Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
NDUFB10
NADH dehydrogenase  1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NDUFB10 gene. NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex subunit 10 is an accessory subunit of the NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex, located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. It is also known as Complex I and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain.

# Gene
The NDUFB10 gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 16 in position 13.3 and is 2,459 base pairs long.

# Structure
The NDUFB10 protein weighs 21 kDa and is composed of 172 amino acids. NDUFB10 is a subunit of the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), the largest of the respiratory complexes. The structure is L-shaped with a long, hydrophobic transmembrane domain and a hydrophilic domain for the peripheral arm that includes all the known redox centers and the NADH binding site. It has been noted that the N-terminal hydrophobic domain has the potential to be folded into an alpha helix spanning the inner mitochondrial membrane with a C-terminal hydrophilic domain interacting with globular subunits of Complex I. The highly conserved two-domain structure suggests that this feature is critical for the protein function and that the hydrophobic domain acts as an anchor for the NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex at the inner mitochondrial membrane.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is an accessory subunit of the multisubunit NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) that is not directly involved in catalysis. Mammalian complex I is composed of 45 different subunits. It locates at the mitochondrial inner membrane. This protein complex has NADH dehydrogenase activity and oxidoreductase activity. It transfers electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified. Initially, NADH binds to Complex I and transfers two electrons to the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) prosthetic arm to form FMNH2. The electrons are transferred through a series of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters in the prosthetic arm and finally to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ), which is reduced to ubiquinol (CoQH2). The flow of electrons changes the redox state of the protein, resulting in a conformational change and pK shift of the ionizable side chain, which pumps four hydrogen ions out of the mitochondrial matrix.
NEUROD1
Neurogenic differentiation 1 (NeuroD1), also called 2, is a transcription factor of the NeuroD-type. It is encoded by the human gene NEUROD1.
It is a member of the NeuroD family of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors. The protein forms heterodimers with other bHLH proteins and activates transcription of genes that contain a specific DNA sequence known as the E-box. It regulates expression of the insulin gene, and mutations in this gene result in type II diabetes mellitus.
NeuroD1 is found to convert reactive glial cells into functional neurons in the mouse brain in vivo

# Interactions
NEUROD1 has been shown to interact with MAP3K10, MAFA and Cyclin D1.
NFKBIL1
NF-kappa-B inhibitor-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFKBIL1 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a divergent member of the I-kappa-B family of proteins. Its function is unclear. The gene lies within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region on chromosome 6.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of NFKBIL1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Nfkbil1tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed:  - In-depth immunological phenotyping
NKIRAS2
NF-B inhibitor interacting Ras-like 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NKIRAS2 gene.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of NKIRAS2 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Nkiras2tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty one tests were carried out, but no significant abnormalities were observed.
Notch 3
Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOTCH3 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes the third discovered human homologue of the Drosophilia melanogaster type I membrane protein notch. In Drosophilia, notch interaction with its cell-bound ligands (delta, serrate) establishes an intercellular signalling pathway that plays a key role in neural development. Homologues of the notch-ligands have also been identified in human, but precise interactions between these ligands and the human notch homologues remains to be determined.

# Pathology
Mutations in NOTCH3 have been identified as the underlying cause of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Mutations in NOTCH3 have also been identified in a Turkish family with Alzheimer's disease. Adult Notch3 knock-out mice show incomplete neuronal maturation in the spinal cord dorsal horn, resulting in permanently increased nociceptive sensitivity.
Mutations in NOTCH3 are associated to                 lateral meningocele syndrome            .

