look similar to colonic cancer. 
Clear stromal invasion is used to differentiate borderline tumors from malignant tumors.
Pseudomyxoma peritonei may present as a result of an ovarian mucinous tumor, however this is a rare cause of this condition, which is a rare condition.  A more common cause of pseudomyxoma peritonei is a mucin-producing tumor of the appendix.
Since mucinous tumors arising from the ovary usually only involve one ovary, the presence of involvement in both ovaries with a mucinous tumor suggests that the tumor may have arisen in another location, and further study is warranted.
Prognosis
10-year survival rates for mucinous tumors is excellent in the absence of invasion.
In the case of boderline tumors confined to the ovary and malignant tumors without invasion, the survival rates are 90% or greater.  In invasive mucinous cystadenocarcinomas, the survival is approximately 66%.
Murder-suicide

# Murder-Suicide
A murder-suicide is an act in which an individual kills one or more other persons immediately before, or at the same time as, killing himself.
The combination of murder and suicide can take various forms, including:
- Suicide to facilitate murder, as in suicide bombing
- Suicide after murder to escape punishment
- Having a combined objective of suicide and murder
- Suicide after murder as a form of self-punishment due to guilt
- Considering one's suicide as the main act, but murdering one's children first, to avoid them becoming orphans, to be together in an expected afterlife, in the context of severe depression where the person feels he is sparing his loved ones from a horrible life, or simply just to experience the act
- Joint suicide in the form of killing the other with consent, and then killing oneself
- Some cases of cult suicide may also involve murder
- Suicide in a group setting that necessarily causes the death of others, such as an airplane or train bombing.
The motivation for the murder in murder-suicide can be purely criminal in nature or be perceived by the perpetrator as an act of care for loved ones in the context of severe depression. The severely depressed person may see the world as a terrible place and can feel that they are helping those they care about by removing them from it. Thoughts like this are generally regarded as a medical emergency requiring suicide intervention.
Since crime just prior to suicide is often perceived as being without consequences, it is not uncommon for suicide to be linked with homicide. Motivations may range from guilt to evading punishment, insanity, part of a suicide pact, or exacting revenge on those whom they feel are responsible.
A famous example of murder-suicide is the double murder-suicide of professional wrestler Chris Benoit, who was found hanging in his home along with the bodies of his wife and son.
Myerson's sign
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# Overview
Myerson's sign is a medical condition where a patient is unable to resist blinking when tapped on the glabella, the area above the nose and between the eyebrows.

# Differential diagnosis of causes of Myerson's sign
It is often an early symptom of Parkinson's disease.
NAGly receptor
N-Arachidonyl glycine receptor (NAGly receptor), also known as G protein-coupled receptor 18 (GPR18), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR18 gene. Along with the other previously "orphan" receptors GPR55 and GPR119, GPR18 has been found to be a receptor for endogenous lipid neurotransmitters, several of which also bind to cannabinoid receptors.
Research supports the hypothesis that GPR18 is the abnormal cannabidiol receptor and N-arachidonoyl glycine, the endogenous lipid metabolite of anandamide, initiates directed microglial migration in the CNS through activation of GPR18, though recent evidence demonstrates that NAGly was not shown to be a GPR18 agonist in rat sympathetic neurons.
Resolvin D2 (RvD2), a member of the specialized proresolving mediators (SPM) class of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites, is an activating ligand for GPR18; RvD2 and its activation of GPR18 contribute to the resolution of inflammatory responses as well as inflammation-based and other diseases in animal models and are proposed to do so in humans. Furthermore, RvD2 is a metabolite of the omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); the metabolism of DHA to RvD2 and RvD2's activation of GPR18 is proposed to one among many other mechanisms for the anti-inflammatory and other beneficial effects attributed to omega-3 fatty acid-rich diets

# Ligands
Ligands found to bind to GPR18 as agonists include:
- N-Arachidonoylglycine (NAGly)
- Abnormal cannabidiol (Abn-CBD)
- AM-251 - partial agonist
- Cannabidiol - partial agonist
- O-1602
- 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (9-THC) - THC is actually a more potent agonist at GPR18 than at CB1 or CB2, with Ki of 0.96nM at GPR18, 8.1nM at GPR55, 25.1nM at CB1 and 35.2nM at CB2.
- Anandamide (N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine, AEA)
- Arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA)
- Resolvin D2 (RvD2) 
- O-1918
- CID-85469571
NK2 homeobox 1
NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1), also known as thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NKX2-1 gene.

