Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Autosome
An autosome is a non-sex chromosome. It is an ordinarily paired type  of chromosome that is the same in both sexes of a species. For example, in humans, there are 22 pairs of autosomes. The X and Y chromosomes are not autosomal. Non-autosomal chromosomes are usually referred to as sex chromosomes, allosomes or heterosomes.
Like other chromosomes, autosomes display STR and SNP mutations which can be observed and have been used in genetic testings for ancestry, ethnicity, race and genealogical purposes. Private testing companies which do autosomal STR tests include FamilyTreeDNA  and DNAtribes. Whereas companies testing autosomal SNPs include AncestryByDNA and deCODEme.

# Notes
-  In the case of higher ploidy levels than the usual diploid, there will be the same number of an autosome as the ploidy level itself. For example, in a pentaploid, there will be five copies of each autosome.
Autotomy
Autotomy (from the Greek auto = "self-" and tomy = "severing") or self amputation is the act whereby an animal severs one or more of its own appendages, usually as a self-defense mechanism designed to elude a predator's grasp. The lost body part may be regenerated later.

# Reptiles
Geckos, skinks and other lizards that are captured by the tail will shed part of the tail structure and thus be able to flee. The detached tail will continue to wiggle, creating a deceptive sense of continued struggle and attracting the predator's attention away from the fleeing prey animal. The animal can partially regenerate its tail over a period of weeks. The new section will contain cartilage rather than bone, and the skin will have different coloration, typically darker and with little or no pattern.
Autotomy in lizards is enabled by special zones of weakness at regular intervals in the vertebrae below the vent. Essentially, the lizard contracts a muscle to fracture the vertebra itself rather than break the tail between two vertebrae. Sphincter muscles in the tail then contract around the caudal artery to minimize bleeding.

# Invertebrates
Other animals, such as octopuses, crabs, brittle stars, lobsters and spiders, can also lose and regenerate appendages when necessary for survival. Autotomy occurs in some kinds of octopus for survival and for reproduction: the specialised reproductive arm (the hectocotylus) detaches from the male during mating and remains within the female's mantle cavity.
Evisceration, the ejection of the internal organs of sea cucumbers when stressed, is also a form of autotomy, and they regenerate the organ(s) lost.

# Bees: a special case
The sting of various honey bee species is a different case; the sting apparatus is modified in such a way that it tears cleanly away from the bee's body, and has its own ganglion that keeps the musculature of the sting shafts moving (thus embedding the sting deeper) and the venom sac pumping for several minutes after it detaches. Unlike most cases of autotomy, the bee dies shortly afterwards (they do not grow a new sting apparatus). All species of true honey bees (genus Apis) have this form of autotomy. No other stinging insect, including yellowjacket wasps and the Mexican honey wasp, have the sting apparatus modified this way, though they may have barbed stings. The sting of a queen honey bee has no barbs, however, and does not autotomize. Further, the genitalia of male honey bees (drones) also autotomize during copulation, and form a "mating plug" which must be removed by the genitalia of subsequent drones if they are also to mate with the same queen. The drones die within minutes of mating.
Auxology
Auxology is a meta-term covering the study of all aspects of human physical growth; though it is also a fundamental of biology, generally. Auxology is a highly multi-disciplinary science involving health sciences / medicine (pediatrics, general practice, endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, physiology, epidemiology), and to a lesser extent: nutrition, genetics, anthropology, anthropometry, ergonomics, history, economic history, economics, socioeconomics, sociology, public health, and psychology, among others.

# Etymology
Auxology: aux-, pertaining to growth, from Greek auxe, "to increase"; -o-, generic phoenetic combining form, here denoting relationship to growth, stimulation, or acceleration; -logy, pertaining to the study of or science of, from Middle English -logie, from Old French, from Latin -logia, from Greek -logia, from legein, "to speak", and -logos "word", "speech" and "one who deals with", thus "the character or department of one who speaks or treats of (a certain subject)".
The name of the plant hormone Auxin (which promotes growth in plants) comes from the same root.

