Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Lapsana
Lapsana is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, containing a single species, Lapsana communis (Nipplewort). It is native to Europe and northern Asia.
It is an annual or perennial herbaceous plant growing to 1-1.2 m tall, with hairy stems and clear (not milky) sap. The leaves are spirally arranged; larger leaves at the base of the flowering stem are often pinnate, with a large oval terminal leaflet and one to four small side leaflets, while smaller leaves higher on the stem are simple oval; all leaves have a toothed margin. The flowers are yellow, produced in a capitulum 1-2 cm diameter, the capitula being numerous in loose clusters at the top of the stem.
There are six subspecies:
- Lapsana communis subsp. communis. Most of Europe, except the southeast. Annual.
- Lapsana communis subsp. adenophora (Boiss.) Rech.f. Southeast Europe.
- Lapsana communis subsp. alpina (Boiss. & Balansa) P.D.Sell. Crimea.
- Lapsana communis subsp. grandiflora (M. Bieb.) P.D.Sell. Southwest Asia.
- Lapsana communis subsp. intermedia (M. Bieb.) Hayek. Southwest Asia, southeast Europe. Perennial.
- Lapsana communis subsp. pisidica (Boiss. & Heldr.) Rech.f. Greece.
In the past, a number of other species were included in the genus; these species are now treated in the genera Crepis and Lapsanastrum.

