Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Phenothiazine
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Synonyms and related keywords: Dibenzoparathiazine; Thiodiphenylamine; AFI-Tiazin; Agrazine; Antiverm; Biverm; Dibenzothiazine; Orimon; Lethelmin; Souframine; Nemazene; Vermitin; Padophene; Fenoverm; Phenovarm; Fentiazine; Contaverm; Fenothiazine, Ieeno; ENT 38; Helmetina; Helmetine, Penthazine; XL-50; Wurm-thional; Fentiazin; Padophene; Phenegic; Phenovis; Phenoxur; Reconox, Fenergan, Protazine; Thiergan

# Overview
It is commonly used as an intermediate chemical in the manufacture of various antipsychotic neuroleptic psychotropic drugs.  It originally was developed as a synthetic dye in 1883,  and it was introduced by DuPont as an insecticide in 1935.
It is sometimes used as an antihelminthic in livestock. It is used as an industrial chemical in the manufacture of rubber additives.
Phenothiazine pesticides work by affecting the nervous system of insects, inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine by disabling the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Many of the side effects of phenothiazine neuroleptic antipsychotics are due to their anticholinergic blocking effects. 
Phenothiazine is also a potent alpha-adrenergic blocking agent.

# Phenothiazine-derivative drugs
The term "phenothiazines" is used to describe the largest of the five main classes of neuroleptic antipsychotic drugs. These drugs have antipsychotic and, often, antiemetic properties, although they may also cause severe side effects such as akathisia, tardive dyskinesia, extrapyramidal symptoms, and the rare but potentially fatal neuroleptic malignant syndrome as well as substantial weight gain.
The phenothiazine class of neuroleptic antipsychotic psychotropics are closely related to the thioxanthenes which are very similar pharmacologically.
There are three groups of phenothiazine antipsychotics, differing by their chemical structure and their pharmacological effects. They are the aliphatic compounds, the piperidines and piperazines. An aliphatic compound, piperidine or piperazine functional group is added to the phenothiazine molecule for the purpose of enhancing absorption and bioavailability of the phenothiazine chemical.
AMP deaminase
AMP deaminase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AMPD1 gene.
Adenosine monophosphate deaminase is an enzyme that converts adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to inosine monophosphate (IMP), freeing an ammonia molecule in the process.

# Function
Adenosine monophosphate deaminase 1 catalyzes the deamination of AMP to IMP in skeletal muscle and plays an important role in the purine nucleotide cycle. Two other genes have been identified, AMPD2 and AMPD3, for the liver- and erythrocyte-specific isoforms, respectively. Deficiency of the muscle-specific enzyme is apparently a common cause of exercise-induced myopathy and probably the most common cause of metabolic myopathy in the human.
A new research report shows that the widely prescribed diabetes medication metformin works on AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) by directly inhibiting AMP deaminase, thereby increasing cellular AMP.

# Regulation
It has been shown that in environments with high potassium concentrations, AMP-deaminase is regulated by ATP and ADP through a Km-type mechanism. In low potassium ion concentrations, a mixed Km V-type of the regulation is observed.

# Pathology
A deficiency is associated with myoadenylate deaminase deficiency.
- adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
- inosine monophosphate (IMP)
inosine monophosphate (IMP)
Sodium iodide
Sodium iodide is a white, crystalline salt with chemical formula NaI used in radiation detection, treatment of iodine deficiency, and as a reactant in the Finkelstein reaction.

# Uses
Sodium iodide is commonly used to treat and prevent iodine deficiency.
Sodium iodide is used in polymerase chain reactions, and also (as an acetone solution) in the Finkelstein reaction, for conversion of an alkyl chloride into an alkyl iodide.  This relies on the insolubility of sodium chloride in acetone to drive the reaction.
Solid crystals of sodium iodide can be used to detect radiation (e.g. radiation from uranium) - a solid crystal of sodium iodide creates a pulse of light when radiation interacts with it.
Sodium iodide crystals doped with thallium, NaI(Tl), when subjected to ionising radiation, emit photons (scintillate) and are used in scintillation detectors, traditionally in nuclear medicine, geophysics, nuclear physics, environmental measurements, etc. NaI(Tl) is the most widely used scintillation material and has the highest light output.  The crystals are usually coupled with a photomultiplier tube, in a hermetically sealed assembly, as sodium iodide is hygroscopic. Fine tuning of some parameters (radiation hardness, afterglow, transparency) can be achieved by varying the conditions of the crystal growth. Crystals with higher level of doping are used in X-ray detectors with high spectrometric quality. Sodium iodide can be used both as single crystals and as polycrystals for this purpose.

