Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Marasmus

# Overview
Marasmus is a form of severe protein-energy malnutrition characterised by energy deficiency. Some other PEMs are kwashiorkor and cachexia (the most common one in the developed world).
A child with marasmus looks emaciated and the body weight may reduce to less than 80% of the normal weight for that height.
Marasmus occurrence increases prior to age 1 whereas Kwashiorkor occurrence increases after 18 months.

# Causes
Marasmus is caused by failure to take in sufficient calories.

# Signs
The signs of common characteristics of protein-energy malnutrition: dry skin, loose skin folds hanging over the glutei, axillae, etc. Drastic loss of adipose tissue from normal areas of fat deposits like buttocks and thighs. The afflicted are often fretful, irritable, and voraciously hungry. There may be alternate bands of pigmented and depigmented hair (flag sign), or flaky paint appearance of skin due to peeling.

# Treatment
It is essential to treat not only the symptoms but also the complications of the disorder like infections, dehydration and circulation disorders, which are frequently lethal and lead to high mortality if ignored.
Ultimately marasmus progresses to the point of no return when the body's machinery for protein synthesis, itself made of protein, has been degraded.  At this point, attempts to correct the situation by giving food or protein fail to prevent death.
Marjoram
Marjoram (Origanum majorana, Lamiaceae) is a somewhat cold-sensitive perennial herb or undershrub with sweet pine and citrus flavours. It is also called Sweet Marjoram or Knotted Marjoram and Majorana hortensis.
The name marjoram (Old French majorane, Medieval Latin majorana) does not directly derive from the Latin word maior (major).
Marjoram is cultivated for its aromatic leaves, either green or dry, for culinary purposes; the tops are cut as the plants begin to flower and are dried slowly in the shade. It is often used in herb combinations such as Herbes de Provence and Za'atar.
Although considered cold-sensitive, marjoram can sometimes prove hardy even in zone 5.

## Related species
Oregano (Origanum vulgare, sometimes listed with Marjoram as Origanum majorana) is also called Wild Marjoram. It is a perennial common in southern Europe in dry copses and on hedge-banks, with many stout stems 30-80 cm high, bearing short-stalked somewhat ovate leaves and clusters of purple flowers. It has a stronger flavor and a more penetrating quality.
Pot Marjoram or Cretan Oregano (Origanum onites) has similar uses to marjoram.
Hardy Marjoram or Italian marjoram is a cross of marjoram with oregano that is much more resistant to cold, but is slightly less sweet.
Origanum pulchellum, Showy Marjoram or Showy Oregano.
(Catalan marduix; Spanish mejorana)

# Surname
Marjoram is a surname.
Mazindol

# Overview
Mazindol is a central nervous system stimulant. It is a tricyclic compound (not to be confused with tricyclic antidepressants).

# Indications
Mazindol is used in short-term (i.e., a few weeks) treatment of exogenous obesity, in combination with a regimen of weight reduction based on caloric restriction, exercise, and behavior modification in patients with a body mass index of 30 kg of body weight per height in meters squared (kg/m2), or in patients with a body mass index of 27 kg/m2 in the presence of risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, or hyperlipidemia.

# Pharmacology
Mazindol is a sympathomimetic amine, which is similar to amphetamine. It stimulates the central nervous system, which increases heart rate and blood pressure, and decreases appetite. Sympathomimetic anoretics (appetite suppressants) are used in the short-term treatment of obesity. Their appetite-reducing effect tends to decrease after a few weeks of treatment. Because of this, these medicines are useful only during the first few weeks of a weight-loss program.

# Mechanism of Action
Although the mechanism of action of the sympathomimetics in the treatment of obesity is not fully known, these medications have pharmacological effects similar to those of amphetamines. Like other sympathomimetic appetite suppressants such as phentermine, mazindol is thought to act as a reuptake inhibitor of norepinephrine.

