Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Ephrin A5
Ephrin A5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EFNA5 gene.
Ephrin A5 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein of the ephrin-A subclass of ephrin ligands that binds to the EphA subclass of Eph receptors. Ephrin A5 has also been shown to bind to the EphB2 receptor.

# Reverse signaling in growth cone survival
"Reverse" signaling is one unique property of ephrin ligands that allows for the transmission of an intracellular signal in ephrin-expressing cells that is distinct from the signal transmitted in Eph receptor-expressing cells. Although the mechanism of "reverse" signaling by ephrin-As is not well understood, it is relatively surprising considering that ephrin-A ligands are attached to the cell membrane solely by a GPI linkage and unlike ephrin-Bs, lack a potential intracellular signaling domain. Nonetheless, certain ephrin-A ligands are known to initiate reverse signaling cascades like ephrin A5, which has been shown to stimulate the spreading of growth cones in cultures of mouse spinal motor neurons. Reverse signaling by ephrin A5 was demonstrated to be GPI-dependent as the elimination of all GPI linkages by the application of a phosphatidlyinositol-specific phospholipase C abolished the positive effects of ephrin A5 on growth cone spreading. Additionally, EphA receptors were shown to exert opposite effects on motor neuron growth cones by reducing growth cone size.

## Formation of the retinotopic map
This finding that ephrin A5 promotes growth cone survival that is opposite of EphA signaling and mediated directly by ephrin A5 reverse signaling has important implications for axon guidance as it provides a mechanism by which migrating axons expressing EphAs would preferentially avoid ephrin A5 expressing cells and possibly migrate towards cells with lower expression of ephrin A5. This mechanism is in fact the same one that mediates the guidance of retinal ganglion cells to distinct regions in the superior colliculus during the formation of the retinotopic map. High ephrin A5 expression on cells in the posterior region of the SC bind to EphAs expressed in RGCs migrating from the temporal retina, inducing growth cone collapse and repelling these RGCs away from the posterior SC towards a region of low ephrin A5 expression in the anterior SC.
Ephrin B1
Ephrin-B1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EFNB1 gene.
This gene encodes a member of the ephrin family. The encoded protein is a type I membrane protein and a ligand of Eph-related receptor tyrosine kinases. It may play a role in cell adhesion and function in the development or maintenance of the nervous system.
Mutations in this protein are responsible for most cases of craniofrontonasal syndrome.

# Interactions
EFNB1 has been shown to interact with SDCBP.
Ephrin B3
Ephrin-B3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EFNB3 gene.
EFNB3, a member of the ephrin gene family, is important in brain development as well as in its maintenance. The EPH and EPH-related receptors comprise the largest subfamily of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases. EPH receptors typically have a single kinase domain and an extracellular region containing a Cysteine-rich domain and 2 fibronectin type III repeats. The ephrin ligands and receptors have been named by the Eph Nomenclature Committee (1997) based on their structures and sequence relationships. Ephrins are divided into the ephrin-A (EFNA) class, which are anchored to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage, and the ephrin-B (EFNB) class, which are transmembrane proteins. Ephrin-B ligands also contain an intracellular tail with highly conserved tyrosine residues and a PDZ-binding motif at the C-terminus.  This tail functions as a mechanism for reverse signaling, where signaling occurs into the ligand-containing cell, as opposed to the cell with the receptor. Upon receptor-ligand interaction the tyrosine residues become phosphorylated and there is recruitment of PDZ domain-containing proteins. The Eph family of receptors are similarly divided into two groups based on the similarity of their extracellular domain sequences and their affinities for binding ephrin-A and ephrin-B ligands.
EphrinB3 has been implicated in mediating various developmental events, particularly in the nervous system. EphrinB3 reverse signaling is important for axon pruning and synapse and spine formation during postnatal development of the nervous system.  Previous work has also shown that signaling through this ligand is important for radial migration during cortical development. Moreover, levels of EFNB3 expression are particularly high in several forebrain subregions compared to other brain subregions, and may play a pivotal role in forebrain function. It has been suggested that ephrinB3 signaling is necessary for synaptic plasticity to occur in the hippocampus; this implicates ephrinB3 as a major player in learning and memory. More recently, ephrinB3 has been shown to regulate proliferation of neural stem cells in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ).
Episclera

