Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Vernanimalcula
Vernanimalcula has been described as the earliest known member of the Bilateria (animals with bilateral symmetry). It lived some 580 to 600 million years ago. It was between 0.1 and 0.2 mm across (roughly the width of one or two human hairs), and probably fed on microbes on the sea floor. It may have moved over the sea floor by flexing its body. Vernanimalcula means "small spring animal", referring to its appearance in the fossil record at the end of the Marinoan Glaciation (see also Snowball Earth).
The Vernanimalcula fossils were discovered in the Doushantuo Formation in China. This formation is a Lagerstatte, one of the rare places where soft body parts and very fine details are preserved in the fossil record. The Vernanimalcula fossils show triploblastic structure, a coelom, a differentiated gut, a mouth, an anus, and paired external pits that could be sense organs.
The appearance of Vernanimalcula so early in the fossil record has important implications. It greatly reduces the likelihood that animals without coelom (acoelomates), such as flatworms, developed before animals with coeloms. The radiation of animals into many phyla may have occurred before any animal became much larger than microscopic size. The sudden appearance of many animal phyla in the Cambrian Explosion may be an illusion. The Cambrian Explosion may instead represent a (geologically) sudden increase in size and the development of easily fossilized body parts by species in existing phyla.

# Criticism
The description of Vernanimalcula was not without controversy.  Other workers (Bengtson and Budd) in the field have claimed that it is largely a taphonomic artefact generated by growth of phosphate within a spherical object such as an acritarch. Chen  et al. have defended their interpretation of Vernanimalcula against the claims of Bengtson and Budd.
Vernon Coleman
Vernon Coleman (born in Walsall, West Midlands, England) is a British writer. A former general practitioner, he is the author of 90 books, including non-fiction works about human health, politics, cricket, and animal issues, and a range of novels. According to his website, his books have sold over two million copies in the UK, and have been translated into 23 languages. One of his novels, 'Mrs Caldicot's Cabbage War', has been turned into a movie starring Pauline Collins.
Coleman is also a syndicated newspaper columnist, focusing on the politics of medicine. He is an outspoken critic of medical malpractice, the power of pharmaceutical companies, vaccination, conventional cancer treatment, and animal testing. He is the author of How to Stop Your Doctor Killing  You (2003).

# Biography
A general practitioner for about ten years, mostly during the 1970s, his first books included The Medicine Men (1975), and Paper Doctors (1976). Body Power came in 1983, and has been reprinted a number of times. Alice's Diary (1989) and Alice's Adventures (1992) concern Alice (1983-1992) and her half sister Thomasina (1983-2000), real cats who shared their lives with Vernon Coleman. One of his latest books, Health Secrets Doctors Share With Their Families (2005) was written jointly with his wife, Donna Antoinette Coleman.
Ho worked as a tabloid newspaper columnist, producing a spoof "agony uncle" column in the Sunday People which became memorable for the vehemence of his opinions - such as when he told a pro-hunt supporter that he should be "buried from the neck down in the fast lane of the M4." A collection of similarly-worded "replies" to readers' letters was published in the book I Hope Your Penis Shrivels Up in 1993.

## Donna Antoinette Coleman
Coleman's wife Donna (born 1972) is also an experienced researcher and writer on health topics. She is co-author with him of How To Conquer Health Problems Between Ages 50 and 120 (2003), and Health Secrets Doctors Share With Their Families (2005).
She shares her husband's long held view that the potential benefits of vaccinations are generally overstated, and the risks played down. She has a severely disabled sister.

# Notes
-  Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 Biography", vernoncoleman.com.

# External link
- Vernon Coleman
Vertebral vein
The vertebral vein is formed in the suboccipital triangle, from numerous small tributaries which spring from the internal vertebral venous plexuses and issue from the vertebral canal above the posterior arch of the atlas.
They unite with small veins from the deep muscles at the upper part of the back of the neck, and form a vessel which enters the foramen in the transverse process of the atlas, and descends, forming a dense plexus around the vertebral artery, in the canal formed by the foramina transversaria of the cervical vertebrae.
This plexus ends in a single trunk, which emerges from the foramen transversarium of the sixth cervical vertebra, and opens at the root of the neck into the back part of the innominate vein near its origin, its mouth being guarded by a pair of valves.
On the right side, it crosses the first part of the subclavian artery.

