Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
JUB (gene)
Protein ajuba is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JUB gene.

# Function
JUB proteins contribute to cell fate determination and regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. Plays an important role in regulation of the kinase activity of AURKA/Aurora-A for mitotic commitment.

# Interactions
JUB (gene) has been shown to interact with Stratifin and SLC1A2.
Jan Jansky
prof. MUDr. Jan Jansky (Template:IPA2) (April 3 1873, Prague  September 8 1921, Cernosice near Prague) was a Czech serologist, neurologist and psychiatrist. He is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types (A, B, AB, O) of the ABO blood group system.
Jansky studied medicine at Charles University in Prague. From 1899 he worked in a psychiatric clinic in Prague. In 1914 he was named professor. During World War I Jansky served two years as a doctor at the front until a heart attack disabled him. After the war he worked as a neuropsychiatrist in a military Hospital (Vojenska nemocnice). He had angina pectoralis and died of ischaemic heart disease.
Jansky was also a proponent of voluntary blood donations.

# Blood classification
Through his psychiatric research, Jansky tried to find a correlation between mental diseases and blood diseases. He found no such correlation existed and published a study, Hematologicka studie u psychotiku (1907, Hematological study of psychotics), in which he classified blood into four groups I, II, III, IV. At the time this discovery passed almost unnoticed. In 1921 an American medical commission acknowledged Jansky's classification (over that of Karl Landsteiner, who classified blood into only three groups; and was for this (blood types) discovery awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930). Jansky's classification remains in use today. A similar classification was described by William Lorenzo Moss, except the I and IV of Moss were the opposite to that of Jansky's, leading to confusion in blood transfusion until the use of A, B and O became standard. 

# Legacy
- Frequent voluntary blood donors in The Czech Republic are awarded with Jansky medal (Janskeho plaketa).
Jill Stein
Jill Stein (J-Lexington) is a physician and Green-Rainbow Party activist residing in Lexington, Massachusetts. She serves on the boards of Greater Boston Physicians for Social Responsibility and MassVoters for Fair Elections, and has been active recently with the Massachusetts Coalition for Healthy Communities.

# Electoral history

## Campaign for Governor, 2002
She was the Green-Rainbow Party candidate for governor of Massachusetts in 2002.   She gained widespread approval for her strong performance in the debates, but this failed to translate into success at the ballot box, coming third in the field of five with 76,530 votes and about 3.5% of the vote.

## Campaign for Massachusetts House of Representatives, 2004
Following her defeat to Mitt Romney, she ran for state representative in 2004 for the Ninth Middlesex District, with the endorsement of State Representative Jay R. Kaufman. Stein received 21.3% of the vote, ahead of Republican Linda Fosburg, with 18.9% of the vote, but behind   Democratic incumbent Thomas M. Stanley, who received 59.6% of the vote.

## Elected to Town Meeting Seat, 2005
Stein was elected to the Town Meeting Seat, Precinct 2 (N. Waltham, Middlesex County) in march 2005 local elections. She finished first of 16 candidates running for 7 seats receiving 539 votes, for 20.6% of the total vote.