# Overdose
Symptoms of a mazindol overdose include: restlessness, tremor, rapid breathing, confusion, hallucinations, panic, aggressiveness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, an irregular heartbeat, and seizures.
Mealybug
Mealybug is the common name of insects in Pseudococcidae, a family of unarmored scale insects found in moist, warm climates. They are considered pests as they feed on plant juices of greenhouse plants, house plants and subtropical trees.
Mealybugs are sexually dimorphic, meaning that the sexes have distinct morphological differences. Females are nymphal, exhibit reduced morphology, and are wingless, though unlike many female scale insects, they often retain legs and can move. The females do not change completely and are likely to be neotenic (exhibiting nymphal characteristics). Males are winged and do change completely during their lives.  Since mealybugs (as well as all other Hemiptera) are hemimetabolous insects, they do not undergo complete metamorphosis in the true sense of the word, i.e. there are no clear larval, pupal and adult stages, and the wings do not develop internally.  However, male mealybugs do exhibit a radical change during their life cycle, changing from wingless, ovoid nymphs to "wasp-like" flying adults.
Mealybug females feed on plant sap, normally in roots or other crevices. They attach themselves to the plant and secrete a powdery wax layer (therefore the name mealybug) used for protection while they suck the plant juices. The males on the other hand, are short-lived as they do not feed at all as adults and only live to fertilize the females. Male citrus mealy bugs fly to the females and resemble fluffy gnats.
Some species of mealybug lay their eggs in the same waxy layer used for protection in quantities of 50100; other species are born directly from the female.
The most serious pests are mealybugs that feed on citrus; other species damage sugarcane, grapes, pineapple (Jahn et al. 2003), coffee trees, cassava, ferns, cacti and orchids.  Mealybugs only tend to be serious pests in the presences of ants because the ants protect them from predators and parasites.  Mealybugs also infest some species of carnivorous plant such as Sarracenia (pitcher plants), in such cases it is difficult to eradicate them without repeated applications of insecticide such as diazinon. Small infestations may not inflict significant damage. In larger amounts though, they can induce leaf drop.

# Species include
- Maconellicoccus hirsutus - pink hibiscus mealybug, grape mealybug
- Planococcus citri - citrus mealybug
- Pseudococcus viburni - obscure mealybug
Meconium

# Overview
Meconium is the first stool of an infant, composed of materials ingested during the time the infant spends in the uterus: Intestinal epithelial cells, lanugo, mucus, amniotic fluid, bile, and water. Meconium is sterile, unlike later feces, is viscous and sticky like tar, and has no odor.  It should be completely passed by the end of the first few days of postpartum life, with the stools progressing toward yellow (digested milk).  The term Meconium derives from meconium-arion, meaning "opium-like", in reference either to its tarry appearance or Aristotle's belief that it induced sleep in the fetus.
Meconium is normally stored in the infant's intestines until after birth, but sometimes it is expelled into the amniotic fluid prior to birth or during labor and delivery. Sometimes the meconium becomes thickened and congested in the ileum, a condition known as meconium ileus. Meconium ileus is often the first symptom of cystic fibrosis.
Meconium can be tested for various drugs, to check for in utero exposure.  The results of meconium testing run on a newborn can be turned in to child protective services and other law enforcement agencies.
Meconium is also used to describe the metabolic waste product from the pupal stage that is expelled through the anal opening of the adult butterfly upon eclosion from the chrysalis.
Mediator
Mediator may refer to:
- A neutral party who assists in negotiations and conflict resolution, the process being known as mediation
- By analogy, someone who channels contact between mortals and divinity; e.g. in the Christian faith, Christ is sometimes referred to as the mediator between humanity and God the Father (external link: )
- Mediateur de la Confederation Helvetique was Napoleon I Bonaparte's title as hegemon in French-occupied Switzerland;
- Mediator variable in statistics;
- Mediator design pattern in computer science;
- MatchWare Mediator, an advanced multimedia authoring tool for Windows;
- The multiprotein Mediator complex in Molecular Biology functions as a transcriptional coactivator;
- Mediator is a series of six books written by Meg Cabot originally under the pseudonym of Jenny Carol;
- Names used for Jesus
de:Mediator
et:Mediaator
lt:Mediatorius
nl:Mediator
Mequinol

# Overview
Mequinol, or 4-Methoxyphenol, is a phenol used in dermatology and organic chemistry.

# Uses

## Dermatology
Mequinol is a common active ingredient in topical drugs used for skin depigmentation. As a topical drug Mequinol is often mixed with tretinoin, a topical retinoid. A common formulation for this drug is an ethanolic solution of 2% Mequinol and 0.01% tretinoin by mass. Dermatologists commonly prescribe the drug to treat solar lentigines, liver spots, or age spots.
Lower dosages of mequinol have been used in conjunction with a Q-switched laser to depigment skin in patients with disseminated idiopathic vitiligo.

