Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Ristocetin
Ristocetin is an antibiotic, obtained from Amycolatopsis lurida, previously used to treat staphylococcal infections. It is no longer used clinically because of its toxicity. It causes platelet agglutination and blood coagulation and is used to assay those functions in vitro, e.g. to diagnose von Willebrand disease (vWD) or the Bernard-Soulier syndrome.  Platelet agglutination caused by ristocetin can occur only in the presence of large multimers of von Willebrand factor, so if ristocetin is added to blood lacking the factor (or its receptor -- see below), it will not coagulate.
In some types of vWD (types 2B and platelet-type), lower than normal amounts of ristocetin cause platelet aggregation when the patient's platelet-rich plasma is used.  This paradox is explained by these types having gain-of-function mutations which cause the vWD high molecular-weight multimers to bind more tightly to their receptors on platelets (the alpha chains of glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) receptors).  In the case of type 2B vWD, the gain-of-function mutation involves von Willebrand's factor (VWF gene), and in platelet-type vWD, the receptor is the object of the mutation (GPIb).  This increased binding causes vWD because the high-molecular weight multimers are removed from circulation in plasma since they remain attached to the patient's platelets.  Thus, if the patient's platelet-poor plasma is used, the ristocetin cofactor assay will not agglutinate "standardized (ie., pooled platelets from normal donors which are fixed in formalin)" platelets, similar to the other types of vWD.
In all forms of the ristocetin assay, the platelets are fixed in formalin prior to the assay to prevent von Willebrand's factor stored in platelet granules from being released and participating in platelet aggregation.  Thus, the ristocetin cofactor activity depends only upon high-molecular multimers of the factor present in circulating plasma.
Roxatidine

# Overview
Roxatidine acetate is a specific and competitive histamine H2 receptor antagonist drug that is used to treat gastric ulcers, ZollingerEllison syndrome,  erosive esophagitis,  gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and gastritis.
Pharmacodynamic studies showed that 150 mg of roxatidine acetate were optimal in suppressing gastric acid secretion, and that a single bedtime dose of 150 mg was more effective than a dose of 75 mg twice daily in terms of inhibiting nocturnal acid secretion.
It is available in countries including China, Japan, Korea, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Greece and South Africa.
Roy Clauss
Dr. Roy H. Clauss, MD (b. 1923, Melrose Park, Illinois - d. July 7, 2007, New York City) was a pioneering cardiovascular and thoracic surgeon.
During his career, Dr. Clauss helped develop and perfect a variety of techniques involved in the performance of open heart surgery and cardiac bypass surgery, and helped pioneer bilateral carotid artery surgery. He authored over 150 medical articles.
In 1971 he co-authored Remedial Arterial Disease with the late Dr. Walter Redisch. Dr. Clauss and his second wife, Pamela Heavey Clauss, a surgical and heart pump nurse, along with Greek surgeon, Dr. George Sanoudos, established the first open heart surgery facility in Athens, Greece in the mid-1970s.

# Personal Life
Dr. Clauss graduated from Northwestern University in 1943 and from its medical school in 1947. Dr. Clauss married Jane Hamden of Oak Park, Illinois in 1945, by whom he had three children. It appears that Jane Clauss predeceased her husband. He was married to his second wife, Pamela Heavey, from 1970 until her death in 2001.
He was a patron of the Metropolitan Opera and the New York Philharmonic. Dr. Clauss was a deacon and elder of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church.
In 1993, he was one of the founding members of The City Church in Manhattan. He died at the age of 84 in 2007.
Ruby laser
A ruby laser is a solid-state laser that uses a synthetic ruby crystal as its gain medium. It was the first type of laser invented, and was first operated by Theodore H. "Ted" Maiman at Hughes Research Laboratories on 1960-05-16.
The ruby laser produces pulses of visible light at a wavelength of 694.3 nm, which appears as deep red to human eyes. Typical ruby laser pulse lengths are on the order of a millisecond. These short pulses of red light are visible to the human eye, if the viewer carefully watches the target area where the pulse will fire.

