Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Triplet state
In physics, spin is the angular momentum intrinsic to a body, as opposed to orbital angular momentum, which is the motion of its center of mass about an external point. In quantum mechanics, spin is particularly important for systems at atomic length scales, such as individual atoms, protons, or electrons. Such particles and the spin of quantum mechanical systems ("particle spin") possesses several unusual or non-classical features, and for such systems, spin angular momentum cannot be associated with rotation but instead refers only to the presence of angular momentum. A spin triplet is a set of three quantum states of a system, each with total spin S = 1. The system could consist of a single elementary massive spin 1 particle such as a W or Z boson, or be some multiparticle state with total spin angular momentum of one (in units of \hbar).

# Two Spin 1/2 Particles
In a system with two spin 1/2 particles - for example the proton and electron in the ground state of hydrogen, measured on a given axis, each particle can be either spin up or spin down so the system has four basis states in all
using the single particle spins to label the basis states, where the first and second arrow in each combination indicate the spin direction of the first and second particle respectively.
More rigorously
and since for spin-1/2 particles, the |1/2,m\rangle basis states span a 2-dimensional space.  Therefore the |1/2,m_1\rangle|1/2,m_2\rangle basis states span a 4-dimensional space.
Now the total spin and its projection onto the previously defined axis can be computed using the rules for adding angular momentum in quantum mechanics using the ClebschGordan coefficients. In general
substituting in the four basis states
returns the possible values for total spin given along with their representation in the |1/2\ m_1\rangle|1/2\ m_2\rangle basis. There are three states with total angular momentum 1
\left(
\begin{array}{ll}
\end{array}
\right)\ s=1\ (\mathrm{triplet})
and a fourth with total angular momentum 0.
The result is that a combination of two spin 1/2 particles can carry a total spin of 1 or 0, depending on whether they occupy a triplet or singlet state.
Trofile assay
The Trofile (TM) assay is a blood test that identifies the  tropism of a patient's HIV.
A molecular assay, Trofile was developed by Monogram Biosciences for use in HIV treatment. The assay's purpose is to identify the  tropism of an individual patient's HIV strain  R5, X4, or a combination of these known as dual/mixed (D/M).  The results show whether the patient is infected with virus that enters cells using the  R5 co-receptor, the  X4 co-receptor, or both (dual/mixed).
Patients with strains of HIV that prefer the R5 receptor tend to remain healthy longer than those with the strains that prefer X4. However, over the course of the disease, a patient's viral population may undergo a "tropism switch" from R5 to X4.
Tumor antigen

# Overview
Tumor antigen is a substance produced in tumor cells that triggers an immune response in the host. Tumor antigens are useful in identifying tumor cells and are potential candidates for use in cancer therapy.

# Mechanism of tumor antigenesis
Normal proteins in the body are not antigenic because of self-tolerance, a process in which self-reacting cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and autoantibody-producing B lymphocytes are culled in the thymus. Thus any protein that is not exposed to the immune system triggers an immune response. This may include normal proteins that are well sequestered from the immune system, proteins that are normally produced in extremely small quantities, proteins that are normally produced only in certain stages of development, or proteins whose structure is modified due to mutation.

# Types
Any protein produced in a a tumor cell that has an abnormal structure due to mutation can act as a tumor antigen. Such abnormal proteins are produced due to mutation of the concerned gene. Mutation of protooncogenes and tumor suppressors which lead to abnormal protein production are the cause of the tumor and thus such abnormal proteins are called tumor-specific antigens. Examples of tumor-specific antigens include the abnormal products of ras and p53 genes. In contrast, mutation of other genes unrelated to the tumor formation may lead to synthesis of abnormal proteins which are called tumor-associated antigens.
Proteins that are normally produced in very low quantities but whose production is dramatically increased in tumor cells, trigger an immune response. An example of such a protein is the enzyme tyrosinase, which is required for melanin production. Normally tyrosinase is produced in minute quantities but its levels are very much elevated in melanoma cells.
Oncofetal antigens are another important class of tumor antigens. Examples are alphafetoprotein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). These proteins are normally produced in the early stages of embryonic development and disappear by the time the immune system is fully developed. Thus self-tolerance does not develop against these antigens.
Abnormal proteins are also produced by cells infected with oncoviruses, eg. EBV and HPV. Cells infected by these viruses contain latent viral DNA which is transcribed and the resulting protein produces an immune response.
In addition to proteins, other substances like cell surface glycolipids and glycoproteins may also have an abnormal structure in tumor cells and could thus be targets of the immune system.