# Overview
The episclera is the outermost layer of the sclera. It is composed of loose, fibrous, elastic tissue and attaches to Tenon's capsule.
In episcleritis, the episclera and Tenon's capsule are infiltrated with inflammatory cells .
The episclera is a Vascular plexus that lies between the conjunctiva and the sclera and consists of two layers of vessels: the superficial episcleral vessels and the deep episcleral vessels.
Epizootic
In epizoology, an epizootic (from Greek epi- upon + zoion animal) is a disease that appears as new cases in a given animal population, during a given period, at a rate that substantially exceeds what is "expected" based on recent experience (i.e. a sharp elevation in the incidence rate). (An epidemic is the same term applied to human populations.) High population density is a major contributing factor to epizootics, with aquaculture being an example of an industry sometimes plagued by disease because of the large number of fish confined to a small area.
Defining an epizootic can be subjective, depending in part on what is "expected". An epizootic may be: a) restricted to a specific locale (an outbreak), b) general (an "epizootic") or c) widespread (panzootic). Because it is based on what is "expected" or thought normal, a few cases of a very rare disease (like a TSE outbreak in a Cervid population) might be classified as an "epizootic," while many cases of a common disease (like lymphocystis in Esocids) would not.
Common diseases that occur at a constant but relatively high rate in the population are said to be "enzootic." An example of an enzootic disease would be the influenza virus in some bird populations  or, at a lower incidence, the Type IVb strain of VHS in certain Atlantic fish populations. 
An example of an epizootic would be the 1990 outbreak of Newcastle disease virus in double-crested cormorant colonies on the Great Lakes that resulted in the death of some 10000 birds. 

# Zambia EUS outbreak
On September 14, 2007, epizootic ulcerative sydrome (EUS), a mysterious disease killed hundreds of sore-covered fish in River Zambezi. Zambia Agriculture Minister Ben Kapita asked experts to investigate the outbreak to probe the cause to find out if the disease can be transmitted to humans.
Equagesic
Equagesic (Template:PronEng) is a combination drug indicated for short-term pain treatment accompanied by tension and/or anxiety in patients with musculoskeletal disease or tension headache.

# Composition
It combines
- aspirin 325mg (for pain relief) and
- meprobamate 200mg (used here as a muscle relaxant).
- In some formulations it is also quoted to contain ethoheptazine, an opioid analgesic.

# Problems
Equagesic was discontinued in the UK in 2002, possibly because of more adequate drugs available. Specifically, meprobamate is more toxic than benzodiazepines, which are also useful as a muscle relaxant.
Martial artist Bruce Lee died of cerebral oedema thought to have been a reaction to his taking of Equagesic.
Erbovirus

# Overview
Erbovirus is a viral genus of the Picornaviridae family.  Viruses belonging to the Erbovirus genus have been isolated in horses with acute upper febrile respiratory disease. The structure of the erbovirus virion is icosahedral, having a diameter of 27-30nm.

# Physical characteristics
The virion essentially is a nucleocapsid that is visible under an electron microscope and is able to infect cultured cells from a broad range of mammals including rabbit kidney (RK13), African green monkey kidney (Vero), equine foetal kidney (EFK), and is able to infect humans.
The RNA genome of the virion is inside the capsid that is composed by twelve capsomers, which are cup-shaped pentamers.
The erbovirus particles are non-enveloped and the molecular mass of the virions is around 8-9 x 106 Daltons. They are resistant to inactivation by non-ionic detergent treatment.
Erbovirus, as a typical picornavirus, has a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome. A feature of the picornavirus genome is the virus protein that is linked at the 5 end of the genome, known as "VPg" (Virus-Protein-attached-to-the-Genome). In addition, the 3 end of the genome has a poly-A tail.  The transcription of the erbovirus genome gives rise to a polyprotein which is further more processed and cleaved to give the mature viral proteins, in order from 5' to 3' : L ("Leader"), VP4, VP2, VP3, VP1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A (Vpg), 3B, 3Cpro, 3Dpol.
The type (and only) species of the Erbovirus genus is Equine rhinitis B virus which was recently found to have three phylogenetically distinct types, equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV)-1, ERBV-2 and ERBV-3. One such phylogenetic group was found to mostly comprise of "acid stable" virus isolates, surviving pH 3.6 for 1 hour at room temperature.

