Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Lipophilicity
Lipophilicity, fat-liking, refers to the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents such as hexane or toluene. These non-polar solvents are themselves lipophilic  the axiom that like dissolves like generally holds true. Thus lipophilic substances tend to dissolve in other lipophilic substances, while hydrophilic (water-loving) substances tend to dissolve in water and other hydrophilic substances.
Lipophilicity, hydrophobicity and non-polarity (the latter as used to describe intermolecular interactions and not the separation of charge in dipoles) all essentially describe the same molecular attribute; the terms are often used interchangeably.

# Chemical bonding
Lipophilic substances interact within themselves and with other substances through van der Waals forces. They have little to no capacity to form hydrogen bonds. When a molecule of a lipophilic substance is enveloped by water, surrounding water molecules enter into an 'ice-like' structure over the greater part of its molecular surface, the thermodynamically unfavourable event that drives oily substances out of water. Being 'driven out of water' is the quality of a substance referred to as hydrophobic (water-avoiding or water-fearing). Thus lipophilic substances tend to be water insoluble. They invariably have large o/w (oil/water) partition coefficients.

# Surfactants
Surfactants are compounds that are amphiphilic (or amphipathic), having a hydrophilic, water interactive 'end', referred to as their 'head group', and a lipophilic 'end', usually a long chain hydrocarbon fragment, referred to as their 'tail'. They congregate at low energy surfaces, including the air-water interface (lowering surface tension) and the surfaces of the water-immiscible droplets found in o/w emulsions (lowering interfacial tension). At these surfaces they naturally orient themselves with their head groups in water and their tails either sticking up and largely out of water (as at the air-water interface) or dissolved in the water-immiscible phase that the water is in contact with (e.g. as the emulsified oil droplet). In both these configurations the head groups strongly interact with water while the tails avoid all contact with water. Surfactant molecules also aggregate in water as micelles with their head groups sticking out and their tails bunched together. Micelles draw oily substances into their hydrophobic cores, explaining the basic action of soaps and detergents used for personal cleanliness and for laundering clothes. Micelles are also biologically important for the transport of fatty substances in the small intestine surface in the first step that leads to the absorption of the components of fats (largely fatty acids and 2-monoglycerides).
Cell membranes are bilayer structures principally formed from phospholipids, molecules which have a highly water interactive, ionic phosphate head groups attached to two long alkyl tails.
Fear of youth

# Background
The psychological and social fear of youth is called ephebiphobia.

# Etymology and usage

## Coinage
The word ephebiphobia is formed from Greek 'ephebos'  = teenager, underage adolescent and 'fobos'  = fear, phobia.
Coinage is attributed to a 1994 article by Kirk Astroth published in Phi Delta Kappan. Today, common usage occurs internationally by sociologists, government agencies, and youth advocacy organizations that define ephebiphobia as an abnormal or irrational and persistent fear and/or loathing of teenagers or adolescence.

## Similar terms
The term paedophobia has gained popular acceptance in Europe to describe the aforementioned "fear of youth".  Pediaphobia is the fear of infants and children. Using this term to categorize fear of youth may dismiss the unique social position that youth occupy. Hebephobia (from Greek 'hebe' () = youth) has also been proposed; however, no verifiable evidence is available to support that claim. Similar terms include adultism, which is a predisposition towards adults that is biased against children and youth, and ageism, which describes discrimination against any person because of their age.

# Impacts
The effects of ephebiphobia appear to cause damage throughout society. At least one major economist has proposed that the fear of youth can have grave effects on the economic health of nations. A growing number of researchers report that the fear of youth affects the health of democracy, reporting that the consequential vilification of youth has in the past, and continues to presently undermine public, social, political, and cultural participation among current and future generations.
Many social programs and social critics view ephebiphobia as a condemning force against youth throughout society, particularly when coupled with racism as it affects urban law enforcement, schooling, and media around the world The effects of sexism are similarly reported to be amplified by ephebiphobia.
As it effects young people themselves, ephebiphobia has recognized as a barrier towards successful academic achievement, a barrier to successful social intervention programs, and as an indicator of the ineptitude of many adults to be successful parents.
Academics acknowledge the force of ephebiphobia in the commercial and governmental sectors of society, where this fear of youth has been extensively exploited for financial gain. This is elaborated on by social critics who claim that popular media exacerbated society's fear of youth. That notion is supported by newspaper reports of the fear of youth as a driver of social policy. A number of observers have indicated the deliberate perpetuation of mass social ephebiphobia in order to elicit particular public and social responses.

