Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
James W. Parker
Dr. James William "Dr. Jim" Parker (1923- November 7, 1997) was the founder of Parker College of Chiropractic, and the Parker Chiropractic Research Foundation in Fort Worth, Texas.

# Life
Parker, Doctor of Chiropractic, (D.C.),  became interested in chiropractic medicine when he was 12 years old.  While with the help of chiropractic care, he recovered from severe back and neck injuries.  Following in the footsteps of his mentor, Roy LeMond, Parker graduated from Palmer School of Chiropractic in July 1946.  Becoming known for his Parker Seminar program, inaugurated in 1951, Parker looked to extend his influence in the chiropractic field with the founding of Parker College of Chiropractic in 1978.

## Parker Seminar program
When the first Parker Seminar was held on December 13, 1951, only seven
doctors of chiropractic showed up. Four decades later, the seminars are billed as the largest gathering of chiropractors in the world, routinely drawing doctors from around the globe and featuring many top chiropractic speakers.

## Parker College of Chiropractic
Founded in 1978, by Parker,  Parker College of Chiropractic is located in Dallas, Texas. It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award the Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Chiropractic degrees.  It also offers a Bachelor of Science in Anatomy and Bachelor of Science of Health and Wellness.
The college has 1100 enrolled students, 75 full time faculty, and more than 5,000 alumni.
Jaw jerk reflex
The jaw jerk reflex is a motor reflex used to test the status of a patient's trigeminal nerve (CN V). The mandible-or lower jaw-is tapped at a downward angle just below the lips at the chin while the mouth is held slightly open. Normally this reflex is absent or very slight. However in individuals with upper motor neuron lesions the jaw jerk reflex can be quite pronounced.
As with most other reflexes, the response to the stimulus is monosynaptic, with sensory neurons of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus sending axons to the trigeminal motor nucleus, which in turn innervates the masseter. This reflex is used to judge the integrity of the upper motor neurons projecting to the trigeminal motor nucleus. Both the sensory and motor aspects of this reflex are subserved by CN V.
It is not part of a standard neurological examination, being used rather if there are other signs of damage to the trigeminal nerve.
Jerome Groopman

# Overview
Jerome Groopman has been a staff writer in medicine and biology for The New Yorker since 1998.  He is also the Dina and Raphael Recanati Chair of Medicine at Harvard Medical School, Chief of Experimental Medicine at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and author of four books.  He has published approximately 150 scientific articles and has written several Op-Ed pieces on medicine for the New York Times, the Washington Post, and The New Republic.
Groopman received his BA and MD from Columbia College and was at the Massachusetts General Hospital for his internship and residency in internal medicine.  This was followed by fellowships in hematology and oncology at the University of California and the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in Boston.
Much of Groopmans research has focused on the basic mechanisms of cancer and AIDS.  He did seminal work on identifying growth factors which may restore the depressed immune systems of AIDS patients.  He performed the first clinical trials in a technique that augments blood cell production in immunodeficient HIV-infected patients and has been a major participant in the development of many AIDS-related therapies including AZT.  Recently, Groopman has extended the research infrastructure in genetics and cell biology to studies in breast cancer and neurobiology.
The first book written by Groopman was The Measure of Our Days, published in 1997.  He also published Second Opinions in 2000 and Anatomy of Hope in 2004. His latest book, How Doctors Think, has rapidly risen to the top of the New York Times bestseller list since its release in March of 2007.
Jesse S. Miller
Jesse Stephen Miller, Ph.D. (1940 - March 29, 2006) was a psychologist and psychodynamic psychotherapist.

# Education
- Ph.D., Psychology, UC Berkeley, 1970s
- B.A., Art history, Columbia University, 1961

# Early life
After receiving his bachelor's degree from Columbia University, Miller worked as a salesman in his family's printing business.  Later, he started his own advertising agency in New York City.  After realizing that he disliked the aspects of sales and persuasion, Miller sold his company.  In 1971, he enrolled in the psychology program at UC Berkeley.

