Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Frank Pantridge
Dr. James Francis "Frank" Pantridge, MD, CBE (b. October 3 1916, Hillsborough, County Down  d. 
December 26 2004) was a physician and cardiologist from Northern Ireland who transformed emergency medicine and paramedic services with the invention of the portable defibrillator.
He was educated at the Queen's University of Belfast, graduating in medicine in 1939. During World War II he served in the British Army and was awarded the Military Cross during the Fall of Singapore, when he became a prisoner of war. He served much of his captivity as a slave labourer on the Burma Railway.
After his liberation he worked as a lecturer in the pathology department at Queen's University, and then won a scholarship to the University of Michigan, where he studied under Dr. F. N. Wilson, a cardiologist and authority on electrocardiography.
Frank Pantridge returned to Northern Ireland in 1950, and was appointed as cardiac consultant to the Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast and professor at Queen's University, where he remained until his retirement in 1982. There he established a specialist cardiology unit whose work became known around the world.
By 1957 Pantridge and his colleague, Dr. John Geddes, had introduced the modern system of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for the early treatment of heart attack. Further study led Frank Pantridge to the realization that many deaths resulted from ventricular fibrillation which needed to be treated before the patient was admitted to hospital. This led to his introduction of the mobile coronary care unit (MCCU), an ambulance with specialist equipment and staff to provide pre-hospital care.
To extend the usefulness of early treatment, Pantridge went on to develop the portable defibrillator, and in 1965 installed his first version in a Belfast ambulance. It weighed 70 kg and operated from car batteries, but by 1968 he had designed an instrument weighing only 3 kg, incorporating a miniature capacitor manufactured for NASA.
His work was backed up by clinical investigations and epidemiological studies in scientific papers, including an influential 1967 The Lancet article. With these developments, the Belfast treatment system, often known as the "Pantridge Plan", became adopted throughout the world by emergency medical services. The portable defibrillator became recognised as a key tool in first aid, and Pantridge's refinement of the automated external defibrillator (AED) allowed it to be used safely by members of the public.
Although he was known worldwide as the "Father of Emergency Medicine", Frank Pantridge was less acclaimed in his own country, and was saddened that it took until 1990 for all front-line ambulances in the UK to be fitted with defibrillators. He was awarded the Order of the British Empire in 1978.
The City of Lisburn, Northern Ireland commissioned this Memorial in his name, and it sits outside the Lisburn City Council Offices.

# Bibliography
- "A Mobile Intensive-Care Unit in the Management of Myocardial Infarction." The Lancet, 1967.
- The Acute Coronary Attack, 1975.
- An Unquiet Life, 1989 - his autobiography.
Free-range eggs
The main difference between free range and factory farmed eggs is that the birds are permitted to roam freely within the farmyard and only kept in sheds or henhouses at night. However, not all countries have legal standards defining what free range means. For example, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has no standards and allows egg producers to freely label any egg as a free range egg. Many producers will label their eggs as cage-free in addition to or instead of free range. In other countries, such as Australia, strict regulations govern what can qualify to be called free range and those eggs which do not qualify must state that they are cage or barn laid on their container.
Consumers of free-range eggs want eggs from hens who are kept under traditional low-density free-range methods. Critics of EU-style free-range regulations point out that commercial free-range egg farming generally does not live up to these consumer requirements, since the regulations allow the use of yarding rather than free range. Yarding combines a high-density poultry house with an attached fenced yard, and both its methods and results are closer to high-density confinement than true free range.
Free range eggs may be broader, and have more of an orange colour to their yolks due to the abundance of greens and insects in the diet of the birds. An orange yolk is, however, no guarantee that an egg was produced by a free-range hen. Feed additives such as marigold petal meal, dried algae, or alfalfa meal can be used to color the yolks.
The nutritional content of eggs from genuine free-range hens (hens that forage daily on a grass range) is superior to eggs from other hens, with much higher levels of Omega 3 and Vitamins A and E, and lower levels of total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and Omega 6.
Fuller Albright

# Overview
Fuller Albright (January 12 1900  December 8 1969) was an American endocrinologist who made numerous contributions to his field, especially to the area of calcium metabolism.

