Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Axillary nerve
The axillary nerve is a nerve of the human body, that comes off the posterior cord of the brachial plexus at the level of the axilla (armpit) and carries nerve fibers from C5 and C6. The axillary nerve travels through the quadrangular space with the posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein.

# Muscular and sensory innervation
It supplies two muscles, deltoid (a muscle of the shoulder), and teres minor (one of the rotator cuff muscles).
The axillary nerve also carries sensory information from the shoulder joint, as well as the skin covering the inferior region of the deltoid muscle (which is innervated by the Superior Lateral Cutaneous Nerve branch of the Axillary nerve).
When the axillary nerve splits off from the posterior cord, the continuation of the cord is the radial nerve.

# Branches
It lies at first behind the axillary artery, and in front of the Subscapularis, and passes downward to the lower border of that muscle.
It then winds backward, in company with the posterior humeral circumflex artery, through a quadrilateral space bounded above by the Teres Minor, below by the Teres major, medially by the long head of the Triceps brachii, and laterally by the surgical neck of the humerus, and divides into an anterior and a posterior branch.
- The anterior branch (upper branch) winds around the surgical neck of the humerus, beneath the Deltoideus, with the posterior humeral circumflex vessels, as far as the anterior border of that muscle, supplying it, and giving off a few small cutaneous branches, which pierce the muscle and ramify in the skin covering its lower part.
- The posterior branch (lower branch) supplies the Teres minor and the posterior part of the Deltoideus; upon the branch to the Teres minor an oval enlargement (pseudoganglion) usually exists. The posterior branch then pierces the deep fascia and is continued as the lateral brachial cutaneous nerve, which sweeps around the posterior border of the Deltoideus and supplies the skin over the lower two-thirds of the posterior part of this muscle, as well as that covering the long head of the Triceps brachii.
The trunk of the axillary nerve gives off an articular filament which enters the shoulder-joint below the Subscapularis.

# Injury
The axillary nerve may be injured in anterior dislocations of the shoulder joint, compression of the axilla with a crutch or fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus. Injury to the nerve results in: -
1.	Paralysis of the teres minor and deltoid muscles. Abduction of the shoulder is impaired.
2.	Loss of sensation over a small part of the lateral upper arm

# Additional images
- Brachial plexus
- Suprascapular and axillary nerves of right side, seen from behind.
- Cutaneous nerves of right upper extremity. Anterior view.
- Diagram of segmental distribution of the cutaneous nerves of the right upper extremity. Anterior view.
- Cutaneous nerves of right upper extremity. Posterior view.
- Diagram of segmental distribution of the cutaneous nerves of the right upper extremity. Posterior view.
- Back of right upper extremity, showing surface markings for bones and nerves.
Axis (anatomy)
In anatomy, the second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine is named the axis (from Latin axis, "axle") or epistropheus.
It forms the pivot upon which the first cervical vertebra (the atlas), which carries the head, rotates.
The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is the strong odontoid process ("dens") which rises perpendicularly from the upper surface of the body.  That peculiar feature gives to the vertebra a rarely-used third name:  vertebra dentata.

# The body
The body is deeper in front than behind, and prolonged downward anteriorly so as to overlap the upper and front part of the third vertebra.
It presents in front a median longitudinal ridge, separating two lateral depressions for the attachment of the Longus colli muscles.
Its under surface is concave from before backward and convex from side to side.

# Other features
The dens, or odontoid process, exhibits a slight constriction or neck where it joins the body.
The pedicles are broad and strong, especially in front, where they coalesce with the sides of the body and the root of the odontoid process. They are covered above by the superior articular surfaces.
The laminae are thick and strong, and the vertebral foramen large, but smaller than that of the atlas.
The transverse processes are very small, and each ends in a single tubercle; each is perforated by the transverse foramen, which is directed obliquely upward and laterally.
The superior articular surfaces are round, slightly convex, directed upward and laterally, and are supported on the body, pedicles, and transverse processes.
The inferior articular surfaces have the same direction as those of the other cervical vertebrae.
The superior vertebral notches are very shallow, and lie behind the articular processes; the inferior lie in front of the articular processes, as in the other cervical vertebrae.
The spinous process is large, very strong, deeply channelled on its under surface, and presents a bifid, tuberculated extremity.

