Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Motility
Motility is a biological term which refers to the ability to move spontaneously and independently. It can apply to either single-celled or multicellular organisms.
In cellular biology or biomedical engineering, motility often refers to directed cell movement down gradients established in biopolymers. Examples are:
- movement along a chemical gradient (see chemotaxis)
- movement along a rigidity gradient (see durotaxis)
- movement along a gradient of cell adhesion sites (see haptotaxis)
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Cementum

# Overview
Cementum is a specialized calcified substance covering the root of a tooth. Cementum is excreted by cells called cementoblasts within the root of the tooth and is thickest at the root apex. Its coloration is yellowish and it is softer than enamel and dentin due to being less mineralized.
The principle role of cementen within the tooth is to serve as a medium by which the periodontal ligaments can attach to the tooth for stability. Hence, its bottom surface is tangent to the periodontal ligaments running through the jaw (via collagen fibers), and the upper portion of the surface is firmly cemented to the dentin of the tooth. It also meets the enamel lower on the tooth at the cemento-enamel junction. Here the cementum is known as acellular cementum due to its lack of cellular components, and covers approximately 1/3-1/2 of the root. The more permeable form of cementen, cellular cementum, covers 1/3-1/2 of the root apex, where it binds to the dentin. There is also a third type of cementum, afibrillar cementum, which sometimes extends onto the enamel of the tooth.
The chemical makeup of cementum is similar to that of bone, but it lacks vascularization. Volumetrically, it is approximately 65% inorganic material (mainly hydroxyapatite), 23% organic material (mainly collagen type1]) and 12% water.
Cercozoa
The Cercozoa are a group of protists, including most amoeboids and flagellates that feed by means of filose pseudopods. These may be restricted to part of the cell surface, but there is never a true cytostome or mouth as found in many other protozoa. They show a variety of forms and have proven difficult to define in terms of structural characteristics, although their unity is strongly supported by genetic studies.  Cercozoa are closely related to Foraminifera and Radiolaria, amoeboids that usually have complex shells, and together with them form a supergroup called the Rhizaria.
The best-known Cercozoa are the euglyphids, filose amoebae with shells of siliceous scales or plates, which are commonly found in soils, nutrient-rich waters, and on aquatic plants.  Some other filose amoebae produce organic shells, including the tectofilosids and Gromia.  They were formerly classified with the euglyphids as the Testaceafilosia.  This group is not monophyletic, but nearly all studied members fall in or near the Cercozoa, related to similarly shelled flagellates.
Another important group placed here are the chlorarachniophytes, strange amoebae that form a reticulating net.  They are set apart by the presence of chloroplasts, which apparently developed from an ingested green alga.  They are bound by four membranes and still possess a vestigial nucleus, called a nucleomorph.  As such, they have been of great interest to researchers studying the endosymbiotic origins of organelles.
Other notable cercozoans include the cercomonads, which are common soil flagellates, and the Phaeodarea, marine protozoa that were previously considered radiolarians.  In addition, three groups that are traditionally considered heliozoans belong here: the dimorphids, desmothoracids, and gymnosphaerids.  The exact composition and classification of the Cercozoa are still being worked out.  A general scheme is:
In addition two groups of parasites, the Phytomyxea and Ascetosporea, and the shelled amoeba Gromia may be basal Cercozoa, although some trees place them closer to the Foraminifera.  The spongomonads have been included here, but more recently have been considered Amoebozoa.  Some other small groups of protozoans are considered Cercozoa but are of uncertain placement, and it is likely many obscure genera will turn out to be cercozoans with further study.
Cereblon
Cereblon is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CRBN gene. The gene that encodes the cereblon protein is found on the human chromosome 3, on the short arm at position p26.3  from base pair 3,190,676 to base pair 3,221,394. CRBN orthologs are highly conserved from plants to humans.

