Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Sandbox:NPatel

# neel's sandbox

# tables, algorithm hyperlink references
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adding a paragraph with hyperlinks to other pages. this is an internal link. heart attack.  adding an external hyperlink . this link should take you to google.com. khjkbjk ohuibcxkb eoihkjcbe ocueuo cetuckjke nbwduiehciow  owhfv e ohcuigwgd iouuf pqihouou epc echowhdhdco
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This is the link to Wikipedia 
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Sandbox: Hafsa

# Hafsa Ghaffar, M.D
Contact:
Email: 

# Medical Education
Baqai Medical University.
- Baqai Medical University.

# Professional Affiliations
- Registered general practitioner, Pakistan.

# Clinical Experience
- April 2021 - Peresent
Volunteering as a Wiki doc scholar.
- Volunteering as a Wiki doc scholar.
- May 2018  January 2019
Working as a medical officer in Paediatrics Oncology, The Indus Hosptial, Karachi, Pakistan.
- Working as a medical officer in Paediatrics Oncology, The Indus Hosptial, Karachi, Pakistan.
- March 2015- February 2016
Internship program,Jinnah Post Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan.
- Internship program,Jinnah Post Medical Centre, Karachi, Pakistan.

# Membership
- 2010-Present
Member of the organisation, Unified Liaison For Promotion of Health and Advanced Treatment (ULPHAT), Pakistan.
- Member of the organisation, Unified Liaison For Promotion of Health and Advanced Treatment (ULPHAT), Pakistan.

# Communication Languages
- English
- Urdu
Sandbox: STEMI

# 2017 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Presenting with ST-segment Elevation

## Changes in Recommendations

## What is new in 2017 Guidelines on AMI-STEMI?

## AMI-STEMI - 2017 NEW RECOMMENDATIONS

# ACC/AATS/AHA/ASE/ASNC/SCAI/ SCCT/STS 2016 Appropriate Use Criteria for Coronary Revascularization in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes

## STEMIImmediate Revascularization by PCI

## STEMIInitial Treatment by Fibrinolytic Therapy

## STEMIRevascularization of Nonculprit Artery During the Initial Hospitalization

# 2017 AHA/ACC Clinical Performance and Quality Measures for Adults With ST-Elevation and NonST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

## Revised STEMI and NSTEMI Measures

## Revised STEMI and NSTEMI Measures
Sandbox: maria

# Overview

# Epidemiology and Demographics

## Prevalence

## Incidence
- The incidence/prevalence of medulloblastoma is approximately  per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

## Age
- Medulloblastoma is a rare disease that tends to affect children.
- The incidence of medulloblastoma decreases with age; the median age at diagnosis is 5 years.

## Gender
Males are more commonly affected with medulloblastoma  than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 2 to 1.

## Race
Medulloblastomas affect just under 2 people per million per year, and affect children 10 times more than adults. Medulloblastoma is the second most frequent brain tumor in children after pilocytic astrocytoma and the most common malignant brain tumor in children, comprising 14.5% of newly diagnosed cases. In adults, medulloblastoma is rare, comprising fewer than 2% of CNS malignancies.
The rate of new cases of childhood medulloblastoma is higher in males (62%) than females (38%), a feature which is not seen in adults. Medulloblastoma and other PNET`s are more prevalent in younger children than older children. Forty percent of medulloblastoma patients are diagnosed before the age of 5, 31% are between the ages of 5 and 9, 18.3% are between the ages of 10 and 14, and 12.7% are between the ages of 15 and 19.
Sandbox: risk1

# Overview
Studies have proposed a number of risk factors for the development of hairy cell leukmeia such as certain chemicals exposure, radiation exposure, and sawdust exposure.