# Cultivation and uses
The young leaves are edible, and can be used in salads or cooked like spinach. The scientific name comes from Lapsane, an edible herb described by Marcus Terentius Varro of ancient Rome. The English name 'Nipplewort' derives from its closed flower buds, which resemble nipples. Because of its resemblance to nipples, under the doctrine of signatures it was once used as treatment for breast ulcers.
Away from its native area, Lapsana communis is naturalised, and sometimes considered an invasive species, in many areas around the world, including Australia, Chile, New Zealand, and most of North America.
Laugher
A laugher is a slang term for one of several types of drugs, usually euphorics or stimulants, that have a tendency to make the user laugh easily and hysterically while under its influence.  Examples of laughers include cannabis (in small amounts), ecstasy and speed.
Other categories into which drugs may fall include uppers, downers, screamers and psychedelics.
Laughers are not always stimulants.  When under the influence of certain sedative drugs such as marijuana or hashish, the user can get the "giggles" and can laugh for no apparent reason for long periods of time. When taken in small doses, the psilocybin mushroom can cause euphoria and make the user giggle and laugh.
Levulan
Levulan photodynamic therapy is a treatment method for certain skin conditions developed by Dusa Pharmaceuticals. The active ingredient is -aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for actinic keratosis was received in December 1999; it is also prescribed against acne but this is an off-label use, which means it is not approved by the FDA.
A 20% solution of ALA is applied to the lesions, and after 1418 hours wait the skin is irradiated with blue light for 15 minutes. This generates an active form of oxygen in the skin that kills cells and bacteria. The treated areas are sensitive to light, and patients must protect themselves against bright sunshine for two or three days after treatment.  Patients must stop using topical acne medicine and avoid steam rooms, hot showers, and generally protect the skin in every way possible for up to one week after treatment.
Clinical trials indicate an 80% success rate for face lesions and a 50% success rate for scalp lesions after a 12 week course of treatment.
Lignite
Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, is the lowest rank of coal and used almost exclusively as fuel for steam-electric power generation.  
It is brownish-black and has a high inherent moisture content, sometimes as high as 66 percent, and very high ash content compared with bituminous coal. It is also a heterogeneous mixture of compounds for which no single structural formula will suffice.
The heat content of lignite ranges from 10 to 20 MJ/kg (9 to 17 million Btu per short ton) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The heat content of lignite consumed in the United States averages 13 million Btu/ton (15 MJ/kg), on the as-received basis (i.e., containing both inherent moisture and mineral matter).
When reacted with quaternary amine, amine treated lignite (ATL) forms.  ATL is used in oil well drilling fluids to reduce fluid loss.
Because of its low energy density, brown coal is inefficient to transport and is not traded extensively on the world market compared with higher coal grades.  It is often burned in power stations constructed very close to any mines, such as in Australia's Latrobe Valley.  Carbon dioxide emissions from brown coal fired plants are generally much higher than for comparable black coal plants.  The continued operation of brown coal plants, particularly in combination with strip mining and in the absence of emissions-avoiding technology like carbon sequestration, is politically contentious.
Lignite mined in millions of metric tons:
Lingula
Lingula is Latin for "little tongue". It can stand for:
- Lingula (genus) a brachiopod genus of the family Lingulidae, which is among the few brachiopods surviving today but also known from fossils over 50 million years old.
- In anatomy:
the Lingula of left lung is one of the segments of the left lung with a tongue-shape
The Sphenoidal lingula is part of the sphenoid bone
The Lingula of mandible, a ridge on the medial aspect of the body of the mandible, just anterior to the mandibular foramen
the Lingula of cerebellum
- the Lingula of left lung is one of the segments of the left lung with a tongue-shape
- The Sphenoidal lingula is part of the sphenoid bone
- The Lingula of mandible, a ridge on the medial aspect of the body of the mandible, just anterior to the mandibular foramen
- the Lingula of cerebellum
Lipoxin
Lipoxins are a series of anti-inflamatory mediators.  Lipoxins are short lived endogenously produced eicosanoids whose appearance in inflammation signals the resolution of inflammation.  During the acute inflammatory process, the proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN- and IL-1 can induce the expression of anti-inflammatory mediators such as lipoxins (LXs) and IL-4, which promote the resolution phase of inflammation.  
They are abbreviated as  LX, an acronym for lipoxygenase (LO) interaction products.  
Lipoxins are derived from arachidonic acid, an -6 fatty acid  
An analogous class, the resolvins, is derived from EPA and DHA, -3 fatty acids.  
At present two lipoxins have been identified; lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and lipoxin B4 (LXB4).
Lipoxins, as well as certain peptides,  are high affinity (sub nanomolar) ligands for the lipoxin A4 receptor (ALXR), which was first identified based on sequence homology as the formyl peptide receptor like receptor (FPRL1).  Lipoxin signaling through the ALXR inhibits chemotaxis, transmigration, superoxide generation and NF-kB activation.
Conversely, peptide signalling through the same receptor, in vitro, has been shown to stimulate chemotaxis of PMN and calcium mobilization.  The peptides that have ALXR affinity tend to be signals for leukocyte migration and subsequent phagocytosis such as acute phase proteins, bacterial peptides, HIV envelope proteins and neurotoxic peptides.
Lipoxins are also high affinity antagonists to the cystienyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLT1)  to which several leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4) mediate their smooth muscle contraction and eosinophil chemotactic effects.  The CysLT1 receptor is also the site of action for the asthma drug, Montelukast(Singulair)
Lunatic

# Background
A lunatic (colloquially: "looney") is a commonly used term for a person who is mentally ill, dangerous, foolish or unpredictable, a condition once called lunacy.
The word lunatic is borrowed from Latin "lunaticus", which gains its stem from "luna" for moon, which denotes the traditional link made in folklore between madness and the phases of the moon. This probably refers to the symptoms of cyclic mood disorders such as bipolar disorder or cyclothymia, the symptoms of which may also go through phases. As yet there is little evidence for any causal link between phases of the moon and the progression of mood disorder symptoms.
In a 1999 Journal of Affective Disorders article, a hypothesis was suggested indicating that the phase of the moon may in the past have had an effect on bipolar patients by providing light during nights which would otherwise have been dark, and affecting susceptible patients through the well-known route of sleep deprivation. With the introduction of electric light, this effect would have gone away, as light would be available every night, explaining the negative results of modern studies. They suggest ways in which this hypothesis might be tested.
Mental institutions used to be called "lunatic asylums" or colloquially, "loony bins".
In Russian, Polish and Czech, a lunatic refers to a sleepwalker, literally "one who walks under the moon" or "moon walker".
In Romanian, a word with the meaning of "lunatic" is "zanatic", derived from Latin "dianaticus", from Diana, the Roman goddess of the Moon.
In England and Wales the Lunacy Acts 1890 - 1922 referred to lunatics, but the Mental Treatment Act 1930 changed the legal term to Person of Unsound Mind, an expression which was replaced under the Mental Health Act 1959 by mental illness. Person of unsound mind was the term used in 1950 in the English version of the European Convention on Human Rights as one of the types of person who could be deprived of liberty by a judicial process. The 1930 act also replaced Asylum by Mental Hospital. Criminal Lunatics became Broadmoor Patients in 1948 under the National Health Service Act. The terms are still used by journalists, especially in tabloid newspapers.

