Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Toxic oil syndrome
Toxic Oil Syndrome was the name given to an unusual disease outbreak in Spain in 1981. Its first appearance was as a lung disease, with unusual features: though the symptoms initially resembled a lung infection, antibiotics were ineffective. The disease appeared to be restricted to certain geographical localities, and several members of a family could be affected, even while their neighbours had no symptoms. Following the acute phase, a range of other chronic symptoms were apparent.
The cause was traced to the consumption of rapeseed oil which had been intended for industrial rather than food use. It had been imported as cheap industrial oil by the company RAPSA at San Sebastian, handled by RAELCA and refined by ITH in Seville. It was sold as "olive oil" by street vendors at weekly street markets and was therefore used on salads and for cooking. The commonly accepted hypothesis states that toxic compounds developed during the refinement process used to remove the aniline that is used to denature oils intended for industrial use.
Once the origin of the syndrome was realised, public health officials organized an exchange programme, whereby those who had bought the oil could exchange it for pure olive oil, thereby quickly ending the outbreak.
The conclusion that oil was the cause for TOS is based on strong epidemiological evidence, since up to now, experimental studies performed in a variety of laboratory animals have failed to reproduce the symptoms of human TOS. None of the in vivo or in vitro studies performed with toxic-oil-specific components, such as fatty acid anilides and esters of PAP, have provided evidence that these markers are causally involved in the pathogenesis of TOS. 
The fact that the first cases of the syndrome were located in Madrid, near the U.S. military base in Torrejon de Ardoz, and the secrecy surrounding the huge investigations, spread the idea of a conspiracy.
Vertebrate trachea

# Overview
The tracheartes, or windpipe, is a tube that has an inner diameter of about 20-25 mm and a length of about 10-16cm. It commences at the larynx(at the level vertebral level of C6 in humans) and bifurcates into the primary (main) bronchi (at the vertebral level of T4/T5 in humans) in mammals, and from the pharynx to the syrinx in birds, allowing the passage of air to the lungs. It is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium cells with mucosae goblet cells which produce mucus. This lines the cells of the trachea to trap inhaled foreign particles which the cilia then waft upwards towards their larynx and then the pharynx where it can then be swallowed into the stomach.
In humans there are about 15  20 incomplete C-shaped cartilaginous rings which reinforces the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea to protect and maintain the airway open. There is a piece of smooth muscle connecting the ends off the incomplete cartilaginous rings called the Trachealis muscle. This contracts reducing the size of the lumen of the trachea to increase the air flow rate during coughing. The esophagus lies posteriorly to the trachea. The cartilaginous rings are incomplete because this allows the trachea to collapse slightly to allow food to pass down the esophagus. The epiglottis is the flap that closes the trachea during swallowing to prevent swallowed matter from entering the trachea.

# Clinical significance
Endotracheal intubation is the medical procedure of inserting an artificial tube into the trachea to provide a secure route for ventilating the lungs.
Tracheotomy is a surgical procedure of making an opening in the front of the neck that extends to the lumen of the trachea, a short tube called a tracheostomy tube is inserted through this opening, entering below the level of the larynx and vocal cords.

# Additional images
- Section of the neck at about the level of the sixth cervical vertebra.
- Front view of heart and lungs.
- The tracheobronchial lymph glands.
- Ligaments of the larynx. Posterior view.
- Coronal section of larynx and upper part of trachea.
- Muscles of larynx. Posterior view.
- Muscles of larynx. Side view. Right lamina of thyroid cartilage removed.
- Transverse section of trachea.
- Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx.
- The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind.
- Thyroid
- Respiratory system
- Microscopic cross section of human trachea.
ar: 
ca:Traquea
cs:Prudusnice
de:Luftrohre
et:Hingetoru
eo:Traheo
eu:Trakea
hr:Dusnik
id:Trakea
it:Trachea
he: 
la:Trachea
lt:Tracheja
mk:
nl:Luchtpijp
no:Luftrr
sr:
sh:Dusnik
fi:Henkitorvi
sv:Luftstrupe
uk:
yi:
Transpyloric plane

# Overview
An upper transverse line, the transpyloric is located halfway between the jugular notch and the upper border of the symphysis pubis; this indicates the margin of the transpyloric plane, which in most cases cuts through the pylorus, the tips of the ninth costal cartilages and the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra.