# Function
Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) is a protein that regulates transcription of genes specific for the thyroid, lung, and diencephalon.  It is also known as thyroid specific enhancer binding protein.  It is used in anatomic pathology as a marker to determine if a tumor arises from the lung or thyroid. NKX2.1 can be induced by activin A via SMAD2 signaling in a human embryonic stem cell differentiation model.

# Clinical significance
TTF-1 positive cells are found in the lung as type II pneumocytes and club cells.  In the thyroid, follicular and parafollicular cells are also positive for TTF-1.
For lung cancers, adenocarcinomas are usually positive, while squamous cell carcinomas and large cell carcinomas are rarely positive. Small cell carcinomas (of any primary site) are usually positive. TTF1 is more than merely a clinical marker of lung adenocarcinoma.  It plays an active role in sustaining lung cancer cells in view of the experimental observation that it is mutated in lung cancer.
However others have found that TTF-1 staining is often positive in pulmonary adenocarcinomas, large cell carcinomas, small-cell lung carcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors other than small-cell lung carcinomas and extrapulmonary small-cell carcinomas.
It is also positive in thyroid cancers and is used for monitoring for metastasis and recurrence.

# Interactions
NK2 homeobox 1 has been shown to interact with Calreticulin and PAX8.
Nonstress test

# Overview
The nonstress test or NST is a Doppler time series recording of the heart beat of a fetus in utero simultaneous with the abdominal and/or uterine contractions of the pregnant woman.

# Interpretation
- The NST is part of the biophysical profile, a formal prenatal test for fetal well being.
- The NST is considered reactive (a good sign) if the fetal heart rate has two accelerations in 20 minutes that (1) are at least 15 beats per minute above the baseline heart rate and (2) last for at least 15 seconds.
- A sleeping fetus, which appears nonreactive, can be awakened.  This is often done by giving the woman a drink that is cold and/or sugary.
Neurotrophin-3
Neurotrophin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NTF3 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene, NT-3, is a neurotrophic factor in the NGF (Nerve Growth Factor) family of neurotrophins. It is a protein growth factor which has activity on certain neurons of the peripheral and central nervous system; it helps to support the survival and differentiation of existing neurons, and encourages the growth and differentiation of new neurons and synapses. NT-3 was the third neurotrophic factor to be characterized, after nerve growth factor (NGF) and BDNF (Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor).

# Function
Although the vast majority of neurons in the mammalian brain are formed prenatally, parts of the adult brain retain the ability to grow new neurons from neural stem cells; a process known as neurogenesis. Neurotrophins are chemicals that help to stimulate and control neurogenesis.
NT-3 is unique in the number of neurons it can potentially stimulate, given its ability to activate two of the receptor tyrosine kinase neurotrophin receptors (TrkC and TrkB  see below).
Mice born without the ability to make NT-3 have loss of proprioceptive and subsets of mechanoreceptive sensory neurons.

# Mechanism of action
NT-3 binds three receptors on the surface of cells which are capable of responding to this growth factor:
- TrkC (pronounced "Track C"), is apparently the "physiologic" receptor, in that it binds with greatest affinity to NT-3.
- However, NT-3 is capable of binding and signaling through a TrkC-related receptors called TrkB.
- Finally, NT-3 also binds a second-receptor type besides Trk receptors, called  the LNGFR (for "low affinity nerve growth factor receptor).

## High affinity receptors
TrkC is a receptor tyrosine kinase (meaning it mediates its actions by causing the addition of phosphate molecules on certain tyrosines in the cell, activating cellular signaling).
As mentioned above, there are other related Trk receptors, TrkA and TrkB.  Also as mentioned, there are other neurotrophic factors structurally related to NT-3:
- NGF (for "Nerve Growth Factor")
- BDNF (for "Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor")
- NT-4 (for "Neurotrophin-4")
While TrkB mediates the effects of BDNF, NT-4, and NT-3,   TrkA binds and is activated by NGF, and TrkC binds and is activated only by NT-3.

## Low affinity receptors
The other NT-3 receptor, the LNGFR, plays a somewhat less clear role.  Some researchers have shown the LNGFR binds and serves as a "sink" for neurotrophins.
The crystal structure of NT-3 shows that NT-3 forms a central homodimer around which two glycosylated p75 LNGFR molecules bind symmetrically. The symmetrical binding takes place along the NT-3 interfaces, resulting in a 2:2 ligand-receptor cluster in the center.
Cells which express both the LNGFR and the Trk receptors might therefore have a greater activity  since they have a higher "microconcentration" of the neurotrophin.
It has also been shown, however, that the LNGFR may signal a cell to die via apoptosis  so therefore cells  expressing the LNGFR in the absence of Trk receptors may die rather than live in the presence of a neurotrophin.
Nabothian cyst

# Overview
A nabothian cyst is a mucus-filled cyst on the surface of the cervix. They are most often caused when new tissue growth blocks the nabothian glands of the cervix; this traps mucosal secretions in small (usually 2-10 mm in diameter) subdermal pockets.

