Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
CD1
CD1 (cluster of differentiation 1) is a family of glycoproteins expressed on the surface of various human antigen-presenting cells.  They are related to the class I MHC molecules, and are involved in the presentation of lipid antigens to T cells. However their precise function is unknown.

# Types
CD1 glycoproteins can be classified primarily into two groups which differ in their lipid anchoring.
- CD1a, CD1b and CD1c (group 1 CD1 molecules) are expressed on cells specialized for antigen presentation.
- CD1d (group 2 CD1) is expressed in a wider variety of cells.
CD1e is an intermediate form, expressed intracellularly, the role of which is currently unclear.

# In humans

## Group 1
Group 1 CD1 molecules have been shown to present foreign lipid antigens, and specifically a number of mycobacterial cell wall components, to CD1-specific T cells.

## Group 2
The natural antigens of group 2 CD1 are not well characterized, but a synthetic glycolipid, alpha-galactosylceramide, originally isolated from a compound found in a marine sponge, has strong biologic activity.
Group 2 CD1 molecules activate a group of T cells, known as Natural killer T cells because of their expression of NK surface markers such as CD161. Natural Killer T (NKT) cells are activated by CD1d-presented antigens, and rapidly produce Th1 and Th2 cytokines, typically represented by interferon-gamma and IL-4 production.
The group 2 (CD1d) ligand alpha-galactosylceramide is currently in phase I clinical trials for the treatment of advanced non-hematologic cancers.

## Diagnostic relevance
CD1 antigens are expressed on cortical thymocytes, but not on mature T cells. This often remains true in neoplastic cells from these populations, so that the presence of CD1 antigens can be used in diagnostic immunohistochemistry to identify some thymomas and malignancies arising from T cell precursors. CD1a, in particular, is a specific marker for Langerhans cells, and can therefore also be used in the diagnosis of Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Other conditions that may show CD1 positivity include myeloid leukaemia and some B cell lymphomas.

# In cows and mice
Mice lack the group 1 CD1 molecules, and instead have 2 copies of CD1d. Thus, mice have been used extensively to characterize the role of CD1d and CD1d-dependent NKT cells in a variety of disease models.
It has recently been shown that cows lack the group 2 CD1 molecules, and have an expanded set of group 1 CD1 molecules. Because of this and the fact that cows are a natural host of Mycobacterium bovis, a pathogen in humans as well, it is hoped that studying cows will yield insights into the group 1 CD1 antigen-presenting system.
CD2
CD2 (cluster of differentiation 2) is a cell adhesion molecule found on the surface of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells.  
It has also been called T-cell surface antigen T11/Leu-5, LFA-2, LFA-3 receptor, erythrocyte receptor and rosette receptor.

# Function
It interacts with other adhesion molecules, such as lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3 (LFA-3/CD58) in humans, or CD48 in rodents, which are expressed on the surfaces of other cells.
In addition to its adhesive properties, CD2 also acts as a co-stimulatory molecule on T and NK cells.

## Diagnostic relevance
CD2 is a specific marker for T cells and NK cells, and can therefore be used in immunohistochemistry to identify the presence of such cells in tissue sections. The great majority of T cell lymphomas and leukaemias also express CD2, making it possible to use the presence of the antigen to distinguish these conditions from B cell neoplasms.

# Classification
Due to its structural characteristics, CD2 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily; it possesses two immunoglobulin-like domains in its extracellular portion.

# Interactions
CD2 has been shown to interact with CD2BP2, Lck and PSTPIP1.
CD6
CD6 (Cluster of Differentiation 6) is a human protein encoded by the CD6 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a protein found on the outer membrane of T-lymphocytes as well as some other immune cells. The encoded protein contains three scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains and a binding site for an activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule. The gene product is important for continuation of T cell activation.

# Clinical significance
Certain alleles of this gene may be associated with susceptibility to multiple sclerosis.
CD8
CD8 (cluster of differentiation 8) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor (TCR). Like the TCR, CD8 binds to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule, but is specific for the class I MHC protein. There are two isoforms of the protein, alpha and beta, each encoded by a different gene.  In humans, both genes are located on chromosome 2 in position 2p12.