# Structures crossed
The transpyloric plane is clinically notable because it passes through several important abdominal structures. These include:
- lumbar vertebra 1 and hence passes just below the end of the spinal cord in adults.
- the fundus of the gallbladder
- the neck of the pancreas
- the pancreatic body
- the origins of the superior mesenteric artery and portal vein
- the left colic flexure 
- the left hilum of the kidney 
- the right upper pole of the kidney 
- the root of the transverse mesocolon
- duodenojejunal flexure 
- the 2nd part of the duodenum
- the upper part of conus medullaris
- the spleen

# Additional images
- Front view of the thoracic and abdominal viscera.a. Median plane.b. Lateral planes.c. Trans tubercular plane.d. Subcostal plane.e. Transpyloric plane.
- Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for arteries and inguinal canal.
Transvenous pacing

# Overview
Temporary transvenous cardiac pacing, also called endocardial pacing, is a potentially life saving intervention used primarily to correct profound bradycardia. It can be used to treat symptomatic bradycardias that do not respond to transcutaneous pacing or to drug therapy. Transvenous pacing is acheieved by threading a pacing electrode through a vein into the right atrium, right ventricle, or both.
This means of pacing the heart is not as popular as other means of pacing (see transcutaneous pacing, implanted pacemaker, epicardial pacing) because it is a temporary solution to pace the heart and yet involves a similar level of risk of bleeding as a more permanent solution like placing an implanted pacemaker.
For patients who present in an emergency setting with symptomatic bradycardias, usually drugs like atropine or sympathomimetic drugs (e.g. epinephrine, vasopressin, etc.) can be used to increase the heart rate to an adequate level until the underlying cause of the bradycardia can be isolated and then, possibly, a permanent pacemaker can be placed.  In most patients, transcutaneous pacing would be attempted before transvenous pacing because of the ease and speed of its application and its relative lack of risk.
For patients for whom transvenous pacing is chosen, the procedure is done at the bedside with a local anesthetic alone or in conjunction with conscious sedation.  The pacing electrode is advanced through the vein to the heart with the guidance of an electrocardiogram and sometimes with ultrasonography.  An x-ray after the procedure is always obtained to confirm placement of the pacing electrode.
The greater use of atropine and epinephrine or external pacing may obviate the need for transvenous pacing by stabilizing patients early in the process of caring for the patient.  Some debate exists over the efficacity and reliability of transvenous pacing, especially if the need for permanent pacing is anticipated.
Transverse sinuses
For the transverse pericardial sinus, see pericardial sinus.
The transverse sinuses (lateral sinuses) are of large size and begin at the internal occipital protuberance; one, generally the right, being the direct continuation of the superior sagittal sinus, the other of the straight sinus.
Each transverse sinus passes lateralward and forward, describing a slight curve with its convexity upward, to the base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and lies, in this part of its course, in the attached margin of the tentorium cerebelli; it then leaves the tentorium and curves downward and medialward to reach the jugular foramen, where it ends in the internal jugular vein.
In its course it rests upon the squama of the occipital, the mastoid angle of the parietal, the mastoid part of the temporal, and, just before its termination, the jugular process of the occipital; the portion which occupies the groove on the mastoid part of the temporal is sometimes termed the sigmoid sinus.
The transverse sinuses are frequently of unequal size, that formed by the superior sagittal sinus being the larger; they increase in size as they proceed from behind forward.
On transverse section the horizontal portion exhibits a prismatic, the curved portion a semicylindrical form.
They receive the blood from the superior petrosal sinuses at the base of the petrous portion of the temporal bone; they communicate with the veins of the pericranium by means of the mastoid and condyloid emissary veins; and they receive some of the inferior cerebral and inferior cerebellar veins, and some veins from the diploe.
The petrosquamous sinus, when present, runs backward along the junction of the squama and petrous portion of the temporal, and opens into the transverse sinus.