# Notes, references
-  Burgess, J. "Metal Ions in Solution" (Ellis Horwood, New York, 1978) ISBN 0-85312-027-7
-  DIY Nuke Detector Patrols SF Bay
ARTS syndrome

# Overview
ARTS syndrome is an X linked PRPS1-related disorder. Females are carriers. Males inheriting the gene will be affected. Males with Arts syndrome do not reproduce.

# Symptoms
ARTS syndrome is characterized by
- Profound congenital sensorineural hearing impairment,
- Early-onset hypotonia,
- Delayed motor development,
- Mild to moderate intellectual disability,
- Ataxia, and
- Increased risk of infection,
All these features (with the exception of optic atrophy) present before age two years. Signs of peripheral neuropathy develop during early childhood.

# Treatment
- Educational programs
- Cochlear implants for hearing impairment
- Supportive therapy
Routine immunizations against common childhood infections and annual influenza immunization are necessary.
Regular neuropsychological, audiologic, and ophthalmologic examinations to be scheduled.
AV Conduction
Conduction disturbances can occur at the level of the sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular (AV) node and the bundle branch system. 
In atrioventricular block the conduction between atria and ventricles is disturbed leading to an incread PQ interval or to drop out of QRS complexes: atrial activity that is not followed by ventricular activity. Three degrees of block can be distinguished.

# First degree AV block
In first degree AV block there is a prolongation of PQ duration (PQ time > 0.20 sec). Still every p-wave is being followed by a QRS complex.
First degree AV block is present in 16% of >90-year olds kelley and is mostly caused by a degeneration of the conduction system. First degree AV block is relatively harmless.

# Second degree AV block
In second degree AV block not all p-waves are being followed by QRS complexes: beat dropout occurs. Second degree AV block can be categorized in 3 types:

## Second degree AV block type I (Wenckebach)
In second degree AV block type I, the PQ interval prolongs from beat to beat up until the drop-out of one QRS complex. The characteristics of a Wenkebach block:
- QRS complexes cluster (e.g. a 5:4 block or 4:3 block)
- The PQ interval prolongs every consecutive beat
- The PQ interval that follows upon a dropped beat is the shortes.
- The RR interval shortens (!) every consecutive beat.
- The amount of block decreases during exercise (e.g. a 4:3 block improves into a 6:5 block)
The conduction disturbance in a type I block originates in the AV node. Isolated second degree AV block type I is relatively benign and not a pacemaker indication.

## Second degree AV block type II (Mobitz)
In second degree AV block type II, beats are dropped irregularly without PQ interval prolongation. As the drop out of beats is irregular, no clustering of QRS complexes can be seen as in second degree block type I. Second degree AV block type II marks the starting of trouble and is a class I pacemaker indication. CITATION
The cause of second degree AV block type II can be found distally from the AV node: in the HIS bundle or in the bundle branches or Purkinje fibers.
An important differential diagnosis of second degree AV block type II is an premature atrial complex with compensatory pause. This diagnosis is much more common and harmless.

## High grade AV block
High grade AV block is defined as two or more p-waves not followed by QRS complexes.

# Third degree AV block
Third degree AV block is synonymous to total block: absence of atrioventricular conduction. The P-waves and QRS complexes have no temporal relationship, which is called to AV dissociation.
The ventricular rhythm can be nodal, idioventricular or absent. Absent ventricular rhythm results in asystole and death.
During third degree AV block the blood supply to the brain can insufficient, leading to loss of consciousness. Adams Stokes (or Stokes-Adams) attacks (often misspelled as Adam Stokes) attacks arte attacks of syncope or pre-syncope in the setting of third degree AV block.
Aase syndrome

# Overview
Aase syndrome or Aase-Smith syndrome is a rare inherited disorder characterized by anemia with some joint and skeletal deformities. Aase syndrome is thought to be an autosomal dominant inherited disorder. The genetic basis of the disease is not known. The anemia is caused by underdevelopment of the bone marrow, which is where blood cells are formed. It is named after the American paediatricians Jon Morton Aase and David Weyhe Smith.

