Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Defect
In geometry, the defect (or deficit) of a vertex of a polyhedron is the amount by which the sum of the angles of the faces at the vertex falls short of a full circle.  If the sum of the angles exceeds a full circle, as occurs in some vertices of most (not all) non-convex polyhedra, then the defect is negative.  If a polyhedron is convex, then the defects of all of its vertices are positive.
The concept of defect extends to higher dimensions as the amount by which the sum of the dihedral angles of the cells at a peak falls short of a full circle.
(According to the Oxford English Dictionary, one of the senses of the word "defect" is "The quantity or amount by which anything falls short; in Math. a part by which a figure or quantity is wanting or deficient.")

# Examples
The defect of any of the vertices of a regular dodecahedron (in which three regular pentagons meet at each vertex) is 36, or /5 radians, or 1/10 of a circle. Each of the angles is 108; three of these meet at each vertex, so the defect is 360  (108 + 108 + 108) = 36.
The same procedure can be followed for the other Platonic solids

# Descartes' theorem
Descartes' theorem on the "total defect" of a polyhedron states that if the polyhedron is homeomorphic to a sphere (i.e. topologically equivalent to a sphere, so that it may be deformed into a sphere by stretching without tearing), the "total defect", i.e. the sum of the defects of all of the vertices, is two full circles (or 720 or 4 radians).  The polyhedron need not be convex.
A generalization says the number of circles in the total defect equals the Euler characteristic of the polyhedron. This is a special case of the GaussBonnet theorem which relates the integral of the Gaussian curvature to the Euler characteristic. Here the Gaussian curvature is concentrated at the vertices: on the faces and edges the Gaussian curvature is zero and the Gaussian curvature at a vertex is equal to the defect there.
This can be used to calculate the number V of vertices of a polyhedron by totaling the angles of all the faces, and adding the total defect. This total will have one complete circle for every vertex in the polyhedron. Care has to be taken to use the correct Euler characteristic for the polyhedron.

# A potential error
It is tempting to think (and has even been stated in geometry textbooks) that every non-convex polyhedron has some vertices whose defect is negative.  Here is a counterexample.  Consider a cube where one face is replaced by a square pyramid: this elongated square pyramid is convex and the defects at each vertex are each positive.  Now consider the same cube where the square pyramid goes into the cube: this is non-convex, but the defects remain the same and so are all positive.
Delsym
Delsym is an American brand of over-the-counter cough medicine. It is different from most brands of cough medicine as the active ingredient is "time released". The time release allows for the drug to suppress coughing for a longer period of time without taking more.
The active ingredient per teaspoon (5 ml) is Dextromethorphan polistirex, equivalent to Dextromethorphan 30mg.

# Method of Action
The active ingredient, Dextromethorphan, is surrounded by an edible plastic called polistirex. When the Delsym arrives in the stomach, an amount of Dextromethorphan is directly released into the blood stream while the rest is surrounded by a plastic that is slowly dissolved by stomach acid. After the polistirex is dissolved sufficiently, more dextromethorphan is released.

# Controversy
Intentional misuse by deliberately intaking more than the recommended dosage of Delsym can lead to feelings of euphoria, hysteria, and possible short-term insanity, all of which has been recorded to last upwards of twelve hours. The active ingredient of Delsym (Dextromethorphan) is a dangerous chemical compound that should always be used with caution and under the supervision of an adult. The following day of an intentional over-dose can lead to depression and overall opposite effects which are exhibited during misuse; such as vomiting or inexplicable feelings of grief and possibly suicidal thoughts. This has led many stores to require a valid state issued identification card to be submitted to the retailer for proof of adulthood in order to purchase Delsym.

