Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Quaternium-15
Quaternium-15 is a preservative found in many cosmetics and industrial substances that releases formaldehyde. It can be found in numerous sources, including but not limited to: mascara, eyeliner, moisturizer, lotion, shampoo, conditioner, nail polish, personal lubricants, soaps, body wash, baby lotion or shampoo, facial cleanser, tanning oil, self-tanning cream, sunscreen, powder, shaving products, ointments, personal wipes or cleansers, wipes, paper, inks, paints, polishes, waxes and industrial lubricants. It can cause contact dermatitis, a symptom of an allergic reaction, especially in those with sensitive skin, on an infant's skin, or on sensitive areas such as the genitals.
Its chemical formula is C9H16Cl2N4. It can be found under a variety of names, including: Dowicil 75; Dowicil 100; Dowco 184; Dowicide Q; 1-(3-Chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane chloride; N-(3-chloroallyl) hexaminium chloride; hexamethylenetetramine chloroallyl chloride; 3,5,7-Triaza-1-azoniaadamantane; 1-(3-chloroallyl)-chloride.

# Formaldehyde-releasing
Other formaldehyde-releasing preservatives similar to quaternium-15 include: imidazolidinyl urea (Germall), diazolidinyl urea (Germall II), DMDM hydantoin (Glydant), bromonitropropane diol (BronopolTM), tris(hydroxymethyl) nitromethane (Tris Nitro), and sodium hydroxymethylglycinate.

# Safety concerns
Quaternium-15 is an allergen, and can cause contact dermatitis in susceptible individuals.  Many of those with an allergy to quaternium-15 are also allergic to formaldehyde.  Allergic sensitivity to quaternium-15 can be detected using a patch test.
Quest Academy
Quest Academy is a small independent school for gifted and talented children located in Palatine, Illinois. The school is accredited by the Independent Schools Association of the Central States, and it is a member of the National Association of Independent Schools and the National Association for Gifted Children.
The standard tuition for one child for one year is $16,000 USD.  Financial aid, awarded on a need basis, is available for those who require it.
There are two classes per grade, but only two preschool classes in all. There are two stories in the building, and grades 3rd through 8th are on the second floor. There is a separate building, that was part of a plaza, where the band sessions are held. The preschool classes are also in a separate building. There is a store where you can buy Quest apparel and other such items.

# History
The school, first known as Creative Children's Academy, was started in 1982 by parents looking for an educational option for gifted children struggling in public schools. The school was awarded full accreditation by the Independent Schools Association of the Central States (ISACS) in 1988.
In 1993, the park district which then owned the school's facility announced its decision to raze the building. Two school administrators agreed to share the school board's purchase of the former Palatine Public Library, which would be remodeled into a school facility, as well as the head of school position. The school's name was changed to Quest Academy in 1999 and a capital campaign funded the addition of a gymnasium and performing arts wing.

# Campus

# Extracurricular activities
Quest Academy has a no-cut sports policy. Its middle school athletic teams include boys' and girls' cross country, basketball, soccer, volleyball, and track. These teams compete against other small, independent schools with similar philosophies.
Other extracurricular activities at Quest Academy include journalism club, the Knight Program, buddy groups, Birthday Bomb Club, etc. The journalism club produces a student newspaper as well as Myriastella, a yearly publication of student writings and poems.
The student council program is called the Knight Program. To become a knight, a student must complete a community service project. Schoolwide "pageant" assemblies are held on every first Monday of the month, where new knights are recognized and "squires" are recognized for displaying good character.
Other clubs include:  An extensive community service program is in place
There is also an after school special called stock marketing. 2 people from the school won a prize.
Quest also competes in several math competitions, one of which is at The Latin School of Chicago,  and one of which is Mathcounts.
Quest Academy provides gifted students with an environment in which they can work at their level in various subjects. The curriculum covers mathematics, language arts, social studies, art, drama, science, music, French, technology, and library. Elective trimester-long classes are also offered several days a week.
REGRESS Trial

# Objective
To evaluate the effects of cholesterol lowering therapy, using a hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (pravastatin) in symptomatic men with coronary artery disease (CAD).

# Methods
Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS) was a multicentered, prospective, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial that enrolled 885 men with established coronary artery disease with total cholesterol levels in the range of 155 and 310 mg/dL. The patients were randomized into two groups, treatment and control and followed up for two years. Effect of pravastatin on progression and regression of coronary atherosclerosis was assessed by quantitative coronary arteriography. All the patients received routine antianginal treatment for the duration of the trial.

# Results
Percent diameter stenosis before angioplasty was 78 +/- 14% (mean +/- SD) in the pravastatin group and 80 +/- 14% in the placebo group (p = 0.46). At follow-up, the percent diameter stenosis was 32 +/- 23% in the pravastatin group and 45 +/- 29% in the placebo group (p < 0.001). Clinical restenosis was significantly lower in the pravastatin group (7%) compared with the placebo group (29%) (p < 0.001).

