Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Physalis alkekengi
Physalis alkekengi (Bladder-cherry, Chinese Lantern, Japanese-lantern, or Winter cherry; Japanese: hozuki), is a relative of P. peruviana (Cape Gooseberry), easily identifiable by the larger, bright orange to red papery covering over its fruit, which resemble Chinese lanterns. It is native from southern Europe east across southern Asia to Japan.
It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 40-60 cm tall, with spirally arranged leaves 6-12 cm long and 4-9 cm broad. The flowers are white, with a five-lobed corolla 10-15 mm across, with an inflated basal calyx which matures into the papery orange fruit covering, 4-5 cm long and broad.

# Cultivation
It is a popular ornamental plant, though can be invasive with its wide-spreading root system sending up new shoots some distance from where it was originally planted.
eo:Alkekengo
it:Physalis alkekengi
lt:Paprastoji dumplune
hu:Zsidocseresznye
nl:Echte lampionplant
Pineocytoma Causes

# Overview
Disease name] may be caused by , , or .
OR
Common causes of  include , , and .
OR
The most common cause of  is . Less common causes of  include , , and .
OR
The cause of  has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of , click here.

# Causes

## Life-threatening Causes
- Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of disease name, however complications resulting from untreated disease name is common.
- Life-threatening causes of  include , , and .
-  is a life-threatening cause of .

## Common Causes
Common causes of  may include:
OR
-  is caused by an infection with .
-  is caused by .

## Less Common Causes
Less common causes of  include:

## Genetic Causes
-  is caused by a mutation in the  gene.

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order:
- Cause 1
- Cause 2
- Cause 3
- Cause 4
- Cause 5
- Cause 6
- Cause 7
- Cause 8
- Cause 9
- Cause 10
Urokinase receptor
The Urokinase receptor, also known as uPA receptor or uPAR or CD87 (Cluster of Differentiation 87), is a multidomain glycoprotein tethered to the cell membrane with a glycosylphosphotidylinositol (GPI) anchor. uPAR was originally identified as a saturable binding site for urokinase on the cell surface.

# Molecular characteristics
uPAR consists of three different domains of the three-finger protein domain family, which also includes domains found in lymphocyte antigen 6 and in snake venom toxins of the three-finger toxin family, such as alpha-neurotoxins. All three three-finger domains are necessary for high affinity binding of the primary ligand, urokinase. It has been possible to express uPAR recombinantly in CHO-cells and S2 cells from Drosophila melanogaster. 4 out of 5 of the possible glycosylation sites are used in vivo giving the protein a molecular weight of 50-60 kDA. Recently the structure of uPAR was solved by X-ray crystallography in complex with a peptide antagonist and with its native ligand, urokinase.
Besides the primary ligand urokinase, uPAR interacts with several other proteins, among others: vitronectin, the uPAR associated protein (uPARAP) and the integrin family of membrane proteins.

# Physiological significance
uPAR is a part of the plasminogen activation system, which in the healthy body is involved in tissue reorganization events such as mammary gland involution and wound healing. In order to be able to reorganize tissue, the old tissue must be able to be degraded. An important mechanism in this degradation is the proteolysis cascade initiated by the plasminogen activation system. uPAR binds urokinase and thus restricts plasminogen activation to the immediate vicinity of the cell membrane. Thus uPAR seems to be an important player in the regulation of this process.
However the components of the plasminogen activation system have been found to be highly expressed in many malignant tumors, indicating that tumors are able to hijack the system, and use it in metastasis. Thus inhibitors of the various components of the plasminogen activation system have been sought as possible anticancer drugs.
uPAR has been involved in various other non-proteolytical processes related to cancer, such as cell migration, cell cycle regulation, and cell adhesion.
When uPA is bound to the receptor, there is cleavage between the GPI-anchor and the uPAR, releasing suPAR.

# Interactions
Urokinase receptor has been shown to interact with LRP1.
Polymer fume fever
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Polymer fume fever or fluoropolymer fever, also informally called Teflon flu, is an inhalation fever caused by the fumes released when Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, known under the trade names Fluon, Teflon, and Halon)  is heated to between 300 C and 450 C. When PTFE is heated above 450 C the pyrolysis products are different and inhalation may cause acute lung injury.  Symptoms are flu-like (chills, headaches and fevers) with chest tightness and mild cough.  Onset occurs about 4 to 8 hours after exposure to the pyrolysis products of PTFE. Signs: leukocytosis; normal chest x-ray.
Resolution: within 48 hours (doubted, see Teflon).
The polymer fumes are especially harmful to certain birds whose breathing, optimized for rapidity, allows toxins which are excluded by human lungs. Fumes from Teflon in very high heat are fatal to parrots , and as well as some other birds. (PTFE Toxicosis)
Popular psychology
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The term popular psychology (frequently called pop psychology or pop psych), refers to concepts and theories about human mental life and behaviour that are purportedly based on psychology and that attain popularity amongst the general population.
The term is often derogatory, used to describe psychological concepts that are oversimplified, out of date, unproven, misunderstood or misinterpreted; however, the term may also be used to describe professionally-produced psychological knowledge, regarded by most experts as valid and effective, that is intended for use by the general public.