# Psychologist
Dr. Miller practiced a form of psychology known as psychodynamic psychotherapy, in which patients are encouraged to openly express suppressed feelings.  Notable mentors and instructors included the late Margaret Singer, Ph.D., and Judith Wallerstein, Ph.D..
With Dr. Paul Minsky, Dr. Miller taught a course in advanced hypnotherapeutic techniques, at UC Berkeley.  Dr. Miller specialized in analysis of hypnotherapy, and wrote the article "The Utilization of Hypnotic Techniques in Religious Cult Conversion", in Cultic Studies Journal.. Dr. Margaret Singer and Dr. Janja Lalich later referenced this article, in their 1995 book Cults in Our Midst.  Dr. Lalich also used the article as a reference in her 2006 book Take Back Your Life: Recovering from Cults and Abusive Relationships.  His article "A Big Mental Health Problem: Finding a Compatible Therapist." in The Advocate was cited by the Institute for Social Services Alternatives
With Dr. Singer, Miller served on the APA taskforce on Deceptive and Indirect Techniques of Persuasion and Control, from 1983 to 1986.  Other notable scholars who served on the American Psychological Association Task Force included Harold Goldstein, Ph.D., National Institute of Mental Health, Michael Langone, Ph.D., American Family Foundation, Maurice K. Temerlin, Ph.D., Clinical Psychology Consultants, Inc., and Louis Jolyon West, M.D., University of California Los Angeles.
In 1985, Dr. Miller served as an expert witness, in the case of "PEOPLE ex rel. ROSEMAN v. TRACHTMAN".  Along with expert witnesses Dr. Margaret Singer and Dr. Richard Ofshe, Dr. Miller's affidavit stated that "Cynthia and Phillip were being socially, psychologically and physically restrained of their liberty by defendant."  Cynthia and Phillip were the children of plaintiffs, who alleged that Rabbi Isadore Trachtman violated their liberties.
A fictional character loosely based upon Dr. Miller appears in the novel "Chaste Goddess," by John Joseph Schauer, who was one of Dr. Miller's patients. The novel was published in 2006 by Booklocker.com

# Publications

## Articles
- The Utilization of Hypnotic Techniques in Religious Cult Conversion, Cultic Studies Journal, 1986, Volume 3, Number 2, pages 243-250
- Report of the APA Task Force on Deceptive and Indirect Techniques of Persuasion and Control, November 1986
- "A Big Mental Health Problem: Finding a Compatible Therapist.", The Advocate. January 26. 1977, pp. 16-19 8.
Jet ventilation
Jet ventilation is a special type of mechanical ventilation for surgical operations in the airway. Jet ventilation (JV) is characterized by the insufflation of gas portions with high velocity into the airway. The latter has to be open to the atmosphere in order to allow an unhindered gas egress and therefore to avoid overdistention (barotrauma) of the lungs.

# Indications
The rationale for JV is its property of being administered without an endotracheal tube, thus not requiring an airtight sealing of the airway. This feature allows maintenance of a sufficient gas exchange while the airway can be accessed, examined and operated with microsurgical endoscopic instruments.
Another advantage of this ventilation method during the use of surgical laser beams, is the avoidance of inflammable tubing material, as is usually applied for conventional intermittent positive pressure ventilation. JV can be applied either by simple manual devices or sophisticated electronically operated ventilators with various choices for ventilation settings as well as measuerement and display of applied and resulting parameters. A ventilation frequency below 1 Hz is called "low frequency jet ventilation" while above 1 Hz it is a "high frequency jet ventilation".