# Applications
Ruby lasers have declined in use with the discovery of better lasing media. They are still used in a number of applications where short pulses of red light are required. Holographers around the world produce holographic portraits with ruby lasers, in sizes up to a metre squared. The red 694 nm laser light is preferred to the 532 nm green light of frequency-doubled Nd:YAG. Many non-destructive testing labs use ruby lasers to create holograms of large objects such as aircraft tires to look for weaknesses in the lining. Ruby lasers were used extensively in tattoo and hair removal, but are being replaced by alexandrite lasers and Nd:YAG lasers in this application.

# Design
The ruby laser is a three level solid state laser. The active laser medium (laser gain/amplification medium) is a synthetic ruby rod that is energized through optical pumping, typically by a xenon flash lamp. In early examples, the rod's ends had to be polished with great precision, such that the ends of the rod were flat to within a quarter of a wavelength of the output light, and parallel to each other within a few seconds of arc. The finely polished ends of the rod were silvered: one end completely, the other only partially. The rod with its reflective ends then acts as a Fabry-Perot etalon (or a Gires-Tournois etalon). Modern lasers often use rods with ends cut and polished at Brewster's angle instead. This eliminates the reflections from the ends of the rod; external dielectric mirrors then are used to form the optical cavity. Curved mirrors are typically used to relax the alignment tolerances.
Rupatadine

# Overview
Rupatadine is a second generation antihistamine and PAF antagonist used to treat allergies. It was discovered and developed by J. Uriach y Cia, S. A. and is marketed under several trade names such as Rupafin, Alergoliber, Rinialer, Pafinur, Rupax and Ralif.

# Therapeutic indications approved
Rupatadine fumarate has been approved for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria in adults and children over 12 years. The defined daily dose (DDD) is 10 mg orally.

## Available form
Rupatadine is available as round, light salmon coloured tablets containing 10 mg of rupatadine (as fumarate) to be administered orally, once a day.

# Side effects
Rupatadine is a non-sedating antihistamine. However, as in other non sedating second-generation antihistamines, the most common side effects in controlled clinical studies were somnolence, headaches and fatigue.

# Mechanism of action
Rupatadine is a second generation, non-sedating, long-acting histamine antagonist with selective peripheral H1 receptor antagonist activity. It further blocks the receptors of the platelet-activating factor (PAF) according to in vitro and in vivo studies.
Rupatadine possesses anti-allergic properties such as the inhibition of the degranulation of mast cells induced by immunological and non-immunological stimuli, and inhibition of the release of cytokines, particularly of the TNF in human mast cells and monocytes.

# Pharmacokinetics
Rupatadine has several active metabolites such as desloratadine, 3-hydroxydesloratadine, 6-hydroxydesloratadine and 5-hydroxydesloratadine.

# History
Rupatadine discovery, pre-clinical and clinical development was performed by J. Uriach y Cia, S. A., a Spanish pharmaceutical company. It was launched in 2003 in Spain by J. Uriach y Cia, S. A., with the brand name of Rupafin.  The registration of the product is approved in 23 countries from the EU, 8 Central American countries, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Turkey and 14 African countries.

# Efficacy in humans
The efficacy of rupatadine as treatment for allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU) has been investigated in adults and adolescents (aged over 12 years) in several controlled studies, showing a rapid onset of action and a good safety profile even in prolonged treatment periods of a year.
SCAT Trial

# Objective
To assess the effects of cholesterol lowering and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on coronary atherosclerosis in normocholesterolemic patients.

# Methods
The Simvastatin/Enalapril Coronary Atherosclerosis Trial (SCAT) was a multicentered, randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled angiographic trial wherein a total of 460 normocholesterolemic patients were enrolled. 230 received simvastatin, 230 a simvastatin placebo, 229 enalapril and 231 an enalapril placebo. All the patients were followed up for an average time period of 47.8 months.

# Results
Less progression was observed in patients receiving simvastatin compared to those receiving placebo. On quantitative coronary angiography the change in mean diameter, minimum diameter, percentage stenosis and the need for angioplasty was less with simvastatin. No additional benefit was observed with enalapril therapy.
SCM Pharma
SCM Pharma was set up to offer specialist manufacturing services - custom designed and adapted to meet specific client requirements, particularly if these involve bespoke needs, short runs or unusual processes products and devices. Their offering is tailored to meet the production demands of formulation development, clinical investigations and commercially available products in niche and low volume markets e.g. orphan drugs and paediatrics.
SCM Pharma is an independently-owned contract development and manufacturing organisation (CDMO) spun-out from The Specials Laboratory, which is an acknowledged leader in the field of unlicensed medicine manufacturing in the UK with an enviable reputation for providing outstanding levels of service and quality products.
Having started life as Specials Clinical Manufacturing, the sister-company to The Specials Laboratory back in 2004, SCM Pharma became its own entity following the sale of The Specials Lab in November 2008.
SF1 (gene)
Splicing factor 1 also known as zinc finger protein 162 (ZFM162) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SF1 gene.
Splicing factor SF1 is involved in the ATP-dependent formation of the spliceosome complex.SF1 gene is necessary to make the bipotential gonad ; but while SF1 levels decline in the genital ridge of XX mouse embryos,the SF1 gene stays on the developing testes. SF 1 (transcription factor) appears to be active in masculining both the Leydig cells and Steroli cells. In Sterolic cells with the SOX9 protein it elevates the level of AMH transcription. In Leydig cells it activates the gene encoding the enzyme that make testosterone hormone.

# Interactions
SF1 (gene) has been shown to interact with Ewing sarcoma breakpoint region 1, U2AF2, Testis determining factor, and Transcription elongation regulator 1.
SH2 domain
The Src homology 2 domain (or SH2 domain) is a protein domain of about 100 amino acid residues first identified as a conserved sequence region among the oncoproteins Src and Fps.
Similar sequences were later found in many other intracellular proteins involved in signal transduction, such as Abl, ZAP70, STAT proteins,Grb2, and RasGAP.

# Binding and phosphorylation
SH2 domains typically bind a phosphorylated tyrosine residue in the context of a longer peptide motif within a target proteins, and SH2 domains represent the largest class of known pTyr-recognition domains.
Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in a protein occurs during signal transduction and is carried out by tyrosine kinases. In this way, phosphorylation of a substrate by tyrosine kinases acts as a switch to trigger binding to an SH2 domain-containing protein. The intimate relationship between tyrosine kinases and SH2 domains is supported by their coordinate emergence during eukaryotic evolution.

# Diversity
SH2 domains are not present in yeast and appear at the boundary between protozoa and animalia in organisms such as the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum.
A detailed bioinformatic examination of SH2 domains of human and mouse reveals 120 SH2 domains contained within 110 proteins encoded by the human genome, representing a rapid rate of evolutionary expansion among the SH2 domains.
A large number of SH2 domain structures have been solved and many SH2 proteins have been knocked out in mouse.
Proteins with SH2 domains include:
- Abl
- GRB2
- RasGAP
- STAT proteins
- ZAP70
- SHP2
- PI3K
- Phospholipase C  form
- CRK
- SOCS
- Src