# Additional images
- Median sagittal section through the occipital bone and first three cervical vertebr.
- Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx.
Thrombomodulin
Thrombomodulin (TM), CD141 or BDCA-3 is an integral membrane protein expressed on the surface of endothelial cells and serves as a cofactor for thrombin. It reduces blood coagulation by converting thrombin to an anticoagulant enzyme from a procoagulant enzyme. Thrombomodulin is also expressed on human mesothelial cell, monocyte and a dendritic cell subset.

# Genetics and structure
In humans, thrombomodulin is encoded by the THBD gene. The protein has a molecular mass of 74kDa, and consists of a single chain with six tandemly repeated EGF-like domains, a Serine/Threonine-rich spacer and a transmembrane domain.

# Function
Thrombomodulin functions as a cofactor in the thrombin-induced activation of protein C in the anticoagulant pathway by forming a 1:1 stoichiometric complex with thrombin. This raises the speed of protein C activation thousandfold. Thrombomodulin-bound thrombin has procoagulant effect at the same time by inhibiting fibrinolysis by cleaving thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI, aka carboxypeptidase B2) into its active form.
Thrombomodulin is a glycoprotein on the surface of endothelial cells that, in addition to binding thrombin, regulates C3b inactivation by factor I. Mutations in the thrombomodulin gene (THBD) have also been reported to be associated with atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (aHUS).
The antigen described as BDCA-3 has turned out to be identical to thrombomodulin. Thus, it was revealed that this molecule also occurs on a very rare (0.02%) subset of human dendritic cells called MDC2. Its function on these cells is unknown.

# Interactions
Thrombomodulin has been shown to interact with thrombin.
Barium nitrate
Barium nitrate with chemical formula Ba(NO3)2 is a salt of barium and the nitrate ion.
Barium nitrate exists as a white solid at room temperature. It is soluble in water, and like other soluble barium compounds, is toxic and should be handled with care.
Baratol is an explosive composed of barium nitrate, TNT and binder; the high density of barium nitrate results in baratol being quite dense as well.  Barium nitrate mixed with aluminum powder, a formula for flash powder, is highly explosive. It is mixed with Thermite to form Thermate-TH3, used in military thermite grenades. It is also used in the manufacturing process of Barium oxide, the vacuum tube industry and for green fire in pyrotechnics.

# Manufacture
Barium nitrate is manufactured by one of two processes. The first involves dissolving small chunks of barium carbonate in nitric acid, allowing any iron impurities to precipitate, then filtered, evaporated, and crystallized. The second requires combining barium chloride with a heated solution of sodium nitrate, causing barium nitrate crystals to separate from the mixture.

# Barium nitrate health risks
Like all soluble barium compounds, barium nitrate is toxic by ingestion or inhalation.
Symptoms of poisoning include tightness of muscles (especially in the face and neck), vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, muscular tremors, anxiety, weakness, labored breathing, cardiac irregularity, and convulsions.  Death may result from cardiac or respiratory failure, and usually occurs a few hours to a few days following exposure to the compound.  Barium nitrate may also cause kidney damage.
Solutions of sulfate salts such as Epsom salts or sodium sulfate may be given as first aid for barium poisoning, as they precipitate the barium as the insoluble (and non-toxic) barium sulfate.
Inhalation may also cause irritation to the respiratory tract.
While skin or eye contact is less harmful than ingestion or inhalation, it can still result in irritation, itching, redness, and pain.
If you happen to swallow some barium nitrate, please see a doctor immediately. If the symptoms continue after a consultation with your doctor, immediately go to the hospital.
Basilar artery

# Overview
In human anatomy, the basilar artery is one of the arteries that supplies the brain with oxygen-rich blood.

# Course
It arises from the confluence of the two vertebral arteries at the junction between the medulla oblongata and the pons.
It ascends in the central gutter (sulcus basilaris) inferior to the pons and divides into the posterior cerebral arteries and the superior cerebellar artery just inferior to the pituitary stalk.
From the basilar artery arises the superior inferior cerebellar artery (supplying the superior and inferior aspects of the cerebellum), as well as smaller branches for the supply of the pons (the pontine branches).