# Clinical significance

## Birth defects
It was believed that the drug thalidomide binds and inactivates cereblon, which leads to an antiproliferative effect on myeloma cells and a teratogenic effect on fetal development. Thalidomide was used as a treatment for morning sickness from 1957 until 1961 but was withdrawn from the market after it was discovered that it caused birth defects.  It is estimated that 10,000 to 20,000 children were affected.  However, the finding that cereblon inhibition is responsible for the teratogenic activity of thalidomide in the chick and zebrafish was cast into doubt due to a 2013 report that pomalidomide (a more potent thalidomide analog) does not cause teratogenic effects in these same model systems even though it is a stronger cereblon inhibitor than thalidomide is.

## Intellectual disability
Mutations in the CRBN gene are associated with autosomal recessive nonsyndromic intellectual disability, possibly as a result of dysregulation of calcium-activated potassium channels in the brain (see below) during development.

# Function

## Ubiquitinization and role in development
Cereblon forms an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex with damaged DNA binding protein 1 (DDB1), Cullin-4A (CUL4A), and regulator of cullins 1 (ROC1).  This complex ubiquitinates a number of other proteins.  Through a mechanism which has not been completely elucidated, this ubiquitination results in reduced levels of fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8) and fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10). FGF8 in turn regulates a number of developmental processes, such as limb and auditory vesicle formation. The net result is that this ubiquitin ligase complex is important for limb outgrowth in embryos.
In the absence of cereblon, DDB1 forms a complex with DDB2 that functions as a DNA damage-binding protein.  Furthermore, cereblon and DDB2 bind to DDB1 in a competitive manner.

## Regulation of potassium channels
Cereblon binds to the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (KCNMA1) and regulates its activity.  Moreover, mice lacking this channel develop neurological disorders.
Chaining
Chaining is an instructional procedure used in Behavioral psychology, experimental analysis of behavior and applied behavior analysis. It involves reinforcing individual responses occurring in a sequence to form a complex behavior. It is frequently used for training behavioral sequences (or "chains") that are beyond the current repertoire of the learner.

# Procedure
The chain of responses is broken down into small steps using task analysis. Parts of a chain are referred to as links. The learner's skill level is assessed by an appropriate professional and is then either taught one step at a time while being assisted through the other steps forward or backwards or if the learner already can complete a certain percentage of the steps independently, the remaining steps are all worked on during each trial total task. A verbal stimulus or prompt is used at the beginning of the teaching trial. The stimulus change that occurs between each response becomes the reinforcer for that response as well as the prompt/stimulus for the next response without requiring assistance from the teacher. For example, in purchasing a soda you pull the money out of your pocket and see the money in your hand and then put the money in the machine.  Seeing the money in your hand both was the reinforcer for the first response (getting money out of pocket) and was what prompted you to do the next response (putting money in machine).
As small chains become mastered, i.e. are performed consistently following the initial  discriminative stimulus prompt, they may be used as links in larger chains. . Chaining requires that the teachers present the training skill in the same order each time and is most effective when teachers are delivering the same prompts to the learner.  The most common forms of chaining are backward chaining, forward chaining, and total task presentation.
ChestEze
ChestEze is a British over-the-counter pharmaceutical product manufactured by Do-Do for "relief of bronchial cough, wheezing, breathlessness and other symptoms of asthmatic bronchitis and to clear the chest of mucus following upper respiratory tract infection." It contains 30mg caffeine, 18.31mg ephedrine hydrochloride and 100mg anhydrous theophylline.
It comes in a fawn brown tablet. Recommended doses are: Adults: not more than 1 tablet in 4 hours. Maximum 4 tablets in 24 hours. Young persons over 12 years: 1 tablet and no more than 3 tablets daily with an interval of at least 4 hours between each tablet.
Because ChestEze contains ephedrine, which is illegal in its pure form in the UK, it is sometimes used illicitly in large doses by bodybuilders. This use can be dangerous, however,  since theophylline can be toxic at relatively low doses.
Chloride
The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form an anion (negatively-charged ion) Cl. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and can also be called chlorides. An example is table salt, which is sodium chloride with the chemical formula NaCl. In water, it dissolves into Na+ and Cl ions.
The word chloride can also refer to a chemical compound in which one or more chlorine atoms are covalently bonded in the molecule.  This means that chlorides can be either inorganic or organic compounds.  The simplest example of an inorganic covalently-bonded chloride is hydrogen chloride, HCl.  A simple example of an organic covalently-bonded (an organochloride) chloride is chloromethane (CH3Cl), often called methyl chloride.
Other examples of inorganic covalently-bonded chlorides that are used as reactants are:
- phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride, and thionyl chloride, all three of which reactive chlorinating reagents that have been used in a laboratory
- disulfur dichloride (S2Cl2), used for vulcanization of rubber.

