Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
FAM221A
Family with sequence similarity 221 member A is a protein in humans that is encoded by the FAM221A gene. FAM221A is a gene that is not yet well understood by the scientific community. However, it appears that this gene may have a role in Parkinson's Disease and Prostate Cancer.

# Gene

## Location and Aliases
FAM221A is located on Chromosome 7. Its exact location is 7p15.3. It has one alias, which is C7orf46.

## Expression
FAM221A has higher levels of expression in the liver, brain, fetal brain, thyroid and colon, but FAM221A has the highest level of expression in the spinal cord, pancreas and retina.
The promoter region of FAM221A is 1222 base pairs long. This was found using ElDorado at Genomatix.

# Protein

## Protein Analysis
The molecular weight of FAM221A is 33.1 kDa, and the isoelectric point is 6.01. Relative to other proteins in humans, FAM221A has a lower level of Asparagine.

## Post-Translational Modifications
Post-translational modifications of FAM221A include phosphorylation sites, glycosylation sites and sulfation sites. These have been conserved in mammals other than Homo sapiens, including the macaque, whale, finch and sometimes alligator. These sites were predicted using NetPhos 3.1, YinOYang 1.2 and The Sulfinator.

## Secondary Structure
Key structures predicted in FAM221A are random coils and alpha helices, with 71% of the protein being random coils and 21% being helices. Extended strands were also found with 7% of the protein being these. Secondary structure was predicted using RaptorX, and a diagram of the predicted secondary structure is included below.

# Homology/evolution

## Paralogs
There exists one paralog for FAM221A: FAM221B. This diverged from FAM221A approximately 1781 million years ago.

## Orthologs
Orthologs have been found in mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. FAM221A has also been conserved in invertebrates, but the similarity levels decrease at a faster rate. Orthologs were discovered using BLAST  and BLAT. While these are not the only orthologs that exist for FAM221A, a table of 20 orthologs is provided below. The ortholog with no accession number was created using BLAT.

## Divergence of FAM221A
To understand the times when FAM221A diverged from different species, a graph was created. This compares the evolutionary history of FAM221A to Fibrinogen, which evolves quickly, and Cytochrome C, which evolves slowly. As seen in the graph, FAM221A diverges from other species at a moderate pace.

# Clinical significance
FAM221A has a relatively high amount of expression in the brain and has been seen to have an association with neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease. FAM221A has also been seen to have a higher level of expression in those who have prostate cancer versus healthy individuals. Furthermore, FAM221A has also been expressed in those with colorectal tumors.

# Interacting Proteins
Three interacting proteins were found, which are SNX2, SNX5 and SNX6.
SNX2 and SNX6 share the same function, which is being involved in the stages of intracellular trafficking. SNX5 facilitates cargo retrieval from endosomes to the trans-golgi network.
FAM231B
FAM231B, or family with sequence similarity 231B, is a protein found in humans and is encoded by FAM231B gene. Orthologs of FAM231B are only found back to primates.

# Gene
FAM231B is found on human Chromosome 1 on locus 1p36.13 running in the positive direction, surrounded by RNU1-6P upstream and transfer RNA-Gly 4-1 downstream. There are no aliases of FAM231B.
Its mRNA sequence is 1312 base pairs long, with the coding sequence in region 343 through 852, and there is only one exon.

# Protein
The protein is 169 amino acids long. The molecular weight of the unprocessed protein is 18.2 kDa and the processed protein is 18.3 kDa. The isoelectric point of the protein is 7.76 and a mixed charged cluster was found from amino acid 66 to 125. Other features of the protein include a positive charge run and a negative charge run, both spanning 4 amino acids.
The predicted secondary structure of the protein consists of many coils,  3 -sheets and 5 -helixes. Potential post-translational modifications of the protein include myristoylation and sumoylation.The mature protein is predicted to be transported to the nucleus.

# Expression in Tissues
FAM231B is highly regulated in brain tissue and the spinal cord. From GeoProfiles, other tissues where expression is regulated are visceral fat, adipose, thyroid, breast, coronary artery, pancreas, colon, vaginal epithelium, smooth muscle, and fallopian tube epithelium.

