Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Vin Mariani
Vin Mariani (French: Mariani's wine) was a tonic created circa 1863 by Angelo Mariani, a chemist who became intrigued with coca and its economic potential after reading Paolo Mantegazzas paper on coca's effects.  In 1863 Mariani started marketing a wine called Vin Mariani which was made from Bordeaux wine treated with coca leaves.  The ethanol in the wine acted as a solvent and extracted the cocaine from the coca leaves, altering the drinks effect. It originally contained 6 mg of cocaine per fluid ounce of wine, but Vin Mariani which was to be exported contained 7.2 mg per ounce in order to compete with the higher cocaine content of similar drinks in the United States.
This tonic was copied by John S. Pemberton in 1884, originally as a cocawine called Pemberton's French Wine Coca.  In 1885, when Atlanta and Fulton County passed Prohibition legislation, Pemberton responded by developing Coca-Cola, essentially a carbonated, non-alcoholic version of Mariani's wine with the addition of cola. The beverage was named Coca-Cola because originally, the stimulant mixed in the beverage was coca leaves from South America. In addition, the drink was flavored using kola nuts, the beverage's source of caffeine.  Therefore, Angelo Mariani is sometimes thought of as the "grandfather of Coca-Cola."
When cocaine is administered on its own it yields two key active compounds, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester. When combined with alcohol, as in Vin Mariani, the mixture forms a powerful psychoactive: cocaethylene (which is both more euphorigenic and has higher cardiovascular toxicity than cocaine by itself).
Vin Mariani was very popular in its day, even among royalty such as Queen Victoria of Great Britain and Ireland.  Pope Leo XIII and later Pope Saint Pius X were both Vin Mariani drinkers.  Pope Leo awarded a Vatican gold medal to the wine, and also appeared on a poster endorsing it.
A group of UK investors, Mariani Amalgamated Ltd, has recently revived the wine.
Reference: VinCocaMariani.com
cs:Vin Mariani
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Vinca minor
Vinca minor (Lesser Periwinkle) is a plant native to central and southern Europe, from Portugal and France north to the Netherlands and the Baltic States, and east to the Caucasus, and also in southwestern Asia in Turkey.
It is a trailing subshrub, spreading along the ground and rooting along the stems to form large clonal colonies and occasionally scrambling up to 40 cm high but never twining or climbing. The leaves are evergreen, opposite, 2-4.5 cm long and 1-2.5 cm broad, glossy dark green with a leathery texture and an entire margin. The flowers are solitary in the leaf axils and are produced mainly from early spring to mid summer but with a few flowers still produced into the autumn; they are violet-purple (pale purple or white in some cultivated selections), 2-3 cm diameter, with a five-lobed corolla. The fruit is a pair of follicles 2.5 cm long, containing numerous seeds.
The closely related species Vinca major is similar but larger in all parts, and with relatively broader leaves with a hairy margin.

## Cultivation and uses
The species is commonly grown as a groundcover in temperate gardens for its evergreen foliage, spring and summer flowers, ease of culture, and dense habit that smothers most weeds. The species has few pests or diseases outside it native range and is widely naturalised and classified as an invasive species in parts of North America . There are numerous cultivars, with different flower colours and variegated foliage, including 'Argenteovariegata' (white leaf edges), 'Aureovariegata' (yellow leaf edges), 'Gertrude Jekyll' (white flowers), and 'Plena' (double flowers).
Other vernacular names used in cultivation include Small Periwinkle, Common Periwinkle, and sometimes in the United States, Myrtle or Creeping Myrtle (as a result of confusion with the unrelated myrtles ).
- Ethnomedically, the dried leaves, aerial parts, and in some cases the entire plant of Vinca, are used to enhance blood circulation, including that of the brain, enhance metabolism in the brain, and to treat cardiovascular disorders.
Vincamine is the pharmaceutical molecule responsible for Vinca's nootropic activity.