# Historical perspective
Nabothian cysts are also known as nabothian follicles, mucinous retention cysts, or epithelial inclusion cysts. They are named after German anatomist Martin Naboth (1675-1721), who who wrote about them in a 1707 treatise tiled De sterilitate mulierum. However, they were earlier described by French surgeon Guillaume Desnoues (1650-1735).

# Clinical presentation
Nabothian cysts appear most often as firm bumps on the cervix's surface.  A woman may notice the cyst when inserting a diaphragm or cervical cap, or when doing the cervix check as part of fertility awareness. A gynecologist may notice the cysts during a pelvic exam.

# Diagnosis
Nabothian cysts are considered harmless and usually disappear on their own.  Some women notice they appear and disappear in relation to their menstrual cycle.  If a woman is not sure the anomaly she has found on her cervix is a nabothian cyst, a visit to a doctor is recommended to rule out other conditions.
ATYPICAL, Multiple large nabothian cysts are noted
- CT
- CT
- MRI
- MRI
- MRI

# Treatment
Nabothian cysts are not considered problematic unless they grow very large and present secondary symptoms. A gynecologist may wish to perform a colposcopy or biopsy on a nabothian cyst to check for cancer or other problems. Two methods for removing these cysts include electrocautery and cryofreezing.

# Complication
Rarely, nabothian cysts have a correlation with chronic cervicitis, an inflammatory infection of the cervix.
Nacionales W
Nacionales W is a brand of hand-made premium cigar owned by Cigar King, Inc..

# History and Background
The brand was created by Jose "Pepin" Garcia and is manufactured at the El Rey de los Habanos factory in the Little Havana section of Miami, Florida.  Pepin designed the blend to mimic the cigars that he and his fellow rollers in Cuba smoked in the factories there.

# Description
This brand uses a blend of Nicaraguan tobaccos for the filler, and the binder is also a Nicaraguan leaf. The wrapper is an oily, brown Corojo '99. It is a medium bodied cigar. The band is a simple gold band with black lettering.  It comes packed in boxes of 25.

# Models/Vitolas

# Notes
-  Catalogue blurb
Naegele's rule

# Overview
Naegele's Rule is a standard way of calculating the due date for a pregnancy. It is named after Franz Karl Naegele (1778-1851), the German obstetrician who devised the rule.

# History
Franz Karl Naegele  was born July 12, 1778, in Duesseldorf, Germany. In 1806 Naegele became ordinary professor and director of the lying-in hospital in Heidelberg. His "Lehrbuch der Geburtshuelfe," published in 1830 for midwives, enjoyed a successful 14 editions.
The rule estimates the Expected Date of Delivery (EDD) from the first day of the woman's Last Menstrual Period (LMP) by adding a year, subtracting three months and adding seven days to that date. This approximates to the average normal human pregnancy which lasts 40 weeks (280 days) from the LMP, or 38 weeks (266 days) from the date of fertilisation. Example, if LMP was 8 May 2007, then +1 year = 8 May 2008, -3 months = 8 February 2008, +7 days = 15 February 2008; whereas precisely 280 days would be 12 february 2008.

# Assumptions
This method is a fairly good estimation of the due date, but makes a number of assumptions.

# Other estimation techniques
The effects of varying lengths of the calendar months may be overcome by use of hand operated pregnancy wheel devices, or the use of electronic computer pregnancy calculator programs.

