Steven Hassan
Steven Alan Hassan (born 1954) is a licensed mental health counselor and an exit counselor.  Hassan was an early advocate of exit counseling, and is the author of two books on the subject of "cults", and what he describes as their use of mind control, thought reform, and the psychology of influence in order to recruit and retain members.
Himself a former member of the Unification Church, after spending one year assisting with involuntary deprogrammings, he developed what he describes as his own non-coercive methods for helping members of alleged cults to leave their groups, and developed therapeutic approaches for counseling former members in order to help them overcome the purported effects of cult membership.

# Education
- M.Ed., Counselling Psychology, Cambridge College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1985
- Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1992
- Certified as a Nationally Certified Counselor (NCC) by the National Board for Certified Counselors, 2003

# Background
Hassan became a member of the Unification Church in the 1970s, at the age of 19, while studying at Queens College.  He describes what he terms as his "recruitment" in his first book, Combatting Cult Mind Control,  asserting that this recruitment was the result of the unethical use of powerful psychological influence techniques by members of the Church.  He subsequently spent over two years recruiting and indoctrinating new members, as well as performing fundraising and campaigning duties, and ultimately rose to the rank of Assistant Director of the Unification Church at its National Headquarters.  In that capacity he met personally with Sun Myung Moon.
Hassan has given an account of his leaving the Unification Church in his 1998 book Combatting Cult Mind Control and on his personal website: After having been awake for two days as the head of a fundraising team, he caused a traffic accident when he fell asleep at the wheel of the Church's van and drove into the back of a truck.  He ended up with a broken leg, surgery and a full-leg cast.  During his recuperation he was given permission by his superiors in the Church to visit his parents.  His parents contacted former members of the Unification Church who engaged in a deprogramming session with Hassan.  Because of his cast he was not able to run or drive away, but he resisted to the point that he states that he had an impulse to "escape by reaching over and snapping my father's neck", rather than to potentially succumb to the deprogramming and betray "The Messiah".  His father convinced him to stay for five days and talk to the former Church members who were conducting the deprogramming, after which time Hassan would be free to make the choice to return to the Church.  Hassan agreed to this.  He subsequently decided to leave the Church.
In 1979, following the Jonestown tragedy, Hassan founded a non-profit organization called "Ex-Moon Inc.", whose membership consisted of over four hundred former members of the Unification Church.
According to his biography, "During the 1977-78 Congressional Subcommittee Investigation into South Korean CIA activities in the United States, he consulted as an expert on the Moon organization and provided information and internal documents regarding Moon's desire to influence politics in his bid to 'take over the world.'"
Around 1980, Hassan began investigating methods of persuasion, mind control and indoctrination.  He first studied the thought reform theories of Robert Lifton, and was "able to see clearly that the Moon organization uses all eight" of the thought reform methods described by Lifton.
He later attended a seminar on hypnosis with Richard Bandler, which was based on the work that he and transformational grammarian John Grinder had done in developing Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP).  Hassan felt that this seminar gave him "a handle on techniques of mind control, and how to combat them."  He spent "nearly two years studying NLP with everyone involved in its formulation and presentation."  During this period, Hassan moved to Santa Cruz, California for an apprenticeship with Grinder.  He became concerned about the marketing of NLP as a tool for "power enhancement", left his association with Grinder, and "began to study the works of Milton Erickson M.D., Virginia Satir, and Gregory Bateson, on which NLP is based."  His studies gave him the basis for the development of his theories on mind control.
Hassan continued to study hypnosis and is a member of the The American Society for Clinical Hypnosis and the The International Society of Hypnosis.
In 1999, Hassan founded the Freedom of Mind Resource Center.  It is registered as a domestic profit corporation in the state of Massachusetts.  He is president and treasurer.
In Combatting Cult Mind Control Hassan describes his personal experiences with the Unification Church, as well as his theory of the four components of mind control.  The sociologist Eileen Barker, who has studied the Unification Church, has commented on the book.  She expressed several concerns but nevertheless recommended the book.  The book has been reviewed in the American Journal of Psychiatry, and in the The Lancet,  and has been praised by many scholars and cult experts, like Philip Zimbardo  and Margaret Singer. 
In his second book, Releasing the Bonds: Empowering People to Think for Themselves (2000), Hassan presents what he terms "a much more refined method to help family and friends, called the Strategic Interaction Approach. This non-coercive, completely legal approach is far better than deprogramming, and even exit counseling."
Hassan is a practicing Jew.  He describes himself as an "activist who fights to protect people's right to believe whatever they want to believe", and states that his work has the broad support of religious leaders from a variety of spiritual orientations.  He further states that "many unorthodox religions have expressed their gratitude to me for my books because it clearly shows them NOT to be a destructive cult."
His wife Aureet Bar-Yam died in 1991 after falling through ice while trying to save their dog. 