# Lunar Distance
The term lunatic was also used by supporters of John Harrison and his marine chronometer method of determining longitude to refer to proponents of the Method of Lunar Distances, advanced by Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne.
Later, members of the Lunar Society of Birmingham called themselves lunaticks. In an age with little street lighting, the society met on or about the night of the full moon.
MAP3K11
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Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 11 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAP3K11 gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is called MLK3 and it is a member of the serine/threonine kinase family. This kinase contains a SH3 domain and a leucine zipper-basic motif. This kinase preferentially activates MAPK8/JNK kinase, and functions as a positive regulator of JNK signaling pathway. This kinase can directly phosphorylate, and activates JNK and p38, and is found to be involved in the transcription activity of AP1 mediated by Rho family GTPases and CDC42.

# Interactions
MAP3K11 has been shown to interact with:
- AKT1,
- CDC42,
- MAPK8IP1,
- MAPK8IP2, and
- SH3RF1.
MAP3K12
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 12 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAP3K12 gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of serine/threonine protein kinase family. This kinase contains a leucine-zipper domain, and is predominately expressed in neuronal cells. The phosphorylation state of this kinase in synaptic terminals was shown to be regulated by membrane depolarization via calcineurin. This kinase forms heterodimers with leucine zipper containing transcription factors, such as cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) and MYC, and thus may play a regulatory role in PKA or retinoic acid induced neuronal differentiation.

# Interactions
MAP3K12 has been shown to interact with MAPK8IP1, MAP2K7 and MAPK8IP2.

# Role in Development
MAP3K12, otherwise known as DLK, can initiate coordinated signalling cascades that culminate in the phosphorylation of C-Jun N-terminal kinases or JNK. Several experiments have implicated this interaction as having a role in the developing mammalian nervous system. For example, neuronal migration and axon growth are critical components of neuronal development. DLK null mice have defects in neuronal migration, hypoplasia of several different axonal tracts and reduced axon number in various areas of the brain such as the cingulum and internal capsule. In addition, inhibition of DLK or JNK delays radial migration and disrupts the formation of the neocortex in mice. Another important function of the developing mammalian nervous system is neuronal apoptosis. The absence of DLK also protects cultured mice sensory neurons from apoptosis that would normally be triggered by a lack of NGF. This, among other experiments, heavily implicates it as having a role in neuronal apoptosis.
DLK has several different interactions that contribute to mammalian nervous system development. For axon growth, DLK phosphorylates MAP2K4/7 which then phosphorylates JNK, activating it. In neuronal migration DLK phosphorylates MAP2K4/7 which phosphorylates JNK, and also interacts with JIP which then interacts with MAP2K4/7 and JNK. There is a similar interaction for neuronal apoptosis, where DLK phosphorylates JIP3 and MAP2K7, which both phosphorylate JNK. It is evident then that DLK interactions are a versatile and critical part of neuronal development in mammals.
MPGES-1
Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) or Prostaglandin E synthase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGES gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a glutathione-dependent prostaglandin E synthase. The expression of this gene has been shown to be induced by proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL1B). Its expression can also be induced by tumor suppressor protein TP53, and may be involved in TP53-induced apoptosis.
Knockout studies in mice suggest that this gene may contribute to the pathogenesis of collagen-induced arthritis and mediate acute pain during inflammatory responses.
MT-ND4L
NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 4L is a protein that in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial gene MT-ND4L. The ND4L protein is a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), which is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane and is the largest of the five complexes of the electron transport chain. Variants of MT-ND4L are associated with increased BMI in adults and Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON).