# Types of Popular psychology
Popular psychology commonly takes the form of:
- self help books, for example The Road Less Travelled, by M. Scott Peck;
- advice dispensed through radio, TV, and print; for example Dear Abby and Dr. Phil;
- myths such as "People use only about 5% of their brain's capacity";
- concepts that may or  may not have a basis in psychology, such as inner child, left brain / right brain, emotional intelligence, freudian slip, fight-or-flight response, enneagram, and self esteem;
- public perceptions about psychological methodologies that have not been fully scientifically validated, such as neuro-linguistic programming;
- urban legends such as "Psychologist B. F. Skinner raised his own daughter in a 'Skinner box' "

# Popular psychology and Self-help
Popular psychology is an essential ingredient of the gigantic self help industry. 
According to Fried and Schultis, criteria for a good self-help book include "claims made by the author as to the book's efficacy, the presentation of problem-solving strategies based on scientific evidence and professional experience, the clarity of the writing, the author's credentials and professional experience, and the inclusion of a bibliography." 
Three potential dangers of self-help books are: 
- people may falsely label themselves as psychologically disturbed;
- people may misdiagnose themselves and use material that deals with the wrong problem;
- people may not be able to evaluate a program and may select an ineffective one;

# Pop psychologists
Some figures/movements characterized at varying times as exponents of pop psychology include:
- Lucinda Bassett
- Melody Beattie
- John Bradshaw
- Tony Buzan
- Edward De Bono
- Wayne Dyer
- Werner Erhard 
- L. Ron Hubbard / Scientology 
- David Icke
- Phil McGraw ("Dr Phil") 
- Anthony Robbins
Population ecology
Population ecology is a major sub-field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment.
The older term, autecology (from Greek: , auto, "self"; , oikos, "household"; and , logos, "knowledge") refers to the roughly same field of study, coming from the division of ecology into autecologythe study of individual species in relation to the environmentand synecologythe study of groups of organisms in relation to the environmentor community ecology. Odum (1959, p. 8) considered that synecology should be divided into population ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology, defining autecology as essentially "species ecology." However, biologists have for some time recognized that the more significant level of organization of a species is a population, because at this level the species gene pool is most coherent. In fact, Odum regarded "autecology" as no longer a "present tendency" in ecology (i.e., an archaic term), although included "species ecology"studies emphasizing life history and behavior as adaptations to the environment of individual organisms or speciesas one of four sub-divisions of ecology.
The development of the field of population ecology owes much to the science of demography and the use of actuarial life tables. Population ecology has also played an important role in the development of the field of conservation biology especially in the development of population viability analysis (PVA) which makes it possible to predict the long-term probability of a species persisting in a given habitat patch (e.g., a national park).
While essentially a subfield of biology, population ecology provides many interesting problems for mathematicians and statisticians, which work mainly in the study of population dynamics.
Portulaca oleracea
Portulaca oleracea (Common Purslane, also known as Verdolaga, Pigweed, Little Hogweed or Pusley), is an annual succulent in the family Portulacaceae, which can reach 40 cm in height. It is a native of India and the Middle East, but is naturalised elsewhere and in some regions is considered an invasive weed, but there is evidence that the species was in Crawford Lake deposits (Ontario) in 1430-89, suggesting that it reached North America in the pre-columbian era. It has smooth, reddish, mostly prostrate stems and alternate leaves clustered at stem joints and ends. The yellow flowers have five regular parts and are up to 6 mm wide. The flowers first appear in late spring and continue into mid fall. The flowers open singly at the center of the leaf cluster for only a few hours on sunny mornings. Seeds are formed in a tiny pod, which opens when the seeds are ready. Purslane has a taproot with fibrous secondary roots and is able to tolerate poor, compacted soils and drought.