# Human health
Chloride ions have important physiological roles.  For instance, in the central nervous system, the inhibitory action of glycine and some of the action of GABA relies on the entry of Cl into specific neurons.  Also, the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger biological transport protein relies on the chloride ion to increase the blood's capacity of carbon dioxide, in the form of the bicarbonate ion.
The North American Dietary Reference Intake recommends a daily intake of between 2300 and 3600 mg/day for 25-year-old males.

# Other applications
Chloride is also a useful and reliable chemical indicator of river / groundwater faecal contamination, as chloride is a non-reactive solute and ubiquitous to sewage.
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Chlorite
The chlorite ion is ClO2. A chlorite (compound) is a compound that contains this group,
with chlorine in oxidation state +3. Chlorites are also known as salts of chlorous acid.

# Oxidation states
Chlorine can assume oxidation states of 1, +1, +3, +5, or +7 corresponding to the anions Cl, ClO, ClO2, ClO3, or ClO4, respectively (known as chloride, hypochlorite, chlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate.)

# Some chlorite compounds
- sodium chlorite, NaClO2
- magnesium chlorite, Mg(ClO2)2

# Manufacture
The free acid, chlorous acid, HClO2, is only stable at low concentrations. Since it cannot be concentrated, it is not a commercial product. However, the corresponding sodium salt, sodium chlorite, NaClO2 is stable  and inexpensive enough to be commercially available. The corresponding salts of heavy metals (Ag+, Hg+, Tl+, Pb2+, and also Cu2+ and NH4+) decompose explosively with heat or shock.
Sodium chlorite is derived indirectly from sodium chlorate, NaClO3. First, the explosively unstable gas chlorine dioxide, ClO2 is produced by reducing sodium chlorate in a strong acid solution with a suitable reducing agent (for example, sodium chloride, sulfur dioxide, or hydrochloric acid). The chlorine dioxide is then absorbed into an alkaline solution and reduced with hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 yielding sodium chlorite.

# Usage
The main application of sodium chlorite is the generation of chlorine dioxide for bleaching and stripping of textiles, pulp, and paper. It is also used for disinfection in a few municipal water treatment plants after conversion to chlorine dioxide. An advantage in this application, as compared to the more commonly used chlorine, is that trihalomethanes are not produced from organic contaminants. Sodium chlorite, NaClO2 also finds application as a component of contact lens cleaning solution under the trade name purite.
Sodium chlorite, like many oxidizers,  should be protected from inadvertent contamination by organic materials to avoid the formation of an explosive mixture.
Chromate

# Overview
Chromates and dichromates are salts of chromic acid and dichromic acid, respectively.  Chromate salts contain the chromate ion, CrO42, and have an intense yellow color.  Dichromate salts contain the dichromate ion, Cr2O72, and have an intense orange color.

