Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Hepatomegaly
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Synonyms and keywords: Enlarged liver; liver enlargement

# Overview
The liver is an organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. The adult human liver normally weighs between 1.4 to 1.6 kilograms (3.1 to 3.5 pounds), and it is a soft, pinkish-brown "boomerang shaped" organ. It is located on the right side of the upper abdomen below the diaphragm. The size of the liver increases with age and ranges between 5 cm to 15 cm in adulthood. A normal liver is less than 16 cm on ultrasound evaluation. Hepatomegaly may be found during physical examination or on imaging studies. Imaging is more accurate in determining liver size. In some conditions normal liver may be palpated as enlarged liver including thin people, during deep inspiration, right pleural effusion, and emphysema resulting in hyperinflation of the chest with diaphragmatic descent and downward displacement of the liver. Common pathological causes that may result in hepatomegaly are hepatitis, storage disorders, impaired venous outflow, infiltrative disorders, and biliary obstruction.

# Causes
Various causes of hepatomegaly may be classified on the basis of etiology into hepatitis, storage disorders, impaired venous outflow, infiltrative, and obstructive causes.

# Differential Diagnosis
Patients with hepatomegaly need to be differentiated from other patients presenting with similar complaints such as abdominal pain.
Abbreviations:
RUQ= Right upper quadrant of the abdomen, LUQ= Left upper quadrant, LLQ= Left lower quadrant, RLQ= Right lower quadrant, LFT= Liver function test, SIRS= Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, ERCP= Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, IV= Intravenous, N= Normal, AMA= Anti mitochondrial antibodies, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, GI= Gastrointestinal, CXR= Chest X ray, IgA= Immunoglobulin A, IgG= Immunoglobulin G, IgM= Immunoglobulin M, CT= Computed tomography, PMN= Polymorphonuclear cells, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP= C-reactive protein, TS= Transferrin saturation, SF= Serum Ferritin, SMA= Superior mesenteric artery, SMV= Superior mesenteric vein, ECG= Electrocardiogram, US = Ultrasound
Pollakisuria
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Pollakisuria or pollakiuria is frequent urge to urinate, which is also known as urgency.

# Differential Diagnosis
In alphabetical order:  
- Cystitis
- Descensus uteri
- Diabetes Insipidus
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Endometriosis
- Heart Failure
- Hyperhydration
- Irritable bladder
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Pregnancy
- Prostatitis
- Prostate carcinoma
- Prostate hyperplasia
- Urethritis
- Vesicle calculus
Deborah Mash
Dr. Deborah Mash is an American professor of neurology and of molecular and cellular pharmacology at the University of Miami School of Medicine and director of the university's Brain Endowment Bank. She is one of the world's foremost scientific experts on the hallucinogenic drug, ibogaine.
Dr. Mash has been on the scientific advisory board for the Life Extension Foundation, located in Florida.

# Education
After obtaining her B.A. from the  Florida State University, Tallahassee, she received her Ph.D from the University of Miami School of Medicine in Miami. She has also done work as a post-doctoral fellow at the Harvard Medical School Beth Israel Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts.
Deceleration
Synonyms and keywords: deceleration of diastolic flow; deceleration time of diastolic flow velocity (DDT)

# Overview
The deceleration time of diastolic flow may be a parameter to evaluate the degree of microvasculature damage that might predict the residual myocardial viability assessed by angiography.

# Definition
- Deceleration is defined as when dye flow down in the artery is slowed at any point during the course of flow.
- The diastolic deceleration rate (m/s2) refers to the calculation of the rate of decline in flow velocity in diastole.

# Pathophysiology
Microvascular ischemic damage after epicardial coronary artery occlusion affects coronary vascular resistance and may result in perivascular edema in which the generation of capillary leukocyte plugging contributes to prevention of full restoration of myocardial perfusion. Thus, the deceleration time of diastolic flow velocity may be explained as an increase in coronary vascular resistance caused by such ischemic microvascular impedance which significantly affects total coronary resistance in patients without severe coronary stenosis. Hence, this fact explains the reduction in postprocedural coronary systolic flow velocity in patients with no-reflow and is also the reason for a significantly increase in total coronary resistance in patients without severe coronary stenosis.
The deceleration time of diastolic flow velocity might reflect the coronary blood flow and is represented by a high ratio of perfused myocardium per functioning coronary microvasculature. So, the degree of reduced systolic antegrade flow or the deceleration time of diastolic flow evidence the level of microvasculature damage and be predictive of residual myocardial viability. Thus, the coronary blood flow velocity pattern seems almost normal in viable myocardium but is reduced in nonviable myocardium due to a systolic retrograde flow and a rapid deceleration of diastolic flow velocity.

