Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
MYB (gene)
Myb genes are part of a large gene family of transcription factors found in animals and plants. In humans, it includes Myb-related protein B and Myb proto-oncogene like 1.

# Function

## Animals
Myb proto-oncogene protein is a member of the MYB (myeloblastosis) family of transcription factors. The protein contains three domains, an N-terminal DNA-binding domain, a central transcriptional activation domain and a C-terminal domain involved in transcriptional repression.

## Plants
MYB factors represent a family of proteins that include the conserved MYB DNA-binding domain. Plants contain a MYB-protein subfamily that is characterised by the R2R3-type MYB domain.
In maize, phlobaphenes are synthesized in the flavonoids synthetic pathway from polymerisation of flavan-4-ols which encodes an R2R3 myb-like transcriptional activator of the A1 gene encoding for the dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (reducing dihydroflavonols into flavan-4-ols) while another gene (Suppressor of Pericarp Pigmentation 1 or SPP1) acts as a suppressor. The maize P gene encodes a Myb homolog that recognizes the sequence CCT/AACC, in sharp contrast with the C/TAACGG bound by vertebrate Myb proteins.
In sorghum, the corresponding yellow seed 1 gene (y1) also encodes a R2R3 type of Myb domain protein that regulates the expression of chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase and dihydroflavonol reductase genes required for the biosynthesis of 3-deoxyflavonoids.
Ruby is a MYB transcriptional activator of genes that produce anthocyanin in citrus fruits. In most citrus varieties Ruby is non-functional, but in blood oranges it upregulates anthocyanin production to produce the characteristic red color of the fruit.
Stamulumab
Stamulumab (MYO-029) is an experimental myostatin inhibiting drug developed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of muscular dystrophy. MYO-029 was formulated and tested by Wyeth in Collegeville, PA. Myostatin is a protein that inhibits the growth of muscle tissue, MYO-029 is a recombinant human antibody designed to bind to and inhibit the activity of myostatin.
Stamulumab is a G1 immunoglobulin antibody which binds to myostatin and prevents it from binding to its target site, thus inhibiting the growth-limiting action of myostatin on muscle tissue.  Research completed in 2002 found that Stamulumab might one day prove to be an effective treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy

# Phase 1 and 2 Trials
- Wyeth undertook a Phase 1 and 2 clinical trial in 2005 and 2006 of MY0-029. The multiple ascending does trial (36 patients per cohort) contained some measures of efficacy. The trial's participants included people afflicted with Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, Becker's muscular dystrophy, and Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Through 2007 Wyeth has been analyzing the results and there is hope for news and/or a publication by the fourth quarter of 2007. 

# Related
- ACVR2B is similar to Stamulumab but is not an antibody; rather, it provides a portion of the molecule to which myostatin would normally bind thus preventing the myostatin from binding with the actual molecule.
Maceration
Maceration is a word that derives from the Latin maceratus ("to soften"; past participle of macerare).  It may refer to:
- Maceration, in chemistry and herbalism, the preparation of an extract by soaking material (such as animal skins or parts of fibrous plants) in water, vegetable oil or some organic solvent. The word may also refer to the same process when used to produce perfume stock.
- Maceration (wine), in viticulture, the steeping of grape skins and solids in must, where alcohol later acts as a solvent to extract colour, tannin and aroma from the skins during the wine fermentation process.
- A macerator, in sewage treatment, a machine that reduces solids to small pieces in order to deal with rags and other solid waste.
- Maceration (bone), a method of separating of bone from soft body tissue by controlled putrefaction.
- A macerator, in chicken farming, a high-speed grinder used to slaughter unwanted male chicks in large numbers.
- Maceration, in biology, is the mechanical grinding or kneading of semi-solid food in the stomach into chyme.
- Maceration, in dermatology, is the softening and whitening of skin kept constantly wet, leaving it more vulnerable to infection or damage by tearing.
Malic acid

# Overview
Malic acid is a tart-tasting organic dicarboxylic acid that plays a role in many sour or tart foods. The salts and esters of malic acid are known as malates. Malate anion is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle along with fumarate.  It can also be formed from pyruvate as one of the anaplerotic reactions.

# History
Malic acid was first isolated from apple juice by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1785. Antoine Lavoisier in 1787 proposed the name acide malique which is derived from the latin word for apple, malum.

# Biology
Malate is an important chemical compound in biochemistry. In biological sources, malic acid is homochiral and only exists as the (-)-malic acid enantiomer.  In the C4 carbon fixation process, malate is a source of CO2 in the Calvin cycle.
In the citric acid cycle, (S)-malate is an intermediate formed by the addition of an -OH group on the si face of fumarate; it can also be formed from pyruvate via anaplerotic reactions. Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reversible conversion of malate into oxaloacetate using NAD as a cofactor.
Malate is also produced from starch in guard cells of plant leaves.  A build up of malate leads to a low water potential. Water then flows into the guard cells causing the stoma to open. However, this process does not always induce the opening of stomas.
Apples contain malic acid, which contributes to the sourness of a green apple. Malic acid can make a wine taste tart, although the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness. The process of malolactic fermentation converts malic acid to much milder lactic acid.