# Regulation of Expression
FAM231B contains a Kozak consensus sequence surrounding the start codon nucleotides. The primary promoter region for the human FAM231B gene is 1443 base pairs long.
Predicted regulation in the secondary structure are two stem loops in the 5' UTR and two more in the 3' UTR.

# Function
The function of the protein is not yet well understood in the scientific community. The protein contains domain of unknown function (DUF) 4741, which is part of the FAM231 family.

# Homology & Evolution
There are three human paralogs: FAM231A, FAM231C, and FAM231D and a comparison of the protein percent identity and similarity are found in the table below. There are three strict orthologs of FAM231B: in humans, the Pan troglodytes (Common chimpanzee), and the Papio anubis (Olive baboon). No other orthologs are found beyond primates.
The evolutionary rate of FAM231B was compared to Fibrinogen and Cytochrome C. FAM231B is predicted to have evolved faster than both of the proteins compared.

## Table of FAM231B Paralogs

## Table of FAM231B Orthologs
FASTKD3
FAST kinase domain-containing protein 3 (FASTKD3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FASTKD3 gene on chromosome 5. This protein is part of the Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase domain (FASTKD) containing protein family, which is known for regulating the energy balance of mitochondria under stress.

# Structure
FASTKD3 shares structural characteristics of the FASTKD family, including an N-terminal mitochondrial targeting domain and three C-terminal domains: two FAST kinase-like domains (FAST_1 and FAST_2) and a RNA-binding domain (RAP). The mitochondrial  targeting domain directs FASTKD3 to be imported into the mitochondria. Though the functions of the C-terminal domains are unknown, RAP possibly binds RNA during trans-splicing.

# Function
As a member of the FASTKD family, FASTKD3 localizes to the mitochondria to modulate their energy balance, especially under conditions of stress. Though ubiquitously expressed in all tissues, FASTKD3 appears more abundantly in skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and other tissues enriched in mitochondria. FASTKD3 has been proposed to regulate energy production by serving as a scaffold protein that brings together RNA processing/translation and respiratory components.

# Clinical Significance
Currently, FASTKD3 has not been linked to any disease. (Dated: September 17, 2015)

# Interactions
FASTKD3 has been shown to interact with:
- FASTKD2;
- Fatty acid beta oxidation pathway proteins (ACADVL, ECHS1, HADHA, HADHB, ACAA2);
- Amino acid catabolic pathways proteins (MCCC1, MCCC2, GLUD1, HIBADH, CPS1);
- Amino acid biosynthesis proteins (PYCR1, PYCR2, ALDH18A1, SHMT2, GLS);
- TCA cycle proteins (IDH3A, IDH2, SUCLG2, DLST);
- Respiratory chain proteins (NDUFS1, SDHA, ATP5A1, ETFA, ETFB);
- Mitochondrial RNA processing proteins (LRPPRC, DHX30, PNPT1); and
- Mitochondrial translation proteins (TUFM, GFM1, IARS2, MRPS22, TARS2, MRPS2, PTCD1, MTO1, MRPS31).
FASTKD5
FAST kinase domain-containing protein 5 (FASTKD5) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FASTKD5 gene on chromosome 20. This protein is part of the FASTKD family, which is known for regulating the energy balance of mitochondria under stress. FASTKD5 is also required for RNA granules to process precursor mRNAs not flanked by tRNAs.

# Structure
FASTKD5 shares structural characteristics of the FASTKD family, including an amino terminal mitochondrial targeting domain and three C-terminal domains: two FAST kinase-like domains (FAST_1 and FAST_2) and a RNA-binding domain (RAP). The mitochondrial  targeting domain directs FASTKD5 to be imported into the mitochondria. Though the functions of the C-terminal domains are unknown, RAP possibly binds RNA during trans-splicing. This protein forms a 103 kDa protein complex with unidentified proteins.