# Some Auxologists
- Barry Bogin  (anthropologist)
- Noel Cameron  (pediatrician)
- J. W. Drukker  (economist, historian, ergonomist)
- Stanley Engerman  (economist)
- Robert Fogel  (economist)
- Theo Gasser  (statistician, human biologist)
- Francis E. Johnston  (anthropologist)
- John Komlos  (economist, anthropometric historian)
- Gregory Livshits  (human biologist)
- Robert Margo  (economist)
- Alex F. Roche  (pediatrician)
- Lawrence M. Schell  (anthropologist)
- Nevin Scrimshaw  (nutritionist)
- Anne Sheehy (human biologist)
- Richard Steckel  (economist, anthropometric historian)
- Pak Sunyoung  (anthropologist)
- James M. Tanner  (pediatrician)
- Vincent Tassenaar  (historian)
- Lucio Vinicius  (anthropologist, human biologist)
- Joerg Baten  (economist, anthropometric historian)
Bag Balm
Bag Balm is a salve originally intended to soothe irritation on cows' udders. Although the product only mentions use "For chapped conditions and superficial abrasions" it is used as a treatment for chapped and irritated skin on humans and can be found in drug stores and ski resorts. It has also gained popularity as a post-tattoo skin soother.
Bag Balm is made by the Dairy Association Co. in Lyndonville, Vermont and Rock Island, Quebec. The product is known for its characteristic 10 oz green tins featuring a cow's head and red clovers on the lid.  It has been in production since 1899.
The active ingredients of Bag Balm are 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate 0.3% (antiseptic) in a petrolatum and lanolin base.
Bag Balm used to contain 0.002% mercury. This earlier formulation was much more effective at fighting infection in wounds and was known to completely clear infected wounds overnight.
Band 4.1
Erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1 (elliptocytosis 1, RH-linked), also known as EPB41, is a human gene.
Elliptocytosis is a hematologic disorder characterized by elliptically shaped erythrocytes and a variable degree of hemolytic anemia. Inherited as an autosomal dominant, elliptocytosis results from mutation in any one of several genes encoding proteins of the red cell membrane skeleton. The form discussed here is the one found in the 1950s to be linked to Rh blood group and more recently shown to be caused by a defect in protein 4.1. 'Rh-unlinked' forms of elliptocytosis are caused by mutation in the alpha-spectrin gene (MIM 182860), the beta-spectrin gene (MIM 182870), or the band 3 gene (MIM 109270).
Band 4.1 is a protein associated with the cytoskeleton of the red blood cell.
Barbital
Barbital (marketed under the brand name Veronal), also called barbitone, was the first commercially marketed barbiturate. It was used as a sleeping aid (hypnotic) from 1903 until the mid-1950s. The chemical names for barbital are diethylmalonyl urea or diethylbarbituric acid.  Its chemical formula is (C2H5)2C~CO NH]ICO (sodium 5,5-diethyl barbiturate). Veronal was prepared by condensing diethylmalonic ester with urea in the presence of sodium ethylate, or by adding ethyl iodide to the silver salt of malonylurea. The result was an odorless, slightly bitter, white crystalline powder.
Barbital was first synthesized in 1902 by German chemists Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering.  They published their discovery in 1903 and it was marketed in 1904 by the Bayer company as Veronal.  A soluble salt of barbital was marketed by the Schering company as Medinal.  It was dispensed for insomnia induced by nervous excitability.  It was provided in either capsules or cachets.  The therapeutic dose was ten to fifteen grains (0.65-0.97 grams). 3.5 to 4.4 grams is the deadly dose but sleep has also been prolonged up to ten days with recovery.
Veronal was considered to be a great improvement over the existing hypnotics. Its taste was slightly bitter, but an improvement over the strong, unpleasant taste of the commonly used bromides.  It had few side effects. Its therapeutic dose was far below the toxic dose. However, prolonged usage resulted in tolerance to the drug, requiring higher doses to reach the desired effect.  Fatal overdoses of this slow acting hypnotic were not uncommon.
Fuchsine
Fuchsine or rosaniline hydrochloride is a magenta dye with chemical formula C20H19N3HCl. There are other similar chemical formulations of products sold as fuchsine, and several dozen other synonyms of this molecule.
It becomes magenta when dissolved in water; as a solid, it forms dark green crystals. As well as dying textiles, fuchsine is used to stain bacteria and sometimes as a disinfectant.