# Additional images
- Section of the neck at about the level of the sixth cervical vertebra.
Viburnum tinus
Viburnum tinus (Laurustinus, Laurustinus Viburnum, or Laurestine) is a species of flowering plant in the genus Viburnum, native to the Mediterranean region and Macaronesia. Laurus signifies the leaves' similarities to bay laurel; tinus means "tenth born".
It is a shrub (rarely a small tree) reaching up to 2-7 m tall, with a dense, rounded crown. The leaves are evergreen, persisting 2-3 years, borne in opposite pairs, 4-10 cm long and 2-4 cm broad, with an entire margin. The flowers are white, produced in dense cymes 5-10 cm diameter in the winter. The fruit is a dark blue-black drupe 5-7 mm long.
There are three subspecies:
- Viburnum tinus subsp. tinus. Mediterranean region.
- Viburnum tinus subsp. rigidum (syn. V. rigidum). Canary Islands.
- Viburnum tinus subsp. subcordatum. Azores.

# Cultivation and uses
It is a popular evergreen shrub widely cultivated for its winter flowering habit in regions with mild winters, grown in western Europe north to Britain, and in North America north to western British Columbia.
Viral shedding
Viral shedding refers to the successful production of virus progeny and that the progeny is leaving the cell to infect other host cells.  Once replication has been completed and the host cell is exhausted of all resources in making viral progeny, the viruses may begin to leave the cell by several methods.
The term is used to refer to shedding from a single cell, shedding from one part of the body into another part of the body, and shedding from bodies into the environment where the viruses may infect other bodies.

# Via budding
"Budding" through the cell envelope, in effect using the cell's membrane for the virus itself is most effective for viruses that need an envelope in the first place.  These include enveloped viruses such as HSV, SARS or smallpox.  Prior to budding, the virus may put its own receptor onto the surface of the cell in preparation for the virus to bud through, forming an envelope with the viral receptors already on it.  This process will slowly use up the cell membrane and eventually lead to the demise of the cell.  This is also how antiviral responses are able to detect virus infected cells.

# Via apoptosis
By forcing the cell to undergo apoptosis or cell suicide, release of progeny into the extracellular space is possible.  However, apoptosis does not necessarily result in the cell simply popping open, spilling its contents into the extracellular space.  Rather, apoptosis is usually controlled and results in the cell's genome being chopped up, before apoptotitic bodies of dead cell material clump off the cell to be absorbed by macrophages.  This is a good way for a virus to get into macrophages either to infect them or simply travel to other tissues in the body.  Although this process is primarily used by non-enveloped viruses, enveloped viruses may also use this.  HIV is an example of an enveloped virus that exhibits this process for the infection of macrophages.

# Via reverse endocytosis
It may not be in a virus's best interest to kill the cell in order to escape it for further infection of other host cells.  It is then reverse endocytotic release of viral progeny is used to release viral particles.  Viral progeny are synthesized within the cell and the host cell's transport system is used to enclose vacuoles of virus progeny for release into the extracellular space.  This is used primarily by non-enveloped viruses, although enveloped viruses display this too.  An example is the use of recycling viral particle receptors in the enveloped varicella-zoster virus.
Viral tegument

# Overview
Certain viruses contain a tegument, which is a cluster of non-essential and essential proteins that line the space between the envelope and nucleocapsid of many enveloped viruses.  The tegument generally contains proteins that aid in viral replication and evasion of the immune response, typically with the signaling and activation of interferon.  Hence the tegument is usually released shortly after infection into the cytoplasm.  These proteins are usually formed within the late phase of the viral infectious cycle, after viral genes have been replicated.  Much information regarding viral teguments have been gathered from studying Herpes Simplex Virus.

# Tegumental Properties
Viral teguments can be symmetrically arranged via structural and scaffolding proteins or can also be asymmetrically arranged, depending on the virus.  Teguments are rarely haphazardly placed and usually involve scaffolding proteins in its formation around the nucleocapsid.  Non-essential proteins included in the tegument may aid in immune response suppression, suppression of host mRNA transcription or suppression of intrinsic or cellular defenses.  Essential proteins will include factors that help in either recruiting host transcription or translation factors, or directly transcribing/translating viral genes.  Tegumental contents are released into the cytoplasm upon entrance into the cell upon which many tegumental proteins become active.  The tegument may also aid in insertion of the viral genome into host cell cytoplasm or nucleus.

# Viruses that have Teguments
Teguments are generally a property of enveloped viruses which have nucleocapsids, as tegument proteins cannot be stored in an efficient fashion in capsid-only viruses.  Many DNA viruses also have teguments due to the fact that DNA viruses often need to package their own proteases and polymerases to begin viral transcription.  The best studied examples are the Herpesvirus family, in which the tegument is most prominent.

# Literature
-  Brian J. Yeung, Hamm Y. Mchamstien, and Mable Mchamstien. "Herpes Simplex Virus Tegument Protein V1 Elucidation and Formation Around the Nucleocapsid." Copyright  2007, American Society for Microbiology. J Virol. 2007 April; 28(2): 12621274.
Virchow's node

# Overview
Virchow's node (or signal node) is an enlarged, hard, left supraclavicular lymph node which can contain metastasis of visceral (abdominal) malignancy.