# Pathology
Thrombosis of the basilar artery can be life-threatening, as it leads to hypoxia and ischemia of the brainstem.
Poor prognoses are common and these can include paralysis of all extremities, heavy disturbances in sensation, difficulty in swallowing and difficulty in respiration.

# Additional Images
- cr = Arteria cerebri rostralis, cm = Arteria cerebri media, ma = Arteria maxillaris, RZ = Retezuflusse, ci = Arteria carotis interna, rm = Rete mirabile, ba = Arteria basilaris
- The internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Right side.
- The arteries of the base of the brain.
- Medulla oblongata and pons. Anterior surface.
- The hypophysis cerebri, in position. Shown in sagittal section.
- Cerebral angiogram showing the transverse projection of the vertebro-basilar and posterior cerebral circulation.
Bejel overview

# Overview
Bejel is a chronic skin and tissue disease caused by infection by a subspecies of the spirochete Treponema pallidum.

# Causes
Although the organism that causes bejel, Treponema pallidum endemicum, is morphologically and serologicallyindistinguishable from Treponema pallidum pallidum, which causes venereal syphilis, transmission of bejel is not venereal in nature, generally resulting from mouth-to-mouth contact or sharing of domestic utensils, and the courses of the two diseases are somewhat different.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Regions and countries endemic for Treponema pallidum subspecies

# Screening
Because the diseases caused by T. pallidum subsp. pertenue, T. pallidum subsp. endemicum, and T. carateum (i.e.,yaws, bejel/endemic syphilis, andpinta, respectively) usually occur during  childhood, the CDC recommends that all refugee children from areas where treponemes are known  to be endemicundergo nontreponemal serologic testing at the initial health screening. If the screening test is positive, a treponemal confirmatory test should be performed.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
Bejel usually begins in childhood as a small mucous patch, often on the interior of the mouth, followed by the appearance of raised, eroding lesions on the limbs and trunk. Periostitis (inflammation) of the leg bones is commonly seen, and gummas of the nose and soft palate develop in later stages.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
Bejel is treatable with penicillin or other antibiotics, and with treatment a complete recovery is expected.
Umbilicoplasty

# Overview
Umbilicoplasty, sometimes referred to as "belly button surgery", is a plastic surgery procedure to modify the appearance of one's navel (or "belly button").  It may be performed as part of a tummy tuck or lower body lift operation, or it may be performed alone.
An umbilicoplasty procedure may last from 30 minutes to 3 hours.  It is typically performed under local anesthesia, but the patient may be given a sedative that is administered through an intravenous drip. When done as part of a tummy tuck or lower body lift, general anesthesia is more commonly used. Usually there are no scars, since the incision is usually made inside the cavern of the navel.
Candidates typically choose the surgery because they dislike how their navel looks.  Their navel may be as it was from birth, or it may have changed due to unrelated surgery, such as a Caesarean section.  Some may have experienced weight gain, weight loss, or pregnancy, causing changes to the shape of the navel.  Others may have a protruding navel, which they may wish to change.
Benzyl alcohol
Benzyl alcohol is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CH2OH. The benzyl group is commonly abbreviated "Bn", thus BnOH, for benzyl alcohol. Benzyl alcohol is a colorless liquid with a mild pleasant aromatic odor. It is a natural constituent of a variety of essential oils including jasmine, hyacinth, and ylang-ylang.  Benzyl alcohol is also a useful solvent due to its polarity, low toxicity, and low vapor pressure.
Benzyl alcohol is partially soluble in water (4 g/100 mL) and completely miscible in alcohols and ether. It is prepared by the hydrolysis of benzyl chloride using sodium hydroxide:
It can also be prepared via a Grignard reaction by reacting phenylmagnesium bromide (C6H5MgBr) with formaldehyde, followed by acidification.  Like most alcohols, it reacts with carboxylic acids to form esters

# Applications
Benzyl alcohol is used as a general solvent for inks, paints, lacquers, and epoxy resin coatings. It is also a precursor to a variety of esters, used in the soap, perfume, and flavor industries, as well as for pharmaceuticals.  It exhibits bacteriostatic and antipruritic properties.  It is also used as a photographic developer.