# Importance of tumor antigens
Tumor antigens, because of their relative abundance in tumor cells are useful in identifying specific tumor cells. Certain tumors have certain tumor antigens in abundance.
Certain tumor antigens are thus used as tumor markers. More importantly, tumor antigens can be used in cancer therapy as tumor antigen vaccines.
Ugie Hospital
Ugie Hospital is a small hospital in Peterhead, Scotland, providing psychogeriatric services.

# MRSA outbreak
In 2004 the Ravenscraig geriatric ward at the hospital was closed to new admissions because of an outbreak of MRSA among the elderly patients. Eight of the 13 patients were found to be carriers of the bacteria, although none of the patients was actually infected.

# Possible closure
In August 2005 Aberdeenshire Community Health Partnership issued a consultation document on Older Peoples Services, Maternity Services and Diagnostic and Treatment Services which includes several proposals for reorganisation of services in these areas. One of the options would "create one centralised Aberdeenshire psycho-geriatric assessment unit.  This would allow for the relocation of all psychogeriatric services out of Ugie Hospital and enable it to be closed".
Umbelliferone
Umbelliferone or 7-hydroxycoumarin is a widespread natural product of the coumarin family.  It occurs in many familiar plants from the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family such as carrot, coriander and garden angelica, as well plants from other families such as the mouse-ear hawkweed.   It is a yellowish-white crystalline solid which has a slight solubility in hot water, but high solubility in ethanol.  It absorbs ultraviolet light strongly at several wavelengths, leading to its use in sunscreen creams and lotions.

# Chemical synthesis
Umbelliferone is traditionally synthesized using the Pechmann condensation, from resorcinol and formylacetic acid (generated from malic acid in situ).
A newer synthesis uses methyl propiolate and a palladium catalyst.

# Ultraviolet fluorescence
Umbelliferone absorbs strongly at 300, 305 and 325 nm, with log  values of 3.9, 3.95 and 4.15 respectively, and it fluoresces blue in both ultraviolet and visible light.  The powerful absorption at three different wavelengths, coupled with the fact that the energy is dissipated safely as visible light, make umbelliferone a useful sunscreen agent.  The absorption changes in alkaline solution, since the phenolic hydroxyl group is deprotonated (pKa = 7.7).

# Uses
The ultraviolet activity of umbelliferone lead to its use as a sunscreen agent, and an optical brightener for textiles.  It has also been used as a gain medium for dye lasers.  Umbelliferone can be used as a fluorescence indicator for metal ions such as copper and calcium.  It acts as a pH indicator in the range 6.5-8.9.

# Derivatives of umbelliferone
Umbelliferone is the parent compound for a large number of natural products.  Herniarin or 7-O-methylumbelliferone (7-methoxycoumarin) occurs in the leaves of water hemp (Eupatorium ayapana) and rupturewort.  O-glycosylated derivatives such as skimmin (7-O--D-glucopyranosylumbelliferone) occur naturally and are used for the fluorimetric determination of glycoside hydrolase enzymes.  Isoprenylated derivatives are also widespread, such as marmin (found in grapefruit skin and in the bark of the Bael tree) and furocoumarins such as marmesin, angelicin and psoralen.
Unhappy triad

# Overview
An unhappy triad (or terrible triad, or O'Donoghue's triad) is an injury to the knee. It commonly occurs in contact sports (such as American football). The mechanism for this injury occurs when a lateral (outside) force to the knee is received while the foot is fixed on the ground.

