Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Aagenaes syndrome
Synonyms and keywords: Cholestasis-lymphedema syndrome,(CLS).

# Overview
A syndrome characterised by congenital hypoplasia of lymph vessels, which causes lymphedema of the legs and recurrent cholestasis in infancy, and slow progress to hepatic cirrhosis and giant-cell hepatitis with fibrosis of the portal tracts1.

# Historical Perspective
It is named after Oystein Aagenaes, a Norwegian paediatrician.

# Pathophysiology
The genetic cause is unknown, but it is autosomal recessively inherited and the gene is located to chromosome 15q1,2. A common feature of the condition is a generalised lymphatic anomaly, which may be indicative of the defect being lymphangiogenetic in origin1.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
The condition is particularly frequent in southern Norway, where more than half the cases are reported from, but is found in patients in other parts of Europe and the U.S.2.
Abdominal etching

# Overview
Abdominal etching is a trademarked and registered plastic surgery procedure invented by plastic surgeon Dr. Henry A. Mentz, III, MD  in the early 1990s. Since this invention, there have been dozens of papers published on this specialized type of liposuction.  It is an advanced cosmetic procedure that uses a special canula designed to contour and shape the abdominal fat pad to provide the patient a flat stomach or even six-pack abs. Called ab etching or abdominal etching, this procedure selectively removes a small amount of fat around the patient's natural muscular contours and shapes the abdomen to create a more athletic contour.
Prior to the "abdominal etching" plastic surgery procedure, the surgeon should make detailed markings of the ab muscles while the patient stands and flexes. The surgeon will then follow these markings to remove fat and highlight the patient's individual muscular structure. Using abdominal etching, a qualified surgeon can selectively remove a couple of ounces of fat and get the optimal look. Various journal articles indicate that this type of cosmetic surgery procedure is becoming more and more accepted in the areas of modeling, body building, and acting.
New methods have recently been published that can do the same for the chest area. A procedure called "pectoral etching" was published in 2007 by Dr. Mentz. This method outlines the pectoralis major muscle by etching the perimeter. This method can be used to transform a more feminine breast contour into a more masculine slab like pectoral contour.
Abdominal surgery
The term abdominal surgery broadly covers surgical procedures that involve opening the abdomen.  Surgery of each abdominal organ is dealt with separately in connection with the description of that organ (see stomach, kidney, liver, etc.) Diseases affecting the abdominal cavity are dealt with generally under their own names (e.g. appendicitis).

# Types
The three most common abdominal surgeries are described below.
- Exploratory Laparotomy -- This refers to the opening of the abdominal cavity for direct examination of its contents, for example, to locate a source of bleeding or trauma. It may or may not be followed by repair or removal of the primary problem.
- Appendectomy -- Surgical opening of the abdominal cavity and removal of the appendix.  Typically performed as definitive treatment for appendicitis, although sometimes the appendix is prophylactically removed incidental to another abdominal procedure.
- Laparoscopy -- A minimally invasive approach to abdominal surgery where rigid tubes are inserted through small incisions into the abdominal cavity. The tubes allow introduction of a small camera, surgical instruments, and gases into the cavity for direct or indirect visualization and treatment of the abdomen. The abdomen is inflated with carbon dioxide gas to facilitate visualization and, often, a small video camera is used to show the procedure on a monitor in the operating room.  The surgeon manipulates instruments within the abdominal cavity to perform procedures such as cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal), the most common laparoscopic procedure.  The laparoscopic method speeds recovery time and reduces blood loss and infection as compared to the traditional "open" cholecystectomy.

