Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Cirsoid Aneurysm

# Overview
A cirsoid aneurysm is the dilation of a group of blood vessels due to congenital malformations with AV (arterio venous) shunting.
Cirsoid means resembling a varix.
Sometimes, a minor traumatic episode, such as a fall or bump on the head, can lead to the formation of a cirsoid aneurysm. Often these are trivial traumatic episodes.
It most commonly occurs over the head usually the superficial temporal artery. It can also occur in places where medium vessels lie over bones without much intervening tissues between them and the skin.
The superficial temporal artery is the most commonly involved artery.

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination

### Skin
- Cirsoid aneurysm. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Cirsoid aneurysm. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Cirsoid aneurysm. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Cirsoid aneurysm. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
Cool extremities
Synonyms and keywords: Cold extremities; cold feet; cold hands and feet; cold hands

# Overview
Cool extremities refers to a condition where the hands and feet are colder than the core of the body.

# Causes

## Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
- Aortic dissection
- Cardiac tamponade
- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
- Myocardial infarction
- Pulmonary embolism

## Common Causes
- Cardiogenic shock
- Peripheral artery disease
- Raynaud's disease
- Septic shock

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order

# Differential Diagnosis of the Patient with Cool Extremities and Sweating or Diaphoresis, or "A Cold Sweat"
- Alcohol withdrawal
- Anxiety
- Nightmare
- Night terror
- Panic attack
- Shock
- ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
- Trauma
- Vagal episode
In contrast to the patient with cardiogenic shock and hypovolemic shock, the patient with septic shock will often have warm extremities.
Clematis vitalba
Clematis vitalba (also known as Old man's beard and Traveller's Joy) is a shrub of the Ranunculaceae family.

# Description
Clematis vitalba is a climbing shrub with branched stems, deciduous leaves, and scented greeny-white flowers with fluffy underlying sepals. The fruits have an overlying silky appendage lengthwise on the plant.
The flowers of this species are eaten by the larvae of moths including The V-Pug and Double-striped Pug and the leaves by Willow Beauty.

# Characteristics
- Reproductive organs:
Inflorescence type: biparous cyme
Sex:  hermaphrodite
Type of pollination:  entomophilous
- Inflorescence type: biparous cyme
- Sex:  hermaphrodite
- Type of pollination:  entomophilous
- Seed:
Type of fruit:  achene
Dissemination:  With the wind
- Type of fruit:  achene
- Dissemination:  With the wind
- Habitat and distribution:
Type of habitat: Mid-European shrubberies, mountainsides, in moderately eutrophic regions
Distribution: Holarctic
- Type of habitat: Mid-European shrubberies, mountainsides, in moderately eutrophic regions
- Distribution: Holarctic
In New Zealand it is declared an "unwanted organism" and it cannot be sold, propagated or distributed.  It is a threat to native plants since it grows vigorously and forms a canopy which smothers all other plants.
Clinical ecology

# Overview
Clinical ecology refers to physicians who believe that exposure to certain chemical agents can result in physical damage, causing multiple chemical sensitivity and a variety of other disorders. Clinical ecologists often have a background in the field of allergy, not toxicology, and their theoretical approach is derived in part from classic concepts of allergic responses, first articulated by Theron Randolph, leading them to find cause-and-effect relationships or low-dose effects that are not generally accepted by toxicologists.  There has been much resistance in the medical community to accepting their claims.
Clinical ecologists are certified by the American Academy of Environmental Medicine, which Theron Randolph founded in 1965 as the Society for Clinical Ecology. Theron G. Randolph published a number of books on Clinical Ecology and Environmental Medicine.   

# Criticism
Clinical ecology is not a recognized medical specialty. Critics of clinical ecology charge that multiple chemical sensitivity has never been clearly defined, no scientifically plausible mechanism has been proposed for it, no diagnostic tests have been substantiated, and not a single case has been scientifically validated. The theories and practices of clinical ecology have been severely criticized by the American Medical Association, the American College of Physicians, the Canadian Psychiatric Association, the International Society of Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, and the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
Cluttered speech

# Background
Cluttered speech is a common term for speech that becomes broken down, cluttered, or unintelligible due to a variety of reasons.  Cluttered speech is often described as hurried, nervous, broken down, stuttering, stammering, and cluttering.

# Normal Speech

## Stuttering
The common usage of stuttering is more similar to cluttered speech than to the speech disorder of stuttering.  The common usage of stuttering refers to the nervous speech type of cluttered speech.

## Nervous speech
People who don't have the speech disorder of stuttering will often mention they are "stuttering" in conjunction with the initial breakdown of a beginning of a speech.  An example is, "I was so nervous that I could barely talk above a whisper. I stuttered, mispronounced words, and dropped a baby doll that I was using as a demo."
This nervous speech is the most common type of cluttered speech, because all people do it to a degree.