# Clinical Significance
The coronary blood flow velocity pattern of no-reflow in patients with reperfused AMI is characterized by the occurrence of:
- Systolic retrograde flow.
- Diminished systolic antegrade flow.
- Rapid deceleration of diastolic flow.
- May occur immediately after reperfusion or shortly thereafter.
Disturbances are present during the deceleration phase of systole related to mild to moderate stenosis.

# Example
Decongestant

# Overview
A decongestant is a broad class of medications used to relieve nasal congestion. Generally, they work by reducing swelling of the mucous membranes in the nasal passages.

# Mechanism
Most decongestants cause response from adrenoreceptor a1, chiefly responsible for vasoconstriction (a2 modulates adrenaline/noradrenaline levels, b1 is the most  stimulating and increases cardiac output, b2  dilates the bronchial walls, and b3 induces lipolysis). The effects are not limited to the nose and these medicines can increase hypertension (blood pressure) through vasoconstriction, but most decongestants are not pronounced stimulants due to lack of response from the other adrenoreceptors.
These are normally paired with antihistamines to lessen this effect, but they don't always even each other out.

# Administration
These agents are usually administered topically (by the intranasal route) or orally.

# Examples
The most common oral decongestants are pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine; phenylpropanolamine (PPA) is another, although it's no longer available in the US. Oxymetazoline and phenylephrine are a commonly available topical decongestants (nasal sprays).
Denver Scale

# Overview
The Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST), commonly known as the Denver Scale, is a test for screening cognitive and behavioural problems in preschool children. It was developed by William K. Frankenburg and first introduced by him and J.B. Dobbs in 1967. The test is currently marketed by Denver Developmental Materials, Inc., in Denver, Colorado, hence the name.
The scale reflects what percentage of a certain age group is able to perform a certain task. In a test to be administered by a pediatrician or other health or social service professional, a subject's performance against the regular age distribution is noted. Tasks are grouped into four categories (social contact, fine motor skill, language, and gross motor skill) and include items such as smiles spontaneously (performed by 90% of three-month-olds), knocks two building blocks against each other (90% of 13-month-olds), speaks three words other than "mom" and "dad" (90% of 21-month-olds), or hops on one leg (90% of 5-year-olds).
According to a study commissioned by the Public Health Agency of Canada, the DDST is the most widely used test for screening developmental problems in children. While this study acknowledges the test's utility for detecting severe developmental problems, the test has been criticized to be unreliable in predicting less severe or specific problems. The same criticism has been upheld for the currently marketed revised version of the Denver Scale, the Denver-II.. Frankenburg has replied to such criticism by pointing out that the Denver Scale is not a tool of final diagnosis, but a quick method to process large numbers of children in order to identify those that should be further evaluated.
This revised definition of the Denver's function remains commensurate with what screening tests are designed to do: sort those who probably have problems from those who probably don't. Thus standards for screening test construction still apply to the Denver. Although the instrument has proven reliability, it was not constructed on a large, current, nationally representative sample. It has not been studied for validity (given along side diagnostic measures to view their relationship or researched for the kinds of problems it may or may not detect). As a consequence, the measure was not studied by its authors for the most critical attribute of any screen, its accuracy. Studies by other researchers showed it to detect only about 50% of children with disabilities, although its specificity in identifying normally developing children is high (when questionables are grouped with normal scores) and the converse when questionable scores are grouped with abnormal results. Since 1991, researchers have appealed to the author to recall and improve the measure but to no avail. Currently the measure is excluded from lists of recommended tools in several states (e.g., Minnesota Department of Education. For a list of accurate alternatives see The website of the American Academy of Pediatrics' Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
Dermabrasion

