Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Separase
Separase, also known as separin, is a cysteine protease responsible for triggering anaphase by hydrolysing cohesin, which is the protein responsible for binding sister chromatids during the early stage of anaphase.  In humans, separin is encoded by the ESPL1 gene.

# Discovery
In S. cerevisiae, separase is encoded by the esp1 gene.  Esp1 was discovered by Kim Nasmyth and coworkers in 1998.

# Function
Stable cohesion between sister chromatids before anaphase and their timely separation during anaphase are critical for cell division and chromosome inheritance. In vertebrates, sister chromatid cohesion is released in 2 steps via distinct mechanisms. The first step involves phosphorylation of STAG1 or STAG2 in the cohesin complex. The second step involves cleavage of the cohesin subunit SCC1 (RAD21) by separase, which initiates the final separation of sister chromatids.
In S. cerevisiae, Esp1 is coded by ESP1 and is regulated by the securin Pds1. The two sister chromatids are initially bound together by the cohesin complex until the beginning of anaphase, at which point the mitotic spindle pulls the two sister chromatids apart, leaving each of the two daughter cells with an equivalent number of sister chromatids. The proteins that bind the two sister chromatids, disallowing any premature sister chromatid separation, are a part of the cohesin protein family.  One of these cohesin proteins crucial for sister chromatid cohesion is Scc1.  Esp1 is a separase protein that cleaves the cohesin subunit Scc1 (RAD21), allowing sister chromatids to separate at the onset of anaphase during mitosis.

# Regulation
When the cell is not dividing, separase is prevented from cleaving cohesin through its association with another protein, securin, as well as phosphorylation by the cyclin-CDK complex. This provides two layers of negative regulation to prevent inappropriate cohesin cleavage.  Note that separase cannot function without initially forming the securin-separase complex in most organisms.  This is because securin helps properly fold separase into the functional conformation.  However, yeast does not appear to require securin to form functional separase because anaphase occurs in yeast even with a securin deletion.
On the signal for anaphase, securin is ubiquitinated and hydrolysed, releasing separase for dephosphorylation by the APC-Cdc20 complex. Active separase can then cleave Scc1 for release of the sister chromatids.
Separase initiates the activation of Cdc14 in early anaphase and Cdc14 has been found to dephosphorylate securin, thereby increasing its efficiency as a substrate for degradation. The presence of this positive feedback loop offers a potential mechanism for giving anaphase a more switch-like behavior.
Serology
Serology is the scientific study of blood serum. In practice, the term usually refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum. Such antibodies are typically formed in response to an infection (against a given microorganism), against other foreign proteins (in response, for example, to a mismatched blood transfusion), or to one's own proteins (in instances of autoimmune disease).
Serological tests may be performed for diagnostic purposes when an infection is suspected, in rheumatic illnesses, and in many other situations, such as checking an individual's blood type. 
Serology blood tests help to diagnose patients with certain immune deficiencies associated with the lack of antibodies, such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia.  In such cases, tests for antibodies will be consistently negative.
There are several serology techniques that can be used depending on the antibodies being studied.  These include agglutination, precipitation, complement-fixation and fluorescent antibodies.
Some serological tests are not limited to blood serum, but can also be performed on other bodily fluids such as semen and saliva, which have (roughly) similar properties to serum.
Serological tests may also be used forensically, generally to link a perpetrator to a piece of evidence (e.g., linking a rapist to a semen sample).
Serotype

