Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Mitotoxin
Maitotoxin is the toxin that causes ciguatera poisoning.
Maitotoxin was named from the ciguateric fish Ctenochaetus striatuscalled maito in Tahitifrom which maitotoxin was isolated for the first time.  Later on, it was revealed that maitotoxin is made by the dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus.
The toxicity of maitotoxin to mice is the highest in nonprotein toxins: the LD50 is 50 ng/kg.  Maitotoxin induces Ca2+ influx into cell lines when its concentration is nanomolar to picomolar, and at lower concentrations than picomolar, maitotoxin stimulates degradation of inositol phosphate. The mechanisms of the activities have not been determined yet.
Maitotoxin's molecular formula is C164H256O68S2Na2, and its molecular weight is 3422: it is the largest natural product among compounds that do not have well-known units like proteins or polysaccharides.  Maitotoxin includes 32 ether rings, 22 methyls, 28 hydroxyls, and 2 sulfuric acid esters.  Maitotoxin has an amphipathic structure: polar radicals localize at the A to O rings, and methyls localize at the R to F' rings.
The chemical structure of mitotoxin was determined in 1996 by using high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum, mass spectroscopy, and synthetic chemical methods.
Molindone

# Overview
Molindone (Moban) is a therapeutic antipsychotic, used in the treatment of schizophrenia. It works by blocking the effects of dopamine in the brain, leading to diminished psychoses.  It is rapidly absorbed when taken orally.
It is sometimes described as a typical antipsychotic, and sometimes described as an atypical antipsychotic.
Molindone was discontinued by its sole supplier, Endo Pharmaceuticals, on January 13, 2010.  

# Adverse effects
The side effect profile of molindone is similar to that of other typical antipsychotics. Unlike most antipsychotics, however, molindone use is associated with weight loss.
Monoblast
Monoblasts are normally found in bone marrow and do not appear in the normal peripheral blood. They mature into monocytes which in turn develop into macrophages.

# Structure
A typical monoblast is about 12 to 20 m in diameter, has a nuclear to cytoplasm ration of 4:1 to 3:1, and, like most myeloid blasts, has a round to oval nucleus with fine chromatin structure. One to four nucleoli are usually visible. The nucleus can be central or eccentric and it can show evidence of indentation or folding. The cytoplasm is agranular, stains moderately to lightly basophilic, and often has an intensely stained periphery and a prominent perinuclear zone.

# Maturation
The monoblast is the first stage of monocyte-macrophage maturation. The developmental stages of the monoblast are:
CFU-GM (pluripotential hemopoietic stem cell or hemocytoblast) -> monoblast -> promonocyte -> monocyte-> macrophage.

# Additional images
- Blood cell lineage
- Hematopoiesis
Moraxella
Moraxella is a genus of Gram negative bacteria in the Moraxellaceae family. Moraxella catarrhalis is associated with human disease, being linked with respiratory tract infections. In the past, M. catarrhalis, which appears as pairs of cocci and is a gram negative bacterium that morphologically resembles Neisseria by Gram stain, was called Neisseria catarrhalis.  However, unlike Neisseria, which grows on chocolate agar, M. catarrhalis grows on blood agar.  (Note that up until ten years ago, M. catarrhalis was called Branhamella catarrhalis.)

# Epidemiology and Disease
M. catarrhalis resides in the human nasopharynx.  This bacterium causes similar symptoms to nontypableHaemophilus influenzae (NTHI), although it is much less virulent.  M. catarrhalis is the third most common bacterial cause of otitis media and sinusitis after Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus, respectively. In patients with pre-existing chronic lung disease, tracheobronchitis and pneumonia can ensue.  Of further note, M. catarrhalis hardly ever causes bacteremia or meningitis, unlike Neisseria meningitidis, which is a morphologic cousin of M. catarrhalis (see above).
The species Moraxella bovis causes infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in cattle.