# Examples of the fear of youth in popular culture
- A Tribe Apart: A Journey into the Heart of American Adolescence by Patricia Hersch
- Rosemary's Baby (film)
- The Exorcist (film)
- Children of the Corn (film)
- The Parent Trap (film)
- Battle Royale (film)
- Many movies about school
- Many songs about school
- The Bad Seed (film)
- "Teenagers", a song by My Chemical Romance
Tunica intima

# Overview
The tunica intima (or just intima) is the innermost layer of an artery. It is made up of one layer of endothelial cells and is supported by an internal elastic lamina.  The endothelial cells are in direct contact with the blood flow.
The inner coat (tunica intima) can be separated from the middle by a little maceration, or it may be stripped off in small pieces; but, on account of its friability, it cannot be separated as a complete membrane. It is a fine, transparent, colorless structure which is highly elastic, and, after death, is commonly corrugated into longitudinal wrinkles.
The inner coat consists of:
- (1) A layer of pavement endothelium, the cells of which are polygonal, oval, or fusiform, and have very distinct round or oval nuclei. This endothelium is brought into view most distinctly by staining with nitrate of silver.
- (2) A subendothelial layer, consisting of delicate connective tissue with branched cells lying in the interspaces of the tissue; in arteries of less than 2 mm. in diameter the subendothelial layer consists of a single stratum of stellate cells, and the connective tissue is only largely developed in vessels of a considerable size.
- (3) An elastic or fenestrated layer, which consists of a membrane containing a net-work of elastic fibers, having principally a longitudinal direction, and in which, under the microscope, small elongated apertures or perforations may be seen, giving it a fenestrated appearance. It was therefore called by Henle the fenestrated membrane. This membrane forms the chief thickness of the inner coat, and can be separated into several layers, some of which present the appearance of a network of longitudinal elastic fibers, and others a more membranous character, marked by pale lines having a longitudinal direction. In minute arteries the fenestrated membrane is a very thin layer; but in the larger arteries, and especially in the aorta, it has a very considerable thickness.

# Additional images
- Vein
- Anatomy of the arterial wall
Fenticonazole

# Overview
Fenticonazole is an azole antifungal drug, used locally as the nitrate in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis. It is active against a range of organisms including dermatophyte pathogens, Malassezia furfur, and Candida albicans.

# Uses and administration
A 200-mg pessary is inserted into the vagina at bedtime for 3 nights or a 600-mg pessary is inserted once only at bedtime. Fenticonazole nitrate is also applied topically as a 2% cream or solution for the treatment of fungal skin infections.

# Adverse effects
Burning and itching have been reported after the application of fenticonazole nitrate.
Intravaginal preparations of fenticonazole may damage latex contraceptives and additional contraceptive measures are therefore necessary during local administration.
Fetal surgery
Open fetal surgery is an invasive form of fetal intervention in the treatment of birth defects where the pregnant uterus is opened up for direct surgery on the fetus.

# Overview
Open fetal surgery is similar in many respects to a normal cesarean section performed under general anesthesia, except that the fetus remains dependent on the placenta and is returned to the uterus. A hysterotomy is performed on the pregnant woman. Once the uterus is open and the fetus is exposed, the fetal surgery begins.  Typically, this surgery consists of an interim procedure intended to allow the fetus to remain in utero until it has matured enough to survive delivery and neonatal surgical procedures.  Upon completion of the fetal surgery, the fetus is put back inside the uterus and the uterus and abdominal wall are closed up.
The mother remains in the hospital for 3-7 days for monitoring and is required to subsequently deliver the baby via a second cesarean section. Often babies who have been operated on in this manner are born pre-term.
Open fetal surgery has proven to be reasonably safe for the mother.  For the fetus, safety and effectiveness are variable, and depend on the specific procedure, the reasons for the procedure, and the gestational age and condition of the fetus.

