Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Cleanser
A cleanser is a facial care product that is used to remove make-up, dead skin cells, oil, dirt and other types of pollutants from the skin of the face. This helps to unclog pores and prevent skin conditions such as acne.
Many people use a cleanser once or more times a day as part of their skin care regimen together with a toner and moisturiser.
Using a cleanser to remove dirt is considered to be a better alternative to bar soap or another form of skin cleanser not specifically formulated for the face for the following reasons:
- Bar soap has a high pH (in the area of 9 to 10), and skin's natural pH is 5.5. This means that soap can change the balance present in the skin to favor the overgrowth of some types of bacteria, exacerbating acne.
- Bar cleansers in general, soap or not, have thickeners that allow them to assume a bar shape can clog pores, leading (once again) to acne.
- Using bar soap on the face can remove natural oils from the skin that form a barrier against water loss. This causes the sebaceous glands to subsequently overproduce oil, a condition known as reactive seborrhoea, which will lead to clogged pores. Conversely, in order to prevent drying out the skin, many cleansers incorporate moisturisers. It is important to remember to always wash your face in luke warm water, use a milky cleanser and a hydrating toner, such as a spritz which should be applied before moisturising, try not to leave the skin un-moisturisied for too long after cleansing. It is imperative not to de-hydrate the skin. Cleanse, tone and moisturise twice a day, once at night and once in the morning.

# Types of cleansers
Different types of cleansers have been developed for people with different skin types. Strong cleansers are more suitable for oily skins to prevent breakouts, but they may overdry and irritate dry skin. Very dry skin may require a creamy lotion-type cleanser, as long as it doesn't make skin feel oily afterward. These are too gentle to be effective on oily (or even normal) skin, but dry skin requires much less cleansing power, always select a cleanser that is alochol free if you have dry or dehydrated skin.
Some cleansers may incorporate fragrance or essential oils. However, for some people these cleansers may irritate the skin and often provoking allergic responses.
Coal tar

# Overview
Coal tar is a brown or black liquid of high viscosity, which smells of naphthalene and aromatic hydrocarbons. Coal tar is among the by-products when coal is carbonized to make coke or gasified to make coal gas. Coal tars are complex and variable mixtures of phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heterocyclic compounds. 

# Applications
Being flammable, coal tar is sometimes used for heating or to fire boilers. Like most heavy oils, it must be heated before it will flow easily.
It can be used in medicated shampoo, soap and ointment, as a treatment for dandruff and psoriasis, as well as being used to kill and repel head lice. When used as a medication in the U.S., coal tar preparations are considered an OTC (over-the-counter drug) pharmaceutical and are subject to regulation by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Name brands include Balnetar, Psoriasin, and Tegrin.

# Safety
According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, preparations that include more than 5 percent of crude coal tar are Group 1 carcinogen.
Despite this, the National Psoriasis Foundation claims coal tar is a valuable, safe and inexpensive treatment option for millions of people with psoriasis and other scalp conditions,  the FDA agrees with this and states that coal tar concentrations between 0.5% and 5% are safe and effective for psoriasis and that no scientific evidence suggests that the coal tar in the concentrations seen in non-prescription treatments is carcinogenic. The NPF states that coal tar contains approximately 10,000 different chemicals, of which only about 50% have been identified , and the composition of coal tar varies with its origin and type of coal (eg: lignite, bituminous or anthracite) used to make it, so much further research remains to be done on coal tar and its derivatives.
Coca tea
Coca tea, also called mate de coca, is a tisane (herbal tea) made using the leaves of the coca plant. It is made either by submerging the coca leaf or dipping a tea bag in hot water. The tea originates from the Andes mountain range, particularly Peru.
The leaves of the coca plant contain several alkaloids including cocaine; in fact, they comprise the sources for cocaine's chemical production, though the amount of cocaine in the leaves is so small, around 0.2%, that in order to make a gram of cocaine, 500 grams of coca leaves would be needed.
Owing to the presence of the stimulant alkaloids, the coca tea provides a source of energy similar to coffee. The tea is often sold commercially in filtering bags, each of which usually contains approximately one gram of the leaf. As coffee can be decaffeinated, the coca tea can also be decocainized; however, after undergoing such a process it will still contain a minute quantity of the drug (about 4 milligrams per tea-bag). When the cocaine is removed, the amount of cocaine is small enough for the product to legally sell in the USA according to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs. In the 1980s the tea was used to wean cocaine addicts off of the drug.
The coca plant comprises four main species and varieties of Erythroxylum coca, often spelled koka in Quechua and Aymara, is a plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to northwestern South America.
Though also known as mate, the mate de coca is not drunk through a straw like with mate of yerba mate, but as a tea.

