Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Pilocarpus
Pilocarpus is a genus of about 13 species of plants belonging to the family Rutaceae, native to the neotropics of South America. Various species are important pharmacologically. Many of the species have the common name Jaborandi.
'pilocarpine'. It stimulates specific receptors in lacrimal gland and cause increased secretion of tears. The medicinal properties of pilocarpine, including its ability to stimulate salivation, have been recognized for many centuries by the Tupi Indian tribe of northern Brazil, who named this indigenous shrub "jaborandi," or the "slobber-mouth plant."
indicated for 1) the treatment of symptoms of dry mouth from salivary gland hypofunction caused by radiotherapy for cancer of the head and neck; and 2) the treatment of symptoms of dry mouth in patients with Sjogren's syndrome.
The taxonomic name Pilocarpus means cap-shaped fruit.
- Pilocarpus jaborandi (Pernambuco Jaborandi)
- Pilocarpus microphyllus (Maranham Jaborandi)
- Pilocarpus racemosus (Guadeloupe Jaborandi)
- Pilocarpus pennatifolius (Paraguay Jaborandi)
- Pilocarpus spicatus (Aracati Jaborandi)
Pinguecula
Please Join in Editing This Page and Apply to be an Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.

# Overview
A pinguecula is a type of conjunctival degeneration in the eye. It is extremely common and is seen as a yellow-white deposit on the conjunctiva adjacent to the limbus (the junction between the cornea and sclera). It is to be distinguished from pterygium clinically, which is a wedge shaped area of fibrosis, that appears to grow into the cornea. It is most prevalent in tropical climates and is in direct correlation with UV exposure.
Histologically it shows degeneration of the collagen fibres of the conjunctival stroma with thinning of the overlying epithelium and occasional calcification.
They may enlarge slowly but is a benign condition requiring no treatment. If cosmesis is a concern surgical excision is sometimes done.
A pinguecula is one of the differential diagnoses for a limbal nodule.
Pintumomab
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.

# Overview
Pintumomab is a mouse monoclonal antibody and which it is used to treat cancer. Pintumomab has a radioisotope, technetium-99m Tc.
Pirlimycin
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Pirlimycin hydrochloride belongs to the lincosamide class of antimicrobials. It is bacteriostatic and acts by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis via binding with the 50S subunit of the ribosome. It is frequently used in the treatment of bovine mastitis caused by Gram-positive bacteria, specifically Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative species of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. It has no activity against Gram-negative bacteria.
Pithovirus

# Overview
Pithovirus is a genus of giant virus known from one species, Pithovirus sibericum, which infects amoebas. It is a double-stranded DNA virus, and is member of the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses clade. It was first described in 2014 after a specimen was revived from a 30,000-year-old ice core harvested from Siberia's permafrost.

# Description
A specimen of Pithovirus measures approximately 1.5 m in length and 0.5 m in diameter, making it the largest virus yet found. It is 50% larger than the pandoraviruses, the previous largest known viruses.  The species has a thick, oval wall with an opening at one end.  Internally, its structure resembles a honeycomb.
The genome of Pithovirus contains approximately 500 distinct genes, more than a typical virus but an order of magnitude less than found in Pandoravirus.  Thus, its genome is far less densely packed than any other known virus. Two-thirds of its proteins are unlike those of other viruses. Despite the physical similarity with Pandoravirus, the Pithovirus genome sequence reveals that it is barely related to that virus, but more closely resembles members of Marseilleviridae, Megaviridae and Iridoviridae.  These families all contain large icosahedral viruses with DNA genomes. The Pithovirus genome has 36% GC-content, similar to the Megaviridae, in contrast to greater than 61% for pandoraviruses.

## Replication
The viral genome encodes all the proteins needed to produce mRNA; these proteins are present in the purified virions.  Pithovirus therefore undergoes its entire replication cycle in its host's cytoplasm, like other large DNA viruses such as poxviruses and the Megaviridae (although unlike Pandoravirus), rather than the more typical method of taking over the host's nucleus.

# Discovery
Pithovirus sibericum was discovered in a 30,000 year old sample of Siberian permafrost by Chantal Abergel and Jean-Michel Claverie of Aix-Marseille University. The virus was discovered buried 30 m (98 ft) below the surface of a late Pleistocene sediment. It was found when riverbank samples harvested in 2000 were exposed to amoebas.  The amoebas started dying and when examined were found to contain giant virus specimens. The genus name Pithovirus, a reference to large storage containers of ancient Greece known as pithos, was chosen to describe the new species. The authors said they got the idea to probe permafrost samples for new viruses after reading about an experiment that revived a similar aged seed of Silene stenophylla two years earlier. The Pithovirus findings were published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in March 2014.
Although the virus is harmless to humans, its viability after being frozen for millennia has raised concerns that global climate change and tundra drilling operations could lead to previously undiscovered and potentially deadly viruses being unearthed.
Plasticity
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.