# Structures in triad
This scenario causes an injury to three knee structures:
- the anterior cruciate ligament
- the medial collateral ligament (or "tibial collateral ligament")
- the lateral meniscus
The inclusion of the lateral meniscus in the triad has been recently ascertained as it previously had been incorrectly postulated that the medial meniscus was the third component.

# Terminology
The term "unhappy triad" was coined by O'Donoghue in 1950. However, since then, this term and the term "terrible triad" have also been used to describe several other combinations of joint injuries, including those of the elbow and shoulder.
The term "terrible triad" is also sometimes used in the popular press to describe conditions relating to pain, or even to refer to the MacDonald triad.
MR images demonstrate O'Donoghue's unhappy triad
- ACL tear
- Medial meniscal tear
- Medial meniscal tear Image:
- Medial collateral ligament tear
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Ustilaginales
Ustilaginales is an order of fungi within the class Ustilaginomycetes.
The order Ustinaginales is also known and classified as the "smut fungi"

# Morphology
Has a thick-walled resting spore (teliospore), known as the "brand" (burn) spore or chlamydospore.

# Economic Importance
Ustilaginales are serious plant pathogens, with only the dikaryotic stage being obligately parasitic.
VEGF receptor
VEGF receptors are receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). There are three main subtypes of VEGFR, numbered 1, 2 and 3. Also, they may be membrane-bound (mbVEGFR) or soluble (sVEGFR), depending on alternative splicing.
Inhibitors of VEGFR are used in the treatment of cancer.

# VEGF
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important signaling protein involved in both vasculogenesis (the formation of the circulatory system) and angiogenesis (the growth of blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature). As its name implies, VEGF activity is restricted mainly to cells of the vascular endothelium, although it does have effects on a limited number of other cell types (e.g. stimulation monocyte/macrophage migration). In vitro, VEGF has been shown to stimulate endothelial cell mitogenesis and cell migration. VEGF also enhances microvascular permeability and is sometimes referred to as vascular permeability factor.

# Receptor biology
All members of the VEGF family stimulate cellular responses by binding to tyrosine kinase receptors (the VEGFRs) on the cell surface, causing them to dimerize and become activated through transphosphorylation. The VEGF receptors have an extracellular portion consisting of 7 immunoglobulin-like domains, a single transmembrane spanning region and an intracellular portion containing a split tyrosine-kinase domain.
VEGF-A binds to VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1). VEGFR-2 appears to mediate almost all of the known cellular responses to VEGF. The function of VEGFR-1 is less well defined, although it is thought to modulate VEGFR-2 signaling. Another function of VEGFR-1 is to act as a dummy/decoy receptor, sequestering VEGF from VEGFR-2 binding (this appears to be particularly important during vasculogenesis in the embryo). In fact, an alternatively spliced form of VEGFR-1 (sFlt1) is not a membrane bound protein but is secreted and  functions primarily as a decoy. A third receptor has been discovered (VEGFR-3), however, VEGF-A is not a ligand for this receptor. VEGFR-3 mediates lymphangiogenesis in response to VEGF-C and VEGF-D.
In addition to binding to VEGFRs, TACO VEGF binds to receptor complexes consisting of both neuropilins and VEGFRs. This receptor complex has increased VEGF signalling activity in endothelial cells (blood vessels).  Neuropilins (NRP) are pleitrophic receptors and therefore other molecules may interfere with the signalling of the NRP/VEGFR receptor complexes. For example, Class 3 semaphorins compete with VEGF165 for NRP binding and could therefore regulate VEGF-mediated angiogenesis.