# References and external links
- Flora Europaea: Vinca minor distribution
- Morphology and ecology of Vinca minor (in Spanish)
- Borealforest: Vinca minor
- Vinca minor (from Ohio State University's Pocket Gardener)
- Common Periwinkle (as an invasive species; includes photos)
- Blamey, M., & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. Hodder & Stoughton.
- Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening 4: 665. Macmillan.
cs:Barvinek mensi
da:Lille Singrn
de:Kleines Immergrun
fy:Frisselgrien
it:Vinca minor
lt:Mazoji zieme
hu:Kis meteng
nl:Kleine maagdenpalm
uk:
Vintafolide

# Overview
Vintafolide is an investigational targeted cancer therapeutic currently under development by Endocyte and Merck & Co. It is a small molecule drug conjugate consisting of a small molecule targeting the folate receptor, which is overexpressed on certain cancers, such as ovarian cancer, and a potent chemotherapy drug, vinblastine. It is being developed with a companion imaging agent, etarfolatide, that identifies patients that express the folate receptor and thus would likely respond to the treatment with vintafolide. A Phase 3 study evaluating vintafolide for the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer (PROCEED trial) and a Phase 2b study(TARGET trial) in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) are ongoing. Vintafolide is designed to deliver the toxic vinblastine drug selectively to cells expressing the folate receptor using folate targeting.
A Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) filing for vintafolide and etarfolatide for the treatment of patients with folate receptor-positive platinum-resistant ovarian cancer in combination with doxorubicin, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD), has been accepted by the European Medicines Agency. The drug received an orphan drug status in Europe in March 2012.  Merck & Co. acquired the development and marketing rights to this experimental cancer drug from Endocyte in April 2012. The drug received orphan drug status in Europe in March 2012. Endocyte remains responsible for the development and commercialization of etarfolatide, a non-invasive companion imaging agent used to identify patients expressing the folate receptor that will likely respond to treatment with vintafolide. Vintafolide is designed to deliver the toxic vinblastine drug selectively to cells expressing the folate receptor using folate targeting.
Merck ($MRK) and partner Endocyte ($ECYT) have stopped a late-stage study of the ovarian cancer-treating vintafolide on the advice of a data safety monitoring board, saying the much-hyped drug failed to move the needle on progression-free survival.

# Mechanism of action
Folate is required for cell division, and rapidly dividing cancer cells often express folate receptors in order to capture enough folate to support rapid cell growth. Elevated expression of the folate receptor occurs in many diseases, including other aggressively growing cancers and inflammatory disorders. Vintafolide binds to the folate receptor and is subsequently taken up by the cell through a natural internalization process called endocytosis. Once inside the cell, vintafolides linker releases the chemotherapy drug which kills the cell.
Virotherapy
Virotherapy is an experimental form of cancer treatment using biotechnology to convert viruses into cancer-fighting agents by reprogramming viruses to only attack cancerous cells while healthy cells remained undamaged. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS, is a candidate for this and is currently under investigation. Usually the viruses used are Varicella Zoster Viruses (The Herpes simplex) and Adenoviruses(First isolated in adenoid tissue).
It uses viruses as treatment against various diseases, most commonly as a vector used to specifically target cells and DNA in particular. It is not a new idea - as early as the 1950's doctors were noticing that cancer patients who suffered a non-related viral infection, or who had been vaccinated recently, showed signs of improvement: this has been largely attributed to the production of interferon and tumour necrosis factors in response to viral infection, but oncolytic viruses are being designed that selectively target and lyse only cancerous cells.
In the 1940s and 1950s, studies were conducted in animal models to evaluate the use of viruses in the treatment of tumors. In 1956 some of the earliest human clinical trials with oncolytic viruses for the treatment of advanced-stage cervical cancer were started. However, for several years research in this field was delayed due to the inadequate technology available. Research has now started to move forward more quickly in finding ways to use viruses therapeutically.
In 2006 researchers from the Hebrew University succeeded in isolating a variant of the Newcastle disease Virus (NDV-HUJ), which usually affects birds, in order to specifically target cancer cells . The researchers tested the new virotherapy on Glioblastoma multiforme patients and achieved promising results for the first time.
Vital signs
Vital signs are measures of various physiological statistics often taken by health professionals in order to assess the most basic body functions. Vital signs are an essential part of a case presentation.