# Risk Factors
- Studies have proposed a number of risk factors for the development of hairy cell leukmeia include:
- Chemicals exposure: exposure to either herbicides or diesel may be correlated with an increased risk of hairy cell leukemia.
- Radiation exposure: excessive X ray imaging or prior radiotherapy may be associated with increased risk of hairy cell leukemia.
- Sawdust exposure: occupations that involve exposure to sawdust and wood may be associated with increased risk of hairy cell leukemia development.
- Ethnicity: hairy cell leukemia usually more commonly affects individuals of the Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry males relative to other ethnic groups.
-  Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 Hairy cell leukemia. MAYO CLINIC (2015)  Accessed on October, 20 2015
Sandbox: table
- VIDEO - Neuroblastoma, Jeannie Yang, MD, gives an overview at the University of Wisconsin Department of Surgery Grand Rounds (2007)
Seven subtypes of neuroblastic tumors are recognized according to the degree of neuroblastic maturation and the amount of background schwannian stroma
Neuroblastoma, undifferentiated
Composed entirely of neuroblasts, no ganglion cell maturation Immunohistochemistry is often required to confirm neuroblastic lineage
Schwannian stroma poor Less than 50% of background stroma is schwannian
May be absent
Neuroblastoma, poorly differentiated
Predominantly neuroblasts,
At least one focus of neuropilSchwannian stroma poor
Less than 50% of background stroma is schwannian
May be absent
Neuroblastoma, differentiating
Predominantly neuroblasts but >5% maturing/mature ganglion cells
At least one focus of neuropil
Schwannian stroma poor
Less than 50% of background stroma is schwannian
May be absent
Sandbox: zaida

# Hypertension

## Types
There are two types of Hypertension:
Primary: not related to another medical condition
Secodary: Another medical condition that causes high blood pressure, including:
- Kidney disease
- Adrenal disease
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Thyroid problems
- Coarctation of Aorta
- Obstructive sleep apnea

## Symptoms
High blood pressure often has no symptoms, if it's extremely high it might causes symptoms like:
- Sever headache
- Fatigue or confusion
- Blurry vision
- Chest pain
- Dyspnea
- Irregular heartbeat
- Bloody urine
- Pounding sensation in the patient's chest, neck, or ears

## Risk Factors
High blood pressure has many risk factors, including:
- Age
- Race
- Family history
- Overweight and obesity
- Tobacco
- High sodium or low potassium diet
- Diabetes
- Lack of physical activity
- Stress

## Complications
Uncontrolled Hypertension can cause serious problems, such as:
- Heart attack or stroke
- Aneurysm
- Heart failure
- Kidney damage
- Vision problems
- Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
- Hypertensive crisis
- Sexual dysfunction
-  Calcaterra G, Anderson RH, Lau KC, Shinebourne EA (1979). "Dextrocardia--value of segmental analysis in its categorisation". Br Heart J. 42 (5): 497507. doi:10.1136/hrt.42.5.497. PMC 482192. PMID 518773.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  Murtuza B, Gupta P, Goli G, Lall KS (2010). "Coronary revascularization in adults with dextrocardia: surgical implications of the anatomic variants". Tex Heart Inst J. 37 (6): 63340. PMC 3014129. PMID 21224930.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
-  Arunabha, DC; Sumit, RT; Sourin, B; Sabyasachi, C; Subhasis, M (2014). "Kartagener's Syndrome: A Classical Case". Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences. 24 (4): 363. doi:10.4314/ejhs.v24i4.13. ISSN 1029-1857.
Sandbox:causes

# Overview
- Disease name] may be caused by , , or .
- Common causes of  include , , and .
- The most common cause of  is . Less common causes of  include , , and .
- The cause of  has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of , click here.

# Causes
- Disease name] may be caused by , , or .
- Common causes of  include , , and .
- The most common cause of  is . Less common causes of  include , , and .
- The cause of  has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of , click here.

## Life-threatening Causes
- Life-threatening causes of  include , , and .
-  is a life-threatening cause of .

## Common Causes
 may be caused by:
-  is caused by an infection with .
-  is caused by .

# Less Common Causes
Less common causes of disease name include:

## Genetic Causes
-  is caused by a mutation in the  gene.

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.
- Cause 1
- Cause 2
- Cause 3
- Cause 4
- Cause 5
- Cause 6
- Cause 7
- Cause 8
- Cause 9
- Cause 10
Sandbox:epidem

# Overview
Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid cancer in childhood and the most common cancer in infancy. The overall incidence rate of neuroblastoma is approximately 4.9 per 1,000,000 individuals in the United States. The incidence of neuroblastoma decreases with age; the highest incidence is in the first year of life. Males are slightly more commonly affected with neuroblastoma than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 1.12 to 1. Neuroblastoma usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race. African American, Native Indian and Asian individuals are less likely to develop neuroblastoma.