# Procedure
The connection between the ventilator and the patient's airway can be established via a translaryngeal jet catheter (translaryngeal-infraglottic access), directly through the skin of the anterior neck into the trachea (transtracheal-infraglottic access) or through a nozzle which is located proximally and above the vocal cords (supraglottic access). Common ventilation settings in an adult patient are
- oxygen concentration: 30-100%
- driving pressure: 0.8-4 bar
- ventilation frequency: 150 cycles per minute
- I:E ratio of 1.0

# Complications
Complications of JV may comprise hypoxaemia, hypercapnia, surgical emphysema and pneumothorax.
Jogger's nipple
Synonyms and related keywords: runner's nipple, and weightlifter's nipple, and gardener's nipple. There are similar colloquial terms for almost any activity that can result in the condition.
"Jogger's nipple" (more correctly known as a fissure of the nipple) is the name applied to a condition of soreness, dryness or irritation to, or bleeding of, one or both nipples during and/or following running or other physical exercise.  This condition is also experienced by surfers who do not wear rash guards.

# Cause
Jogger's nipple is caused by friction from the repeated rubbing of a t-shirt or other upper body clothing against the nipples during a prolonged period of exercise.
The condition is suffered from mainly by runners. Long-distance runners are especially prone, because they are exposed to the friction on the nipple for the greatest period of time. However, it is not only suffered by sports people; the inside of a badge, or a logo on  normal items of clothing can also cause the friction which results in this condition.

# Prevention
The condition is easily preventable, examples of how are:
- Not wearing a shirt.
- Sticking a small bandage or surgical tape over each nipple before the commencement of exercise, to act as a barrier between skin and cloth.
- Applying petroleum jelly or other suitable lubricants to the area prior to exercise to prevent chafing.
- Using specialized products available to prevent the condition such as rash guards.
This condition should clear within a few days. If not seek medical advice. Other skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, impetigo, fungal infections or an allergic reaction can cause nipple pain and changes in the appearance of the skin. In women, hormonal changes in early pregnancy or during menstruation can also cause nipple soreness and pain.
Joint stiffness
Joint stiffness may be either the symptom of pain on moving a joint, the symptom of loss of range of motion or the physical sign of reduced range of motion. Doctors prefer the latter two uses but patients often use the first meaning.
- Pain on moving is commonly caused by Osteoarthritis, often in quite minor degrees, and other forms of arthritis. It may also be caused by injury or overuse and rarely by more complex causes of pain such as infection or neoplasm. The range of motion may be normal or limited by pain.
- Loss of motion (symptom): the patient notices that the joint (or many joints) do not move as far as they used to or need to. Loss of motion is a feature of more advanced stages of arthritis including Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis and Ankylosing spondylitis.
- Loss of range of motion (sign): the examining medical professional notes that the range of motion of the joint is less than normal. Routine examination by an orthopaedic surgeon or rheumatologist will often pay particular attention to this. The range of motion may be measured and compared to the other side and to normal ranges. This sign is associated with the same causes as the symptom. In extreme cases when the joint does not move at all it is said to be ankylosed.
- Morning stiffness is a common feature of Rheumatoid arthritis, if lasts more than one hour, reflects the severity of joint inflammation. It is defines as slowness or difficulty moving the joints when getting out of bed or after staying in one position too long, which involves both sides of the body and gets better with movement.
Jones oxidation
The Jones oxidation is a chemical reaction described as the chromic acid oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to carboxylic acids and ketones, respectively. Jones reagent - a solution of chromium trioxide in concentrated sulfuric acid - is used as the oxidizing agent
The solvent acetone markedly affects the properties of the chromic acid. The oxidation is very rapid, quite exothermic, and the yields are typically high.  The reagent rarely oxidizes unsaturated bonds.
Unfortunately, the chromium residue is very toxic, and care must be taken to dispose of it properly.
Kabuki syndrome
Kabuki syndrome, also previously known as Kabuki makeup syndrome, KMS or Niikawa Kuroki Syndrome, is a very rare pediatric congenital disorder of unknown cause with multiple congenital anomalies and mental retardation.  It was discovered by two Japanese scientists, Niikawa and Kuroki. It is named Kabuki Syndrome because of the facial resemblance of affected individuals with white Kabuki makeup, a Japanese traditional theatrical form. The name Niikawa-Kuroki Syndrome relates to the two Japanese doctors who first described this syndrome. On the Kabuki Syndrome listserv, children with this syndrome are called Kabuki Kids, or KKs.