# Campaign for Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth, 2006
She was nominated for Secretary of the Commonwealth on March 4, 2006, at the Green-Rainbow Party state-wide nominating convention.  Dr. Stein was the sole challenger to three-term incumbent Democrat Bill Galvin for the post.  The general election was held on November 7, 2006. Jill Stein was able to capitalize of this head to head match up and received 353,551 votes for 18% of the total vote. Jill's 18% marks the best finish for a Green Party candidate running for Secretary of State in any state to date.
Jing (TCM)
Jing (Template:Zh-c; Wade-Giles: ching1) is the Chinese word for "essence", specifically kidney essence.  Along with qi and shen, it is considered one of the Three Treasures Sanbao  of Traditional Chinese Medicine or TCM.  Jing is stored in the kidneys and is the most dense physical matter within the body (as opposed to shen which is the most volatile). It is said to be the material basis for the physical body and is yin in nature, which means it nourishes, fuels, and cools the body. As such it is an important concept in the internal martial arts. Jing is also believed by some to be the carrier of our heritage (similar to DNA).  Production of semen, in the man, and menstrual blood (or pregnancy), in the woman, are believed to place the biggest strains on jing.  Because of this, some even equate jing with semen, but this is inaccurate; the jing circulates through the 8 extraordinary vessels and creates marrow and semen, among other functions.
One is said to be born with a set amount of jing (pre-natal jing, also sometimes called yuan qi) and also can acquire jing from food and various forms of stimulation (exercise, study, meditation.) Theoretically, jing is consumed continuously in life; by everyday stress, illness, substance abuse, sexual intemperance, etc.  Pre-natal jing by definition cannot be renewed, and it is said it is completely consumed upon dying.
So, this jing is considered quite important for longevity in TCM.  Many disciplines related to qigong are devoted to the replenishment of "lost" jing by restoration of the post-natal jing.  In particular, the internal martial arts (esp. Tai chi chuan) and the Circle Walking of Baguazhang may be used to preserve pre-natal jing and build post-natal jing - if performed correctly.  Commonplace in China is the sight of renshen on sale in herb shops, at a wide range of prices - Kung Fu classics fans may remember it used as a plot element at the start of Drunken Master 2.  Renshen, particularly Korean and Chinese, is said to bolster the jing and a common medicinal recipe is to add to porridge (of course congee in China) along with cinnamon, goji berries and ginger for a sweet, warming breakfast when the weather starts to turn cold in Autumn.
An early mention of the term in this sense is in a 4th century BCE chapter called "Inner Training" () of a larger text compiled during the Han dynasty, the Guanzi ().
Jing (; essence) should not be confused with the related concept of jin (; power), nor with jing (; classic/warp), which appears in many early Chinese book titles, such as the Nei Jing, yi jing and Cha Jing, the fundamental text on all the knowledge associated with tea.
The concept of Jing is employed in the animated series Avatar: The Last Airbender.
Joel Brind
Dr. Joel Brind is a pro-life born again Christian, scientist, and a leading advocate of the abortion-breast cancer hypothesis. He is a professor of biology and endocrinology at Baruch College and critiques abortion-breast cancer studies. Brind was an invitee to the National Cancer Institute's conference on the ABC issue where he filed the minority dissenting comment.
Brind has been mischaracterized by some pro-choice advocates and publications. In Joyce Arthur's article she incorrectly claims Brind believes "miscarriages are caused by a lack of pregnancy hormones." In fact, Brind and reproductive experts are aware miscarriages usually are not caused, but rather are characterized by a lack of hormones. (See also: ABC section) A Women's eNews article states that Brind wrote in a pro-life publication where he implies the term "recall bias" is manufactured. It was actually the evidence from the Rookus study that Brind considered "artificially manufactured."
However, many believe Brind overlooks methological weaknesses of some studies he uses as evidence for an abortion-breast cancer link. Furthermore, medical researchers note Brind overstates his findings since his own research shows a "barely statistically significant" increase in breast cancer rates.
KIZ (gene)
Kizuna centrosomal protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIZ gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene localizes to centrosomes, strengthening and stabilizing the pericentriolar region prior to spindle formation. The encoded protein usually remains with the mother centrosome after centrosomal duplication. Several transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. .

# Clinical significance
Mutations in KIZ cause                 Rod-cone dystrophy (RCD)            .
Keratin 14
Keratin 14 is a member of the type I keratin family of intermediate filament proteins. Keratin 14 was the first type I keratin sequence determined.
Keratin 14 is also known as cytokeratin-14 (CK-14) or keratin-14 (KRT14). In humans it is encoded by the KRT14 gene.
Keratin 14 is usually found as a heterodimer with type II keratin 5 and form the cytoskeleton of epithelial cells.

# Pathology
Mutations in the genes for these keratins are associated with epidermolysis bullosa simplex and dermatopathia pigmentosa reticularis, both of which are autosomal dominant mutations.
Kaempferol
Kaempferol is a natural flavonoid which has been isolated from tea, broccoli, Delphinium, Witch-hazel, grapefruit, and other plant sources.  Kaempferol is a yellow crystalline solid with a melting point of 276-278 C.  It is slightly soluble in water but soluble in hot ethanol and diethyl ether.
Many glycosides of kaempferol, such as kaemferitrin and astragalin, have been isolated as natural products from plants. Kaemphferol consumption in tea and broccoli has been associated with reduced risk of heart disease.
Kaempferol is what gives the flowers of Acacia decurrens and Acacia longifolia their color.
Kallikrein
Kallikreins (tissue and plasma kallikrein) are a subgroup of the serine protease family.