# Clinical significance
Malignancies of the internal organs can reach an advanced stage before giving symptoms. Stomach cancer, for example, can remain symptomless while metastatizing. One of the first visible spots where these tumors metastatise is the left supraclavicular lymph node. The left supraclavicular node is the classical Virchow's node because it is on the left side of the neck where the lymphatic drainage of most of the body (from the thoracic duct) enters the venous circulation via the left subclavian vein.
Differential diagnosis of an enlarged Virchow's node includes lymphoma, various intra-abdominal malignancies, breast cancer, lung cancer, and infection (e.g. of the arm).

# Eponym
It is named after Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), the German pathologist who first described the association. The presence of an enlarged Virchow's node is also referred to as Troisier's sign, named after Charles Emile Troisier, who also described this.
Because an enlarged Virchow's node is often a harbinger of malignant disease, it is sometimes called the sentinel node.  This needs to be contrasted with the technique of sentinel lymph node biopsy. It should also not be confused with the 'sentinel gland' of the greater omentum.

# Additional images
- Superficial lymph glands and lymphatic vessels of head and neck.
Visual routine

# Overview
A visual routine is a means of extracting information from a visual scene. In his studies on human visual cognition, Shimon Ullman proposed that the human visual system's task of perceiving shape properties and spatial relations is split into two successive stages: an early "bottom-up" state during which base representations are generated from the visual input, and a later "top-down" stage during which high-level primitives dubbed "visual routines" extract the desired information from the base representations. In humans, the base representations generated during the bottom-up stage correspond to retinotopic maps (more than 15 of which exist in the cortex) for properties like color, edge orientation, speed of motion, and direction of motion. These base representations rely on fixed operations performed uniformly over the entire field of visual input, and do not make use of object-specific knowledge, task-specific knowledge, or other higher-level information.
The visual routines proposed by Ullman are high-level primitives which parse the structure of a scene, extracting spatial information from the base representations. These visual routines are composed of a sequence of elementary visual operators specific to the task at hand. Visual routines differ from the fixed operations of the base representations in that they are not applied uniformly over the entire visual field --- rather, they are only applied to objects or areas specified by the routines. Ullman lists the following as examples of visual operators: shifting the processing focus, indexing a salient item for further processing, spreading activation over an area delimited by boundaries, tracing boundaries, and marking a location or object for future reference. When combined into visual routines, these elementary operators can be used to perform relatively sophisticated spatial tasks such as counting the number of objects satisfying a certain property, or recognizing a complex shape.
A number of researchers have implemented visual routines for processing camera images, to perform tasks like determining the object a human in the camera image is pointing at. Researchers have also applied the visual routines approach to artificial map representations, for playing real-time 2D video games. In those cases, however, the map of the video game was provided directly, alleviating the need to deal with real-world perceptual tasks like object recognition and occlusion compensation.
Vitex trifolia
Vitex trifolia (Simpleleaf chastetree) is a large coastal shrub or small tree.

# Description
Vitex trifolia is a large coastal shrub or small tree, less that 5 m in height with the stems covered by soft hairs (tomentose). The leaves are oppositely arranged along the stems and are usually compound, composed of 3 linear leaflets which range between 1 -12 cm in length. The upper surface of the leaves are green and the lower surface grayish green.
The flowers are born in panicles or clusters up to 18 cm in length. Individual flowers have purple to violet two-lipped corollas that are approximately 5 mm long. The stamen are in two pairs and the ovary is superior, or develops above the corolla. The fleshy fruits are about 6 mm in diameter and contain 4 small black seeds.

# Distribution
Vitex trifolia is naturally found along coastlines from tropical East Africa as far east as French Polynesia.

# Medicinal Uses
The leaves are used to treat female ailments in the Cook Islands, and used to relieve fever in Samoa. Additionally in Samoa, the dried leaves are burned to deter mosquitos.

# Indigenous Names
- Cook Islands - rara
- Tonga - lalatahi
- Samoa - namulega
Walter Noddack
Walter Noddack (- 17 August 1893 in Berlin, 7 December 1960 in Berlin) was a German chemist.  He, Ida Tacke (who later married Noddack), and Otto Berg reported the discovery of element 43 in 1925 and named it masurium (after Masuria in Eastern Prussia).Template:Inote The group bombarded columbite with a beam of electrons and deduced element 43 was present by examining X-ray diffraction spectrograms. The wavelength of the X-rays produced is related to the atomic number by a formula derived by Henry Moseley.  The team claimed to detect a faint X-ray signal at a wavelength produced by element 43.  Contemporary experimenters could not replicate the discovery, and in fact it was dismissed as an error for many years.Template:Inote
It was not until 1998 that this dismissal began to be questioned.  John T. Armstrong of the National Institute of Standards and Technology ran computer simulations of the experiments and obtained results very close to those reported by the 1925 team; the claim was further supported by work published by David Curtis of the Los Alamos National Laboratory measuring the (tiny) natural occurrence of technetium.Template:Inote  Debate still exists as to whether the 1925 team actually did discover element 43.