# Overview
Plasticity generally means ability to permanently change or deform.  (It differs from "elasticity", which refers to ability to change temporarily and revert back to original form.)
More specific meanings include:
in the sciences:
- Phenotypic plasticity: Describes the degree to which an organism's phenotype is determined by its genotype.
- Neuroplasticity: Entire brain structures can change to better cope with the environment.  Specifically, when an area of the brain is damaged and non-functional, another area may take over some of the function.  This is known as neuroplasticity.
Synaptic plasticity: In neuroscience, plasticity is a property of a neuron or synapse to change its internal parameters in response to its history.
- Synaptic plasticity: In neuroscience, plasticity is a property of a neuron or synapse to change its internal parameters in response to its history.
- Plasticity (tissues): In body tissues, plasticity refers to the ability of differentiated cells to undergo transdifferentiation.
ur:
de:Umformbarkeit
Platinosis

# Overview
Platinosis is an allergy-like reaction to exposure to soluble salts of platinum.
The symptoms of platinosis may include asthma, dermatitis, dyspnea, conjunctival vasodilatation, and rhinopharyngitis.
The symptoms are progressive, sometimes taking months to years to appear.  Platinosis is usually associated with workers in industries related to platinum production.
The effects are permanent.
Halogeno-platinum compounds are among the most potent respiratory and skin sensitisers known, therefore it is vital that exposure via the skin and by breathing contaminated air is carefully controlled.
In practice, the compounds mainly responsible for platinum sensitisation are typically the soluble, ionic, platinum-chloro compounds such as ammonium hexachloroplatinate and tetrachloroplatinate, and hexachloroplatinic acid. Other ionic halogeno compounds are also sensitisers, the order of allergenicity being Cl > Br > I.
Neutral compounds such as cis-platin and ammine and nitro complexes such as Cl2, K2 and platinum nitrate are not considered to be allergenic; neither is the metal.
Pleximeter
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
A Pleximeter is a device used in percussion to absorb the energy generated by the strike from the plexor.
It can be made of wood, ivory, or other substances.
Alternatively, a practitioner's finger can function as the pleximeter.
Plicamycin

# Overview
Plicamycin (INN, also known as mithramycin; trade name Mithracin) is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces plicatus. It is an RNA synthesis inhibitor. The manufacturer discontinued production in 2000. Several different structures are currently reported in different places all with the same chromomycin core, but with different stereochemistry in the glycoside chain, a 1999 study has re-investigated the compound and proposed a revised structure. 

# Uses
Plicamycin has been used in the treatment of testicular cancer, Paget's disease of bone, and, rarely, the management of hypercalcemia.
Plicamycin has been tested in chronic myeloid leukemia.
Plicamycin is currently used in multiple areas of research, including cancer cell apoptosis and as a metastasis inhibitor.
One elucidated pathway shows it interacts by cross-binding chromatin GC-rich promoter motifs, thereby inhibiting gene transcription.
Poi (food)
Poi is a Hawaiian word for the primary Polynesian staple food made from the corm of the kalo plant (known widely as taro).  Poi is produced by mashing the cooked corm (baked or steamed) to a highly viscous fluid.  Water is added during mashing and again just before eating, to achieve a desired consistency, which can range from liquid to dough-like (poi can be known as two-finger or three-finger, alluding to how many fingers you would have to use to eat it, depending on its consistency).
Poi should not be confused with Tahitian po'e, which is a sweet, pudding-like dish made with bananas, papaya, or mangoes cooked with manioc and coconut cream.

# History and culture
The bowl of poi was considered so important and a sacred part of daily Hawaiian life that whenever a bowl of poi was uncovered at the family dinner table, it was believed that the spirit of Haloa, the ancestor of the Hawaiian people, was present. This is because Hawaiians believed that the taro plant, or kalo, was the original ancestor of the Hawaiian people.  Because of that, all conflict among family members had to come to an immediate halt.
Shortages in taro production in recent years due to pests and labor shortages have also resulted in shortages and higher prices for poi in Hawaii.  At the same time, innovations in poi production have resulted in poi that stays fresh longer and tastes sweeter, but such products generally sell at a premium price and require refrigeration.