# Host Response
The immune response to M. catarrhalis is likely mediated by an antibody to the outer membrane proteins of this organism.  Any other immune mechanisms are unknown at this time.

# Treatment
The antibiotic susceptibility of M. catarrhalis is similar to NTHI.  The majority of these organisms make beta-lactamase, an enzyme that renders beta-lactam antibiotics useless; thus, they are resistant to beta lactams such as penicillin.  There currently exists no vaccine to M. catarrhalis, but number of outer membrane proteins are currently being studied for the development of such a vaccine.
Morbidity

# Overview

# Morbidity
In medicine, epidemiology and actuarial science, the term morbidity can refer to
- the state of being diseased (from Latin morbidus: sick, unhealthy),
- the degree or severity of a disease,
- the prevalence of a disease: the total number of cases in a particular population at a particular point in time,
- the incidence of a disease: the number of new cases in a particular population during a particular time interval.
- disability irrespective of cause (e.g., disability caused by accidents).

# Morbidity Rate
The term morbidity rate can refer either to the incidence rate or to the prevalence rate of a disease. Compare this with the mortality rate of a condition, which is the number of people dying during a given time interval, divided by the total number of people in the population. Morbidity is often measured by ICU scoring systems.

# Related Chapters
- Morbidity & Mortality about the medical conference
- Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report a publication
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Morchella
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Morchella, the true morels, is a genus of edible mushrooms closely related to anatomically simpler cup fungi. These distinctive mushrooms appear honeycomblike in that the upper portion is composed of a network of ridges with pits between them. These ascocarps are prized by gourmet cooks, particularly for French cuisine.  Commercial value aside, morels are hunted by thousands of people every year simply for their taste and the joy of the hunt.  Morels have been called by many local names; some of the more colorful include "merkels" or "miracles," based on a story of how a mountain family was saved from starvation by eating morels , and Dryland fish, due to their similarity in taste to fish.

# Location of morels
The morel grows abundantly in the two and sometimes three years immediately following a forest fire.  However, where fire suppression is practiced, they may grow regularly in small amounts in the same spot year after year. Commercial pickers and buyers in North America will follow forest fires to gather morels. The Finnish name, huhtasieni, refers to huhta, area cleared for agriculture by slash and burn method. These spots may be jealously guarded by mushroom pickers, as the mushrooms are a delicacy and sometimes a cash crop. Although no symbiotic relationships have been proven between morels and certain tree species, experienced morel hunters swear by these relationships.  Trees commonly associated with morels include ash, sycamore, tuliptree, dead and dying elms, and old apple trees (remnants of orchards).  Morels have not yet been successfully farmed on a large scale, and the commercial morel industry is largely based on harvest of wild mushrooms.
Morels are a feature of many cuisines, including Provencal.

# Different types of morel mushrooms
The best known morels are the Yellow Morel or Common Morel (Morchella esculenta); the White Morel (M. deliciosa); and the Black Morel (M. elata). Other common names for morels include Merkel, Sponge Mushroom, and Land Fish. When gathering morels, care must be taken to distinguish them from the poisonous false morel (Gyromitra esculenta and others). Other species of true morels include M. semilibera and M. vulgaris. Discriminating between the various species is complicated by uncertainty regarding which species are truly biologically distinct. Mushroom hunters refer to them by their color (e.g., gray, yellow, black) as the species are very similar in appearance and vary considerably within species and age of individual.
Norovirus

# Overview
Norovirus is the cause of norovirus infection. Noroviruses (genus Norovirus) are a group of related, single-stranded RNA, nonenveloped viruses that cause acute gastroenteritis in humans. Noroviruses belong to the family Caliciviridae.

