Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Crisis hotline
A crisis hotline is a phone number people can call to get immediate over-the-phone emergency counseling, usually by trained volunteers. Such hotlines have existed in most major cities of the United States at least since the mid-1970s. Initially set up to help those contemplating suicide, many have expanded their mandate to deal more generally with emotional crises. Similar hotlines operate to help people in other circumstances, including rape victims, runaway children, and people who identify as gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, or intersex.
Such services began in 1953, when Chad Varah, an English vicar, founded The Samaritans service, which soon established branches throughout the United Kingdom.
In the United States, San Francisco Suicide Prevention started a hotline "Call Bruce" in 1962. A similar service, Lifeline, was established in Australia in 1963. A totally volunteer-run crisis hotline, Lifelink Samaritans, was established in Tasmania in 1968 by concerned citizens of Launceston.  This service provides emotional support 24 hours a day to callers from all over the state of Tasmania and does not have any religious affiliations. The organisation is a member of Befrienders Worldwide and has a "twinning" relationship with Northampton Samaritans in the UK.  Lifelink Samaritans is the oldest telephone befriending service in Tasmania and the fourth oldest in Australia.
One criticism of suicide hotlines in the past was that those who were determined to kill themselves were unlikely to call one.  Also, those with social anxiety may not have the emotional resources to do so.  Until recently, there was no evidence that the presence of suicide hotlines reduced the incidence of suicide.  However, a 2007 study has proven that to be untrue.  People's thought of suicide decreased during a call to a crisis line, and were lessened for several weeks after their call.
Crop (anatomy)
A crop is a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to digestion that is found in many animals, including gastropods, earthworms, leeches, insects, and birds.

# Bees
Cropping is used by bees to temporarily store nectar of flowers. When bees "suck" nectar, it is stored in their crop.

# Birds
In a bird's digestive system, the crop is an expanded, muscular pouch near the gullet or throat.  It is a part of the digestive tract, essentially an enlarged part of the esophagus.  As with most other organisms that have a crop, the crop is used to temporarily store food.  Not all birds have a crop.  In adult doves and pigeons, the crop can produce crop milk to feed newly hatched birds.
Cross syndrome
Synonyms and keywords:CrossMcKusickBreen syndrome, Oculocerebral-hypopigmentation syndrome, Hypopigmentation and microphthalmia, Kramer syndrome

# Overview
CrossMcKusickBreen syndrome is an extremely rare disorder characterized by skin, hair, eye and cerebral abnormalities.

# Historical Perspective
It was characterized in 1967. It is named for Harold Cross.

# Pathophysiology
Cross syndrome is assumed to be autosomal recessive in transmission.  Molecular cytogenetics reveal de novo interstitial deletion of (3)(q27.1q29) of the paternal chromosome.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
- Jerky nystagmus
- Vision disturbances
- Involuntary muscle contractions
- Recurrent infections

