Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
GADD45B
Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, beta, also known as GADD45B, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GADD45B gene.

# Function
This gene is a member of a group of genes whose transcript levels are increased following stressful growth arrest conditions and treatment with DNA-damaging agents. The genes in this group respond to environmental stresses by mediating activation of the p38/JNK pathway.  This activation is mediated via their proteins binding and activating MTK1/MEKK4 kinase, which is an upstream activator of both p38 and JNK MAPKs. The function of these genes or their protein products is involved in the regulation of growth and apoptosis. These genes are regulated by different mechanisms, but they are often coordinately expressed and can function cooperatively in inhibiting cell growth.
Gadd45b is required for activity-induced DNA demethylation of specific promoters and expression of corresponding genes necessary for adult neurogenesis, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor and fibroblast growth factor. Hence GADD45B is implicated in affecting synaptic plasticity.

# Interactions
GADD45B has been shown to interact with:
- ASK1,
- GADD45GIP1,
- MAP2K7 and
- MAP3K4.
GALNT14
Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 14 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GALNT14 gene.
GALNT14 (EC 2.4.1.41) belongs to a large subfamily of glycosyltransferases residing in the Golgi apparatus. GALNT enzymes catalyze the first step in the O-glycosylation of mammalian proteins by transferring N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) to peptide substrates.
SNPs on GALNT14 have been shown to be associated to the chemotherapy responses of patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.
GLYCAM1
Glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule-1 (GLYCAM1) is a proteoglycan ligand expressed on cells of the high endothelial venules in lymphoid tissues. It is the ligand for the receptor L-selectin allowing for naive lymphocytes to exit the bloodstream into lymphoid tissues.
GLYCAM1 binds to L-selectin by presenting one or more O-linked carbohydrates to the lectin domain of the leukocyte cell surface selectin.
Data suggests that GLYCAM1 is a hormone-regulated milk protein that is part of the milk mucin complex.
GlyCAM-1 is expressed exclusively on high endothelial venules. It is unclear how GlyCAM-1 is attached to the membrane as it lacks a transmembrane region.
GRASP55
Golgi reassembly-stacking protein of 55 kDa (GRASP55) also known as golgi reassembly-stacking protein 2 (GORASP2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GORASP2 gene. It was identified by its homology with GRASP65 and the protein's amino acid sequence was determined by analysis of a molecular clone of its complementary DNA. The first (N-terminus) 212 amino acid residues of GRASP55 are highly homologous to those of GRASP65, but the remainder of the 454 amino acid residues are highly diverged from GRASP65. The conserved region is known as the GRASP domain, and it is conserved among GRASPs of a wide variety of eukaryotes, but not plants. The C-terminus portion of the molecule is called the SPR domain (serine, proline-rich). GRASP55 is more closely related to homologues in other species, suggesting that GRASP55 is ancestral to GRASP65. GRASP55 is found associated with the medial and trans cisternae of the Golgi apparatus.

# Function
GRASP55 is involved in establishing the structure of the Golgi apparatus. It is a peripheral membrane protein located on the Golgi cisterna, and it can bind to another GRASP55 located on an adjacent cisterna through the GRASP domain, thus linking the cisternae together through multiple proteinprotein interactions.
GRASP55 is attached to the membrane in two ways; it is myristylated, which attaches it directly to the lipid bilayer; it is also bound indirectly by binding to golgin-45, which binds to a Rab protein, which itself is lipidated and thus anchored to the membrane.
The structure of the Golgi is disrupted during mitosis, and phosphorylation of the SPR domains of GRASP55 and GRASP65 regulate that disruption,
GRASP55 may also be involved in forming Golgi ribbons, but the evidence is mixed.

# Other interactions
GRASP55 has been shown to interact with TGF alpha, TMED2 and GOLGA2.
GRASP65
Golgi reassembly-stacking protein of 65 kDa (GRASP65) also known as Golgi reassembly-stacking protein 1 (GORASP1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GORASP1 gene.

# Function
The Golgi complex plays a key role in the sorting and modification of proteins exported from the endoplasmic reticulum. The GRASP65 protein is a peripheral membrane protein anchored to the lipid bilayer through myristoylation of a glycine residue near the protein's amino terminus. It is involved in establishing the stacked structure of the Golgi apparatus and linking the stacks into larger ribbons in verterbate cells. It is a caspase-3 substrate, and cleavage of this encoded protein contributes to Golgi fragmentation in apoptosis. GRASP65 can form a complex with the Golgi matrix protein GM130, and this complex binds to the vesicle docking protein p115. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been identified, but their full-length natures have not been determined.

