Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Hogging

# Background
Hogging refers to the practice of groups of men who target overweight or obese women, typically for sexual encounters.  Unlike fat fetishists, men who participate in hogging are not necessarily sexually attracted to obese women's bodies; they aim to take advantage of a female's stereotypical low self esteem or to provide comedy to themselves and their friends by engaging in sexual activities with women who are overweight. In fraternities, hogging refers to a game which is won by the pledge who returns to the fraternity house with the "fattest female who can be found".

# Publications
An unofficial study by Dr. Judith A. Sanders of the California State Polytechnic University Communications Department in Pomona found its use as an offensive slang term to "mack or dance" with overweight women, and Sarah Fenske offered an essay called "Big Game Hunters" in Scoot Over, Skinny : The Fat Nonfiction Anthology detailing various discussions by men regarding the practice.  The essay was reprinted in the Cleveland Scene in October of 2003.
This practice was further discussed in an article in volume 27 of the interdisciplinary journal Deviant Behavior by Jeannine Gailey and Ariane Prohaska, "'Knocking off a Fat Girl': an Exploration of Hogging, Male Sexuality, and Neutralizations."  In the article, they claim that the practice of hogging is "a part of a larger problem of cultural misogyny."
Hologic
Hologic (Template:Nasdaq) corporation is a leading developer, manufacturer and supplier of premium diagnostic and medical imaging systems dedicated to serving the healthcare needs of women, and a leading developer of state-of-the-art digital imaging technology for general radiography and mammography applications. It's core business units are focused on osteoporosis assessment, mammography and breast biopsy, direct-to-digital x-ray for general radiography applications and mini C-arm imaging for orthopedic applications. Its major brands include Lorad, Fluoroscan, Selenia, Securview, Discovery, Multicare and Directray.
Hologic is a leader in women's healthcare, particularly breast cancer diagnosis. 
Hologic is currencly developing tomosynthesis technology for breast cancer diagnosis. Hologic first demonstrated the technology at the Radiological Society of North America in November 2003. It provided patient images and a prototype add-on to its Selenia digital mammography system. Clinical trials for Hologic's tomosynthesis technology began in the summer of 2004. 
Hologic was the recipient of Frost and Sullivan's 2004 Technology Leadership of the Year Award in women's healthcare. 

# Hologic/Cytyc Merger
On May 20, 2007, Hologic announced a merger (via a cash and stock transaction) with the Cytyc Corporation to create a $10 billion women's healthcare company with over $1 billion in projected annual sales. The new company name will be "Hologic" and Cytyc will be a wholly-owned subsidiary. The combined corporation will deal in products for screening, diagnostics and therapy for breast and cervical cancer, menorrhagia, prenatal health, osteoporosis, endometriosis and permanent contraception. The brands under the combined company include, ThinPrep(R), Lorad(R), NovaSure(R), Suros ATEC(R), Discovery(TM), FullTerm(R), R2(R) and MammoSite(R), and it will have operations in over twenty countries. Patrick Sullivan, of Cytyc will be chairman of the new company, and Jack Cumming, of Hologic, will be Chief Executive Officer. Cytyc shareholders will hold 55% of the firm, and Hologic will own 45%.

# Footnotes
Humidor
A humidor is any kind of box or room with constant humidity (and often temperature as well) used to store cigars or pipe tobacco. For private use, small wooden or acrylic glass humidor boxes for a few dozen cigars are used, while cigar shops may have walk-in humidors, sometimes covering a whole floor.  Humidors of all sizes use hygrometers to keep track of the humidity levels.