# Overview
For the term's use in bacteriology, see serovar.

# Serotype (Allograft)
Transplants between genetically non-identical humans induce the creation of antibodies in the recipient. These non-identical cell-surface receptors between the donor and recipient produce antiserum reactive to the donor proteins. Under selection conditions
-ne or two isoform specificities are obtained. This results in a serotype that is capable of identifying other individuals who have those proteins. This serotyping along
with new-PCR based techniques are how tissues for organ-donor programs are characterized. 
(for more detailed information see Human leukocyte antigens and HLA Serotype tutorial)
Siloxane
Siloxanes are a class of organosilicon compounds with the empirical formula R2SiO, where R is an organic group.  Representative examples are n (dimethylsiloxane) and n (diphenylsiloxane), where n is typically > 4.  These compounds can be viewed as a hybrid of both organic and inorganic chemical compounds.  The organic side chains confer hydrophobic properties while the -Si-O-Si-O- backbone is purely inorganic.
The word siloxane is derived from the words Silicon, Oxygen, and alkane.
Siloxanes can be found in products such as cosmetics, deodorant, water repelling windshield coatings, food additives such as those used in certain McDonalds fast food products, and some soaps.  They occur in landfill gas and are being evaluated as alternatives to perchloroethylene for drycleaning.   Perchloroethylene is widely considered environmentally undesirable.
Polymerized siloxanes are commonly known as silicones, although this name is somewhat of a misnomer.  A true silicone group has a double bond between oxygen and silicon (hence the derivation of the word silicone from ketone), and polymerized siloxanes do not contain such groups.  Accordingly, polysiloxane is the preferred name of such compounds among chemists

# External link
- EPA report: Siloxane D5 in Dry-cleaning
Skeleton
In biology, the skeleton  or skeletal system is the biological system providing physical support in living organisms. (By extension, non-biological outline structures such as gantries or buildings may also acquire skeletons.)

# Types and Classification
Skeletal systems are commonly divided into three typesexternal (an exoskeleton), internal (an endoskeleton), and fluid based (a hydrostatic skeleton), although hydrostatic skeletal systems may be classified separately from the other two, because they lack hardened support structures. An internal skeletal system consists of rigid or semi-rigid structures, within the body, moved by the muscular system. If the structures are mineralized or ossified, as they are in humans and other mammals, they are referred to as bones. Cartilage is another common component of skeletal systems, supporting and supplementing the skeleton. The human ear and nose are shaped by cartilage. Some organisms have a skeleton consisting entirely of cartilage and without any calcified bones at all, for example sharks. The bones or other rigid structures are connected by ligaments and connected to the muscular system via tendons.
Hydrostatic skeletons are similar to a water-filled balloon. Located internally in cnidarians (coral, jellyfish etc.) and annelids (leeches, earthworms etc.), among others, these animals can move by contracting the muscles surrounding the fluid-filled pouch, creating pressure within the pouch that causes movement. Animals such as earthworms use their hydrostatic skeletons to change their body shape, as they move forward, from long and thin to shorter and wider.
Soapwort
Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) is a vespertine flower, and a common perennial plant from the carnation family (Caryophyllaceae). Other common names are Bouncing Bet and Sweet William.
The Latin name is derived from the toxic substance saponin, contained in the roots. It starts producing a lather when in contact with water. The epithet officinalis indicates its medicinal functions. However, it acquired its common name through utility in cleaning.
Soapwort's native range extends throughout Europe to western Siberia. It grows in cool places at low or moderate elevations under hedgerows and along the shoulders of roadways.
The plants possesses leafy, unbranched stems (often tinged with red)  grow in patches, attaining a height of 70 cm. The broad, lanceolate, sessile leaves are opposite and between 4 and 12 cm long. It's sweetly scented flowers are radially symmetrical and pink, or sometimes white. Each of the five flat petals have two small scales in the throat of the corolla. They are about 2.5 cm wide. They are arranged in dense, terminal clusters on the main stem and its branches. The long tubular  calyx has five pointed red teeth.
In the northern hemisphere soapwort blooms from May to September, and in the southern hemisphere October to March.

# Internal use
Soapwort has various medicinal functions as an expectorant and laxative, but care should be taken when used as saponins may be toxic. An overdose can cause nausea,  diarrhoea and vomiting.
Despite its toxic potential, soapwort finds culinary use as an emulsifier in the commercial preparation of tahini halva, and in brewing to create beer with a good "head". In India, the rhizome is used as a galactagogue.
Sourwood
Sourwood or Sorrel Tree (Oxydendrum arboreum) is the sole species in the genus Oxydendrum DC, in the family Ericaceae. It is native to eastern North America, from southern Pennsylvania south to northwest Florida and west to southern Illinois; it is most common in the lower chain of the Appalachian Mountains.
It is a small tree or large shrub, growing to 10-20 m tall with a trunk up to 50 cm diameter. The leaves are spirally arranged, deciduous, 8-20 cm long and 4-9 cm broad, with a finely serrated margin; they are dark green in summer but turn vivid red in fall. The flowers are white, bell-shaped, 6-9 mm long, produced on 15-25 cm long panicles. The fruit is a small woody capsule. The roots are shallow, and the tree grows best when there is little root competition; it also requires acidic soils for successful growth.  The leaves can be chewed (but should not be swallowed) to help alleviate a dry feeling mouth.  As the name of the tree implies, the effect is similar to chewing a sour piece of gum.