# Structure
The MT-ND4L gene is located in human mitochondrial DNA from base pair 10,469 to 10,765. An unusual feature of the human MT-ND4L gene is the 7-nucleotide gene overlap of its last three codons (5'-CAA TGC TAA-3' coding for Gln, Cys and Stop) with the first three codons of the MT-ND4 gene (5'-ATG CTA AAA-3' coding for amino acids Met-Leu-Lys). With respect to the MT-ND4L reading frame (+1), the MT-ND4 gene starts in the +3 reading frame: AA versus CA.
The MT-ND4L gene produces an 11 kDa protein composed of 98 amino acids. MT-ND4L is one of seven mitochondrially-encoded subunits of the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone). Also known as Complex I, it is the largest of the respiratory complexes. The structure is L-shaped with a long, hydrophobic transmembrane domain and a hydrophilic domain for the peripheral arm that includes all the known redox centres and the NADH binding site. MT-ND4L and the rest of the mitochondrially encoded subunits are the most hydrophobic of the subunits of Complex I and form the core of the transmembrane region.

# Function
MT-ND4L is a subunit of the respiratory chain Complex I that is believed to belong to the minimal assembly of core proteins required to catalyze NADH dehydrogenation and electron transfer to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10). Initially, NADH binds to Complex I and transfers two electrons to the isoalloxazine ring of the flavin mononucleotide (FMN) prosthetic arm to form FMNH2. The electrons are transferred through a series of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters in the prosthetic arm and finally to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ), which is reduced to ubiquinol (CoQH2). The flow of electrons changes the redox state of the protein, resulting in a conformational change and pK shift of the ionizable side chain, which pumps four hydrogen ions out of the mitochondrial matrix.

# Clinical significance
Mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from variants of MT-ND4L, MT-ND1 and MT-ND2 have been linked to BMI in adults and implicated in metabolic disorders including obesity, diabetes and hypertension.
A T>C mutation at position 10,663 in the mitochondrial gene MT-ND4L is known to cause Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON). This mutation results in the replacement of the amino acid valine with alanine at position 65 of the protein ND4L, disrupting function of Complex I in the electron transport chain. It is unknown how this mutation leads to the loss of vision in LHON patients, but it may interrupt ATP production due to the impaired activity of Complex I. Mutations in other genes encoding subunits of Complex I, including MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-ND4, MT-ND5, and MT-ND6 are also known to cause LHON.
MT-RNR1
Mitochondrially encoded 12S ribosomal RNA (often abbreviated as 12S or 12S rRNA), also known as Mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c or Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c is a component of the small subunit (SSU) of the mitochondrial ribosome. In humans, 12S is encoded by the MT-RNR1 gene and is 959 nucleotides long. MT-RNR1 is one of the 37 genes contained in animal mitochondria genomes. Their 2 rRNA, 22 tRNA and 13 mRNA genes are very useful in phylogenetic studies, in particular the 12S and 16S rRNAs. The 12S rRNA is the mitochondrial homologue of the prokaryotic 16S and eukaryotic nuclear 18S ribosomal RNAs. Mutations in the MT-RNR1 gene may be associated with hearing loss.

# Structure
The MT-RNR1 gene is located on the p arm of the mitochondrial DNA at position 12 and it spans 953 base pairs.

# Function
The MT-RNR1 gene encodes for a protein responsible for regulating insulin sensitivity and metabolic homeostasis. The protein acts as an inhibitor of the folate cycle, thereby reducing de novo purine biosynthesis which leads to the accumulation of the de novo purine synthesis intermediate 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICAR) and the activation of the metabolic regulator 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). The protein also protects against age-dependent and diet-induced insulin resistance as well as diet-induced obesity.