# Tissue distribution
The CD8 co-receptor is predominantly expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T cells, but can also be found on natural killer cells, cortical thymocytes, and dendritic cells.The CD8 molecule is a marker for cytotoxic T cell population. It is expressed in T cell lymphoblastic lymphoma and hypo-pigmented mycosis fungoides.

# Structure
To function, CD8 forms a dimer, consisting of a pair of CD8 chains. The most common form of CD8 is composed of a CD8- and CD8- chain, both members of the immunoglobulin superfamily with an immunoglobulin variable (IgV)-like extracellular domain connected to the membrane by a thin stalk, and an intracellular tail. Less-common homodimers of the CD8- chain are also expressed on some cells. The molecular weight of each CD8 chain is about 34 kDa. The structure of the CD8 molecule was determined by Leahy, D.J., Axel, R., and Hendrickson, W.A. by X-ray Diffraction at a 2.6A resolution.  The structure was determined to have an immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich folding and 114 amino acid residues.  2% of the protein is wound into -helices and 46% into -sheets, with the remaining 52% of the molecules remaining in the loop portions.

# Function
The extracellular IgV-like domain of CD8- interacts with the 3 portion of the Class I MHC molecule. This affinity keeps the T cell receptor of the cytotoxic T cell and the target cell bound closely together during antigen-specific activation. Cytotoxic T cells with CD8 surface protein are called CD8+ T cells. The main recognition site is a flexible loop at the 3 domain of an MHC molecule.  This was discovered by doing mutational analyses.  The flexible 3 domain is located between residues 223 and 229 in the genome. In addition to aiding with cytotoxic T cell antigen interactions the CD8 co-receptor also plays a role in T cell signaling. The cytoplasmic tails of the CD8 co-receptor interact with Lck (lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase). Once the T cell receptor binds its specific antigen Lck phosphorylates the cytoplasmic CD3 and -chains of the TCR complex which initiates a cascade of phosphorylation eventually leading to activation of transcription factors like NFAT, NF-B, and AP-1 which affect the expression of certain genes.
CD9
CD9 antigen is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD9 gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, also known as the tetraspanin family. Most of these members are cell-surface proteins that are characterized by the presence of four hydrophobic domains. The proteins mediate signal transduction events that play a role in the regulation of cell development, activation, growth and motility.
CD9 is a cell surface glycoprotein that is known to complex with integrins and other transmembrane 4 superfamily proteins. CD9 is found on the surface of exosomes and it can modulate cell adhesion and migration and also trigger platelet activation and aggregation. In addition, the protein appears to promote muscle cell fusion and support myotube maintenance. This protein also seems to be a key part in the egg-sperm fusion during mammalian fertilization.  While oocytes are ovulated, CD9-deficient oocytes are not properly fused with sperm upon fertilization. CD9 is located in the microvillar membrane of the oocytes and also appears to intervene in maintaining the normal shape of oocyte microvilli.

# Interactions
CD9 has been shown to interact with:
- CD117,
- CD29
- CD46,
- CD49c,
- CD81,
- PTGFRN,  and
- TSPAN4.
CLS
CLS may refer to:

# Education and society

## Academic fields
- Critical legal studies, a contentious school of legal philosophy, that emerged from Harvard Law School in the 1980s.
- Critical language studies - the study of language that evolved into critical discourse analysis

## Educational institutions
- City of London School (an all-boys school; see also City of London School for Girls.
- Covington Latin School, a high school in Covington, Kentucky

## Academic associations, divisions, programs and facilities
- Columbia Law School at Columbia University
- Coalition of Latin@ Scholars at Teachers College, Columbia University
- Canadian Light Source - a synchrotron research facility located at the University of Saskatchewan, in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

## Societies and associations
- Chicago Linguistic Society
- Christian Legal Society

# Software
- Common Language Specification an open specification developed by Microsoft that describes the executable code and runtime environment. It defines an environment that allows multiple high-level languages to be used on different computer platforms without being rewritten for specific architectures.
- cls is a command in some operating systems, including MS-DOS, and programming languages, such as BASIC, that clears the screen.
- Call logging system, a transaction logging system or interface.