# Description
- Bark: Gray with a reddish tinge, deeply furrowed and scaly. Branchlets at first light yellow green, later reddish brown.
- Wood: Reddish brown, sapwood paler; heavy, hard, close-grained, will take a high polish.  Sp. gr., 0.7458, weight of cu. ft., 46.48.
- Winter buds: Axillary, minute, dark red, partly immersed in the bark.  Inner scales enlarge when spring growth begins.
- Leaves: Alternate, four to seven inches long, one and a half to two and a half inches wide, oblong to ablanceolate, wedge-shaped at base, serrate, acute or acuminate.  Feather-veined, midrib conspicuous.  They come out of the bud revolute, bronze green and shining, smooth, when full grown are dark green, shining above, pale and glaucous below.  In autumn they turn bright scarlet.  Petioles long and slender, stipules wanting.  Heavily laden with acid.
- Flowers: June, July.  Perfect, cream-white, borne in terminal panicles of secund racemes seven to eight inches long; rachis and short pedicels downy.
- Calyx: Five-parted, persistent; lobes valvate in bud.
- Corolla: Ovoid-cylindric, narrowed at the throat, cream-white, five-toothed.
- Stamens: Ten, inserted on the corolla; filaments wider than the anthers; anthers two-celled; cells opening by long chinks.
- Pistil: Ovary superior, ovoid, five-celled; style columnar; stigma simple; disk ten-toothed, ovules many.
- Fruit: Capsule, downy, five-valved, five-angled, tipped by the persistent style, the pedicels curving.

# Cultivation and uses
The Sourwood is perfectly hardy at the north and a worthy ornamental tree in lawns and parks.  Its late bloom makes it desirable and its autumnal coloring is particularly beautiful and brilliant.  The leaves are heavily charged with acid, and to some extent have the poise of those of the peach.
It is renowned for nectar, and for the honey which is produced from it.  Juice from its blooms are used to make sourwood jelly.
The shoots were used by the Cherokee and the Catawba to make arrowshafts.
Spagyric
Spagyric, sometimes called herbal alchemy is the production of herbal medicine by alchemical procedures. These procedures involve fermentation, distillation and the extraction of mineral components from the ash of the marc. Paracelsus stated that the true purpose of Alchemy was not for the vulgar purpose of gold making, but rather for the production of medicines.  The term Spagyria has been used  by Paracelsus in his book 'Liber Paragranum', deriving from the Greek words 'spao' and 'ageiro', the essential meaning of which is to 'separate and to combine'. 
He formulated that nature in itself was 'raw and unfinished' and man had the God-given task to evolve things to a higher level. As an example: The 'raw' medicinal plant would be separated into the basic components he termed 'mercurius', 'sulphur' and 'sal' and thereby cleaned of nonessential components. 'Mercurius', 'sulphur' and 'sal' were then recombined forming the medicine.
In nowadays terms this would be the extraction of the essential oils with vapor gaining the 'sulphur'. Then fermentation of the remaining plant and distilling the alcohol produced thus gaining 'mercurius'. Extraction of the mineral components from the ash of the marc which would be the 'sal'. Diluting the essential oils in the alcohol and then solving the mineral salts in it would produce the final potion.
Note that this is a simplified representation of the process which varies strongly depending on the source chosen.
Spiracle
Spiracles are small openings on the surface of some animals that usually lead to respiratory systems.
In elasmobranchs (sharks and rays), a spiracle is found behind each eye, and is often used to pump water through the gills while the animal is at rest (Fouts, 2003). A spiracle is also found in primitive bony fishes as the bichir.