# Complications
Complications of abdominal surgery include
- bleeding,
- infection,
- post-surgical adhesions
- shock, and
- ileus, or more commonly Paralytic Ileus (short-term paralysis of the bowel)
Sterile technique, aseptic post-operative care, antibiotics, and vigilant post-operative monitoring greatly reduce the risk of these complications.  Planned surgery performed under sterile conditions is much less risky than that performed under emergency or unsterile conditions.  The contents of the bowel are unsterile, and thus leakage of bowel contents, as from trauma, substantially increases the risk of infection.
Sixth nerve palsy
Synonyms and Keywords: Abducens nerve palsy, Cranial nerve VI palsy, Cranial mononeuropathy VI, Lateral rectus palsy

# Overview
Sixth nerve palsy is a disorder associated with dysfunction of cranial nerve VI (the abducens nerve) which is responsible for contracting the lateral rectus muscle to abduct (i.e. turn out) the eye. The inability of an eye to turn outward results in medial strabismus of which the primary symptom is double vision in which the two images appear side-by-side.

# Pathophysiology
Because the nerve emerges near the bottom of the brain, it is often the first nerve compressed when there is any rise in intracranial pressure.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
The abducens nerve is the most commonly affected ocular motor nerve.

# Causes
- Adults
More common: Vasculopathic (diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis), trauma, idiopathic.
Less common: Increased intracranial pressure, giant cell arteritis, cavernous sinus mass (e.g. meningioma, aneurysm, metastasis), multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis/vasculitis, postmyelography or lumbar puncture, stroke (usually not isolated).
- More common: Vasculopathic (diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis), trauma, idiopathic.
- Less common: Increased intracranial pressure, giant cell arteritis, cavernous sinus mass (e.g. meningioma, aneurysm, metastasis), multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis/vasculitis, postmyelography or lumbar puncture, stroke (usually not isolated).
- Children
Benign postviral condition, Gradenigo's syndrome, pontine glioma, trauma.
- Benign postviral condition, Gradenigo's syndrome, pontine glioma, trauma.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
- Double vision
Abiotic component
In biology, abiotic components are non-living chemical and physical factors in the environment. Abiotic phenomena underlie all of biology, but at the same time both are better forgotten in the direct analysis of life as such. More generally, the sciences concentrated on lower level explanation are better forgotten when dealing with higher level phenomena.
From the viewpoint of biology, abiotic influences may be classified as light or more generally radiation, temperature, water, the chemical surrounding composed of the terrestrial atmospheric gases, wind as well as soil. The macroscopic climate often influences each of the above. Not to mention pressure and even sound waves if working with marine, or deep underground, biome.
Those underlying factors affect different plants, animals and fungi to different extents. Some plants are mostly water starved, so humidicity plays a larger role in their biology. Archaebacteria require very high temperatures, or pressures, or unusual concentrations of chemical substances such as sulfur, because of their specialization into extreme conditions. Certain fungi have evolved to survive mostly at the temperature, the humidity, the stability, and the (grantedly biological) feed of nutrients present in the human vagina: genus Candida.

# Taxonomy
Abiotic components can be split into three main categories: climatic, edaphic and social.
Climatic factors include sunlight, humidity, temperature, atmosphere, and so on.
Edaphic factors are things to do with the nature of the soil and ground, such as the geology of the land and the soil type.
Social factors include land use, water resources, etc.

# Atmospheric influence
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen are the most important gases; they are used directly by plants.
Wind, soil, and physiographic conditions can also combine in multiple ways to affect organisms.
T-Lymphocytopenia
Idiopathic CD4+ lymphocytopenia (ICL) is a depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes below 300 per cubic millimeter, or less than 20% of total lymphocytes, in the absence of HIV infection or other known causes of immunodeficiency. This is a rare, heterogeneous syndrome and does not appear to be caused by a transmissible agent. People with ICL are susceptible to opportunistic infections, namely, cryptococcus, atypical mycobacterial and Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP).
Criteria for diagnosis of idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia include:
- CD4 cell count less than 300/mm3 or a CD4 percent less than 20 of total lymphocytes on two or more measurements
- Lack of laboratory evidence of HIV infection
- Absence of an alternative explanation for the CD4 lymphocytopenia
ICL is a rare disease; in 1993, a total of 47 confirmed cases were reported in a survey sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control. In contrast to the CD4 cell depletion caused by HIV, patients with idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia generally have a good prognosis.
Acacia sieberiana
Acacia sieberiana is a perennial tree native to Africa and introduced into Pakistan.  This tree grows 3-25m in height, with a trunk diameter of 0.6-1.8m. Its uses include forage, medicine and wood.  It is not listed as being a threatened species.