# Causes

## Common Causes
Norovirus is transmitted through person-to-person contact, food and water. Genotype GII.4 is mostly contact transmitted. Non-GII.4 genotypes such as GI.3, GI.6, GI.7, GII.3, GII.6 and GII.12 are mostly food-borne. Genogroup GI strains are more often transmitted through water. This is due to their higher stability in water compared to other strains of the virus.
Norovirus is among top ranks of food-borne viruses, globally. Transmission could occur in different stages of pre- and post-production of the food products. For instance, shellfish can be contaminated with fecal discharge in the water, fresh and frozen berries could be contaminated through water contaminated by sewage or contact during harvesting. Viral outbreaks through food-borne transmission can lead to a mixture of the viral strain and increased risk of genetic recombination. Studies show that about 7% of the foodborne outbreaks have a common source.

## Less Common Causes
Norovirus also has a nosocomial transition, causing a major burden for health care services. Immunocompromised patients may develop numerous norovirus variations due to the chronic infection. This intra-host viral variation may lead to the appearance of variants not similar to any of the ones of previous outbreaks, thus can escape the herd immunity.
To date, animal norovirus strains have not been reported to infect human population, but there has been evidence of intra-species transmission. Human norovirus has been detected in the stools of pigs, cattle and dogs.
Nafovanny
Nafovanny in Vietnam is the largest captive-breeding non-human primate facility in the world, supplying long-tailed macaques (Macaca Fascicularis) to animal testing laboratories, including Huntingdon Life Sciences in the UK and Covance in Germany. 

# Location and size
Located in Long Thanh, Vietnam  close to the Cambodian border, Nafovanny consists of two main farms with a total area of 90,000 square meters, able to hold 30,000 monkeys. According to the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV), the facility also maintains secret breeding farms on the Cambodian border, in which the BUAV alleges wild monkeys may also be held. The existence of these satellite farms is not referenced in the company's brochure, according to the BUAV. 

# Customers
The British government approved Nafovanny to export primates to British laboratories in 1999.  The British Animal Scientific Procedures Inspectorate visited Nafovanny in March 2005, and identified "shortcomings in animal accommodation and care," but since then the government has "received assurances and evidence that significant improvements have been made." 
According to Viet Nam News, 3,000 Nafovanny macaques were exported to the U.S. for testing purposes in 2000.  Around 50,000 non-human primates are used each year in the U.S.  and 10,000 in Europe,  3,000 of them in the UK.
Nanometre

# Overview
A nanometre (American spelling: nanometer, symbol nm) (Greek: , nanos, dwarf; , metr, count) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a metre (i.e., one millionth of a millimetre), which is the current SI base unit of length. It can be written in scientific notations as 1109 m (engineering notation) or 1 E-9 m (exponential notation)  both meaning 1/1,000,000,000 metres.
femtometre <<< picometre <<< nanometre <<< micrometre <<< millimetre < centimetre < decimetre < metre < decametre < hectometre < kilometre
It is one of the more often used units for very small lengths, and equals ten Angstrom, an internationally recognized non-SI unit of length.  It is often associated with the field of nanotechnology. Formerly, millimicron (symbol m) was used for the nanometre.
It is also the most common unit used to describe the manufacturing technology used in the semiconductor industry. It is the most common unit to describe the wavelength of light, with visible light falling in the region of 400-700nm.

# Similar terms
Nanometry is the science of counting and measuring particles on the scale of nanometres.
The term nanoscale is used to refer to objects with dimensions on the order 1-100 nm.  The term is often heard in relation to nanotechnology.
Tetracene
Tetracene, also called naphthacene, benzanthracene and 2,3-benzanthracene, is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. It has the appearance of a pale yellow powder.
Tetracene is used as a sensitiser in chemoluminescence.
It is a molecular organic semiconductor, used in OFETs and OLEDs. In May 2007, researchers from two Japanese universities, Tohoku University in Sendai, and Osaka University, have reported an ambipolar light-emitting transistor made of a tetracene single crystal . Ambipolar means that the electric charge is transported by both, positively charged molecular cations and negatively charged molecular anions.  Tetracene can be also used as a gain medium in dye lasers. Jan Hendrik Schon during his time at Bell Labs (1997-2002) claimed to have developed an electrically pumped laser based on tetracene. However his results could not be reproduced and it is considered scientific fraud.
Tetracene is the four ringed member of the series of acenes, the previous one being anthracene (tricene) and the next one being pentacene.
Nebulizer