# Additional images
- Left parietal bone. Inner surface.
- Dura mater and its processes exposed by removing part of the right half of the skull, and the brain.
- The sinuses at the base of the skull.
- Horizontal section through left ear; upper half of section.
- Drawing to illustrate the relations of the brain to the skull.
- Relations of the brain and middle meningeal artery to the surface of the skull.
- Left temporal bone showing surface markings for the tympanic antrum (red), transverse sinus (blue), and facial nerve (yellow).
Tree rearrangement
Tree rearrangements are used in heuristic algorithms devoted to searching for an optimal tree structure. They can be applied to any set of data that are naturally arranged into a tree, but have most applications in computational phylogenetics, especially in maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood searches of phylogenetic trees, which seek to identify one among many possible trees that best explains the evolutionary history of a particular gene or species.

# Basic tree rearrangements
The simplest tree-rearrangement, known as nearest-neighbor interchange, exchanges the connectivity of four subtrees within the main tree. Because there are three possible ways of connecting four subtrees, and one is the original connectivity, each interchange creates two new trees. Exhaustively searching the possible nearest-neighbors for each possible set of subtrees is the slowest but most optimizing way of performing this search. An alternative, more wide-ranging search, subtree pruning and regrafting (SPR), selects and removes a subtree from the main tree and reinserts it elsewhere on the main tree to create a new node. Finally, tree bisection and reconnection (TBR) detaches a subtree from the main tree at an interior node and then attempts all possible connections between branches of the two trees thus created. The increasing complexity of the tree rearrangement technique correlates with increasing computational time required for the search, although not necessarily with their performance.

# Tree fusion
The simplest type of tree fusion begins with two trees already identified as near-optimal; thus, they most likely have the majority of their nodes correct but may fail to resolve individual tree "leaves" properly; for example, the separation ((A,B),(C,D)) at a branch tip versus ((A,C),(B,D)) may be unresolved. Tree fusion swaps these two solutions between two otherwise near-optimal trees. Variants of the method use standard genetic algorithms with a defined objective function to swap high-scoring subtrees into main trees that are high-scoring overall.
Treponema pallidum

# Overview
Treponema pallidum is a  spirochaete bacterium with subspecies that cause treponemal diseases such as syphilis, bejel, pinta, and yaws. The treponemes have a cytoplasmic and an outer membrane. Using light microscopy, treponemes are only visible using dark field illumination. They are gram negative, but some regard them too thin to be gram stained.

# Subspecies
At least four subspecies are known:
- Treponema pallidum pallidum, which causes syphilis
- T. p. endemicum, which causes bejel or endemic syphilis
- T. p. carateum, which causes pinta
- T. p. pertenue, which causes yaws
Some variation occurs as to which are considered subspecies, and which are species. The cause of pinta is sometimes described as Treponema carateum, rather than a subspecies of T. pallidum, even when the subspecies convention is used for the other agents.

# Laboratory identification
This bacterium can be detected with special stains, such as the Dieterle stain.
T. pallidum is also detected by serology, including:
- Nontreponemal VDRL
- Rapid plasma reagin
- Treponemal antibody tests (FTA-ABS)
- T. pallidum immobilization reaction,
- Syphilis TPHA test

# Clinical significance
- T. p. pallidum is a motile spirochaete that is generally acquired by close sexual contact, entering the host via breaches in squamous or columnar epithelium.
- The organism can also be transmitted to a fetus by transplacental passage during the later stages of pregnancy, giving rise to congenital syphilis.
- The helical structure of T. p. pallidum allows it to move in a corkscrew motion through a viscous medium such as mucus. It gains access to the host's blood and lymph systems through tissue and mucous membranes.
- The subspecies causing yaws, pinta, and bejel are morphologically and serologically indistinguishable from T. pallidum (syphilis); however, their transmission is not venereal in nature and the course of each disease is significantly different.