## Illustrative organic synthetic uses
In organic synthesis, benzyl esters are popular protecting groups because they can be removed by mild hydrogenolysis.
BnOH reacts with acrylonitrile to give N-benzylacrylamide.  This is an example of a Ritter reaction:

## Nanotechnological uses
Benzyl alcohol has been used as a dielectric solvent for the dielectrophoretic reconfiguration of nanowires.

## Health & safety
Benzyl alcohol is used as a bacteriostatic preservative in parenteral (IV) medications. Benzyl alcohol is also known for its toxic effects including respiratory failure, vasodilation, hypotension, convulsions, and paralysis. Sixteen Neonatal deaths have been associated with the use of benzyl alcohol as a preservative in saline flush solutions. Preservative free solutions are now being used for the infant population.
Benzyl alcohol should be avoided by people with perfume allergy.
Benzyl acetate

# Overview
Benzyl acetate (CAS number 140-11-4) is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H10O2.  It is the ester formed by condensation of benzyl alcohol and acetic acid.
Benzyl acetate is found naturally in many flowers.  It is the primary constituent of the essential oils from the flowers jasmine, ylang-ylang and tobira.  It has pleasant sweet aroma reminiscent of jasmine.  Consequently, it is used widely in perfumery and cosmetics for its aroma and in flavorings to impart apple and pear flavors.
It is one of many compounds that is attractive to males of various species of orchid bees, who apparently gather the chemical to synthesize pheromones; it is commonly used as bait to attract and collect these bees for study. 
Benzyl acetate is also used as a solvent in plastics and resin, cellulose acetate, nitrate, oils, lacquers, polishes and inks.
Bernard Babior

# Overview
Bernard Babior (November 10, 1935 - June 29, 2004) was an American physician and research biochemist.
Born in Los Angeles, he received his M.D. degree at the University of California at San Francisco . After interning at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, he joined the laboratory of Konrad Bloch at Harvard University and was awarded a Ph.D. degree in 1965. He received further training at The National Institutes of Health, Harvard University]] and Tufts University. In 1986 he moved to California as staff physician at Scripps Clinic, and Head of the Division of Biochemistry at The Scripps Research Institute.
Early in his career, while studying a vitamin B12-dependent enzyme, Babior recognized that free radicals might play an important role in biologic processes. He showed that highly reactive oxygen derivatives were one of the mechanisms used by white cells to kill invading bacteria. Babior and others showed that the very weapons that the body makes to protect itself against microbial invasion can also play an important role in a variety of common diseases, including arthritis, arteriosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.
Babior received numerous honors, including membership of the American Society for Clinical Investigation and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was also a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.  In 1999 he was elected to membership in the National Academy of Sciences, one of the very few physicians practicing medicine to achieve this honor.
He served on the editorial boards of a number of academic journals, including the Journal of Clinical Investigation, Blood and the Journal of Biological Chemistry. He published more than 250 scientific papers and wrote or edited four books.
Babior died after a battle with prostate cancer at the age of sixty-eight.  He is survived by his wife, Shirley, and two children, Gregory and Jill.
Beta-Carboline

# Overview
-Carboline (9H-pyridoindole) is an organic amine that is the prototype of a class of compounds known as -carbolines.

# Pharmacology
-carboline alkaloids are widespread in plants and animals, and frequently act as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI). As components of the liana Banisteriopsis caapi, the -carbolines harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine play a pivotal role in the pharmacology of the psychedelic brew ayahuasca. Some -carbolines, notably tryptoline and pinoline, are formed naturally in the human body. The latter is implicated along with melatonin in the role of the pineal gland in regulating the sleep-wake cycle.
United States Patent Number 5591738 describes a method for treating various chemical dependencies via the administration of beta-carbolines.