## Organic chemistry
In organic chemistry 4-Methoxyphenol is used to inhibit the radical polymerization of monomers (e.g. acrylates or styrene monomers).

# Preparation
4-Methoxyphenol is produced from p-benzoquinone and methanol via a free radical reaction.
Mesoderm

# Overview
The germ layer mesoderm forms in the embryos of animals more complex than cnidarians, making them triploblastic. Mesoderm forms during gastrulation when some of the cells migrating inward to form the endoderm form an additional layer between the endoderm and the ectoderm.
This key innovation evolved hundreds of millions of years ago and led to the evolution of nearly all large, complex animals. The formation of a mesoderm led to the formation of a coelom. Organs formed inside a coelom (body cavity) can freely move, grow, and develop independently of the body wall while fluid cushions and protects them from shocks.

# Categorizing animals
Not all triploblastic animals have a coelom, like the simplest animals with organs that form from three tissue layers: flatworms. Three different configurations of mesoderm in relation to ectoderm form a method of categorizing animals.
- Acoelomates
no coelom
tissues and organs packed between gut and body wall
- no coelom
- tissues and organs packed between gut and body wall
- Pseudocoelomates
false coelom
unlined or partially lined body cavity between gut and body wall
- false coelom
- unlined or partially lined body cavity between gut and body wall
- Coelomates
proper coelom
lined cavity between gut and body wall
- proper coelom
- lined cavity between gut and body wall

# Derivatives

## General
Note: Not all triploblasts produce all of the items listed.
- bones
- most of the circulatory system, including the heart and major blood vessels
- connective tissues of the gut and integuments
- mesenchyme
- mesothelium
- muscles
- peritoneum (lining of the coelom)
- reproductive system
- urinary system, including the kidneys

## Vertebrates
In addition to the general list, the mesoderm of a developing vertebrate differentiates into the following:
- Chordamesoderm
- Paraxial mesoderm
- Intermediate mesoderm
- Lateral plate mesoderm
Xanthine

# Overview
Xanthine (3,7-dihydro-purine-2,6-dione), is a purine base found in most body tissues and fluids and in other organisms.

# Reactions
Xanthine is a product on the pathway of purine degradation.
- It is created from guanine by guanine deaminase.
- It is created from hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidoreductase.
Xanthine is subsequently converted to uric acid by the action of the xanthine oxidase enzyme.

# Pathology
People with the rare genetic disorder xanthinuria lack sufficient xanthine oxidase and cannot convert xanthine to uric acid.