# Food
Most first-time tasters describe poi as resembling library pastemore an allusion to the texture than the fruit, which is delicate.
The flavor changes distinctly once the poi has been made. Fresh poi is sweet and edible all by itself.  Each day thereafter the poi loses sweetness and turns slightly sour.  Because of this, some people find poi more palatable when it is mixed with milk and/or sugar, although purists frown on this.  The speed of this fermentation process depends upon the bacteria level in the poi.  The bacteria are harmless, and some would even say beneficial.  To slow the souring process, poi should be stored in a cool, dark location (such as a kitchen cupboard). Poi stored in the refrigerator should be squeezed out of the bag into a bowl, and a thin layer of water drizzled over the top to keep a crust from forming.
Sour poi is still quite edible with salted fish or lomi salmon on the side. Some would reasonably argue that poi is inedible beyond five days.  Sourness is prevented by freezing or dehydrating, although the resulting poi tends to be bland in comparison with the fresh product.  For best thawing results place in a microwave with a layer of tap water over the surface of the frozen poi. Sour poi is also used as a cooking ingredient, usually in breads and rolls. It has a smooth, creamy mouthfeel.

# Other uses
Poi has been used as a milk substitute for babies born with an allergy to dairy products because of its nutritional value.  It is also used as a baby food for babies with severe food allergies.
Polyiodide
The polyiodides are a class of polyatomic halide anions composed entirely of iodine atoms.
The triiodide ion, I3-, is the simplest polyiodide. Larger polyiodides are known, with single or multiple negative charges.
The basic 'building blocks' of polyiodides can be considered as I2, I-, and I3-. The more complex polyiodides can be made by addition of I2 to solutions containing I- and I3-, with the condition of presence of large cations to stabilise them. With cations much smaller than NMe4+, it is either not possible to precipitate the salt (for example with Na+ or K+ cations), or the crystal structure will show asymmetric iodide anions, like in caesium triiodide, CsI3.
The shapes of the polyiodides depend on their associated cations quite strongly, however some of the more simple ions have roughly constant shapes:
- I5- normally adopts a V-shaped structure and can be regarded as two I2 molecules attached to an I- ion. Bonding in this species suggests p-orbital interactions, and the bond lengths of approximately 2.8A for the terminal bonds and 3.17A for the centre bonds supports the I2 and I-bonding model.
- I42- is notionally composed of either two I2 species, or is almost equally bonded, depending on environment of the ion. Both models are linear.

# Footnotes
-   W.W. Porterfield, "Inorganic Chemistry", Addison Wesley, Reading, Mass, USA (1984), pp 223-224
-   P.W. Atkins, D.W. Shriver, "Inorganic Chemistry", 3rd Edn., OUP, Oxford, UK (2001)
Polyketide
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Polyketides are secondary metabolites from bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. Secondary metabolites seem to be unnecessary for an organisms ontogeny, but appear to have applications such as defence and intercellular communication. Polyketides are derived from the polymerization of acetyl and propionyl subunits in a similar process to fatty acid synthesis. They also serve as building blocks for a broad range of natural products or are derivatized.
Polyketides are structurally a very diverse family of natural products with an extremely broad range of biological activities and pharmacological properties. Polyketide antibiotics, antifungals, cytostatics, anticholesterolemics, antiparasitics, coccidiostatics, animal growth promotants and natural insecticides are in commercial use.

# Examples
- Macrolides
Picromycin, the first isolated macrolide (1950)
The antibiotics erythromycin A, clarithromycin, and azithromycin
The immunosuppressant tacrolimus (FK506)
- Picromycin, the first isolated macrolide (1950)
- The antibiotics erythromycin A, clarithromycin, and azithromycin
- The immunosuppressant tacrolimus (FK506)
- Polyene antibiotics
Amphotericin
- Amphotericin
- Tetracyclines
The tetracycline family of antibiotics
- The tetracycline family of antibiotics
- Others
Discodermolide
- Discodermolide

# Biosynthesis
Polyketides are synthesized by one or more specialized polyketide synthase (PKS) enzymes.
Polyphenol
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.

# Overview
Polyphenols are a group of chemical substances found in plants, characterized by the presence of more than one phenol group per molecule. Polyphenols are generally further subdivided into hydrolyzable tannins, which are gallic acid esters of glucose and other sugars; and phenylpropanoids, such as lignins,  flavonoids, and condensed tannins.