# Accounts of Misuse
Recorded acoounts of intentional misuse should be taken seriously and as a matter of purely prevention encouragement.
March 2007
A Southwestern Michigan resident, Travis Mathis, has explained his personal accounts to a few local residents and events of his account when misusing cough syrup. As a bro, Travis has sometimes refered to Dextromethorphan in order to suppress his coughs which were a result of his challanged immune system and low white blood cell level count. At one point during a case of mononucleosis Travis had consumed a considerable amount of Delsym and began to exhibit actions that were obviously that of an altered state of conciousness. He began to make telephone calls which he later denied ever enacting, and after 26 hours of conciousness he at last fainted; causing a stroke which has parilyzed him from the neck down.
Dettol
Dettol (also called parachlorometaxylenol, or PCMX) is the name of a commercial liquid antiseptic belonging to a product line of household products manufactured by Reckitt Benckiser and marketed in South Asia, Africa & Middle East, Asia Pacific, Europe, Australasia.
The key ingredient which defines its unique antiseptic property is an aromatic chemical compound in chemistry known as chloroxylenol (C8H9ClO).  This makes up 4.8% of Dettol's total mixture, with the rest composed of pine oil, isopropanol, castor oil soap, caramel, and water. Because several of the ingredients are insoluble in water, Dettol produces a white emulsion of oil droplets when diluted during use.  It has a characterisitic phenolic odour similar to trichlorophenol and the explosive compound known as trinitrotoluene (TNT). Apart from its low toxicity and low metal corrosivity, it is also relatively cheap compared to other disinfectants and is effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria, fungi, yeast, mildew and even the frightening "super-bug" MRSA, thus giving it a broad spectrum of antimicrobial action. It is able to kill 98% of microbes in just 15 seconds as shown in agar patch studies, by disrupting the bacterial cells' membrane potential, drastically affecting its ability to produce Adenosine triphosphate and thus leading to its rapid death.
Dettol can also be used to treat acne in small quantities. The bottle cap also doubles as a container for pouring increments of 10 ml for its various uses. However, like other household cleaners, it is still poisonous and should not be ingested. In an extreme case, a 42 year old English man died from Dettol overexposure in May 2007.  Overuse of Dettol can also cause bacterial resistance, but the risk of infection can be reduced considerably by using it in addition to soap and water.
Dimple
Dimples are visible indentations of the skin, caused by underlying flesh, which form on some people's cheeks when they smile.
Dimples are genetically inherited and are a dominant trait. Dimples on each cheek are a relatively common occurrence for people with dimples. A rarer form is the single dimple, which occurs on one side of the face only. Anatomically, dimples may be caused by variations in the structure of the facial muscle known as zygomaticus major. Specifically, the presence of a double or bifid zygomaticus major muscle may explain the formation of cheek dimples. This bifid variation of the muscle originates as a single structure from the zygomatic bone. As it travels anteriorly, it then divides with a superior bundle that inserts in the typical position above the corner of the mouth. An inferior bundle inserts below the corner of the mouth.
Dimples are considered attractive in some cultures.  Babies commonly have dimples, but sometimes these disappear (or become less noticeable) as the muscles lengthen with age; consequently, dimples are often associated with youth.
Dock10
Dock10 (Dedicator of cytokinesis), also known as Zizimin3, is a large (~240 kDa) protein involved in intracellular signalling networks. It is a member of the DOCK-D subfamily of the DOCK family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors, which function as activators of small G proteins.

# Discovery
Dock10 was identified via bioinformatic approaches as one of a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins (the DOCK family) that share significant sequence homology. Dock10 is expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes as well as in the brain, spleen, lung and thymus.

# Structure and Function
Dock10 shares the same domain arrangement as other members of the DOCK-D/Zizimin subfamily as well as a high level of sequence similarity. It contains a DHR2 domain that is involved in G protein binding and a DHR1 domain, which, in some DOCK family proteins, interacts with membrane phospholipids. Like other DOCK-D subfamily proteins Dock10 contains an N-terminal PH domain, which, in Dock9/Zizimin1, mediates recruitment to the plasma membrane. The DHR2 domain of Dock10 appears to bind to the small G proteins Cdc42, TC10 and TCL although these interactions are of low affinity.  The physiological role of Dock10 is poorly characterised, however a study in lymphocytes has shown that Dock10 expression is upregulated in B-lymphocytes and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) cells in response to the cytokine IL-4. This suggests that Dock10 may have a role in B-cell activation and proliferation. Another study identified Dock10 as a protein that was overexpressed in some aggressive papillary thyroid carcinomas.
Dock11
Dock11 (Dedicator of cytokinesis), also known as Zizimin2, is a large (~240 kDa) protein involved in intracellular signalling networks. It is a member of the DOCK-D subfamily of the DOCK family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) which function as activators of small G proteins. Dock11 activates the small G protein Cdc42.

# Discovery
Dock11 was identified as a protein which is highly expressed in Germinal center B lymphocytes. Subsequent RT-PCR analysis revealed expression of this protein in the spleen, thymus, bone marrow and in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Dock11 is expressed at lower levels in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, C2C12 myoblasts and Neuro-2A neuroblastoma cells. Dock11 mRNA has also been detected in the pars intermedia.

