Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Gastric lavage
Gastric lavage, also commonly called Stomach pump or Gastric irrigation, is the process of cleaning out the contents of the stomach. It has been used for over 200 years as a means of eliminating poisons from the stomach. Such devices are normally used on a person who has ingested a poison or overdosed on a drug. They may also be used prior to surgery, to clear the contents of the digestive tract before it is opened.

# Technique
Gastric lavage involves the passage of a tube via the mouth or nose down into the stomach, followed by sequential administration and removal of small volumes of liquid. The placement of the tube in the stomach must be confirmed either by air insufflation while listening to the stomach, or by pH testing a small amount of aspirated stomach contents. This is to ensure the tube is not in the lungs. In adults, small amounts of warm water or saline are administered and via a siphoning action removed again. In children, normal saline is used as children are more at risk of developing hyponatremia if lavaged with water. Because of the possibility of vomiting, a suction device is always on hand in case of aspiration of stomach contents. Lavage is repeated until the returning fluid shows no further gastric contents. If the patient is unconscious or cannot protect their airway then the patient should be intubated before performing lavage.

## Indications
Gastric lavage is used infrequently in modern poisonings and some authorities have suggested that it not be used routinely, if ever, in poisoning situations. Lavage should only be considered if the amount of poison ingested is potentially life-threatening and the procedure can be performed within 60 minutes of ingestion.

## Contraindications
Lavage is contraindicated when patients have a compromised, unprotected airway and in patients at risk of gatrointestinal hemorrhage or perforation. Relative contraindications include when the poisoning is due to a corrosive substance (T54), hydrocarbons (T53), or for poisons that have an effective antidote.

# Complications
Many complications have been reported although it appears serious complications are uncommon. The most dangerous risk is aspiration pneumonia, this is more likely to occur if hydrocarbons are ingested or in patients without a protected airway. Other complications include laryngospasm, hypoxia, bradycardia, epistaxis, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, water intoxication, or mechanical injury to the stomach.
Gastric lipase
Gastric lipase, also known as LIPF, is an enzymatic protein that, in humans, is encoded by the LIPF gene.

# Function
Gastric lipase is an acidic lipase secreted by the gastric chief cells in the fundic mucosa in the stomach.  It has a pH optimum of 36. Gastric lipase, together with lingual lipase, comprise the two acidic lipases. These lipases, unlike alkaline lipases (such as pancreatic lipase), do not require bile acid or colipase for optimal enzymatic activity. Acidic lipases make up 30% of lipid hydrolysis occurring during digestion in the human adult, with gastric lipase contributing the most of the two acidic lipases. In neonates, acidic lipases are much more important, providing up to 50% of total lipolytic activity.They breakdown triglycerides into monoglycerides and fatty acids.

# Clinical significance
Gastric lipase can partially compensate for the decrease in production of pancreatic lipase associated with pancreatic dysfunction, giving some means for the body to digest lipids. A limitation of acidic lipases is that they remove only one fatty acid from each triacylglycerol. The free fatty acid can readily cross the epithelial membrane lining the gastrointestinal tract, but the diacylglycerol cannot be transported across. This leaves the acidic lipases less efficient than alkaline lipases.

# Structure
Gastric lipase is a polypeptide of 371 residues in length. The structure of gastric lipase was determined using X-ray diffraction with a resolution of 3.00 A, and is composed of 41% helices and 14% beta sheets. Gastric lipase belongs to the /-hydrolase-fold family.  It possesses a classical catalytic triad (Ser-153, His-353, Asp-324) and an oxyanion hole (backbone NH groups of Gln-154 and Leu-67) analogous to serine proteases.
Gene targeting
Gene targeting is a genetic technique that uses homologous recombination to change an endogenous gene. The method can be used to delete a gene, remove exons, and introduce point mutations. Gene targeting can be permanent or conditional. Conditions can be a specific time during development / life of the organism or limitation to a specific tissue, for example. Gene targeting requires the creation of a specific vector for each gene of interest. However, it can be used for any gene, regardless of transcriptional activity or gene size.