# Function
As a member of the FASTKD family, FASTKD5 localizes to the mitochondria to modulate their energy balance, especially under conditions of stress. Though ubiquitously expressed in all tissues, FASTKD5 appears more abundantly in skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and other tissues enriched in mitochondria.  FASTKD5 also localizes to RNA granules, membraneless bodies containing mRNAs and associated RNA-binding proteins, where it facilitates posttranscriptional RNA processing. This protein is required for the maturation of precursor mRNAs that are not flanked by tRNAs, and thus cannot be processed by the canonical mRNA maturation pathway.

# Clinical significance
Though the link to FASTKD5 remains uncharacterized, the accumulation of abnormal RNA granules can lead to some neurodegenerative diseases.

# Interactions
FASTKD5 has been shown to interact with:
- FASTKD2,
- DHX30, and
- GRSF1.
FOLFIRI

# Overview
FOLFIRI is a chemotherapy regimen for treatment of colorectal cancer, made up of the drugs
- FOL  folinic acid (leucovorin)
- F    fluorouracil (5-FU)
- IRI  irinotecan (Camptosar)
The regimen consists of:
- Irinotecan (180 mg/m2 IV over 90 minutes) concurrently with folinic acid (400 mg/m2  IV over 120 minutes).
- Followed by fluorouracil (400-500 mg/m2 IV bolus) then fluorouracil (2400-3000mg/m2 intravenous infusion over 46 hours).
This cycle is typically repeated every two weeks.
The dosages shown above may vary from cycle to cycle.

# See Also
- FOLFOX
de:FOLFIRI
Failure
Failure (fail, phail or flop) in general refers to the state or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective. It may be viewed as the opposite of success. Product failure ranges from failure to sell the product to fracture of the product, in the worst cases leading to personal injury, the province of forensic engineering.

# Criteria for failure
The criteria for failure are heavily dependent on context of use, and may be relative to a particular observer or belief system. A situation considered to be a failure by one might be considered a success by another, particularly in cases of direct competition or a zero-sum game.  As well, the degree of success or failure in a situation may be differently viewed by distinct observers or participants, such that a situation that one considers to be a failure, another might consider to be a success, a qualified success or a neutral situation.
It may also be difficult or impossible to ascertain whether a situation meets criteria for failure or success due to ambiguous or ill-defined definition of those criteria.  Finding useful and effective criteria, or heuristics, to judge the success or failure of a situation may itself be a significant task.

# Types of failure
Failure can be differentially perceived from the viewpoints of the evaluators. A person who is only interested in the final outcome of an activity would consider it to be an Outcome Failure if the core issue has not been resolved or a core need is not met. A failure can also be a process failure whereby although the activity is completed successfully, a person may still feel dissatisfied if the underlying process is perceived to be below expected standard or benchmark.
- Failure to anticipate
- Failure to perceive

# Commercial failures
A commercial failure is a product that does not reach expectations of success, failing to come even close. A major flop goes one step further and is recognized for its complete lack of success.
Most of the items listed below had high expectations, significant financial investments, and/or widespread publicity, but fell far short of success. Due to the subjective nature of "success" and "meeting expectations", there can be disagreement about what constitutes a "major flop."
- For flops in computer and video gaming, see List of commercial failures in computer and video gaming
- For company failures related to the 19972001 Dot-com bubble, see Dot-com company
- See also Vaporware

# Fail internet meme
"Fail" is the name of a popular internet meme where users superimpose the word "fail" onto embarrassing or compromising photos. The G4 television channel has a web feature called "Epic Fail" that denotes major gaffs in popular culture - a mainstream play on the meme. Fail Dogs, an animal version, made the front page of Digg in February, 2008.
Feeling

# Overview
Feeling in psychology is usually reserved for the conscious subjective experience of emotion. Phenomenology and heterophenomenology are philosophical approaches that provide some basis for knowledge of feelings. Many schools of psychotherapy depend on the therapist achieving some kind of understanding of the client's feelings, for which methodologies exist. Some theories of interpersonal relationships also have a role for shared feelings or understanding of another person's feelings.
Perception of the physical world does not necessarily result in a universal reaction among receivers (see emotions), but varies depending on one's tendency to handle the situation, how the situation relates to the receiver's past experiences, and any number of other factors. Feelings are also known as a state of consciousness, such as that resulting from emotions, sentiments or desires.