# Structure and function
Dock11 exhibits the same domain arrangement as other members of the DOCK-D/Zizimin subfamily and shares the highest level of sequence identity with Dock9. It contains a DHR2 domain which mediates GEF activity and a DHR1 domain which may interact with membrane phospholipids. It also contains an N-terminal PH domain which may be involved in its recruitment to the plasma membrane. Dock11 binds and activates nucleotide-free Cdc42 via its DHR2 domain and has also been reported to mediate positive feedback on active, GTP-bound Cdc42, although this interaction required a small N-terminal region of Dock11 in addition to the DHR2 domain. Cdc42 in turn regulates signaling pathways that control diverse cellular functions including morphology, migration, endocytosis and cell cycle progression. Gene expression studies have suggested that Dock11 may have a role in the development of pituitary and testicular tumours.
Dosing
For Dosing (medicine), see dose.

# Overview
Dosing is the process of administering a measured amount of a medicine or chemical.  In industry, dosing typically refers to the feeding of chemicals in small quantities into a process fluid or atmosphere at specific intervals so as to give said substance sufficient time to react and produce results.  The dosing process is used in many fields and industries and typically requires the use of low-capacity pumps or gradual sprays.

# Use
The dosing technique is commonly used by engineers in thermal power stations and in other industries that generate steam.  In power stations, treatment chemicals are injected or fed into a boiler in small dosages or at low injection rates.  Dosing procedures are also used in textile and similar industries where chemical treatments are involved.
Chemical dosing of chemicals in agriculture is common, and typically consists of using hand held pressure spray pumps or similar devices to gradually disseminate specific chemicals to maximize their effectiveness.
Aerial dosing of chemicals via spray is also used in agricultural in order to eliminate harmful insects.
Chemical dosing is also used in commercial swimming pools to control pH balance, chlorine level, and other water quality criteria.
Dottle
Dottle is the wet and sour-smelling mass of unburned tobacco found at the bottom of a tobacco pipe.  Dottle is produced for a combination of two reasons.  One; the smoker is a wet smoker, that is, he pushes a considerable amount of saliva down the stem and into the bowl.  Two; the tobacco being smoked is excessively moist.  Puffing too fast can also be a factor depending on the humidity of the tobacco.  The foul liquid that collects at the bottom of a pipe results in gurgling and can be accidentally sucked up.  Pushing a pipe cleaner down the stem can remedy this problem to a point.
Dottles are generally considered troublesome because they lessen the time one may spend smoking a bowl. Dottles can also give a sour taste to the smoke as it is approached by the hot ember.  If dottle is not promptly removed after smoking, the pipe may eventually give a foul taste to any tobacco smoked in it. When this happens, pipe sweetening is required.
Some pipes are designed to specifically lessen or prevent the formation of dottle and excessive moisture.  The most common are the  calabash pipe and the Dry System pipes made by Peterson.
In the Sherlock Holmes stories, Sherlock had a habit of drying out all the dottles from the day's pipes on a corner of his mantlepiece   to be smoked the following morning.
Drosha
Drosha is a Class 2 ribonuclease III enzyme  that in humans is encoded by the DROSHA (formerly RNASEN) gene.

# Function
Members of the ribonuclease III superfamily of double-stranded (ds) RNA-specific endoribonucleases participate in diverse RNA maturation and decay pathways in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The RNase III Drosha is the core nuclease that executes the initiation step of microRNA (miRNA) processing in the nucleus.
The microRNAs thus generated are short RNA molecules that regulate a wide variety of other genes by interacting with the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to induce cleavage of complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) as part of the RNA interference pathway. A microRNA molecule is synthesized as a long RNA primary transcript known as a pri-miRNA, which is cleaved by Drosha to produce a characteristic stem-loop structure of about 70 base pairs long, known as a pre-miRNA. Drosha exists as part of a protein complex called the Microprocessor complex, which also contains the double-stranded RNA binding protein DGCR8 (called Pasha in  D. melanogaster and  C. elegans). DGCR8 is essential for Drosha activity and is capable of binding single-stranded fragments of the pri-miRNA that are required for proper processing.
Human Drosha was cloned in 2000, when it was identified as a nuclear dsRNA ribonuclease involved in the processing of ribosomal RNA precursors. The other two human enzymes that participate in the processing and activity of miRNA are the Dicer and Argonaute proteins.
Both Drosha and DGCR8 are localized to the cell nucleus, where processing of pri-miRNA to pre-miRNA occurs. This latter molecule is then further processed by the RNase Dicer into mature miRNAs in the cell cytoplasm. There also exists an isoform of Drosha that does not contain a nuclear localization signal, which results in the generation of c-Drosha. This variant has been shown to localize to the cell cytoplasm rather than the nucleus, but the effects on pri-miRNA processing are yet unclear.
Both Drosha and Dicer also participate in the DNA damage response.