# Occupational terms
- Clinical laboratory scientist, another term for medical technician, a type of healthcare professional.
- Combat lifesaver (or combat medic) US Military Occupational Specialty 68W

# Music
- CLS Records, a record label.
- Cory Lee Senn, rapper, leader of The M.O.B.

# Medicine
- Capillary leak syndrome
- Coffin-Lowry syndrome, a genetic disorder associated with mental retardation
- Clinical laboratory scientist, another term for medical technician, a type of healthcare professional

# Aerospace
- Capsule launch system for space capsules

# Business and finance
- Continuous linked settlement, a financial clearing system
- CLS Group of Companies (headquartered in France, but with various divisions, including CLS America)
- Celestica Inc. (New York Stock Exhchange symbol: CLS).

# Miscellaneous products
- The Mercedes-Benz CLS-Class, a series of automobile models.
- Canadian lumber sizes - a surfaced timber widely used in building for studding. It has 3mm radius eased edges and consistent dimensions.
- Nikon's Creative Lighting System, a complete lighting solution for Nikon's camera bodies and external light units.
de:CLS
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ksh:CLS (Watt e datt?)
Rib
In vertebrate anatomy, ribs (Latin costae) are the long curved bones which form the ribcage.  In most animals, ribs surround the chest (Latin thorax) and protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax.  In some animals, especially snakes, ribs may provide support and protection for the entire body.

# Human anatomy
Human beings, both male and female, have 24 ribs (12 pairs). The first seven sets of ribs have their own individual cartilage connections with the sternum. The remaining five sets are known as "false ribs".  The first three of these share a common connection to the sternum, while the last two (eleventh and twelfth ribs) are termed floating ribs (costae fluitantes) or vertebral ribs.  They are attached to the vertebrae only, and not to the sternum or cartilage coming off of the sternum.  Some people are missing one of the two pairs of floating ribs, while others have a third pair.  Rib removal is the surgical excision of ribs for therapeutic or cosmetic reasons.
The ribcage is separated from the lower abdomen by the thoracic diaphragm which controls breathing.  When the diaphragm contracts, the ribcage and thoracic cavity are expanded, reducing intra-thoracic pressure and drawing air into the lungs.

# In other animals
In mammals, one generally thinks of ribs occurring only in the chest. However, during the development of mammalian embryos, fused-on remnants of ribs can be traced in neck vertebrae (cervical ribs) and sacral vertebrae.
In reptiles, ribs sometimes occur in all vertebrae from the neck to the sacrum.
The ribs of turtles are developed into a bony or cartilagenous carapace and plastron.
Fish can have up to four ribs on each vertebra and this can easily be seen in the herring, although not all fish have this many.
Cud

# Overview
Cud is a portion of food that returns from a ruminant's stomach in the mouth to be chewed for the second time. More accurately, it is a bolus of semi-degraded food regurgitated from the reticulorumen of a ruminant. Cud is produced during the physical digestive process of rumination, or "chewing the cud". The idiomatic expression chewing one's cud means meditating or pondering.

# Explanation
The alimentary canal of ruminants, such as the cow, goat, sheep and antelope, is unable to produce the enzymes required to break down the cellulose and hemicellulose of plant matter. Accordingly, these animals have developed a symbiotic relationship with a wide range of microbes, which largely reside in the reticulorumen, and which are able to synthesise the requisite enzymes. The reticulorumen thus hosts a microbial fermentation which yields products (mainly volatile fatty acids and microbial protein), which the ruminant is able to digest and absorb.

# Process of rumination
The process of rumination is stimulated by the presence of roughage in the upper part of the reticulorumen. The chest cavity is stretched, forming a vacuum in the gullet that sucks the semi-liquid stomach content into the esophagus. From the esophagus it is taken back to the mouth with retro peristaltic movements. When the stomach content, or the cud, arrives in the mouth of the ruminant, it is pushed against the palate with the tongue to remove excess liquid, the latter is swallowed and the solid material is chewed thoroughly. The function of rumination is that food is physically refined to expose more surface area for bacterial working in the reticulorumen, as well as stimulation of saliva secretion to buffer the rumen pH.