# Structure
GRASP65 contains two PDZ domains in the amino-terminal GRASP domain (amino acid residues 2210), that comprises approximately half of the protein. The GRASP region interacts with the Golgi matrix protein GM130 as well as an  intrinsically disordered region in the C-terminus.
- GRASP65 superhelix, topview
GRASP65 superhelix, topview
- File:4REY top helix.png
- File:4REY tilted helix.png
- GRASP65 superhelix, side view
GRASP65 superhelix, side view
- File:4REY side helix.png

# Interactions
GORASP1 has been shown to interact with TGF alpha, TMED2 and GOLGA2.

# Notes
-  This is shown in the external link entitled "Molecular models of GRASP65/GM130/P115-mediated cis-cisternae membrane stacking and vesicle tethering."
GUCY1B3
Guanylate cyclase soluble subunit beta-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GUCY1B3 gene.

# Function
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), a heterodimeric protein consisting of an alpha and a beta subunit, catalyzes the conversion of GTP to the second messenger cGMP and functions as the main receptor for nitric oxide and nitrovasodilator drugs.

# Interactions
GUCY1B3 has been shown to interact with Heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), member A1 and Endothelial NOS.
Gentian
Gentiana is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Gentian family (Gentianaceae), tribe Gentianeae and monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. This a large genus, with about 400 species.
This is a cosmopolitan genus, occurring in alpine habitats of temperate regions of Asia, Europe and the Americas. Some species also occur in northwest Africa, eastern Australia and New Zealand. They consist of annual, biennial and perennial plants. Some are evergreen, others are not.
Their leaves are arranged in an opposite way. Most of them belong to a basal rosette. Gentians have trumpet-shaped flowers which are usually deep blue or azure, but may vary from white, creamy and yellow to red. Blue-flowered species predominate in the Northern Hemisphere, and red in the Andes; white-flowered species are scattered but dominate in New Zealand. These terminal tubular flowers are mostly pentamerous, i.e. with 5 corolla lobes (petals), and 5 sepals, but 4-7 in some species. The style is rather short or absent. The corolla shows folds (= plicae) between the lobes. The ovary is mostly sessile and has nectary glands.
Gentians are fully hardy and like full sun or partial shade, and neutral to acid soil that is rich in humus and well drained. They are popular in rock gardens.
According to Pliny the Elder, Gentian is an eponym of Gentius (180-168 BC), the King of Illyria, said to have discovered its healing properties. Some species are of medicinal use and their roots were harvested for the manufacture of tonic liquor, for instance in France "Suze" or similar liquors. Gentian is also used as a flavouring, for example in bitters, and the soft drink "Moxie" which contains "Gentian Root Extractives".

# Species
Genzyme
Genzyme Corporation is a biotechnology company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Genzyme is the worlds third biggest biotechnology company employing over 9,000 people around the world. At present, the company has approximately 80 locations in 40 countries. It includes 17 manufacturing facilities and 9 genetic testing laboratories. The companys products are available in nearly 90 countries. In 2006, Genzyme generated $3.2 billion in revenues with more than 25 products in the worlds markets. The company is also involved in philanthropic acts, donating $83 million in global product donations and $11 million in cash contributions in 2006. In 2006 and 2007 Genzyme was named one of Fortune Magazines 100 Best Companies to Work for. Additionally in 2007, Genzyme was awarded the National Medal of Technology, the highest level of honor awarded by the President of the United States to Americas leading innovators.
The company, started by a small group of scientists in 1981, was primarily devoted to finding drugs that would cure enzyme deficiency conditions that were essential to ones survival and which usually afflict a very small percentage of the worlds population. Drugs used to treat such conditions are termed orphan drugs. In 1986, the company went public raising $27 million.
Genzyme focuses on six areas of medicine relating to lysosomal storage diseases, renal disease, orthopedics, transplant and immune diseases, oncology, genetics and diagnostics. The first orphan-drug for Genzyme that FDA approved was Ceredase, a drug for treating Gaucher disease. Other important drugs made by Genzyme are Renagel, used in treatment of dialysis patients, and Fabrazyme, used to treat patients with Fabry's disease. Other products in development are Tolevamer for Clostridium dificile colitis disease and Campath for multiple sclerosis.
Genzyme has a sub-license from Bioenvision to market Clofarabine in North America. Bioenvision has the rights to Clofarabine in the rest of the world. On Tuesday, May 29, 2007 Genzyme made a tender offer to purchase Bioenvision for $5.60 per share. Bioenvision management and the board of directors tendered their shares via an agreement prior to the announcement. However, not many other shareholders did and the tender offer closed without Genzyme acquiring their necessary 51% of Bioenvision. It remains to be seen if Genzyme will just be a shareholder of Bioenvision or proceed with a higher subsequent offer.
In 2006, CEO, President, and Board Chairman Henri Termeer, earned a salary of $1.4 million, and non-cash compensation worth $21 million.