## Maintenance
The ideal humidity in a humidor is around 65-75%. The more empty space, the more readily the humidity will drop.
Humidor cases are typically made nowadays of woodboard with an interior veneer of Spanish-cedar wood or mahogany.
Spanish-cedar is the most frequently used wood for the interior veneer of humidors. It possesses the following desirable characteristics for cigar storage:
- It holds more moisture than most woods, so it helps maintain humidity.
- It imparts its aroma to cigars if they are stored in it for long enough. For the same reason, some cigars are wrapped in Spanish-cedar sheets before they are sold.
- Spanish-cedar wood can repel tobacco beetles. These pinhead-sized beetles can ruin entire stocks of cigars. They eat the tobacco and lay eggs, causing further infestation. They can also be discouraged by ensuring the humidor does not get hotter than 20 C. The beetle eggs usually only hatch at around 25 C, although there are also instances where they will hatch at cooler temperatures if the humidity is too high.
Each humidor has to be seasoned after being bought or having been dry for a while. This is done by taking a moist cloth and wiping down the interior to remove any dust. A small container of water is then placed inside the humidor and left for around 12 hours with the lid closed. If the water is gone or mostly gone, then this is repeated for another 24 hours. When the liquid in the container stops evaporating, cigars can be placed in it. The humidifying element or "sponge" keeps the wood moist, which in turn keeps the cigars moist. As well, the use of distilled water is recommended for its lack of minerals, additives, or bacteria.

# Notable humidor brands
- Adorini
- Alfred Dunhill
- Elie Bleu
- Griffin's
- Manning
- Zino Davidoff
- Michel Perrenoud
Hyaline
The term hyaline, (Hel. hualinos = glassish) literally refers to a substance with a glass-like appearance.
In common medical histopathological usage, hyaline is a substance with a glassy, pink appearance after haematoxylin and eosin stainingmost often an acellular, proteinaceous material. Hyaline cartilage is the clear, shiny ("glass-like") cartilage of articular joints.
In other scientific fields, hyaline may refer a specifically colorless and transparent substance.
Hyphema

# Overview
A hyphema is the collection of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye. Visible as a reddish tinge in the anterior chamber, hyphemas are frequently caused by blunt trauma to the eye and may partially or completely block vision. When the anterior chamber is filled completely with blood, the eye appears black and is commonly known as an "eight ball hemorrhage".
A long-standing hyphema may result in hemosiderosis and heterochromia. Blood accumulation may also cause an elevation of the intraocular pressure.

# Treatment
First Aid for Hyphema (blood in the anterior chamber of the eye) includes bed rest with head elevated by 45-60 degrees with both eyes closed (not patched or bandaged), application of ice-pack, avoidance of straining during bowel movements and while bending over, and during any sexual activity.  Medication to reduce eye-pressure and corticosteriods, both as eye-drops, should be started. No aspirin or NSAIDs. If pain is severe use Paracetamol.
I-Doser
I-Doser is an application which claims to use binaural beats in order to simulate the effect of various drugs and other altered states of consciousness. Users can purchase "doses" of their choice from the online store. The I-Doser application then plays "dose" files which attempts to create the effects of the chosen drug. Its effects are varied, and the length of the effects depend on your state of mind when the dose is administered and the type of dose.
The user can take various doses in a wide variety of categories ranging from stimulants, anti-depressants, recreational drugs, and hallucinogens.
This natural phenomenon was discovered by Heinrich Wilhelm Dove, a German Neuroscientist in 1839. He claimed that the beat frequency of two sounds of similar frequencies could influence the fundamental state of the brain. This is called Binaural beats.
The dose is not addictive as the effect is extremely subtle. Many first time users claim to feel the effect but are willing to give it another go as it takes thirty to foruty minutes of total concentration to notice it.
IL18RAP
Interleukin 18 receptor accessory protein, also known as IL18RAP and CDw218b (cluster of differentiation w218b), is a human gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is an accessory subunit of the heterodimeric receptor for IL18. This protein enhances the IL18 binding activity of IL18R1 (IL1RRP), a ligand binding subunit of IL18 receptor. The coexpression of IL18R1 and this protein is required for the activation of NF-B and MAPK8 (JNK) in response to IL18.

# Disease association
Variants at IL18RAP have been linked to susceptibility to Coeliac disease.
In vivo
In vivo (Latin: within the living) means that which takes place inside an organism. In science, in vivo refers to experimentation done in or on the living tissue of a whole, living organism as opposed to a partial or dead one or a controlled environment. Animal testing and clinical trials are forms of in vivo research.