# Pharmaceutical target
Notch3 is being investigated as a target for anti-cancer drugs, as it is overexpressed in several types of cancers. Early clinical trials of Pfizer's PF-06650808, an anti-Notch3 antibody linked to a cytotoxic drug, showed efficacy against solid tumors.
Nebulin
Nebulin is an actin-binding protein which is localized to the thin filament of the sarcomeres in skeletal muscle.  It is a very large protein (600900 kDa) and binds as many as 200 actin monomers. Because its length is proportional to thin filament length, it is believed that nebulin acts as a thin filament "ruler" and regulates thin filament length during sarcomere assembly.  Other functions of nebulin, such as a role in cell signaling, remain uncertain.
Nebulin has also been shown to regulate actin-myosin interactions by inhibiting ATPase activity in a calcium-calmodulin sensitive manner.
Mutations in nebulin cause some cases of the autosomal recessive disorder nemaline myopathy.
A smaller member of the nebulin protein family, termed nebulette, is expressed in cardiac muscle.

# Structure
The structure of the SH3 domain of nebulin was determined by NMR. The SH3 domain from nebulin is composed of 60 amino acid residues, of which 30 percent is in the beta sheet secondary structure (7 strands; 18 residues).

# Knockout phenotype
As of 2007, two knockout mouse models for nebulin have been developed to better understand its in vivo function.  Bang and colleagues demonstrated that nebulin-knockout mice die postnatally, have reduced thin filament length, and impaired contractile function.  Postnatal sarcomere disorganization and degeneration occurred rapidly in these mice, indicating the nebulin is essential for maintaining the structural integrity of myofibrils.  Witt and colleagues had similar results in their mice, which also died postnatally with reduced thin filament length and contractile function.  These nebulin-knockout mice are being investigated as animal models of nemaline myopathy.
Nicogel
NicogelTM is a "tobacco gel", applied to skin as a substitute for cigarette use.  Nicogel is a tobacco product, and is not a smoking cessation product.

# Usage
Nicogel claims to be a cigarette substitute designed so tobacco users can continue using "tobacco" in a discreet form.  Nicogel is sold as 50ml dispensers (containing "50 cigarette-equivalents") and as boxes of individually wrapped, single-use packets (containing either 10 or 120 cigarette-equivalents).  Nicogel is "a water soluble gel containing liquefied tobacco."
Because many public places have placed bans on smoking, Nicogel touts itself as a more convenient tobacco product. However Nicogel does

# Consumer Issues
There is concern that this product may deceive consumers, as its name implies that it is a nicotine substitute. However exploration of Nicogel.net contradicts this perception. Furhermore, the product advertises itself as an alternative to smoking but does not ostensibly provide address any of the factors behind cigarette cravings (nicotine withdrawal, oral fixation, etc).

# Health Effects
Nicogel claims that the product has 1/10th of the tobacco of a cigarette.  American Cancer Society's director, Thomas J. Glynn, Ph.D., warns that "no independent research has been conducted to validate whether it's effective and safe," and that there is "no indication of  toxicity or level of nicotine it delivers."
Nicogel may irritate sensitive skin and cause rashes, allergies, or red and swollen skin. The makers advise pregnant or breast-feeding women to avoid Nicogel, and assert that drinking alcohol in moderation is safe while using Nicogel.
Nitrate
In inorganic chemistry, a nitrate is a salt of nitric acid with an ion composed of one nitrogen and three oxygen atoms (NO3). In organic chemistry the esters of nitric acid and various alcohols are called nitrates.

# Chemical properties
The nitrate ion is a polyatomic ion with the empirical formula NO3 and a molecular mass of 62.0049. It is the conjugate base of nitric acid, consisting of one central nitrogen atom surrounded by three identical oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement. The nitrate ion carries a formal charge of negative one, where each oxygen carries a 2/3 charge while the nitrogen carries a +1 charge, and is commonly used as an example of resonance. The three canonical structures of the nitrate ion are shown resonating below:
Almost all inorganic nitrate salts are soluble in water at standard temperature and pressure.
In organic chemistry a nitrate is a functional group with general chemical formula RONO2 where R stands for any organic residue. They are the esters of nitric acid and alcohols formed by nitroxylation. Examples are methyl nitrate  formed by reaction of methanol and nitric acid, the nitrate of tartaric acid, and the inappropriately named nitroglycerin.