# Description
There is a wide range of congenital problems associated with Kabuki syndrome with large differences between affected individuals. Some of the common problems are heart defects (30%), urinary tract anomalies, hearing loss (50%), hypotonia, and postnatal growth deficiency (83%). Other characteristics include skeletal abnormality, joint laxity, short stature, and unusual dermatoglyphic patterns. It is mostly sporadic, although some familial cases have been reported.
In terms of development, mild to moderate intellectual disability (92%) is a common feature. Also, children with Kabuki syndrome often have distinctive behavioural features. For example, 50% are described as unusually sociable, 30% as engaging in only minimal interaction with others, 74% as liking routine and 87% as having a happy disposition. A few have normal intelligence, most of whom have learning differences such as struggling with fine motor and speech skills and having a good memory.
There is no indication that the life expectancy of individuals with Kabuki syndrome is shortened. Most medical issues are resolved with medical intervention. The fact that there are relatively few adults known with this syndrome is probably related to its recent discovery in 1980 in Japan and around 1990 in Europe and America.

# Appearance
The facial appearance of individuals with this syndrome includes the following:
- long eyelids with turning up of the lateral third of the lower eyelid
- a broad and depressed nasal tip
- large prominent earlobes
- a cleft or high-arched palate
Other clinical features often include:
- scoliosis,
- short fifth finger
- persistence of fingerpads
- X-ray abnormalities of the vertebrae, hands, and hip joints
- recurrent ear infections in infancy
Inheritance is thought to be autosomal dominant or X-linked recessive; several chromosomal abnormalities have been found, but none of them appear to be specific to Kabuki Syndrome.
Several authors
have recommended that the term 'make-up' be removed from the designation of this syndrome because some families considered the term objectionable.
Keratan sulfate

# Overview
Keratan sulfate (KS), also called keratosulfate, is any of several sulfated glycosaminoglycans (structural carbohydrates) that have been found especially in the cornea, cartilage, and bone. Keratan sulfates are large, highly hydrated molecules which in joints can act as a cushion to absorb mechanical shock.

# Keratan sulfate structure
Like other glycosaminoglycans keratan sulfate is a linear polymer that consists of a repeating disaccharide unit. Keratan sulfate occurs as a proteoglycan (PG) in which KS chains are attached to cell-surface or extracellular matrix proteins, termed core proteins. KS core proteins include Lumican, Keratocan, Mimecan, Fibromodulin, PRELP, Osteoadherin and Aggrecan.
The basic repeating disaccharide unit within keratan sulfate is -3Gal1-4GlcNAc1-. This can be sulfated at carbon position 6 (C6) of either or both the Gal or GlcNAc monosaccharides. However, the detailed primary structure of specific KS types are best considered to be composed of three regions:
- A linkage region, at one end of which the KS chain is linked to the core protein.
- A repeat region, composed of the -3Gal1-4GlcNAc1- repeating disaccharide unit and
- A chain capping region, occurring at the opposite end of the KS chain to the protein linkage region.
The monosaccharide mannose is found within the linkage region of keratan sulfate type I (KSI). Disaccharides within the repeating region of KSII may be fucosylated and N-Acetylneuraminic acid caps the end of all KSII chains and up to 70% of KSI type chains.

## KS classes
The designations KSI and KSII were originally assigned on the basis of the tissue type from which the keratan sulfate was isolated. KSI was isolated from corneal tissue and KSII from skeletal tissue. Minor monosaccharide compositional differences exist between KS extracted from both sources and even KS extracted from the same source. However, major differences occur in the way each KS type is joined to its core protein. The designations KSI and KSII are now based upon these protein linkage differences. KSI is N-linked to specific asparagine amino acids via N-acetylglucosamine and KSII is O-linked to specific Serine or Threonine amino acids via N-acetyl galactosamine. The tissue based classification of KS no longer exists as KS types have been shown to be non tissue specific. A third type of KS (KSIII) has also been isolated from brain tissue that is O-linked to specific serine or threonine amino acids via mannose.