# Public impact
He consulted as an expert on the Unification Church during the 1977-1978 Congressional investigation of Korean-American relations.
He has appeared on 60 Minutes, Nightline, Dateline, Larry King Live, and The O'Reilly Factor. He has over thirty years of experience with counseling both current and former members of groups he describes as cults.
In his first book, Combatting Cult Mind Control, he describes his experiences as a member the Unification Church, and describes the exit counseling methods that he developed based on those experiences, and based on his subsequent studies of psychological influence techniques.  In his latest book Releasing the Bonds, which was published twelve years after Combatting Cult Mind Control, he describes the evolution of his exit counseling procedures into a more advanced procedure that he calls the "Strategic Interaction Approach."

# Mind control
For details see: BITE model
Although he does not name it the "BITE model", in his first book Combatting Cult Mind Control Hassan describes the "four components of mind control as:
- Behavior control
- Thought control
- Emotional control
- Information control
Twelve years later, in Releasing the Bonds: Empowering People to Think for Themselves, he developed these same components into a mind-control model, "BITE", which stands for Behavior, Information, Thoughts, and Emotions. Hassan writes that cults recruit members through a three-step process which he refers to as "unfreezing," "changing," and "refreezing," respectively. This involves the use of an extensive array of various techniques, including systematic deception, behavior modification, withholding of information, and emotionally intense persuasion techniques (such as the induction of phobias), which he collectively terms mind control.
In the same book he also writes "I suspect that most cult groups use informal hypnotic techniques to induce trance states.  They tend to use what are called "naturalistic" hypnotic techniques.  Practicing meditation to shut down thinking, chanting a phrase repetitively for hours, or reciting affirmations are all powerful ways to promote spiritual growth. But they can also be used unethically, as methods for mind control indoctrination." 
He calls groups that employ such psychological influence techniques "destructive cults," a term that he defines by the methods used to recruit and retain members, and by the effect that such methods have on members, rather than by the theological/sociological/moral views the group espouses. He is opposed to the non-consensual deprogramming of cult members, and supports instead counseling them in order that they withdraw voluntarily from the organization. He writes:
My mind control model outlines many key elements that need to be controlled: Behavior, Information, Thoughts and Emotions (BITE). If these four components can be controlled, then an individual's identity can be systematically manipulated and changed. Destructive mind control takes the 'locus of control' away from an individual. The person is systematically deceived about the beliefs and practices of the person (or group) and manipulated throughout the recruitment process  unable to make informed choices and exert independent judgment. The person's identity is profoundly influenced through a set of social influence techniques and a "new identity" is created  programmed to be dependent on the leader or group ideology. The person can't think for him or herself, but believes otherwise.
Hassan is a proponent of non-coercive intervention. He refers to his method as the "Strategic Interaction Approach".
Twelve years after the last publication of Combatting Cult Mind Control, Hassan described his position on deprogramming in Releasing the Bonds.  He states that "Deprogramming has many drawbacks. I have met dozens of people who were successfully deprogrammed but, to this day, experience psychological trauma as a result of the method. These people were glad to be released from the grip of cult programming but were not happy about the method used to help them."  He further states that "A deprogramming triggers the deepest fears of cult members. They have been taken against their will. Family and friends are not to be trusted. The trauma of being thrown into a van by unknown people, driven away, and imprisoned creates mistrust, anger, and resentment."  He quotes a person who was involuntarily deprogrammed as saying "What these deprogrammers did was attempt to change my mind through INFORMATION CONTROL  just like the cult did. They did not deal with the CUT-implanted phobias, which remained with me for years  the fear of certain colors, the identification of certain types of music with CUT rituals, the fear of retaliation and probable death should I ever leave this group."