# Related materials
Nitrates should not be confused with nitrites (NO2) the salts of nitrous acid. Organic compounds containing the nitro functional group (which has the same formula and structure as the nitrate ion save that one of the O atoms is replaced by the R group) are known as nitro compounds.

# Effects on aquatic life
In freshwater or estuarine systems close to land, nitrate can reach high levels that can potentially cause the death of fish. While nitrate is much less toxic than ammonia or nitrite, levels over 30 ppm of nitrate can inhibit growth, impair the immune system and cause stress in some aquatic species. However, in light of inherent problems with past protocols on acute nitrate toxicity experiments, the extent of nitrate toxicity has been the subject of recent debate.
In most cases of excess nitrate concentrations in aquatic systems, the primary source is surface runoff from agricultural or landscaped areas which have received excess nitrate fertilizer. These levels of nitrate can also lead to algae blooms, and when nutrients become limiting (such as potassium, phosphate or nitrate) then eutrophication can occur. As well as leading to water anoxia, these blooms may cause other changes to ecosystem function, favouring some groups of organisms over others. Consequently, as nitrates form a component of total dissolved solids, they are widely used as an indicator of water quality.
Nitrates are also a by-product of septic systems. Specifically, they are a naturally occurring chemical that is left after the break down or decomposition of animal or human waste. Water quality may also be affected through ground water resources that have a high number of septic systems in a watershed. Septics leach down into ground water resources or aquifers and supply near by bodies of water. Lakes that rely on ground water are often affected by nitrification through this process.
Nitrene
In chemistry, a nitrene (R-N:) is the nitrogen analogue of a carbene. The nitrogen atom has only 6 electrons available and is therefore considered an electrophile. A nitrene is a reactive intermediate and is involved is many chemical reactions  .

# Electron configuration
In the most simple nitrene linear imidogene (:N-H) two of the 6 available electrons form a covalent bond with hydrogen, two other create a free electron pair and the two remaining electrons occupy two degenerate p-orbitals. Consistent with Hund's rule the low energy form of imidogene is a triplet with one electron for each orbital and the high energy form is the singlet state with an electron pair in one filled orbital and one empty orbital.
As with carbenes, a strong correlation exists between the spin density on the nitrogen atom which can be calculated in silico and the zero-field splitting parameter D which can be derived experimentally from electron spin resonance . Small nitrenes such as NH or CF3N have D values around 1.8 cm-1 with spin densities close to a maximum value of 2. At the lower end of the scale are molecules with low D (< 0.4) values and spin density of 1.2 to 1-4 such as 9-anthrylnitrene and 9-phenanthryl.

# Formation
Nitrenes are very reactive and not isolated as such. They are formed as reactive intermediates in the reactions:
- from thermolysis or photolysis of azides with expulsion of nitrogen gas, analogues to the formation of carbenes from diazo compounds.
- from isocyanates, with expulsion of carbon monoxide, analogues to carbene formation from ketenes