# Chemistry
The reticulorumen has an optimum pH of 6.5 for the microbe population to live and function. Consumption by ruminants of an insufficiently fibrous diet leads to little cud formation and therefore lowered amounts of saliva production. This in turn is associated with rumen acidosis, where the rumen pH can fall to as low as pH 5 or lower. Rumen acidosis is associated with a lowered appetite which leads to still lower rates of saliva secretion. Eventually, a collapse of the microbial ecosystem in the rumen will occur because of the low pH. Acute rumen acidosis can lead to death of the animal, and will occur if the animal is allowed to eat a diet with no roughage but high levels of highly digestible starchy concentrate. It is thought that most dairy cows in intensive systems of milk production have sub-acute acidosis because of the high rates of cereals in their diets relative to an insufficient amount of forage.

# Final digestion
When food has been degraded efficiently it passes from the reticulorumen through the reticulo-omasal orifice to the omasum followed by the abomasum to continue the digestion process in the lower parts of the alimentary canal. No enzymes are secreted in the rumen. Enzymes and hydrochloric acid are only secreted from the Abomasum (fourth stomach) onwards, and ruminants function from that point onwards much like monogastric animals, such as pigs and humans.
lt:Atrajojimas
no:Drvtygging
DES
DES may mean:
- Data Encryption Standard, a deprecated cryptographic block cipher that falls to brute force attacks due to its short 56-bit key
- Diethylstilbestrol, a synthetic estrogen developed to supplement a woman's natural estrogen production
- Drug-eluting stent, a device placed in coronary arteries to treat or prevent heart attacks
- Diffuse esophageal spasm, a condition resulting from a disorder of the esophagus
cs:DES
de:DES
eo:DES (apartigilo)
it:DES
nl:DES
sk:DES
sv:DES
DXN
Established in 1993, DXN is a multi-level marketing (MLM) company founded by Dato  Dr. Lim Siow Jin. Based in Malaysia, the company is well known for its Ganoderma business. Its product lines include dietary supplements, food and beverages, personal care products, household products and water treatment system. DXN Holdings Bhd. was listed on the Main Board of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange (KLSE) on 30 September 2003.
DXN sells dietary supplements based on the Chinese mushroom called ganoderma (Polyporus lucidus; also known as reishi or lingzhi), which is considered the food of the immortals in Daoism. Ganoderma has long been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of such diseases and disorders as cancer and arthritis, and its biomedicinal value is now being established through a wealth of published literature.

# Ganoderma
Reishi mushroom or "Lingzhi" mushroom is also known as Ganoderma lucidum. For centuries, this mushroom is claimed as "King of Herbs" by herbal practitioners in China and Japan for its efficacy in the maintenance or improvement of general well-being. This mushroom has been listed as a Chinese herb and classified as a superior herb dating back to 2800 BC.
Ganoderma contains more than 200 active elements which can be categorized as water soluble, organic soluble and volatile compounds. The major elements found are Polysaccharide, Adenosine and Triterpenoids, each having their own medicinal effects.

# DXN Farm
DXNs International headquarter has a 30 acre Ganoderma farms located at Bukit Wang, Malaysia and a 10 acre farm at Bukit Pinang in Kedah, Malaysia.

# DXN Pharmaceutical
DXN Pharmaceutical, established in June 2001, is a processing factory for DXN supplements with front-to-end facilities and equipment. It is located in an area of 28,000 square meters.
Dol
A Dol is a unit of measurement for pain (from the Latin word for pain, dolor).
James D. Hardy, Herbert G. Wolff, and Helen Goodell of Cornell University proposed the unit based on their studies of pain during the 1940s-1950s; they defined one dol to equal to "just noticeable differences" (jnd's) in pain.
The unit did not come into widespread use and other methods are now used to assess the level of pain experienced by patients.
XPB
XPB (xeroderma pigmentosum type B) is an ATP-dependent DNA helicase in humans that is a part of the TFIIH transcription factor complex.

# Structure
The 3D-structure of the archaeal homolog of XPB has been solved by X-ray crystallography by Dr. John Tainer and his group at The Scripps Research Institute.

