Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Coma overview

# Overview
In medicine, a coma (from the Greek Template:Polytonic koma, meaning deep sleep) is a profound state of unconsciousness. A comatose patient cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to pain or light, does not have sleep-wake cycles, and does not take voluntary actions. Coma may result from a variety of conditions, including intoxication, metabolic abnormalities, central nervous system diseases, acute neurologic injuries such as stroke, and hypoxia. It may also be deliberately induced by pharmaceutical agents in order to preserve higher brain function following another form of brain trauma, or to save the patient from extreme pain during healing of injuries or diseases. A coma may also result from immense head trauma caused by something like a car accident or a series of very severe concussions. The underlying cause of the coma is bilateral damage to the reticular formation of the midbrain, which is important in regulating sleep.

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination
Neurological examination and eye examination are very useful to identify underlying problem in the brain.

## Laboratory Findings
Laboratory tests include the check of liver function, kidney function, glucose levels, thyroid function, even the presence of any toxins. The results of the various lab tests may provide clues to detect some metabolic diseases which can cause coma.

## CT
CT images can be used to detect the abnormalities in the brain.

## MRI
MRI images can be used to detect the abnormalities in the brain.

## Other Diagnostic Studies
Electroencephalography (EEG) test can demonstrate the electrical activity in the brain and be used to rule out seizures.

# Treatment

## Surgery
Treatments depend on the underlying cause. Emergent surgery is needed for a hemorrhage stroke.
Pneumonectomy
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# Overview
A pneumonectomy (or pneumectomy) is a surgical procedure to remove a lung. Removal of just one lobe of the lung is specifically referred to as a lobectomy, and that of a segment of the lung as a wedge resection (or segmentectomy).
The most common cause for a pneumonectomy is to excise tumourous tissue arising from lung cancer. Other indications for lobectomy include a solitary pulmonary nodule (the possibility of undiagnosed small-cell cancer in this instance is not necessarily a reason for avoiding thoracotomy), or bronchiectasis where other forms of treatment have failed, particularly if it is localised and recurrent hemoptysis is present. In the days prior to the use of antibiotics in tuberculosis treatment, tuberculosis was sometimes treated surgically by pneumonectomy.
It is clear that the operation will reduce the respiratory capacity of the patient; before conducting a pneumonectomy, the surgeon will evaluate the ability of the patient to function after the lung tissue is removed.  After the operation, patients are often given an incentive spirometer to help exercise their remaining lung and to improve breathing function.
A rib or two is sometimes removed to allow the surgeon better access to the lung.
There are two types of pneumonectomy:
- Simple pneumonectomy: removal of just the affected lung
- Extrapleural pneumonectomy: removal of the affected lung, plus part of the diaphragm and the pericardium (lining of the heart) on that side.

## Pioneering dates
- 1895: first pneumonectomy in multiple stages by William Macewen on a patient with tuberculosis and emphysema
- 1931: first successful pneumonectomy in two stages by Rudolph Nissen on a patient with crush injury to the thorax
- 1932: first lobectomy, by Harold Brunn
- 1933: first successful single-stage total pneumonectomy by Graham and Singer
- 1939: first segmentectomy, by Churchill and Belsey
Thyroidectomy
A thyroidectomy involves the surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland.  Surgeons often perform a thyroidectomy when a patient has thyroid cancer or some other condition of the thyroid gland (such as hyperthyroidism).
The thyroid produces several hormones, such as thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and calcitonin.
After the removal of a thyroid patients usually take prescribed oral synthetic thyroid hormones to prevent the most serious manifestations of the resultant hypothyroidism.
Less extreme variants of thyroidectomy include:
- "hemithyroidectomy" (or "unilateral lobectomy") -- removing only half of the thyroid
- "isthmectomy" -- removing the band of tissue (or isthmus) connecting the two lobes of the thyroid
A "thyroidectomy" should not be confused with a "thyroidotomy" ("thyrotomy"), which is a cutting into (-otomy) the thyroid, not a removal (-ectomy) of it. A thyroidotomy can be performed to get access for a median laryngotomy, or to perform a biopsy. (Although technically a biopsy involves removing some tissue, it is more frequently categorized as an -otomy than an -ectomy because the volume of tissue removed is minuscule.)

# Indications
Malignancy
Cosmetic reasons
Goitre which is untreatable by medical methods
Thyroidectomies are usually done for people that are Hyperthyroid or Hypothyroid
In patients with Graves Disease, thyroidectomy is indicated in the following conditions:
- Who have coexistent, confirmed cancer or suspicious thyroid nodules.
- Young patients.
- Pregnant or desire to conceive soon after treatment.
- Allergic to anti-thyroid medications.
- With large goiter causing compressive symptoms.
- Reluctant to undergo RAI therapy.