# Method
Gene targeting methods vary depending on organism. To target genes in mice a rough outline of the necessary steps is as follows: First, a targeting construct made out of DNA is generated in bacteria. It typically contains part of the gene to be targeted, a reporter gene, and a selectable marker. This construct is then inserted into mouse embryonic stem cells in culture. After cells with the correct insertion have been selected, they can be used to contribute to a mouse's tissue via embryo injection. Finally, chimeric mice where the modified cells made up the reproductive organs are selected for via breeding. After this step the entire body of the mouse is based on the previously selected embryonic stem cell.

# Comparison with gene trapping
Gene trapping is based on random insertion of a 80's cassette while gene targeting targets a specific gene. 80's cassettes can be used for many different things while the flanking homology regions of gene targeting cassettes need to be adapted for each gene. This makes gene trapping more easily amenable for large scale projects than targeting. On the other hand, gene targeting can be used for genes with low transcriptions that would go undetected in a trap screen.  Also, the probability of trapping increases with intron size. For gene targeting these compact genes are just as easily altered.

# 2007 Nobel prize
Mario R. Capecchi, Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies were declared laureates of the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on "principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells", or gene targeting.
Selye syndrome
Synonyms and keywords: Selye's syndrome; general adaptation syndrome.

# Overview
Selye syndrome Eponym used to indicate the sum of all reactions  physiological changes  that follow a prolonged exposure to intense stress. The typical pathologic findings are represented by adrenal cortical hyperplasia, thymic and lymphatic involution, gastrointestinal erosion or ulcers. The first two stages are the alarm reaction and the adaptation stage. If the stressor is not removed, the exhaustion stage and death will follow.

# Historical Perspective
Selye first conceived this theory in 1936 after observing the reactions of animals exposed to a variety of non-specific damaging agents.
The non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it.

# Pathophysiology
This is a model on stress, researched mainly by Hans Selye on rats and other animals. His research involved exposing animals to unpleasant or harmful stimuli such as injections, extreme cold and even vivisection.
He found that all animals showed a very similar series of reactions, broken into three stages. He describes this universal response to the stressors as the General Adaption Syndrome or GAS in 1936.

## Stage one: alarm
When the threat or stressor is identified or realised, the body's stress response is a state of alarm. During this stage adrenaline will be produced in order to bring about the fight-or-flight response. There is also some activation of the HPA axis, producing cortisol.

## Stage two: resistance
If the stressor persists, it becomes necessary to attempt some means of coping with the stress. Although the body begins to try to adapt to the strains or demands of the environment, the body cannot keep this up indefinitely, so its resources are gradually depleted.

## Stage three: exhaustion
In the final stage in the GAS model, all the body's resources are eventually depleted and the body is unable to maintain normal function. At this point the initial autonomic nervous system symptoms may reappear (sweating, raised heart rate etc.). If stage three is extended, long term damage may result as the capacity of glands, especially the adrenal gland, and the immune system is exhausted and function is impaired resulting in decompensation. The result can manifest itself in obvious illnesses such as ulcers, depression or even cardiovascular problems, along with other mental issues.
Gentiana lutea
Gentiana lutea (Great Yellow Gentian) is a species of gentian native to the mountains of central and southern Europe. Other names include 'Yellow Gentian', 'Bitter Root', 'Bitterwort', 'Centiyane', and 'Genciana'.
It is a herbaceous perennial plant, growing to 1-2 m tall, with broad lanceolate to elliptic leaves 10-30 cm long and 4-12 cm broad. The flowers are yellow, with the corolla separated nearly to the base into 5-7 narrow petals. It grows in grassy alpine and sub-alpine pastures, usually on calcareous soils.