# Product Listing
Cerezyme Fabrazyme Aldurazyme Myozyme Renagel Hectorol Synvisc  Carticel  Thymol Globulin Campath Clolar  Thyrogen  Sepra family of products  Epicel
Gestalt
Die Gestalt is a German word for form or shape. It is used in English to refer to a concept of 'wholeness' (see wiktionary). Gestalt may also refer to:
- Gestalt psychology (or Gestalt theory), a theory of mind and brain, describing the Gestalt effect.
- Gestalt Theoretical Psychotherapy, a method of psychotherapy based on Gestalt psychology
- Gestalt therapy, a form of psychotherapy built on the experiential ideal of "here and now" and relationships with others and the world.
- Gestalt (Mac OS), an environment-query function in Mac OS.
- Gestalt (manga), an anime manga and OVA series
ar:
de:Gestalt
nl:Gestalt
sv:Gestalt
Glottis
The space between the vocal cords is called the glottis.

# Function
As the vocal cords vibrate, the resulting vibration produces a "buzzing" quality to the speech, called voice or voicing.
Sound production involving only the glottis is called glottal. English has a voiceless glottal fricative spelled "h". In many accents of English the glottal stop (made by pressing the folds together) is used as a variant allophone of the phoneme Template:IPA (and in some dialects, occasionally of Template:IPA and Template:IPA); in some languages, this sound is a phoneme of its own.
Skilled players of the Australian didgeridoo restrict their glottal opening in order to produce the full range of timbres available on the instrument. 
The vibration produced is an essential component of voiced consonants as well as vowels. If the vocal folds are drawn apart, air flows between them causing no vibration, as in the production of voiceless consonants.
- Voiced consonants include Template:IPA
- Voiceless consonants include Template:IPA

# Additional images
- Larynx
- The entrance to the larynx, viewed from behind.
- The entrance to the larynx.
Gunnera
Gunnera is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants, some of them gigantic. The genus is the only member of the family Gunneraceae.
The 40-50 species vary enormously in leaf size. Gunnera manicata, native to the Serra do Mar mountains of southeastern Brazil, is perhaps the largest species, with leaves typically 1.5-2 m (5-6 ft) wide, but exceptionally long, up to 3.4 m (11 ft), borne on thick, succulent leaf stalks (petioles) up to 2.5 m (8 ft) long. It germinates best in very moist, but not wet, conditions and temperatures of 22 to 29 C.
Only slightly smaller is G. masafuerae of the Juan Fernandez Islands off the Chilean coast. They can have leaves up to 2.9 m (9 ft 5 inches) in width on stout leaf stalks 1.5 m (5 ft) long and 11 cm (4.5 in) thick according to Skottsberg. On nearby Isla Mas Afuera, G. peltata frequently has an upright trunk to 5.5 m (18 ft) in height by 2530 cm (1012 in) thick, bearing leaves up to 2 m (6 ft 4 inches) wide. G. magnifica of the Colombian Andes bears the largest leaf buds of any plant; up to 60 cm (2 ft) long and 40 cm (16 inches) thick. The succulent leaf stalks are up to 2.7 m (8 ft 10 inches) long. The massive inflorescence of small, reddish flowers is up to 2.3 m (7 ft 6 inches) long and weighs about 13 kg. Other giant Gunnera species are found throughout the Neotropics and Hawaii.
Several small species are found in New Zealand, notably G. albocarpa, with leaves only 12 cm long, and also in South America, with G. magellanica having leaves 59 cm wide on stalks 815 cm long.
Commonly known as "giant rhubarb".
This genus was named after the Norwegian botanist Johann Ernst Gunnerus.
- Gunnera albocarpa
- Gunnera arenaria
- Gunnera densiflora
- Gunnera dentata
- Gunnera flavida
- Gunnera hamiltonii
- Gunnera kauaiensis
- Gunnera magellanica
- Gunnera magnifica
- Gunnera manicata
- Gunnera masafuerae
- Gunnera monoica
- Gunnera perpensa
- Gunnera petaloidea
- Gunnera prorepens
- Gunnera tinctoria

# Cyanobacterial Symbiosis
In nature, all Gunnera plants form a symbiosis with a nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, thought to be exclusively Nostoc punctiforme.  The bacteria invade the plant via glands found at the base of each leaf stalk and initiate an intracellular symbiosis which is thought to provide the plant with fixed nitrogen in return for fixed carbon for the bacterium.  This intracellular interaction is unique in higher plants and may provide insights to allow the creation of novel symbioses between crop plants and cyanobacteria, allowing growth in areas lacking fixed nitrogen in the soil.