# Structure
The structure of -carboline is similar to that of tryptamine, with the ethylamine chain re-connected to the indole ring via an extra carbon atom, to produce a three-ringed structure. Indeed, biosynthesis of  -carbolines is believed to follow this route from analogous tryptamines. Different levels of saturation are possible in the third ring, which is indicated here in the structural formula  by colouring the optionally double bonds red and blue:

# Examples of -carbolines
Some of the more important -carbolines are tabulated by structure below.

# Occurrence in nature
"There are presently 64 known .beta.-carboline alkaloids dispersed throughout at least eight plant families."  The seeds of Peganum harmala (Syrian Rue) are a good source of beta-carbolines, since they contain about 2-6% alkaloids, most of which is harmaline.
Beta-endorphin
-endorphin is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system.
The amino acid sequence is: Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu

# Formation
-endorphin is a peptide, 31 amino acids long, resulting from processing of the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). (Note, POMC also gives rise to other peptide hormones, including ACTH ( Adrenocorticotropic hormone ), as well - and -MSH ( Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone ), resulting from intracellular processing by internal enzymes known as prohormone convertases.)
-endorphin is found in neurons of the hypothalamus, as well as the pituitary gland.

# Function
It is an agonist of the opioid receptors, with evidence suggesting it serves as the endogenous ligand of the -opioid receptor, the same receptor to which the chemicals extracted from opium, such as morphine, have their analgesic and addictive effects (indeed, the -opioid receptor was named based on its most renowned ligand, morphine).

# History
-endorphin was discovered from camel pituitary extracts by C.H. Li and David Chung. The discovery was amidst a flurry of discoveries made in the opioid field of "endogenous opiates", including Met-enkephalin, Leu-enkephalin, and dynorphin. Shortly thereafter, also in C.H. Li's laboratory, the opioid effects of this peptide were characterized. Some notable early questions which were investigated included anatomical questions (where in the body? where in the brain? where in the neuron?), pharmacological questions (how similar to morphine? how does potency differ? what part of the molecule confers opioid activity?), biochemical questions (how is it biosynthesized? how is the activity regulated? how is it metabolized?), behavioral questions (what is the effect of endogenous -endorphin on activity levels), clinical questions (do deficiencies in endogenous -endorphin lead to psychological disorders?), and therapeutic questions (is -endorphin a viable treatment for morphine and heroin addiction, as well as chronic pain disorders?).

# Effects
It is used as an analgesic in the body to numb or dull pains. That is the reason why humans start to feel better immediately after an acute physical trauma even though the symptoms are still present. The reason the pain dulls is because it binds to and activates opioid receptors. -endorphin has approximately 80 times the analgesic potency of morphine.
-endorphin is believed to have a number of other benefits, including:
- Boosting the immune system
- Slowing the growth of cancer cells 
- Promoting feeling of well-being
- Increasing relaxation
Beta-synuclein
Beta-synuclein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNCB gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is highly homologous to alpha-synuclein. These proteins are abundantly expressed in the brain and putatively inhibit phospholipase D2 selectively. The encoded protein, which may play a role in neuronal plasticity, is abundant in neurofibrillary lesions of patients with Alzheimer's disease. This protein has been shown to be highly expressed in the substantia nigra of the brain, a region of neuronal degeneration in patients with Parkinson's disease; however, no direct relation to Parkinson's disease has been established. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
Beta-synuclein is a synuclein protein found primarily in brain tissue and is seen mainly in presynaptic terminals.  Beta-synuclein is predominantly expressed in the neocortex, hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, and cerebellum.  It is not found in Lewy bodies, but it is associated with hippocampal pathology in PD and DLB.
Beta-synuclein is suggested to be an inhibitor of alpha-synuclein aggregation, which occurs in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Thus, beta-synuclein may protect the central nervous system from the neurotoxic effects of alpha-synuclein and provide a novel treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.