# Criticism

## Deprogramming
In a research paper presented at the 2000 Society for the Scientific Study of Religion conference, Anson Shupe, professor of Sociology at Indiana/Purdue University, and Susan E. Darnell, manager of a credit union, state Hassan had participated two involuntary deprogrammings in 1976 and 1977.
Hassan confirms that he took part in a number of involuntary deprogrammings in the late-1970s.  In one of them a Unification Church member, Arthur Roselle, was kept tied in his home for two days  Regarding this, Hassan states that Roselle had already been secured by his family before Hassan arrived. Despite Hassan's claim that Arthur Roselle was tied before he arrived, Joanne Roselle's affidavit states that her "son (Arthur) became violent when confronted by his family friends, and the two ex-members of Unification Church, Steven Hassan and Ellen L. Hassan," and they "were forced to tie his hands and legs so as not to do damage to himself and others." Joanne Roselle's affidavit indicates that Hassan was present when Arthur Roselle was tied. Hassan then states that Roselle decided to leave, but Roselle's mother begged him to stay and talk to Roselle.  Hassan then asked Roselle to listen to what Hassan had to say, and if Roselle then wanted to return to the Church he was free to do so.  Roselle agreed to listen.
Arthur Roselle's account in a sworn affidavit also contradicts this account. According to Roselle, "Hassan aided, abetted, and conspired in my kidnapping and in my subsequent false imprisonment." Roselle also accused Hassan of actively assisting in depriving him of sleep, insulting and humiliating him, and treating him like "a captured animal in a zoo," as well as attempting to coerce him into signing a false affidavit exonerating Hassan of the kidnapping claims. No criminal or civil charges were filed.
Hassan states that he spent one year assisting with deprogrammings before turning to less controversial methods (see exit counseling).  Hassan has spoken out against involuntary deprogramming since 1980. He states that he has not participated in any deprogrammings since then. 
However, in Combatting Cult Mind Control, he stated that forcible deprogrammings can be kept as a last resort if all other attempts fail. Concerned that ministers in Japan  encouraged to perform forcible deprogramming because of  first book," Hassan wrote a "letter" to Reverend Seishi Kojima stating, "I oppose aggressive, illegal methods."
Andy Bacus, an attorney for the Unification Church, against which Hassan testified to Congress, told the Illinois Senate Committee on Education on December 7, 1993 that:
Steve Hassan ... is an ex-member of the Unification Church who was involuntarily deprogrammed. He has spent the last 15 years deprogramming other persons. Mr. Hassan has been most active recently in providing "exit counseling" to members of the Boston Church of Christ. Like other "exit counselors", Hassan relies on the mind control theories of Margaret Singer to justify his actions.

## Rick Ross
Hassan became involved in a dispute with fellow cult critic Rick Ross when Ross posted a disclaimer on his Web site after receiving what he stated were serious complaints regarding Hassans fees for his services. Hassan responded that the charges were inappropriate and completely inaccurate, stating that Ross had misstated Hassan's current fees. Ross's response was that Hassan's fees "were $500.00 per hour and/or $5,000 per day" but that after "Hassan publicly posted his fee schedule, which was reduced to $250.00 per hour and/or $2,500.00 per day...the RI disclaimer was taken down."  Hassan stated that "my current fees are not $500 as Ross claims. I charge half that for an hour of counseling and have done so for quite some time."

# Website
Hassan's website "Freedom of Mind" contains what he describes as information on "cults and controversial groups" and on which he offers his counseling and consultation services. Reader discussion take place in an associated Yahoo! group, called freedomofmind. In its discussion of Hassan. The Religious Movements Homepage Project states that Hassan's entrepreneurial tendencies are baldly evident on his home page.
On his website Hassan distinguishes between what he terms as destructive cults and benign cults.  A destructive cult, according to Hassan, has a "pyramid-shaped authoritarian regime with a person or group of people that have dictatorial control." and "uses deception in recruiting new members." In contrast, benign cults are, according to Hassan, "any group of people who have a set of beliefs and rituals that are non-mainstream." The website further states that "as long as people are freely able to choose to join with full disclosure of the group's doctrine and practices and can choose to disaffiliate without fear or harassment, then it doesn't fall under the behavioral/ psychological destructive cult category."
The site contains a disclaimer that not every group listed is necessarily what Hassan calls a "destructive mind control cult"  Many of the groups Hassan lists are not included in the Handbook of Cults and Sects in America.. There is also considerable disagreement about what precisely constitutes a cult.  Some cult critics and a some academics use the term "cult" despite its definitional ambiguity, but many academics who study such groups prefer the term "New Religious Movement". 
Hassan dedicates his website "to respect for human rights, spirituality, and consumer awareness."  A declaration of support for "religious freedom and the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights" appears at the bottom of every page.

# Bibliography
- Combatting Cult Mind Control, 1988. ISBN 0-8928124-3-5.
- Releasing the Bonds: Empowering People to Think for Themselves, 2000. ISBN 0-9670688-0-0.