# Academic career
Noddack became professor for physical chemistry in 1935 at the University of Freiburg and 1941 at the University of Straburg. After World War II he changed to the University of Bamberg and in 1956 he became direktor dof the newly founded Research Institute for geochemistry there.
Weldon process
The Weldon process is a process developed in 1870 by Walter Weldon for recovering manganese dioxide for re-use in chlorine manufacture.
After reacting hydrochloric acid with manganese dioxide (and related oxides), the waste manganese(II) chloride solution is treated with lime, steam and oxygen, producing calcium manganite (IV):
2MnCl2 + 3Ca(OH)2 + O2  CaO2MnO2 + 3H2O + 2CaCl2
The resulting calcium manganite can be reacted with HCl as in related processes:
CaO2MnO2 + 10HCl  CaCl2 + 2MnCl2 + 2Cl2 + 5H2O
The MnCl2 can be recycled, while the CaCl2 is a waste byproduct.
Whitey (drugs)
Whitey is a slang term for when a recreational drug user, as a direct or indirect result of drug use (usually cannabis), begins to faint and usually faints. The term comes from the way one's skin turns pale during and after a fainting episode. While fainting is usually only a problem for those with low blood pressure, it can become possible for those without hypotension to faint after using cannabis or other drugs which have the short-term effect of lowering the blood pressure. Whiteying is perceived by the stoner subculture as the result of using too much cannabis within too short a period of time. In fact the factors that usually facilitate fainting, such as tiredness, lack of fluids and food, and a hot and humid environment, as well as natural hypotension, are just as important as the amount of cannabis involved. Therefore, one can experience a whitey having used only what may be regarded as a perfectly moderate dosage.

# Experience
The experience of whiteying involves first a declining ability to walk or stand up straight, or at all, and feelings of light-headedness. The victim will be physically unable to stand up if the whitey is not treated and may have no choice but to sit or lie down in an appropriate place. If no treatment is available, a whitey can be overcome by lying down until it passes. However, this can take upwards of ten minutes, and afterwards the victim will probably still feel ill.

# Treatment and avoidance
If one wishes to use cannabis, one can avoid the unpleasant and potentially embarrassing experience of whiteying by taking appropriate steps hours or days before using the drug. Those with naturally low blood pressure should be particularly aware of this. Regular meals with enough carbohydrates should be eaten, and enough fluids (preferably plain water) should be consumed. Tiredness can be avoided by getting enough sleep. However, the amount of cannabis used is a factor also, so it is possible to whitey, despite not behaving in a way that facilitates it, by simply using a relatively excessive amount of cannabis. During your whitey, if you manage to distract yourself from the faintness and mind indulging high it may be overpassed. If sat down or lying you will sink into a deep trance from which sooner or later you will rapidly come out of and either vomit or faint. Lightweight/ first time stoners may also expierience a shortness of breath.

# Popular culture
In the UK cannabis television documentary, Stoned in Suburbia, former international cannabis smuggler Howard Marks refers to an episode where he whiteyed after engaging in a smoking competition with some Germans on a book-promoting visit to Germany.
'Stoned in Suburbia' free stream.
WikiDoc Fellow

# Overview
The goal of the WikiDoc Fellows program is to engage specialist or subspecialist trainees to oversee the process of keeping the contents of WikiDoc "evergreen" and "up to date".

# Who
- WikiDoc Fellows are engaged in specialist or subspecialist training.  They have a demonstrated commitment to excellence, and hope to become leaders in medicine.

# What
- Wikidoc Fellows read journal articles in their specialty and keep specialty and subspecialty content up-to-date.
- Wikidoc Fellows add guidelines and evidence-based recommendations to the site.

# When
A WikiDoc fellowship is a one to two-year term.

# Where
Wikidoc Fellows work at their home institutions and collaborate remotely with WikiDoc.

# Why
Medicine changes on a daily basis, and our goal is to have WikiDoc Fellows oversee the maintenance of "evergreen" or "up-to-date" content.

# How
Serious applicants should contact Dr. C Michael Gibson, Editor-in-Chief of WikiDoc, by emailing him here, to arrange for an interview.