# Function
XPB plays a significant role in normal basal transcription, transcription coupled repair (TCR), and nucleotide excision repair (NER). Purified XPB has been shown to unwind DNA with 3-5 polarity.
The function of the XPB(ERCC3) protein in NER is to assist in unwinding the DNA double helix after damage is initially recognized.  NER is a multi-step pathway that removes a wide range of different DNA damages that distort normal base pairing.  Such damages include bulky chemical adducts, UV-induced pyrimidine dimers, and several forms of oxidative damage.  Mutations in the XPB(ERCC3) gene can lead, in humans, to xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) or XP combined with Cockayne syndrome (XPCS).  Mutant XPB cells from individuals with the XPCS phenotype are sensitive to UV irradiation and acute oxidative stress.

# Disorders
Mutations in XPB and other related complementation groups, XPA-XPG, leads to a number of genetic disorders such as Xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne's syndrome, and trichothiodystrophy.

# Interactions
XPB has been shown to interact with:
- BCR gene,
- CDK7,
- ERCC2,
- GTF2H1,
- GTF2H2,
- GTF2H4,
- GTF2H5,
- P53,
- PSMC5,  and
- XPC.
Ell
An ell (from Proto-Indo-European *el- "elbow, forearm"), when used as an English unit of length, is usually 45 inches, i.e. 1.143 m (for the international inch). It was mainly used in the tailoring business but is now obsolete. It was derived from the length of the arm from the shoulder (or the elbow) to the wrist, although the exact length was never defined in English law.
Several different national forms existed, with different lengths, including the Scottish ell (approximately 37 inches), the Flemish ell (approximately 27 inches) and the Polish ell (0.78 metres, approximately 31 inches).
Sometimes ell is used as an alias for the cubit.
An ell-wand or ellwand was a rod of length one ell used for official measurement.   Edward I of England required that every town have one.  In Scotland, the Belt of Orion was called "the King's Ellwand."
-  infoplease.com, OED s. Ell-wand.
-  cricinfo
br:Gwalenn
cs:Loket (delkova mira)
da:Alen
de:Elle (Einheit)
it:Auna
sw:Ziraa
nl:El (lengtemaat)
no:Alen
nn:Alen
simple:Ell
sl:Vatel
sv:Aln
Gac
Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng., commonly known as gac (from Vietnamese: gac, or qua gac ; in Chinese: ) Template:IPA3, is a Southeast Asian fruit found throughout the region from Southern China to Northeastern Australia.  It is also known as Baby Jackfruit, Spiny Bitter Gourd, Sweet Gourd, or Cochinchin Gourd.  It has been traditionally used as both food and medicine in the regions in which it grows.
Because it has a relatively short harvest season (which peaks in December and January), making it less abundant than other foods, gac is typically served at ceremonial or festive occasions in Vietnam, such as Tet (the Vietnamese new year) and weddings.  It is most commonly prepared as a dish called xoi gac, in which the aril and seeds of the fruit are cooked in glutinous rice, imparting both their color and flavor.  More recently, the fruit has begun to be marketed outside of Asia in the form of juice dietary supplements because of its allegedly high phytonutrient content.
Gac grows on dioecious vines and is usually collected from fence climbers or from wild plants.  The vines can be commonly seen growing on lattices at the entrances to rural homes or in gardens.  It only fruits once a year, and is found seasonally in local markets.  The fruit itself becomes a dark orange color upon ripening, and is typically round or oblong, maturing to a size of about 13 cm in length and 10 cm in diameter.  Its exterior skin is covered in small spines while its dark red interior consists of clusters of fleshy pulp and seeds.

# Uses
Other than the use of its fruit and leaves for special Vietnamese culinary dishes, gac is also used for its medicinal and nutritional properties.  In Vietnam, the seed membranes are used to aid in the relief of dry eyes, as well as to promote healthy vision.  Similarly, in Traditional Chinese medicine the seeds of gac, known as mubiezi (Chinese: ), are employed for a variety of internal and external purposes.  Recent attention is also beginning to be attracted in the West because of chemical analysis of the fruit suggesting that it has high concentrations of several important phytonutrients.
Gac has been shown to be especially high in lycopene content.  Relative to mass, it contains up to 70 times the amount of lycopene found in tomatoes.  It has also been found to contain up to 10 times the amount of beta-carotene of carrots or sweet potatoes.  Additionally, the carotenoids present in gac are bound to long-chain fatty acids, resulting in what is claimed to be a more bioavailable form.  There has also been recent research that suggests that gac contains a protein that may inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells.