Juniperus communis
Juniperus communis, the Common Juniper, is a species in the genus Juniperus, in the family Cupressaceae. It has the largest range of any woody plant, throughout the cool temperate Northern Hemisphere from the Arctic south in mountains to around 30N latitude in North America, Europe and Asia.
It is a shrub or small tree, very variable and often a low spreading shrub, but occasionally reaching 10 m tall. Common Juniper has needle-like leaves in whorls of three; the leaves are green, with a single white stomatal band on the inner surface. It is dioecious, with male and female cones on separate plants, which are wind pollinated. The seed cones are berry-like, green ripening in 18 months to purple-black with a blue waxy coating; they are spherical, 412 mm diameter, and usually have three (occasionally six) fused scales, each scale with a single seed. The seeds are dispersed when birds eat the cones, digesting the fleshy scales and passing the hard seeds in their droppings. The male cones are yellow, 23 mm long, and fall soon after shedding their pollen in MarchApril.
As to be expected from the wide range, it is very variable, with several infraspecific taxa; delimitation between the taxa is still uncertain, with genetic data not matching morphological data well.
- Juniperus communis subsp. communis  Common Juniper. Usually an erect shrub or small tree; leaves long, 820(27) mm; cones small, 58 mm, usually shorter than the leaves; found at low to moderate altitude in temperate climates.
Juniperus communis subsp. communis var. communis  Europe, most of northern Asia
Juniperus communis subsp. communis var. depressa Pursh  North America
Juniperus communis subsp. communis var. hemisphaerica (J.Presl & C.Presl) Parl.  Mediterranean mountains
Juniperus communis subsp. communis var. nipponica (Maxim.) E.H.Wilson  Japan (status uncertain, often treated as J. rigida var. nipponica)
- Juniperus communis subsp. communis var. communis  Europe, most of northern Asia
- Juniperus communis subsp. communis var. depressa Pursh  North America
- Juniperus communis subsp. communis var. hemisphaerica (J.Presl & C.Presl) Parl.  Mediterranean mountains
- Juniperus communis subsp. communis var. nipponica (Maxim.) E.H.Wilson  Japan (status uncertain, often treated as J. rigida var. nipponica)
- Juniperus communis subsp. alpina (Suter) Celak.  Alpine Juniper (syn. J. c. subsp. nana, J. c. var. saxatilis Pallas, J. sibirica Burgsd.). Usually a prostrate ground-hugging shrub; leaves short, 38 mm; cones often larger, 712 mm, usually longer than the leaves; found in subarctic areas and high altitude alpine zones in temperate areas.
Juniperus communis subsp. alpina var. alpina  Greenland, Europe and Asia
Juniperus communis subsp. alpina var. megistocarpa Fernald & H.St.John  Eastern Canada (doubtfully distinct from var. alpina)
Juniperus communis subsp. alpina var. jackii Rehder  Western North America (doubtfully distinct from var. alpina)
- Juniperus communis subsp. alpina var. alpina  Greenland, Europe and Asia
- Juniperus communis subsp. alpina var. megistocarpa Fernald & H.St.John  Eastern Canada (doubtfully distinct from var. alpina)
- Juniperus communis subsp. alpina var. jackii Rehder  Western North America (doubtfully distinct from var. alpina)
Some botanists treat subsp. alpina at the lower rank of variety, in which case the correct name is Juniperus communis var. saxatilis Pallas, though the name Juniperus communis var. montana is also occasionally cited; others, primarily in eastern Europe and Russia, sometimes treat it as a distinct species J. sibirica Burgsd. (syn. J. nana Willd., J. alpina S.F.Gray).
Juniperus communis is one of Ireland's longest established plants.

## Uses
It is commonly used in horticulture as an ornamental shrub, but is too small to have any general wood usage. In Scandinavia, however, juniper wood is used for making containers for storing small quantities of dairy products such as butter and cheese, and also for making wooden butter knives.
Its astringent blue-black seed cones, commonly known as "juniper berries", are too bitter to eat raw and are usually sold dried and used to flavour meats, sauces, and stuffings. They are generally crushed before use to release their flavour. The cones are used to flavour gin. In fact, the word 'gin' is derived from the French word for juniper berry, genievre, which is the name for gin in France. The Slovak national alcoholic beverage Borovicka is also flavoured with juniper berry extract.
Since juniper berries have a strong taste, they should be used sparingly. 
They are generally used to enhance meat with a strong flavour, such as game, including game birds, or tongue. In Finland, juniper is used as a key ingredient in making sahti, a traditional Finnish ale.
Dioscorides' De materia medica also lists juniper berries, when crushed and put on the penis or vagina before intercourse, as a contraceptive.

# References and external links
-  Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 Rushforth, K. (1987). Conifers. Helm ISBN 0-7470-2801-X.
-  Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 2.2 Adams, R. P. (2004). Junipers of the World: The genus Juniperus. Victoria: Trafford. ISBN 1-4120-4250-X.
-  Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 Arboretum de Villardebelle: Juniperus
-  Flora Europaea: Juniperus communis
-  Adams, R. P., Pandey, R. N., Leverenz, J. W., Dignard, N., Hoegh, K., & Thorfinnsson, T. (2003). Pan-Arctic variation in Juniperus communis:  Historical Biogeography based on DNA fingerprinting. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 31: 181-192 pdf file.
-  Adams, R. P., & Pandey, R. N. (2003). Analysis of Juniperus communis and its varieties based on DNA fingerprinting. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 31: 1271-1278. pdf file
-  Adams, R. P., & Nguyen, S. (2007). Post-Pleistocene geographic variation in Juniperus communis in North America. Phytologia 89 (1): 43-57. pdf file
-  Den Virtuella Floran: Juniperus communis distribution
-  Association Ecosystem (Russia): Juniperus sibirica
-  Preston, S. J., Wilson, C., Jennings, S., Provan, J., & McDonald, R. A. (2007). The status of Juniperus communis L. in Northern Ireland in 2005. Ir. Nat. J. 28: 372-378
-   Riddle, J. M. (1992). Contraception and abortion from the ancient world to the Renaissance, p. 31. Harvard University Press.
- Template:IUCN2006 Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
- Juniperus communis subsp. communis foliage and cones
Juniperus communis subsp. communis  foliage and cones
- As the cones need more than a year to become ripe, both ripe and unripe cones can be seen together, as on this tree on Saaremaa, Estonia
As the cones need more than a year to become ripe, both ripe and unripe cones can be seen together, as on this tree on Saaremaa, Estonia
- Juniperus communis subsp. communis on Luneburg Heath, Germany
Juniperus communis subsp. communis on Luneburg Heath, Germany
ca:Ginebre comu
cs:Jalovec obecny
da:Almindelig Ene
de:Gemeiner Wacholder
et:Harilik kadakas
gl:Xenebreiro
lt:Paprastasis kadagys
hu:Kozonseges boroka
nl:Jeneverbes
nn:Eine
-c:Juniperus communis
pms:Juniperus communis
sk:Borievka obycajna
sl:Navadni brin
fi:Kataja
sv:En
uk: