Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
STX10
Syntaxin-10 (STX10) is a SNARE protein that is encoded by the STX10 gene. This protein is found in most vertebrates (including humans) but is noticeably absent from mice.   As with other SNARE proteins, STX10 facilitates vesicle fusion and thus is important for intracellular trafficking  of proteins and other cellular components.  More specifically, STX10 has been implicated in endosome to Golgi trafficking of the mannose 6-phosphate receptor and glucose transporter type 4.
STX10 has been detected in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) by immunofluorescence.

# Structure and function
Human STX10 is a 249 amino acid protein that has three N-terminal -helices and a single SNARE domain followed by a single-pass transmembrane domain.  Human STX10 is 60% identical to human STX6.
STX10 is structurally classified as a Qc-SNARE (contributes a glutamine (Q) residue in the formation of the assembled core SNARE complex) and is functionally classified as a t-SNARE (or target-SNARE which is often located in the membranes of target compartments).

# Interactions
STX10 is known to interact with the t-SNAREs VTI1A and STX16 and with the v-SNAREs VAMP3 and VAMP4.  The SNARE complex of STX10, STX16, VTI1A, and VAMP3 are required for late endosome to Golgi trafficking of the mannose 6-phosphate receptor.  Early endosome to Golgi trafficking of Shiga toxin requires the SNARE complex of STX6, STX16, VTI1A, and VAMP3 or VAMP4.
Thus, STX10 distinguishes early endosome to Golgi trafficking from late endosome to Golgi trafficking.
STX1A
Syntaxin-1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STX1A gene.

# Function
Synaptic vesicles store neurotransmitters that are released during calcium-regulated exocytosis. The specificity of neurotransmitter release requires the localization of both synaptic vesicles and calcium channels to the presynaptic active zone. Syntaxins function in this vesicle fusion process.
Syntaxin-1A is a member of the syntaxin superfamily. Syntaxins are nervous system-specific proteins implicated in the docking of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane. Syntaxins possess a single C-terminal transmembrane domain, a SNARE  domain (known as H3), and an N-terminal regulatory domain (Habc). Syntaxins bind synaptotagmin in a calcium-dependent fashion and interact with voltage dependent calcium and potassium channels via the C-terminal H3 domain. Syntaxin-1A is a key protein in ion channel regulation and synaptic exocytosis.

# Clinical significance
Syntaxins serve as a substrate for botulinum neurotoxin type C, a metalloprotease that blocks exocytosis and has high affinity for a molecular complex that includes the alpha-latrotoxin receptor which produces explosive exocytosis.
The expression level of STX1A is directly correlated with intelligence in Williams syndrome.

# Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.
-  The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "NicotineDopaminergic_WP1602"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

# Interactions
STX1A has been shown to interact with:
- CPLX1,
- CFTR,
- NAPA,
- RNF40,
- SCNN1G,
- SLC6A1,
- SNAP-25,
- SNAP23,
- STXBP1,
- STXBP5,
- SYT1
- UNC13B,
- VAMP2, and
- VAMP8.
SUDS3
Sin3 histone deacetylase corepressor complex component SDS3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SUDS3 gene.

# Function
SDS3 is a subunit of the histone deacetylase (see HDAC1; MIM 601241)-dependent SIN3A (MIM 607776) corepressor complex (Fleischer et al., 2003).

# Interactions
SUDS3 has been shown to interact with HDAC1, Host cell factor C1, SIN3B and SIN3A.
SUHW4
Zinc finger protein 280D, also known as Suppressor Of Hairy Wing Homolog 4, SUWH4, Zinc Finger Protein 634, ZNF634, or KIAA1584, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZNF280D gene located on chromosome 15q21.3.

# Gene
There are a total of 24 possible exons in any variant of the ZNF280D gene.  ZNF280D is oriented on the minus strand of Chromosome 15 and spans 288.396 kb.
Surrounding genes at the same locus include TEX9, HMGB1P33, MNS1, LOC645877, and LOC145783.

# mRNA
At least 24 spliced variants have been identified.   There are 7 probable alternative promoters.  The mRNAs appear to differ by truncation of the 5' end, truncation of the 3' end, presence or absence of 12 cassette exons, overlapping exons with different boundaries, splicing versus retention of 5 introns. The longest splice form contains 4428 bp.

# Protein

## Composition and Domains
The ZNF280D protein is 979 amino acids in length.
The protein contains a domain of unknown function (DUF4195) spanning from amino acid 45 to amino acid 230.
DUF4195 (pfam13826) is a family that is found at the N-terminus of metazoan proteins that carry PHD-like zinc-finger domains; the function is unknown.
ZNF280D protein also contains five highly conserved Cys2His2-type zinc finger domains.
Zinc fingers have the ability to bind DNA, which supports the speculative role of ZNF280D as a transcription factor.
The protein has a weight of approximately 109.3 kdal.
Charge cluster analysis reveals a negative charge cluster near the N-terminus from amino acids 16-43.
Charge clusters are associated with functional domains of cellular transcription factors, providing further support for ZNF280D as a possible transcription factor.

## Interactions
ZNF280D has been experimentally determined to interact with CBX5 and CBX3 proteins.
These proteins both play a role in the formation of heterochromatin, which presents a possible functional role of ZNF280D as a transcriptional repressor.

## SNPs
There are a number of SNPs that have been observed in the human population.   The image below lists some of the most frequently occurring.

# Regulation

## mRNA Level
A number of transcription factors are predicted to bind to the predicted promoter region.

## Protein Level
ZNF280D protein contains 66 serine, 17 threonine, and 6 tyrosine residues all of which are potential phosphorylation sites.
The glycine residue at position 2 is a probable candidate for N-terminal acetylation.
There are seven probable sumoylation sites.

# Expression
ZNF280D is ubiquitously expressed at relatively low levels throughout almost all tissues in the human body.
In one study, the expression of ZNF280D was compared between endothelial progenitor cells in cord blood and peripheral blood.  The results show that expression was significantly higher in cord blood.  This supports a possible involvement of ZNF280D in embryonic development or cell differentiation.

# Evolution
A number of orthologs and distant homologs have been identified for the human ZNF280D protein.  There are also four paralogs to ZNF280D in the human genome.
SUMO3
Small ubiquitin-related modifier 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUMO3 gene.

# Function
SUMO proteins, such as SUMO3, and ubiquitin (see MIM 191339) posttranslationally modify numerous cellular proteins and affect their metabolism and function. However, unlike ubiquitination, which targets proteins for degradation, sumoylation participates in a number of cellular processes, such as nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and protein stability (Su and Li, 2002).

# Interactions
SUMO3 has been shown to interact with ARNTL and Thymine-DNA glycosylase.
SUZ12
Polycomb protein SUZ12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUZ12 gene.

# Function
This zinc finger gene has been identified at the breakpoints of a recurrent chromosomal translocation reported in endometrial stromal sarcoma. Recombination of these breakpoints results in the fusion of this gene and JAZF1. The protein encoded by this gene contains a zinc finger domain in the C terminus of the coding region. The specific function of this gene has not yet been determined.
SUZ12, as part of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), may be involved with chromatin silencing in conjunction with HOTAIR ncRNA, using its zinc-finger domain to bind the RNA molecule.
SYMPK
Symplekin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYMPK gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a nuclear protein that functions in the regulation of polyadenylation and promotes gene expression. The protein forms a high-molecular weight complex with components of the polyadenylation machinery. It is thought to serve as a scaffold for recruiting regulatory factors to the polyadenylation complex. It also participates in 3'-end maturation of histone mRNAs, which do not undergo polyadenylation. The protein also localizes to the cytoplasmic plaques of tight junctions in some cell types.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of SYMPK function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Sympktm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty five tests were carried out on mutant mice and two significant abnormalities were observed. No homozygous mutant embryos were identified during gestation, and thus none survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice; no additional significant abnormalities were observed in these animals.

# Interactions
SYMPK has been shown to interact with CSTF2 and HSF1.
SYT14
Synaptotagmin XIV is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYT14 gene.

# Function
This gene is a member of the synaptotagmin gene family and encodes a protein similar to other family members that mediate membrane trafficking in synaptic transmission. The encoded protein is a calcium-independent synaptotagmin.

# Clinical relevance
Mutations in this gene have been shown to cause autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia with psychomotor retardation.
SYTL1
Synaptotagmin-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYTL1 gene.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of SYTL1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Sytl1tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty four tests were carried out on homozygous mutant mice and six significant abnormalities were observed. Females had abnormal locomotor coordination, caudal vertebral transformation, decreased circulating amylase levels and increased mean platelet volume. Both sexes displayed decreased IgG2b levels and abnormal peripheral blood lymphocyte parameters.

# Interactions
SYTL1 has been shown to interact with RAB27A.
Salix
Willows, sallows and osiers form the genus Salix, around 400 species of deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist soils in cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.  Most species are known as willow, but some narrow-leaved shrub species are called osier, and some broader-leaved species are called sallow (the latter name is derived from the Latin word salix, willow).  Some willows (particularly arctic and alpine species), are low-growing or creeping shrubs; for example the dwarf willow (Salix herbacea) rarely exceeds 6 cm in height, though spreading widely across the ground.
Willows are very cross-fertile and numerous hybrids occur, both naturally and in cultivation.  A well known example is the weeping willow (Salix  sepulcralis), very widely planted as an ornamental tree, which is a hybrid of a Chinese species and a European species  Peking willow and white willow.

# Uses

## Medicinal uses
The leaves and bark of the willow tree have been mentioned in ancient texts from Assyria, Sumer and Egypt as a remedy for aches and fever, and the Ancient Greek physician Hippocrates wrote about its medicinal properties in the 5th century BC. Native Americans across the American continent relied on it as a staple of their medical treatments. This is because they contain salicylic acid, the precursor to aspirin.
In 1763 its medicinal properties were observed by the Reverend Edward Stone in England. He notified the Royal Society who published his findings. The active extract of the bark, called salicin, was isolated to its crystalline form in 1828 by Henri Leroux, a French pharmacist, and Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist, who then succeeded in separating out the acid in its pure state. Salicin is acidic when in a saturated solution in water (pH = 2.4), and is called salicylic acid for that reason.
In 1897 Felix Hoffmann created a synthetically altered version of salicin (in his case derived from the Spiraea plant), which caused less digestive upset than pure salicylic acid. The new drug, formally Acetylsalicylic acid, was named aspirin by Hoffmann's employer Bayer AG. This gave rise to the hugely important class of drugs known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Senex
Senex is Latin for old man. In Ancient Rome, the title of Senex was only awarded to elderly men with families who had good standing in their village.

# Jungian Psychology
In Jungian analytical psychology, examples of the senex archetype in a positive form include the wise old man or wizard. The senex may also appear in a negative form as a devouring father (e.g. Ouranos, Cronus) or a doddering fool.
The antithetical archetype, or enantiodromic opposite, of the senex is the Puer Aeternus.

# Senex in literature
Two stock characters of theater are the senex amans, an old man unsuitably in love with a much younger woman, and the senex iratus, an old man who irrationally opposes the love of the young couple.
Senex is also the name of a wise old fara, a subcellular creature inside a mitochondrion, in the novel A Wind in the Door by Madeleine L'Engle (1973, ISBN 0-374-38443-6).
Serum

# Overview
Serum (Latin for "whey") may refer to:
- Blood plasma, with clotting factors removed
- Serous fluid, any clear bodily fluid
- Truth serum, a general term for sedative drug or unspecified drug that is likely to make people tell truth or divulge information
- Medication, derived from an animal's blood or serous fluid, often involving:
Antibody, protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses
Antivenom, biological product used in the treatment of venomous bites or stings
Antiviral drug, used specifically for treating viral infections
Antidote, substance which can counteract a form of poisoning
- Antibody, protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses
- Antivenom, biological product used in the treatment of venomous bites or stings
- Antiviral drug, used specifically for treating viral infections
- Antidote, substance which can counteract a form of poisoning

# Acknowledgements
The content on this page was first contributed by: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.
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Servo
Servo may refer to:
- Servomechanism, or servo, a device used to provide control of a desired operation through the use of feedback
- Servo drive, a special electric amplifier used to power electric servo motors
- Tom Servo, a fictional character from the television series Mystery Science Theater 3000
- SERVO Magazine, a monthly robotics publication.
Servo may also be:
- A multipurpose tool used by Gary Seven in the Star Trek episode Assignment: Earth
- Servotronic, speed-dependent power steering
- Australian slang term for a petrol station
- A character in the television series Superhuman Samurai Syber-Squad
- A non-playable character from computer game The Sims: Livin' Large
- A playable character from the expansion pack The Sims 2: Open for Business
- A song by The Brian Jonestown Massacre from the album Give It Back!
Tibia
The tibia is the larger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates.

# In humans
The tibia or shin bone, in human anatomy, is found medial (towards the middle) and anterior (towards the front) to the other such bone, the fibula. It is the second-longest bone in the human body, the largest being the femur. The tibia articulates with the femur and patella superiorly, the fibula laterally and with the ankle inferiorly.

## Gender differences
In the male, its direction is vertical, and parallel with the bone of the opposite side, but in the female it has a slightly oblique direction downward and lateralward, to compensate for the greater obliquity of the femur.

## Structure
It is prismoid in form, expanded above, where it enters into the knee-joint, contracted in the lower third, and again enlarged but to a lesser extent below.
The tibia is connected to the fibula by an interosseous membrane, forming a type of joint called a syndesmoses.