# Genome
In the 17 July 1998 issue of the journal Science, a group of biologists reported how they sequenced the genome of T. pallidum. The recent sequencing of the genomes of several spirochetes permits a thorough analysis of the similarities and differences within this bacterial phylum.  T. pallidum has one of the smallest bacterial genomes at 1.14 million base pairs, and has limited metabolic capabilities, reflecting its adaptation through genome reduction to the rich environment of mammalian tissue. The shape of T. pallidum  is flat and wavy, unlike the other spirochetes, which are helical.

# Vaccine
No vaccine for syphilis is available as of 2015. The outer membrane of T. pallidum has too few surface proteins for an antibody to be effective. Efforts to develop a safe and effective syphilis vaccine have been hindered by uncertainty about the relative importance of humoral and cellular mechanisms to protective immunity and because T. pallidum outer membrane proteins have not been unambiguously identified.
Trichoderma viride
Trichoderma viride is a fungus and a Bio Fungicide. 
It is used for seed and soil treatment for suppression of various diseases caused by fungal pathogens.
Mix Tricoderma viride with cooled rice gruel or Jaggary solution. Mix the seed required for an acre with this solution to have a uniform coating of the over the seeds. Dry the seeds in shade for 30 minutes and sow the treated seeds within 24 hrs.
Please remember that the seeds to be treated with Tricoderma viride should not have been pre-treated with fungicides.
Tricuspid prolapse

# Overview
Tricuspid prolapse is defined as abnormal protrusion of one or more of the leaflets of the tricuspid valve into the right atrium during systole.

# Incidence
Among 100 patients undergoing both right and left ventriculography, a total of 27 patients had tricuspid valve prolapse, and and a total of 15 patients had mitral valve prolapse. Among the 27 patients with tricuspid valve prolapse, 19 patients had prolapse isolated to the tricuspid valve, while eight patients had both tricuspid and mitral valve prolapse. Statistically, tricuspid valve prolapse was significantly associated with mitral valve prolapse (p < 0.02). Tricuspid valve prolapse was also associated with a higher right-ventricular ejection fraction (58 + 10 vs 53 +/- 10%; p less than 0.05) as well as smaller end-systolic right ventricular volume indices (39 +/- 16 vs 47 +/- 17 ml/m2; p less than 0.05).

# Echocardiographic Findings
In 1975 Chandraratna et al described the echocardiographic findings among 12 patients with tricuspid valve prolapse. Eight of the 12 patients also had associated mitral valve prolapse. Tricuspid  regurgitation was observed in one patient.

## Echocardiographic Patterns
The authors described two patterns of abnormality:
- Eight of 12 patients demonstrated an initial horizontal motion followed by a posterior motion in midsystole.
- The other 4 of 12 patients demonstrated posterior motion of the tricuspid valve in early systole, which reached a maximum in midsystole, which was then followed by an anterior motion.

# Association with other disease states
There are some data to suggest that tricuspid valve prolapse is associated with psoriasis.

# Clinical Significance
The clinical significance of tricuspid valve prolapse is unclear.
Trimethylaluminium
Trimethylaluminium is the chemical compound with the formula Al2(CH3)6, abbreviated as Al2Me6, (AlMe3)2 or the misnomer TMA.  This pyrophoric, colorless liquid is an industrially important organoaluminium compound.  It evolves white smoke (aluminium oxides) when the vapor is released into the air.

# Structure and bonding
Al2Me6 exists as a dimer, analogous in structure and bonding to diborane.  As with diborane, the metalloids are connected by a 3-center-2-electron bond: the shared methyl groups bridge between the two aluminium atoms.  The Al-C(terminal) and Al-C(bridging) distances are 1.97 and 2.14 A, respectively.  The carbon atoms of the bridging methyl groups are each surrounded by five neighbors: three hydrogen atoms and two aluminium atoms.  The methyl groups interchange readily intramolecularly and intermolecularly.  3-Centered-2-electron bonds are a hallmark of "electron-deficient" molecules, which tend to be reactive toward Lewis bases that would give products consisting of 2-centered-2-electron bonds.  For example upon treatment with amines gives adducts R3N-AlMe3.
Another more complicated reaction that gives products that follow the octet rule, Al2Me6 reacts with aluminium trichloride to give AlMe2Cl)2.
The species AlMe3, which features an aluminium atom bonded to three methyl groups is unknown.  VSEPR Theory predicts that such a molecule would have idealized threefold symmetry, as observed in BMe3.