# Reactions
Nitrenes reactions are:
- nitrene C-H insertion. A nitrene can easily insert into a carbon to hydrogen covalent bond yielding an amine or amide. A singlet nitrene reacts with retention of configuration. In one study  a nitrene, formed by oxidation of a carbamate  with potassium persulfate, gives an insertion reaction into the palladium to nitrogen bond of the reaction product of palladium(II) acetate with 2-phenylpyridine to Methyl N-(2-pyridylphenyl)carbamate in a cascade reaction:
- nitrene cycloaddition. With alkenes, nitrenes react to aziridines, very often with nitrenoid precursors such as sulfonyliminoiodinanes (PhI=NT) but the reaction is known to work directly with the sulfonamide in presence of a gold catalyst  :
- arylnitrene ring-expansion and ring-contraction. Aryl nitrenes show ring expansion to 7-membered ring cumulenes, ring opening reactions and nitrile formations many times in complex reaction paths. For instance the azide  2 in the scheme sketched below  trapped in an argon matrix at 20 K on photolysis expels nitrogen to the triplet nitrene 4 (observed experimentally with ESR and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy) which is in equilibrium with the ring-expansion product 6.
Notch 1
Notch homolog 1, translocation-associated (Drosophila), also known as NOTCH1, is a human gene encoding a single-pass transmembrane receptor.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of the Notch family. Members of this Type 1 transmembrane protein family share structural characteristics including an extracellular domain consisting of multiple epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) repeats, and an intracellular domain consisting of multiple, different domain types. Notch family members play a role in a variety of developmental processes by controlling cell fate decisions. The Notch signaling network is an evolutionarily conserved intercellular signaling pathway that regulates interactions between physically adjacent cells. In Drosophila, notch interaction with its cell-bound ligands (delta, serrate) establishes an intercellular signaling pathway that plays a key role in development. Homologues of the notch-ligands have also been identified in humans, but precise interactions between these ligands and the human notch homologues remain to be determined. This protein is cleaved in the trans-Golgi network, and presented on the cell surface as a heterodimer. This protein functions as a receptor for membrane bound ligands, and may play multiple roles during development.
A deficiency can be associated with bicuspid aortic valve.
There is evidence that activated Notch 1 and Notch 3 promote differentiation of progenitor cells into astroglia. Notch 1, when activated before birth, induces radial glia differentiation, but postnatally induces the differentiation into astrocytes. One study shows that Notch-1 cascade is activated by Reelin in an unidentified way. Reelin and Notch1 cooperate in the development of the dentate gyrus, according to another.

# Interactions
NOTCH1 has been shown to interact with:
- GSK3B,
- Lck,
- MAML1,
- Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3
- NFKB1,
- NOV,
- RBPJ,
- SNW1,
- Ubiquitin C, and
- YY1.
Notch 2
Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2 also known as notch 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOTCH2 gene.
NOTCH2 is associated with Alagille syndrome and HajduCheney syndrome.

# Function
Notch 2 is a member of the notch family. Members of this Type 1 transmembrane protein family share structural characteristics including an extracellular domain consisting of multiple epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) repeats, and an intracellular domain consisting of multiple, different domain types. Notch family members play a role in a variety of developmental processes by controlling cell fate decisions. The Notch signaling network is an evolutionarily conserved intercellular signaling pathway that regulates interactions between physically adjacent cells. In Drosophilia, notch interaction with its cell-bound ligands (delta, serrate) establishes an intercellular signaling pathway that plays a key role in development. Homologues of the notch-ligands have also been identified in human, but precise interactions between these ligands and the human notch homologues remain to be determined. This protein is cleaved in the trans-Golgi network, and presented on the cell surface as a heterodimer. This protein functions as a receptor for membrane bound ligands, and may play a role in vascular, renal and hepatic development.
Mutations within the last coding exon of Notch2 that remove  the PEST domain and escape the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay have been shown to be the main cause of the Hajdu-Cheney syndrome.

# Interactions
NOTCH2 has been shown to interact with:
- Delta-like 1
- GSK3B,
- JAG1,  and
- JAG2.
OSTbeta
Organic solute transporter beta, also known as OST-beta, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the OSTB gene.