# Overview
In medicine, a nebulizer is a device used to administer medication to people in forms of a liquid mist to the airways. It is commonly used in treating cystic fibrosis, asthma, and other respiratory diseases.
Also called "atomizers", they pump air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a vapor, which is then inhaled by the patient.
As a general rule, doctors generally prefer to prescribe inhalers for their patients, not only because these are cheaper and more portable, but are often less potent and carry less risk of side effects.  Nebulizers, for that reason, are usually reserved only for serious cases of respiratory disease, or severe attacks.
Newer, compact ultrasonic nebulizers are also available.  These nebulizers, such as the Omron MicroAir series, use vibrating micro-mesh to produce the vapor.  Nebulizers of this variety are rather expensive, and the micro-mesh is very delicate and sensitive to dust and debris.

# Use and attachments
Nebulizers usually accept their medicine in the form of a concentrated liquid, sometimes viscous. These medicines are frequently steroids, and the reason they are inhaled instead of ingested is to limit their effect to the lungs and respiratory system only. Otherwise, that amount of steroid saturated throughout the body would be toxic. This liquid is loaded into the machine for use.
Bronchodilators such as Albuterol are often used.
Usually, the vaporized medicine is inhaled through a tube-like mouthpiece, similar to that of an inhaler. This has the added benefit of increasing portability, as well as allowing surrounding air to mix with the medicine, decreasing the unpleasantness of the vapor. The inhaling apparatus, however, is sometimes replaced with a standard rubber face mask, similar to that use for inhaled anaesthesia, for ease of use with young children or the elderly.
After use with steroids, the person who used the nebulizer must rinse his or her mouth because those steroids can cause yeast infection of the mouth (thrush). This is not true for bronchodilators; however, patients may still wish to rinse their mouths due to the unpleasant taste of many bronchdilating drugs.
Neisseria

# Overview
Neisseria is a genus of bacteria included among the proteobacteria, a large group of Gram-negative forms. Neisseria are diplococci that resemble coffee beans when viewed microscopically. The genus includes the species  N. gonorrhoeae (also called the gonococcus), which causes gonorrhoea, and N. meningitidis (also called the meningococcus), one of the most common causes of bacterial meningitis and the causative agent of meningococcal septicaemia.
This genus also contains several, believed to be nonpathogenic species, like:
- Neisseria cinerea
- Neisseria elongata
- Neisseria flavescens
- Neisseria lactamica
- Neisseria mucosa
- Neisseria polysaccharea
- Neisseria sicca
- Neisseria subflava

# History
The genus Neisseria is named after the German bacteriologist Albert Neisser, who discovered its first example, Neisseria gonorrheae, the pathogen which causes the human disease gonorrhea. Neisser also co-discovered the pathogen that causes leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae. These discoveries were made possible by the development of new staining techniques which he helped to develop.

# Biochemical Indentification
All the medically significant species of Neisseria are positive for both catalase and oxidase.
Different Neisseria species can be identified by the sets of sugars from which they will produce acid. For example, N. gonorrheae makes acid from only glucose, however N. meningitidis produces acid from both glucose and maltose.
Neocortex
The neocortex (Latin for "new bark" or "new rind") is a part of the brain of mammals. It is the top layer of the cerebral hemispheres, 2-4 mm thick, and made up of six layers, labelled I to VI (with VI being the innermost and I being the outermost). The neocortex is part of the cerebral cortex (along with the archicortex and paleocortex  which are cortical parts of the limbic system). It is involved in higher functions such as sensory perception, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning,  conscious thought, and in humans, language. Other names for the neocortex include neopallium ("new mantle") and isocortex ("equal rind").