# Epidemiology and Demographics

## Prevalence
- Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid cancer in childhood and the most common cancer in infancy.

## Incidence
- The overall incidence rate of neuroblastoma is approximately 4.9 per 1,000,000 individuals in the United States.

## Age
- The incidence of neuroblastoma decreases with age; the highest incidence is in the first year of life.
- The incidence of neuroblastoma according to specific age groups is approximately:
- 25.3 per 1,000,000 individuals aged between (0-4) years
- 2.3 per 1,000,000 individuals aged between (5-9) years
- 0.7 per 1,000,000 individuals aged between (10-14) years
- 0.2 per 1,000,000 individuals aged between (20-24) years
- 0.3 per 1,000,000 individuals aged between (25-29) years

## Gender
- Males are slightly more commonly affected with neuroblastoma than females. The male to female ratio is approximately 1.12 to 1.
- The incidence rate of neuroblastoma among males is approximately 5.1 per 1,000,000 individuals in the United States.
- The incidence rate of neuroblastoma among females is approximately 4.6 per 1,000,000 individuals in the United States.

## Race
- Neuroblastoma usually affects individuals of the Caucasian race. African American, Native Indian and Asian individuals are less likely to develop neuroblastoma.
- The incidence rate of neuroblastoma among Caucasians is approximately 5.1 per 1,000,000 individuals in the United States.
- The incidence rate of neuroblastoma among African Americans is approximately 4.1 per 1,000,000 individuals in the United States.
- The overall incidence rate of neuroblastoma among Native Indians and Asians is approximately 3.8 per 1,000,000 individuals in the United States.
Sandbox:tables

# Classification

# Stepwise approach

## Initial Therapy
- Preferred regimen (1): Fludrocortisone acetate at a dose of 0.1 mg per day, administered in the morning, which can eventually be increased up to 0.3 mg per day.
Considered first-line regimen for hypotension in the absence of heart failure and supine hypertension
- Considered first-line regimen for hypotension in the absence of heart failure and supine hypertension
- Preferred regimen (2): Midodrine 2.5 to 10 mg three times a day.
Max dose should not exceed 40 mg/day.
- Max dose should not exceed 40 mg/day.
- Preferred regimen (2): Droxidopa starts at 100 mg and escalates to 600 mg three times per day.
Patients should not take droxidopa within four to five hours of bedtime in order to limit supine hypertension.
- Patients should not take droxidopa within four to five hours of bedtime in order to limit supine hypertension.

## Secondline Therapy
- Preferred regimen (1): Erythropoietin is administered SC or IV at doses between 25 to 75 units/kg three times a week.
- Preferred regimen (1): Methylxanthine caffeine  100 to 250 mg three times a day with meals.
- Preferred regimen (1): Pyridostigmine initiated at a dose of 30 mg three times daily, up to a maximum dose of 90 mg three times daily.
- Preferred regimen (1): Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are rarely effective as monotherapy
They can supplement treatment with fludrocortisone or a sympathomimetic agent.
- They can supplement treatment with fludrocortisone or a sympathomimetic agent.

## Thirdline Therpay
- Preferred regimen (1): Atomoxetine
- Preferred regimen (1): Vasopressin analogs (desmopressin (DDAVP))
- Preferred regimen (1): Yohimbine a single dose of yohimbine (5.4 mg).
Yohimbine has limited availability in the United States.
- Yohimbine has limited availability in the United States.
- Preferred regimen (1): Somatostatin subcutaneous doses range from 25 to 200 mcg.
- Preferred regimen (1): Ergotamine-caffeine (1 mg/100 mg) up to twice-daily dosing in patients with orthostatic hypotension.
- Preferred regimen (1): Metoclopramide and domperidone

# Supine Hypertension
Sandbox AF2014

# 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)

## AF Classification
- Based on the duration of atrial fibrillation (AF) episodes, AHA/ACC/HRS published a simplified classification scheme given in the table below:
- Lone AF is a historical term which refers to atrial fibrillation in younger individuals (<60 years of age) without clinical or echocardiographic evidence of cardiopulmonary disease, hypertension, or diabetes mellitus. Because of its variable definitions, the term is potentially confusing and should not be used to guide therapeutic decisions.