# History
Fuchsine, named by its original manufacturer Renard freres et Franc, is usually cited with one of two etymologies: from the color of the flowers of the plant genus Fuchsia, named in honor of botanist Leonhart Fuchs, or as the German translation Fuchs of the French name Renard, which means fox. An 1861 article in Repertoire de Pharmacie said that the name was chosen for both reasons.

# Acid fuchsine
Acid fuchsine is a mixture of homologues of basic fuchsin, modified by addition of sulfonic groups. While this yields twelve possible isomers, all of them are satisfactory despite slight differences in their properties.

# Basic fuchsine
Basic fuchsine is a mixture of rosanilin, pararosanilin, and Magenta II. Formulations usable for making of Schiff reagent must have high content of pararosanilin. The actual composition of basic fuchsine tends to somewhat vary by vendor and batch, making the batches differently suitable for different purposes.
In solution with phenol as an accentuator it is called carbol fuchsin and is used for the staining of the bacterium which cause tuberculosis.
Bed rest
Bed rest is a doctor's prescription to spend a longer period of time in bed.

# Adverse effects
Prolonged bed rest has long been known to have deleterious physiological effects, such as muscle atrophy and other forms of deconditioning. Besides lack of physical exercise in was shown that another important factor is that the hydrostatic pressure (caused by gravity) acts anomalously, resulting in altered distribution of body fluids. Even physical exercise in bed fails to address certain adverse effects.

# Common cases
Bed rest is commonly prescribed in the following cases.
- For sufferers of acute pain in spine or joints; for example, in the case of backache the unloading of the corresponding spinal segment decreases the intradiscal pressure, and it would bring relief in cases such as compression of spinal nerve. The prescribed duration of bed rest vary and opinions differ. 
- Bed rest is prescribed for some maternal or fetal complications of pregnancy, such as preterm labor, high blood pressure, incompetent cervix, or fetal growth problems.  In the past it was a general prescription during any kind of pregnancy, now deprecated.
- Heart diseases
- Bed rest is an important measure in the cases of chorea. In the mild cases in may suffice for treatment.
Benadryl
Benadryl is a brand name that Johnson & Johnson (acquired fall 2006) and Pfizer use for several different allergy medicines.
- In the U.S., Benadryl is diphenhydramine, a first generation antihistamine. It is also formulated in combination with other active ingredients and sold under variations of the Benadryl name.
- In the U.K., Benadryl Allergy Relief is acrivastine, a second generation antihistamine.
- In the U.K., Benadryl Once a Day is cetirizine, a second generation antihistamine.
Bepridil

# Overview
Bepridil (trade name Vascor) is a calcium channel blocker once used to treat angina. It is no longer sold in the United States.
It is nonselective.
It has been discussed as a possible option in the treatment of atrial fibrillation.
It has been implicated in causing ventricular arrhythmia (Torsade de pointes).
Betadine
Betadine is the name of Purdue Pharma's brand of consumer-available povidone-iodine (PVPI) topical antiseptics.
Betadine, like most PVPI products, is available in two formulations:
1. A solution, sold over-the-counter (OTC) for cleaning minor wounds and used in hospitals to prepare a patient's skin prior to surgery. Solutions are 10% povidone-iodine in water.
2. A 'surgical scrub', which is a mixture of povidone-iodine and detergent, sold OTC as a skin cleaner and disinfectant hand wash and used for cleansing hands prior to surgery and other aseptic procedures.
Betaines