# Uses
It is remarkable for the intensely bitter properties residing in the root and every part of the herbage, hence they are valuable tonic medicines. The root is the principal vegetable bitter employed in medicine, though the roots of several other species are said to be equally efficacious. Before the introduction of hops, Gentian, with many other bitter herbs, was used occasionally in brewing. It is a principal ingredient in Angostura bitters.
The medicinal parts are the dried, underground parts of the plant and the fresh, above-ground parts. Its name derives from Gentius, King of Illyria (180-167 BC) who discovered the plant's healing value. It was used in the Middle Ages as an antidote to certain poisons.
Gentian root has a long history of use as a herbal bitter in the treatment of digestive disorders and is an ingredient of many proprietary medicines. It contains some of the most bitter compounds known and is used as a scientific basis for measuring bitterness.
Its blossoms are a lot like the Amnara Senczaina flowertips: a pale creamy, icy color and white/hazel tipped. They sometimes have red spots on the inner side, and plants with these are said to ease breathe if cooked and vapors are smelt.
It was considered especially useful in states of exhaustion from chronic disease and in all cases of debility, weakness of the digestive system and lack of appetite. It was also considered one of the best fortifiers of the human system, stimulating the liver, gall bladder and digestive system, and was thought to be an excellent tonic to combine with a purgative in order to prevent its debilitating effects.
The root is anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory,antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant and stomachic. It is taken internally in the treatment of liver complaints, indigestion, gastric infections and anorexia. It should not be prescribed for patients with gastric or duodenal ulcers. The root, which can be over 5 cm thick and has few branches, is harvested in the autumn and dried for later use. It is quite likely that the roots of plants that have not flowered are the richest in medicinal properties.
bg: 
de:Gelber Enzian
eo:Flava genciano
it:Gentiana lutea
nl:Gele gentiaan
sr:
Geoffrey Chang
Geoffrey Chang is an associate professor at The Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California, United States. His laboratory focuses on the structural biology of integral membrane proteins, particularly exploring X-ray crystallography techniques for solving the tertiary structures of membrane proteins that are notoriously resistant to crystallization. The laboratory has specialized in structures of multidrug resistance transporter proteins in bacteria. In 2001, Chang was awarded a Beckman Foundation Young Investigator Award, designed to support researchers early in their academic careers, for his work on the structural biology of multidrug resistance.
Chang and coauthors have published five papers on the structures of two multidrug resistance transporters, known as EmrE and MsbA, between 2001 and 2006. Although the initial structures were widely considered puzzling in the field due to their unexpected placement of their ATP binding sites in the assembled dimer, the publication of an additional structure in the same protein family indicated that the Chang structures were unlikely to represent the biologically active conformation of the molecules. Chang and coauthors are currently issuing retractions of their five structural papers on EmrE and MsbA, citing an error in an internal software utility as the source of the data misinterpretation that led to the appearance of wrongly assembled dimers. The application of a popular protein structure validation tool to one of the retracted MsbA structures results in scores that indicate severe errors in this structure.

