Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Forkhead box L2
Forkhead box protein L2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXL2 gene.

# Function
FOXL2 is a forkhead transcription factor. The protein contains a fork-head DNA-binding domain and plays a role in ovarian development and function.  FoxL2 is a marker for ovarian differentiation, and is required for granulosa cell differentiation. In addition, the foxl2 protein will prevent the formation of testes by suppressing expression of SOX9.
In postnatal ovaries FOXL2 regulates granulosa cell differentiation and also supports the growth of the pre-ovulatory follicles during adult life.

# Regulation
FOXL2 has several post-translational modifications that modulate its stability, subcellular localization and pro-apoptotic activity.
By a yeast-two-hybrid screening, 10 novel protein partners of FOXL2 are discovered. The interactions were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation experiments between FOXL2 and CXXC4 (IDAX), CXXC5 (RINF/WID), CREM, GMEB1 (P96PIF), NR2C1 (TR2), SP100, RPLP1, BAF (BANF1), XRCC6 (KU70) and SIRT1.

# Clinical significance

## Sex determination
This protein is involved in sex determination. Female missing the FOXL2 gene appear male. FOXL2 knockout in mature mouse ovaries cause them to develop into testes, however oocytes are still formed.

## Blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome
Mutations in this gene are a cause of blepharophimosis syndrome and/or premature ovarian failure 3.
Predicting the occurrence of POF based on the nature of the missense mutations in FOXL2 was a medical challenge. However, a correlation between the transcriptional activity of FOXL2 variants and the type of BPES has been founded.
Moreover by studying the effects of natural and artificial mutations in the forkhead domain of FOXL2, a clear correlation between the orientation of amino-acid side chains in the DNA-binding domain and transcriptional activity is founded, providing the first (in silico) predictive tool of the effects of FOXL2 missense mutations.

## Adult Granulosa Cell Tumors AGCT
A missense mutation in the FOXL2 gene C134W is found in adult granulosa cell tumors, but not in other ovarian cancers nor in juvenile granulosa cell tumors.

## Endometriosis
In addition to ovarian expression of FOXL2, there has been recent studies to suggest that overexpression of FOXL2 has been implicated in endometriosis in addition to activin A.

## Others Deregulations
One study has found that FOXL2 is required for SF-1-induced ovarian AMH regulation by interactions between FOXL2 protein and SF-1, a mutated FOXL2 could not interact with SF-1 normally and thus could not regulate ovarian AMH as normal.
In a knockout study in mice, the granulosa cells of the ovaries failed to undergo the squamous-to-cuboidal transition which led to the arrest of folliculogenesis
Tenon's capsule
The fascia bulbi (also known as the capsule of Tenon and the bulbar sheath) is a thin membrane which envelops the eyeball from the optic nerve to the  limbus, separating it from the orbital fat and forming a socket in which it plays.
Its inner surface is smooth, and is separated from the outer surface of the sclera by the periscleral lymph space.
This lymph space is continuous with the subdural and subarachnoid cavities, and is traversed by delicate bands of connective tissue which extend between the fascia and the sclera.
The fascia is perforated behind by the ciliary vessels and nerves, and fuses with the sheath of the optic nerve and with the sclera around the entrance of the optic nerve.
In front it blends with the conjunctiva, and with it is attached to the ciliary region of the eyeball.
The structure was named after Jacques-Rene Tenon (1724-1816), a French surgeon and pathologist.

# Relations to extraocular muscles
It is perforated by the tendons of the ocular muscles, and is reflected backward on each as a tubular sheath.
The sheath of the Obliquus superior is carried as far as the fibrous pulley of that muscle; that on the Obliquus inferior reaches as far as the floor of the orbit, to which it gives off a slip.
The sheaths on the recti are gradually lost in the perimysium, but they give off important expansions.
The expansion from the Rectus superior blends with the tendon of the Levator palpebrae; that of the Rectus inferior is attached to the inferior tarsus.
The expansions from the sheaths of the  Recti lateralis and  medialis are strong, especially that from the latter muscle, and are attached to the  lacrimal and zygomatic bones respectively.
As they probably check the actions of these two Recti they have been named the medial and lateral check ligaments.
Charles Barrett Lockwood described a thickening of the lower part of the fascia bulbi, which he named the 'suspensory ligament of the eye'. It is slung like a hammock below the eyeball, being expanded in the center, and narrow at its extremities which are attached to the zygomatic and lacrimal bones respectively.
Fasciolopsiasis
Fasciolopsiasis results from infection by the trematode Fasciolopsis buski (Lankester, 1857) Odhner, 1902, the largest intestinal fluke of humans (up to 7.5 cm in length).

# Geographic distribution
This disease occurs in Asia and the Indian subcontinent, especially in areas where humans raise pigs and consume raw aquatic plants.