# Symptoms
- Mildly slowed growth
- Pale skin
- Delayed closure of fontanelles (soft spots)
- Narrow shoulders
- Triple jointed thumbs, absent or small knuckles, decreased skin creases at finger joints
- Inability to fully extend the joints from birth (congenital contractures)
- Cleft palate
- Deformed ears
- Droopy eye lids

# Signs and tests
- A CBC (complete blood count) will show anemia and a decrease in the white blood cell count.
- An echocardiogram may reveal heart defects (ventricular septal defect is the most common).
- X-rays will show skeletal abnormalities as described above.
- A bone marrow biopsy may be performed.

# Treatment
Frequent blood transfusions are given in the first year of life to treat anemia. Prednisone may be given, although this should be avoided in infancy because of side effects on growth and brain development. A bone marrow transplant may be necessary if other treatment fails.

# Prognosis
Anemia usually resolves over the years.

# Complications
- Complications related to anemia include weakness, fatigue, and decreased oxygenation of the blood.
- Decreased white blood cells alter the body's ability to fight infection.
- If a heart defect exists, it may cause multiple complications (depending on the specific defect).
- Severe cases have been associated with still birth or early death.

# Prevention
As with most genetic diseases there is no way to prevent the entire disease. With prompt recognition and treatment of infections in childhood, the complications of low white blood cell counts may be limited.
Breath sounds

# Overview
Breath sounds refer to the specific sounds identified through auscultation of the respiratory system with a stethoscope.
In this context, "adventitious" refers to sounds heard apart from the normal sounds of inspiration and expiration.
A new technology, vibration response imaging, produces dynamic images of the lungs by measuring the vibration energy generated in lungs is under investigation. It is non-invasive and radiation-free.

# Classification
There are a variety of breath sounds:
- Rales (or "Crackles")
- Wheeze and stridor
- Friction rub 
- Rhonchi -- indicative of bronchitis
- Inspiratory gasp- indicative of whooping cough
- Crepitations 
- Hamman's sign (or Mediastinal crunch)-- indicative of pneumomediastinum

# Causes
In alphabetical order 

### Decreased Airflow through Respiratory Tree
- Abdominal, pleuritic, chest wall pain
- Aspirated foreign body
- Asthma
- Atelectasis
- Bronchiectasis
- Bronchiolitis
- Bronchitis
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Croup
- Diaphragmatic paralysis
- Emphysema
- Epiglottitis
- Goiter
- Increased girth of abdomen
- Kyphosis
- Pleurisy
- Pulmonary Edema
- Pulmonary Fibrosis
- Sarcoidosis
- Scoliosis

### Obstructed Transmission of Sound
- Alveoloar hemorrhage
- Chylothorax
- Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Hemothorax
- Large pulmonary embolism
- Obesity
- Pleural Effusion
- Pleural thickening
- Pneumonectomy
- Pneumothorax
- Psychogenic
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Vocal cord dyskinesia
- Vocal cord paralysis
Absent radius