## Corneal KSI
The amount of KS found in the cornea is 10 fold higher than it is in cartilage and 2-4 times higher than it is in other tissues.

## Non-corneal KSI
Osteoadherin, Fibromodulin and PRELP are core proteins found in bone and cartilage, that are modified by N-linked KS chains.

## KSII

## KSIII
Woldemar Kernig
Woldemar Kernig, better known as Vladimir Mikhailovich Kernig (Latvian: Voldemars Kernigs; Russian:   ; June 28 1840 in Liepaja - April 18, 1917 in Sankt Petersburg) was a notable Russian and Baltic German internist and neurologist whose medical discoveries saved thousands of people with meningitis. He is best known for his pioneering work on diagnostics. Kernig's sign is named after him.

# Kernig's sign
Original description in 1882: During the examination, the patient was seated upright with hips and knees flexed. Kernig would then attempt to extend the patients knee. He noted that, in patients with meningitis, he was unable to extend the knee beyond 135 degrees without causing pain.
Today, the maneuver is usually performed with the patient supine with hips and knees in flexion. Extension of the knees is attempted: the inability to extend the patients knees beyond 135 degrees without causing pain constitutes a positive test for Kernigs sign.

# Publications
- Uber Milzabscesse nach Febris recurrens. St. Petersburger medicinische Zeitschrift, 1867, XII.
- Uber subfebrile Zustande von erheblicher Dauer. Deutsches Archiv fur klinische Medicin, Leipzig, 1879, XXIV.
- Uber ein Krankheitssymptom der acuten Meningitis. St. Petersburger medicinische Wochenschrift 1882; VII.
- Vorlaufiger Bericht uber die in der Frauenabteilung des Obuchow-Hospitals nach Kochscher Methode behandelten Schwindsuchtigen. Deutsches Archiv fur klinische Medicin, Leipzig, 1891, XVI.
- Uber subcutane Injectionen an den Lungenspitzen ohne pathologische Veranderungen an denselben. Deutsches Archiv fur klinische Medicin, Leipzig, 1898; XXXIV.
- Bericht uber die mit Tuberculin R im Obuchow-Frauenhospital behandelten Lungenkranken. St. Petersburger medicinische Wochenschrift, 1898; XXIII.

# Further reading
- M. Welz, A. Lindner. Vladimir Kernig (18401917). Der Nervenarzt 2003;74:935-936 (German)
- M Krasnianski, P Tacik, T Muller, S Zierz. Attenuation of Kernigs sign by concomitant hemiparesis: forgotten aspects of a well known clinical test. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2007;78:1413-1414
Ki-67 (Biology)
The Ki-67 protein (also known as antigen identified by monoclonal antibody Ki-67or MKI67) is a cellular marker for proliferation. It is strictly associated with cell proliferation. During the interphase, the Ki-67 antigen can be exclusively detected within the cell nucleus, whereas in mitosis most of the protein is relocated to the surface of the 
chromosomes. Ki-67 protein is present during all active phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, and mitosis), but is absent from resting cells (G0). Ki-67 is an excellent marker to determine the growth fraction of a given cell population. The fraction of Ki-67-positive tumor cells (the Ki-67 labelling index) is often correlated with the clinical course of cancer. The best-studied examples in this context are carcinomas of the prostate and the breast. For these types of tumors, the prognostic value for survival and tumor recurrence have repeatedly been proven in uni- and multivariate analysis.
The Ki-67 protein was originally defined by the prototype monoclonal antibody Ki-67 , which was generated by immunizing mice with nuclei of the Hodgkin lymphoma cell line L428. The name is derived from the city of origin (Kiel) and the number of the original clone in the 96-well plate.
MIB-1 is a commonly used monoclonal antibody that detects the Ki-67 antigen. It is used in clinical applications to determine the Ki-67 labelling index. One of its primary advantages over the original Ki-67 antibody (and the reason why it has essentially supplanted the original antibody for clinical use) is that it can be used on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections, after heat-mediated antigen retrieval.