# Steps
Main steps of Thyroidectomy:
- Exposure
- Devascularization
- Resection
- Closure

# Complications
- Hypothyroidism in up to 50% of patients after ten years
- Laryngeal nerve injury in about 1% of patients, in particular the recurrent laryngeal nerve: Unilateral damage results in a hoarse voice. Bilateral damage presents as laryngeal obstruction on removal of the tracheal tube and is a surgical emergency: an emergency tracheostomy must be performed. Recurrent Laryngeal nerve injury may occur during the ligature of the inferior thyroid artery.
- Hypoparathyroidism in about 1% of patients
- Haemorrhage/Hematoma
- Thyrotoxic crisis
Confabulation

# Overview
Confabulation is the confusion of imagination with memory, and/or the confusion of true memories with false memories.
Berlyne (1972) defined confabulation as ...a falsification of memory occurring in clear consciousness in association with an organically derived amnesia.  He distinguished between: 
	(i) momentary (or provoked) confabulations -  fleeting, and invariably provoked by questions probing the subjects memory  sometimes consisting of real memories displaced in their temporal context.
	(ii) fantastic (or spontaneous) confabulations - characterised by the spontaneous outpouring of irrelevant associations  sometimes bizarre ideas, which may be held with firm conviction.
Patients who have suffered brain damage or lesions, especially to the Prefrontal cortical regions, may have confabulation of memories as a symptom.
Patients with Korsakoff's syndrome characteristically confabulate by guessing an answer or imagining an event and then mistaking their guess or imagination for an actual memory.
Confabulation is a function of the brain's chemistry. It is a mapping of the activation of neurons to brain activity. 
Confabulation can also occur as a result of damage to the Anterior communicating artery (ACoA), in the Circle of Willis.
Confabulation also appears to be a common occurrence in normal individuals under experimental circumstances, as shown by research on choice blindness. 
Some  military agents, such as BZ, and deliriant drugs such as those found in datura, noticeably scopolamine and atropine, may also cause confabulation.
TORCH complex
Synonyms and keywords: TORCHES; TORCH infections

# Overview
TORCH group of infections include: toxoplasmosis, Treponema pallidum , rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpesvirus, hepatitis viruses, Human immunodeficiency virus, and other infections such as varicella, parvovirus B19, and enteroviruses. All of these infections affect the fetus and can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Most of the infections reach the fetus via the transplacental route or by ascending infection. The timing of infection varies  with individual infections to cause severe damage. Most of the infections can result in misscarriage or fetal demise or severe clinical manifestations in the newborn. The infections can compromise normal development during infancy and have poor development. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment plays an important role in the management of these infections to improve outcomes in the newborn.

# Causes
The TORCH group of infections include bacteria, parasites and viruses:
- Congenital Toxoplasmosis is caused by coccidian parasite Toxoplasma gondii
- Congenital syphliis is caused by Treponema pallidum
- Congenital Varicella syndrome is caused by Varicella zoster virus
- Congenital rubella syndrome is caused by Rubella virus
- Congenital CMV is caused by Cytomegalovirus
- Neonatal herpes simplex is caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2

# Classification
The TORCH group of infections can be classified based on the causative pathogen into the following :
- Viral causes: Cytomegalovirus, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Human immunodeficiency virus, Rarvovirus B19, Herpes virus, Varicella zoster virus, Rubella virus
- Bacterial causes : Treponema pallidum
- Parasite causes: Toxoplasma gondii