# Infection cycle
The parasite infects an amphibic snail (Segmentina nitidella, Segmentina hemisphaerula, Hippeutis schmackerie, Gyraulus, Lymnaea, Pila, Planorbis (Indoplanorbis)) after released by infected feces; from this intermediate host metacercaria infest on aquatic plants, which are eaten (raw) by pigs and humans. Also the water is possibly infective when drunk unheated ("Encysted cercariae exist not only on aquatic plants, but also on the surface of the water.".)

# Clinical features
Most infections are light and asymptomatic.  In heavier infections, symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, ascites, anasarca, and intestinal obstruction.

# Laboratory diagnosis
Microscopic identification of eggs, or more rarely of the adult flukes, in the stool or vomitus is the basis of specific diagnosis.  The eggs are indistinguishable from those of Fasciola hepatica.

# Treatment
Praziquantel is the drug of choice for treatment of fasciolopsiasis.

# Incidence/prevalence
- "It has been estimated that there may be 10 million people in East Asia infected with this fluke, yet its radiological identification remains unreported." 

# Gallery
- Photomicrograph of  fecal sample revealed the presence of a number of parasitic worm eggs, which included the eggs of a trematode, Fasciolopsis buski, an Ascaris sp. nematode, a Trichuris sp. nematode, and an unknown specie of nematodal hookworm (125X mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Fasciolopsis buski egg on the right found in an unstained formalin-preserved stool sample (125X mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Two Fasciolopsis buski trematode eggs that were found in an unstained formalin-preserved stool sample (125X mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Illustration depicts a number of trematode species eggs From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Image compares the size relationship between three different parasitic eggs. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Egg of the giant intestinal fluke, Fasciolopsis buski (500x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).
Fecal impaction
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# Overview
A fecal impaction is a solid, immobile bulk of stool that can develop in the rectum as a result of chronic constipation.
Symptoms include chronic constipation.  There can be fecal incontinence and paradoxical diarrhea as liquid stool passes around the obstruction.  Complications may include necrosis and ulcers of the rectal tissue.
Non-invasive treatments are similar to those for constipation and include increased intake of fluids and dietary fiber, and physical exercise.  However, once fecal impaction occurs, these methods are usually not successful.
The mainstay of treatment are enemas to soften the impaction and disimpaction, i.e. digital manipulation by a health practitioner. Use of laxatives may be dangerous because of the possibility of tearing caused by violent expulsion of a large mass (known as stercoral perforation). Surgery may be necessary if the bowel becomes totally obstructed.

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

# Causes

## Drug Induces
Lanthanum carbonate

# Differentiating Fecal impaction from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

## Natural History

## Complications

## Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Prevention
Fetal screening

# Overview
Fetal screening refers to any tests that allow a fetus to be tested for certain traits or characteristics.

# Procedures
Common procedures include:
- amniocentesis,
- sonograms,
- nuchal translucency testing, or
- genetic screening.

# Indications
- Most often this is performed to test for birth defects.
- The tests can be used to check for conditions such as Down syndrome, spina bifida, cleft palate, Tay Sachs disease, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, and fragile x syndrome.
- In some cases, the tests are administered to determine if the fetus will be aborted.
- In some cases, fetal screening has been done to determine characteristics generally not considered birth defects.
- In some parts of the world, if a fetus is determined to be female, it is sometimes aborted. The rise of designer babies and parental selection for specific traits raises a host of bioethical and legal issues that will dominate reproductive rights debates in the 21st century.
Fetor hepaticus
Synonyms and keywords: Breath of the dead; foetor hepaticus; hepatic foetor

# Overview
Fetor hepaticus is a condition seen in portal hypertension where portosystemic shunting allows thiols to pass directly into the lungs. It is a late sign in liver failure and is one of the clinical features of hepatic encephalopathy. Other possible causes are the presence of ammonia and ketones in the breath.  The breath has a sweet, fecal smell to it.
The compound dimethyl sulfide has been associated with it, raising the possibility of an objective noninvasive measure of liver failure. Furthermore, the volatile dimethyl sulfide is thought by some researchers to be the main contributor to the odor of fetor hepaticus.   A secondary form of trimethylaminuria is also associated with liver failure, and it has been suggested that that trimethylamine is also a contributor to the odor of fetor hepaticus.