# in vivo research
This type of research approaches subject experimentation holistically. It is, often, better suited for observing the overall effects of an experiment on its living subject (see in vitro for its description and respective merits). In molecular biology "in vivo" may refer to experimentation done at the cellular level within the natural milieu of intact living cells.  Once cells are disrupted and individual parts are tested or analyzed, this is known as "in vitro".
According to Christopher Lipinksi and Andrew Hopkins, fellows with Pfizer Global Research and Development, in vivo research has an advantage in that: Whether the aim is to discover drugs or to gain knowledge of biological systems, the nature and properties of a chemical tool cannot be considered independently of the system it is to be tested in. Compounds that bind to isolated recombinant proteins are one thing; chemical tools that can perturb cell function another; and pharmacological agents that can be tolerated by a live organism and perturb its systems are yet another. If it were simple to ascertain the properties required to develop a lead discovered in vitro to one that is active in vivo, drug discovery would be as reliable as drug manufacturing.
In the past, the guinea pig was such a commonly used in vivo experimental subject that they became part of idiomatic English: "to be a guinea pig for someone/something". However, they have largely been replaced by smaller, cheaper, and faster breeding rats and mice.
Infobox
An infobox on Wikipedia is a consistently-formatted table which is present in articles with a common subject to provide summary information consistently between articles or improve navigation to closely related articles in that subject.  (An infobox is a generalization of a taxobox (from taxonomy) which summarizes information for an organism or group of organisms.)
If you make an infobox for a new project, it should be placed on the Wikipedia:List of infoboxes/Proposed sub-page when it is proposed and moved to the appropriate sub-page of the main list when it has been implemented.  If you choose to use colors in your table, please do not choose one that is already being used, and place your choice on this list so that others know it has been taken.  You can use either the same color for all tables in a project, or use a system of coloration (for example, the organism taxobox has different colors for each of the kingdoms).  To find more information about what colors can be used, see the article on web colors.
If you want to redesign an Infobox, please take it up with the appropriate WikiProject.
An infobox may or may not use the template software feature. Infobox templates are an alternative to static infoboxes; they can be used to create a common look between subject items, with a minimum of coding within articles. See also Wikipedia:Infobox templates.
If your infobox is aligned right, please consider having it no wider than 1/3 the width of the available page.

# Basic Infobox
The basic template pattern can be found at Template:Infobox.  This basic template includes the use of optional parameters, compare Wikipedia:Qif conditionals.

# Taxobox Example
This is an example of a taxobox. See Wikipedia:WikiProject Tree of Life/taxobox usage for full instructions.
Inhaler

# Overview
An inhaler or puffer is a medical device used for delivering medication into the body via the lungs. It is mainly used in the treatment of asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).
Medication is most commonly stored in solution in a pressurized canister. The canister is attached to a plastic, hand-operated actuator. For example, the metered-dose inhaler (MDI) on activation releases a fixed dose of medication in aerosol form. The correct procedure for using a MDI is to first fully exhale, place the mouth-piece end of the pump into the mouth, and having just started to inhale, depress the canister to release the medicine.  The aerosolized medication is drawn into the lungs by continuing to inhale deeply before holding the breath for 10 seconds to allow absorption into the bronchial walls.
Alternatively a complementary spacer devise may be used, of which is an enclosed plastic chamber that mixes the medication with air in a simple tube, making it easier for patients to receive a full dose of the drug.
The largest manufacturers of inhalers are GlaxoSmithKline (makers of the Advair Discus (a DPI)), Merck, AstraZeneca (makers of Pulmicort and Symbicort) and Boehringer-Ingelheim (makers of Atrovent, Combivent, and Spiriva). BI, GSK, Merck, and AstraZeneca manufacture the medication being delivered via inhaler. However, 3M Drug Delivery Systems does some of the finished product manufacturing, as they are one of the leaders of MDI canisters, metering valves and other components.