# Culinary usage
Although purslane is considered a weed in the United States, it can be eaten as a leaf vegetable. It has a slightly sour and salty taste and is eaten throughout much of Europe and Asia. It can be used fresh as a salad, or cooked like spinach, and because of its mucilaginous quality it is also suitable for soups and stews. Australian Aborigines used to use the seeds to make seedcakes.
Purslane contains more Omega-3 fatty acids than any other leafy vegetable plant. Simopoulos states that Purslane has .01 mg/g of EPA. This is an extraordinary amount of EPA for land based vegetable sources.  EPA is an Omega-3 fatty acid normally found mostly in fish and some algae.   It also contains vitamins (mainly vitamin C, and some vitamin B and carotenoids), as well as dietary minerals, such as magnesium, calcium, potassium and iron. Also present are two types of betalain alkaloid pigments, the reddish betacyanins (visible in the coloration of the stems) and the yellow betaxanthins (noticeable in the flowers and in the slight yellowish cast of the leaves). Both of these pigment types are potent antioxidants and have been found to have antimutagenic properties in laboratory studies.

# Medicinal usage
In Greek popular medicine, purslane is used as a remedy for constipation and inflammation of the urinary system. In antiquity its healing properties were thought so reliable that Pliny advised wearing the plant as an amulet to expel all evil (Natural History 20.120). 

# History
Widely used in Greece, archaeobotanical finds are common at many prehistoric sites. In historic contexts, seeds have been retrieved from a protogeometric layer in Kastanas, as well as from the Samian Heraion dating to 7th century BC. Theophrastus in the 4th century BC names purslane, andrakhne, as one of the several summer pot herbs that must be sown in April (H.P 7.12).
Known as "Sanhti or Punarva" in North India it is known to act as a liver tonic and is used in diseases of the liver.
Potassium benzoate
Potassium benzoate, the potassium salt of benzoic acid, is a food preservative that inhibits the growth of mold, yeast and some bacteria.  It works best in low-pH products, below 4.5, where it exists as benzoic acid.
Acidic foods and beverages such as fruit juice (citric acid), sparkling drinks (carbonic acid), soft drinks (phosphoric acid), and pickles (vinegar) are preserved with potassium benzoate.
It is approved for use in most countries including Canada, the U.S., and the EU, where it is designated by the E number E212. In the EU, it is not recommended for consumption by children.

# Mechanism of food preservation
The mechanism of food preservation begins with the absorption of benzoic acid into the cell. If the intracellular pH changes to 5 or lower, the anaerobic fermentation of glucose through phosphofructokinase is decreased by 95%.

# Safety and health
In combination with ascorbic acid (vitamin C), sodium and potassium benzoate may form benzene, a known carcinogen. Heat, light and shelf life can affect the rate at which benzene is formed. The Food and Drug Administration was performing tests in 2006, but the Environmental Working Group is calling for the FDA to publicly release all tests and use their authority to force companies to reformulate to avoid the potential benzene forming combination.
Potassium Benzoate (or E212) was recently described by the Food Commission, who campaign for 'safer, healthier food in the UK', as "mildly irritant to the skin, eyes and mucous membranes". 
Cats have a significantly lower tolerance to benzoic acid and its salts than rats and mice.
Potassium tartrate
Potassium tartrate, dipotassium tartrate or argol has formula K2C4H4O6. It is the potassium salt of tartaric acid.
To a small extent, potassium tartrate reacts with water to form potassium hydroxide and tartaric acid.
It is often confused with potassium bitartrate.
Potassium tartrate is the main compound of Weinstein, the sandy residue that form at the bottom of red wine bottles. It is usually only found in red wines of higher quality that have been made from grapes high in minerals and that have not been chemically stabilized.
As a food additive, its E number is E336.
Pre-auricular cyst
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Related Key Words and Synonyms:

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination

### Ear Nose and Throat
- Pre-auricular cysts connect to the outside with a sinus tract that opens into a pit, just anterior to the root of the helix.  Occasionally, foul smelling material oozes out of the pit.
- Pre-auricular cyst.
- An infected preauricular cyst that had been incised and drained.  In order to excise this cyst, it was allowed to "refill" prior to definitive surgery.
- Infected pre-auricular cyst in a child.  This was treated with antibiotics and excised at a later date.
- The sinus tract and cyst are excised, after outlining them with an injection of methylene blue into the pit.
Precision teaching
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Precision teaching is a precise and systematic method of evaluating instructional tactics and curricula.  It is one of the few quantitative analyses of behavior forms of applied behavior analysis.  It comes from a very strong quantitative scientific basis and was pioneered by Ogden Lindsley in the 1960s based largely on Skinner's operant conditioning. Precision teaching is a type of programmed instruction that focuses heavily on frequency as its main datum.  By focusing on fluency, the teacher can then adjust the curricula for each learner to maximize the learning based on the learner's personal fluency measurements. The instruction can be by any method or approach. For example, the most effective applications of Precision Teaching have been when it is combined with Direct Instruction Children as young as five have charted their fluency measurements and utilized precision teaching to increase their learning.   According to Owen White, Precision Teaching "has been used successfully to teach the progress of learners ranging from the severely handicapped to university graduate students, from the very young to the very old."