## Public speaking
The Art of Public Speaking references cluttered speech as speech that is not clear and compelling, speech that forces listeners to "hack through a tangle of words to discover meaning."

# Cluttered Speech Disorders
Cluttered speech happens as a part of various disorders which affect the speech.

## Cluttering
The associated disorder resulting in an overage of cluttered speech is cluttering, in which speech becomes so cluttered that it becomes unintelligible, frequently through an overage of normal disfluencies such as repetitions, revisions, and interjections.

## Fragile X Syndrome
Cluttered speech is a common symptom of Fragile X Syndrome. People with Fragile X with a higher IQ exhibit cluttered speech including disfluencies and stuttering

## Pressured speech
Pressured speech is rapid, accelerated, frenzied speech that is a type of cluttered speech, which is typically associated with manias or hypomania.

## Dyslexia
A symptom of dyslexia is the breakdown of speech, or cluttered speech.

## Parkinson's
Michael J. Fox struggled with "cluttered speech" in conjunction with voice weakening due to Parkinson's..  He also said, "These impediments to self-expression are not the most painful or debilitating features of Parkinson's disease, yet they madden me more than even the most teeth-rattling full body tremor."
Fascia of Colles
The deep layer of superficial fascia (fascia of Colles) is thin, aponeurotic in structure, and of considerable strength, serving to bind down the muscles of the root of the penis.
It separates the skin from the superficial perineal space.

# Relations
In front, it is continuous, with the dartos tunic, the deep fascia of the penis, the fascia of the spermatic cord, and Scarpa's fascia upon the anterior wall of the abdomen;
On either side it is firmly attached to the margins of the rami of the pubis and ischium, lateral to the crus penis and as far back as the tuberosity of the ischium.
Posteriorly, it curves around the Transversi perini superficiales to join the lower margin of the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm.
In the middle line, it is connected with the superficial fascia and with the median septum of the Bulbocavernosus.
This fascia not only covers the muscles in this region, but at its back part sends upward a vertical septum from its deep surface, which separates the posterior portion of the subjacent space into two.

# Additional images
- The superficial branches of the internal pudendal artery.
Collimated light

# Overview
Collimated light is light whose rays are nearly parallel, and therefore will spread slowly as it propagates. The word is derived from "collinear" and implies light that does not disperse with distance. A perfectly collimated beam with no divergence cannot be created due to diffraction, but light can be approximately collimated by a number of processes, for instance by means of a collimator. Collimated light is sometimes said to be focused at infinity. Thus as the distance from a point source increases, the spherical wavefronts become flatter and closer to plane waves, which are perfectly collimated.

# Sources

## Lasers
Laser light from gas or crystal lasers is naturally collimated because it is formed in an optical cavity between two mirrors, in addition to being coherent. The divergence of high-quality laser beams is commonly less than 1 milliradian, and can be much less for large-diameter beams. It should be noted that diode lasers do not naturally emit collimated light, and therefore collimation into a beam requires a collimating lens.

## Distant sources
The light from stars (other than the Sun) can be considered collimated for almost any purpose, because they are so far away and have almost no angular size.

## Lenses and mirrors
A perfect parabolic mirror will bring parallel rays (from stars or distant objects) to a focus at a single point. Conversely, a point source at the focus of a parabolic mirror will produce a beam of collimated light. Since the source needs to be small, such an optical system cannot produce much optical power. Spherical mirrors are easier to make than parabolic mirrors and they are often used to produce approximately collimated light. Many types of lenses can also produce collimated light from point-like sources.

## Synchrotron Light
Synchrotron light is very well collimated. It is produced by bending relativistic electrons around a circlular track.

# Collimation and decollimation
"Collimation" refers to the process of tweaking an optical instrument for the best possible image quality. With regards to a telescope the term refers to the fact that the optical axes of each optical component should all be centered and parallel, so that collimated light emerges from the eyepiece. Most amateur reflector telescopes need to be re-collimated every few years to maintain optimum performance. Collimation can be done simply via inspection by looking down the drawtube with no eyepiece to make sure the components are lined up, or with the assistance of a simple laser collimator or autocollimator. Collimation can also be tested using a shearing interferometer, which is often used to test laser collimation.
"Decollimation" is any mechanism or process which causes a beam with the minimum possible ray divergence to diverge or converge from parallelism. Decollimation may be deliberate for systems reasons, or may be caused by many factors, such as refractive index inhomogeneities, occlusions, scattering, deflection, diffraction, reflection, and refraction. Decollimation must be accounted for to fully treat many systems such as radio, radar, sonar, and optical communications.
Column of Clarke