# History
Fetal surgical techniques using animal models were first developed at the University of California, San Francisco in 1980.
In 1981, the first human open fetal surgery in the world was performed at University of California, San Francisco under the direction of Dr. Michael Harrison. The fetus in question had a congenital hydronephrosis, a blockage in the urinary tract that caused the bladder to dangerously extend. To correct this a vesicostomy was performed placing a catheter in the fetus allowing the urine to be released normally. The blockage itself was removed surgically after birth. 
Further advances have been made in the years since this first operation. New techniques have allowed additional defects to be treated and for less invasive forms of fetal surgical intervention such as fetendo and fetal image-guided surgery.

# Defects Sometimes Treated by Open Fetal Surgery
- Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (if indicated at all, it is now more likely to be treated by endoscopic fetal surgery)
- Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
- Congenital heart disease
- Myelomeningocele (a severe form of spina bifida)
- Pulmonary sequestration
- Sacrococcygeal teratoma
Fetus in fetu
Synonyms and keywords: Ftus in ftu

# Overview
Fetus in fetu is a developmental abnormality containing entire organ systems, even major body parts such as torso or limbs.

# Historical perpective
- Alamjan Nematilaev was the surviving host of a fetus in fetu. In 2003, aged 7, his school physician in Kazakhstan referred him to hospital after movements were detected in the boy's enlarged stomach. An operation intended to remove a cyst uncovered the fetus of Alamjan's identical twin brother, which had lived as parasitic growth inside the boy throughout his entire life. The fetus was comparatively highly developed, with hair, arms, fingers, nails, legs, toes, genitals, a head, and a vague approximation of a face.
- In June 1999, Sanju Bhagat, a man from Nagpur, India, was rushed to a hospital due to difficulty breathing.  There, a surgical team removed from his bulging belly a teratoma, a kind of tumor. The report described that the surgical team found a living half-formed "creature" inside Mr. Bhagat's belly.
- In November 2006, a Chilean boy in Santiago was diagnosed with fetus in fetu shortly before birth. 

# Pathophysiology

## Theories of Development
There are two main theories about the development of fetus in fetu; one simple, the other complex.

### Teratoma Theory
Fetus in fetu may be a very highly differentiated form of dermoid cyst, itself a highly differentiated form of mature teratoma.

### Parasitic Twin Theory
Fetus in fetu may be a parasitic twin fetus growing within its host twin.  Very early in a monozygotic twin pregnancy, in which both fetuses share a common placenta, one fetus wraps around and envelops the other. The enveloped twin becomes a parasite, in that its survival depends on the survival of its host twin, by drawing on the host twin's blood supply. The parasitic twin is anencephalic (without a brain) and lacks some internal organs, and as such is almost always unable to survive on its own.
Sometimes, however, the host twin survives and is delivered. The parasitic twin grows so large that it starts to harm the host, at which point doctors usually intervene. The condition causes the host to look pregnant, and can occur in both males and females.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
The abnormality occurs in 1 in 500,000 live births.
Fibrous joint

# Overview
Fibrous joints are connected by dense connective tissue, consisting mainly of collagen.

# Types
The fibrous joints are further divided into three types:
- Sutures are found between bones of the skull. In fetal skulls the sutures are wide to allow slight movement during birth.  They later become rigid (synarthrodial).
- Syndesmosis are found between long bones of the body, such as the radius and ulna in forearm and the fibula and tibia in leg.  Unlike other fibrous joints, syndesmoses are moveable (amphiarthrodial), albeit not to such degree as synovial joints.
- Gomphosis is a joint between the root of a tooth and the sockets in the maxilla or mandible.
Salla disease

# Overview
Salla disease (also called sialic acid storage disease or Finnish type sialuria) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease characterized by early physical impairment and mental retardation.   First described in 1979, Salla disease is named after Salla, a municipality in Finnish Lapland.  Salla disease is one of 40 Finnish heritage diseases and affects approximately 130 individuals, mainly from Finland and Sweden.

# Diagnosis
Individuals with Salla disease may present with nystagmus in the first months of life as well as hypotonia, reduced muscle tone and strength, and cognitive impairment. The most severely impaired children do not walk or acquire language, but the typical patient learns to walk and speak and has normal life expectancy. The MRI shows arrested or delayed myelination.

# Pathophysiology
The disorder is caused by a mutation in chromosome 6 (a recessive genetic trait in the gene SLC17A5, the locus of which is 6q14-15). This gene codes for sialin, a lysosomal membrane protein that transports the charged sugar, N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid), out of lysosomes. The mutation causes sialic acid to build up in the cells.

# Life Expectancy
The life expectancy for individuals with Salla disease is between the ages of 50 and 60.

# Diagnosis and Testing
A diagnosis of this disorder can be made by measuring urine to look for elevated levels of free sialic acid. Prenatal testing is also available for known carriers of this disorder.

# Treatment
There is no cure for Salla Disease. Treatment is limited to controlling the symptoms of this disorder. Anti-convulsant medication may control seizure episodes. Physical therapists can assist an affected individual to build muscle strength and coordination, and speech therapists may assist the affected individual in improving his or her speech.
Fitness trail
A fitness trail, or "par course" (from the French parcours meaning course) consists of a path or course equipped with obstacles or stations distributed along its length for exercising the human body to promote good health.  The course is designed to promote physical fitness training in the style attributed to Georges Hebert.  In general, fitness trails can be natural or man made, located in areas such as forest, transportation rights-of-way, parks, or urban settings.  Equipment exists to provide specific forms of physiological exercise, and can consist of natural features including climbable rocks, trees, and river embankments, or manufactured products (stepping posts, chin-up and climbing bars) designed to provide similar physical challenges.  The degree of difficulty of a course is determined by terrain slope, trail surface (dirt, grass, gravel, etc), obstacle height (walls) or length (crawls) and other features.  Urban par courses tend to be flat, to permit participation by the elderly, and to accommodate cyclists, runners, skaters and walking. The new concept of an outdoor gym, containing traditional gym equipment specifically designed for outdoor use, is also considered to be a development of the par course.

# History
The original parcourse was invented in 1968 by Swiss architect Erwin Weckemann with support from a  Swiss insurance firm .  Hundreds of courses were built in Europe by 1972.
Courses built in the United States in ensuing years included:
- 1976 "Parcour" exercise trail in County Farm Park in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
- 1977 Bruce Jenner Trail in the Lake County, Illinois Forest Preserve District.
In New Territories, Hong Kong, Lion Rock Country Park was established in 1977 featuring 15 exercise stations.

# Examples
- Prince George County Parks and Recreation Chernikoff Fitness Trail, Maryland, US.
- Maintained list of Parcours Fitness Trails in the Puget Sound area, Washington State, US.
- Queens Park Fitness Trail, City of Invercargill, New Zealand.

# Fitness Trail Equipment Industry
Standardized multiple-station equipment packages for par courses is available from several manufacturers, including   Columbia Cascade, Fit Trail, GameTime, 
Outdoor Fitness Equipment, 
and TriActive America.
Fixed fantasy
A fixed fantasy is a belief or system of beliefs held by a single individual to be genuine, but that cannot be verified in reality. The term is typically applied to individuals suffering from some type of psychiatric dysregulation, most often a personality disorder.
A fixed fantasy differs from a delusion or delusional system in that, superficially, a fixed fantasy tends to appear plausible, and the person expressing the fantasy is not suffering a break from reality, as occurs in a delusional state.
A fixed fantasy also differs from a religion or superstition in that these are culturally bound, whereas a fixed fantasy is specific to an individual.
In and of themselves, fixed fantasies are typically not harmful, but they can sometimes interfere with an individual's ability to develop a coherent and integrated life experience.
Flu treatment
This article is about flu treatment in humans for mild human flu, which includes both efforts to reduce symptoms and treatments for the flu virus itself.
The CDC recommends that patients with flu get plenty of rest, drink a lot of liquids, and avoid using alcohol and tobacco.

# Antiviral Drugs
These treatments are antiviral drugs that affect the virus itself and may be used as either a prophylactic (that is, before infection) or as treatment. In general, antiviral drugs for treatment of influenza must be taken within a few days of the onset of symptoms.
Due to increasing incidence of drug resistance to amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 during the 2005-2006 flu season in the United States, the CDC recommended the use of oseltamivir for flu prevention and the use of oseltamivir or zanamivir for flu treatment.

## Approved
These prescription drugs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as safe and effective.

## Experimental
Peramivir is being developed by BioCryst Pharmaceuticals, but has not yet been approved for sale in the United States.

# Conventional symptomatic relief
Over the counter medicines may be taken to relieve influenza symptoms, but they do not affect the virus.
Children and teenagers with flu symptoms (particularly fever) should avoid taking aspirin as taking aspirin in the presence of influenza infection (especially Influenzavirus B) can lead to Reye's syndrome, a rare but potentially fatal disease of the liver.

# Unconventional treatment
Homeopathic and other cold and flu remedies that fail to meet the regulatory requirements required to be marketed as drugs that treat disease, or the standards of evidence-based medicine, are heavily marketed and widely sold as nutritional supplements.
They may be based on extracts of living things, but may lack documentation of their safety and effectiveness. They may be promoted by those who deny the need for such testing and may fail to provide a scientifically plausible rationale for their effectiveness.Template:Facts
Fluid balance
Fluid balance is the concept that the amount of fluid lost from the body is equal to the amount of fluid taken in.

# Routes of fluid loss and gain
Fluid can leave the body in many ways.
- Some fluid is lost through perspiration and as water vapour in expired air. This is part of the body's temperature control mechanism and is termed "insensible loss": it cannot be easily measured. Some sources say it accounts for a daily loss 500 to 650 milliliters of water, while other sources put the minimum value at 800 ml.
- In addition, fluid is lost through urine and in faeces.
Fluid can enter the body in ingested food and drink.

# Normal homeostasis
The body's homeostatic control mechanisms, which maintain a constant internal environment, ensure that a balance between fluid gain and fluid loss is maintained.  The hormones ADH (anti-diuretic hormone, also known as vasopressin) and Aldosterone play a major role in this.
- If the body is becoming fluid-deficient, there will be an increase in the secretion of these hormones, causing fluid to be retained by the kidneys and urine output to be reduced.
- Conversely, if fluid levels are excessive, secretion of these hormones is suppressed, resulting in less retention of fluid by the kidneys and a subsequent increase in the volume of urine produced.

# Effects of drugs and illness
Drugs such as caffeine and alcohol suppress the secretion of ADH.  This reduces the amount of water that is reabsorbed by the body in the kidneys, causing an increase in urine output and leading to the dehydration associated with these drugs.
In illness, the situation is more complex.  Fluid may also be lost through vomiting, diarrhea, and haemorrhage. An individual is at an increased risk of dehydration in these instances, as the kidneys will find it more difficult to match fluid loss by reducing urine output (the kidneys must produce at least some urine in order to excrete metabolic waste.)

# Fluid balance in an acute hospital setting
In an acute hospital setting, fluid balance is monitored carefully. This provides information on the patient's state of hydration, renal function and cardiovascular function.
- If fluid loss is greater than fluid gain (for example if the patient vomits and has diarrhea), the patient is said to be in negative fluid balance. In this case, fluid is often given intravenously to compensate for the loss.
- But a positive fluid balance (where fluid gain is greater than fluid loss) might suggest a problem with either the renal or cardiovascular system.
If blood pressure is low (hypotension), the filtration rate in the kidneys will lessen, causing less fluid reabsorption and thus less urine output.
An accurate measure of fluid balance is therefore an important diagnostic tool, and allows for prompt intervention to correct the imbalance.