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

# Causes

# Differentiating Fetor hepaticus from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

## Natural History

## Complications

## Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Prevention

# See Also
- Dimethyl sulfide
Fibrous protein

# Overview
Fibrous proteins, also called scleroproteins, are long filamentous protein molecules that form one of the two main classes of tertiary structure protein (the other being globular proteins). Fibrous proteins are only found in animals.
Fibrous proteins form 'rod' or 'wire' -like shapes and are usually inert structural or storage proteins. They are generally water-insoluble and are found as an aggregate due to hydrophobic R-groups that stick out of the molecule.
The amino acid sequences they are made from often have limited residues with repeats. These can form unusual secondary structures, e.g. collagen triple helix.
The structures often contain 'cross-links' between chains, for example cys-cys disulphide bonds between keratin chains.
Globular proteins tend to denature more easily than fibrous proteins.
Fibrous proteins are usually used to construct connective tissues, tendons, bone matrix and muscle fiber.
Examples of fibrous proteins include keratins, collagens and elastins.
Peroneus brevis

# Overview
The peroneus brevis muscle (or fibularis brevis) lies under cover of the peroneus longus, and is a shorter and smaller muscle.

# Origin and insertion
It arises from the lower two-thirds of the lateral surface of the body of the fibula; medial to the Peronus longus; and from the intermuscular septa separating it from the adjacent muscles on the front and back of the leg.
The fibers pass vertically downward, and end in a tendon which runs behind the lateral malleolus along with but in front of that of the preceding muscle, the two tendons being enclosed in the same compartment, and lubricated by a common mucous sheath.
It then runs forward on the lateral side of the calcaneus, above the trochlear process and the tendon of the Peronus longus, and is inserted into the tuberosity at the base of the fifth metatarsal bone, on its lateral side.

# Terminology
The terms "Peroneal" (i.e., Artery, Retinaculum) and "Peroneus" (i.e., Longus and Brevis) are derived from the Greek word Perone (pronounced Pair-uh-knee) meaning pin of a brooch or a buckle. In medical terminology, both terms refer to being of or relating to the fibula or to the outer portion of the leg.

# Additional images
- Bones of the right leg. Anterior surface.
- Bones of the right foot. Dorsal surface.
- Muscles of the front of the leg.
- Cross-section through middle of leg.
- The popliteal, posterior tibial, and peroneal arteries.
- Back of left lower extremity.
Filum terminale

# Overview
The filum terminale is a delicate filament, about 20 cm. in length, prolonged downward from the apex of the conus medullaris.
It consists of two parts, an upper and a lower.
- The upper part, or filum terminale internum, measures about 15 cm. in length and reaches as far as the lower border of the second sacral vertebra. It is contained within the tubular sheath of dura mater, and is surrounded by the nerves forming the cauda equina, from which it can be readily recognized by its bluish-white color.
- The lower part, or filum terminale externum, is closely invested by, and is adherent to, the dura mater; it extends downward from the apex of the tubular sheath and is attached to the back of the first segment of the coccyx.
The filum terminale consists mainly of fibrous tissue, continuous above with that of the pia mater.
Adhering to its outer surface, however, are a few strands of nerve fibers which probably represent rudimentary second and third coccygeal nerves; further, the central canal of the medulla spinalis extends downward into it for 5 or 6 cm.
Fisher's method
In statistics, Fisher's method, developed by and named for Ronald Fisher, is a data fusion or "meta-analysis" (analysis after analysis) technique for combining the results from a variety of independent tests bearing upon the same overall hypothesis (H0) as if in a single large test.
Fisher's method combines extreme value probabilities, P(results at least as extreme, assuming H0 true) from each test, called "p-values", into one test statistic (X2) having a chi-square distribution using the formula
The p-value for X2 itself can then be interpolated from a chi-square table using 2k "degrees of freedom", where k is the number of tests being combined. As in any similar test, H0 is rejected for small p-values, usually < 0.05.
In the case that the tests are not independent, the null distribution of X2 is more complicated. If the correlations between the \log_e(p_i) are known, these can be used to form an approximation.
Fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone is a synthetic corticosteroid with moderate glucocorticoid potency and much greater mineralocorticoid potency. It is used primarily to replace the missing hormone aldosterone in various forms of adrenal insufficiency such as Addison's disease and the classic salt wasting (21-hydroxylase deficiency) form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. It is occasionally used to treat orthostatic hypotension as well.
The brand name in the U.S. is Florinef. It is available in 0.1 mg tablets. Typical daily doses for mineralocorticoid replacement are between 0.05 mg - 0.2 mg. Renin plasma, sodium, and potassium is checked through blood tests in order to verify that the correct dosage is reached.
Chemically, its structure is identical to cortisone except for the substitution of F in place of one hydrogen. F is a good bioisostere for hydrogen because it is similar in size. The major difference is in its electronegativity.
Flower Hospital
Flower Hospital is a public hospital in Sylvania, Ohio that is part of the ProMedica Health System. This level III trauma center has 1500 health care professionals caring for patients in any of the 297 beds in the premises.

# History
In memory of his late wife, Ellen, Stevens Warren Flower took up the task of building Flower Hospital in 1910. It was originally built near his home in downtown Toledo, Ohio, but it was later relocated to Sylvania, Ohio in 1975.