# As a food additive
Malic acid, when added to food products, is denoted by E number E296.  Malic acid is the source of extreme tartness in so called "extreme candy", for example Mega Warheads. It is also used with or in place of the less sour citric acid in sour candies such as Jolly Ranchers, SweeTarts and Jimmy Johns Salt & Vinegar potato chips. These candies are sometimes labeled with a warning that excessive consumption can cause irritation of the mouth.

# Chemistry
Malic acid stars in the discovery of the Walden inversion and the Walden cycle in which (-)-malic acid first is converted into (+)-chlorosuccinic acid by action of phosphorus pentachloride. Wet silver oxide then takes the chlorine compound to (+)-malic acid which then reacts with PCl5 to the (-)-chlorosuccinic acid. The cycle is completed when silver oxide takes this compound back to (-)-malic acid.
Self-condensation of malic acid with fuming sulfuric acid gives the pyrone coumalic acid:
Masterwort
Masterwort typically refers to the plant Peucedanum ostruthium or Imperatoria ostruthium in the family Apiaceae, and not to be confused with great masterwort, Astrantia major, in the same family.

# Habitat
Woodland gardens and meadows, in semi-shady areas.

# Medicinal uses
The roots, collected in the spring of fall, have been known to hold many medicinal proprieties such as tonic, antiseptic, emmenagogue and diuretic.
They are used for flatulence problems, asthma, kidney and bladder stones and water retention. Masterwort tea can help in relieving migraines and stimulating the immune system.
de:Meisterwurz
Matricaria
Matricaria is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). Some of the species have the common name of "mayweed," but this name also refers to plants not in this genus.
Most are very common in the temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and America, as well as in northern and southern Africa, and some are naturalised in Australia. M. occidentalis is native to North America; other species have been introduced there.
These are hardy, pleasantly aromatic annuals, growing along roadsides in ruderal communities and in fallow land rich in nutrients. Though many are considered nuisance weeds, they are suitable for rock gardens and herb gardens, and as border plants.
Their many-branched stems are prostrate to erect, glabrous, and very leafy. Their bipinnate leaves have numerous linear, narrowly lobed leaflets.
The flowers are radially symmetrical. The greenish-yellow capitula are semi-spherical. The white ray florets can be present (M. recutita) or lacking (M. discoidea). The disc florets are 4- to 5-dentate. The receptacle is 23 times as high as wide. The pappus may be crown-shaped and short, or lacking.
Matricaria species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (caterpillars) including Lime-speck Pug.
The extract of German chamomile (M. recutita) is taken as a strong tea. It has been used in herbal medicine as a carminative and anti-inflammatory. It is also used in ointments and lotions, and as a mouthwash against infections of mouth and gums. Aromatherapy uses two essential oils of chamomile: the "true chamomile" oil (or german chamomile oil, from M. recutita) and the Roman chamomile oil (from Anthemis nobilis).
The taxonomy of Matricaria is controversial and very confused. Several species are classified either in Tripleurospermum or Matricaria depending on the interpretation of the author. The distinction is made according to the number of the seed ribs: Tripleurospermum has one adaxial and two lateral seed ribs, while Matricaria has four or five adaxial seed ribs.
Mebeverine
Mebeverine is a drug whose major therapeutic role is in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and the associated abdominal cramping. It works by relaxing the muscles in and around the gut. It is a musculotropic antispasmodic drug without anticholinergic side-effects. The drug is also indicated for treatment of gastrointestinal spasm secondary to organic disorder.

# Indications
Spastic functional disturbances of the colon:
- Irritable bowel syndrome in its primary form
- Irritable bowel syndrome associated with organic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract such as; diverticulosis and diverticulitis, regional enteritis, disease of the gall bladder and gall ducts, gastric and duodenal ulcers, dysentery, and aspecific or specific inflammation of the digestive tract.
- Mebeverine should be taken 20 minutes before meals.

# Mechanism of action
Mebeverine is an antimuscarinic. It belongs to a group of compounds called musculotropic antispasmodics. These compounds act directly on the gut muscles at the cellular level to relax them. This relieves painful muscle spasms of the gut, without affecting its normal motility. Mebeverine is used to relieve symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and related intestinal disorders that are the result of spasms in the intestinal muscles. These include colicky abdominal pain and cramps, diarrhoea alternating with constipation and flatulence (wind).
Mebeverine is also an inhibitor of calcium-depot replenishment. Therefore, it has dual mode of action which normalizes the small bowel motility.