# Classification and Nomenclature
Coca tea comes from the coca plant, which has the biological name Erythroxylum coca and is from the family Erythroxylaceae. It is often called "la Hoja de Coca" (the leaf of coca) or Coca del Peru (coca of Peru).

# Characteristics
Coca Tea is a natural product. The tea preserves all of the physical-chemical properties of the coca leaf. The product fulfills the Technical Peruvian Standard and can be sold nationally, although such use is being discouraged in part by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.
The tea is greenish yellow color, and has a lightly bitter flavor, somewhat similar to that of green tea but with a slightly more naturally sweet taste.

# In South American Culture

## Medicinal Use
Coca tea consumption is common in many South American countries. Many indigenous tribes of the Andes mountain range also use the tea for medicinal and religious purposes.
The consumption of Coca tea, as well as chewing the leaves, increases the absorption of oxygen in blood, which helps combat altitude sickness, and has a marked digestive and carminative action.

## Tourism
On the "Inca Trail" to Machu Picchu, guides usually serve coca tea with every meal because it is widely believed to alleviate the symptoms of altitude sickness.
Traditionally, official governmental persons traveling to La Paz in Bolivia, located at almost 4,000 meters above mean sea level, are greeted with a mate de coca. News reports noted that Princess Anne and the late Pope John Paul II were served the beverage during their visits to the country.

# See further
- Coca eradication
- Coca-Cola
- Huallaga Valley
Cocawine
Cocawine was an alcoholic beverage that combined wine and cocaine. The most popular brand was Vin Mariani developed in 1863 by Corsican entrepreneur Angelo Mariani. It was a popular drink at the time.
In Atlanta, John Pemberton, a pharmacist, developed his own cocktail based on Vin Mariani and called it Pemberton's French Wine Coca. It proved popular among American consumers. But in 1886, when Georgia introduced Prohibition, he had to replace the wine in his recipe with non-alcoholic syrup. The new recipe was the origin of Coca-Cola.
At the end of the 19th century, the fear of drug abuse made coca-based drinks less popular. This eventually led to the outlawing of cocaine in the United States, and the removal of cocaine from Coca-Cola.

# Notes
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Colipase
Colipase is a protein co-enzyme required for optimal enzyme activity of pancreatic lipase.   It is secreted by the pancreas in an inactive form, procolipase, which is activated in the intestinal lumen by trypsin. Its function is to prevent the inhibitory effect of bile salts on the lipase-catalyzed intraduodenal hydrolysis of dietary long-chain triglycerides.
In humans, the colipase protein is encoded by the CLPS gene.

# Protein domain
Colipase is also a family of evolutionarily related proteins.
Colipase is a small protein cofactor needed by pancreatic lipase for efficient dietary lipid hydrolysis. Efficient absorption of dietary fats is dependent on the action of pancreatic triglyceride lipase. Colipase binds to the C-terminal, non-catalytic domain of lipase, thereby stabilising an active conformation and considerably increasing the hydrophobicity of its binding site. Structural studies of the complex and of colipase alone have revealed the functionality of its architecture.
Colipase is a small protein (12K) with five conserved disulphide bonds. Structural analogies have been recognised between a developmental protein (Dickkopf), the pancreatic lipase C-terminal domain, the N-terminal domains of lipoxygenases and the C-terminal domain of alpha-toxin. These non-catalytic domains in the latter enzymes are important for interaction with membrane. It has not been established if these domains are also involved in eventual protein cofactor binding as is the case for pancreatic lipase.
Colitose
Colitose is a 3,6-dideoxysugar that has been isolated from the O-antigen of certain Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Salmonella enterica, Vibrio cholerae, and in marine bacteria such as Pseudoalteromonas sp.  This sugar has not been isolated from eukaryotes.  First isolated in 1958, it was assumed to be an obscure and relatively unimportant monosaccharide.  However, recent work with glycosyltransferases suggest that obscure sugars such as colitose can be incorporated into existing natural product scaffolds, thereby constructing novel and potentially therapeutic compounds.