# Function
OST-beta together with OST-alpha is able to transport estrone sulfate, taurocholate, digoxin, and prostaglandin E2 across cell membranes. The Ost-alpha / Ost-beta heterodimer, but not the individual subunits, stimulates sodium-independent bile acid uptake. The heterodimer furthermore is essential for intestinal bile acid transport.
OST-alpha and OST-beta have high expression in the testis, colon, liver, small intestine, kidney, ovary, and adrenal gland.
Octanol
Octanol is a straight chain fatty alcohol with eight carbon atoms and the molecular formula CH3(CH2)7OH.  Although the term octanol usually refers exclusively to the primary alcohol 1-octanol, there are other less common isomers of octanol such as the secondary alcohols 2-octanol, 3-octanol and 4-octanol.
Octanol occurs naturally in the form of esters in some essential oils.  The primary use of octanol is in the manufacture of various esters (both synthetic and naturally occurring), such as octyl acetate, which are used in perfumery and flavors. Other uses include experimental medical applications utilizing octanol to control certain types of involuntary tremors.

# Water/ octanol partitioning
Octanol and water are immiscible.  The distribution of a compound between water and octanol is used to calculate the partition coefficient 'P' of that molecule (often expressed as its logarithm to the base 10, log P).  Water/ octanol partitioning is a good approximation of the partitioning between the cytosol and lipid membranes of living systems.
Many dermal absorption models consider the stratum corneum/ water partition coefficient to be well approximated by a function of the water/ octanol partition coefficient of the form
Where a and b are constants,K_{sc/w} is the stratum corneum/ water partition coefficient, andK_{o/w} is the water/ octanol partition coefficient.  The values of a and b vary between papers, but Cleek & Bunge
have reported the values a=0, b=0.74.
Olaflur

# Overview
Olaflur (INN, or amine fluoride 297) is a fluoride-containing substance that is an ingredient of toothpastes and solutions for the prevention of dental caries. It has been in use since 1966. Especially in combination with dectaflur, it is also used in the form of gels for the treatment of early stages of caries, sensitive teeth, and by dentists for the refluoridation of damaged tooth enamel.

# Overdosage
Overdosage leads to irritation of the oral mucosa. In especially sensitive persons, even standard doses of olaflur can cause irritation.
Like other fluoride salts, olaflur is toxic when given in high doses over an extended period of time. Especially in children, before the development of the permanent teeth, overdosage can lead to dental fluorosis, a discolouring and weakening of the enamel. In acute cases of overdosage, for example when an olaflur containing preparation is swallowed, calcium in any oral form serves as an antidote. Often milk is used because it is usually at hand.

# Interactions
Because calcium fluoride is practically insoluble in water, calcium-containing drugs and food inhibit the action of olaflur.

# Chemistry and mechanism of action
Olaflur is a salt consisting of an alkyl ammonium cation and fluoride as the counterion. With a long lipophilic hydrocarbon chain, the cation has surfactant properties. It forms a film layer on the surface of teeth, which facilitates incorporation of fluoride into the enamel. The top layers of the enamel's primary mineral, hydroxylapatite, are converted into the more robust fluorapatite. The fluoridation reaches only a depth of a few nanometres, which has raised doubts whether the mechanism really relies on the formation of fluorapatite.

## Synthesis
The synthesis of olaflur starts from cattle's tallow. The contained fatty acids, mainly stearic acid (C17H35COOH), are obtained by hydrolysis, and then converted to the corresponding amides, which in turn are reduced catalytically to the primary amines. Addition of acrylonitrile, followed by another reduction, yields N-alkyl-1,3-propanediamines. The two nitrogen atoms react with ethylene oxide (oxirane) to tertiary amines. Finally, hydrofluoric acid is added to give the end product. Because olaflur is produced from a mixture of fatty acids, some molecules have side chains that are longer or shorter than 18 carbon atoms. Other byproducts of the reaction include hydroxyethyl ethers resulting from addition of ethylene oxide to the free hydroxyl groups. The presence of these side products is clinically irrelevant.
Onychia
Synonyms and keywords: Onychosis

# Overview
Onychia is an inflammation of the matrix (surrounding tissue) of the nail with formation of pus and shedding of the nail.

# Pathophysiology
Onychia results from the introduction of microscopic pathogens through small wounds.

# Causes

## Common Causes
Onychia can be caused by manicuring instruments that have not been properly disinfected.