# Gut feeling
A gut feeling, or gut reaction, is a visceral emotional reaction to something, and often one of uneasiness. Gut feelings are generally regarded as not modulated by conscious thought.
"Gut feeling" may also be used as a short-hand term for an individual's "common sense" perception of what is "the right thing to do", such as helping an injured passerby, avoiding dark alleys, and other seemingly instinctive feelings about a given situation. It can also refer to common knowledge that some phrases are true no matter when said, such as "The sky is blue," "Fire is hot," and even individual beliefs in quotation like "Allan loves wally more" and other such statements (which may or may not be true, but to the sayer are more true than anything).
Gut feelings, like all reflexive unconscious comparisons, can be re-programmed by practice or experiences.
Urethra
In anatomy, the urethra is a tube which connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. The urethra has an excretory function in both genders to pass urine to the outside, and also a reproductive function in the male, as a passage for sperm.
The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination.

# Anatomy

## Female urethra
In the human female, the urethra is about 1-2 inches long and opens in the vulva between the clitoris and the vaginal opening.
Because of the short length of the urethra, women tend to be more susceptible to infections of the bladder (cystitis) and the urinary tract.

## Male urethra
In the human male, the urethra is about 8 inches (20 cm) long and opens at the end of the penis. The inside of the urethra has a spiral groove (like rifling in a gun barrel), which makes the urine flow in a wide stream.
The urethra is divided into three parts in men, named after the location:
The length of a male's urethra, and the fact it contains a number of bends, makes catheterisation more difficult.

# Histology
The epithelium of the urethra starts off as transitional cells as it exits the bladder. Further along the urethra there are stratified columnar cells, then stratified squamous cells near the external meatus (exit hole).
There are small mucus-secreting urethral glands, that help protect the epithelium from the corrosive urine.

# Medical problems of the urethra
- Hypospadias and epispadias are forms of abnormal development of the urethra in the male, where the opening is not quite where it should be (it occurs lower than normal with hypospadias, and higher with epispadias). In a severe chordee, the urethra can develop between the penis and the scrotum.
- Infection of the urethra is urethritis, said to be more common in females than males. Urethritis is a common cause of dysuria (pain when urinating).
- Related to urethritis is so called urethral syndrome
- Passage of kidney stones through the urethra can be painful and subsequently it can lead to urethral strictures.
Endoscopy of the bladder via the urethra is called cystoscopy.

# Sexual physiology
The male urethra is the conduit for sperm during sexual intercourse. It also serves as a passage for urine to flow.
Fetendo
Fetendo is a form of fetal intervention in the treatment of birth defects and other fetal problems. The procedure uses real-time video imagery from fetoscopy and ultrasonography to guide very small surgical instruments into the uterus in order to surgically help the fetus. The name Fetendo was adopted for the procedure because of how the video-based manipulation recalls a child's video game.

# Overview
Fetendo intervention is less invasive than open fetal surgery. It can be often be achieved with just a small guided wire sent through a needle-puncture of the skin (percutaneous), though in some cases it may require that a small opening be made in the mother's abdomen.
The fact that it is less invasive reduces the mother's postoperative recovery and lessens the troubles with preterm labor.
Fetendo has proven to be very useful for some, but not all, fetal conditions. Some examples include:
- Twin-twin transfusion syndrome - Laser Ablation of Vessels
- Fetal bladder obstructions
- Aortic or Pulmonary Valvuloplasty - opening the Aortic or Pulmonary fetal heart valves to allow blood flow
- Atrial Septostomy - opening the inter-atrial septum of the fetal heart to allow unrestricted blood flow between the atriums
- Congenital diaphragmatic hernia - Balloon tracheal occlusion
Fewmets