# Conclusion
In symptomatic men with significant coronary artery disease and normal to moderately elevated serum cholesterol, less progression of coronary atherosclerosis and fewer new cardiovascular events were observed in the group of patients treated with pravastatin than in the placebo group.
Race for Life
Race for Life is a series of UK-wide women-only fundraising events organised by the British charity Cancer Research UK. Although participation is limited to women, men can get involved by volunteering and marshalling at the event . Race for Life involves running, jogging or walking a 5-kilometre course and raising sponsorship from friends and family for doing so. The money raised is donated to the charity and funds cancer research and campaigns.
The first Race for Life event took place in 1994 when 680 participants participated in a race in Battersea Park, London and raised 36,000. Race for Life has subsequently grown to become one of the UK's largest fundraising events, which in 2006 involved 240 races and 750,000 participants and raised 46 million. Since its inception, Race for Life has raised over 100 million for the charity.
Cancer Research UK's Bobby Moore Fund also organises a similar event for men, Run for Moore. The proceeds from this event go towards bowel cancer research and campaigns.
Rachel Morris
Rachel Morris DHP, MCAP is a British psychotherapist and counsellor who practises in Manchester, UK.
Morris has appeared as an expert on several television programmes including Little Angels and Say No to the Knife for BBC Three, Would Like to Meet, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Big Brother's Little Brother and the Big Brother Psych Show, as well as on BBC Radio 1's Sunday Surgery.
She is also a consultant for Cosmopolitan and for the BBC website's Relationships section.
Radial artery

# Overview
In human anatomy, the radial artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the lateral aspect of the forearm.

# Course
The radial artery arises from the bifurcation of the brachial artery in the cubital fossa.  It runs distally down the anterior part of the forearm.  There, it serves as a landmark for the division between the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm, with the posterior compartment beginning just lateral to the artery.  The artery winds laterally around the wrist, passing through the anatomical snuff box and between the heads of the first dorsal interosseous muscle.  It passes anteriorly between the heads of the adductor pollicis, and becomes the deep palmar arch, which joins with the deep branch of the ulnar artery.
Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein, the radial vein.

# Branches
The named branches of the radial artery may be divided into three groups, corresponding with the three regions in which the vessel is situated.

## In the Forearm
- Radial recurrent artery - arises just after the radial artery comes off the brachial artery.  It travels superiorly to anastomose with the radial collateral artery.
- Palmar carpal branch of radial artery - a small vessel which arises near the lower border of the pronator quadratus
- Superficial palmar branch of the radial artery - arises from the radial artery, just where this vessel is about to wind around the lateral side of the wrist.

## At the Wrist
- Dorsal carpal branch of radial artery - a small vessel which arises beneath the extensor tendons of the thumb
- First dorsal metacarpal artery -  arises just before the radial artery passes between the two heads of the first dorsal interosseous muscle and divides almost immediately into two branches which supply the adjacent sides of the thumb and index finger; the lateral side of the thumb receives a branch directly from the radial artery.

## In the Hand
- Princeps pollicis artery - arises from the radial artery just as it turns medially to the deep part of the hand.
- Radialis indicis - arises close to the princeps pollicis.  The two arteries may arise from a common trunk, the first palmar metacarpal artery.
- Deep palmar arch - terminal part of radial artery.

# Clinical significance
The artery's pulse is palpable in the anatomical snuff box and on the anterior aspect of the arm over the carpal bones (where it is commonly used to assess the heart rate and cardiac rhythm).
The radial artery is used for coronary artery bypass grafting and is growing in popularity among cardiac surgeons.  Recently, it has been shown to have a superior peri-operative and post-operative course when compared to saphenous vein grafts.
Randomization
Randomization is the process of making something random; this can mean:
- Generating a random permutation of a sequence (such as when shuffling cards).
- Selecting a random sample of a population (important in statistical sampling).
- Generating random numbers: see Random number generation.

# Applications
Randomization is used extensively in the field of gambling. Imperfect randomization may allow a skilled gambler to have an advantage, so much research has been devoted to effective randomization. A classic example of randomization is shuffling playing cards.
Randomization is a core principle in the statistical theory of design of experiments. Its use was extensively promoted by R.A. Fisher in his book Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Randomization involves randomly allocating the experimental units across the treatment groups. Thus, if the experiment compares a new drug against a standard drug used as a control, the patients should be allocated to new drug or control by a random process.
Randomization is not haphazard; it serves a purpose in both frequentist and Bayesian statistics. A frequentist would say that randomization reduces bias by equalising other factors that have not been explicitly accounted for in the experimental design. Considerations of bias are of little concern to Bayesians, who recommend randomization because it produces ignorable designs. In design of experiments, frequentists prefer Completely Randomized Designs. Other experimental designs are used when a full randomization is not possible. These cases include experiments that involve blocking and experiments that have hard-to-change factors.