# Primary four
There are four vital signs which are standard in most medical settings:
- Body Temperature
- Pulse rate (or heart rate)
- Blood pressure
- Respiratory rate
The equipment needed is a thermometer, a sphygmomanometer, and a watch with a second hand.
Though a pulse can often be taken by hand, a stethoscope may be required for a patient with a very weak pulse.

# Additional signs

## Fifth sign
The phrase "fifth vital sign" usually refers to pain, as perceived by the patient on a Pain scale of 0-10. For example, the Veterans Administration made this their policy in 1999. However, some doctors have noted that pain is actually a subjective symptom, not an objective sign, and therefore object to this classification.
Other sources include pulse oximetry as their fifth sign.
Some sources consider pupil size, equality, and reactivity to light to be a vital sign as well.

## Sixth sign
There is no standard "sixth vital sign", and the use is much more informal and discipline-dependent than with the above, but some proposals (excluding the fifth sign candidates above) include:
- Urinary continence
- End-tidal CO2
- Emotional distress
- Spirometry
- Glucose
- Functional Status
- Oxygen saturation level
- Intracranial pressure
- Skin signs (color)

# Variations by age
Children and infants have respiratory and heart rates that are faster than those of adults as shown in the following table:
Vitronectin
Vitronectin (VTN or VN) is a glycoprotein of the hemopexin family which is abundantly found in serum, the extracellular matrix and bone. In humans it is encoded by the VTN gene.
Vitronectin binds to integrin alpha-V beta-3 and thus promotes cell adhesion and spreading. It also inhibits the membrane-damaging effect of the terminal cytolytic complement pathway and binds to several serpins (serine protease inhibitors). It is a secreted protein and exists in either a single chain form or a clipped, two chain form held together by a disulfide bond.  Vitronectin has been speculated to be involved in hemostasis and tumor malignancy.

# Structure
Vitronectin is a 75 kDa glycoprotein, consisting of 459 amino acid residues. About one-third of the protein's molecular mass is composed of carbohydrates. On occasion, the protein is cleaved after arginine 379, to produce two-chain vitronectin, where the two parts are linked by a disulfide bond. No high-resolution structure has been determined experimentally yet, 
except for the N-terminal domain.
The protein consists of three domains:
- The N-terminal Somatomedin B domain (1-39)
- A central domains with hemopexin homology (131-342)
- A C-terminal domain (residues 347-459) also with hemopexin homology.
Several structures has been reported for the Somatomedin B domain. The protein was initially crystallized in complex with one of its physiological binding partners: the Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and the structure solved for this complex. Subsequently two groups reported NMR structures of the domain.
The somatomedin B domain is a close-knit disulfide knot, with 4 disulfide bonds within 35 residues. Different disulfide configurations had been reported for this domain but this ambiguity has been resolved by the crystal structure.
Homology models have been built for the central and C-terminal domains.

# Function
The somatomedin B domain of vitronectin binds to plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and stabilizes it. Thus vitronectin serves to regulate proteolysis initiated by plasminogen activation. In addition, vitronectin is a component of platelets and is, thus, involved in hemostasis. Vitronectin contains an RGD (45-47) sequence, which is a binding site for membrane-bound integrins, e.g., the vitronectin receptor, which serve to anchor cells to the extracellular matrix. The Somatomedin B domain interacts with the urokinase receptor, and this interaction has been implicated in cell migration and signal transduction. High plasma levels of both PAI-1 and the urokinase receptor have been shown to correlate with a negative prognosis for cancer patients. Cell adhesion and migration are directly involved in cancer metastasis, which provides a probable mechanistic explanation for this observation.
Vivisection
Etymologically, vivisection refers to the dissection of, or any cutting or surgery upon, a living organism. More broadly, it is sometimes used to describe any invasive experiment upon living animals. For some, the word has a pejorative connotation, implying torture and suffering. 
- For vivisection on human beings, see Human experimentation.