# VEGFR antagonists
Some VEGFR antagonists (inhibitors) (for example lenvatinib, motesanib) are under investigation for treating various cancers. Pazopanib was approved for renal cell carcinoma in 2009. Regorafenib was approved for colorectal cancer in Sept 2012.
Vaccenic acid
Vaccenic acid is a trans fat found in the fat of ruminants and in dairy products.  Its IUPAC name is trans-7-octadecenoic acid, and its lipid shorthand name is 18:1 trans-11. 
The name was derived from the Latin vacca (cow).
Vaccenic acid was discovered in 1928 in animal fats and butter.  It is the main trans fatty acid isomer present in milk fat.  
Mammals convert it into rumenic acid, a conjugated linoleic acid, 
where it shows anticarcinogenic properties.
Its stereoisomer, Cis-Vaccenic acid is an Omega-7 fatty acid found in Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) oil.   Its IUPAC name is cis-7-octadecenoic acid, and its lipid shorthand name is 18:1 cis-11.

# Old Person Smell
In the April 2001 issue of THE JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY, Shinichiro Haze et al published an article entitled: "2-Nonenal, Newly Found in Human Body Odor Tends to Increase with Aging". 
In this article it was suggested that omega-7 unsaturated fatty acids, such as palmitoleic acid and vaccenic acid, found on the skin surface may be the cause of the phenomenon commonly known as "old person smell".
Vaginal flora
The human vaginal region has a higher concentration of bacteria, than any other part of the body, save the colon . The bacteria of the vaginal flora were discovered by the gynecologist Albert Doderlein in 1892. Primarily, these bacteria consist of lactobacilli , and are collectively referred to as the vaginal flora.  The amount and type of bacteria present have significant implications for a woman's overall health.  These bacteria and the lactic acid they produce, in combination with fluids secreted during sexual arousal, are greatly responsible for the characteristic odor associated with the vaginal area.

# Menstruation
During menstruation, the concentration of vaginal flora is observed to decline.  The effect of tampon use on vaginal flora is debated, but safe application of sterile tampons appears not to significantly modify the balance of bacterial presence.

# Disease Prevention
A healthy vaginal flora aids in the prevention of yeast infections and other possible problems by occupying the chemical resources otherwise utilized by pathogen organisms.  However, harmful bacteria or an imbalance in bacteria can lead to infection.
One method of reducing the risk of infection in the local area of the urethra is to urinate immediately after sex.  Additionally, exclusive use of sterile contraceptives can assist in prevention of infection.
Varicosavirus

# Overview
The viral genus Varicosavirus is a plant virus associated with the swelling it causes in plant vein tissues.  It is a double stranded RNA virus with no specific assigned family.  Infection occurs through soil by the spores of the fungus Olpidium brassicae.

# Genome
The genome consists of a bi-segmented linear, double-stranded RNA. The segments are distributed among two particle types of the RNA. The first segment is about 6350-7000 nucleotides in length; the second, about 5630-6500 nucleotides in length .

# Structure
Virions consist of a non-enveloped rod-shaped capsid, having a helical symmetry of 120-360 nm in length, and a width of 18-30 nm.
Vascular ring

# Overview
A vascular ring is a congenital defect in which there is an abnormal formation of the aorta and/or its surrounding blood vessels. The trachea and esophagus are completely encircled and sometimes compressed by a "ring" formed by these vessels, which can lead to breathing and digestive difficulties.

# Pathophysiology
Most often this is because of persistence of the double aortic arch after the second month of fetal life.  A less common ring is present with a right aortic arch instead of the usual left-sided aortic arch which compresses the esophagus and trachea because of the persistence of a ductal ligament (from fetal circulation) that may connect between the aorta on the front and the left subclavian artery posteriorly going to the left arm.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
The two arches surround the esophagus and trachea which if sufficiently constrictive cause the breathing or swallowing difficulties.

