Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
HARP Study

# Objective
The Harvard Atherosclerosis Reversibility Project (HARP) aimed at studying the effect of intensive lipid lowering therapy in normocholesterolemic patients and its effect on angiographic progression of atherosclerosis.

# Methods
HARP was a randomized placebo-controlled trial wherein 91 normocholesterolemic patients, with total serum cholesterol levels less than 250 mg/dL, were selected and treated with a stepwise regimen of diet, pravastatin, nicotinic acid, cholestyramine and gemfibrozil for 2.5 years. Repeat coronary angiograms were performed to assess the progression of coronary atherosclerosis.

# Results
The study found a significant improvement in total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C levels, however repeat coronary angiograms did not show significant differences in the degree of coronary obstruction, progression of coronary stenosis, regression and clinical cardiac events.

# Conclusion
This study concluded that intensive lipid lowering therapy does not alter the rate of progression of coronary stenoses in normocholesterolemic patients.
HPN (gene)
Serine protease hepsin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HPN gene.

# Function
Hepsin is a cell surface serine protease.
Hepson contains a peptidase S1 domain and an SRCR domain. The SRCR domain is located in the extracellular part of the protein, it is formed primarily by three elements of regular secondary structure: a 12-residue alpha helix, a twisted five-stranded antiparallel beta sheet, and a second, two-stranded, antiparallel sheet. The two beta-sheets lie at roughly right angles to each other, with the helix nestled between the two, adopting an SRCR fold. The exact function of this domain has not been identified, though it probably may serve to orient the protease domain or place it in the vicinity of its substrate.

# Clinical significance
Hepsin expression is unregulated in prostate cancer and correlates with disease progression.
HRB (gene)
Arf-GAP domain and FG repeats-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AGFG1 gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is related to nucleoporins, a class of proteins that mediate nucleocytoplasmic transport. This encoded protein binds the Rev activation domain when Rev is assembled onto its RNA target and can significantly enhance Rev activity when overexpressed. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been determined.

# Interactions
HRB (gene) has been shown to interact with EPS15L1 and EPS15.
Haemobilia

# Overview
Implies bleeding into biliary tree. Can present as acute upper gastrointestinal(UGI) bleeding. It should be considered in upper abdominal pain presenting with UGI bleeding especially when there is a history of liver injury or instrumentation.
- First recorded in 1654 by Francis Glisson, a Cambridge professor.
- Haemobilia occurs when there is a fistula between a vessel of the splanchnic circulation and the intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary system.

# Causes
- Trauma, accidental or iatrogenic e.g. due to procedures like cholecystectomy
- Instrumentation e.g. after ERCP
- Gallstone
- Inflammatory conditions ranging from ascariasis to PAN
- Vascular malformation
- Tumor
- Coagulopathy

# Clinical feature
Triad of upper abdominal pain, upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage and jaundice is classical but only present in 22% cases.
It can be immediately life threatening in major bleeding. However in minor haemobilia patient is haemodynamically stable despite significant blood loss being apparent .

# Diagnosis
Combination of OGD, CT scan and angiography depending on clinical situation, bearing in mind that haemobilia may present many days after injury. Cholengiography is performed if there is a percutaneous access or if ERCP is undertaken.
The imaging findings are
- Ultrasound: echogenic material in bile ducts.
- Unenhanced CT: High-attenuation clot within the bile ducts.
High density material in the common bile duct is consistent with hemobilia is the patient who is recently s/p cholecystectomy.

# Management
Most bleeding from instrumentation are minor and would settle spontaneously.
 When indicated, management is directed towards stopping bleeding and relieving obstruction if present, which is achieved either by surgical ligation of hepatic artery or by endoscopic embolisation. Endoscopic trans-arterial embolisation (TAE) is preferred initially because of high success rate and less complication. TAE involves the selective catheterization of a hepatic artery followed by embolic occlusion. Surgery is indicated when TAE has failed or sepsis present in biliary tree or drainage has failed.
Hemostasis

# Overview
Hemostasis refers to the physiologic process whereby bleeding is halted in most animals with a closed circulatory system. Stopped bleeding is commonly referred to, however, as coagulation, but coagulation is only a part of the hemostatic process.