# Functions
They liberate kinins (BK and KD) from the kininogens.
It also generates plasmin from plasminogen:
Prekallikrein is the precursor of plasma kallikrein. It can only activate kinins after being activated itself by factor XII or other stimuli.

# Genes
There are 15 known kallikreins: KLK1, KLK2, KLK3, KLK4, KLK5, KLK6, KLK7, KLK8, KLK9, KLK10, KLK11, KLK12, KLK13, KLK14, KLK15

# Clinical significance
Kallikreins are targets of active investigation by drug researchers as possible biomarkers for cancer.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA; hk3, human kallikrein gene 3) and human glandular kallikrein (hK2) are used as tumor markers for prostate cancer.
Kaopectate
Kaopectate, known medically as bismuth subsalicylate, is an orally taken medication from Chattem, Inc. for the treatment of mild diarrhoea. It is also sometimes used to treat indigestion, nausea and stomach ulcers.

# Ingredients
The active ingredient in Kaopectate has changed since its original creation. Originally, kaolinite was used as the adsorbent and pectin as the emollient. Attapulgite clay replaced the kaolinite, and since the mid-2000s, pink bismuth subsalicylate has been used.

# Side Effects

## Mild
- Constipation
- Dizziness/Lightheadedness
- Increased thirst
- Increased sweating
- Black stools
- Black tongue

## Severe
- Vomiting
- Stomach pains
- Involuntary movemements of the hands and lower arms
- Vision impairment

# Use on animals
The FDA does not have a clear stance on the administration of kaopectate on animals such as dogs and cats that are suffering from diarrhea.
Additionally it should be noted that Kaolin-pectate, the original compound, is approved by the OTC (Organic Trade Association) for use in animals being produced for food.
Keratin 18
Keratin 18 is a type I cytokeratin. It is, together with its filament partner keratin 8, perhaps the most commonly found products of the intermediate filament gene family. They are expressed in single layer epithelial tissues of the body. Mutations in this gene have been linked to cryptogenic cirrhosis. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
Keratin 18 is often used together with keratin 8 and keratin 19 to differentiate cells of epithelial origin from hematopoietic cells in tests that enumerate circulating tumor cells in blood.

# Interactions
Keratin 18 has been shown to interact with Collagen, type XVII, alpha 1, DNAJB6, Pinin and TRADD.
Keratin 19
Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 19 also known as cytokeratin-19 (CK-19) or keratin-19 (K19) is a 40 kDa protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT19 gene. Keratin 19 is a type I keratin.

# Function
Keratin 19 is a member of the keratin family. The keratins are intermediate filament proteins responsible for the structural integrity of epithelial cells and are subdivided into cytokeratins and hair keratins.
Keratin 19 is a type I keratin. The type I cytokeratins consist of acidic proteins which are arranged in pairs of heterotypic keratin chains. Unlike its related family members, this smallest known acidic cytokeratin is not paired with a basic cytokeratin in epithelial cells. It is specifically found in the periderm, the transiently superficial layer that envelops the developing epidermis. The type I cytokeratins are clustered in a region of chromosome 17q12-q21.

# Use as biomarker
KRT19 is also known as Cyfra 21-1.Due to its high sensitivity, KRT19 is the most used marker for the RT-PCR-mediated detection of tumor cells disseminated in lymph nodes, peripheral blood, and bone marrow of breast cancer patients. Depending on the assays, KRT19 has been shown to be both a specific and a non-specific marker. False positivity in such KRT19 RT-PCR studies include: illegitimate transcription (expression of small amounts of KRT19 mRNA by tissues in which it has no real physiological role), haematological disorders (KRT19 induction in peripheral blood cells by cytokines and growth factors, which circulate at higher concentrations in inflammatory conditions and neutropenia), the presence of pseudogenes (two KRT19 pseudogenes, KRT19a and KRT19b, have been identified, which have significant sequence homology to KRT19 mRNA. Subsequently, attempts to detect the expression of the authentic KRT19 may result in the detection of either or both of these pseudogenes), sample contamination (introduction of contaminating epithelial cells during peripheral blood sampling for subsequent RT-PCR analysis). Moreover, Ck-19 is widely applied as post-operative diagnostic marker of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Keratin 19 is often used together with keratin 8 and keratin 18 to differentiate cells of epithelial origin from hematopoietic cells in tests that enumerate circulating tumor cells in blood.