# Clinical significance
Drosha and other miRNA processing enzymes may be important in cancer prognosis. Both Drosha and Dicer can function as master regulators of miRNA processing and have been observed to be down-regulated in some types of breast cancer. The alternative splicing patterns of Drosha in The Cancer Genome Atlas have also indicated that c-drosha appears to be enriched in various types of breast cancer, colon cancer, and esophagus cancer. However, the exact nature of the association between microRNA processing and tumorigenesis is unclear, but its function can be effectively examined by siRNA knockdown based on an independent validation.
Dynepo
Dynepo is a form of pharmaceutical erythropoietin (EPO) under development as a pharmaceutical product by Shire Pharmaceuticals. The first development steps were performed by HMR and Aventis. Aventis obtained the license in Europe in 2002. The company expects to launch the product in Europe in 2006, although patents held by the American biotechnology company Amgen, Inc. may preclude its sale in the United States.
EPO is a natural human hormone that stimulates formation of red blood cells. Pharmaceutical EPO, made via recombinant DNA technology is used to treat anemia, but it has also been used by doping athletes to improve their aerobic performance and stamina.
Unlike existing forms of pharmaceutical EPO manufactured in cultured animal cells, Dynepo is to be made in cultured human cells. It is therefore expected to have an authentic human form of sialic acid and other oligosaccharide residues. This characteristic may make it a longer-acting product than existing brands, but clinical data have not yet been made public. It should also make Dynepo undetectable in the existing urine test for EPO used to detect doping by athletes.  However, on September 28, 2007, the French sports newspaper L'Equipe reported that the French anti-doping laboratory LNDD had detected Dynepo in the urine of Michael Rasmussen during the 2007 Tour de France.  Rasmussen was sacked by his own team while leading the Tour, because of irregularities in his reporting of his whereabouts during the lead-up to the tour.  The story also remarked that Dynepo was found in the urine of several other riders, yet criteria for a positive test for Dynepo are not defined.
EEF1A2
Elongation factor 1-alpha 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EEF1A2 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes an isoform of the alpha subunit of the elongation factor-1 complex, which is responsible for the enzymatic delivery of aminoacyl tRNAs to the ribosome. This isoform (alpha 2) is expressed in brain, heart and skeletal muscle, and the other isoform (alpha 1) is expressed in brain, placenta, lung, liver, kidney, and pancreas.

# Clinical significance
This gene may be critical in the development of ovarian cancer.

# Regulation
EEF1A2 is a direct target of miRNA-663 and miRNA-744.
EFCBP2
N-terminal EF-hand calcium-binding protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NECAB2 gene.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of NECAB2 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Necab2tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists  at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty five tests were carried out on mutant mice but no significant abnormalities were observed.
EFEMP1
EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EFEMP1 gene.

# Gene
This gene encodes a member of the fibulin family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins. Like all members of this family, the encoded protein contains tandemly repeated epidermal growth factor-like repeats followed by a C-terminus fibulin-type domain. This gene is upregulated in malignant gliomas and may play a role in the aggressive nature of these tumors. Mutations in this gene are associated with Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy. Alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode the same protein have been described.. This gene spans approximately 18 kb of genomic DNA and consists of 12 exons. Alternative splice patterns in the 5' UTR result in three transcript variants encoding the same extracellular matrix protein.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene are associated with Doyne honeycomb retinal dystrophy.
EFEMP1/Fibulin-3 has recently been reported as a potential biomarker to facilitate the identification of patients with pleural mesothelioma.

# Interactions
EFEMP1 has been shown to interact with ARAF.
EIF1AX
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A, X-chromosomal (eIF1A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF1AX gene. This gene encodes an essential eukaryotic translation initiation factor. The protein is a component of the 43S pre-initiation complex (PIC), which mediates the recruitment of the small 40S ribosomal subunit to the 5' cap of messenger RNAs.

# Function
eIF1A is a small protein (17 kDa in budding yeast) and a component of the 43S preinitiation complexes (PIC). eIF1A binds near the ribosomal A-site, in a manner similar to the functionally related bacterial counterpart IF1.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene have been recurrently seen associated to cases of uveal melanoma with disomy 3.

# Interactions
EIF1AX has been shown to interact with IPO13.
EIF2C1
Protein argonaute-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF2C1 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of the Argonaute family of proteins which play a role in RNA interference. The encoded protein is highly basic, and contains a PAZ domain and a PIWI domain. It may interact with dicer1 and play a role in short-interfering-RNA-mediated gene silencing. This gene is located on chromosome 1 in a cluster of closely related family members including argonaute 3, and argonaute 4.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of EIF2C1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Eif2c1tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty two tests were carried out on mutant mice and two significant abnormalities were observed: homozygous mutants were subviable and females also had decreased circulating aspartate transaminase levels.