# Clinical significance of xanthine derivatives
Derivatives of xanthine, known collectively as xanthines, are a group of alkaloids commonly used for their effects as mild stimulants and as bronchodilators, notably in treating the symptoms of asthma. On the contrary, they really only eliminate the actions of adenosine to some extent, adenosine causing sleepiness, thus they are by far less in effectiveness as stimulants than sympathomimetic amines. Their effects, however, are widespread and their therapeutic range is narrow, so they are not the drug of choice in asthma treatment. Therapeutic level is 10-20 micrograms/mL blood. Signs of toxicity include tremor, nausea, nervousness, and tachycardia/arrhythmia.
Methylated xanthine derivatives include caffeine, paraxanthine, theophylline, and theobromine (found mainly in chocolate). These drugs inhibit phosphodiesterase and antagonise adenosine.  Xanthines are also found very rarely as constituents of nucleic acids.
Mimosine
Mimosine is an alkaloid, -3-hydroxy-4 pyridone amino acid. It is a toxic non-protein free amino acid otherwise chemically similar to tyrosine, and was first isolated from Mimosa pudica. In ruminants, mimosine is degraded to 3,4 and 2,3 dihydroxy pyridone (3,4- and 2,3-DHP). It occurs in a few other Mimosa spp. and all members of the closed allied genus Leucaena.
Although toxicosis has occurred in Australia, Papua New Guinea, Africa and Florida, it has not been recorded in any other tropical and subtropical regions. Goats in Myanmar lost hair when fed to diet containing 50 % of leucaena. Goats and cattle in Hawaii are able to degrade the 3,4-DHP ruminally. Tolerance might be related to the presence or absence of microbes tolerant to mimosine and 3,4-DHP. It is known that at least Australian goats do not share the abilities of their Hawaiian counterparts.
The initial population of bacteria inoculated was not a pure culture. From this mixed culture, pure colonies of bacteria with ability to degrade the two isomers of DHP, 3,4 and 2,3 were isolated. Initially named strain 78-1 (ATCC 49833), it is strictly anaerobic when growing, can be stored at 20 C and will tolerate temperatures up to 50 C, above which it is killed. The substrates they ferment, their cell wall composition, and rRNA sequences clearly show that these bacteria are not closely related to any other in the rumen. Thus it has been assigned to a new genus and called Synergestes jonesii (Allison et al., 1992) in honour of R. J. Jones. A similar bacterium has been isolated from sheep and cattle in Venezuela and another in India.Aung from Myanmar also found new bacteria which can degrade mimosine. Attempts to transinoculate rumen liquor from goats to sheep in India have failed to improve mimosine metabolism in the latter.
Monensin
Monensin isolated from Streptomyces cinnamonensis is a well-known representative of naturally polyether ionophore antibiotics . It is able to form pseudomacrocyclic complexes with mono and divalent cations and transport of the cations across cellular membrane. In cells monensin blocks the secretion of glycoproteins. It is soluble in chloroform, ethanol and methanol. Monensin plays an important role as an Na+/H+ antiporter, it blocks intracellular protein transport, and exhibits antibiotic, antimalarial, and other biological activities. The antibacterial properties of monensin and its derivatives are a result of their ability to transport monovalent and divalent metal cations through cellular and subcellular membranes.

# Bibliography
- A. Agtarap, J.W. Chamberlin, M. Pinkerton, I. Steinrauf, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89 (1967) 5737.
- J.W. Westley, Polyether Antibiotics. Naturally Occurring Acid Ionophores, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1 (1982) 1.
- J.W. Westley, Polyether Antibiotics. Naturally Occurring Acid Ionophores, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 2 (1983) 51
- B.C. Pressman, Antibiotics and their complexes, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, (1985) 1.
- B.C. Pressman,  Annu. Rev. Biochem. 45 (1976) 925.
- A. Huczynski, P. Przybylski, B. Brzezinski, F. Bartl, J. Phys. Chem. B 110 (2006) 15615.
- M. D. Ruff, in: Polyether Antibiotics. Naturally Occurring Acid Ionophores, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York( 1982,)1,304.
- M. W. Osborne, J. Wenger, F. Kovzelove, R.  Boyd,  M. Zanko,  in: Polyether Antibiotics. Naturally Occurring Acid Ionophores, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York (1982) 333.
- A. Huczynski, M. Ratajczak-Sitarz, A. Katrusiak, B. Brzezinski  J. Mol. Struct. 832 (2007) 84-89.
- R. Ferdani, G. W. Gokel, in: Encyclopedia of Supramolecular Chemistry: Ionophores, Marcel Dekker Inc. (2004) 760.
Cell biology
Monocane
Monocane is a fictional drug in the 1933 film The Invisible Man. In that film's sequel, The Invisible Man Returns, its name is changed to Duocane.
Described by Dr. Cranley as "terrible," monocane was an obscure Indian drug with powerful bleaching properties. German scientists experimenting with it tried it on a dog, turning the animal dead white and driving it mad. Monocane was used by Dr. Jack Griffin as a key ingredient in his invisibility formula (something he did without knowing about monocane's ghastly side effects).  Years later, Griffin's brother Frank's used the drug in his experiments as well.
- Monocane was also identified as the poison used to murder the victim during the Matlock episode "The Hucksters".
- Monocane was also identified as the poison used to murder the victim during the Perry Mason made-for-TV movie "A Perry Mason Mystery: The Case of the Lethal Lifestyle" (1994).
- Monocane was also identified as the poison used to murder the victim in the McBride (TV series) made-for-TV episode, "The Doctor is Out... Really Out" (2005).
Monocyte
Synonyms and keywords: mononuclear cell, monocyte

# Overview
A monocyte is a leukocyte, part of the human body's immune system that protects against blood-borne pathogens and moves quickly (aprox. 8-12 hours) to sites of infection in the tissues. Monocytes are usually identified in stained smears by their large bilobate nucleus.