# Guiding Principles
- Focus on Directly Observable Behavior
- Frequency as a Measure of Performance
- The Standard Celeration Chart
- The Learner Knows Best
"When I was a graduate student, I trained a rat whose behavior did not extinguish exactly as the charts in Skinner's book had shown. My rat at first had responded much more rapidly when his responding was no longer reinforced. The rapid responding went on for about 30 minutes, at which time the rat stopped abruptly. I took the cumulative record of the rat's unusual extinction to Dr. Skinner and asked him how this had happened. How could the rat do this when the book showed a very different gradual extinction curve? Skinner answered, "In this case, the book is wrong! The rat knows best! That's why we still have him in the experiment!"

# Instructional tools
- Standard Celeration Chart:
- SAFMEDS:

# Areas of application
- business
- historical aspects of human behavior
- political
- ecological
- economic
- inner behavior
Predictive testing
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Predictive testing is a form of Genetic testing.  It is also known as presymptomatic testing.  These types of testing are used to detect gene mutations associated with disorders that appear after birth, often later in life. These tests can be helpful to people who have a family member with a genetic disorder, but who have no features of the disorder themselves at the time of testing. Predictive testing can identify mutations that increase a person's risk of developing disorders with a genetic basis, such as certain types of cancer. For example, an individual with a mutation in BRCA1 has a 65% cummulative risk of breast cancer. Presymptomatic testing can determine whether a person will develop a genetic disorder, such as hemochromatosis (an iron overload disorder), before any signs or symptoms appear. The results of predictive and presymptomatic testing can provide information about a persons risk of developing a specific disorder and help with making decisions about medical care.
Pressure of speech

# Overview
Pressure of speech is a tendency to speak rapidly and frenziedly, as if motivated by an urgency not apparent to the listener.  The speech produced, sometimes called pressured speech, is difficult to interrupt and may be too fast or too tangential for the listener to understand--it is an example of cluttered speech.  It is a hallmark of mania and is often seen in bipolar patients during manic periods.  People with schizophrenia, as well as anyone experiencing extreme anxiety, may also exhibit pressure of speech.  Pressure of speech usually refers to the improperly verbalized speech which is a feature of hypomanic and manic illness.
Cluttering is a speech disorder that is related to pressure of speech in that the speech of a clutterer sounds improperly verbalized, but cluttering is a distinct language disorder, whereas pressure of speech is a symptom of mania, anxiety, or schizophrenia.  Even though cluttering sounds almost identical to pressure of speech, it differs in that pressure of speech is rooted in anxiety, where cluttering is not.
Pressure of speech is an instance of tachylalia, which is a term for rapid speech.  Pressure of speech is also variously related to agitolalia, agitophasia, tachyphasia, and verbomania.

# References in popular culture
- In the film Clue (1985), Mrs. Peacock is diagnosed with pressure of speech by Professor Plum.
- The film Shine (1996), a biography of the pianist David Helfgott, depicts Helfgott's pressure of speech stemming from his schizoaffective disorder.
Pretibial myxedema
Pretibial Myxedema is an infiltrative dermopathy, resulting as a rare complication of Grave's disease, with an incidence rate of about 1-4% in patients.It usually presents itself as a non-localised, non-pitting edema and thickening of the skin which usually occurs on the anterior aspect of the lower legs spreading to the dorsum of the feet. In advanced cases, this may extend to the upper trunk (torso), upper extremities, face, neck, and ears.
The lesions are known to resolve very slowly. It occasionally occurs in non-thyrotoxic Grave's disease, autoimmune thyroiditis, and stasis dermatitis. The serum contains circulating factors which stimulate fibroblasts to increase synthesis of glycosaminoglycans.
A biopsy of the affected skin reveals mucin in the mid- to lower- dermis. There is no increase in fibroblasts. Over time, secondary hyperkeratosis may occur, which may become verruciform. Many of these patients may also have co-existing stasis dermatitis. Elastic stains will reveal a reduction in elastic tissue