# Adverse effects
Side effects may include:
- Indigestion or heartburn
- Constipation
- Dizziness
- Insomnia (difficulty sleeping)
- anorexia (loss of appetite)
- Headache
- Tiredness
- Slow heart beat
- Rash and/or itchy skin
Since 1978, 21 cases of severe adverse reactions to mebeverine were reported in the Netherlands.
Most reactions consisted of urticaria or maculopapular rash, sometimes accompanied by fever, polyarthritis, thrombopenia or angioedema.
Very rarely, people taking this medicine may develop allergic reactions.

# Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Mebeverine passes into breast milk, but the amount is considered too small to be harmful to a nursing infant.

# Driving and using machines
Mebeverine is unlikely to affect the ability to operate machinery or to drive, yet not completely out of the question.  

# History
It was first registered in 1965.

# Availability
Mebervine is a generic drug and is available internationally under many brand names.
Mebutamate

# Overview
Mebutamate (Capla, Dormate) is an anxiolytic and sedative drug with antihypertensive effects of the carbamate class. It has effects comparable to those of barbiturates such as secobarbital, but is only around 1/3 the potency of secobarbital as a sedative. Side effects include dizziness and headaches.
Mebutamate is one of many GABAergic drugs which act via allosteric agonism of the GABAA receptor at the -subreceptor similair to barbiturates. In contrast, benzodiazepines act at the -subreceptor. As such, carbamates and barbiturates, possess analgesic properties which the benzodiazepine class of drugs do not.
Other carbamates with the same mechanism of action and pharmacological properties include meprobamate, carisoprodol, felbamate, and tybamate).
Mecillinam

# Overview
Mecillinam (INN) or amdinocillin (USAN) is an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria. It is used primarily in the treatment of urinary tract infections, and has also been used to treat typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Because mecillinam has very low oral bioavailability, an orally active prodrug was developed: pivmecillinam. Neither drug is available in the United States.

# Medical uses
Mecillinam is used in the treatment of infections due to susceptible gram-negative bacteria, especially urinary tract infections which are most commonly caused by Escherichia coli. Mecillinam is active against most pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and some species of Proteus. Several studies have also found it to be as effective as other antibiotics for treating Staphylococcus saprophyticus infection, though it is Gram-positive, possibly because mecillinam reaches very high concentrations in urine.
Worldwide resistance to mecillinam in bacteria causing urinary tract infection has remained very low since its introduction; a 2003 study conducted in 16 European countries and Canada found resistance to range from 1.2% (Escherichia coli) to 5.2% (Proteus mirabilis). Another large study conducted in Europe and Brazil obtained similar results  95.9% of E. coli strains, for instance, were sensitive to mecillinam.

# Adverse effects
The adverse effect profile of mecillinam is similar to that of other penicillins. Its most common side effects are rash and gastrointestinal upset, including nausea and vomiting.

# History
With the codename FL 1060, mecillinam was developed by the Danish pharmaceutical company Leo Pharmaceutical Products (now LEO Pharma). It was first described in the scientific literature in a 1972 paper.
Megaureter

# Overview
Megaureter is a medical anomaly whereby the ureter is abnormally dilated. Congenital megaureter is an uncommon condition which is more common in males, may be bilateral, and is often associated with other congenital anomalies. The cause is thought to be aperistalsis of the distal ureter, leading to dilatation.
A functional obstruction at the lower end of the ureter leads to progressive dilatation and a tendency to infection. The ureteric orifice appears normal and a ureteric catheter passes easily.
Definitive surgical treatment involves refashioning the lower end of the affected ureter so that a tunnelled reimplantation into the bladder can be done to prevent reflux.
Menyanthes
Menyanthes is a monotypic genus of flowering plant in the family Menyanthaceae. The name Menyanthes comes from the Greek words menyein, meaning "disclosing", and anthos, meaning "flower", in reference to the sequential opening of flowers on the inflorescence.
Menyanthes trifoliata is characterized by a horizontal rhizome with alternate, trifoliate leaves. The inflorescence is an erect raceme of white flowers.
Menyanthes trifoliata occurs in bogs and marshes in Asia, Europe, and North America. The North American form is often referred to as M. trifoliata var. minor Michx. It is known in English by the common names bog-bean and buckbean, and in German as Bitterklee or Fieberklee.
- Flowerhead
Flowerhead
- 19th century illustration
19th century illustration
bg:
cs:Vachta trojlista
da:Almindelig Bukkeblad
de:Fieberklee
et:Ubaleht
hsb:Triopjeskaty kozlik
lt:Trilapis puplaiskis
nl:Waterdrieblad
no:Bukkeblad
fi:Raate
sv:Vattenklover
uk:
Mesalazine

# Overview
Mesalazine (INN, BAN), also known as Mesalamine (USAN) or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), is an anti-inflammatory drug used to treat inflammation of the digestive tract (Crohn's disease) and mild to moderate ulcerative colitis.  Mesalazine is a bowel-specific aminosalicylate drug that is metabolized in the gut and has its predominant actions there, thereby having fewer systemic side effects.
As a derivative of salicylic acid, 5-ASA is also an antioxidant that traps free radicals, which are potentially damaging by-products of metabolism.
5-ASA is considered the active moiety of sulfasalazine, which is metabolized to it.