# Amenities
The hospital has a cafeteria, a gift shop, internet access, a library, and pastoral services.
Folium (vermis)

# Overview
The folium vermis is a short, narrow, concealed band at the posterior extremity of the vermis, consisting apparently of a single folium, but in reality marked on its upper and under surfaces by secondary fissures.
Laterally, it expands in either hemisphere into a considerable lobule, the superior semilunar lobule (lobulus semilunaris superior; postero-superior lobules), which occupies the posterior third of the upper surface of the hemisphere, and is bounded below by the horizontal sulcus.
The superior semilunar lobules and the folium vermis form the lobus semilunaris.
Median aperture

# Overview
The median aperture of the brain (or foramen of Magendie) is an opening in the hollow nerve tube, connecting the fourth ventricle of the brain with the subarachnoid space.
The median aperture, along with the two lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka), one on the left and one on the right, are the three primary routes for cerebrospinal fluid to escape into the cisterna magna.

# Eponym
The Foramen of Magendie is named for Francois Magendie, who first described it.
Forced diuresis
Forced diuresis (increased urine formation by diuretics and fluid) may enhance the excretion of certain drugs in urine and is used to treat drug overdose or poisoning of these drugs and hemorrhagic cystitis.
Most of the drugs are either weak acids or weak bases. When urine is made alkaline, elimination of acidic drugs in urine is increased. The converse applies for alkaline drugs.
This method is only of therapeutic significance where the drug is excreted in active form in urine and where the pH  of urine can be adjusted to levels above or below the pK value of the active form of drug. For acidic drugs, urine pH should be above the pK value of that drug, and converse for the basic drugs. It is because the ionization of acidic drug is increased in alkaline urine and ionized drugs can not easily cross plasma membrane so cannot re-enter blood from kidney tubules. This method is ineffective for drugs which are strongly protein bound (eg tricyclics) or which have a large apparent volume of distribution (eg paracetamol, tricyclics).
Forced alkaline diuresis has been used to increase the excretion of acidic drugs like salicylates and phenobarbitone, while forced acid diuresis has been used to enhance the elimination of amphetamine, quinine, quinidine, and strychnine when poisoning by theses drugs has occurred.
For forced alkaline diuresis, a diuretic like frusemide is given intravenously and sodium bicarbonate is added to the infusion fluid to make blood and, in turn, urine alkaline. Potassium replacement becomes of utmost importance in this setting because potassium is usually also lost in urine and hypokalemia promotes bicarbonate ion retention and prevents bicarbonate excretion, thus interfering with alkalinization of the urine.
For forced acid diuresis, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is used. Ammonium chloride has also been used for forced acid diuresis but it is a toxic compound. Usually however, this technique produces only slight increase  in the renal clearance of the drug. Forced acid diuresis is rarely done in practice.
Forced alkaline diuresis is also recommended for rhabdomyolysis.
Forkhead box C1
Forkhead box C1, also known as FOXC1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FOXC1 gene.

# Function
This gene belongs to the forkhead family of transcription factors which is characterized by a distinct DNA-binding fork head domain.  The specific function of this gene has not yet been determined; however, it has been shown to play a role in the regulation of embryonic and ocular development.  Mutations in this gene cause various glaucoma phenotypes including primary congenital glaucoma, autosomal dominant iridogoniodysgenesis anomaly, and Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly.

# Heart development and somitogenesis
FOXC1 and its close relative, FOXC2 are both critical components in the development of the heart and blood vessels, as well as the segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm and the formation of somites. Expression of the Fox proteins range from low levels in the posterior pre-somitic mesoderm (PSM) to the highest levels in the anterior PSM. Homozygous mutant embryos for both Fox proteins failed to form somites 1-8, which indicates the importance of these proteins early on in somite development.
In cardiac morphogenesis, FOXC1 and FOXC2 are required for the proper development of the cardiac outflow tract.The outflow tract forms from a cell population known as the secondary heart field. The Fox proteins are transcribed in the secondary heart field where they regulate the expression of key signaling molecules such as Fgf8, Fgf10, Tbx1, Isl1, and Bmp4.

# Role in cancer
FOXC1 induces the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is a process where epithelial cells separate from surrounding cells and begin migration. This process is involved in metastasis, giving FOXC1 a crucial role in cancer. The over expression of FOXC1 results in the up-regulation of fibronectin, vimentin, and N-cadherin, which contribute to cellular migration in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The knockout of FOXC1 in human NPC cells down-regulated vimentin, fibronectin, and N-cadherin expression.
FOXC1 transcription factor regulates EMT in basal-like breast cancer (BLBC).  Activation of SMO-independent Hedgehog signaling by FOXC1 alters the cancer stem cell (CSC) properties in BLBC cells. These CSCs, which are regulated by FOXC1 signaling, contribute to tumor proliferation, tissue invasion, and relapse.