## 3. Clinical Evaluation

## 4. Prevention of Thromboembolism

### 4.1 Risk-Based Antithrombotic Therapy

## 5. Rate Control

## 6. Rhythm Control

### 6.1 Electrical and Pharmacological Cardioversion of AF and Atrial Flutter

### 6.2 Pharmacological Agents for Preventing AF and Maintaining Sinus Rhythm

### 6.3 AF Catheter Ablation to Maintain Sinus Rhythm

### 6.5 Surgery Maze Procedures

## 7. Specific Patient Groups and AF

### 7.3 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

### 7.4 AF Complicating Acute Coronary Syndrome

### 7.5 Hyperthyroidism

### 7.7 Pulmonary Disease

### 7.8 Wolff-Parkinson-White and Pre-Excitation Syndromes

### 7.9 Heart Failure

### 7.10 Familial (Genetic) AF

### 7.11 Postoperative Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery

# Sources
- 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Sandbox Maliha

# Acute Sinusitis
Acute sinusitis is usually precipitated by an earlier upper respiratory tract infection, generally of viral origin. 
Virally damaged surface tissues are then colonized by bacteria, most commonly Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Other bacterial pathogens include other streptococci species, anaerobic bacteria and, less commonly, gram negative bacteria. 
Another possible cause of sinusitis can be dental problems that affect the maxillary sinus.
Acute episodes of sinusitis can also result from fungal invasion. 
These infections are most often seen in patients with diabetes or other immune deficiencies (such as AIDS or transplant patients on anti-rejection medications) and can be life threatening. In type I diabetes, ketoacidosis causes sinusitis by Mucormycosis.

# Chronic Sinusitis
Chronic sinusitis is a complicated spectrum of diseases that share chronic inflammation of the sinuses in common. The causes are multifactorial and may include allergy, environmental factors such as dust or pollution, bacterial infection, and/or fungus (either allergic, infective or reactive). Non allergic factors such as Vasomotor rhinitis can also cause chronic sinus problems.
Symptoms include: Nasal congestion; facial pain; headache; fever; general malaise; thick green or yellow discharge; feeling of facial 'fullness' worsening on bending over; aching teeth.
Very rarely, chronic sinusitis can lead to anosmia, the inability to smell or detect odors.
In a small number of cases, chronic maxillary sinusitis can also be brought on by the spreading of bacteria from a dental infection.
Attempts have been made to provide a more consistent nomenclature for subtypes of chronic sinusitis. A task force for the American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery / Foundation along with the Sinus and Allergy Health Partnership broke Chronic Sinusitis into two main divisions, Chronic Sinusitis without polyps and Chronic Sinusitis with polyps (also often referred to as Chronic Hyperplastic Sinusitis). Recent studies which have sought to further determine and characterize a common pathologic progression of disease have resulted in an expansion of proposed subtypes. Many patients have demonstrated the presence of eosinophils in the mucous lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. As such the name Eosinophilic Mucin RhinoSinusitis (EMRS) has come into being. Cases of EMRS may be related to an allergic response, but allergy is often not documentable, resulting in further subcategorization of allergic and non-allergic EMRS.
A more recent, and still debated, development in chronic sinusitis is the role that fungus may play. Fungus can be found in the nasal cavities and sinuses of most patients with sinusitis, but can also be found in healthy people as well. It remains unclear if fungus is a definite factor in the development of chronic sinusitis and if it is, what the difference may be between those who develop the disease and those who do not.
Sandbox simrat