# Hemostasis in physiology
When a blood vessel is injured, several steps occur to staunch the flow of blood, namely:
- Vasoconstriction constricts the blood vessel, minimizing vessel diameter and slowing bleeding.
- Primary hemostasis occurs, wherein platelets, one of the formed elements of the blood, bind to collagen in the exposed walls of the blood vessel to form a hemostatic plug within seconds after an injury.
- Secondary hemostasis or coagulation occurs. This involves a complex cascade of coagulation factors, ultimately resulting in the transformation of fibrinogen, a blood protein, into polymerized fibrin, making a clot. This process takes several minutes.
- The clot attracts and stimulates the growth of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells within the vessel wall, and begins the repair process which ultimately results in the dissolution of the clot (fibrinolysis).
Disorders of hemostasis can be roughly divided into platelet disorders, such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and disorders of coagulation, such as hemophilia.
Hemostasis may also refer to the complex interaction between vessels, platelets, coagulation factors, coagulation inhibitors and fibrinolytic proteins to maintain the blood within the vascular compartment in a fluid state. The objective of the hemostatic system is to preserve intravascular integrity by achieving a balance between hemorrhage and thrombosis.
Hemostasis can be induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) at the site of a mosquito bite to recruit platelets and oppose blood-feeding; however mosquitoes have developed salivary apyrase to degrade ADP to counter this defense.

# Hemostasis by Hemostatic Clamps
Hemostasis may refer to the process of manually clamping a blood vessel, usually with hemostatic clamps, in surgery or dissection, to prevent bleeding from that vessel. This also may be done when an abnormal blood vessel forms, as these vessels may have thin walls and be prone to rupturing.
Hair whorl

# Overview
A Hair whorl is a patch of hair growing in the opposite direction of the rest of the hair. It occurs in most hairy animals. Hair whorls occur on the body as well as on the head.
Hair whorls on the head (parietal whorls) have been intensively studied because of the association indicated between brain development and abnormal hair whorls.  (Both brain cells and skin cells are derived from an embryo's ectoderm tissue.)  Abnormal hair whorls are used as a preliminary predictor of abnormal temperament in most domesticated animals especially cows, but also in evaluating the mental status of apes and humans.
Parietal whorls which are considered to be normal scalp patterns could be a single whorl or double whorls. Cases of triple parietal scalp whorls are less common but do not necessarily indicate abnormality. Abnormal brain development is usually indicated by the complete absence of hair whorls or abnormal placement of whorls on the scalp.
Halo nevus
Synonyms and keywords: Leukoderma acquisitum centrifugum, Perinevoid vitiligo, Sutton nevus

# Overview
Halo nevus is a mole that is surrounded by a depigmented ring or 'halo'.:689)

# Pathophysiology
The formation of a halo surrounding a nevi is believed to occur when certain white blood cells called CD8+ T lymphocytes destroy the pigment-producing cells of the skin (melanocytes).  The trigger for the autoimmune attack is unknown.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Halo nevi are estimated to be present in approximately 1% of the general population, and  All races and sexes are equally susceptible to this disease, although a familial tendency has been reported.  The average age of onset is in a person's teenage years.

# Risk Factors
Halo Nevi are found to be more prevalent in people with vitiligo, malignant melanoma, or Turner syndrome.

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination

### Skin
Halo nevi are named such because they are a mole (nevi) that is surrounded by an area of depigmentation that resembles a halo.
- Naevus halo. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Naevus halo. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Naevus halo. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Naevus halo. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Naevus halo. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Naevus halo. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Naevus halo. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Naevus halo. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Naevus halo. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Naevus halo. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Naevus halo. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Naevus halo. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Naevus halo. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Naevus halo. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Naevus halo. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Naevus halo. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Naevus halo. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Naevus halo. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

# Natural History, Prognosis, and Complications
Sometimes the pale (hypopigmented) areas will spontaneous regress, and pigment returns.  Although halo nevi are harmless, it is important to monitor the lesion on regular basis.  Any changes in appearance of existing or new halo nevi should be noted.  If there is any change in appearance or is associated with pain, itch, and infection, a doctor should be consulted immediately to exclude the possibility of melanoma.

# Treatment
As halo nevi are only of cosmetic significance, no treatment is required, and patients will be asymptomatic.
Haloprogin
Haloprogin is an antifungal drug used to treat athlete's foot and other fungal infections.  It is marketed in creams under the trade names Halotex, Mycanden, Mycilan, and Polik.

# Action
Haloprogin was previously used in 1% topical creams as an antifungal agent.  It was marketed over the counter primarily to treat tinea infcections of the skin. The mechanism of action is unknown.
Haloprogin had a high incidence of side effects including: irritation, burning, vesiculation (blisters), scaling, and itching. It has since been discontinued due to the emergence of more modern antifungals with fewer side effects.
Hammer toe
Synonyms and keywords: Claw toe; hammertoe syndrome; mallet toe

# Overview
A hammer toe is a deformity of the second, third, or fourth toe causing it to be permanently bent at the proximal interphalangeal joint, resembling a hammer. Mallet toe is another name for this condition when affecting the distal interphalangeal joint.