# Overview
A betaine in chemistry is any neutral chemical compound with a positively charged cationic functional group such as an ammonium ion or phosphonium ion (generally: onium ions) which bears no hydrogen atom and with a negatively charged functional group such as a carboxylate group which may not be adjacent to the cationic site. Historically the term was reserved for trimethylglycine only.
Phosphonium betaines are intermediates in the Wittig reaction.
In biological systems, many betaines serve as organic osmolytes, substances synthesised or taken up from the environment by cells for protection against osmotic stress, drought, high salinity or high temperature. Intracellular accumulation of betaines, non-perturbing to enzyme function, protein structure and membrane integrity, permits water retention in cells, thus protecting from the effects of dehydration.  It is also a methyl donor of increasing significance.

# Glycine betaine
Betaine (N,N,N-trimethylglycine) was named after its discovery in sugar beets (Beta vulgaris) in the 19th century. It is a small N-trimethylated amino acid, existing in zwitterionic form at neutral pH. This substance is often called glycine betaine to distinguish it from other betaines that are widely distributed in microorganisms, plants and animals.
Betatron
A betatron is a particle accelerator developed by Donald Kerst at the University of Illinois in 1940 to accelerate electrons. The betatron is essentially a transformer with a torus-shaped vacuum tube as its secondary coil. An alternating current in the primary coils accelerates electrons in the vacuum around a circular path. The name "betatron" (a reference to the beta particle, a fast electron) was chosen during a departmental contest. Other proposals were rheotron, inductron, and even Ausserordentlichhochgeschwindigkeitelektronenentwickelndenschwerarbeitsbeigollitron,  supposedly German for "extraordinarily high-speed electron producing hard work by golly-tron.".
In a betatron, the magnetic field spins the injected electrons and accelerates them at the center where there is a ring-shaped vacuum tube changing the magnetic field and producing an electric field in the vacuum ring.
The stable orbit for the electrons satisfies \theta_0=2\pi r_0^2 H_0 where \theta_0 is the flux with the orbit at r_0 is the radius and H_0 is the magnetic field at r_0. In other words, the magnetic field at the orbit must be half the average magnetic field over its circular cross section.
Betatrons were historically employed in particle physics experiments to provide high energy beams of electronsup to about 300 MeV.  If the electron beam is directed at a metal plate, the betatron can be used as a source of energetic x-rays or gamma rays; these x-rays may be used in industrial and medical applications (historically in radiation oncology).
Because the mass of the electron increases at relativistic speeds, the cyclotron becomes less efficient at higher energies, placing an upper limit on its beam energy.  These relativistic effects are accommodated in the next generation of accelerators, the Synchrotrons.
The Radiation Center, the first private medical center to treat cancer patients with a betatron was opened by Dr. O. Arthur Stiennon, in a suburb of Madison, Wisconsin in the late 1950s.

# Trivia
Frank Black met a good man who owns a betatron. ("Los Angeles" song)
Betazole

# Overview
Betazole is a histamine H2 receptor agonist. Also known as Ametazole. Betazole hydrochloride is known as gastramine and histalog.
It has been used as a gastric stimulant to test for maximal production of gastric secretion activity  The test can be used in diagnosis of diseases such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome where there is excess acid production, in this case driven by over production of gastrin. The volume of acid secretion is measured following administration of betazole, diagnosis being secretion greater than 60% of the maximal acid secretion following betazole stimulation. This procedure can lead to complications and should be avoided in subjects with coronary artery disease 
It is also used in diagnosis of gastritis in association with a test for secretin activity
Betazole is used as a stimulant in preference to histamine because of its specificity for the H2 receptor and its advantage of not generating the undesirable side effects that histamine would induce. It therefore does not require concomitant use of antihistaminic compounds to block the actions of histamine at other histamine receptor types.
Its action in stimulating histamine release can be of use when testing the effectiveness of H2 receptor blocking drugs such as Nizatidine.
Bifocals

# Overview
Bifocals are eyeglasses whose corrective lenses each contain regions with two distinct optical powers.  Bifocals are most commonly prescribed to people with presbyopia who also require a correction for myopia, hypermetropia, and/or astigmatism.