# Overview
Dermabrasion is a cosmetic medical procedure in which the surface of the epidermis of the skin  the stratum corneum is removed by abrasion (sanding). 
It is used to remove sun-damaged skin and to remove or lessen scars and dark spots on the skin. The procedure is very painful and usually requires a general anaesthetic or twilight anaesthesia, in which the patient is still partly conscious  Afterward, the skin is very red and raw-looking, and it takes several months for the skin to regrow and heal. Dermabrasion is useful for scar removal when the scar is raised above the surrounding skin, but is less effective with sunken scars.
In the past, dermabrasion was done using a small, sterilized, electric sander. In the past decade, it has become more common to use a CO2 or Erbium:YAG laser. Laser dermabrasion is much easier to control, much easier to gauge, and is practically bloodless compared to classic dermabrasion.
Erythroderma
Synonyms and keywords: Dermatitis exfoliativa; exfoliative dermatitis; exfoliative skin disease; exfoliative skin disorder; idiopathic exfoliative dermatitis; generalized exfoliative dermatitis

# Overview
Erythroderma is defined as a generalized skin disorder characterized by reddening and scaling of 100% of the skin.  It is also known as erythrodermatitis, generalized exfoliative dermatitis, and red man syndrome.  There may also be normal areas of skin present.

# Causes
Erythroderma is produced by several skin diseases, such as psoriasis, contact dermatitis, drug reactions, and mycosis fungoides (a cutaneous lymphoma).  A dermatologist must first diagnose the cause, usually with a skin biopsy, a blood smear examined by a pathologist and patch testing (if the eruption can be temporarily cleared).

## Drug Causes
- Amobarbital sodium
- Amoxicillin
- Amifostine
- Aminophylline
- Aminosalicylic acid
- Alitretinoin
- Aztreonam
- Boceprevir
- Chlorpropamide
- Doxycycline
- Dapsone
- Flurbiprofen
- Ibritumomab tiuxetan
- Lincomycin Hydrochloride
- Nizatidine
- Oxaprozin
- Oxytetracycline
- Pembrolizumab
- Piroxicam
- Sodium aurothiomalate
- Sorafenib
- Sulfasalazine
- Sirolimus
- Tiagabine
- Trimethadione

# Treatment
The treatment is dependent on the cause.
Dermatoscopy
Dermatoscopy (also known as epiluminescence microscopy) is the examination of cutaneous lesions with a dermatoscope, a magnifier with a light and a liquid medium between the instrument and the skin, thus illuminating the lesion without reflected light.
Skin surface microscopy started in 1663 by Kolhaus and was improved with the addition of immersion oil in 1878 by Abbe. The German dermatologist, Johann Saphier, added a built-in light source to the instrument. Goldman was the first dermatologist to coin the term "dermascopy" and to use the dermatoscope to evaluate pigmented cutaneous lesions.
This instrument is helpful to dermatologists in distinguishing benign from malignant lesions, especially of aid in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma.
it:Dermatoscopia
nl:Dermatoscopie
Skin disease
Synonyms and keywords: Dermatosis; dermatoses; disease of the skin

# Overview
In medicine, a dermatosis is a generic term for disease of the skin.  The plural is dermatoses. It should be distinguished from dermatitis, which is inflammation of the skin (the two terms are related but not identical). Dermotoses covers all skin diseases, many of which are not contagious.  Dermatitis is a description of symptoms (inflammation) of some dermatoses.
Many systemic diseases express symptoms through the skin such as measles, and rubella, but these are not categorized as dermatoses.
Skin diseases, or dermatoses, include, skin cancer, eczema, psoriasis, acne, impetigo, scabies, sunburn, warts, fifth disease (also called erythema infectiosum or "slapped face disease"), tinea, herpes, ulcers, and pruritis.
Some skin disorders are caused by absorption of material through the skin. Failure to use proper skin protection (gloves, aprons, overalls etc.) can result in irritation or even poisoning.