# Functions
Many biological signaling proteins use this mode of regulated protein-protein interactions as a means to localize proteins to various sub-cellular compartments, control enzymatic activities of proteins as well as nucleate multiprotein complexes, to name a few.
The SH2 domain has thus become a prototype for a large number of modular interaction domains that have been since identified.
The discovery of the SH2 domain and its many roles in signal transduction introduced the critical concept of how biology has exploited the use of modular interaction domains to create complex signaling networks.
SL-651,498
SL-651,498 is an anxiolytic and anticonvulsant drug used in scientific research, with a chemical structure most closely related to -carboline derivatives such as abecarnil and gedocarnil. It has similar effects to benzodiazepine drugs, but is structurally distinct and so is classed as a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic.
SL-651,498 is a subtype-selective GABAA agonist, which acts as a full agonist at 2 and 3 subtypes, and as a partial agonist at 1 and 5 (although its action at 5 subtypes is much weaker than at the others). In animal studies, it has primarily anxiolytic effects, although some sedation, ataxia and muscle relaxant effects are observed at higher doses. It substitutes fully for the anxiolytic benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide, but only partially substituted for the imidazopyridine hypnotic drug zolpidem and the benzodiazepine hypnotic triazolam. When given repeatedly it failed to produce tolerance or dependence, probably due to its low affinity and efficacy at the 5 subtype.
SL-651,498 has been suggested for development as a novel non-sedating anxiolytic drug for humans, however it has not yet been developed for this use and is currently used only in animal research.
SMS (gene)
Spermine synthase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SMS gene.
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the spermidine/spermine synthases family. This gene encodes a ubiquitous enzyme of polyamine metabolism.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of SMS function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Smstm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty three tests were carried out on mutant mice and six significant abnormalities were observed. Hemizygous males were infertile and thus it was not possible to produce homozygous mutant female mice. The remaining tests were therefore carried out on heterozygous mutant females and hemizygous males. Both displayed decreased grip strength while the males also had decreased body weight, length, bone mineral content and atypical peripheral blood lymphocyte counts.
SOFA score

# Overview
The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, or just SOFA score, is used to track a patient's status during the stay in an intensive care unit (ICU). It is one of several ICU scoring systems.
The SOFA score is a scoring system to determine the extent of a person's organ function or rate of failure. The score is based on six different scores, one each for the respiratory, cardiovascular, hepatic, coagulation, renal and neurological systems.

# Respiratory System
PaO2/FiO2 (mmHg), SOFA score
< 200 and mechanically ventilated, 3
< 100 and mechanically ventilated, 4

# Nervous System
Glasgow coma score, SOFA score

# Cardio Vascular System
Mean Arterial Pressure OR administration of vasopressors required, SOFA score
MAP < 70 mm/Hg, 1
dop <= 5 or dob (any dose), 2
dop > 5 OR epi <= 0.1 OR nor <= 0.1, 3
dop > 15 OR epi > 0.1 OR nor > 0.1, 4
(vasopressor drug doses are in mcg/kg/min)

# Liver
Bilirubin (mg/dl), SOFA score

# Coagulation
Platelets103/mcl, SOFA score

# Renal System
Creatinine (mg/dl) (or urine output), SOFA score
3.5  4.9 (or < 500 ml/d), 3
 5.0 (or < 200 ml/d), 4
SVG Images

# What is an .SVG?
A Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG) is an vector image which is constructed through mathematical expressions rather than a bitmap of RBG colors corresponding to each pixel.  Because vector images are mathematically defined, they retain their quality no matter the resolution of the monitor on which they are displayed.  This means an .SVG image that is displayed at a size of 2 inches will have lines that are just as crisp as an image that is displayed at 4 inches in size.  This makes .SVG images ideal for things like text that will be displayed at various sizes.  However, because each element of a .SVG image is represented as a mathematical expression, these images are often larger in size than corresponding raster images.

# When Should I Use an .SVG Image?
Vector images, such as an .SVG, are not always appropriate, especially for certain web applications.  The following is a list of times when a .SVG may be more appropriate than a .JPG, .GIF, or .PNG:
- High image quality is required for monitors in a large range of resoltion, such as both on an mobile device and a TV display
- The file size is not critical. E.g., for uses where the user is expected to have a strong internet connection.
- The image involves text and will be viewed on various types of displays
- The text within the image needs to be searchable

# How Do I Place an .SVG on a Page?
The following is a list of steps to allow you place an .SVG in a page on WikiDoc:
- To use an .SVG in WikiDoc, you must first upload the image to the WikiDoc server.  Note the name the file on the server was given. For example, Help-1.svg
- Go to www.wikidoc.org/index.php?file: E.g., www.wikidoc.org/index.php?file:Help-1.svg
- Right click on the name of the file extension and choose copy link location or link address.  The resulting link is the direct link to the image you have uploaded and should be similar to:
- Insert the following code where you would like to place your image