# Uses

## Fiber
Twine is made from the inside bark for stringing beads.

## Food
The gum is edible.

## Forage
The flowers of the tree make good forage for bees and bee hives are put directly in the trees for this. 
The tree leaves sometimes contain chemical compounds that when ingested may release hydrogen cyanide and they can be lethal to cattle.  They can be lifesaving during dry times of the year.

## Gum
The gum is used as food, an adhesive, and to make ink.

## Medicinal uses
In Africa, the bark or root is used to treat urinary tract inflammation.  
The bark has astringent properties and it is used to treat colds, cough, and childhood fever.
According to the World AgroForestry Centre,
"A decoction of the root is taken as remedy for stomach-ache. The bark, leaves and gums are used to treat tapeworm, bilharzia, haemorrhage, orchitis, colds, diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, kidney problems, syphilis, ophthalmia, rheumatism and disorders of the circulatory system. It is also used as an astringent. The pods serve as an emollient, and the roots for stomach-ache, acne, tapeworms, urethral problems, oedema and dropsy."

## Nitrogen fixation
The tree fixes nitrogen, so it takes nitrogen gas out of the air and converts it into nitrogen fertilizer, from which surrounding crops benefit.

## Tannin
Tannin is found in the bark and seed pods.

## Wood
The wood is fairly hard and it is used for furniture, handles for implements and tools for grinding.  The wood of A. sieberiana sensu lato has a density of about 655 kg/m3.

# Botanical varieties
- Acacia sieberiana DC. var. sieberiana
- Acacia sieberiana DC. var. woodii (Burtt Davy)Keay & Brenan

# Gallery
- Acacia sieberiana Foliage
Acacia sieberiana Foliage
- Acacia sieberiana Foliage and Flowers
Acacia sieberiana Foliage and Flowers
- Acacia sieberiana Bark
Acacia sieberiana Bark
- Acacia sieberiana Tree
Acacia sieberiana Tree
- A. sieberiana var. woodii
A. sieberiana var. woodii
- Acacia sieberiana Bark
Acacia sieberiana Bark
Accessory pathway
Synonyms and keywords: Accessory atrioventricular pathway, accessory conducting pathway, bypass tract, concealed accessory pathway

# Overview
An accessory pathway is an additional route for impulse conduction between the atrium and the ventricle that generally does not involve the atrioventricular node (AV node).  Conduction through accessory pathways usually exhibit electrophysiological properties different from the AV node.  From an anatomical viewpoint, there are at least five connections that bypass the AV node.

# Accessory Pathways
- Accessory atrioventricular muscle bundles (bundle of Kent) are atrioventricular bypass found outside the normal conducting system connecting the atria directly with the ventricle.
- Nodoventricular accessory connections (a variety of Mahaim fibers) mediate the atrioventricular bypass through the normal conducting system connecting AV node to ventricular myocardium.
- Fasciculoventricular connections (another variety of Mahaim fibers) also mediate the atrioventricular bypass through the normal conducting system connecting the bundle of His (distal part of junctional area) to ventricular myocardium.
- Atrioventricular bypass fibers (James fibers) connect the atrial fibers to bundle of His by penetrating through the AV node, again a bypass through the normal conducting system.  They may not be considered as an accessory pathway since they never completely bypass the AV node and are found to exist in all hearts.
- Atrio-Hisian fibers (Brechenmacher fibers) are atrial fibers that bypass the AV node and connect to the upper margin of bundle of His.