# Techniques
Although historically "manual" randomization techniques (such as shuffling cards, drawing pieces of paper from a bag, spinning a roulette wheel) were common, nowadays automated techniques are mostly used. As both selecting random samples and random permutations can be reduced to simply selecting random numbers, random number generation methods are now most commonly used, both hardware random number generators and pseudo-random number generators.
Non-algorithmic randomization methods include:
- Casting yarrow stalks (for the I Ching)
- Throwing dice
- Drawing straws
- Shuffling cards
- Roulette wheels
- Drawing pieces of paper or balls from a bag
- "Lottery machines"
- Observing atomic decay using a radiation counter

# Links
- RQube - Generate quasi-random stimulus sequences for experimental designs
- RandList - Randomization List Generator
Rankine scale
Rankine is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale named after the Scottish engineer and physicist William John Macquorn Rankine, who proposed it in 1859.
The symbol is R (or Ra if necessary to distinguish it from the Rmer and Reaumur scales). As with the Kelvin scale (symbol: K), zero on the Rankine scale is absolute zero, but the Rankine degree is defined as equal to one degree Fahrenheit, rather than the one degree Celsius used by the Kelvin scale. A temperature of -459.67 F is exactly equal to 0 R.
A few engineering fields in the U.S. measure thermodynamic temperature using the Rankine scale. However, throughout the scientific world where measurements are made in SI units, thermodynamic temperature is measured in kelvin.
Some key temperatures relating the Rankine scale to other temperature scales are shown in the table below.
Rapport (NLP)
Rapport is one of the most important features or characteristics of unconscious human interaction.  It is commonality of perspective, being in "sync", being on the same wavelength as the person you are talking to.
This article discusses rapport from a neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) perspective

# Explanation
There are a number of techniques that are supposed to be beneficial in building rapport such as: matching your body language (ie, posture, gesture, and so forth); maintaining eye contact; and matching breathing rhythm. Some of these techniques are explored in neuro-linguistic programming.
A classic if unusual example of rapport can be found in the book "Uncommon Therapy" by Jay Haley (ISBN 0-393-31031-0), about the psychotherapeutic intervention techniques of Milton Erickson.  Erickson developed the ability to enter the world view of his patients and, from that vantage point (having established rapport), he was able to make extremely effective interventions (to help his patients overcome life problems).
In Neuro-linguistic programming, Richard Bandler and John Grinder noticed that the family therapist Virginia Satir "matched her predicates (verbs, adverbs, and adjectives) to those used by her clients" They noticed Fritz Perls also did similar things with his clients. In addition Milton Erickson mirrored his clients body posture, and movements. However, due to post polio syndrome, Erickson had limited movement and was not able match his clients posture directly. Instead he would change his voice and head position in time with the client's movements. Bandler and Grinder stated that once mirroring was established, the therapist could then 'lead' the client by changing their own state and offering suggestions. It was, thus, a way to improve responsiveness and communication.

# Quotes
Reading frame
In biology, a reading frame is a contiguous and non-overlapping set of three-nucleotide codons in DNA or RNA. There are 3 possible reading frames in a mRNA strand and six in a double stranded DNA molecule due to the two strands from which transcription is possible. This leads to the possibility of overlapping genes and there may be many of these in bacteria. Some viruses e.g. HBV and BYDV use several overlapping genes in different reading frames.
In rare cases a translating ribosome may shift from one frame to another, a translational frameshift.  It is distinct from a frameshift mutation as the nucleotide sequence (DNA or RNA) is not altered only the frame in which it is read.
A reading frame that contains a start codon and a stop codon is called an open reading frame (ORF).
Rectus sheath
The Rectus sheath is formed by the aponeuroses of the Obliqui and Transversus. It contains the Rectus abdominis and Pyramidalis muscles.
It can be divided into anterior and posterior laminae.
The arrangement of the layers has important variations at different locations in the body.

# Below the costal margin
For context, above the sheath are the following three layers:
- superficial fascia
- Camper's fascia
- Scarpa's fascia
Within the sheath, the layers vary:
Below the sheath are the following three layers:
- transversalis fascia
- extraperitoneal fat
- parietal peritoneum
The Rectus, in the situation where its sheath is deficient below, is separated from the peritoneum only by the transversalis fascia, in contrast to the upper layers, where part of the internal oblique also runs beneath the rectus. Because of the thinner layers below, this region is more susceptible to herniation.