# Epidemiology
ERBV's appear to infect most foals and weanlings, eliciting a low serum antibody response in stark contrast to equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), which is the only species of the genus Aphthovirus that is not a foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), and appears to only infect horses once they begin training for racing (approx. 2 years old). ERAV enters the blood and elicits a very high serum antibody response that seems to then limit the spread of the virus by herd-immunity, given that only approximately 40% of horses have detectable ERAV antibody. The low serum antibody response of ERBV appears to allow the continual, seasonal re-infection of horses. Horses are also known to shed ERBV for up to two years, possibly more.
Esotropia
Esotropia is a form of strabismus where one or both of the eyes turn inward.  Esotropia is often called "lazy eye" in error, as this term correctly refers to amblyopia. People with esotropia have "crossed eyes", and suffer from uncrossed diplopia. The most common type of esotropia occurs in approximately one to two percent of the population.  Treatment options include glasses with prism lenses, orthoptics, and/or eye muscle surgery.  While eye exercises are often useful for intermittent exotropia, they are less useful for intractable esotropia, as voluntary divergence is difficult to increase.

# Accommodative esotropia
Accommodative esotropia is often seen in patients with a moderate to large amount of hyperopia. The hyperope, in an attempt to "accommodate" or focus the eyes, converges the eyes as well, as convergence is associated with activation of the accommodation reflex. This is appropriately treated with hyperopic glasses to reduce accommodative convergence, and can just as effectively be treated with contact lenses.
"Partly accommodative esotropia" is generally treated by glasses or contacts as well as eye muscle surgery.

# Left or right eye, or both
In esotropia, the patient often favors one eye. This will result in left esotropia or right esotropia, the directional name referring to the eye that turns. In this case, the turned eye almost always develops some degree of amblyopia. Just as often, the patient alternates between the two eyes, so that at one time, the right eye is fixating and the left eye is turned in, and the next moment, the left eye fixates and the right turns in. This is called alternating esotropia, and in this condition, it is common for neither eye to develop amblyopia, both eyes being capable of 20/20 corrected or uncorrected vision. It never happens, however, that both eyes turn in at the same time, as the patient will not be looking at anything if this happened.

# Congenital esotropia
Congenital esotropia, or infantile esotropia, is a variation that occurs very early in life, generally developing within the first three months of an infant's life. Children with congenital esotropia usually cross fixate, meaning that they use either eye to fixate with, and often show preference by fixating with the dominant eye. True congenital esotropia is usually best treated with early surgery (by age one year).  Usually any associated amblyopia is treated by patching prior to surgical intervention.  Oblique muscle dysfunction often accompanies congenital esotropia, and may require surgical treatment.
Estratest
Estratest is hormone replacement therapy drug that combines esterified estrogens with methyltestosterone in one pill.

# Indications
Estratest is used to treat menopausal women who suffer from hot flashes but do not get relief from estrogen-only therapy

# History
Estratest was first marketed in the United States in 1965 by Reid-Provident Laboratories, which as 100% of Reid-Rowell, Inc. stock was acquired by the Belgian pharmaceutical company Solvay in 1986. There has been some controversy surrounding the drug in recent years as to its status with the FDA.
Solvay is currently sponsoring a clinical trial of Estratest in the United States to determine whether the product is superior to treatment with esterified estrogens tablets

# Dosage
Estratest is sold in tablet form, with either 1.25 mg estrogens/2.5 mg methyltestosterone or 0.625 mg estrogens/1.25 mg methyltestosterone available.