# Biosynthesis
The biosynthesis of colitose involves a set of four enzymes: mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (ColE), GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (ColB), GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose-3-dehydratase (ColD), and GDP-L-colitose synthase (ColC)1. These enzymes and intermediates are shown in the image below.  For clarity, groups modified by the previous enzymatic step are highlighted in yellow.
File:Pathway1.jpg
The biosynthesis of colitose begins by tagging mannose-1-phosphate with a GMP moiety, yielding GDP-mannose.  This reaction is carried out by ColE.  In the next step, ColB, a short-chain dehydrogenase-reductase enzyme, uses a tightly-bound NADP to first oxidize C-4 and then remove the hydroxyl at C-6.  The resulting product, GDP-4-keto-6-deoxymannose, then reacts with ColD, a pyridoxal-5-phosphate-dependent enzyme, which removes the hydroxyl at C-3.  In the final step, the product of ColD, GDP-4-keto-3,6-dideoxymannose, reacts with ColC, which reduces the ketone functionality at C-4 back to an alcohol and inverts the configuration about C-5.
The resulting product, GDP-L-colitose, is then incorporated into the O-antigen by glycosyltransferases and O-antigen processing proteins.  Further reactions join the O-antigen to the core polysaccharide to form the full lipopolysaccharide.
Combivir
Combivir is the brand name for a pharmaceutical treatment for HIV infection.  It is a fixed dose combination of two antiretroviral drugs, lamivudine (also called 3TC, with the brand name Epivir) and zidovudine  (also called AZT, with the brand name Retrovir ).  The combination of the two drugs has a stronger effect than either drug alone.
Both lamivudine and zidovudine are reverse transcriptase inhibitors, which block the action of an enzyme, reverse transcriptase, that the virus requires for reproduction.  It reduces the viral load in the body and raises CD4 cell count.
It was approved by the FDA on September 26, 1997, making it the thirteenth approved antiretroviral. It is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline.
Condylox

# Overview
Condylox is a topical gel used on the skin to treat external genital warts, caused by one form of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV).

# Application
The gel is applied to warts as pointed out by a doctor.  It is applied once in the morning and once in the evening for 3 days, followed by a 4 day rest period.

# Side Effects
Application can be immediately followed by burning or itching.  Small sores, itching and peeling skin can also follow.  Most people using the gel do not report these side effects.
Congener
A congener (from Latin roots meaning "born together" or "within the same race or kind") has several different meanings depending on the field in which it is used. Colloquially, it is used to mean a person or thing like another in character or action.

# Biology
In biology, congeners are organisms within the same genus. Congeners within the same geographical region can compete with one another so many adaptations can be observed that mitigate this pressure on populations

# Chemistry
In chemistry, congeners are related chemicals, e.g., a derivative or an element in the same group of the periodic table
- There are 209 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) as well as 209 congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE).
- Congeners of oleic acids can modify cell membrane behavior protecting against tumors or having effects on blood pressure.

# Fermentation
In the alcoholic beverage industry, congener refers to impurities produced during fermentation or to metals such as zinc, added to certain sweet liqueurs in order to enhance flavor. Congeners are responsible for most of the taste, aroma, and color of alcoholic beverages. It has been suggested that these substances also contribute to the symptoms of a hangover, although the more likely cause is a more complicated mix of ethanol, dehydration, and various other factors (see hangover for a more complete list).

# Genetics
In genetics, congenic organisms are organisms with very similar genomes, except for a small fraction. For example, recombinant congenic mice strains are produced in laboratories as a tool to study genetic disease.
Cordlife
CordLife Ltd. is a cord blood banking group based in Singapore and listed on the Australian Stock Exchange. It currently has three cord blood processing and storage facilities, in Singapore, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Indonesia and in Sydney, Australia.
The company was founded in May 2001 as one of the first private cord blood banks in Southeast Asia and the first in Singapore. In December 2002, the company assisted in the first cord blood transplant from a privately banked source in Singapore. In April 2003, the company acquired the Massachusetts-based company, Cytomatrix LLC. In June 2004, the company restructured itself as CyGenics Ltd (ASX:CYN) and listed on the Australian Stock Exchange..
The company proceeded to expand its operations in Southeast Asia and in North Asia with the opening of its facility in Hong Kong in March 2005. In September 2005, the Singapore facility was granted AABB Accreditation. It is currently the only private bank to be so accredited in the region.
In November 2005, the company expanded into Australia by acquiring a majority stake in BioCell Pty Ltd. In January 2006, the company established its presence in Kolkata, India. The occasion was graced by the Singapore Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong. In September 2006, the company announced plans to set up another facility in Jakarta, Indonesia. The Jakarta facility was officially opened in September 2007 and the Kolkata facility is expected to be opened by end 2007. The company also intends to open a larger facility in Singapore.
In December 2006, the company was awarded Technology Pioneer 2007 status by the World Economic Forum. In March 2007, the company renamed itself to CordLife Ltd, to better reflect its focus on cord blood banking.
Corundum
Corundum (from Tamil kurundam  or kuruvindam ) is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide and one of the rock-forming minerals. It is naturally clear, but can have different colors when impurities are present. Transparent specimens are used as gems, called ruby if red, while all other colors are called sapphire. A  pinkish-orange sapphire is called padparadscha.
Due to corundum's hardness (pure corundum is defined to have 9.0 Mohs), it can scratch almost every other mineral, leaving behind a streak of white on the other mineral. It is commonly used as an abrasive, on everything from sandpaper to large machines used in machining metals, plastics and wood. Some emery is a mix of corundum and other substances, and the mix is less abrasive, with a lower average Mohs hardness near 8.0.
In addition to its hardness, corundum is unusual for its high density of 4.02 g/cm3, which is very high for a transparent mineral composed of the low atomic mass elements aluminium and oxygen.
Corundum occurs as a mineral in mica schist, gneiss, and some marbles in metamorphic terranes. It also occurs in low silica igneous syenite and nepheline syenite intrusives. Other occurrences are as masses adjacent to ultramafic intrusives, associated with lamprophyre dikes and as large crystals in pegmatites. Because of its hardness and resistance to weathering, it commonly occurs as a detrital mineral in stream and beach sands.
Corundum for abrasives is mined in Zimbabwe, Russia, and India. Historically it was mined from deposits associated with dunites in North Carolina and from a nepheline syenite in Craigmont, Ontario. Emery grade corundum is found on the Greek island of Naxos and near Peekskill, New York. Abrasive corundum is synthetically manufactured from bauxite.