# Pathophysiology
- Hammer toe occurs due to abnormal (permanent) bend at the proximal interphalangeal joint of a toe due to imbalance in the muscles, ligaments, or tendons which normally hold the toe in a straight position

# Risk factors
Common risk factors include:
- Advancing age
- Female sex
- Length of the second toe greater than the big toe
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Diabetes

# Complications
Few complications of hammer toe include:
- Permanent bent of the toe if not treated initially when toe is flexible
- Painful corns or calluses due to rubbing of toes against the inside of foot

# Causes
Common causes of muscle, nerve, or joint damage resulting in a hammer toe include:
- Wearing poorly-fit shoes that can force the toe against their tip, such as:
Excessively high heels
Shoes that are too short or narrow for the foot
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Stroke
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Diabetes
- Excessively high heels
- Shoes that are too short or narrow for the foot
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Stroke
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
- Diabetes

# History and symptoms
- Hammer toe usually involves the second, third, or fourth toe
- Common symptoms include:
Abnormal bend in the joint of one or more toes resembling a hammer
Painful or difficult movement of the affected toe
Painful calluses & corns may form (due to rubbing of hammer toes against the inside of the shoes)
- Abnormal bend in the joint of one or more toes resembling a hammer
- Painful or difficult movement of the affected toe
- Painful calluses & corns may form (due to rubbing of hammer toes against the inside of the shoes)

# Treatment

## Conservative treatment
- In many cases, conservative treatment is enough to resolve the condition such as:
Physical therapy
New shoes with soft, spacious toe boxes
- Physical therapy
- New shoes with soft, spacious toe boxes

## Surgery
- In more severe or longstanding cases, orthopedic surgery may be necessary to correct the deformity

# Prevention
Primary preventive measures for hammer toe include:
- Buying the shoes with following characteristics:
Proper fitting
Low heels
Adequate toe room (avoiding shoes with pointed toes)
More roomier and adjustable (laced or strapped shoes)
- Proper fitting
- Low heels
- Adequate toe room (avoiding shoes with pointed toes)
- More roomier and adjustable (laced or strapped shoes)
Haplogroup
In the study of molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a large group of haplotypes, which are series of alleles at specific locations on a chromosome.
In human genetics, the haplogroups most commonly studied are Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroups and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups, both of which can be used to define genetic populations.  Y-DNA has the advantage of being passed solely along the patrilineal line, while mtDNA is passed solely on the matrilineal line.
Classifications of human haplogroups of either sort based on genetic markers, specifically by means of UEPs, have been rapidly evolving over the past several years as new markers are found.

# Haplogroup population genetics
It is usually assumed that there is little natural selection for or against a particular haplotype mutation which has survived to the present day, so apart from mutation rates (which may vary from one marker to another) the main driver of population genetics affecting the proportions of haplotypes in a population is genetic drift - random fluctuation caused by the sampling randomness of which members of the population happen to pass their DNA on to members of the next generation of the appropriate sex.  This causes the prevalence of a particular marker in a population to continue to fluctuate, until it either hits 100%, or falls out of the population entirely.  In a large population with efficient mixing the rate of genetic drift for common alleles is very slow; however, in a very small interbreeding population the proportions can change much more quickly. The marked geographical variations and concentrations of particular haplotypes and groups of haplotypes therefore witness the distinctive effects of repeated population bottlenecks or founder events followed by population separations and increases.
The lineages which can be traced back from the present will not reflect the full genetic variation of the older population: genetic drift means that some of the variants will have died out. The price of full mtDNA sequence tests has limited the availability of data. Haplotype coalescence times and current geographical prevalences both carry considerable error uncertainties.

## Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
Human Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups are lettered A through R, and are further subdivided using numbers and lower case letters.  Y chromosome haplogroup designations are established by the Y Chromosome Consortium.
Y-chromosomal Adam is the name given by researchers to the male who is the most recent common patrilineal (male-lineage) ancestor of all living humans.
Major Y-chromosome haplogroups, and their geographical regions of occurrence (prior to
the recent European colonization), include:
Health 2.0
Health 2.0 is a term representing the possiblities between health care, eHealth and Web 2.0, and has come into use after a recent spate of articles in newspapers, and by Physicians and Medical Librarians. A possible explanation for the reason that Health has generated its own "2.0" term are its applications across health care in general, and in particular it limitless potential in public health promotion.

# Level of use of Web 2.0 in Health Care
Little empirical evidence exists to understand how much Web 2.0 is being used in general.  Studies suggest the use is extensive, for instance it is estimated that nearly one-third of the 100m Americans who have looked for health information online say that they or people they know have been significantly helped by what they found. This however looks at the broader use of the internet for health management, but other research has suggested that a segment of 245,000 physicians in the U.S are using Web 2.0 for their practice, indicating that use is beyond the stage of the early adopter with regard to physicians and Web 2.0.