## Physical Examination

### Skin
- White skin (albanism)
- Blond hair with yellow-gray metallic sheen

### HEENT
- Microcephaly
- Small eyes with cloudy corneas
- Gingival fibromatosis

### Neurologic
- Mental retardation - decreased intellectual capacity
- Jerky nystagmus
Cross-matching
In transfusion medicine, cross-matching refers to the testing that is performed to determine the compatibility of a donated unit of blood for its intended recipient.  It should not be confused with tests to determine a blood type or an antibody screen (indirect Coombs test) which are two entirely different tests that should always be completed prior to cross-match testing.  Cross-match testing is done by a qualified laboratory technologist in a blood bank.  Cross-matching can be done electronically with a computer database or serologically.
An electronic cross-match is essentially a computer assisted analysis of the data entered from testing done on the donor unit and blood samples drawn from intended recipient.  This includes ABO/Rh typing of the unit and the recipient and an antibody screen of the recipient.  Electronic cross-matching can only be used if a patient has a negative antibody screen. This means that they do not have any active red blood cell atypical antibodies or they are below the detectable level of current testing methods.  If all of the data entered is compatible the computer will print a compatibility label stating that the unit is safe to transfuse.
In a serological cross-match red blood cells from the donor unit are tested against the plasma/serum of the patient who is in need of the blood transfusion.  If the patients serum contains antibodies against the antigens present on the donor red blood cells agglutination will occur.  Agglutination is considered a positive reaction indicating that the donor unit is incompatible for that specific patient.  If no agglutination occurs the unit is deemed compatible and is safe to transfuse.
In the case of an emergency a physician can request uncross-matched blood, it is thought that the lifesaving measure is of more benefit than any risk of an antibody mediated transfusion reaction; this blood must be ABO compatible and preferably Rhesus (Rh) compatible as well to minimize the risk of a serious transfusion reaction.  Type O Rh negative blood can be given if the recipients blood group is not known, as may happen in an emergency.  In an emergency, blood grouping can be done easily and quickly in 2 or 3 minutes in the laboratory on glass slides with appropriate reagents, by trained technical staff.  These slide methods depend on the presence or absence of agglutination that can usually be visualized directly, but occasionally a light microscope may be needed.  If laboratory services are not available, another system of deciding which type of blood to use in an emergency is the bedside card method of blood grouping, where a drop of the intended recipients' blood is added to dried reagents on a prepared card.  The card method may not be as reliable as laboratory methods, which are preferable.
Cross matching is also frequently used in determining good candidates for organ transplants.
Crude medicine
Crude medicine (Template:Zh-stp), also known as crude drug, in Chinese materia medica, is bulk drugs of Chinese materia medica with basic processing and treatment.

# Crude Drug (Overview)
Crude Drug is any naturally occurring unrefined substance derived from organic or inorganic sources such as plant, animal, bacteria, organs or whole organisms intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals.
A crude drug or crude drugs are unrefined medications in their raw or natural forms.  Prior to the 1950s every pharmacy student learned about crude drugs in pharmacognosy class.  Pharmacognosy is the study of the proper horticulture, harvesting and uses of the raw medications found in nature.
Raising, harvesting and selling of crude drugs were the ways many of the giant pharmaceutical companies started out.  Companies like Eli Lilly sold crude drugs to pharmacists to save them time and money... but the early pharmacy graduate would know how to raise their own crude drugs if need be.

# History of Crude Drugs
In times past, of the hunter-gatherer community kept knowledge about the medicinal properties of various plants, molds, fungi, yeasts, bacteria, minerals and animals.  (The aforementioned are considered crude drugs.)  This drug knowledge would include vast amounts of information like what time of the year to look for specimens, where to look, and what part of the plant to use or how to grind a mineral.
As cultures developed specialization, a person would take on the combined role of physician, pharmacist and priest or minister.  These specialized people, called shaman or medicine men, would be in charge of the communitys physical, mental, emotional and spiritual health.  The shaman would use various items from nature to produce a mixture that would be burned, applied, manipulated or ingested in some fashion to cure the ailing patient.
Eventually, the use of crude drugs reach a zenith in the early 1900s and eventually gave way to the use of purified active ingredients from the natural source.  Currently the use and exploration of crude drugs has again gained prominence in the medical community.  The realization that many completely unknown substances are yet to be discovered from crude drugs has created a new interest in pharmacognosy and has led to many medical breakthroughs.
In 1907 the Pure Food and Drug Act was implemented and standardizing of the crude drugs took place.  Often the USP would specify what percentage of active ingredient was needed to claim a crude drug met USP standards.  An example of standardization would be as follows from the United States Pharmacopeia:
Opium is the air-dried milky exudate obtained by incising the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum Linne or its variety album De Candolle (Fam. Papaveraceae). 
Opium in its normal air-dried condition yields not less than 9.5 percent of anhydrous morphine.
Cuban Diplomat
Cuban Diplomat is a brand of hand-made premium cigar owned by Cigar King, Inc..

# History and Background
The brand was created by Jose "Pepin" Garcia and is manufactured at the El Rey de los Habanos factory in the Little Havana section of Miami, Florida.

# Description
The brand consists of two ranges, the Cuban Diplomat and the Cuban Diplomat Corojo Rosado.

## Cuban Diplomat
This range consists of five vitolas and is essentially the filler and binder used in the Havana Soul, but with a Connecticut shade wrapper. The combination results in a medium to full-bodied cigar. The band is red and bears an image of a tobacco field within a broad border. The cigars are packed 25 to a box.