# Spiracles in insects
In insects and some more advanced spiders, spiracles on their exoskeleton allow air to enter trachea (Solomon et.al., 2002). However, the two groups differ in how the tracheae function; in insects, the tracheal tubes primarily deliver oxygen directly to the animals' tissues. The spiracles can be opened and closed in an efficient manner to reduce water loss. This is done by contracting closer muscles surrounding the spiracle. In order to open, the muscle relaxes. The closer muscle is controlled by the central nervous system but can also react to localized chemical stimuli. Several aquatic insects have similar or alternative closing methods to prevent water from entering the trachea.  In spiders, however, the oxygen diffuses into the hemolymph (Foelix, 1996). A similar diffusion effect also occurs in some insect caterpillars. In these latter groups, then, the respiration is more reminiscent of lungs (in spiders and other arachnids, they have structures called book lungs, in fact).
Squalene

# Overview
Squalene is a natural organic compound originally obtained for commercial purposes primarily from shark liver oil, though there are botanic sources as well, including amaranth seed, rice bran, wheat germ, and olives.  All higher organisms produce squalene, including humans. It is a hydrocarbon and a triterpene.

# Role in steroid synthesis
Squalene is the biochemical precursor to the whole family of steroids  Oxidation (via squalene monooxygenase) of one of the terminal double bonds of squalene yields 2,3-squalene oxide which undergoes enzyme-catalyzed cyclization to afford lanosterol, which is then elaborated into cholesterol and other steroids.

# Shark squalene
Squalene is a low density compound often stored in the bodies of cartilaginous fishes such as sharks, which lack a swim bladder and must therefore reduce their body density with fats and oils. Squalene, which is stored mainly in the shark's liver, is lighter than water with a specific gravity of 0.855.  Environmental and other concerns over shark hunting have motivated its extraction from vegetable sources instead.
Recently it has become a trend for sharks to be hunted to process their livers for the purpose of making squalene health capsules. However, there is little clinical evidence to prove that, taken internally, squalene does anything to increase an individual's quality of life.
A study linking squalene, as experimental vaccine adjuvant, to individuals with the clinical signs of Gulf War syndrome was published in 2002. The published findings strongly suggest that the squalene contaminated vaccines could be responsible for the Gulf 
War Syndrome symptoms seen in the study group, and recommended that a large scale epidemiological study be performed to verify or correct this. Despite repeated assurances that the vaccine was safe and necessary, a U.S. Federal Judge ruled that there was good cause to believe it was harmful, and he ordered the Pentagon to stop administering it in October 2004. 

# Use as a moisturizer
Squalene is used in cosmetics as a natural moisturizer.  It penetrates the skin quickly, does not leave a greasy feeling on the skin and blends well with other oils and vitamins.

# Biosynthesis
- Two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate condense with reduction by NADPH to form squalene - by squalene synthase;
Stenosis

# Overview
A stenosis is an  abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure. It is also sometimes called a "stricture" (as in urethral stricture).
Stenoses of the vascular type are often associated with a noise (bruit) resulting from turbulent flow over the narrowed blood vessel.  This bruit can be made audible by a stethoscope.  Other, more reliable methods of diagnosing a stenosis are imaging methods including ultrasound, Magnetic Resonance Imaging/Magnetic Resonance Angiography, Computed Tomography/CT-Angiography which display anatomic imaging (i.e. the visible narrowing of a vessel) and/or flow phenomena (signs of the movement of the bodily fluid through the bodily structure).

# Causes
- atherosclerosis causes stenotic lesions in arteries.
- birth defects
- ischemia
- infection
- neoplasm
- inflammation
- iatrogenic, e.g. secondary to radiation therapy