# Formulations
It is formulated for oral ingestion as tablets or granules, and for rectal administration as rectal suppository, suspension or enemas. It is sold under a variety of brand names (UK: Asacol, Ipocal, Pentasa & Salofalk. US: Canasa, Rowasa, Pentasa, Asacol and Lialda). The newest of these is Lialda, approved by the FDA in January 2007 for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Its main benefit is that it needs to be taken only once a day, which improves convenience and treatment compliance.
Dosing depends on the preparation used, in particular, slow-release tablets may have quite different drug delivery characteristics and are not interchangeable.
Preparations that lower stool pH (such as lactulose, a laxative) will affect the binding of Mesalazine in the bowel and will therefore reduce its efficacy.

# Side effects
Commonly:
- Diarrhea
- Nausea
- Cramping
Uncommonly:
- Headache
- Exacerbation of the colitis
- Hypersensitivity reactions (including rash, urticaria, interstitial nephritis and lupus erythematosus-like syndrome)
- Hair Loss
- Interstitial nephritis
Rarely:
- Acute pancreatitis,
- Hepatitis
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Blood disorders (including agranulocytosis, aplastic anaemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia)
Mesalazine avoids the sulphonamide side effects of Sulfasalazine (which contains additional (sulfapyridine), but carries additional rare risks of:
- Allergic lung reactions
- Allergic myocarditis
- Methaemoglobinaemia

# Monitoring
As a result of the small risks of kidney, liver and blood disorders, blood tests should be taken before and after starting treatment. Patients are advised to report any unexplained bleeding, bruising, purpura, sore throat, fever or malaise that occurs during treatment so that a full blood count can be urgently taken.
Mesothelin
Mesothelin, also known as MSLN, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MSLN gene.

# Function
Mesothelin is a 40 kDa protein that is expressed in mesothelial cells. The protein was first identified by its reactivity with monoclonal antibody K1. Subsequent cloning studies showed that the mesothelin gene encodes a precursor protein that is processed to yield mesothelin which is attached to the cell membrane by a glycophosphatidylinositol linkage and a 31-kDa shed fragment named megakaryocyte-potentiating factor (MPF). Although it has been proposed that mesothelin may be involved in cell adhesion, its biological function is not known. A knockout mouse line that lacks mesothelin reproduces and develops normally.
Mesothelin is over expressed in several human tumors, including mesothelioma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma.  The interaction between mesothelin and MUC16 (also known as CA125) may facilitate the implantation and peritoneal spread of tumors by cell adhesion. Dr. Mitchell Ho and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute identified the region (residues 296-359) consisting of 64 amino acids at the N-terminus of cell surface mesothelin as the functional binding domain for MUC16.

# Medical applications
Mesothelin is a tumour differentiation antigen that is normally present on the mesothelial cells lining the pleura, peritoneum and pericardium. Since mesothelin is overexpressed in several cancers and is immunogenic, the protein could be exploited as tumor marker or as the antigenic target of a therapeutic cancer vaccine. A 2016 review indicates that some immunotherapeutic strategies have shown encouraging results in early-phase clinical trials. 
Elevations of serum mesothelin specific to ovarian and other cancer patients may be measured using ELISA assays.   Soluble mesothelin is the extracellular domain of membrane-bound mesothelin shed from tumor cells as demonstrated by mass spectrometry analysis of soluble  mesothelin purified from cell culture supernatant. Assays for blood-borne mesothelin and MPF for tumor diagnosis, especially applied to asbestos-related mesothelioma have been developed.  Elevated serum mesothelin was found in most patients with mesothelioma (71%) and ovarian cancer (67%).  Blood MPF and mesothelin levels were correlated, with modest  accuracy for malignant pleural mesothelioma and lung cancer (sensitivity 74% and 59%, specificity 90% and 86%, respectively for MPF and mesothelin assays).   Circulating mesothelin is reported in nearly all pancreatic cancers,  however the levels in healthy persons often exceed  80 ng/mL (using 40 kD molecular weight as the conversion factor) and to widely overlap the values in the pancreatic cancer patients. It was noted that the cutoff levels for normal could differ as much as 10-fold among publications, depending on the assay used and thus that normal levels must be determined anew when new assays are introduced. Therapeutic antibodies to mesothelin have been developed by phage display and humanization of rabbit monoclonal antibodies.