# Clinical significance

## Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss and Deafness, Mitochondrial
Pathogenic mutations in the MT-RNR1 gene have been found to cause late-onset Mitochondrial Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss and Deafness with predisposed aminoglycoside ototoxicities. Nonsyndromic Deafness is characterized by a partial or total  sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) of variable onset and severity that is not associated with other signs and symptoms. Most forms of nonsyndromic deafness are associated with permanent hearing loss caused by damage to structures in the inner ear.
Mutations of 1494C>T, 1555A>G, and 1095T>C in the MT-RNR1 gene have been identified to cause the hearing loss.

## Complex IV Deficiency
MT-RNR1 mutations have been associated with complex IV deficiency of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, also known as the cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency is a rare genetic condition that can affect multiple parts of the body, including skeletal muscles, the heart, the brain, or the liver. Common clinical manifestations include myopathy, hypotonia, and encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A 9952G>A mutation was found in a patient with the deficiency.
MTHFD1L
Monofunctional C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase, mitochondrial also known as formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MTHFD1L gene (methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1-like).

# Function
One-carbon substituted forms of tetrahydrofolate (THF) are involved in the de novo synthesis of purines and thymidylate and support cellular methylation reactions through the regeneration of methionine from homocysteine. MTHFD1L is an enzyme involved in THF synthesis in mitochondria.
In contrast to MTHFD1 that has trifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase, methenyltetrahydrofolate cyclohydrolase, and formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase enzymatic activities, MTHFD1L only has  formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase activity.

# Clinical significance
Certain variants of the MTHFD1L are associated neural tube defects.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of MTHFD1L function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Mthfd1ltm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty six tests were carried out on mutant mice and two significant abnormalities were observed. The homozygous mutant embryos identified during gestation had exencephaly. None survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice and no further abnormalities were observed.
MTHFD2L
NAD-dependent methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2-like protein (MTHFD2L), also known as bifunctional methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase 2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MTHFD2L gene on chromosome 4. This enzyme localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it performs the NADP+-dependent dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase activity as part of the mitochondrial pathway to convert folate to formate.
It is associated with fluctuations in cytokine secretion in response to viral infections and vaccines.

# Structure
The MTHFD2L gene consists of nine exons and is conserved among mammals. This gene encodes a 340-residue protein that is homologous to the mitochondrial bifunctional dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase (MTHFD2) and to the N-terminal dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase domains of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial C1-THF synthases (MTHFD1 and MTHFD1L, respectively). The MTHFD2L protein contains a predicted N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence and four amino acids (Lys-93, Arg-206, Gly-211, and Arg-238) necessary for the protein's dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase activity. Three classes of MTHFD2L RNA transcripts have been detected at equal levels in adult human brain and placenta, though their translation into stable proteins in vivo has not been confirmed.

# Function
MTHFD2L is a member of the tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase/cyclohydrolase family. This enzyme is expressed in all adult tissues and localizes to the mitochondria, specifically as a peripheral membrane protein in the mitochondrial matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Within the mitochondria, it participates the conversion of folate to formate as part of the mitochondrial pathway for 1-carbon metabolism. In the final step of this pathway, the NADP+-dependent CH2-THF dehydrogenase/CH+-THF cyclohydrolase activity of bifunctional MTHFD2L complements the 10-CHO-THF synthetase activity of monofunctional MTHFD1L. The formate produced via the mitochondrial pathway can contribute to purine and thymidine synthesis and homocysteine remethylation into methionine, as well as be converted into 1-carbon units to fuel the cytoplasmic pathway of folate metabolism.

# Clinical significance
In a GWAS study concerning variations in cytokine responses observed in smallpox vaccine recipients, a number of SNPs associated with variations in IL-1 secretion were identified in or within the vicinity of the MTHFD2L gene. Identification of the genetic elements controlling cytokine secretion in response to viral infection or vaccination can improve next-generation vaccines to provide robust immune protection while avoiding adverse effects.