# Overview
The dorsal nucleus (column of Clarke, Clarke's columns, posterior thoracic nucleus) occupies the medial part of the base of the posterior column, and appears on the transverse section as a well-defined oval area.
It begins below at the level of the second or third lumbar nerve, and reaches its maximum size opposite the twelfth thoracic nerve.
Above the level of the ninth thoracic nerve its size diminishes, and the column ends opposite the last cervical or first thoracic nerve.
It is represented, however, in the other regions by scattered cells, which become aggregated to form a cervical nucleus opposite the third cervical nerve, and a sacral nucleus in the middle and lower part of the sacral region.
Its cells are of medium size, and of an oval or pyriform shape; their axons pass into the peripheral part of the lateral funiculus of the same side, and there ascend, probably in dorsal spinocerebellar (direct cerebellar) fasciculus.
Common bile duct

# Overview
Bile, which is synthesized in the liver, is carried to the right and left hepatic ducts, which converge to form the common hepatic duct. There, it can either enter the  superior end of the common bile duct and either empties into the third (and retroperitoneal) portion of the duodenum, or enter the cystic duct to be stored in the gallbladder.
The inferior end of the common bile duct merges with the large pancreatic duct (duct of Wirsung) from the pancreas, into the ampulla of Vater. There, the two ducts are surrounded by the muscular hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi) which if contracted, prevents bile from entering the small intestine.

# Additional images
- Region of pancreas
- The celiac ganglia with the sympathetic plexuses of the abdominal viscera radiating from the ganglia.
- Horizontal disposition of the peritoneum in the upper part of the abdomen.
- Interior of the descending portion of the duodenum, showing bile papilla.
- Inferior surface of the liver.
- The pancreas and duodenum from behind.
- The pancreatic duct.
- The portal vein and its tributaries.
- Liver and gallbladder
Conception chart

# Background
The Conception chart has its origins in Thirteenth century China.  It purports to be able to tell an expectant couple the gender of the fetus they conceived.  It's accuracy has not been confirmed by the scientific method. 
In astrology Natal chart is the map of sky at the date and time of birth.
By using this Natal chart there is a way to plot the Conception chart.
Conception chart is the map of sky at the date and time when that native was conceived.
There are laws to calculate the pregnancy period using the phase of moon and the 
ascendant and the Moon's position in the Natal Chart.
Long QT syndrome
Long QT syndrome is one of the many causes of QT prolongation. For a complete review of QT prolongation in general, click here.
Synonyms and keywords: LQTS; long QT; congenital long QT; congenital long QT interval

# Overview

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

# Differentiating Long QT Syndrome from other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Stratification

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

# Diagnosis
History and Symptoms | Electrocardiogram | Genetic Studies | Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Primary Prevention

## Secondary Prevention

### Contraindicated medications
Long QT syndrome is considered an absolute contraindication to the use of the following medications:
- Dofetilide

# Case Studies

# Related Chapters
- Cardiac action potential
- Short QT syndrome
Filiform papilla

# Overview
The filiform papillae are thin, long papillae "V"-shaped cones that don't contain taste buds but are the most numerous. These papillae are mechanical and not involved in gustation covering most of the dorsal (top). Characterized increased keratinization. papillae (projections)
They are small and arranged in lines parallel to the V-shaped row of circumvallate papillae, except at the tip of the tongue where they are aligned transversely.
Projecting from their apices are numerous filamentous processes, or secondary papillae. These are of a whitish tint, owing to the thickness and density of the epithelium of which they are composed. This epithelium has undergone a peculiar modification as the cells have become cornified and elongated into dense, imbricated, brush-like processes.
They contain also a number of elastic fibers, which render them firmer and more elastic than the papillae of mucous membrane generally.
The larger and longer papillae of this group are sometimes termed papillae conicae.
Fungiform papillae are found dispersed throughout the filiform papillae.
Connirae Andreas
Connirae Andreas is an American researcher and writer in the field of Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP).
Connirae Andreas works together with her husband Steve Andreas since 1977 and has published several books on NLP through the publishing business established by Steve Andreas, Real People Press.   Real People Press has published popular books by Hugh Prather, Michael Colgrass, Eloise Ristad, and Leslie and Michael LeBeau.  "Notes to Myself" by Hugh Prather was originally published by Real People press in 1970 and was on the New York Times bestseller list for over a year.  They edited and published the first popular book on NLP, "Frogs Into Princes" which sold over 500,000 copies.  They still own this business which publishes books on psychology and personal change..
The couple is especially known for their work on the transcriptions of several early NLP seminars.   In 1979 she and her husband moved to Colorado and established NLP Comprehensive to organize trainings. In 1995 they sold NLP Comprehensive to Lara Ewing, one of their NLP consulting trainers.  The company was subsequesntly sold in 1998 to Tom Dotz who had founded the NLP Institute of California.
Connirae Andreas did pioneer work on Core Transformation and also on other fields like language patterns, time lines, and dealing with mourning and shame.
She wrote books with her sister Tamara Andreas and her husband Steve Andreas, and edited several books with the founders of NLP Richard Bandler and John Grinder, like "Trance-Formations" and "Using Your Brain for a Change" .