# Types
The resulting syndrome depends on the structure affected.
Examples of vascular stenotic lesions include:
- Intermittent claudication (peripheral artery stenosis)
- Angina (coronary artery stenosis)
- Carotid artery stenosis which predispose to (strokes and transient ischaemic episodes)
- Renal artery stenosis
Stenoses/strictures of other bodily structures/organs include:
- Pyloric stenosis (gastric outflow obstruction)
- Obstructive jaundice (biliary tract stenosis)
- Bowel obstruction
- Phimosis
- Hydrocephalus
- Stenosing tenosynovitis
- Spinal stenosis
- Subglottic stenosis (SGS)
Stimming
Stimming is a jargon term for a particular form of stereotypy, a repetitive body movement (often done unconsciously) that self-stimulates one or more senses in a regulated manner. It is shorthand for self-stimulation, and a stereotypy is referred to as stimming under the hypothesis that it has a function related to sensory input. Stereotypy is one of the symptoms listed by the DSM IV for autism and is observed in about 10% of non-autistic young children. Many people with autism do not exhibit stereotypy. Common forms of stereotypy among people with autism include hand flapping, body spinning or rocking, lining up or spinning toys or other objects, echolalia, perseveration, and repeating rote phrases.
There are many theories about the function of stimming, and the reasons for its increased incidence in autistic people. For hyposensitive people, it may provide needed nervous system arousal, releasing beta-endorphins. For hypersensitive people, it may provide a "norming" effect, allowing the person to control a specific part of their sensorium, and is thus a soothing behavior.
Sometimes self-injury is viewed as a form of stimming. Usually, self-injury is very different from stimming, but people with decreased pain sensitivity may injure themselves because they like the feel of it, similar to other stims. For example, they might like the way their hand feels in the mouth when they bite themselves, while not feeling the pain of the bite. Or they might like pressure on their forehead and bang their head without it hurting, even if they are risking brain damage.
Stomatin
Stomatin also known as human erythrocyte integral membrane protein band 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STOM gene.

# Clinical significance
Stomatin is a 31 kDa integral membrane protein, named after the rare human haemolytic anaemia hereditary stomatocytosis. This gene encodes a member of a highly conserved family of integral membrane proteins. The encoded protein localizes to the cell membrane of red blood cells and other cell types, where it may regulate ion channels and transporters. Loss of localization of the encoded protein is associated with hereditary stomatocytosis, a form of hemolytic anemia.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of a highly conserved family of integral membrane proteins. The encoded protein localizes to the cell membrane of red blood cells and other cell types, where it may regulate ion channels and transporters. Loss of localization of the encoded protein is associated with hereditary stomatocytosis, a form of hemolytic anemia.
Although the wide distribution of stomatin and its constitutive expression suggest an important role for this protein in cell biology, perhaps as a house-keeping component, its function remains undetermined. The massive presence of stomatin in membrane-protruding folds and extensions suggests a possible structural role for this protein in the formation of these structures and/or the anchorage to the actin cytoskeleton.
Stomatol

# Overview
Stomatol is a brand of toothpaste first sold in Sweden at the beginning of the 20th century.  It was particularly notable as having been one of the first Swedish brands to recognize and to use the power of mass media. The brand was originally made by the soap manufacturer Grumme & Son, acquired 1985 by pharmaceutical company Cederroth AB. The company made extensive use of press, film and signs, both enamel and neon.
It is particularly known for the large advertisement sign which has been a prominent local landmark at Slussen in Stockholm since 1909. The Stomatol sign, made from lightbulbs, not neon tubes, was the first animated advertisement sign in Sweden (one can see the toothpaste being squeezed out of the tube). It was originally placed on the Katarinahissen elevator, but was moved in 1933 to the roof of the nearby building at Klevgrand 1 B. Technical problems have forced the electricity to be shut down between 1963 and 1972 and from 1981 until 1986.
Many Stomatol film commercials were animated. At least ten of the commercials produced in and around 1930 were drawn by Arvid Olson and Victor Bergdahl, creator of Captain Grogg.
Live action, near-feature quality ads were produced around that time by Kinocentralen and which starred popular Swedish comedic actor Thor Modeen.  Modeen was well known for living a rather extravagant lifestyle, mostly paid for through his work for Stomatol.
The brand's slogan was "Stomatol - the only way to obtain healthy and strong teeth!"
Subacute
Rather recent onset or somewhat rapid change.
The term "subacute" is used in contrast to acute which indicates very sudden onset or rapid change and chronic which indicates indefinite duration or virtually no change.
A chronic condition is one lasting 3 months or more, by the definition of the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics.
In ancient Greece, the "father of medicine" Hippocrates distinguished diseases that were acute (abrupt, sharp and brief) from those that were chronic. This is still a very useful distinction.
Subacute has been coined to designate the mid-ground between acute and chronic.