# Conditions Involving Accessory Pathways
- Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW)
- Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome (LGL)

# Diagnosis

## Wolf-Parkinson-White Syndrome
- There is a shortened PR interval to < 0.12 seconds.
- There is a wide QRS with a delta wave.
- The QRS is 0.11 second or longer.

## Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome
- There is a shortened PR interval to < 0.12 seconds.
- The QRS complex is of normal duration.
Accessory auricle
Synonyms and keywords: Ear tag, Preauricular appendage, Preauricular tag, Accessory tragus

# Overview
An accessory auricle is considered a developmental anomaly resulting from the persistence of a structure which variably recapitulates the normal external ear.

# Classification
There may be several components or degress of development, ranging from an ear tag, preauricular appendage, preauricular tag, accessory tragus, to supernumerary ears or polyotia. It is a relatively common congenital anomaly of the first branchial arch or second branchial arches. Other anomalies may be present concurrently, including cleft palate, cleft lip, or mandibular hypoplasia. There is a known association with Goldenhar syndrome (oculo-auriculo-vertebral syndrome) and with Wildervanck syndrome. There may also be an association with congenital cartilaginous rest of the neck.

# Pathophysiology

## Pathology Findings
The lesions presents as a nodule or papule, either sessile or pedunculated. They may be soft or have a cartilaginous structure. By histologic examination, it is a recapitulation of normal external auricle. There will be skin, cartilaginous structures, and cartilage (although the later is not seen in all variants of this disorder).

# Differentiating Accessory Auricle from Other Diseases
These structures are distinctly different from squamous papilloma and benign teratoma.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
These lesions usually present in neonates, although they may not come to clinical attention until adulthood (for cosmetic reasons). There is no gender predilection. They are present in approximately 3-6 per 1000 live births.

# Diagnosis

## Signs and Symptoms
The general presentation is of a skin-covered nodule, papule or nodule of the skin surface, usually immediately anterior to the auricle. However, it may be anywhere within the periauricular tissues. Bilateral presentation can be seen.

## Physical Examination

### Skin
- Accessory tragus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Accessory tragus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

# Treatment
Simple surgical excision is curative.
Accessory pigment
Accessory pigments are light-absorbing compounds, found in photosynthetic organisms, that work in conjuction with chlorophyll a. They include other forms of this pigment, such as chlorophyll b in green algal and higher plant antennae, while other algae may contain chlorophyll c or d. In addition, there are many non-chlorophyll accessory pigments, such as carotenoids or phycobiliproteins which also absorb light and transfer that light energy to photosystem chlorophylls. Some of these accessory pigments, particularly the carotenoids, also serve to absorb and dissipate excess light energy, or work as antioxidants. The large, physically associated group of chlorophylls and other accessory pigments is sometimes referred to as a pigment bed, though this term is no longer supported by what we know of photosystem and antenna complex structures.
The different chlorophyll and non-chlorophyll pigments associated with the photosystems all have different absorption spectra, either because the spectra of the different chlorophyll pigments are modified by their local protein environment, or because the accessory pigments have intrinsic structural differences. The result is that, in vivo a composite absorption spectrum of all these pigments is broadened and flattened such that a wider range of visible and infrared radiation is absorbed by plants and algae. Most photosynthetic organisms do not absorb green light well, thus most remaining light under leaf canopies in forests or under water with abundant plankton is green, a spectral effect called the "green window". Organisms such as some cyanobacteria and red algae contain accessory phycobiliproteins that absorb green light reaching these habitats.
In aquatic ecosystems it is likely that the absorption spectrum of water, along with gilvin and tripton (dissolved and particulate organic matter respectively), determines phototrophic niche differentiation. The six shoulders in the light absorption of water between wavelengths 400 and 1100 nm correspond to troughs in the collective absorption of at least twenty diverse species of phototrophic bacteria. Another effect is due to the overall trend for water  to absorb low frequencies while gilvin and tripton absorb higher ones. This is why open ocean appears blue and supports yellow species such as Prochlorococcus, which contains divinyl-chlrophyll a and b. Synechococcus, colored red with phycoerythrin, is adapted to coastal bodies while red-absorbing phycocyanin allows Cyanobacteria to thrive in darker inland waters.
Achillea ptarmica
Achillea ptarmica (Sneezewort, Sneezeweed, Bastard Pellitory, European Pellitory, Fair-maid-of-France, Goose Tongue, Sneezewort Yarrow, Wild Pellitory, White Tansy)  is a species in the genus Achillea. It has loose clusters of white, button-like flowers that bloom from June to August. Its dark green leaves have finely-toothed margins.
This is a hardy, drought-tolerant plant that prefers full sun and moist but well-drained soil.
The name ptarmica comes from the Greek word ptairo (=sneeze) and means 'causes sneezing'.
Like many other plants, the sneezewort's pattern of development displays the Fibonacci sequence.
The plant is posionous to cattle, sheep, and horses. Symptoms are generally slow to develop, and include fever, rapid pulse, difficulty breathing, weight loss, drooling, spasms and loss of muscular control, and convulsions.
Pfeiffer syndrome