# Examples of Skin Diseases
- Acne
- Actinic keratosis
- Angioma
- Athlete's foot
- Aquagenic pruritus
- Argyria
- Atopic dermatitis
- Baldness
- Basal cell carcinoma
- Bed sore
- Behcet's disease
- Blepharitis
- Boil
- Bowen's disease
- Bullous pemphigoid
- Canker sore
- Carbuncles
- Cellulitis
- Chloracne
- Chronic dermatitis of the hands and feet
- Cold sores
- Contact dermatitis (includes poison ivy, oak, sumac)
- Creeping eruption
- Dandruff
- Dermatitis
- Dermatitis herpetiformis
- Dermatofibroma
- Diaper rash
- Dyshidrosis
- Eczema
- Epidermolysis bullosa
- Erysipelas
- Erythroderma
- Friction blister
- Genital wart
- Gestational pemphigoid
- Grover's disease
- Hemangioma
- Hidradenitis suppurativa
- Hives
- Hyperhidrosis
- Ichthyosis
- Impetigo
- Jock itch
- Kaposi's sarcoma
- Keloid
- Keratoacanthoma
- Keratosis pilaris
- Lewandowsky-Lutz dysplasia
- Lice infection
- Lichen planus
- Lichen simplex chronicus
- Lipoma
- Lymphadenitis
- Malignant melanoma
- Melasma
- Miliaria
- Molluscum contagiosum
- Nummular dermatitis
- Paget's disease of the nipple
- Pediculosis
- Pemphigus
- Perioral dermatitis
- Photoallergy
- Photosensitivity
- Pityriasis rosea
- Pityriasis rubra pilaris
- Porphyria
- Psoriasis
- Raynaud's disease
- Ringworm
- Rosacea
- Scabies
- Scleroderma
- Scrofula
- Sebaceous cyst
- Seborrheic keratosis
- Seborrhoeic dermatitis
- Shingles
- Skin cancer
- Skin Tags
- Spider veins
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Stasis dermatitis
- Sunburn
- Tick bite
- Tinea barbae
- Tinea capitis
- Tinea corporis
- Tinea cruris
- Tinea pedis
- Tinea unguium
- Tinea versicolor
- Tinea
- Tungiasis
- Urticaria (Hives)
- Vagabond's disease
- Vitiligo
- Warts
- Wheal (aka "Weal" and "Welt")
Desmoglein-1
Desmoglein-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSG1 gene. Desmoglein-1 is expressed everywhere in the skin epidermis, but mainly it is expressed in the superficial upper layers of the skin epidermis.

# Function
Desmosomes are cell-cell junctions between epithelial, myocardial and certain other cell types. Desmoglein-1 is a calcium-binding transmembrane glycoprotein component of desmosomes in vertebrate epithelial cells.  Currently, four desmoglein subfamily members have been identified and all are members of the cadherin cell adhesion molecule superfamily. These desmoglein gene family members are located in a cluster on chromosome 18. The protein encoded by this gene has been identified as the autoantigen of the autoimmune skin blistering disease pemphigus foliaceus. It has been found that Desmoglein-1 is the target antigen in majority of the cases linked to IgG/IgA pemphigus, which is an autoimmune IgG/IgA antibody mediated response.
Deficiency of the Desmoglein-1 protein has been found to be associated with increased expression of the for multiple genes encoding allergy related cytokines. Desmoglein-1 is haploinsufficient and a mutation in the gene can cause the autosomal dominant mutation striate palmoplantar keratoderma. Recently, cases have arose where the homozygous loss of the Desmoglein-1 gene has resulted in a rare syndrome known as SAM syndrome - severe dermatitis, multiple allergies, and metabolic wasting.

# Interactions
Desmoglein-1 has been shown to interact with PKP3, PKP2, and PTPRT(PTPrho)
Desmoglein-3
Desmoglein-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSG3 gene. In the skin epidermis Desmoglein-3 is expressed in the basal lower layers of the epidermis, and dominates in terms of expression on mucosal surfaces compared to Desmoglein-1.

# Function
Desmosomes are cell-cell junctions between epithelial, myocardial, and certain other cell types. Desmoglein 3 is a calcium-binding transmembrane glycoprotein component of desmosomes in vertebrate epithelial cells. Currently, four desmoglein subfamily members have been identified and all are members of the cadherin cell adhesion molecule superfamily. These desmoglein gene family members are located in a cluster on chromosome 18. This protein, along with Desmoglein-1, has been identified as the autoantigen of the autoimmune skin blistering disease pemphigus vulgaris. The mucosal dominant form  of pemphigus vulgaris only involves antibodies against Desmoglein-3 and causes mucosal erosions, but no skin lesions. Desmoglein-3 serves as a prognostic marker of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC), and may even be involved in the progression of ESCC.