### Models/Vitolas

## Cuban Diplomat Corojo Rosado
This range consists of four vitolas. It also takes the filler and binder used in the Havana Soul, but here the wrapper is a rosado Corojo leaf. The combination reslts in a medium to full-bodied cigar, with a richer flavor. The band is similar to the band for the Cuban Diplomat. The cigars are packed 25 to a box.

### Models/Vitolas
Current events
Our meetings are held every other Monday at 7 AM in the Galleria Food Court, 350 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA.
First International Meeting of wiki doc!
wiki doc members from around the world are invited to attend our first annual meeting to be held between January 18th to 20th, 2006.
The location of the meeting is Boston Massachusetts USA, 350 Longwood Avenue.
A major focus of the meeting will be organization of wiki doc in Poland, Russia, China, and Romania.
A Gala Dinner will be held January 18th at 5:30 PM at 350 Longwood Avenue.
Cushing reflex
The Cushing reflex, consisting of an increase in sympathetic outflow to the heart as an attempt to increase arterial blood pressure and total peripheral resistance and that is conflicting with the baroreceptor attempt to apply vagal tone and decrease heart rate, is a hypothalmic response to ischaemia, usually due to poor perfusion (delivery of blood) in the brain. It was first described by Harvey Cushing in 1902.
The ischaemia activates the sympathetic nervous system, causing an increase in the heart's output via increased rate and contractility along with peripheral constriction of the blood vessels. This accounts for the rise in blood pressure, ensuring blood delivery to the brain.
The increased blood pressure also stimulates the baroreceptors (pressure sensitive receptors) in the carotids, leading to an activation of the parasympathetic nervous system, which slows down the heart rate, causing the bradycardia.
The Cushing reflex is usually seen in the terminal stages of acute head injury.
See also: Cushing's triad
Cyclopropanone
Cyclopropanone is an organic compound with molecular formula C3H4O consisting of a cyclopropane carbon framework with a ketone functional group. The parent compound is labile with melting point -90C and has been prepared by reaction of ketene with diazomethane at -145C  . Derivatives of cyclopropanone are of some interest to organic chemistry .
In organic synthesis the use of cyclopropanone itself is substituted by that of synthons like acetals cyclopropanone ethyl hemiacetal   or Cyclopropanone ethyl trimethylsilyl acetal 

# Derivatives
Cyclopropanones are intermediates in the Favorskii rearrangement with cyclic ketones where carboxylic acid formation is accompanied by ring-contraction.
An interesting feature of cyclopropanones is that they react as 1,3-dipoles in cycloadditions for instance with cyclic dienes such as furan  . An oxyallyl intermediate or valence tautomer (formed by cleavage of the C2-C3 bond) is suggested as the active intermediate or even a biradical structure (compare to the related trimethylenemethane).
Cyclopropanone tautomeric structures
Experimental evidence is not conclusive. Other reactions of cyclopropanones take place through this intermediate. For instance enantiopure (+)-trans-2,3-di-tert-butylcyclopropanone racemizes when heated to 80C .
An oxyallyl intermediate is also proposed in the photochemical conversion of a 3,5-dihydro-4H-pyrazole-4-one with expulsion of nitrogen to an indane :
2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-diphenylcyclopropanone intermediate in photolysis
In this reaction oxyallyl intermediate A, in chemical equilibrium with cyclopropanone B attacks the phenyl ring through its carbocation forming a transient cyclohexadiene C (with UV trace similar to isotoluene) followed by rearomatization. The energy difference between A and B is 5 to 7 kcal/mole.
Cyclops lesion

# Overview
The cyclops lesion occurs with an estimated frequency of 1%9.8% of patients following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Although the precise cause is unknown, it is believed that uplifting of fibrocartilaginous tissue during drilling of the tibia for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction serves as a nidus for fibrous tissue deposition. Pathologically, the lesion consists of central granulation tissue surrounded by dense fibrous tissue. The lesion was so named because of its bulbous appearance and characteristic focal areas of reddish-blue discoloration (from venous channels) that resemble an eye at arthroscopy. The lesion may result in loss of full extension and surgical debridement of the lesion results in restoration of full knee extension.