# Education and training
Albright was born in Buffalo, New York. "Fuller" was his mother's maiden name. He entered Harvard College at seventeen. After graduating cum laude three years later he entered Harvard Medical School. While he initially took an interest in obstetrics and orthopedic surgery, the discovery of insulin attracted him to internal medicine, specifically the study of metabolism. After his internship at Massachusetts General Hospital he embarked on a one-year programme of research with Joseph C. Aub, mainly into calcium metabolism and lead poisoning. He was subsequently assistant resident to Dr Warfield Longcope at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, where he performed numerous experiments (often without realising their significance), together with his friend John Eager Howard. Finally he spent a year in Vienna with pathologist Prof Jacob Erdheim.
In the early 1930s he returned to Boston, where he became a member of the staff of Massachusetts General Hospital. He married Claire Birge in 1933; they had two sons. At MGH he rapidly developed an endocrinology research group.

# Work at MGH
Albright is credited with numerous discoveries in medicine. He described polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (later eponymically called McCune-Albright syndrome), the clinical and pathological features and different types of hyperparathyroidism (excessive production of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands), the mechanism of Cushing's syndrome, renal tubular acidosis (inability of the kidneys to regulate the acid-base balance in the body), and recognised the importance of menopause on osteoporosis. He also delineated forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
He was the president of the American Society for Clinical Investigation (1943-1944), the Association for the Study of Internal Secretions (1945-1946) and the Endocrine Society (1946-1947). In 1955 he was elected to the National Academy of the Sciences.

# Illness and death
He developed Parkinson's disease in 1937. By 1956 his symptoms were so intractable that he underwent experimental brain surgery, chemical pallidectomy (obliteration of the globus pallidus by injection of alcohol). The intervention on the right was a success, but the left-sided procedure was complicated by haemorrhage, which left him aphasic and comatose for the remaining 13 years of his life, during which he was nursed at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Fundus (uterus)

# Overview
The fundus of the uterus is the top portion, opposite from the cervix.
Fundal height, measured from the top of the pubic bone, is routinely measured in pregnancy to determine growth rates.
If the measurement is smaller or larger than what would be expected for gestational age, it can be a crude indicator of an abnormality (for example, a breech or sideways presentation, twins, or a placental issue), requiring further tests such as ultrasound to determine the exact nature of the problem, if any.

# Additional images
- The arteries of the internal organs of generation of the female, seen from behind.
Gaenslen's test
Gaenslen's test, also known as Gaenslen's maneuver is a medical test used to detect musculoskeletal abnormalities and primary-chronic inflammation of the lumbar vertebrae and sacroiliac joint. This test is often used to test for Spondyloarthritis, sciatica, or other forms of rheumatism, and is often performed during check-up visits in patients who have been diagnosed with one of the former disorders.

# Etymology
It is named after Frederick Julius Gaenslen, the orthopedic surgeon who invented the test. This test is often performed alongside Patrick's test and Yeoman's test.
To perform Gaenslen's test, the hip joint is flexed maximally on one side and the opposite hip joint is extended, stressing both sacroiliac joints simultaneously. This is often done by having the patient lying on his or her back, lifting the knee to push towards the patient's chest while the other leg is allowed to fall over the side of an examination table, and is pushed toward the floor, flexing both sacroiliac joints. The test is considered positive if the patient experiences pain while this test is performed, and may indicate a need for further testing, such as an x-ray or lumbar CT scan.
Gallium halides
There are three sets of gallium halides, the trihalides where gallium has oxidation state +3, the intermediate halides containing gallium in oxidation states +1, +2 and +3 and some unstable monohalides, where gallium has oxidation state +1.

# Trihalides
All four trihalides are known. They all contain gallium in the +3 oxidation state. Their proper names are gallium(III) fluoride, gallium(III) chloride, gallium(III) bromide and gallium(III) iodide.

# Intermediate halides
Intermediate chlorides, bromides and iodides exist. They contain gallium in oxidation states +1, +2 and +3.