# Types of Web 2.0 use in Health Care
Web 2.0 is commonly associated with technologies such as weblogs (blogs), social bookmarking, wikis, podcasts, RSS feeds (and other forms of many-to-many publishing), social software, and web application programming interfaces (APIs) (see main article Web 2.0).  As such the commonly identified uses of Web 2.0 in health can be

# Criticism of the use of Web 2.0 in health
Several critcism have been raised in the use of Web 2.0 in health.  Firstly, the limitations for Medical Doctors (MDs) to use Google as a diagnostic tool, which may be more effective only for conditions with unique symptoms and signs that can easily be used as search term. Secondly, longheld concerns exist about the effects of patients obtaining information online, such as the idea that petients may delay seeking medical advice. Finally concerns exist about the quality of user generated content leading to mis-information, though empirical research has demonstrated that in certain support groups on 6% of information is factually wrong and that only 3% reported that online advice had caused serious harm.
Heartsease
Heartsease (Viola tricolor) is a common European wild flower, growing as an annual or short-lived perennial. It has been introduced into North America, where it has spread widely, and is known as the Johnny Jump Up (though this name is also applied to similar species such as the Yellow Pansy). It is the progenitor of the cultivated Pansy, and is therefore sometimes called Wild Pansy; before the cultivated Pansies were developed, "Pansy" was an alternative name for the wild form.
Heartsease is a small plant of creeping habit, reaching at most 15cm in height, with flowers about 1.5 cm in diameter. It grows in short grassland on farms and wasteland, chiefly on acid or neutral soils. It is usually found in partial shade. It flowers from April to September. The flowers can be purple, blue, yellow or white. They are hermaphrodite and self-fertile, pollinated by bees.
As its name implies, Heartsease has a long history of use in herbalism. It has been recommended, among other uses, as a treatment for epilepsy, asthma, skin diseases and eczema. It has expectorant properties, and so has been used in the treatment of chest complaints such as bronchitis and whooping cough. It is also a diuretic, leading to its use in treating rheumatism and cystitis.
The flowers have also been used to make yellow, green and blue-green dyes, while the leaves can be used to make a chemical indicator.
Long before cultivated pansies were developed, Heartsease was associated with thought in the "language of flowers", often by its alternative name of pansy (from the French "pensee" - thought): hence Ophelia's often quoted line in Shakespeare's Hamlet, "There's pansies, that's for thoughts". What Shakespeare had in mind was Heartsease, not a modern garden pansy.
Shakespeare makes a more direct reference to Heartsease in A Midsummer Night's Dream. Oberon sends Puck to gather "a little western flower" that maidens call "Love-in-idleness". Oberon's account is that he diverted an arrow from Cupid's bow aimed at "a fair vestal, throned by the west" (supposedly Queen Elizabeth I) to fall upon the plant "before milk-white, now purple with love's wound". The "imperial vot'ress" passes on "fancy-free", destined never to fall in love. The juice of the heartsease now, claims Oberon, "on sleeping eyelids laid, Will make or man or woman madly dote Upon the next live creature that it sees." Equipped with such powers, Oberon and Puck control the fates of various characters in the play to provide Shakespeare's essential dramatic and comic structure for the play.
Heartsease has a large number of alternative colloquial names, up to two hundred.
Heartsease is also the title of a book in The Changes trilogy, written by Peter Dickinson.
Hebephilia
Hebephilia refers to an adult's sexual preference for pubescent youths; the term was introduced by Glueck (1955). It differs from ephebophilia, which refers to the erotic interest in individuals in mid- to late adolescence, and from pedophilia, which refers to the erotic interest in prepubescent children. While individuals with a sexual preference for adults (i.e., teleiophiles) may have some sexual interest in pubescent-aged individuals, the term hebephilia is reserved for those who prefer pubescent-aged individuals over adults.

# Etiology
As with sexual preference in general, it is not known what causes someone to be sexually interested in pubescent children rather than in adults.
A team of Canada|Canadian  sexologists has published a series of research articles comparing biologically relevant characteristics of clinical samples of  pedophiles, hebephiles, and teleiophiles (individuals with a sexual preference for adults). In such samples, hebephilic men are midway between pedophilic men and teleiophilic men on average IQ (with pedophiles scoring the lowest), memory test scores (with pedophiles scoring the lowest), rates of non-right-handedness, rates of school grade failures over and above the IQ differences (with pedophiles having the most frequent grade failures), rates of having suffered head injuries in childhood (with pedophiles having the highest rates of injuries), and physical height.

# Prevalence of hebephilia versus pedophilia
There are clinical and correctional samples of sexual offenders in which hebephilic men outnumber the pedophilic men. Moreover, anonymous surveys of people sexually interested in children more frequently report an erotic interest in pubescent children than in prepubescent children.