# Overview
Fewmets is the droppings of an animal, by which the hunter identifies it. It is mentioned in books like The Sword in the Stone by T. H. White. More specifically, it is the dropping of a dragon.  (Reference Madeleine L'Engle's A Wind in the Door, and others.) Dragon fewmets are often the source of gunpowder in fantasy novels and role playing games, allowing black powder weapons into the fantasy genre.
Fewmets is a Medieval English hunting term, referring to the spoor of a game animal being stalked.  The term is derived from the Old English feawa ("scant", hence "few") and metan ("encounter", hence "meet"), with the intimation that these droppings are the only hint of the animal's presence; that the creature itself has yet to be seen.
According to T.H. White's novel, the Medieval huntmaster would wrap in leaves the spoor of the animal he was stalking, carrying this package stored in his hunting horn.  This part of his job served two vital purposes.
Firstly, even if the noble sponsor of the hunt and his equally exalted guests were sufficiently skilled huntsmen to keep up with the hounds, it would have been beneath his dignity to dismount and examine the condition of the spoor to ascertain how close the hunted animal was.  He would be shown the excrement, to ascertain from its condition how close the prey might be; but the physical task of retrieving the droppings would be left to the huntmastera skilled functionary, but also a commoner.
Secondly, in the event that the patron was not knowledgable about woodcraft, the fewmets served as the huntmaster's bona fide.  They were physical evidence that there was in fact an animal out there to be caughtand that the sponsor of the event and his noble friends were not being led in a merry and altogether pointless chase around the woods by a malicious or ignorant bumpkin.
Fibrate

# Overview
In pharmacology, the fibrates are a class of amphipathic carboxylic acids. They are used for a range of metabolic disorders, mainly hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol), and are therefore hypolipidemic agents.

# Members
Fibrates prescribed commonly are:
- Bezafibrate (e.g. Bezalip, available in Europe not approved in USA)
- Ciprofibrate (e.g. Modalim, available in Europe not approved in USA)
- Clofibrate (largely obsolete due to side-effect profile, e.g. gallstones)
- Gemfibrozil (e.g. Lopid, available in USA)
- Fenofibrate (e.g. TriCor, available in USA)
Fenofibric acid (Trilipix) is FDA approved for combination use with statin, in patients with mixed dyslipidemia.

# Indications
Fibrates are used as accessory therapy in many forms of hypercholesterolemia, usually in combination with statins. Trials do support its use as monotherapy.
Although less effective in lowering LDL, fibrates improve HDL and triglyceride levels, and seem to improve insulin resistance when the dyslipidemia is associated with other features of Syndrome X (hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2).

# Doses
Different doses of fenofibrate are available in the markets. The standard adult dose is usually >100 mg/day. However, dose lowering is required for patients with renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance < 80).  Clinical trials are required to prove the relative efficacy of the different doses of fibrates.

# Side effects
- Mild stomach upset
- Myopathy (muscle pain with CPK elevations).
- In combination with statin drugs, fibrates cause an increased risk of rhabdomyolysis (idiosyncratic destruction of muscle tissue, leading to renal failure). A powerful statin drug, cerivastatin (Lipobay), was withdrawn because of this complication. The less lipophilic statins are less prone to cause this reaction, and are probably safer when combined with fibrates.
- Clofibrate are no longer used because they were found to increase morbidity and mortality rates. Also, increased rates of malignancy in rodents have been found.
- Fibrates are excreted via kidney.  It can cause reversible increases in serum creatinine levels. Thus, reduction in doses are indicated in cases with increased serum creatinine levels. Gemfibrozil's excretion is independent of renal function, and can be used in patients with chronic kidney disease.

# Pharmacology
Although used clinically since the early 1970s, the mechanism of action of fibrates remained unelucidated until, in the 1990s, it was discovered that fibrates activate PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), especially PPAR.
The PPARs are a class of intracellular receptors that modulate carbohydrate, fat metabolism and adipose tissue differentiation.
Activation of PPARs causes transcription of a number of genes on the DNA that facilitate lipid metabolism.
Fibrates are structurally and pharmacologically related to the thiazolidinediones, a novel class of anti-diabetic drugs that also act on PPARs (more specifically PPAR)
Fibroid
Fibroid is a term used for two different types of tumors:
- Fibroids is the common term for Leiomyoma originating in the uterus. It is a benign neoplasm composed of smooth muscle cells.
- A fibroid tumor is another name for a fibroma, a tumor of fibrous connective tissue.