# Synthetic corundum
In 1837 Gaudin made the first synthetic rubies by fusing alumina at a high temperature with a little chromium as a pigment. In 1847 Edelman made white sapphire by fusing alumina in boric acid. In 1877 Frenic and Freil made crystal corundum from which small stones could be cut. Frimy and Auguste Verneuil manufactured artificial ruby by fusing BaF2 and Al2O3 with a little Chromium at temperatures above 2000C. In 1903 Verneuil announced he could produce synthetic rubies on a commercial scale using this flame fusion process. 
The Verneuil process allows the production of flawless single-crystal sapphire, rubies and other corundum gems of much larger size than normally found in nature. It is also possible to grow gem-quality synthetic corundum by flux-growth and hydrothermal synthesis. Because of the simplicity of the methods involved in corundum synthesis, large quantities of these crystals have become available on the market causing a significant reduction of price in recent years. Apart from ornamental uses, synthetic corundum is also used to produce mechanical parts (tubes, rods, bearings, and other machined parts), scratch-resistant watch crystals and windows for optical equipment, spacecraft as well as for lasers.
Corvalol
Corvalol is a barbiturate-based heart medication and a mild tranquilizer, popular in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. It is a transparent liquid with a characteristic strong aroma.
A single dose of Corvalol ( 1 ml ) contains:
- Phenobarbital - 16 mg
- Bromisovalum ( derivative of bromine and valeric acid ) - 20 mg
- Peppermint oil - 1.5 mg
as well as inactive ingredients:
- Sodium hydroxide ( to convert poorly soluble phenobarbital into phenobarbital sodium )
- Ethanol and water as solutes
Corvalol is nearly identical in both composition and effects to Valocordin, main difference being that Corvalolis manufactured in Eastern Europe, whereas Valocordin is manufactured in Germany. The word "Valocordin" itself is a registered trademark of the German pharmaceutical company Krewel Meuselbach GmbH.
In Eastern Europe, Corvalol is believed to be safe enough to use in recommended doses without prescription. However, both primary ingredients of Corvalol may be considered controlled substances in other countries. For example, it is illegal to import this drug into United States ( see Health Hazard with Unapproved Imported Drug from Russia ).
Corvalol produced by
Farmak JSC
63 Frunze Str
Kyiev, UKR
The ingredients on the side are as follows:
Ethyl ester of a-isovaleric acid 20 g/L
Methyl Valerate, 55 g/L
Peppermint oil, 1.42 g/L
Hop oil 0.2 g/L
sodium acetate 5.98 g/l
acetic acid, 3 mL/L
ethyl alcohol 713.5 mL/L
water up to 1 L
Slightly different than the above recipe.
Phenobarbutal is not listed there, but is present.
So, it is illegal for travelers to bring a flask or two when they go to Europe.
Cotinine
Cotinine is a metabolite of nicotine. Cotinine typically remains in the blood between 48 and 96 hours.  The level of cotinine in the blood is proportionate to the amount of exposure to tobacco smoke, so it is a valuable indicator of tobacco smoke exposure, including secondary smoke. Women who smoke menthol cigarettes retain cotinine in the blood for a longer period. Race may also play a role, as black people routinely register higher blood cotinine levels than white people. Several variable factors, such as menthol cigarette preference and puff size, suggest that the explanation for this difference may be more complex than gender or race.
Drug tests can detect cotinine in the blood, urine, or saliva.
The word 'cotinine' is an anagram of 'nicotine'.
There is some research being done on the effects of cotinine on memory and cognition. Some studies have suggested that cotinine (as well as nicotine) improves memory and prevents neuron death. For this reason it has been studied for effectiveness in treating schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.  There is research, however, which also suggests that nicotine and cotinine contribute to Alzheimer's disease in other ways which counter and maybe even negate the possible positive effects they might have