# Characteristics
- The chromium atoms are in oxidation state +6 in both, and the chromate and dichromate ions are fairly strong oxidizing agents.  Chromium in the +6 (or VI) oxidation state is often referred to as hexavalent chromium.
- In an aqueous solution, chromate and dichromate anions are in a chemical equilibrium.
- They are used in environmental analysis to measure chemical oxygen demand (COD).
- They are carcinogenic.  All hexavalent chromium compounds are considered toxic and carcinogenic.
- When used as oxidizing agents or titrants in a redox chemical reaction, they will turn into trivalent chromium, Cr3+, which has a distinctively different blue-green color.
- The sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and ammonium (NH4+) salts are water soluble granular solids and are the most commonly used chromate or dichromate chemical reagents. Most chromate and dichromate salts of heavy metals, lanthanides or alkaline earth metals are only very slightly soluble in water and are thus of much less usefulness.
- Chromate conversion coatings are applied to metals for corrosion protection, and to improve paint adhesion.
- The use of chromate compounds in manufactured goods is restricted in the EU (and by market commonality the rest of the world) by EU Parliament directive 2002/95/EC

# Structures
Chyluria

# Overview
Chyluria (also chylous urine) is a medical condition involving the presence of chyle in the urine stream.  Chyluria results in milky white urine. 

# Causes
- Often caused by filariasis, caused by the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti lodging in the lymph channels, the condition especially affects the people of the Africa and Indian subcontinent. The affected are infected by the parasite and it lodges in the lymph channels draining chyle (digested food absorbed as a milky solution into the blood).
- Chyluria can occur for the first time, or as a relapse, in pregnancy or after childbirth.

# Symptoms
Once the channels are blocked, one of the channels may open into the kidney hilum or ureter or sometimes into the bladder and chyle can leak into the urinary tract resulting in passage of milky white urine, which is frightening at the first sight. Sometimes even blood can mix with the urine resulting in haemato-chyluria.
Usually the condition is self limiting and sometimes can lead onto complications.  If left untreated chronic chyluria can lead to malnutrition and vitamin deficiency.

# Treatment
Diet modifications to reduce the formation of chylomicrons (reduction of fat in food).  Anti-fillarial drugs are often prescribed and surgery may be considered if the lymph channel blockage or damage is severe enough.
Citrinin
Citrinin is  a mycotoxin originally isolated from Penicillium citrinum. It has since been found to be produced by a variety of other fungi which are used in the production of human foods such as grain, cheese, sake and red pigments. It is a sometimes toxic byproduct of the fermentation process when making red yeast rice.

# Toxicity
Citrinin acts as a nephrotoxin in all species in which it has been tested, but its acute toxicity varies. It causes mycotoxic nephropathy in livestock and has been implicated as a cause of Balkan nephropathy and yellow rice fever in humans.
Citrinin is used as a reagent in biological research. It induces mitochondrial permeability pore opening and inhibits respiration by interfering with complex I of the respiratory chain.

# Citrinin producers
Citrinin is produced by a variety of fungi including:
- Aspergillus niveus
- Aspergillus ochraceus
- Aspergillus oryzae
- Aspergillus terreus
- Monascus ruber
- Monascus purpureus
- Penicillium citrinum
- Penicillium camemberti

# Notes
-  Heston T. Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Red Yeast Rice, and Sudden Cardiac Death. Internet Med J, 2012.
-  Bennett, J. W.; Klich, M.  Mycotoxins.  Clinical Microbiology Reviews  (2003),  16(3),  497-516.
Data set
A data set (or dataset) is a collection of data, usually presented in tabular form. Each column represents a particular variable. Each row corresponds to a given member of the data set in question. It lists values for each of the variables, such as height and weight of an object or values of random numbers. The data set may comprise data for one or more members, corresponding to the number of rows.
Historically, the term originated in the mainframe field, where it had a well-defined meaning, very close to contemporary computer file. This topic is not covered here.
In the simplest case, there is only one variable, and then the data set consists of a single column of values, often represented as a list.
The values may be numbers, such as real numbers or integers, for example representing a person's height in centimeters, but may also be nominal data (i.e., not consisting of numerical values), for example representing a person's ethnicity. More generally, values may be of any of the kinds described as a level of measurement. For each variable, the values will normally all be of the same kind. However, there may also be "missing values", which need to be indicated in some way.
In statistics data sets usually come from actual observations obtained by sampling a statistical population, and each row corresponds to the observations on one element of that population. Data sets may further be generated by algorithms for the purpose of testing certain kinds of software.