# Supply
Estratest is supplied by Solvay.

# Reference
- August 2003 press release from the Prescription Access Litigation project .
Ethocybin
Ethocybin (CEY-39; 4-phosphoryloxy-DET; 4-PO-DET) is a homologue of the mushroom alkaloid psilocybin, and a semi-synthetic psychedelic alkaloid of the tryptamine family. Effects of ethocybin are comparable to those of a shorter LSD or psilocybin, although intensity and duration vary depending on dosage, individual physiology, and set and setting.

# Chemistry
As with psilocybin and psilocin, ethocybin is may be prodrug that is converted into the pharmacologically active compound ethocin in the body by dephosphorylation. This chemical reaction takes place under strongly acidic conditions or enzymatically by phosphatases in the body.
Albert Hofmann was the first to produce this chemical, soon after his discovery of psilocin and psilocybin. It was sold under the code name CEY-39.

# Pharmacology
As with psilocybin, ethocybin is rapidly dephosphorylated in the body to 4-HO-DET  which then acts as a partial agonist at the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor in the brain where it mimics the effects of serotonin (5-HT).

# Medicine
Ethocybin has been studied as a treatment for several disorders since the early 1960s, and numerous papers are devoted to this material.  It's short-lived action was considered a virtue.

# Effects
Ethocybin is absorbed through the lining of the mouth and stomach. Effects begin 20-45 minutes after ingestion, and last from 2-4 hours depending on dose, species, and individual metabolism.  The effects are somewhat shorter compared to psilocybin.

# Pharmacology
Ethocybin is probably metabolized mostly in the liver where it becomes ethocin, but is also broken down by the enzyme monoamine oxidase.
Mental and physical tolerance to psilocybin builds and dissipates quickly. Taking ethocybin more than three or four times in a week (especially two days in a row) can result in diminished effects. Tolerance dissipates after a few days, so frequent users often keep doses spaced five to seven days apart to avoid the effect.

# Legality
Ethocybin is not controlled in the USA, but possession or sale may be considered illegal under the Federal Analog Act.
Excretion
Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.

# Overview
Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of metabolism and other non-useful materials. It is an essential process in all forms of life.
In single-celled organisms, waste products are discharged directly through the surface of the cell. Multicellular organisms utilize more complex excretory methods. Higher plants eliminate gases through the stomata, or pores, on the surface of leaves. Animals have special excretory organs. In humans the main organs of excretion are the kidneys and accessory urinary organs, through which urine is eliminated, and the large intestines, from which solid wastes are expelled. The skin and lungs also have excretory functions: the skin eliminates water and salts in sweat, and the lungs expel water vapor and carbon dioxide.

# Specific examples
Plants have been shown (by British biologist Brian J. Ford) to translocate wastes into leaves which are then shed. In this fashion, the leaf, in addition to acting as an energy-trapping structure, is also a plant's organ of excretion.
Aquatic animals usually excrete ammonia directly into the external environment, as this compound has high solubility and there is ample water available for dilution. In terrestrial animals ammonia-like compounds are converted into other nitrogenous materials as there is less water in the environment and ammonia itself is toxic.
In mammals, the two major excretory processes are the formation of urine in the kidneys and the formation of carbon dioxide (a human's abundant metabolic waste) molecules as a result of respiration, which is then exhaled from the lungs. These waste products are eliminated by urination and exhalation respectively. In urination, Hormone control over excretion occurs in the distal tubules of the kidneys as directed by the hypothalamus. Most mammals excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of urea, an ancestral trait.
Birds excrete their nitrogenous wastes as uric acid in the form of a paste. This is metabolically more expensive, but allows more efficient water retention and it can be stored more easily in the egg. Many avian species, especially seabirds, can also excrete salt via specialized nasal salt glands, the saline solution leaving through nostrils in the beak.
Perspiration is another excretory process which removes salts and water, although the primary purpose is cooling.
In insects, a system involving Malpighian tubules is utilized to excrete metabolic waste. Metabolic waste diffuses or is actively transported into the tubule, which transports the wastes to the intestines. The metabolic waste is then released from the body along with fecal stuffs.