## Blood supply
The tibia derives its arterial blood supply from two sources:
- the nutrient artery (main source)
- periosteal vessels derived from the anterior tibial artery

# Additional images
- Lower extremity
- Knee diagram
- Bones of the right leg. Anterior surface.
- Bones of the right leg. Posterior surface.
- Right knee-joint. Posterior view.
- Right knee-joint, from the front, showing interior ligaments.
- Left knee-joint from behind, showing interior ligaments.
- Sagittal section of right knee-joint.
- Capsule of right knee-joint (distended). Lateral aspect.
- Capsule of right knee-joint (distended). Posterior aspect.
- Capsule of left talocrura articulation (distended). Lateral aspect.
- Coronal section through right talocrural and talocalcaneal joints.
- Oblique section of left intertarsal and tarsometatarsal articulations, showing the synovial cavities.
- Cross-section through middle of leg.
Solid
A solid object is in the states of matter characterized by resistance to deformation and changes of volume. 
At the microscopic scale, a solid has these properties :
- The atoms or molecules that comprise the solid are packed closely together.
- These constituent elements have fixed positions in space relative to each other. This accounts for the solid's rigidity. In mineralogy and crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. A crystal structure is composed of a unit cell, a set of atoms arranged in a particular way; which is periodically repeated in three dimensions on a lattice. The spacing ,between unit cells in various directions is called its lattice parameters. The symmetry properties of the crystal are embodied in its space group. A crystal's structure and symmetry play a role in determining many of its properties, such as cleavage, electronic band structure, and optical properties.
If sufficient force is applied, either of these properties can be disrupted, causing permanent deformation.
- If sufficient force is applied, either of these properties can be disrupted, causing permanent deformation.
- Because any solid has some thermal energy, its atoms vibrate.  However, this movement is very small, and cannot be observed or felt under ordinary conditions.
The branch of physics that deals with solids is called solid-state physics, and is a type of condensed matter physics.  Materials science is primarily concerned with properties of solids such as strength and phase transformations. It overlaps strongly with solid-state physics.  Solid-state chemistry overlaps both of these fields, but is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials.
The lightest known solid is man-made and is called aerogel.  The lightest aerogel produced has a density of 1.9 mg/cm3 or 1.9 kg/m3 (1/530 as dense as water).
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Speed
Speed is the rate of motion, or equivalently the rate of change in position, many times expressed as distance d traveled per unit of time t.
Speed is a scalar quantity with dimensions distance/time; the equivalent vector quantity to speed is known as velocity. Speed is measured in the same physical units of measurement as velocity, but does not contain the element of direction that velocity has. Speed is thus the magnitude component of velocity.
In mathematical notation, it is simply:
Note that "v" equals velocity.
Objects that move horizontally as well as vertically (such as aircraft) distinguish forward speed and climbing speed.

# Units
Units of speed include:
- meters per second, (symbol m/s), the SI derived unit
- centimeters per second, (symbol cm/s)
- kilometers per hour, (symbol km/h)
- miles per hour, (symbol m/h)
- knots (nautical miles per hour, symbol kt)
- Mach, where Mach 1 is the speed of sound; Mach n is n times as fast.
- speed of light in vacuum (symbol c) is one of the natural units
- Other important conversions
Vehicles often have a speedometer to measure the speed.

# Average speed
Speed as a physical property represents primarily instantaneous speed. In real life we often use average speed (denoted |\tilde{v}|), which is rate of total distance (or length) and time interval.
For example, if you go 60 miles in 2 hours, your average speed during that time is 60/2 = 30 miles per hour, but your instantaneous speed may have varied.
In mathematical notation:
Instantaneous speed defined as a function of time on interval  gives average speed:
while instant speed defined as a function of distance (or length) on interval  gives average speed:
It is often intuitively expected, but incorrect, that going half a distance with speed |v|_{a} and second half with speed |v|_{b}, produces total average speed |\tilde{v}| = \frac{|v|_a + |v|_b}{2}. The correct value is |\tilde{v}| = \frac{2}{\frac{1}{|v|_a} + \frac{1}{|v|_b}} (Note that the first is a proper arithmetic mean while the second is a proper harmonic mean).
Average speed can be derived also from speed distribution function (either in time or on distance):

# Examples of different speeds
Below are some examples of different speed (see also main article Orders of magnitude (speed)):
- Speed of a common snail = 0.001 m/s; 0.0036 km/h; 0.0023 mph.
- A brisk walk = 1.667 m/s; 6 km/h; 3.75 mph.
- Olympic sprinters (average speed over 100 metres) = 10 m/s; 36 km/h; 22.5 mph.
- Speed limit on a French autoroute = 36.111 m/s; 130 km/h; 80 mph.
- Top cruising speed of a Boeing 747-8 = 290.947 m/s; 1047.41 km/h; 650.83 mph; (officially Mach 0.85)
- Official air speed record = 980.278 m/s; 3,529 km/h; 2,188 mph.
- Space shuttle on re-entry = 7,777.778 m/s; 28,000 km/h; 17,500 mph.
- the speed of sound in air (Mach 1) is about 340 m/s, and 1500 m/s in water
- Taipei 101 Observatory Elevator = 1010 m/min ; 16.667 m/s ; 60.6 km/h; 37.6 mph