# Physiology
Monocytes are produced by the bone marrow from haematopoietic stem cell precursors called monoblasts. Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream for about one to three days and then typically move into tissues throughout the body. They constitute between three to eight percent of the leukocytes in the blood.  In the tissues monocytes mature into different types of macrophages at different anatomical locations.
Monocytes are responsible for phagocytosis (ingestion) of foreign substances in the body. Monocytes can perform phagocytosis using intermediary (opsonising) proteins such as antibodies or complement that coat the pathogen, as well as by binding to the microbe directly via pattern-recognition receptors that recognize pathogens. Monocytes are also capable of killing infected host cells via antibody, termed antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity. Vacuolization may be present in a cell that has recently phagocytized foreign matter.
Monocytes which migrate from the bloodstream to other tissues are called macrophages. Macrophages are responsible for protecting tissues from foreign substances but are also suspected to be the predominant cells involved in triggering atherosclerosis. They are cells that possess a large smooth nucleus, a large area of cytoplasm and many internal vesicles for processing foreign material.

# Diagnostic use
A monocyte count is part of a complete blood count and is expressed either as a ratio of monocytes to the total number of white blood cells counted, or by absolute numbers.  Both may be useful in determining or refuting a possible diagnosis. Monocytosis is the state of excess monocytes in the peripheral blood. It may be indicative of various disease states.
Examples of processes that can increase a monocyte count include:
- chronic inflammation
- stress response
- hyperadrenocorticism
- immune-mediated disease
- pyogranulomatous disease
- necrosis
- red cell regeneration

# Dendritic cells
Monocytes can be used to generate dendritic cells in vitro.
Monosomy

# Overview
Monosomy is a form of aneuploidy with the presence of only one chromosome (instead of the typical two in humans) from a pair. Partial monosomy occurs when only a portion of the chromosome has one copy, while the rest has two copies.

### Human monosomy
Human conditions due to monosomy:
- Turner syndrome - Women with Turner syndrome typically have one X chromosome instead of the usual two.  Turner syndrome is the only full monosomy that is seen in humans.
- Cri du chat syndrome -- (French for "cry of the cat" after the distinctive noise by affected persons' malformed larynx) a partial monosomy caused by a deletion of the end of the short p (from the word petit, French for small) arm of chromosome 5
- 1p36 Deletion Syndrome -- a partial monosomy caused by a deletion at the end of the short p arm of chromosome 1
Mothball
Mothballs are small balls of chemical pesticide and deodorant used when storing clothing and other articles susceptible to damage from mold or moth larvae.
Their use when clothing is stored out-of-season gave rise to the colloquial usage of the terms mothballed and put into mothballs to refer to anything which is put into storage or whose operation is suspended.

# Composition and safety
Older mothballs consisted primarily of naphthalene, but due to naphthalene's flammability, modern mothballs use 1,4-dichlorobenzene instead. Both of these ingredients have a strong, pungent odor often associated strongly with mothballs. Camphor, an insect repellent, can be used in mothballs also.
The idea with both chemicals is to kill moths and moth larvae with the fumes. Both naphthalene and paradichlorobenzene sublimate, meaning they transition from a solid straight to a gas. The gas is toxic to the moths.
For either of these chemicals to be effective, they need to be placed with the clothing in a sealed container so the fumes can build up and kill the moths. In a sealed atmosphere like this, the fumes are not harmful to people because they are contained. The main threat would occur when opening the containers, or from wearing clothes immediately after opening (especially a problem for infants). A solution is to open the containers outside and let the clothes hang and air out for a day before wearing.
Adolescents have recently been found to use mothballs for huffing. Mothballs have also been found to be a carcinogen (i.e. a cancer-causing agent).

# Other uses
Mothballs can also be used as a snake repellent. Mothballs (or sulfur) is usually used along with the aid of naphtha for these purposes. When mixed together, the snake sampling the air senses its acrid stench and its scent sampling is overloaded by the stench. It can't sense prey or danger as well with this smell, so it turns away. Put the mothballs around the perimeter of your yard leaving an "escape" for the snakes to get away or they will be locked in your yard. Caution should be exercised, as mothballs are not child or pet friendly and they can kill some types of plants. Rain or water will disintegrate the mothballs, so frequent reapplication will be necessary.