# Overview
The incidence of delusional disorders is approximately 0.7 to 3.0 cases per 100, 000 individuals annually. The prevalence of delusional disorders is approximately 24 to 30 cases per 100, 000 individuals annually.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Delusional disorder accounts for approximately 1-2% of admissions to inpatient mental health facilities. The incidence of first admissions for delusional disorder is approximately 0.001-0.003%. The lifetime morbid risk of delusional disorder has been estimated to range from 0.05 to 0.1 percent. According to DSM-5, the estimated lifetime prevalence of delusional disorder is 0.2 percent, which is far lower than the estimated lifetime prevalence for other major psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder with lifetime prevalence of 0.3 to 0.87 percent and  0.24 to 0.6 percent respectively. Approximate rates of delusional disorder reported in samples of patients receiving mental health treatment have ranged from 0.5 to 1.2 percent. As the majority of people with delusional disorder do not regard it as an illness or receive treatment, studies likely underestimate the prevalence of the disorder. Delusional disorders are uncommon in psychiatric practice, though this may be an underestimation due to the fact that those afflicted lack insight and thus avoid psychiatric assessment.

# Incidence
The incidence of delusional disorders is approximately 0.7 to 3.0 cases per 100, 000 individuals annually.

# Prevalence
The prevalence of delusional disorders is approximately 24 to 30 cases per 100, 000 individuals annually.

# Gender
Females are more commonly affected with delusional disorder than males.

# Age
Delusional disorder commonly affects individuals in middle to late adult life. First admissions to hospital for delusional disorder occur between age 33 and 55 years of age.
Sandbox suveen

# Cholera

## Antibiotics
- Antibiotic treatments for one to three days shorten the course of the disease and reduce the severity of the symptoms.
- People can recover even without them, if sufficient hydration and electrolyte balance is maintained.
- Doxycycline is typically used first line, although some strains of V. cholerae have shown resistance.
- Doxycycline single dose 300 mg or tetracycline 12,5 mg/kg 4 time/day for 3 days
- Other antibiotics proven to be effective include cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and furazolidone.
- Fluoroquinolones, such as norfloxacin, also may be used, but resistance has been reported.
- Young children: erythromycin 12,5 mg/kg 4 time/day for 3 days
for children below 6 months of age: 10 mg daily for 10 days add zinc
for children 6 months to 5 years of age: 20mg daily for 10 days add zinc
- for children below 6 months of age: 10 mg daily for 10 days add zinc
- for children 6 months to 5 years of age: 20mg daily for 10 days add zinc
- In many areas of the world, antibiotic resistance is increasing. Testing for resistance during an outbreak can help determine appropriate future choices. In Bangladesh, for example, most cases are resistant to tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and erythromycin. Rapid diagnostic assay methods are available for the identification of multiple drug-resistant cases. New generation antimicrobials have been discovered which are effective against in in vitro studies.
Winged scapula

# Overview
Winged scapula is a condition in which the medial border (the side nearest the spine) of a person's scapula is abnormally positioned laterally and posteriorly (outward and backward). The resulting appearance of the upper back is said to be wing-like because the inferior angle of the shoulder blade protrudes backward rather than lying mostly flat like in people without the condition.

# Causes
Although there are many causes of the condition, the most common is when the serratus anterior muscles are weakened (for various reasons) or when they are weakened and/or paralysed by impingement of the long thoracic nerve.
This lesion is also classically caused by denervation or damage to the trapezius muscle, which is much larger and stronger than the serratus anterior. Following damage to the serratus anterior muscle, however, it may take weeks for a winged scapula to develop, because the trapezius muscle must stretch before winging is apparent.

# Diagnosis
The serratus anterior muscle attaches to the medial anterior aspect of the scapula (i.e. it attaches on the side closest to the spine and runs along the side of the scapula that faces the ribcage) and normally anchor the scapula against the rib cage.  They also rotate the scapular upwards, allowing the arm to be raised above the head. They are innervated by the long thoracic nerve, so damage to or impingement of this nerve can result in weakening or paralysis of the muscle. This can then cause the scapula to slip away from the rib cage, giving it the wing-like appearance on the upper back. This sign can particularly be seen when the affected person pushes against resistance.  The person may also have limited ability to lift their arm above their head.