# Overview
Absent radius is a very rare medical condition in which the radius bone is not developed. This results in a typical position of the arm in which the wrist is plantarflexed and radially deviated.
The aetiology of radial club hand or radial dysplasia can be divided into:
- sporadic cases, which are not inherited and are presumed to be due to de novo genetic mutations
- syndromal cases; certain syndromes have a higher than expected association with radial dysplasia. Typically, organ systems are affected that develop at the same time as the upper limb:
- VACTERL or VATER syndrome
- Holt-Oram syndrome
- Edwards syndrome
- haematopoietic syndromes:
Fanconi anemia
Thrombocytopaenia with Absent Radius (TAR syndrome)
- Fanconi anemia
- Thrombocytopaenia with Absent Radius (TAR syndrome)
- craniofacial syndromes:
Nager's syndrome
Goldenhar's syndrome
Mobius syndrome
cleft lip and palate
Treacher-Collins syndrome
- Nager's syndrome
- Goldenhar's syndrome
- Mobius syndrome
- cleft lip and palate
- Treacher-Collins syndrome
- skeletal syndromes and isolated skeletal associations:
Klippel-Feil syndrome
Sprengel deformity
syndactyly
scoliosis
- Klippel-Feil syndrome
- Sprengel deformity
- syndactyly
- scoliosis
- teratogens:
radiations
valproic acid
thalidomide
- radiations
- valproic acid
- thalidomide
Acetohexamide

# Overview
Acetohexamide (trade name Dymelor) is a first-generation sulfonylurea medication used to treat diabetes mellitus type 2, particularly in people whose diabetes cannot be controlled by diet alone.

# Mechanism of action
Acetohexamide lowers blood sugar by stimulating the pancreas to secrete insulin and helping the body use insulin efficiently. The pancreas must produce insulin for this medication to work.  For this reason, acetohexamide is not used to treat diabetes mellitus type 1.

# Risks
Oral hypoglycemic drugs, including acetohexamide, have been associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. Talk to your doctor about the possible risks, benefits, and alternatives of using this drug for your condition.
Acne scarring
Acne scarring occurs when the visible remnants of acne are permanently left on the skin after the acne itself subsides. True scarring is to be distinguished from macules, or reddish spots that mark the site of prior acne.

# Causes
Acne scarring is caused by a variety of factors. When acne is produced on the skin as a response to sebum, the body may attempt to target the inflammation with white blood cells. Once the inflammation has subsided, however, the tissue may have yet to be fully repaired, and as such, scar tissue will show. It is important, however, to note that marks on the skin are not necessarily scars; simple marks will usually disappear within six months.

# Types
The types of acne scarring are twofold. They are:
Hypertrophic scarring, which results in a growth of tissue. Excess collagen is produced, and in severe cases, large outgrowths may result.
Atrophic scarring, which results in a loss of tissue. This type of scarring is much more common than hypertrophic scarring. There are several types:
Atrophic macules. These are small, bluish-whitish skin colorations, and are usually less visible than other types of scarring.
Depressed fibrotic scars. These are large, depressed valleys on the surface of the skin. They are usually jagged.
Follicular macular atrophy, or perifollicular elastolysis. This consists in small , slightly raised lesions, similar in appearance to whiteheads.
Ice-pick scars. These less severe versions of depressed fibrotic scars, and with time, they can in fact develop into them.
Soft scars. These are gentle, scar-like depressions in the skin. They are usually small, and either circular or linear.

# Prevention and Treatment
Some people are more prone to acne scars than others. Acne scars should be treated early, with dermatological consultation, to reduce their visibility and size later in life.
Treatment is discussed under acne scar treatment.
Acrylic resin
Acrylic resins are a group of related thermoplastic or thermosetting plastic substances derived from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or other related compounds. Polymethyl acrylate is an acrylic resin used in an emulsed form for lacquer, textile finishes, adhesives and, mixed with clay, to gloss paper. Another acrylic resin is Polymethyl methacrylate which is used to make hard plastics with various light transmitting properties.

# What is acrylic resin?
Acrylic resin is a general term for any one of the plastics (resin) generated through chemical reaction by applying polymerization initiator and heat to a monomer.
The chemical name for the resin produced from the Methyl methacrylate monomer (MMA) is Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). MMA is a transparent and colorless fluid substance. One of the main characteristic features of PMMA is its high transparency. With its high weather resistance, it does not easily turn yellow or crumble by sunlight. Polymethyl methacrylate are used not only for transparent windows in aquariums but also for various items such as signboards in places like convenience stores, taillights of automobiles, cell phone display screens, backlight optical waveguides for liquid crystal displays (LCD) and so on.
Adamos Adamou

# Overview
Adamos Adamou (born on 30 October 1950, Limassol) is a Cypriot politician and Member of the European Parliament for the Progressive Party of Working People, sitting with the European United LeftNordic Green Left group. He sits 
-n the European Parliament's Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety.
He is the Chairman of the Delegations for relations between EU with the Palestinian Legislative Council. As a chairman, he is a member of the Conference of Delegation Chairmen.
Also, he is a substitute of the Committee on Culture and Education and of the Delegation to the EU-Chile Joint Parliamentary Committee.