# Monohalides
None of the monohalides are stable at room temperature. The previously reported GaBr and GaI produced from fusing gallium with the trihalide have been shown to be gallium metal rich Ga2Br3 and Ga2I3 respectively.

# Anionic halide complexes
Salts containing GaCl4-, GaBr4- and GaI4- are all known. Gallium is very different from indium in that it is only known to form  6 coordinate complexes with the fluoride ion. This can be rationalised by the smaller size of gallium (ionic radii of Ga(III) 62 pm, In(III) 80 pm).
Salts containing the Ga2Cl62- anion, where gallium has an oxidation state of +2, are known.

# General references
- WebElements
- Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw
- Template:Cotton&Wilkinson6th

# Footnotes
-   Kuech T.F, Shulin Gu, Ramchandra Wate, Ling Zhang, Jingxi Sun, J.A. Dumesic, and J.M. Redwing Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 639 G 1.1.1
-   Baker RJ, Jones C. Dalton Trans. 2005 Apr 21;(8):1341-8
Gamma-synuclein
Gamma-synuclein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNCG gene.
Synuclein-gamma is a member of the synuclein family of proteins, which are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.  High levels of SNCG have been identified in advanced breast carcinomas suggesting a correlation between overexpression of SNCG and breast tumor development.
Gamma-synuclein is a synuclein protein found primarily in the peripheral nervous system (in primary sensory neurons, sympathetic neurons, and motor neurons) and retina.  It is also detected in the brain, ovarian tumors, and in the olfactory epithelium. Gamma-synuclein is the least conserved of the synuclein proteins.
Gamma-Synucleins expression in breast tumors is a marker for tumor progression  as mammalian gamma-synuclein was first identified as breast cancer-specific gene 1 (BCSG1).  A change in the expression of gamma-synuclein has been observed in the retina of patients with Alzheimer's disease.  The normal cellular function of gamma-synuclein remains unknown.

# Interactions
Gamma-synuclein has been shown to interact with BUB1B.
Nodose ganglion
The nodose ganglion (ganglion of the trunk; inferior ganglion of vagus nerve) is cylindrical in form, of a reddish color, and 2.5 cm. in length.
Passing through it is the cranial portion of the accessory nerve, which blends with the vagus below the ganglion.
As opposed to the jugular ganglion of the vagus nerve, the inferior or nodose ganglion is larger.
It is chiefly visceral afferent in function concerning sensation of heart, larynx, lungs and alimentary tract from the pharynx to the transverse colon.
Both ganglia are traversed by parasympathetic, and perhaps some sympathetic fibres.
Preganglionic motor fibres (ganglionic branches) from the dorsal vagal nucleus and the special visceral efferents from the nucleus ambiguus, which descend to the inferior vagal ganglion form a band skirting the ganglion.

# Additional images
- Plan of hypoglossal nerve.
Garcinia indica
Garcinia indica is a fruit tree, of culinary, pharmaceutical, and industrial uses.  The tree is also ornamental, with a dense canopy of green leaves and red-tinged tender emerging leaves.  It is indigenous to the Western Ghats region of India, along the western coast. It is found in forest lands, riversides, and wasteland, and also gets cultivated on a small scale.  It does not require irrigation, spraying or fertilizers.
These plants prefer evergreen forests, but some also thrive in relatively low-rainfall areas. Garcinia indica is known by various names across India -- including Bindin, Biran, Bhirand, Bhinda, Kokum, Katambi, Panarpuli, Ratamba or Amsol. In the English language, it is known by various names, such as mangosteen, wild mangosteen, or red mango.
The genus Garcinia belonging to the family Clusiaceae includes some 200 species found in the Old World tropics, specially Asia and Africa. Out of the 35 species found in India, 17 are endemic. Of these, seven are endemic to the Western Ghats region (lying along western coastal India), six in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and four in the North-Eastern region of India.

# Uses
Called "kokum" or "bin'na" in parts of western India, the Garcinia indica seed contains 23-26% oil, which remains solid at room temperature and is used in the preparations of chocolates, medicines and cosmetics. It is used as a slightly bitter spice in recipes from Maharashtra and as a souring agent and substitute for tamarind in curries and other dishes from Coorg.  It is also used in Konkani cuisine, in Gujarat, and some cuisines of South India.
Recently, industries have started extracting hydroxycitric acid (HCA) from the rind of the fruit.
India's first national seminar on 'Kokum' or Garcinia indica was held March 4-5, 2005 at the Goa University, Goa.  Those researching on the crop see it as having a bright future: it is rainfed, doesn't have any pest or diseases apart from the monkey menace, and is almost a "zero-attention" crop.
One paper presented at the Goa seminar (March 2005) suggests that the Garcinia indica has medicinal uses both as a digestive tonic, and to cope with paralysis. In the first case, about half to one glass of curry is prepared from the fruits, with a little salt and sugar, to be taken after meals. For paralysis, the clean-chopped stem bark is finely powdered and is added to boiling water. After 2-3 minutes, a lightly cooled decoction is used for washing the affected parts, two to three times a day.
Garden Angelica
Garden Angelica (Angelica archangelica; syn. Archangelica officinalis Hoffm., Archangelica officinalis var. himalaica C.B.Clarke) is a biennial plant from the umbelliferous family Apiaceae.  Alternative English names are Holy Ghost, Wild Celery, and Norwegian angelica
During its first year it only grows leaves, but during its second year its fluted stem can reach a height of two metres. Its leaves are composed of numerous small leaflets, divided into three principal groups, each of which is again subdivided into three lesser groups. The edges of the leaflets are finely toothed or serrated. The flowers, which blossom in July, are small and numerous, yellowish or greenish in colour, are grouped into large, globular umbels, which bear pale yellow, oblong fruits. Angelica only grows in damp soil, preferably near rivers or deposits of water. Not to be confused with the toxic Pastinaca sativa, or Wild Parsnip.
Angelica archangelica grows wild in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Iceland, mostly in the northern parts of the countries. It is cultivated in France, mainly in the Marais Poitevin, a marsh region close to Niort in the department Deux-Sevres.

# Usage/History
From the 10th century on, angelica was cultivated as a vegetable and medicinal plant, and achieved great popularity in Scandinavia in the 12th century and is still used today, especially in Sami culture. A flute-like instrument with a clarinet-like sound can be made of its hollow stem, probably as a toy for children. Linnaeus reported that Sami peoples used it in reindeer milk. Other usages include spices.
In 1602, angelica was introduced in Niort, which had just been ravaged by the plague, and it has been popular there ever since. It is used to flavour liqueurs or aquavits (e.g. Chartreuse, Benedictine, Vermouth and Dubonnet), omelettes and trout, and as jam. The long bright green stems are also candied and used as decoration.
Angelica contains a variety of chemicals which have been shown to have medicinal properties. Chewing on angelica or drinking tea brewed from it will cause local anesthesia, but it will heighten the consumer's immune system. It has been shown to be effective against various bacteria, fungal infections and even viral infections.
The essential oil of the roots of 'Angelica archangelica contains -terebangelene, C10H16, and other terpenes; the oil of the seeds also contains -terebangelene, together with methylethylacetic acid and hydroxymyristic acid.
Angelica seeds and angelica roots are sometimes used in making absinthe.

# Etymology
Archangelica comes from the Greek word "arkhangelos" (=arch-angel), due to the myth that it was the angel Gabriel who told of its use as medicine.
In Finnish it is called vainonputki, in Sami fadnu, boska and rassi, in English garden angelica, in German arznei-engelwurz, in Dutch grote engelwortel, in Swedish kvanne, in Norwegian kvann and in Icelandic it has the name hvonn.
Gasotransmitter
Gasotransmitters are gaseous molecules synthesized in the body. They include nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, and possibly nitrous oxide.