# Differential Diagnosis
The list of clinical manifestations in TORCH group of infections include the following:
Contact order
The contact order of a protein is a measure of the locality of the inter-amino acid contacts in the protein's native state tertiary structure. It is calculated as the average sequence distance between residues that form native contacts in the folded protein divided by the total length of the protein. Higher contact orders indicate longer folding times, and low contact order has been suggested as a predictor of potential downhill folding, or protein folding that occurs without a free energy barrier. This effect is thought to be due to the lower loss of conformational entropy associated with the formation of local as opposed to nonlocal contacts.
Protein structure prediction methods are more accurate in predicting the structures of proteins with low contact orders. This may be partly due to the fact that low contact order proteins tend to be small, but is likely to be explained by the smaller number of possible long-range residue-residue interactions to be considered during global optimization procedures that minimize an energy function. Even successful structure prediction methods such as the Rosetta method overproduce low-contact-order structure predictions compared to the distributions observed in experimentally determined protein structures.
The percentage of the natively folded contact order can also be used as a measure of the "nativeness" of folding transition states. Psi value analysis in concert with molecular dynamics has produced transition-state models whose contact order is close to that of the folded state in proteins that are small and fast-folding. Further, contact orders in transition states as well as those in native states are highly correlated with overall folding time.
In addition to their role in structure prediction, contact orders can themselves be predicted based on a sequence alignment, which can be useful in classifying the fold of a novel sequence with some degree of homology to known sequences.
Cooling curve
A cooling curve is a line graph that represents the change of phase of matter, typically from either a gas to a solid or a liquid to a solid. Time is used in the x-axis while temperature is used for the y-axis. They are often used in chemistry and physics, and can apply to matter behavior during heating, as well as during cooling.
Cooling curve graphs are useful as they clearly show a phenomenon of phase changes of matter. To explain this, we shall use water as our example. First we start with a sealed container of steam, temperature of which is, say, 150C. As we measure the temperature of the rapidly cooling gas, we see that it falls at a rate that is typical of the specific heat capacity of steam; until when it reaches 100C, when something odd happens - the temperature stagnates. After an amount of liquid water has collected the temperature continues to drop, again proportional to the specific heat capacity of water (different from that of steam), until again the temperature stagnates, this time at 0C. Later, the temperature again resumes falling.
The explanation is that different phases of matter are associated with different energy levels. Steam at 100C is the same temperature, but contains much more thermal energy than liquid water at 100C. The same goes for water and ice at 0C. This is because molecules of water are much more free to move around as a gas than as a liquid, and that freedom of movement means there is much more kinetic energy associated with each molecule, and that energy is transferred as the substance shifts phase - explaining why energy seemingly disappears when boiling a kettle.
In the part of the curve where temperature decreases, the kinetic energy also decreases while the potential energy stays the same.  However, at the phase transition, where the curve is flat, the kinetic energy stays the same while the potential energy decreases.
it:Curva di raffreddamento
-  Garland, Nibler, and Shoemaker. Experiments in Physical Chemistry (7th ed.)
Copper alloys
Copper alloys are alloys with copper as their principal component. They have high resistance to corrosion.
Due to its high electric conductivity, pure electrolytic copper is used mostly for making of electrical cables.

# Compositions
The similarity in external appearance of the various alloys, along with the different combinations of elements used when making each alloy, can lead to confusion when categorizing the different compositions. There are as many as 400 different copper and copper-alloy compositions loosely grouped into the categories: copper, high copper alloy, brasses, bronzes, copper nickels, coppernickelzinc (nickel silver), leaded copper, and special alloys. The following table lists the principal alloying element for four of the more common types, along with the name for each type.

## Some common Copper alloys
-  Lyons, William C. and Plisga, Gary J. (eds.) Standard Handbook of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering, Elsevier, 2006
-  percent
-  0.2% offset, 1000 lb /in2
-  1000 lb /in2
-  in 2 inches, percent
-  Brinell scale

# Brasses
A brass is an alloy of copper with zinc. Brasses are usually yellow in color. The zinc content can vary between few % to about 40%; as long as it is kept under 15%, it does not markedly decrease corrosion resistance of copper.
Brasses can be sensitive to selective leaching corrosion under certain conditions, when zinc is leached from the alloy (dezincification), leaving behind a spongy copper structure.

# Bronzes
A bronze is an alloy of copper and other metals, most often tin, but also aluminium and silicon.
- Aluminium bronzes are alloys of copper and aluminium. The content of aluminium ranges mostly between 5-11%. Iron, nickel, manganese and silicon are sometimes added. They have higher strength and corrosion resistance than other bronzes, especially in marine environment, and have low reactivity to sulfur compounds. Aluminium forms a thin passivation layer on the surface of the metal.
- Phosphor bronze
- Nickel bronzes, e.g. nickel silver and cupronickel

# Precious metal alloys
Copper is often alloyed with precious metals like silver and gold, to create, for example, Corinthian bronze, hepatizon, tumbaga and shakudo.
Coronal plane

# Overview
A coronal plane (also known as the frontal plane) is any vertical plane that divides the body into ventral and dorsal (front and back) sections.
It is one of the planes of the body used to describe the location of body parts in relation to each other.

# Examples
For a human, the mid-coronal plane would transect a standing body into two halves (front and back) in an imaginary line that cuts through both shoulders.

# Larger perspective
The coronal plane is an example of a longitudinal plane, because it is perpendicular to the transverse plane.
Corpus luteum

# Overview
The corpus luteum (Latin for "yellow body") (plural corpora lutea) is a temporary endocrine structure in mammals, involved in the production of the progestogens which are needed for the maintenance of a pregnancy.