# How Do I Format an .SVG Image?
Safe Minds
The Coalition for SafeMinds (Sensible Action For Ending Mercury-Induced Neurological Disorders) is a non-profit organization dedicated to investigating the risks of exposure to mercury from medical products.  Safe Minds, founded in 2000 and led by the parents of autistic children, supports research into what they consider potentially harmful effects of vaccines.  The connection between vaccines and neurodevelopmental disorders, asserted by some parent-led advocacy groups, is disputed by mainstream medical groups, who contend no credible evidence supports the possible connection.
SafeMinds claims the symptoms of autism and symptoms of mercury poisoning are virtually identical in young children and include effects on brain cells, eyes, the immune system, the gastrointestinal system, muscular control, and speech.

# Principals
Lyn Redwood, R.N., M.S.N., C.R.N.P, the president and co-founder of Safe Minds, is a nurse practitioner specializing in pediatrics and women's health care for over 25 years.  Her son Will was diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), not otherwise specified.  Redwood is co-author of Autism: A Novel Form of Mercury Poisoning, and has testified before the United States House of Representatives Government Reform Committee, where she presented 'Mercury in Medicine: Are We Taking Unnecessary Risks?'
Sallie Bernard, based in Summit, New Jersey, is the executive director and co-founder of SafeMinds, and a co-author of research papers on the links between vaccines and neurodevelopmental disorders.  Her son Bill was diagnosed with autism in 1993.
Mark Blaxill, a board member of Safe Minds, is a graduate of Princeton University and Harvard, and has an MBA and a public policy degree.  Mark's daughter, Michaela, has been diagnosed with autism.  As a Director of SafeMinds, Blaxill has testified before the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and published articles in a number of peer-reviewed scientific journals.

# Evidence of Harm
The book Evidence of Harm (2004), by David Kirby, relates the story of SafeMinds parents Lyn Redwood, Sallie Bernard, Liz Birt, Albert Enayati, Heidi Roger, and Mark Blaxill.  In the book, Kirby gives credit to these parents for taking on government agencies and the drug companies.  The book gives insight into the reasons that such parents look askance at the credibility of evidence put forward by mainstream medical authorities to either explain or falsify the increased number of diagnosed autism cases in recent years. Participant Productions is developing a documentary based on Evidence of Harm.
Salt gland
The salt gland is an organ for excreting excess salt. It is found in elasmobranchs, marine birds, and some reptiles.  In sharks, salt glands are found in the rectum, but in birds and reptiles, they are found in the skull, in the area of the eyes or nostrils.  Such glands work by active transport via sodium-potassium pump that moves salt from the blood into the gland, where it can be excreted as a concentrated solution. Salt glands function to keep salt balance, and allow marine reptiles to drink seawater.
The need for salt glands in reptiles and birds stems from the fact that their kidneys are much less efficient than those of mammals. Unlike the skin of amphibians, reptile and bird skin is impermeable to salt, meaning that the transition to a tougher skin meant a loss in salt-releasing ability. The evolution of a salt gland would have allowed early reptiles and birds to eat aquatic plants and animals, who have high salt concentrations.  This does not, however, explain the evolution of the gland in the elasmobranchs, suggesting convergent evolution.
Some theories suggest that mammalian tear ducts and sweat glands may be evolutionarily related to salt glands. Human tears are high in potassium, lending support to this theory, however most phylogenists disagree with this idea.
Sameridine
Sameridine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine (meperidine).
Sameridine has an unusual pharmacological profile, being both a local anaesthetic and a -opioid partial agonist. It is currently under development for use in surgical anasthesia, mainly administered by intrathecal infusion. It produces less respiratory depression than morphine, even at a high dose, and produces no respiratory depression at a low dose.
Sameridine is not currently a controlled drug, although if approved for medical use it will certainly be a prescription medicine, and it would probably be assigned to one of the controlled drug schedules in more restrictive jurisdictions such as Australia and the USA, especially if it were found to be addictive in animals.