# Diagnosis
- At MR imaging, a soft-tissue mass is seen anteriorly or anterolaterally in the intercondylar notch near the tibial insertion of the reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament.
- Because of its fibrous content, a cyclops lesion typically has intermediate to low signal intensity with all pulse sequences.
Disruption of ACL graft with cyclops lesion
Cypress Spurge
Cypress Spurge is a plant in the genus Euphorbia, which is native to Europe and was introduced in North America.
It reproduces by seeds and also by the very well developed underground roots. It usually has a height of 10-80 cm. It can be easily identified by its leaves, which are small and linear (they have a length of 2-4 cm and a width of 1-2 mm) and emit a milky sap when broken. Its petal-like bracts are usually green-yellow. The milky juice of the plant is toxic and it develops irritations on contact with the skin.
This plant is considered a noxious weed in many places, including the state of Colorado.
cs:Prysec chvojka
de:Zypressen-Wolfsmilch
lt:Siauralape karpazole
nl:Cipreswolfsmelk
sq:Euphorbia cyparissias
sv:Vartorel
Cytotechnology
Cytotechnology is the microscopic interpretation of cells to detect cancer and other abnormalities.  This includes the examination of samples collected from the uterine cervix (Pap test), lung, gastrointestinal tract or body cavities.
Cytotechnologists are allied health professionals trained in cytotechnology; they evaluate specimens on glass slides using microscopes.  While computer technologies perform an initial evaluation, the cytotechnologist performs the secondary evaluation and determines whether a specimen is normal or abnormal.  Abnormal specimens are referred to a pathologist for final interpretation.
Different countries have different certification requirements and standards for cytotechnologists.  In the United States, after earning a baccalaureate degree, individuals attend an accredited program in cytotechnology for 1 or 2 years, and are then eligible to take a certification exam offered by the American Society for Clinical Pathology.  The American Society for Cytotechnology sets U.S. professional standards, monitors legislative and regulatory issues, and provides education.
DNA extraction

# Overview
DNA extraction is a routine procedure to collect DNA for subsequent molecular or forensic analysis.

# Outline of a DNA extraction
There are three like basic steps in a DNA extraction, the details of which may vary depending on the type of sample and any substances that may interfere with the extraction and subsequent analysis.
- Chelate divalent cations such as Mg2+ and Ca2+ to stop dnase enzymes functioning and degrading the DNA
- Break open cells by grinding or sonication, and remove membrane lipids by adding a detergent.
- Remove cellular and histone proteins bound to the DNA, by adding a protease, by precipitation with sodium or ammonium acetate, or by using a phenol-chloroform extraction step.
- Precipitate DNA in cold ethanol or isopropanol, DNA is insoluble in alcohol and clings together; this step also removes salt.
- Wash the resulting DNA pellet with alcohol
- Solubilize the DNA in a slightly alkaline buffer

# Detecting DNA
A diphenylamine (DPA) indicator will confirm the presence of DNA. This procedure involves chemical hydrolysis of DNA: when heated (e.g. 95oC) in acid, the reaction requires a deoxyribose sugar and therefore is specific for DNA. Under these conditions, the 2-deoxyribose is converted to w-hydroxylevulinyl aldehyde, which reacts with the compound, diphenylamine, to produce a blue-colored compound. DNA concentration can be determined measuring the intensity of absorbance of the solution at the 600 nm with a spectrophotometer and comparing to a standard curve of known DNA concentrations.
Measuring the intensity of absorbance of the DNA solution at wavelengths 260 nm and 280nm is used as a measure of DNA purity. DNA absorbs UV light at 260 nm, and protein absorbs UV light at 280 nm; a pure sample of DNA has the 260/280 ratio at 1.8 and is relatively free from protein contamination. A DNA preparation that is contaminated with protein will have a 260/280 ratio lower than 1.8.
DNA can be quantified by cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme, running it on an agarose gel, staining with ethidium bromide or a different stain and comparing the intensity of the DNA with a DNA marker of known concentration.
Using the Southern blot technique this quantified DNA can be isolated and examined further using PCR and RFLP analysis.  These procedures allow differentiation of the repeated sequences within the genome. It is these techniques which forensic scientists use for comparison and identification.