# Additional Resources
- Moss and Adams' Heart Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents Hugh D. Allen, Arthur J. Moss, David J. Driscoll, Forrest H. Adams, Timothy F. Feltes, Robert E. Shaddy, 2007 ISBN 0781786843
Vasovasostomy
Vasovasostomy (literally connection of the vas  to the vas) is the surgery by which  vasectomies are reversed in males.
In most cases the vas deferens can be reattached but, in many cases, fertility is not achieved. There are several reasons for this, including blockages in the vas deferens, and the presence of autoantibodies which disrupt normal sperm activity. If blockage at the level of the epididymis is suspected, a vaso-epidymostomy (connecting the vas to the epididymis) can be performed.
Return of sperm to the ejaculate ranges from roughly 30 to 90 percent, and may depend greatly on the length of time from the vasectomy. Generally, the shorter the interval, the higher the chance of success. The likelihood of pregnancy is somewhat lower (30 to 60 percent), and can depend on female partner factors.
Over half of men who have undergone a vasectomy develop anti-sperm antibodies. The effects of anti-sperm antibodies continue to be debated in the medical literature but, there is agreement that antibodies reduce sperm motility.
The procedure is typically performed by  urologists. Most urologists specializing in the field of male infertility perform vasovasostomies using an operative microscope for magnification, under general or regional anesthesia.
Vasovasostomy is typically an out-patient procedure (patient goes home the same day).
Prognosis
Determining the prognosis for each patient may involve a pre-operative examination of the vasectomy sites and consideration of the time interval between vasectomy and reversal. If there are no granulomas at either vasectomy site, the prognosis may then be based on the time interval since the vasectomy. If the interval since the vasectomy is less than fifteen years, the prognosis will likely be 70% or better.
Vegas Cubanas
Vegas Cubanas is a brand of hand-made premium cigar owned by El Rey de los Habanos, Inc.

# History and Background
This brand was created by Jose "Pepin" Garcia and is manufactured at the El Rey de los Habanos factory in Little Havana, Miami, Florida. It was introduced into national distribution in 2005.

# Description
A Nicaraguan puro, the wrapper is a corojo leaf, colorado maduro in color. It is a mild- to medium-bodied smoke available, uncellophaned, in boxes of 25. Cigars are aged for a minimum of one year before shipping.

# Models/Vitolas

# Notes
-  Catalogue blurb

# See Also
Perelman, Richard B., comp.  Perelman's Pocket Cyclopedia of Cigars, 2006 edn. Philadelphia: Perelman, Pioneer & Co., (2005). p. 545-546.
Veggie burger
A veggie burger is a vegetarian hamburger. The patty of a veggie burger can be made from vegetables, nuts, dairy, mushrooms, textured vegetable protein (TVP), or a combination of these. They are sometimes vegan.
Veggie burgers are available in a growing number of fast-food restaurants in the U.S., but availability may vary geographically or even among particular restaurants of the same franchise. As of April 2005, veggie burgers were available in all Burger King restaurants (although, not vegan : ), and certain Subway restaurants. Many "greasy spoon" cafes as well as top-of-the-range eateries also offer veggie burgers as an option. In places like India where vegetarianism is popular, McDonald's serves veggie burgers as it is one of the primary hot sellers.
Non-meat burgers made by Boca, Gardenburger, and Morningstar Farms are sold extensively in supermarkets across America.
The first veggie burger was created, in London, by Gregory Sams in 1982, calling it the 'VegeBurger'. Gregory and his brother Craig had run a famous natural food restaurant in Paddington since the 1960s. A Carrefour hypermarket in Southampton sold 2000 packets in three weeks after its launch, which was reported in The Observer newspaper on February 27, 1983.
Vinyl bromide

# Overview
Vinyl bromide is a simple vinyl halide. It is soluble in chloroform, ethanol, diethyl ether, acetone and benzene.

# Uses
Vinyl bromide is used to manufacture bromopolymers and mainly polyvinyl bromide. Further it is used as a flame retardant and as an alkylation agent.

# Safety precautions
Vinyl bromide is highly flammable liquid and reacts violently with oxidizers.
It is listed in List of IARC Group 2A carcinogens as a suspected human carcinogen.