## Ultrasound confirmation of gestational age
Since the estimation is based on the LMP date, Naegele's rule can easily be a week or more off, it should be used to calculate a range of due dates and confirmed with ultrasound in the first trimester.  Since the 1970's ultrasound scans have allowed measurement of the size of developing embryos directly and so allow for an estimation of gestation age. Ultrasound dating is most accurate if undertaken in the first trimester (first 12 weeks of pregnancy) with a 95% error margin of 6 days. Scans performed in the second trimester have an error margin of 8 days and those in the third trimester a margin of 2 weeks.
Most obstetric departments in Australia, United Kingdom and United States use a combination of LMP and ultrasound based estimates for the EDD using either 10-day or 7-day rules, so that if LMP dates and ultrasonographic dates are in agreement within 7 (or 10) days, then the LMP dates are accepted.
Nalidixic acid

# Overview
Nalidixic acid (tradenames Nevigramon, Neggram, Wintomylon and WIN 18,320) is the first of the synthetic quinolone antibiotics.
In the technical sense, it is a naphthyridone, not a quinolone: its ring structure is a 1,8-naphthyridine nucleus that contains two nitrogen atoms, unlike quinoline, which has a single nitrogen atom.
Synthetic quinolone antibiotics were discovered by George Lesher and coworkers as a byproduct of chloroquine manufacture in the 1960s. Used clinically from 1967.
Nalidixic acid is effective primarily against gram-negative bacteria, with minor anti-gram-positive activity. In lower concentrations, it acts in a bacteriostatic manner; that is, it inhibits growth and reproduction. In higher concentrations, it is bactericidal, meaning that it kills bacteria instead of merely inhibiting their growth.
It has historically been used for treating urinary tract infections, caused, for example, by Escherichia coli, Proteus, Shigella, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella. It is no longer clinically used for this indication in the USA as less toxic and more effective agents are available.
It is also a tool in studies as a regulation of bacterial division. It selectively and reversibly blocks DNA replication in susceptible bacteria. Nalidixic acid and related antibiotics inhibit a subunit of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and induce formation of cleavage complexes. It also inhibits the nicking-closing activity on the subunit of DNA gyrase that releases the positive binding stress on the supercoiled DNA.

# Adverse effects
Hives, rash, intense itching, or fainting soon after a dose may be a sign of anaphylaxis. Common adverse effects include rash, itchy skin, blurred or double vision, halos around lights, changes in color vision, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Nalidixic acid may also cause convulsions and hyperglycaemia, photosensitivity reactions, and sometimes haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia or leukopenia. Particularly in infants and young children, has been reported occasionally increased intracranial pressure.

# Overdose
In case of overdose the patient experiences headache, visual disturbances, balance disorders, mental confusion, metabolic acidosis and seizures.

# Spectrum of bacterial susceptibility and resistance
Aeromonas hydrophila, Clostridium and Haemophilus are generally susceptible to nalidixic acid, while other bacteria such as Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus are resistant.

# Synthesis
EMME (Ethoxy Methylene Malonic Diethyl Ester)
Navicular bone
The navicular bone is one of the tarsal bones, found in the foot. Its name derives from the bone's resemblance to a small boat, caused by the strongly concave proximal articular surface. The term navicular bone or hand navicular bone was formerly used for the scaphoid bone, one of the carpal bones of the wrist.
It is located on the medial side of the foot, and articulates proximally with the talus, distally with the three cuneiform bones, and occasionally laterally with the cuboid.
As the bones in the foot develop, a particular process is important for the navicular structure. In the early stage, the navicular bone is actually cartilaginous and has to progress and calcify in order to maintain a strong form. There is a condition, however, in which the three cuneiforms that compose the bone do not completely calcify as a unit. In other words, they do not fuse properly, which leads to the most medial third creating a protrusion along the medial arch. This extension of the foot has a tendency to put stress on two tendons and the ligament that run along its side. The tendon of the peroneous brevis muscle which is the most distal of the two tendons, the tendon of the peroneous longus muscle which extends to the posterior of the ankle, and the posterior talofibular ligament which extends upward partway along the calf muscle, can all be potentially affected by this protrusion. Sometimes referred to as an extra navicular bone, this bump can cause wear and tear on the tendons causing sharp pain with increased activity. This condition can be corrected with surgery to file down or remove the protrusion and repair the tendons that were affected.

# Resource
Names of the tendons and ligaments retrieved from Wexler, Randell K., M.D.  The Injured Ankle.  American Academy of Family Physicians. 1998 Vol. 57 No. 3. 7 February 2007  .
Neck stiffness

# Overview
Neck stiffness can be a sign or symptom of several disorders.
Meningism is the triad of nuchal rigidity, photophobia (intolerance of bright light) and headache. It is a sign of irritation of the meninges, such as seen in meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhages and various other diseases. "Meningismus" is the term used when the above listed symptoms are present without actual infection or inflammation; usually it is seen in concordance with other acute illnesses in the pediatric population. 
A stiff neck can also be a sign of a musculoskeletal disorder or muscle spasm.

# Causes

## Life Threatening Causes

## Common Causes

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order