# Uses for DNA
Extracted genomic DNA contains nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. If DNA is extracted from plant material it will also contain chloroplast DNA. 
Purified DNA may also be used for studying DNA structure and chemistry, examining DNA-protein interactions, carrying out DNA hybridizations, and for cloning and sequencing.
Growth failure

# Overview
Growth failure is a medical term for a pattern of a child's growth which is poorer than normal for age, sex, stage of maturation, and genetic height expectation. In general it refers to;
- A slow growth velocity, and
- Stunted growth
Growth failure usually has an abnormal cause or causes. Many short children are growing normally and this is not referred to as growth failure.
Linear growth is measured by change of recumbent length in infants until age 2 to 3 years, when a child's height can be measured standing.
Growth failure is a term used to describe failure to grow in length. Growth is a dynamic process that starts before a child is born and continues until the bones fuse after puberty. After puberty, bones continue to mature to achieve prime bone density.Growth in length per year is age dependent and may be affected by many different factors including, but not limited to; hormonal abnormalities, chronic illness, and genetic abnormalities. Failure to grow should be taken seriously as it may indicate a hidden illness, a pediatrician should be consulted if a child is exhibiting slow growth outside of the ranges shown below. All ranges described are averages for the age range. In addition, to rate of growth,the position of the child on the growth chart (which compares other children of the same age) should be observed.
Doctors and families can follow the progress of the children to make sure that they are achieving their appropriate potential.

# Causes

## Common Causes   
- Achondroplasia
- Crohn's Disease
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- Constitutional delay
- Cushing's Disease
- Cushing's Syndrome
- Cyanotic heart disease
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Dermatomyositis
- Down's Syndrome
- Familial short stature
- Gluten enteropathy
- Growth hormone deficiency
- Growth hormone insensitivity
- Hypochondroplasia
- Hypothyroidism
- Intrauterine growth retardation
- Malnutrition
- Microcephaly
- Noonan Syndrome
- Prader-Willi Syndrome
- Precocious puberty
- Psychosocial dwarfism
- Renal Tubular Acidosis
- Russell-Silver Syndrome
- Turner's Syndrome
- Ulcerative Colitis

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order
Telangiectasia

# Overview
Telangiectasias, or spider veins, are small dilated blood vessels near the surface of the skin; usually they measure only a few millimeters.  They can develop anywhere on the body but commonly on the face around the nose, cheeks, and chin.  They can also develop on the legs, specifically on the upper thigh, below the knee joint, and around the ankles.
These are actually developmental abnormalities but can closely mimic the behaviour of benign vascular neoplasms.  They may be composed of abnormal aggregations of arterioles, capillaries, or venules.
Chronic treatment with topical corticosteroids may lead to telangiectasia.

# Features
Telangiectasias can result in naevus flammeus (port-wine stain), which is a flat birthmark on the head or neck that spontaneously regresses. A port-wine stain, if present, will grow proportionately with the child.  There is a high association with Sturge-Weber syndrome, a nevus formation in the skin supplied by the trigeminal nerve and associated with glaucoma, meningeal angiomas, and mental retardation.  Finally, spider telangiectasias are a radial array of tiny arterioles that commonly occur in pregnant women and in patients with hepatic cirrhosis.  In men, they are related to high estrogen levels secondary to liver disease.
Because telangiectasias are vascular lesions, they blanch when tested with diascopy.

# Associated conditions
Telangiectasias may occur in a number of diseases:
- CREST syndrome (a variant of scleroderma)
- hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome)
- Ataxia telangiectasia
- Carcinoid syndrome
- Acne rosacea

# Causes
A common myth is that this condition is caused from crossing your legs too much. There is no research to validate this assumption.

# Treatment
Telangiectasias are often treated with laser or IPL therapy.
There have been medication based treatments available for over 50 years. Laser therapy uses  light beam that is pulsed onto the veins in order to seal them off, causing them to dissolve. These light-based treatment requires adequate heating of the veins. For optimal results, several laser treatments are usually necessary. A Sclerosant medication is injected into the diseased vein so it hardens and eventually shrinks away.