# Interactions
Keratin 19 has been shown to interact with Pinin.
Keratin 20
Keratin 20, often abbreviated CK20, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KRT20 gene.
Keratin 20 is a type I cytokeratin. It is a major cellular protein of mature enterocytes and goblet cells and is specifically found in the gastric and intestinal mucosa.
In immunohistochemistry, antibodies to CK20 can be used to identify a range of adenocarcinoma arising from epithelia that normally contain the CK20 protein. For example, the protein is commonly found in colorectal cancer, transitional cell carcinomas and in  Merkel cell carcinoma, but is absent in lung cancer, prostate cancer, and non-mucinous ovarian cancer. It is often used in combination with antibodies to CK7 to distinguish different types of glandular tumour.
Keratin 6A
Keratin 6A is one of the 27 different type II keratins expressed in humans. Keratin 6A was the first type II keratin sequence determined. Analysis of the sequence of this keratin together with that of the first type I keratin led to the discovery of the four helical domains in the central rod of keratins. In humans Keratin 6A is encoded by the KRT6A gene.

# Keratins
Keratins are the intermediate filament proteins that form a dense meshwork of filaments throughout the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Keratins form heteropolymers consisting of a type I and a type II keratin.  Keratins are generally expressed in particular pairs of type I and type II keratin proteins in a tissue-specific and cellular differentiation-specific manner.
The keratin proteins of epithelial tissues are commonly known as "keratins" or are sometimes referred to as "epithelial keratins" or "cytokeratins".  The specialized keratins of hair and nail are known as "hard keratins" or "trichocyte keratins". Trichocytes are the specialized epithelial cells from which hair and nail are composed.  Trichocyte keratins are similar in their gene and protein structure to keratins except that they are especially rich in the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine, which facilitates chemical cross-linking of the assembled hard keratins to form a more structurally resilient material.
Both epithelial keratins and hard keratins can be further subdivided into type I (acidic) keratins and type II (neutral-basic) keratins.  The genes for the type I keratins are located in a gene cluster on human chromosome 17q, whereas the genes for type II keratins are located in a cluster on human chromosome 12q (the exception being K18, a type I keratin located in the type II gene cluster).

# Keratin 6A
Keratin 6A (protein name K6A; gene name KRT6A), is a type II cytokeratin, one of a number of isoforms of keratin 6 encoded by separate genes located within the type II keratin gene cluster on human chromosome 12q. It is found with keratin 16 and/or keratin 17 in the palm and sole epidermis, the epithelial cells of the nail bed, the filiform papillae of the tongue, the epithelial lining of oral mucosa and esophagus, as well as the hair follicles. This keratin 6 isoform is thought to be the most abundant of the K6 isoforms.
The KRT6A gene consists of 9 exons separated by 8 introns and is located in the type II keratin gene cluster on human chromosome 12q.  Keratin 6B and keratin 6C are encoded by the neighbouring genes, which are identical in intron-exon organization to KRT6A and are more than 99% identical in their DNA coding sequences.

# Genetic disorders
Mutations in the genes expressing this protein is associated with the PC-K6A subtype of pachyonychia congenita, an inherited disorder of the epithelial tissues in which keratin 6A is expressed, particularly leading to structural abnormalities of the nails, the epidermis of the palms and soles, and oral epithelia.
Keratin 6C
Keratin 6C (protein name K6C; gene name KRT6C), is a type II cytokeratin, one of a number of isoforms of keratin 6 encoded by separate genes located within the type II keratin gene cluster on human chromosome 12q. This gene was uncovered recently by the Human Genome Project and its expression patterns in humans remains unknown.