# Chemistry

## Classification and Nomenclature
The subdivision of polyphenols into tannins, lignins, and flavonoids is derived from the variety of simple polyphenolic units derived from secondary plant metabolism of the shikimate pathway as well as classical divisions based upon the relative importance of each base component to different fields of study. Tannin chemistry originated in the importance of the eponymously named tannic acid to the tanning industry; lignins to the chemistry of soil and plant structure; and flavonoids to the chemistry of plant secondary metabolites for plant defense, and flower color (e.g. from anthocyanins).
Polyphenols are also grouped and classified by the type and number of phenolic subcomponents present. More than one subcomponent can be present on a given polyphenol.
The phenolic unit can often be esterified or methylated. It can also be found dimerized or further polymerized, creating a new class of polyphenol. For example, ellagic acid is a dimer of gallic acid and forms the class of ellagitannins, or a catechin and a gallocatechin can combine to form the red compound theaflavin, a process which also results in the large class of brown thearubigins in tea.

# In Foods
Notable sources of polyphenols include berries, tea, beer, grapes/wine, olive oil, chocolate/cocoa, walnuts, peanuts, pomegranates, yerba mate, and other fruits and vegetables.
High levels of polyphenols can generally be found in the fruit skins.

# Health benefits
Polyphenols were once briefly known as Vitamin P. However they were quickly found out to be non-essential and reclassified. The health benefits of specific polyphenols such as  quercetin are well-established, there are less well-established claims of health benefits from all types of polyphenols.
Research indicates that polyphenols may have antioxidant characteristics with potential health benefits. They may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Polyphenols have also been investigated as a source of additional health benefit in organic produce, but no conclusion was made.
Polyphenols bind with nonheme iron (e.g. from plant sources) in vitro in model systems.
This may decrease its absorption by the body.
Polyphenon
Polyphenon is a high grade green tea polyphenol extract.  It is derived through a water based extraction method from green tea, purifying the polyphenol catechin molecules which are the bioactive molecule thought to be responsible for the health benefits of green tea.  It has been adopted as a functional ingredient by supplements and food manufacturers for a variety of consumer products.
Polyphenon E is the form used in clinical cancer trials funded through the National Cancer Institute (NCI)  and other academic institutions, to further investigate the benefits of tea catechins to humans.
Tea catechins found in Polyphenon have been reported to assist in many other areas of human health, including:
- Antiviral properties
- Antibacterial & probiotic benefits
- Managing LDL cholesterol levels
- Weight management
- Antioxidative protection against free radicals
- Maintenance of healthy blood pressure levels
- Maintenance of healthy blood sugar levels
- Anti-allergy regulation
- Chemoprevention
Prajmaline

# Overview
Prajmaline (Neo-gilurythmal) is a class Ia antiarrhythmic agent which has been available since the 1970s. Class Ia drugs increase the time one action potential lasts in the heart. Prajmaline is a semi-synthetic propyl derivative of ajmaline, with a higher bioavailability than its predecessor. It acts to stop arrhythmias of the heart through a frequency-dependent block of cardiac sodium channels.

# Mechanism
Prajmaline causes a resting block in the heart. A resting block is the depression of a person's Vmax after a resting period. This effect is seen more in the atrium than the ventricle. The effects of some Class I antiarrhythmics are only seen in a patient who has a normal heart rate (~1 Hz). This is due to the effect of a phenomenon called reverse use dependence. The higher the heart rate, the less effect Prajmaline will have.

# Uses
The drug Prajmaline has been used to treat a number of cardiac disorders. These include: coronary artery disease, angina, paroxysmal tachycardia and WolffParkinsonWhite syndrome. Prajmaline has been indicated in the treatment of certain disorders where other antiarrhythmic drugs were not effective.

# Administration
Prajmaline can be administered orally, parenterally or intravenously. Three days after the last dose, a limited effect has been observed. Therefore it has been suggested that treatment of arrhythmias with Prajmaline must be continuous to see acceptable results.

# Pharmacokinetics
The main metabolites of Prajmaline are: 21-carboxyprajmaline and hydroxyprajmaline. Twenty percent of the drug is excreted in the urine unchanged.
Daily therapeutic dose is 4080 mg.
Distribution half-life is 10 minutes.
Plasma protein binding is 60%.
Oral bioavailability is 80%.
Elimination half-life is 6 hours.
Volume of distribution is 4-5 L/kg.

# Side Effects
There are no significant adverse side-effects of Prajmaline when taken alone and with a proper dosage.  Patients who are taking other treatments for their symptoms (e.g. beta blockers and nifedipine) have developed minor transient conduction defects when given Prajmaline.

# Overdose
An overdose of Prajmaline is possible. The range of symptoms seen during a Prajmaline overdose include: no symptoms, nausea/vomiting, bradycardia, tachycardia, hypotension, and death.

# Other Potential Uses
Due to Prajmaline's sodium channel-blocking properties, it has been shown to protect rat white matter from anoxia (82 +/- 15%). The concentration used causes little suppression of the preanoxic response.