# Above the costal margin
Since the tendons of the Obliquus internus and Transversus only reach as high as the costal margin, it follows that above this level the sheath of the Rectus is deficient behind, the muscle resting directly on the cartilages of the ribs, and being covered merely by the tendon of the Obliquus externus.

# Additional images
- The Cremaster
- The interfoveolar ligament, seen from in front.
Response bias
Response bias is a type of cognitive bias which can affect the results of a statistical survey if respondents answer questions in the way they think the questioner wants them to answer rather than according to their true beliefs. This may occur if the questioner is obviously angling for a particular answer (as in push polling) or if the respondent wishes to please the questioner by answering what appears to be the "morally right" answer. An example of the latter might be if a woman surveys a man on his attitudes to domestic violence, or someone who obviously cares about the environment asks people how much they value a wilderness area.
This occurs most often in the wording of the question. Response bias is present when a question contains a leading opinion. For example, saying "Given that at the age of 18 people are old enough to fight and die for your country, don't you think they should be able to drink alcohol as well?" yields a response bias. It is better to say "Do you think 18 year olds should be able to drink alcohol?"
It also occurs in situations of voluntary response, such as phone-in polls, where the people who care enough to call are not necessarily a statistically representative sample of the actual population.
Retinoschisin
Retinoschisin also known as X-linked juvenile retinoschisis protein is a lectin that in humans is encoded by the RS1 gene.
It is a soluble, cell-surface protein that plays an important role in the maintenance of the retina where it is expressed and secreted by retinal bipolar cells and photoreceptors, as well as in the pineal gland. Retinoschisin (RS1) is encoded by the gene RS1 located on the X chromosome at p22.1. Young males who have an RS1 mutation are susceptible to retinoschisis, and X-linked eye disease which causes macular degeneration and can lead to a loss of vision.

# Function
Retinoschisin is an extracellular protein that plays a crucial role in the cellular organization of the retina: it binds the plasma membranes of various retinal cells tightly to maintain the structure of the retina. In addition to enabling cell-to-cell adhesion, it has been shown that retinoschisin interacts with the sodium/potassium-ATPase (Na/K-ATPase) which resides in the plasma membrane. RS1 also plays a role in the regulation on intracellular MAP kinase signalling.

# Clinical significance
Pathogenic mutations of this gene are responsible for X-linked retinoschisis an early-onset macular degeneration in males that results in a splitting of the inner layers of the retina and severe loss in vision. Female carriers of the RS1 mutation do not show symptoms of X-linked juvenile retinoschisis, except in rare cases where the non-functional protein is expressed due to anomalous X-chromosome inactivation. In young males who carry a gene mutation, the disease presents itself as retinal cavities, splitting of inner retinal layers (also known as foveal schisis), and defective synapse activity. Retinas that lack mature retinoshisin develop these characteristics in up to 1 in 5,000 males. There are over 200 mutations of RS1 recorded in the Retina International Mutation Database, most of which are not pathogenic.

# Structure
The retinoschisin monomer is 224 amino acids long, including a 23-amino acid signal peptide essential for secretion (this is cleaved off before the protein becomes functional), and a highly conserved sequence motif called the discoidin domain which consists of 157 amino acids, important for the protein's function in cell to cell adhesion. However, its oligomeric structure is a pairing of back-to-back octamers, forming a homo16mer . This structure allows it to adhere to the plasma membrane of retinal cells such as bipolar and photoreceptor cells, joining them together.
Rev-ErbA beta
Rev-ErbA beta (Rev-erb) also known as NR1D2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR1D2 gene.
Rev-erb is a member of the Rev-ErbA family of transcription factors. Rev-erb, like Rev-erb, belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily and can modulate gene expression by directly binding to their promoters.

# Structure
Rev-erb is similar to Rev-erb in its protein structure and function as a transcriptional repressor. The crystal structure of an unliganded Rev-erb ligand-binding domain (LBD) has been resolved (see figure to the right) and shows an extremely small ligand-binding pocket. However, Rev-erb has been shown to interact with heme, which appears important for its function.
The structure of Rev-erb complexed with heme (see figure to the left) shows a substantial movement of helices 1 (N-terminus ) and 11 (C-terminus ) which opens up a large binding pocket in the interior of the protein that is able to accommodate this ligand.

# Function
Rev-erb has been implicated in the control of lipid and energy homoeostasis in skeletal muscle.
Rev-erb is also a circadian regulated gene; its mRNA displays rhythmic expression in vivo and in serum-synchronized cell cultures. However, it is currently unknown to what extent Rev-erb contributes to oscillations of the core circadian clock.  However it has been shown heme suppresses hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression and glucose output through the related Rev-erb receptor which mediates gene repression. Hence, the Rev-erb receptor detects heme and thereby coordinates the cellular clock, glucose homeostasis, and energy metabolism.