# Etymology
Many people misuse the term excretion as a euphemism for defecation, and use excrement for feces, but this is medically inexact.
Exogenous
Exogenous (or exogeneous) (from the Greek words "exo" and "gen", meaning "outside" and "production") refers to an action or object coming from outside a system. It is the opposite of endogenous, something generated from within the system.
- In biology, "exogenous" refers to an action or object coming from the outside of a system.  For example, an exogenous contrast agent in medical imaging refers to a liquid injected into the patient intravenously that enhances visibility of a pathology, such as a tumor.
- In biology, an exogenous factor is any material that is present and active in an individual organism or living cell but that originated outside of that organism, as opposed to an endogenous factor.
Exogenous factors in medicine include both pathogens and therapeutics.
DNA introduced to cells via transfection or viral infection (transduction) is an exogenous factor.
Carcinogens are exogenous factors.
- Exogenous factors in medicine include both pathogens and therapeutics.
- DNA introduced to cells via transfection or viral infection (transduction) is an exogenous factor.
- Carcinogens are exogenous factors.
- In attentional psychology, exogenous refers to attention being drawn without conscious intention (see Posner, 1980). An example of this would be attention drawn to a flashing light in the periphery of vision.
Exophoria

# Overview
Exophoria is a form of heterophoria in which there is a tendency of the eyes to deviate outward.

# Prevalence
Exophoria is particularly common in infancy and childhood, and increases with age.

# Cause
Exophoria can be caused by several factors, which include:
- Refractive errors - distance and near deviation approximately equal.
- Divergence excess - exodeviation is more than 15 dioptres greater for distance than near deviation.
- Convergence insufficiency - near exodeviation greater than distance deviation.
These can be due to nerve, muscle, or congenital problems, or due to mechanical anomalies. Unlike exotropia, fusion is possible in this condition, causing diplopia to be uncommon.
Outer ear

# Overview
The outer ear is the external portion of the ear, which consists of the pinna, concha, and auditory meatus. It gathers sound energy and focuses it on the eardrum (tympanic membrane). One consequence of the configuration of the external ear is to selectively boost the sound pressure 30- to 100-fold for frequencies around 3000 Hz. This amplification makes humans most sensitive to frequencies in this range - and also explains why they are particulary prone to acoustical injury and hearing loss near this frequency. Most human speech sounds are also distributed in the bandwidth around 3 kHz.

# Pinna, or auricle
The visible part is called the pinna and functions to collect and focus sound waves. Many mammals can move the pinna (with the auriculares muscles) in order to focus their hearing in a certain direction in much the same way that they can turn their eyes. Most humans, unlike most other mammals, do not have this ability.

# Ear canal, or external auditory meatus
From the pinna the sound pressure waves move into the ear canal, a simple tube running to the middle ear. This tube amplifies frequencies in the range 3 kHz to 12 kHz.
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Extractor
An (N,M,D,K,\epsilon) -extractor is a bipartite graph with N nodes on the left and M nodes on the right such that each node on the left has D neighbors (on the right), which has the added property that
for any subset A of the left vertices of size at least K, the distribution on right vertices obtained by choosing a random node in A and then following a random edge to get a node x on the right side is \epsilon-close to the uniform distribution in terms of total variation distance.
A disperser is a related graph.
An equivalent way to view an extractor is as a bivariate function
in the natural way. With this view it turns out that the extractor property is equivalent to: for any source of randomness X that gives n bits with min-entropy \log K, the distribution  E(X,U_D)  is \epsilon-close to U_M, where U_T denotes the uniform distribution on .
Extractors are interesting when they can be constructed with small K,D,\epsilon relative to N and M is as close to KD (the total randomness in the input sources) as possible.
Extractor functions were originally researched as a way to extract randomness from weakly random sources.
Using the probabilistic method it is easy to show that extractor graphs with really good parameters exist. The challenge is to find explicit or polynomial time computable examples of such graphs with good parameters. Algorithms that compute extractor (and disperser) graphs have found many applications in computer science.