# Retracted papers
The following three papers in the journal Science have been retracted:
- Chang G, Roth CB. (2001) Structure of MsbA from E. coli: a homolog of the multidrug resistance ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Science 293(5536):1793-800. PMID 11546864
- Pornillos O, Chen YJ, Chen AP, Chang G. (2005) X-ray structure of the EmrE multidrug transporter in complex with a substrate. Science 310(5756):1950-3. PMID 16373573
- Reyes CL, Chang G. (2005) Structure of the ABC transporter MsbA in complex with ADP.vanadate and lipopolysaccharide. Science 308(5724):1028-31. PMID 15890884
These two papers on the same subject will be retracted in upcoming issues of their journals.
- Chang G. (2003). Structure of MsbA from Vibrio cholera: a multidrug resistance ABC transporter homolog in a closed conformation. J Mol Biol 330(2):419-30. PMID 12823979
- Ma C, Chang G. (2004). Structure of the multidrug resistance efflux transporter EmrE from Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101(9):2852-7. PMID 14970332
Gerhard Domagk
Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk (October 30, 1895  April 24, 1964) was a German pathologist and bacteriologist and Nobel laureate.
Domagk was born in Lagow, Brandenburg, the son of a school headmaster. Until he was 14, he attended school in Sommerfeld, Manchester (now Lubsko, Poland). Domagk studied medicine at the University of Kiel, but volunteered to serve as a soldier in World War I, where he was wounded in December 1914, working the rest of the war as medic. After the war, he finished his studies, and worked at the University of Greifswald, where he researched infections caused by bacteria. In 1925, he followed his professor Walter Gross to the University of Munster (WWU) and became professor there himself. He also started working at the Bayer laboratories at Wuppertal. The same year, he married Gertrud Strube. Later they would have three sons and a daughter.
He was appointed the director of Bayer's Institute of Pathology and Bacteriology, where he continued the studies of Josef Klarer and Fritz Mietzsch, based on works by Paul Ehrlich, to use dyes, at that time a major product of IG Farben, as antibiotics. He found the sulfonamide Prontosil to be effective against streptococcus, and treated his own daughter with it, saving her the amputation of an arm.
In 1939, Domagk received the Nobel Prize in Medicine for this discovery, the first drug effective against bacterial infections. He was forced by the Nazi regime to refuse the prize and arrested by the Gestapo for a week.  (This was because the Nazi-critical Carl von Ossietzky had won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1935, which had angered the German government and resulted in German nationals not being permitted by law to accept the Nobel Prize.) Sulfonamides became a revolutionary weapon at the time, surpassing phage therapy, but were later replaced by penicillin, which showed both better effects and fewer side effects (sulfonamides can cause kidney stones and changes in bone marrow). Domagk's work on sulfonamides eventually led to the development of the antituberculosis drugs thiosemicarbazone and isoniazid, which helped to curb the epidemic of tuberculosis which swept Europe after World War II.
After the war, in 1947, Domagk was finally able to receive his Nobel Prize, but not the monetary portion of the prize due to the time that had elapsed. He changed his focus to tuberculosis and chemotherapy against cancer. He continued to live and work in Wuppertal. Domagk died in Burgberg near Konigsfeld, Schwarzwald.
Giant puffball
The Giant puffball (Calvatia gigantea) is a puffball mushroom commonly found in meadows, fields, and deciduous forests worldwide usually in late summer and autumn.  Most giant puffballs grow to be 10 to 70 cm in diameter, although occasionally some can reach diameters up to 150 cm and weights of 20 kg. The inside of the mature Giant puffballs is greenish brown, whereas the interior of immature puffballs is white.  The large white mushrooms are edible when young. However, this article does not contain sufficient information to distinguish giant puffballs from other poisonous species such as Scleroderma areolatum, and so this article should not be used as a guide to determining whether or not a mushroom specimen you have found is edible. Some claim the meat tastes very similar to tofu when cooked. To prepare, remove any brown portions and tough skin if necessary; do not soak in water.  Puffballs may be sauteed, broiled, or breaded and fried; they do not dehydrate well, but may be cooked and then frozen.
All members of the true puffball family are considered edible, but be sure to cut the young ones open to make sure there are no gills hidden inside. The deadly amanitas have a volva or "universal veil" that completely envelopes the young mushrooms. Before bursting forth from the volva, they look like little round puffball mushrooms.
Additionally, puffballs resemble the earthball (Scleroderma citrinum). The latter are distinguished by a much firmer, elastic fruiting body, and as an interior that becomes dark purplish-black with white reticulation early in development.
The fruiting body of a puffball mushroom will develop within the period of a few weeks and soon begin to decompose and rot, at which point it should not be consumed.  Unlike most mushrooms, all the spores of the giant puffball are created inside the fruiting body; large specimens can easily contain several trillion spores.  Spores are yellowish, smooth and 3 to 5 micrometres in size.  The dry spores can be used as a coagulant to help stop bleeding.
The classification of this species has been revised in recent years, as the formerly recognised class Gasteromycetes, which included all puffballs, has been found to be polyphyletic.  Some authors place the giant puffball and other members of genus Calvatia in order Agaricales.  Also, the species has in the past been placed in two other genera, Lycoperdon and Langermannia.