# Bibliography
- Andreas, Connirae & Steve Andreas, "Change your mind--and keep the change, advanced NLP submodalities interventions", Moab, Utah : Real People Press , c1987, ISBN 0911226281
- Andreas, Connirae & Steve Andreas, "Heart of the mind: engaging your inner power to change with neuro-linguistic programming", Moab, Utah : Real People Press, c1989, ISBN 0911226303
- Andreas, Connirae & Steve Tamara, "Core transformation: Reaching the wellspring within", Moab, Utah : Real People Press, 1994, ISBN 091122632X
Conocybe smithii
Conocybe smithii is a rare member of the genus Conocybe which contains the hallucinogenic alkaloid psilocybin.  It is formerly known as Galera cyanopes.

# Description
Conocybe smithii is a small saprophytic mushroom less then 75 mm tall with a conic to convex cap with a distinct umbo.  The cap is smooth and colored rusty brown, glistening when wet.  It is usually less than 13 mm across and is striate.   The gills are adnate to adnexed and colored pale brown with whitish edges, darkening to rusty brown in age.   The spores are cinnamon brown, smooth and ellipsoid with thick walls and a germ pore, measuring 8 x 5 micrometres.  The stem is fragile, pure white and smooth, 20 to 75 mm long, 1 mm thick, and is equal width for most of the length, often  swelling to 1.5 mm at the base.  The stem lacks an annulus (ring) and when picked the stem is usually already an azure shade of blue at the bulbous base.
The cap color lightens when it dries, turning a tan color.

# Distribution and habitat
Conocybe smithii often grows in bogs, ditches and swampy areas, commonly in sphagnum moss.  Also found along river banks and in lawns.
It is known to occur in Canada, Oregon, Wisconsin, Washington, and Michigan, but is probably more widely distributed.
On the west coast, Conocybe smithii is an early summer mushroom, almost never appearing after the first week of June.

# Edibility
Mildly hallucinogenic, containing psilocin, psilocybin, and baeocystin.  Most mycologists recommend against eating this mushroom because it is difficult to distinguish from poisonous species.
Conservation law
In physics, a conservation law states that a particular measurable property of an isolated physical system does not change as the system evolves. 
Any particular conservation law is a mathematical identity to certain symmetry of a physical system.
A partial listing of conservation laws that are said to be exact laws, or more precisely have never been shown to be violated:
- Conservation of energy
- Conservation of linear momentum
- Conservation of angular momentum
- Conservation of electric charge
- Conservation of color charge
- Conservation of weak isospin
- Conservation of probability
There are also approximate conservation laws.  These are approximately true in particular situations, such as low speeds, short time scales, or certain interactions.
- Conservation of mass (applies for low speeds)
- Conservation of baryon number (See chiral anomaly)
- Conservation of lepton number (In the Standard Model)
- Conservation of flavor (violated by the weak interaction)
- Conservation of parity
- CP symmetry
Constant dollars
The term Constant dollars refers to a metric for valuing the price of something over time, without that metric changing due to inflation or deflation.  The term specifically refers to dollars whose present value is linked to a given year.
As an example, this is a graph of 2005 Constant Dollars:
File:2005 dollars.PNG
Constant dollars are used to compare the "real value" of an income or price to put the "nominal value" in perspective. For example, who was making more money, your father who made $5,000 at his first job in 1957, or you when you started at $18,000 in 1986? The answer depends on how much can be purchased by each salary. Is a gallon of gasoline more expensive in 1972 than it is today?  It depends on how long a person needs to work to earn the money to buy the gas. Converting the nominal values into constant dollars compares what $5,000 could buy in 1957 to what $18,000 could buy in 1986. It is similar to finding the common denominator when adding or comparing fractions. Is 5/8 bigger than 3/5?  Convert them both to 40ths and the first becomes 25/40 and the 2nd 24/40.
The inflation calculator at the Bureau of Labor Statistics shows that $5,000 in 1957 has a value of $19,501.78 in 1986 dollars  or that $18,000 in 1986 has a value of $4,614.96 in 1957 dollars. So dad was making more money, even though $18,000 looks larger than $5,000. Any year can be used as a baseline for comparing two years as long as it is consistent. For example, both salaries could be converted into 1970 dollars. Then the $18,000 becomes $6,372.26 in 1970 dollars, and the $5,000 becomes $6,903.91 in 1970 dollars. The relative position stays the same no matter what year is used as a baseline. Also the fraction of (1986 salary)/(1957 salary) remains the same as well when both are in constant dollars.