# Development and structure
The corpus luteum develops from an ovarian follicle during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle or estrous cycle, following the release of a mature ovum (egg) from the follicle during ovulation. The follicle first forms a corpus hemorrhagicum before it becomes a corpus luteum, but the term simply refers to the visible collection of blood left after rupture of the follicle, and has no functional significance. While the oocyte (later the zygote) traverses the Fallopian tube into the uterus, the corpus luteum remains in the ovary.
The corpus luteum is typically very large relative to the size of the ovary; in humans, the size of the structure ranges from under 2 cm to 6 cm in diameter. 
Its cells develop from the follicular cells surrounding the ovarian follicle:

# Function
It is essential for establishing and maintaining pregnancy in females.
In the ovary, the corpus luteum secretes estrogens and progesterone, which are steroid hormones responsible for the thickening of the endometrium and its development and maintenance, respectively.

## When egg is not fertilized
If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum stops secreting progesterone and decays (after approximately 14 days in humans). It then degenerates into a corpus albicans, which is a mass of fibrous scar tissue.
The uterine lining sloughs off without progesterone and is expelled through the vagina (in humans and some great apes, which go through a menstrual cycle). In an estrus cycle the lining degenerates back to normal size.

## When egg is fertilized
If fertilized, however, the embryo secretes the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or a similar hormone in other species.
This hormone signals the corpus luteum to continue progesterone secretion, thereby maintaining the thick lining (endometrium) of the uterus, and providing an area rich in blood vessels in which the zygote(s) can develop. From this point on, the corpus luteum is called the corpus luteum graviditatis.
The introduction of the hormone prostaglandin at this point causes the degeneration of the corpus luteum and the abortion of the fetus. However, in placental animals such as humans the placenta eventually takes over progesterone production and the corpus luteum degrades into a corpus albicans without embryo/fetus loss.

# Additional images
- Order of changes in ovary
- Menstrual Cycle
Coumatetralyl
Coumatetralyl is an anticoagulant of the warfarin type. Symptoms of overexposure relate to failure of the blood clotting mechanism and include bleeding gums and failure of blood clotting after skin wounds. After one exposure the toxicity of coumatetralyl is relatively low, however if overexposure continues for several days the product becomes more toxic. The product must therefore be constantly present in the bloodstream for more than 1 to 2 days in order to be highly toxic. A single exposure, even though relatively large, may not produce toxic symptoms as the compound is quite rapidly metabolised. Chronic animal studies show no evidence of carcinogenic or teratogenic effects.

# Common Applications
Coumatetralyl is commonly used with grains and other cereals in conjunction with a tracking powder to monitor feeding activity in a particular area. Tracking powder also clings to fur, which allows more poison to be ingested from grooming. Concentrations of the chemical are usually 500mg per 1 kg of bait.

# Treatment
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is antidotal. If swallowed, and if more than 15 minutes from a hospital, inducing vomiting is recommended, providing the patient is conscious, preferably using a correct emetic. If present on the skin, washing the material off the skin with soap and water is recocomended. If in the eye, holding the eye open and flooding with water for at least 15 minutes is recommended in addition to seeing a doctor.
Pre-ejaculate
Pre-ejaculate on a human penis
Pre-ejaculate, a more viscous higher flow variation
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Pre-ejaculate (also known as pre-ejaculatory fluid or Cowper's fluid, and colloquially as pre-cum) is the clear, colorless, viscous fluid that is secreted by the urethra of a man's penis when he is sexually aroused.  The fluid is usually secreted by Cowper's glands during arousal, masturbation, foreplay or at an early stage during sex, some time before the man fully reaches orgasm and semen is ejaculated.
Pre-ejaculatory fluid prepares the urethra for the passage of semen by neutralizing acidity due to any residual urine. It also lubricates the movement of the penis, and of the foreskin over the glans. The amount of fluid that the human male issues varies widely among individuals, from imperceptible amounts to a copious flow.
There have been no large-scale studies of sperm in pre-ejaculate, but some smaller-scale studies suggest that any sperm present may be ineffectual at causing pregnancy. This may account for the moderate effectiveness of coitus interruptus as a contraceptive method (failure rate of 27% for typical use and 4% for perfect use over one year). It is likely, however, that pre-ejaculate which follows a recent ejaculation will contain more sperm, as some ejaculate is always left in the duct after orgasm.
The same studies have shown the presence of HIV, which can lead to the disease AIDS, in pre-ejaculate.
Credentialing
Credentialing is the administrative process for validating the qualifications of licensed professionals, organizational members or organizations, and assessing their background and legitimacy. Many health care institutions and provider networks conduct their own credentialing, generally through a credentialing specialist or electronic service, with review by a medical staff or credentialing committee. It may include granting and review of specific clinical privileges, and medical or allied health staff membership.
The process is generally an objective evaluation of a subject's current licensure, training or experience, competence, and ability to provide particular services or perform particular procedures.
Personnel credentialing typically is undertaken at commencement of employment (initial application) and at regular intervals thereafter (reappointment).  Credentialing of vendors or other organizations may begin prior to the purchasing process and be repeated regularly.
Political parties credential delegates at their conventions.