# Pathogenicity
Pathogenicity of Desmoglein-3 antibodies comes from the existence of a tryptophan residue that could be interacting with the binding pocket that is necessary for trans-interaction of Desmoglein molecules. Such antibodies can lead to the cause of skin disorders like pemphigus vulgaris.

# Interactions
Desmoglein 3 has been shown to interact with PKP3.
Desquamation
Desquamation is the shedding of the outer layers of the skin.  The word comes from the Latin  'desquamare' , meaning "to scrape the scales off a fish".
For example, once the rash of measles fades, there is desquamation. Also seen in Toxic Shock Syndrome
in the eye, the epithelial basement membrane (lens capsule) completely encloses the lens, therefore desquamation of aging cells is impossible, and due to the complete absence of blood vessels or transport of metabolites in this area, there is no subsequent remodelling of these fibres, nor removal of degraded lens fibres.
Nonpathologic desquamation occurs when corneocytes, after move apically over about 14 days, are individually shed invisibly.:279  In pathologic desquamation, the stratum corneum becomes thicker (hyperkeratosis), imparting a "dry" or scaly appearance to the skin, and instead of detaching as single cells, corneocytes are shed in clusters, forming visible scales.:279
Detoxication
The major metabolites formed from most drug metabolism are detoxication products.
There are two common patterns observed:
- A drug with potent pharmacological activity is converted to a major metabolite with markedly reduced or no pharmacological activity (e.g., Pentobarbital and Hydroxypentobarbital)
- A drug is converted to a metabolite with roughly equivalent or slightly lower pharmacological activity.
Deuterostome

# Overview
Deuterostomes (taxonomic term: Deuterostomia; from the Greek: "second mouth") are a superphylum of animals. They are a  subtaxon of the Bilateria branch of the subregnum Eumetazoa, and are opposed to the protostomes. Deuterostomes are distinguished by their embryonic development; in deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes it becomes the mouth.
There are four living phyla of deuterostomes:
- Phylum Chordata (vertebrates and their kin)
- Phylum Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc.)
- Phylum Hemichordata (acorn worms and possibly graptolites)
- Phylum Xenoturbellida (2 species of worm-like animals)
The phylum Chaetognatha (arrow worms) may also belong here. Extinct groups may include the phylum Vetulicolia. Echinodermata, Hemichordata and Xenoturbellida form the clade Ambulacraria.
In both deuterostomes and protostomes, a zygote first develops into a hollow ball of cells, called a blastula.  In deuterostomes, the early divisions occur parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis.  This is called radial cleavage, and also occurs in certain protostomes, such as the lophophorates.  Deuterostomes display indeterminate cleavage, in which the developmental fate of the cells in the developing embryo are not determined by the identity of the parent cell.  Thus if the first four cells are separated, each cell is capable of forming a complete small larva, and if a cell is removed from the blastula the other cells will compensate.
In deuterostomes the mesoderm forms as evaginations of the developed gut that pinch off, forming the coelom.  This is called enterocoely.
Both the Hemichordata and Chordata have gill slits, and primitive fossil echinoderms also show signs of gill slits. A hollow nerve cord is found in all chordates, even tunicates (even if it disappears in the adults). Some hemichordates also have a tubular nerve cord. In the early embryonic stage it looks like the hollow nerve cord of chordates. Because of the degenerated nervous system of echinoderms it is not possible to discern much about their ancestors in this matter, but based on different facts it is quite possible that all the present deuterostomes evolved from a common ancestor which had gill slits, a hollow nerve cord and a segmented body. It could have resembled the small group of Cambrian deuterostomes named Vetulicolia.

# Notes
-  Stach, Thomas, Samuel Dupont, Olle Israelson, Geraldine Fauville, Hiroaki Nakano and Mike Thorndyke. (2005) "Immunocytological evidence supports the hypotheses that Xenoturbella bocki (Westblad 1949), phylum uncertain, is a deuterostome and that Ambulacraria is monophyletic". Organisms Diversity &  Evolution. On-line at