# Classic data sets
Several classic data sets have been used extensively in the statistical literature:
- Iris flower data set - multivariate data set introduced by Ronald Fisher (1936).
- Categorical data analysis - Data sets used in the book, An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis, by Agresti are provided on-line by StatLib.
- Robust statistics - Data sets used in Robust Regression and Outlier Detection (Rousseeuw and Leroy, 1986). Provided on-line at the University of Cologne.
- Time series - Data used in Chatfield's book, The Analysis of Time Series, are provided on-line by StatLib.
- Extreme values - Data used in the book, An Introduction to the Statistical Modeling of Extreme Values are provided on-line by Stuart Coles, the book's author.
- Bayesian Data Analysis - Data used in the book, Bayesian Data Analysis, are provided on-line by Andrew Gelman, one of the book's authors.
- The Bupa liver data, used in several papers in the machine learning (data mining) literature.
Clavicle

# Overview
In human anatomy, the clavicle or collar bone is classified as a long bone that makes up part of the shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle). It receives its name from the Latin clavicula ("little key") because the bone rotates along its axis like a key when the shoulder is abducted. (This movement is palpable with the opposite hand).  In some people, particularly females who may have less fat in this region, the location of the bone is clearly visible as it creates a bulge in the skin.

# Overview
The clavicle is a doubly-curved long bone (the only horizontal long bone in the human body) that connects the arm (upper limb) to the body (trunk), located directly above the first rib.  Medially, it articulates with the manubrium of the sternum (breast-bone) at the sternoclavicular joint.  At its lateral end it articulates with the acromion of the scapula (shoulder blade) at the acromioclavicular joint.  It has a rounded medial end and a flattened lateral end.
From the roughly pyramidal sternal end, each clavicle curves laterally and posteriorly for roughly half its length. It then forms a smooth posterior curve to articulate with a process of the scapula (acromion). The flat, acromial end of the clavicle is broader than the sternal end. The acromial end has a rough inferior surface that bears prominent lines and tubercles. These surface features are attachment sites for muscles and ligaments of the shoulder.

# Functions
The clavicle serves several functions:
- It serves as a rigid support from which the scapula and free limb are suspended.  This arrangement keeps the upper limb (arm) away from the thorax so that the arm has maximum range of movement.
- Covers the cervicoaxillary canal (passageway between the neck and arm), through which several important structures pass.
- Transmits physical impacts from the upper limb to the axial skeleton.
Even though it is classified as a long bone, the clavicle has no medullary (bone marrow) cavity like other long bones.  It is made up of spongy (cancellous) bone with a shell of compact bone. It is a dermal bone derived from elements originally attached to the skull.

# Attachments
Muscles and ligaments that attach to the clavicle include:

# Development
The clavicle is the first bone to begin the process of hardening (ossification) during development of the embryo, during the 5th and 6th weeks of gestation. However, it is the last of the long bones to finish ossification, at about 21 years of age. It forms by intramembranous ossification.

# Common clavicle injuries
- acromioclavicular dislocation
- sternoclavicular dislocations
- clavicle fractures
- osteolysis
- degeneration of the clavicle

# Additional images
- Pectoral girdle - front
- Diagram of the human shoulder joint
- Sternoclavicular articulation. Anterior view.
- The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula.
- Muscles of the neck. Lateral view.
- Muscles of the neck. Anterior view.
- Anterolateral view of head and neck.
- Front view of neck.