# Sources
-  "Vivisection", Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007. Also see Croce, Pietro. Vivisection or Science? An Investigation into Testing Drugs and Safeguarding Health. Zed Books, 1999, and "FAQs: Vivisection", British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection.
-  Carbone, Larry. What Animals Want: Expertise and Advocacy in Laboratory Animal Welfare. Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 22.
Volvariella
Volvariella is a genus of mushrooms with pink gills and spore prints. They lack a ring, and have an Amanita-like volva at the stem base.  Some species of Amanita look similar, but Amanita has white spores and often have a ring.  Since the gills of young Volvariella  are white at first, they are more easily mistaken for Amanita.
Many sources list Volvariella as a member of the Pluteaceae family, but recent DNA studies have revealed that Pluteus and Volvareilla evolved separately and have very different DNA.  These studies show that Volvariella is very closely related to "schizophylloid" mushrooms like Schizophyllum commune.  
Some species of Volvariella are popular edibles in Europe, accounting for 16% of total production of cultivated mushrooms in the world.
Volvariella volvacea, well known as the "paddy straw mushroom," is cultured in rice straw in the Philippines and Southeast Asia.  This species also favours wood chip piles. Unfortunately, it is easy to mistake the death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides), as well as some other Amanita species, for this edible species due to similarities in appearance. This mistake is the leading cause of lethal mushroom poisoning in the United States. Volvariella and Amanita cannot be distinguished in the early "button stage", that, for many, is  considered the best stage to collect Volvariella for consumption. Like Amanita, the paddy straw mushroom has a volva, or universal veil, so called because it is a membrane that encapsulates the entire mushroom when it is young. This structure breaks apart as the mushroom expands, leaving parts that can be found at the base of the stalk as a cup-like structure.

# List of Species
- File:Unknown toxicity icon.pngVolvariella bombycina
- File:Edible toxicity icon.pngVolvariella gloiocephala
- File:Unknown toxicity icon.pngVolvariella hypopithys
- File:Unknown toxicity icon.pngVolvariella jamaicensis
- File:Unknown toxicity icon.pngVolvariella lepiotospora
- File:Unknown toxicity icon.pngVolvariella peckii
- File:Edible toxicity icon.pngVolvariella speciosa
- File:Unknown toxicity icon.pngVolvariella surrecta
- File:Choice toxicity icon.pngVolvariella volvacea
WASL (gene)
Neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WASL gene.
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) family of proteins share similar domain structure, and are involved in transduction of signals from receptors on the cell surface to the actin cytoskeleton. The presence of a number of different motifs suggests that they are regulated by a number of different stimuli, and interact with multiple proteins. Recent studies have demonstrated that these proteins, directly or indirectly, associate with the small GTPase, Cdc42, known to regulate formation of actin filaments, and the cytoskeletal organizing complex, Arp2/3. The WASL gene product is a homolog of WAS protein, however, unlike the latter, it is ubiquitously expressed and shows highest expression in neural tissues. It has been shown to bind Cdc42 directly, and induce formation of long actin microspikes.
According to one study, mouse DAB1 regulates actin cytoskeleton through N-WASP.
Diseases associated with WASL include Wiskottt-Aldrich Syndrome and Vaccinia.

# Interactions
WASL (gene) has been shown to interact with:
- CDC42,
- Cortactin
- NCK1,
- Profilin 1,  and
- RHOQ.
WalkAmerica
The March of Dimes WalkAmerica began in 1970 as the first charitable walking event in the United States..  WalkAmerica is held in 1,100 communities across the nation. Every year, 7 million compassionate people, including 20,000 company and family teams as well as national sponsors, participate. The event has raised more than $1.7 billion since 1970 to bring the March of Dimes closer to the day when all babies are born healthy and full term. 
Proceeds help fund research to prevent premature births, birth defects and infant mortality.  Every year, more half a million babies are born prematurely and more than 120,000 are born with serious birth defects in the United States .
Seventy-six cents of every dollar raised in WalkAmerica is spent on research and programs to help prevent premature birth, birth defects and infant mortality.
Wild carrot
Wild carrot, bishop's lace, or queen anne's lace (Daucus carota) is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate regions of Europe and southwest Asia; domesticated carrots are cultivars of a subspecies, Daucus carota subsp. sativus.
Daucus carota is a variable biennial plant, usually growing up to 1 m tall and flowering from June to August.  The umbels are claret-coloured or pale pink before they open, then bright white and rounded when in full flower, measuring 3-7cm wide with a festoon of bracts beneath; finally, as they turn to seed, they contract and become concave like a bird's nest.  This has given the plant its British common or vernacular name, Bird's Nest.  Very similar in appearance to the deadly poison hemlock, it is distinguished by a mix of bi-pinnate and tri-pinnate leaves, fine hairs on its stems and leaves, a root that smells like carrots, and occasionally a single dark red flower in its center.