# Images
- A giant puffball gone to spore.
A giant puffball gone to spore.
- Another picture of a giant puffball gone to spore. At this stage, they are toxic.
Another picture of a giant puffball gone to spore. At this stage, they are toxic.
Gillian Morgan
Dame Gillian Morgan was appointed as Chief Executive of the NHS Confederation in 2002, after a career in both medicine and management, including a period as Chief Executive of North and East Devon Health Authority.
She has previously worked as a doctor in hospitals, general practice and public health, including as the Director of Public Health for Leicestershire. She is also a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and the Faculty of Public Health and a member of the Royal College of General Practitioners.
She was made a Dame of the British Empire in June 2004 and was awarded Honorary Doctor of Science by The City University, London, London in May 2006.
Gio Batta Gori
Gio Batta Gori is a spokeperson and consultant for the tobacco industry and an expert on risk utility and scientific research., p. 162,  , p. 44 He is a frequent author for the libertarian Cato Institute, and was formerly an official with the United States National Cancer Institute. Gori believed a safer cigarette could be made, and that there were safe threshold levels for exposure to the chemicals in cigarette smoke.

# National Cancer Institute
Gio Batta Gori has a doctorate in biological sciences and a masters degree in public health. Between 1968 and 1980, he was a scientist and top official at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), where he specialized in toxicology, epidemiology, and nutrition. He held several positions, including Deputy Director, Division of Cancer Causes and Prevention, Acting Associate Director, Carcinogenesis Program, Director of the Diet, Nutrition and Cancer Program, and Director of the Smoking and Health Program.

# Gori and the Tobacco Industry
In 1980 Gori became Vice President of the Franklin Institute Policy Analysis Center (FIPAC), a consulting firm funded initially by a $400,000 grant from the Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation (B&W). Following its initial formation, FIPAC continued to receive hundreds of thousands of dollars in funding annually from B&W. Gori worked on Research & Development projects for B&W Tobacco, such as analysis of the sensory perception of smoke and how to reduce the amount of tobacco in cigarettes. By 1989, Gori was a full-time consultant on environmental tobacco smoke issues for the Tobacco Institute in the Institute's ETS/IAQ (Indoor Air Quality) Consultants Project. In May 1993, Gori entered an exclusive consulting arrangement with B&W Tobacco, receiving $200/hour a day to $1,000/day for attending conferences.
Glutaraldehyde

# Overview
Glutaraldehyde is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor used to sterilize medical and dental equipment. It is also used for industrial water treatment and as a chemical preservative. However, it is toxic, causing severe eye, nose, throat and lung irritation, along with headaches, drowsiness and dizziness.
Glutaraldehyde is an oily liquid at room temperature (density 1.06 g/mL), and miscible with water, alcohol, and benzene. It is used as a tissue fixative in electron microscopy. It is employed as an embalming fluid, is a component of leather tanning solutions, and occurs as an intermediate in the production of certain industrial chemicals.  Glutaraldehyde is frequently used in biochemistry applications as an amine-reactive homobifunctional crosslinker.  The oligomeric state of proteins can be examined through this application.
Monomeric glutaraldehyde can polymerize by aldol condensation reaction yielding alpha,beta-unsaturated poly-glutaraldehyde. This reaction usually occurs at alkaline pH values.

# Uses
A glutaraldehyde solution of 0.1% to 1.0% concentration may be used for system disinfection and as a preservative for long term storage.
Glutaraldehyde is used in electron microscopy. It kills cells extremely quickly, and is used to fix specimens such as bacteria, plant material, and human blood cells. This is usually done before the dehydration process.
Glutaraldehyde is also used in SDS-PAGE to fix proteins and peptides prior to staining. Typically, a gel is treated with a 5% solution for approximately one half hour, after which it must be thoroughly washed to remove the yellow stain brought about by reacting with free tris.
A polymerized isomer of glutaraldehyde trademarked as polycycloglutaracetal by Seachem Laboratories, Inc. is the active ingredient in a product called Flourish Excel, a fertilizer for aquatic plants. It is claimed that it provides a bioavailable source of carbon for higher plants that is not available to algae. Though not marketed as such due to federal regulations, the biocidal effect of glutaraldehyde kills most algae at concentrations of 0.5 - 5.0 ppm. These levels are not harmful to most aquatic fauna and flora. Adverse reactions have been observed by some aquarists at these concentrations in some aquatic mosses, liverworts, and vascular plants.