# Overview
Gasotransmitters is a family of endogenous molecules of gases or gaseous signaling molecules, including NO, CO, H2S, and others.  These particular gases share many common features in their production and function but carry on their tasks in unique ways, which differ from classical signaling molecules, in the human body. The first suggestion that a gas, , had a direct action at  pharmacological receptors and thereby acting as a neurotransmitter was first suggested in 1981 from clinical work with nitrous oxide (1,2,3).  In vitro experiments confirmed these observations (4) which were replicated at NIDA later(5).
The terminology and characterization criteria of gasotransmitter were firstly introduced in 2002 (see ref. 14).  For one gas molecule to be categorized as a gasotransmitters, all of the following criteria should be met (see ref. 13 &14).  (i) It is a small molecule of gas; (ii) It is freely permeable to membranes.  As such, its effects do not rely on the cognate membrane receptors. It can have endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine effects.  In their endocrine mode of action, for example, gasotransmitters can enter the blood stream; be carried to remote targets by scavengers and released there, and modulate functions of remote target cells; (iii) It is endogenously and enzymatically generated and its production is regulated; (iv) It has well defined and specific functions at physiologically relevant concentrations.  Thus, manipulating the endogenous levels of this gas evokes specific physiological changes; (v) Functions of this endogenous gas can be mimicked by its exogenously applied counterpart; (vi) Its cellular effects may or may not be mediated by second messengers, but should have specific cellular and molecular targets.
Gastric erosion
Gastric erosion occurs when the mucous membrane lining the stomach becomes inflamed. Some drugs, as tablets, can irritate this mucous membrane, especially drugs taken for arthritis and muscular disorders, steroids, and aspirin. A gastric erosion may also occur because of emotional stress, or as a side effect of burns or stomach injuries.

# Symptoms
There is basically one symptom of gastric erosion: bleeding from the area where the stomach lesion is. Bowel movements may contain blood. Vomit may be bloody as well, but a gastric erosion may not cause vomiting. Blood may be black because it will be partially digested. Loss of blood may cause one to develop anemia. Tell your doctor if you are taking a pain reliever or a drug to prevent arthritis and feel abnormally fatigued, vomit blood, have severe indigestion, or have black bowel movements.

# Risks
Anemia and other problems related to blood loss may occur. Sometimes a person with a gastric erosion will experience severe bleeding all at once; here red (bloody) vomiting may occur, and/or black bowel movements.

# Treatment
Doctors can prescribe alternative anti-arthritic drugs, and alternatives for aspirin are available. Once you have gastric erosion, however, you cannot treat it without the aid of a physician. To keep from getting gastric erosion, drugs that could irritate your stomach should be taken with (or directly after) food. Those with severe gastric erosion will likely be hospitalized and given a blood transfusion. Unless there is an underlying disease causing gastric erosion, once the irritant is removed, gastric erosion will not occur again.

# Source
"Gastric Erosion." Encyclopaedia Britannica, Micropaedia. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 1998 ed.
Gender taxonomy
The gender taxonomy is a classification of the range of different levels at which humans vary in sexual characteristics. It is mainly used by medical specialists working in the area of sex research. John Money and Milton Diamond are probably the best known researchers in this field. Money earned his PhD for research into human hermaphroditism and pseudohermaphroditism, now known as intersex conditions. The taxonomy starts at the simplest, biological level and traces differentiations expressed at the increasingly complicated levels produced over the course of the human life cycle.
- chromosomes (46,XX; 46,XY; 47,XXY ("Klinefelter's syndrome"); 45,X0 ("Turner syndrome"); 47,XYY; 47,XXX ("Triple X syndrome"); XXXX syndrome; XXXXX syndrome, 48,XXYY syndrome, 46,XX/XY mosaic, other mosaic, and others)
- gonads (testes, ovaries, one of each, ovotestes, other types of gonadal dysgenesis)
- hormones (androgens: including testosterone; estrogens, including estradiol, estriol, estrone; antiandrogens and others)
- genitals (primary sexual characteristics  see diagram for the "six class system")
- secondary sexual characteristics (dimorphic physical characteristics, other than primary characteristics)
- brain structure (special kinds of secondary characteristics, due to their influence on psychology and behaviour)
- gender identity (psychological identification with either of the two main sexes)
- gender role (social conformity with expectations for either of the two main sexes)
- erotic preference (gynephilia, androphilia, bisexuality, asexuality and various
paraphilias).