# Cultivation and uses
See carrot for the modern cultivated forms of the species.
Like the cultivated carrot, the wild carrot root is edible while young, but quickly becomes too woody to consume. A teaspoon of crushed seeds has long been used as a form of natural birth control  its use for this purpose was first described by Hippocrates over 2,000 years ago. Research conducted on mice has offered a degree of confirmation for this use  it was found that wild carrot disrupts the implantation process, which reinforces its reputation as a contraceptive.  Chinese studies have also indicated that the seeds block progesterone synthesis, which could explain this effect.
It is recommended that, as with all herbal remedies and wild food gathering, one should use appropriate caution. Extra caution should be used in this case, as it bears close resemblance to a dangerous species (see Water Hemlock). The leaves of the wild carrot can be a skin irritant, so caution should also be used when handling the plant.

# Queen Anne's lace
Wild carrot was introduced and naturalised in North America, where it is often known as "Queen Anne's lace". It is so called because the flower resembles lace; the red flower in the center represents a blood droplet where Queen Anne pricked herself with a needle when she was making the lace. The function of the tiny red flower, coloured by anthocyanin, is to attract insects.
The USDA has listed it as a noxious weed , and it is considered a serious pest in pastures.
- A young Queen Anne's Lace with red flower in center.
A young Queen Anne's Lace with red flower in center.
- Queen Anne's Lace in southern Maine.
Queen Anne's Lace in southern Maine.
- Queen Anne's Lace on Prince Edward Island.
Queen Anne's Lace on Prince Edward Island.
Wild ginger
Wild ginger refers to an herbaceous plant genus Asarum (A-sa-rum) of the birthwort family Aristolochiaceae.
Asarum canadense is native to the forests of eastern North America.  It is found from the Great Plains east to the Atlantic Coast, and from southeastern Canada south to approximately the fall line in the southeastern United States.
Asarum caudatum is found in British Columbia south through Washington and Oregon to central California, and from the Coast Range east to western Montana.
The plant is called wild ginger because the rhizome tastes and smells similar to that of ginger root, but the two are not particularly related. The root can be used as a spice, but is a potent diuretic, or urinary stimulant. Asarum canadense and other species in the genus contain the chemical aristolochic acid, which is carcinogenic in rats.  The birthwort family also contains the Aristolochia genus.  Aristolochia is a human carcinogen.
Wild ginger favors moist, shaded sites with humus-rich soil.  The deciduous, heart-shaped leaves are opposite, and borne from the rhizome which lies just under the soil surface.  Two leaves emerge each year from the growing tip.  The curious jug-shaped flowers, which give the plant an alternate name, little jug, are borne singly in Spring between the leaf bases.
Wild ginger can easily be grown in a shade garden, and makes an attractive groundcover.

# Species
- Asarum arifolium
- Asarum canadense : Wild Ginger, Black Snakeroot, Canada Wild Ginger, Canadian Snakeroot, Broad-leaved Asarabacca.
- Asarum caudatum : Long-tailed Wild ginger
Asarum caudatum caudatum : British Columbia Wild ginger.
Asarum caudatum viridiflorum : Longtail Wild Ginger).
- Asarum caudatum caudatum : British Columbia Wild ginger.
- Asarum caudatum viridiflorum : Longtail Wild Ginger).
- Asarum europaeum : Asarabacca, European Wild Ginger, Haselwort, Wild Spikenard.
- Asarum hartwegii : Hartweg's Wild Ginger.
- Asarum hongkongensis : Hong Kong Wild Ginger.
- Asarum lemmonii : Lemmon's Wild Ginger.
- Asarum marmoratum : Marbled Wild Ginger.
- Asarum naniflorum
- Asarum splendens: Chinese Wild Ginger.