# Current Types of Inhalers by Delivery
- Metered-dose inhaler or MDI
- Dry Powder Inhaler or DPI
- Nebulizer

# Current Types of Inhalers by Category
- Rescue Inhalers: Short-Acting Beta-2 Adrenergic Bronchodilator Inhalers
- Maintenance Inhalers: Long-Acting Adrenergic Bronchodilator Inhalers
- Maintenance Inhalers: Anticholinergic Bronchodilators in COPD
- Maintenance Inhalers: Corticosteroids
- Combination Inhalers: Corticosteroid with LongActing Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonist
- Combination Maintenance Inhaler: Anticholinergics with Short- Acting Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists
Inhibin

# Overview
Inhibin is a peptide that is an inhibitor of FSH synthesis and secretion, and participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle.

# Structure
Inhibin contains an alpha and beta subunit linked by disulfide bonds. Two forms of inhibin differ in their beta subunits (A or B), while their alpha subunits are identical.
Inhibin belongs to the transforming growth factor- (TGF-) superfamily.

# Action

## In women
In women, FSH stimulates the secretion of inhibin from the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles in ovary. In turn, inhibin suppresses FSH.
Inhibin secretion is diminished by GnRH, and enhanced by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1).
- Inhibin B reaches a peak in the early- to mid-follicular phase, and a second peak at ovulation.
- Inhibin A reaches its peak in the mid-luteal phase.
Inhibin is produced in the gonads, pituitary gland, placenta and other organs.

## In men
In men, it is a hormone that inhibits FSH production.
It is secreted from the Sertoli cells, located in the seminiferous tubule inside the testes.

# Activin
Activin is a related peptide that counteracts inhibin.

# Clinical significance
Quantification of inhibin A is part of the prenatal quad screen that can be administered during pregnancy at a gestational age of 16-18 weeks. An elevated inhibin A (along with an increased beta-hCG, decreased AFP, and a decreased estriol) is  suggestive of the presence of a fetus with Down's syndrome. As a screening test, abnormal quad screen test results need to be followed up with more definitive tests.
It also has been used as a marker for ovarian cancer.
Patient
A patient is any person who receives medical attention, care, or treatment. The person is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a physician or other medical professional. Health consumer, health care consumer or client are other names for patient, usually used by governmental agencies, insurance companies, and/or patient groups (who may object to some implications of the word 'patient').

# Etymology
The word patient is derived from the Latin word patiens, the present participle of the deponent verb pati, meaning "one who endures" or "one who suffers".
Patient is also the adjective form of patience. Both senses of the word share a common origin.
In itself the definition of patient doesn't imply suffering or passivity but the role it describes is often associated with the definitions of the adjective form: enduring trying circumstances with even temper. Some have argued recently that the term should be dropped, because it underlines the inferior status of recipients of health care. 
For them, "the active patient is a contradiction in terms, and it is the assumption underlying the passivity that is the most dangerous". Unfortunately none of the alternative terms seem to offer a better definition.
- Client, whose Latin root cliens means "one who is obliged to make supplications to a powerful figure for material assistance", carries a sense of subservience.
- Consumer suggest both a financial relationship and a particular social/political stance, implying that health care services operate exactly like all other commercial markets. Many reject that term on the grounds that consumerism is an individualistic concept that fails to capture the particularity of health care systems.

# Outpatient vs inpatient
An outpatient is a patient who only comes to a hospital or doctor for diagnosis and/or therapy and then leaves again.
An inpatient on the other hand is 'admitted' to the hospital and stays overnight or for an indeterminate time, usually several days or weeks (though some cases, like coma patients, have stayed in hospitals for decades).
Ocellus

# Overview
An ocellus (plural: ocelli) is a type of photoreceptor organ in animals. Also called "simple eyes", ocelli are miniature eyes capable of sensing light but not distinguishing its direction. See also stemmata, which are structurally similar. Ocelli are found in many invertebrates. Insects in particular have two types of ocelli, dorsal ocelli and lateral ocelli.

# Photoreceptors
In insects, ocelli are involved (along with compound eyes) in the horizon-detecting response, decreasing the latency between horizon changes and the insect's response.

## Dorsal Ocelli
Dorsal ocelli are light-sensitive organs on the dorsal surface or on the top of the head. There are generally three, forming a triangle.
They consist of a few dozen rod cells covered with a corneal lens. In some species, such as locusts, dorsal ocelli may contain several hundreds of retinula cells. Insects with dorsal ocelli also have compound eyes.