# Keratins
Keratins are the intermediate filament proteins that form a dense meshwork of filaments throughout the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Keratins form heteropolymers consisting of a type I and a type II keratin.  Keratins are generally expressed in particular pairs of type I and type II keratin proteins in a tissue-specific and cellular differentiation-specific manner.
The keratin proteins of epithelial tissues are commonly known as "keratins" or are sometimes referred to as "epithelial keratins" or "cytokeratins".  The specialized keratins of hair and nail are known as "hard keratins" or "trichocyte keratins". Trichocytes are the specialized epithelial cells from which hair and nail are composed.  Trichocyte keratins are similar in their gene and protein structure to keratins except that they are especially rich in the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine, which facilitates chemical cross-linking of the assembled hard keratins to form a more structurally resilient material.
Both epithelial keratins and hard keratins can be further subdivided into type I (acidic) keratins and type II (neutral-basic) keratins.  The genes for the type I keratins are located in a gene cluster on human chromosome 17q, whereas the genes for type II keratins are located in a cluster on human chromosome 12q (the exception being K18, a type I keratin located in the type II gene cluster).
Like the closely related KRT6A and KRT6B genes, the KRT6C gene consists of 9 exons separated by 8 introns and is located in the type II keratin gene cluster on human chromosome 12q.  Keratin 6A and keratin 6B are encoded by the neighbouring genes, which are identical in intron-exon organization to KRT6C and are more than 99% identical in their DNA coding sequences.

# Genetic disorders
Mutations in K6C have been identified as being able to cause diffuse and focal palmoplantar keratodermas. This has been identified as a form of Pachyonychia congenita.
Ketanserin

# Overview
Ketanserin (R41468) is a drug with affinity for multiple G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). It is a highly selective antagonist for serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, but also has moderate selectivity for 5-HT2C receptors and for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, and very high affinity for histamine H1
receptors. Therefore, ketanserin can not be used to reliably discriminate between the effects of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C  receptors when both are present in an experimental system.  Furthermore, when alpha-1 and H1 receptors are present,  the effects of ketanserin can potentially represent a complex interaction of serotonin, adrenergic, and histamine receptor systems. Complicating the matter further is the fact that ketanserin has moderate affinity for delta-1t adrenergic receptor (~200 nM) and 5-HT6 (~300 nM) receptors  as well as weak affinity for dopamine D1  and D2   receptors (~300 nM and ~500 nM respectively). Ketanserin at levels of 500 nM or greater are thus potentially affecting at least 8 different GPCRs from 4 different families. (All affinity levels taken from the NIMH Psychoactive Drug Screening Program database )
Receptors for which ketanserin has high affinity binding:
- 5-HT2A = 2-3 nM (rat and human)
- 5-HT2C = 50 nM (rat), 100 nM (human)
- alpha-1 adrenergic = ~40 nM
- Histamine H1 = 2 nM
Solubility:
- 6 mg/mL 0.1 M HCl
- 10 mM H20
- 3.3 mg/mL ethanol
- 52 mg/mL DMSO
Ketanserin was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1980.

# Uses

## Antihypertensive
It is classified as an antihypertensive by the World Health Organization and the National Institute of Health.
It has been used to reverse hypertension caused by protamine (which in turn was administered to reverse the effects of heparin overdose).
The reduction in hypertension is not associated with reflex tachycardia.
It has been used in cardiac surgery.

## As a Radioligand
With tritium (3H) radioactively labeled ketanserin is used as a radioligand for the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor, e.g. in receptor binding assays and autoradiography.
This radiolabeling enables the study of the serotonin-2A receptor distribution in the human brain.
An autoradiography study of the human cerebellum has found an increasing binding of H-3-ketanserin with age (from below 50 femtomol per milligram tissue at around 30 years og age to over 100 above 75 years).
The same research team found no significant correlation with age in their homogenate binding study.

## As a Blocker with Another Radioligand
Ketanserin has also been used with carbon (11C) radioactively labeled NNC112 in order to image cortical  D1 receptors without contamination by  5-HT2A receptors.

# See Also
- Ritanserin
Ketazocine
Ketazocine (INN) (Ketocyclazocine) is a cyclazocine derivative used in opioid receptor research.
Ketocyclazocine is an exogenous (not naturally produced by the body) opioid that binds to the kappa opioid receptor.
Activation of this receptor causes a decrease in pain sensations and increased sleepiness but can also cause psychological symptoms such as feelings of unease, paranoia, and hallucinations. It also causes an increase in urine production because it inhibits the release of vasopressin. (Vasopressin is an endogenous (produced by the body) substance that assists in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance in the body and decreases the amount of water released into the urine.)
Unlike other opioids, substances that only bind to the kappa receptor theoretically do not impair the normal drive to breathe.