# History
Benjamin Franklin is usually credited with the creation of the first pair of bifocals in the early 1760's, though the first indication of his double spectacles comes from a political cartoon printed in 1764.  A great number of letters and publications from that time period refer to Dr. Franklin's double spectacles, including his first reference to them in a letter dated August 21, 1784.
John Isaac Hawkins, the inventor of trifocals, coined the term bifocals in 1824 and credited Dr. Franklin with their invention.

# Construction
Franklin's original bifocals were designed with the most convex lenses (for close viewing) in the lower half of the frame and the least convex lenses on the upper. Up until the beginning of the 20th century two separate lenses were cut in half and combined together in the rim of the frame.  The mounting of two half lenses into a single frame led to a number of early complications and rendered such spectacles quite fragile.  A method for fusing the sections of the lenses together was developed by Louis de Wecker at the end of the 19th century and patented by Dr. John L. Borsch, Jr. in 1908.
Today most bifocals are created by molding a reading segment into a primary lens and are available with the reading segments in a variety of shapes and sizes.  The most popular is the flat-top (a.k.a. straight-top or D-segment), 28 mm wide.
They are available at most eye doctors.

# Problems
Bifocals' division of the field of vision has been known to cause headaches and even dizziness in some users.   Acclimation to the small field of view offered by the reading segment of bifocals can take some time, as the user learns to move either the head or the reading material rather than the eyes.  Computer monitors are generally placed directly in front of users and can lead to muscle fatigue due to the unusual angle and constant movement of the head.  This trouble is mitigated by the use of trifocal lenses.

# Future
Research continues in an attempt to eliminate the limited field of vision present in current bifocals.  New materials and technologies may provide a method which can selectively adjust the optical power of a lens.  Researchers at the University of Arizona have constructed such a switchable lens using a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between two glass substrates.  When electricity is applied the effective refractive index changes, varying the optical power of the lens.
Bigender
Bigender (bi+gender) is a tendency to move between masculine and feminine gender-typed behaviour depending on context, expressing a distinctly "en femme" persona and a distinctly "en homme" persona, feminine and masculine respectively. It is a subset of transgender.
While an androgynous person retains the same gender-typed behaviour across situations, the bigendered person consciously or unconsciously changes their gender-role behaviour from primarily masculine to primarily feminine, or vice versa.

# Use of Term
It is worth noting that this concept emerged from within the transgender community itself, rather than being adopted after it was created by another sub-culture (for example, transsexual was defined first by the mental health community).
Because bigender is still a self-applied label, it is not possible to give a definitive outline of the typical bigender.  Any description of a bigender is just an example of what someone who identifies as bigender might be like.  Although there are patterns, the only firm characteristic is the sense of dual gender.

# Expression
Some express their bigender identity through crossdressing or performing as a drag king/drag queen; others may adopt a strictly masculine, feminine, or androgynous appearance and experience the shift between genders on a purely mental, or only subtly physical, level.

# Bigender and Sexual Orientation
It might seem that a bigender identity must go with a bisexual identity but gender identity and sexual orientation are independent.  It is possible to be bigender and not bisexual, or bisexual but not bigender.
For some bigenders, labels like gay, lesbian or bisexual can seem less relevant or satisfactory due to their focus on physiological sex.  Some might prefer terms that refer to gender (see Gynephilia and androphilia) while others might prefer to not specify a sexual orientation at all.  Since bigender is a gender-related term, not an erotic one, a bigender can of course be asexual.

# Bigender in Popular Culture
While performers such as David Bowie and Boy George are known for combining masculine and feminine aspects, performers who switch between a primarily masculine or feminine image, such as Eddie Izzard and Annie Lennox, better fit the bigender label. It is good to keep in mind, however, that crossdressing is not always related to gender identity, as it can be a purely erotic act.