## Lateral Ocelli
Lateral ocelli have a mixture of rod cells and cone cells and are found on the sides of the head, one to six on each side.
Lateral ocelli are the only eyes of the larvae of several orders of insects (fleas, springtails, silverfish, and Strepsiptera).
Isthmus
An isthmus (Template:IPAEng, Template:Lang-el,  plural isthmuses or isthmi) is a narrow strip of land that is bordered on two sides by water and connects two larger land masses.  It is the inverse of a strait (which lies between two land masses and connects two larger bodies of water).
Isthmi are naturally good places to build canals. The Panama Canal, for instance, which connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, drastically reduces the naval travel time between the east and west coasts of America.

# List of isthmuses
- Auckland isthmus, which connects the North Auckland Peninsula|Northland Peninsula to the rest of New Zealand's North Island.
- Isthmus of Avalon, which connects the populous Avalon Peninsula to the rest of Newfoundland.
- Isthmus of Corinth, which connects the Peloponnese peninsula to the rest of Greece.
- Isthmus of Gibraltar, which joins Gibraltar to mainland Spain.
- Karelian Isthmus between Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga.
- Isthmus of Kra, which joins the Malay Peninsula with mainland Asia.
- Isthmus of Kushimoto in Japan - connects Honshu with Cape Shiono-Misaki.
- La Coupee isthmus in Sark.
- Madison Isthmus, between Lake Mendota and Lake Monona in Madison, Wisconsin.
- Mavis Grind isthmus in Shetland, UK.
- Isthmus of Medanos - licks Venezuela to Medanos.
- Neck in Bruny Island, Tasmania - connects North and South Bruny.
- Ofqui Isthmus, Aysen Region, Chile.
- Isthmus of Panama - arguably the most famous isthmus, connects North America and South America.
- Isthmus of Perekop between Crimea and Ukraine proper.
- Isthmus of Potidea, connecting the Kassandra peninsula with the mainland of Greece.
- Quezon Province, in Luzon, Philippines - connecting Bicol peninsula with mainland Luzon.
- Adam's Bridge, between India and Sri Lanka (a former Isthmus).
- Isthmus of Suez - the isthmus between North Africa and Southwest Asia, in Egypt where the Suez Canal is located.
- Isthmus of Summerside, connecting the Western section of Prince Edward Island, Canada with the remainder of the island.
- Isthmus of Tehuantepec - connects Yucatan and Central America with the rest of Mexico.
- Isthumus of Nahant connecting Nahant, Massachusetts to Massachusetts.
Isuprel
Isoproterenol hydrochloride or isoprenaline (Medihaler-Iso) is a sympathomimetic beta adrenergic receptor agonist medication.
It is structurally similar to epinephrine but acts for the most part on beta receptors.

# Uses
It is used as an inhaled aerosol to treat asthma.  Although it activates all beta adrenergic receptors, it works in a similar fashion to the more selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists e.g. salbutamol, by relaxing the airways to increase airflow.
It is also supplied in ampules under the brand name Isuprel for injection and in sublingual pill form for treatment of asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Used with caution, it can also be used to treat torsades de pointes, in conjunction with overdrive pacing and magnesium.

# Pharmacology
Isoproterenol is a 1- and 2-adrenoceptor agonist which was commonly used to treat asthma before the more widespread use of salbutamol, which has more selective effects on the airways. Its route of administration is either intravenous, oral, intranasal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular, depending on use. The plasma half-life for isoproterenol is approximately two hours.
Isoproterenol's effects on the cardiovascular system relate to its actions on cardiac 1 receptors and 2 receptors on skeletal muscle arterioles. Isoproterenol has positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart. In skeletal muscle arterioles it produces vasodilatation. Its inotropic and chronotropic effects elevate systolic blood pressure, while its vasodilatory effects tend to lower diastolic blood pressure.
The adverse effects of isoproterenol are also related to the drug's cardiovascular effects. Isoproterenol can produce an elevated heart rate (tachycardia), which predisposes patients to cardiac dysrhythmias.

# Warnings and Contraindications
Isoproterenol should not be administered to patients with myocardial ischaemia.
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