# Anatomy
The neocortex consists of grey matter surrounding the deeper white matter of the cerebrum. While the neocortex is smooth in rats and some other small mammals, it has deep grooves (sulci) and wrinkles (gyri) in primates and several other mammals. These folds increase the surface area of the neocortex considerably. The female neocortex contains approximately 19 billion neurons while the male neocortex has 23 billion. It is unknown what effect, if any, results from this difference.
The structure of the cortex is relatively uniform (whence the names "iso" and "homotypical"): it consists of six horizontal layers segregated by cell type, neuronal input, or cell density. The neurons are arranged in structures called neocortical columns. These are patches of the neocortex with a diameter of about 0.5 mm (and a depth of 2 mm). Each column typically responds to a sensory stimulus representing a certain body part or region of sound or vision. These columns are similar and can be thought of as the basic repeating functional units of the neocortex. In humans, the neocortex consists of about half million of these columns, each of which contains approximately 60,000 neurons.
The neocortex is divided into several lobes, and different regions of the neocortex have different functions. (See Cerebral cortex and Cerebrum.)

# Evolution
With respect to evolution, the neocortex is the newest part of the cerebral cortex (hence the name "neo"); the other parts of the cerebral cortex are the paleocortex and archicortex, collectively known as the allocortex. The cellular organization of the allocortex is different from the six-layer structure mentioned above. In humans, 90% of the cerebral cortex is neopallium.
The six-layer cortex appears to be a distinguishing feature of mammals: It has been found in the brains of all mammals but not in any other animals. There is some debate , however, as to the cross-species nomenclature for neocortex. In avians, for instance, there are clear examples of cognitive processes that are thought to be neocortical in nature, despite the lack of the distinctive six-layer neocortical structure. In a similar manner, reptiles, such as turtles, have primary sensory cortices. A consistent, alternative name has yet to be agreed upon.
Neophilia
Neophilia is defined as a love of novelty and new things. A neophiliac or neophile is an individual who is unusually accepting of new things and excited by novelty.
The word has particular significance in Internet and hacker culture. The New Hacker's Dictionary gave the following definition to neophilia -
Recent research uncovered a possible link between certain predisposition to some kind of neophilia and increased levels of the enzyme monoamine oxidase A.
Neoplasia

# Overview
Neoplasia (new growth in Greek) is abnormal and purposeless proliferation of cells in a tissue or organ. A neoplastic growth is called a neoplasm. Most neoplasms proliferate to form distinct masses, or tumors, but there are also many examples of neoplastic processes which are not grossly apparent, a commonly diagnosed example being cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, a pre-cancerous lesion of the uterine cervix. It is important to note that the term "neoplasm" is not synonymous with cancer, since neoplasms can be either benign or malignant. Leiomyoma (fibroids of the uterus) and melanocytic nevi (moles) are the most common types of neoplasms - both are benign. On the other hand, cancer is  a typical example of malignant neoplasia or tumor. Hence, it is important to be able to differentiate between neoplasia, tumor and cancer.
Interestingly, there is not a complete consensus in the biomedical community as to the exact biological definition of a neoplasm, although the statement of the British oncologist R.A. Willis is widely cited:
Neoplastic tumors often contain more than one type of cell, but their initiation and continued growth is usually dependent on a single population of neoplastic cells. These cells are clonal - that is, they are descended from a single progenitor cell. The neoplastic cells typically bear common genetic or epigenetic abnormalities which are not seen in the non-neoplastic stromal cells and blood-vessel forming cells, whose growth is dependent on molecular stimuli from the neoplastic cells. The demonstration of clonality is now considered by many to be necessary (though not sufficient) to define a cellular proliferation as neoplastic.

# Other uses
Neoplasia is also the name of a scientific journal for oncology research or a name of a Computer Demo Group, formed in 1995 (NPL). There is also a movie (Link), inspired by the releases of the demogroup.