# Uses
The stalks of G. tinctoria (nalcas) are edible. Their principal use is fresh consumption, but also they are prepared in salads, liquor or marmalade. Leaves of this species are used in covering curanto (a traditional Chilean food).
Gunnera perpensa is used as a source of traditional medicine in Southern Africa.
HLA-A29
HLA-A29 (A29) is an HLA-A serotype. The serotype identifies the more common HLA-A*29 gene products. A29 is a split antigen of the A19 broad antigen serotype group. It is similar to the antigens A30, A31, A32, A33, and A74. A31 is more common in Japan, Siberia and Indigenous Americans. It is also more frequent in NE Europe than SW Europe.

# Serotype

# A29 Allele frequencies

### A*2902

# A29-B Haplotypes
A29-Cw16-B44(A*2902:Cw*1601:B*4403) appears to have originated in West Africa were Cw*16 frequency is highest and had undergone more linkage equilibrium. Cw*16 decline slowly heading north and more rapidly to the east and northeast, with the highest frequency/latitude north generally along Eastern Spain into the British Ilses, some flow up the channel but haplotype frequency drops in the interior of Europe.
This haplotype can generally be extended from A- to -DQ as A29-Cw16-B44-DR7-DQ2.2:
A*2901 : Cw*1601 : B*4403 : DRB1*0701 : DQA1*0201 : DQB1*0202
And, the Cw16 component is in strong linkage disequilibrium with the DR7-DQ2.2 component suggesting that since the haplotypes introduction into Europe there has not been adequate time for equilibration, supporting its recent introduction into Europe. This particular haplotype supports theories of migration that are more numerous than those supported by mtDNA or Y chromosomal information, many such 'smaller' migrations are evident with HLA haplotypes, suggesting a much greater complexity to human population than haploid loci make evident.
HEPACAM
Gene HEPACAM*, named based on its original site of identification - hepatocytes and the nature of its protein product - a cell adhesion molecule (CAM), was first discovered and characterised in human liver and reported by Shali Shen (MD, PhD) in 2005. The gene encodes a protein of 416 amino acids, designated as hepaCAM, which is a new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules (IgSF CAM). The main biological functions of hepaCAM include a) modulating cell-matrix adhesion and migration, and b) inhibiting cancer cell growth.
(Note: *HEPACAM, gene name; hepaCAM, protein name)

# Discovery
Through differential screening of gene expression, over 200 genes were found to be either up- or down-regulated in a hepatocellular carcinoma patient. These genes were subsequently evaluated against a panel of human HCC specimens, leading to the identification of a novel gene HEPN1. Based on the sequence of HEPN1, the new gene HEPACAM was then isolated and characterised.

# Characteristics and functions
Structurally, hepaCAM is a glycoprotein containing an extracellular domain with 2 Ig-like loops, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic domain. Matched to chromosome 11q24, gene HEPACAM is ubiquitously expressed in normal human tissues, with particularly high expression levels in the central nervous system (CNS), and is frequently suppressed in a variety of tumour types. Functionally, hepaCAM is involved in cell-extracellular matrix interactions and growth control of cancer cells, and is able to induce differentiation of glioblastoma cells. In cell signaling, hepaCAM directly interacts with F-actin and calveolin 1, and is capable of inducing senescence-like growth arrest via a p53/p21-dependent pathway. Moreover, hepaCAM is proteolystically cleaved near the transmemberane region. These findings indicate that the new Ig-like cell adhesion molecule hepaCAM is also a tumour suppressor.

# Other names
- glialCAM, which was cloned from a human brain cDNA library in 2008 and found to be identical to hepaCAM; and
- HEPACAM1, when HEPACAM2 emerged in 2010.

# About HEPACAM 2
Metastatic canine mammary carcinoma and their metastases are characterized by decreased HEPACAM2 but unchanged HEPACAM2 expression levels when compared to normal glands.
HLA-A11
HLA-A11 (A11) is an HLA-A serotype. The serotype identifies the more common HLA-A*11 gene products. A11 is more common in eastern Asia particularly along the coastal regions of china.