# Synthesis and applications
TMA is prepared via a two-step process that can be summarized as follows:
TMA is mainly used for the production of methylaluminoxane, an activator for Ziegler-Natta catalysts for olefin polymerisation.  TMA is also employed as a methylation agent.  Tebbe's reagent, which is used for the methylenation of esters and ketones, is prepared from TMA. TMA is often released from sounding rockets as a tracer in studies of upper atmospheric wind patterns.
TMA is also used in semiconductor fabrication to grow thin film, high-k dielectrics such as Al2O3 via the processes of Chemical Vapor Deposition or Atomic Layer Deposition.
TMA forms a complex with the tertiary amine DABCO, which is safer to handle than TMA itself.
In combination with Cp2ZrCl2 (zirconocene dichloride), the (CH3)2Al-CH3 adds "across" alkynes to give vinyl aluminum species that are useful in organic synthesis in a reaction known as carbozirconation.

# Semiconductor grade TMA
TMA is the preferred metalorganic source for metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) of aluminium-containing compound semiconductors, such as AlAs, AlN, AlP, AlSb, AlGaAs, AlInGaAs, AlInGaP, AlGaN, AlInGaN, AlInGaNP etc. Criteria for TMA quality focus on (a) elemental impurites, (b) oxygenated and organic impurities.
Triparental mating

# Overview
Triparental mating is a form of Bacterial conjugation where a conjugative plasmid present in one bacterial strain assists the transfer of a mobilizable plasmid present in a second bacterial strain into a third bacterial strain. Plasmids are introduced into bacteria for such purposes as transformation, cloning, or transposon mutagenesis. Triparental matings can help overcome some of the barriers to efficient plasmid mobilization. For instance, if the conjugative plasmid and the mobilizable plasmid are members of the same incompatibility group they do not need to stably coexist in the second bacterial strain for the mobilizable plasmid to be transferred.

# Process

## Requirements
- A helper strain, Carrying a conjugative plasmid (such as the F-plasmid) that codes for genes required for conjugation and DNA transfer.
- A donor strain, Carrying a mobilizable plasmid that can utilize the transfer functions of the conjugative plasmid.
- A recipient strain, you wish to introduce the mobilizable plasmid into.
Five to seven days are required to determine if the 
plasmid was successfully introduced into the new bacterial 
strain and confirm that there is no carryover of the helper or 
donor strain.
In contrast, Electroporation does not require a helper or 
donor strain. This helps 
avoid possible contamination with other strains. The introduction 
-f the plasmid can be verified in the recipient 
strain in two days, making electroporation a faster and 
more efficient method of transformation.
Triphosphoric acid
Triphosphoric acid, also tripolyphosphoric acid, with formula H5P3O10, is a condensed form of phosphoric acid.
In polyphosphoric acids, it is the next after pyrophosphoric acid, H4P2O7, also called diphosphoric acid.
Compounds such as ATP (adenosine triphosphate) are esters of triphosphoric acid.
Warkany syndrome 2

# Overview
Warkany syndrome 2, also known as trisomy 8, is a chromosomal aberration that has severe effects on the fetus.
Trisomy is also found in some cases of chronic myeloid leukaemia, potentially as a result of karyotypic instability caused by the bcr:abl fusion gene.

# Presentation
Complete trisomy 8 frequently results in miscarriage, while those with "trisomy 8 mosaicism" are more likely to survive.  Common findings include retarded psychomotor development, moderate to severe mental retardation, variable growth patterns which can result in either abnormally short or tall stature, an expressionless face, and many musculoskeletal, visceral, and eye abnormalities, as well as other anomalies.  The type and severity of symptoms are dependent upon the location and proportion of trisomy 8 cells compared to normal cells.  Complete trisomy 8 is often an early lethal condition, whereas mosaic individuals with a low proportion of affected cells may exhibit a comparatively mild range of physical abnormalities and developmental delay.

# Eponym
It is named for Joseph Warkany.