# Education
- 1976: Graduate in medicine (Athens)
- 2001: specialised in pathology (1982) and pathological oncology

# Career
- 1976-1979: Doctor with the Hellenic Anticancer Society
- 1979-1984: Specilist doctor and pathologist at Pathology Clinic I of the Hellenic Red Cross Hospital
- 1984-1985: Lecturer and Deputy director of Pathological Oncology Clinic I of the Agioi Anargyroi Hospital (Athens)
- 1988-1998: Deputy director of the Clinical Oncology Department of Nicosia General Hospital
- from 2004: Consultant Oncologist at the Bank of Cyprus Oncology Centre (1998-2003) and at the Medical 'Prevention' Centre
- from 2003: L-Left - New Powers Member
- Member of the parliamentary Health, Environmental, European Affairs and Audit Committees
- from 1998: Representative of Cyprus in the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO)
- Member of the Cyprus Medical Association and chairman of its Bioethics Committee
- Member of the Cyprus Anticancer Association and chairman of its information committee
- Chairman of the Scientific Committee of the Karaiskakio Foundation
- Honourable mention from the Hellenic Breast Cancer Research Society
- Honourable mention and plaque from the Hellenic Psychosocial Oncology Society
See also: European Parliament election, 2004 (Cyprus)
Adrenal gland
In mammals, the adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are the triangle-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys; their name indicates that position (ad-, "near" or "at" + -renes, "kidneys"). They are chiefly responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines, including cortisol and adrenaline.

# Anatomy and function
Anatomically, the adrenal glands are located in the thoracic abdomen situated atop the kidneys, specifically on their anterosuperior aspect. In humans, the adrenal glands are found at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra and receive their blood supply from the adrenal arteries.
The adrenal gland is separated into two distinct structures, both of which receive regulatory input from the nervous system:
- Adrenal medulla
As its name suggests, the adrenal medulla is the central core of the adrenal gland, surrounded by the adrenal cortex. The chromaffin cells of the medulla are the body's main source of the catecholamine hormones adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). These water-soluble hormones, derived from the amino acid tyrosine, are part of the fight-or-flight response initiated by the sympathetic nervous system. The adrenal medulla can be considered specialized ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system, lacking distinct synapses, instead releasing secretions directly into the blood. It is also the main source of dopamine, a catecholamine closely related to adrenaline and noradrenaline.
- Adrenal cortex
By contrast, the adrenal cortex is devoted to the synthesis of corticosteroid hormones from cholesterol. Some cells belong to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and are the source of cortisol synthesis. Other cortical cells produce androgens such as testosterone, while some regulate water and electrolyte concentrations by secreting aldosterone. In contrast to the direct innervation of the medulla, the cortex is regulated by neuroendocrine hormones secreted by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, as well as by the renin-angiotensin system.

## Arteries and veins
Although variations of the blood supply to the adrenal glands (and indeed the kidneys themselves) are common, there are usually three arteries that supply each adrenal gland:
- The superior suprarenal artery is provided by the inferior phrenic
- The middle suprarenal artery is provided by the abdominal aorta
- The inferior suprarenal artery is provided by the renal artery
Venous drainage of the adrenal glands is achieved via the suprarenal veins:
- The right suprarenal vein drains into the inferior vena cava
- The left suprarenal vein drains into the left renal vein or the left inferior phrenic vein.
The suprarenal veins receive blood may form anastomoses with the inferior phrenic veins.
The adrenal glands and the thyroid gland are the organs that have the greatest blood supply per gram of tissue. Up to 60 arterioles may enter each adrenal gland.