# Overview
Pfeiffer syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by the premature fusion of certain bones of the skull (craniosynostosis), which prevents further growth of the skull and affects the shape of the head and face. It is named for Rudolf Arthur Pfeiffer.
Pfeiffer syndrome affects about 1 in 100,000 individuals. 

# Pathophysiology and presentation
Many of the characteristic facial features of Pfeiffer syndrome result from the premature fusion of the skull bones. The head is unable to grow normally, which leads to bulging and wide-set eyes, an underdeveloped upper jaw, and a beaked nose. About 50 percent of children with Pfeiffer syndrome have hearing loss (hearing loss with craniofacial syndromes), and dental problems are also common.

# Classification
Pfeiffer syndrome is divided into three subtypes.
- Type 1 or "classic" Pfeiffer syndrome has symptoms as described above. Most individuals with type 1 have normal intelligence and a normal life span.
- Types 2 and 3 are more severe forms of Pfeiffer syndrome, often involving problems with the nervous system. Type 2 is distinguished from type 3 by more extensive fusion of bones in the skull, leading to a "cloverleaf" shaped head.

# Genetics
It is associated with deficiencies of fibroblast growth factor receptors.
More specifically, mutations in the FGFR1 and FGFR2 genes cause Pfeiffer syndrome. The FGFR1 and FGFR2 genes play an important role in signaling the cell to respond to its environment, perhaps by dividing or maturing. A mutation in either gene causes prolonged signaling, which can promote early maturation of bone cells in a developing embryo and the premature fusion of bones in the skull, hands, and feet.
Type 1 Pfeiffer syndrome is caused by mutations in either the FGFR1 or FGFR2 gene. Types 2 and 3 are caused by mutations in the FGFR2 gene.
This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.
Acryloyl chloride
Acryloyl chloride, also known as 2-propenoyl chloride or acrylic acid chloride, is a clear, light yellow, flammable liquid with an acrid smell. It belongs to the acid chlorides group of compounds and is therefore a derivative of acrylic acid.

# Preparation
Acryloyl chloride can be prepared by reacting acrylic acid with benzoyl chloride or with thionyl chloride. When preparing this compound adding a small amount of an inhibitor such as hydroquinone can help to avoid light induced polymerisation of acryloyl chloride.

# Reaction
This compound will give the common reactions of acid chlorides: it will react violently with water producing acrylic acid while it will form anhydrides when reacted with sodium salts of carboxylic acids. Reactions with alcohols will result in the formation of esters and reactions with amines will generate amides.

# Uses
Acryloyl chloride is most commonly employed in organic synthesis for the introduction of acrylic moieties into other compounds it is also used extensively in the preparation of acrylate monomers and polymers.

# Safety
Acryloyl chloride is a dangerous compound being both easily flammable and corrosive: contact with skin, inhalation and ingestion should be avoided since it can result in burns. Acryloyl chloride should be handled carefully since it is also a lachrymator.