# Serotype
Serotyping of A11 demostrates better recognition of the *1101 gene products and poorer recognition of other A*11 gene products. Ther are ~40 recognized alleles of A*11.  There is only one null classified as A11.

# Disease Associations

### By allele
A*1104 is associated with increased risk for cervical neoplasia resulting from human papillomavirus infection

# A11-B Haplotypes
A11-B13
- A11-Cw2-B13 (Li)
- A11-Cw9-B13 (Southern China & SE Asia)
- A11-C10-B13 Buyi
- A11-CBL-B13 Northern China
HLA-A24
HLA-A24 (A24) is an HLA-A serotype. The serotype identifies the more common HLA-A*24 gene products. A24 is a split antigen that is also recognized by the A9 broad antigen type. This broad antigen also recognizes the similar A23 types. A24 is common in Austronesia. A*2402 has one of the highest A allele frequencies for a number of peoples, including Papua New Guineans, Indigeonous Taiwanese (Eastern Tribals), Yupik and Greenland Eskimos. It is common over much of Southeastern Asia. In eurasia it is least common in Ireland, and it is relatively uncommon in Africa except North Africa and Kenya.

# Serotype
There are over 90 known A*24 alleles, 69 code for different isoforms and 7 are nulls.

# Disease Associations

### By serotype
A24 has a secondary risk factor for myasthenia gravis,,  Buerger's disease

### By allele
A*2402 is a secondary risk factor, alters type 1 diabetes risk, and allele associated with thyomoma induced myasthenia gravis.

# A24-B Haplotypes
A24-Cw7-B39
A24-Cw10-B60
A24-Cw10-B61
A24-B48

### A24-Cw4-B35
This particular haplotype is common across a fairly wide region, possibly the most widely spread A-Cw-B haplotype in humans. Cw4-B35 has a node within the region once referred to as Thracia/Dacia.

### A24-Cw*14-B51
HLA-A25
HLA-A25 (A25) is an HLA-A serotype.  The serotype identifies the more common HLA-A*25 gene products. A25 is a split antigen of the A10 broad antigen serotype group. It is believed to have been formed by a single gene conversion between another HLA-A and the A*2601 allele. A26 is more common in Western Europe.

# Serotype
There are 7 alleles for A25, 6 that result in different isoforms.

## A25 frequencies
A*2501 distribution is primarily located in western Eurasia.  Frequency tends to be highest in the populations that underwent later neolithization suggesting A*2501 spread in Europe.  The high frequency in Saudi Arabia is suggestive of a source.
HLA-A31
HLA-A31 (A31) is an HLA-A serotype.  The serotype identifies the more common HLA-A*31 gene products. A31 is a split antigen of the A19 broad antigen serotype group. It is similar to the antigens A29, 30, A32,A33, and A74. A31 is more common in Japan, Siberia and Indigenous Americans.  It is also more frequent in NE Europe than SW Europe.

# Serotype
There is substantive cross reaction of A30 with A*3101, otherwise serological identification is good.

# A*31 alleles

### A*310102

# A31-B Haplotypes
Examination of A31 haplotypes reveal a probably connection across northern Eurasia during the prehistoric period.  Frequencies of the more 'tale-tell' haplotypes (A31-B60, B61, and B62) fall from NE to SW Europe.  Other haplotypes appears to have spread from the middle east (A31-B51 and A31-B35).
HLA-A32
HLA-A32 (A32) is an HLA-A serotype.  The serotype identifies the more common HLA-A*32 gene products.  A32 is a split antigen of the A19 serotype group. This group also includes A29, A30, A31, A33, and A74  serotypes

# Serotype
Serotyping efficiency for the predominant allele is good. There are 16 known alleles
that result in 15 isoforms of HLA-A32. One isoform may be poorly expressed.

## HLA-A*3201 allele frequencies
A32 is most common around the Persion Gulf and the Mediterranean Basin.  It has a consistent presence in Europe.  The A32 frequenceies in the more isolated (genetically) peoples of Europe suggests that the A32 rise in the mediterranean may only be partially attributable to recent migrations from the middle eastern region.  There is a node in southern europe around the Ionian Sea in which specific, European, A32-haplotypes are elevated.

## A32 Haplotypes
A common A32 haplotype A*3201-B*5101 can be found in Oman, United Arab Emirates, SE Iran, Bulgaria, and Portugal.  A second, A*3201-B*3501 can be in the Omani, UAE, and Portugal.