Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
RSPH4A
Radial spoke head protein 4 homolog A, also known as radial spoke head-like protein 3, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RSPH4A  gene.

# Function
TRadial spoke head protein 4 homolog A appears to be a component the radial spoke head, as determined by homology to similar proteins in the biflagellate alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and other ciliates. Radial spokes, which are regularly spaced along cilia, sperm, and flagella axonemes, consist of a thin 'stalk' and a bulbous 'head' that form a signal transduction scaffold between the central pair of microtubules and dynein.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in the RSPH4A gene are associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia.
RSPH6A
Radial spoke head protein 6 homolog A (RSPH6A) also known as radial spoke head-like protein 1 (RSHL1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RSPH6A gene.

# Function
Radial spoke head protein 6 homolog A is similar to a sea urchin radial spoke head protein. Radial spoke protein complexes form part of the axoneme of eukaryotic flagella and are located between the axoneme's outer ring of doublet microtubules and central pair of microtubules. In Chlamydomonas, radial spoke proteins are thought to regulate the activity of dynein and the symmetry of flagellar bending patterns.

# Clinical significance
The RSPH6A gene maps to a region of chromosome 19 that is linked to primary ciliary dyskinesia-2 (CILD2).
RUVBL2
RuvB-like 2 (E. coli), also known as RUVBL2, is a human gene coding for a protein belonging to the AAA+ family of proteins.

# Function
This gene encodes the second human homologue of the bacterial RuvB gene. Bacterial RuvB protein is a DNA helicase essential for homologous recombination and DNA double-strand break repair. However, the evidence for whether RUVBL2 has DNA helicase activity is contradictory. This gene is physically linked to the CGB/LHB gene cluster on chromosome 19q13.3, and is very close (55 nt) to the LHB gene, in the opposite orientation.

# Interactions
RUVBL2 has been shown to interact with RuvB-like 1 and Activating transcription factor 2.
Ranula

# Overview
A ranula is a type of mucocele found on the floor of the mouth.  Ranulas present as a swelling of connective tissue consisting of collected mucin from a ruptured salivary gland duct, which is usually caused by local trauma.

# Etymology
The latin rana means frog, and a ranula is so named because its appearance is sometimes compared to a frog's underbelly.

# Locations
The gland that most likely causes a ranula is the sublingual gland.  Nonetheless, the submandibular gland and minor salivary glands may be involved.

# Appearance
An oral ranula is a fluctuant swelling with a bluish translucent color that somewhat resembles the underbelly of a frog "Rana". If it is deeper it does not have this bluish appearance. If it is large ( 2 or more cm.), it may hide the salivary gland and affect the location of the tongue. Most frequently it stems from the sublingual salivary gland, but also from the submandibular gland.
Though normally above the mylohyoid muscle, if a ranula is found deeper in the floor of the mouth, it can appear to have a normal color.  A ranula below the mylohyoid muscle is referred to as a "plunging or cervical ranula", and produces swelling of the neck with or without swelling in the floor of the mouth.
Ranulas measure several centimeters in diameter and are usually larger than mucoceles. As a result, when ranulas are present the tongue may be elevated. As with mucoceles, ranulas may be subject to recurrent swelling with occasional rupturing of its contents. When pressed, they may not blanch.

# Symptoms
Ranulas are usually asymptomatic, although they may change gradually in size, shrinking and swelling. The overlying skin is usually intact. The mass is not fixed and is  also not tender. The mass is not connected to the thyroid gland or lymph nodes. The mass may not be well defined.  If it gets large enough it may interfere with swallowing, and cervical ranulas may even interfere with breathing.  Some pain may be connected with very larrge ranulas.

# CT
Cystic mass in the sublingual area.
- CT demonstrates a Ranula Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- CT demonstrates a Ranula Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- CT demonstrates a Ranula Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- CT demonstrates a Ranula Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- CT demonstrates a Ranula Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted

# Histology
Microscopically, ranulas are cystic saliva filled distensions of salivary gland ducts on the floor of the mouth along side the tongue, and are lined by epithelium. A salivary mucocele, in contrast is not lined by epithelium.

# Treatment
Treatment of ranulas involves excision of the top of the lesion in a procedure known as "marsupialization".  Ranulas may reoccur if the sublingual gland or other gland causing them is not removed. There is little morbidity or mortality connected with treatment.
RasMol

# Overview
RasMol is a computer program written for molecular graphics visualization intended and used primarily for the depiction and exploration of biological macromolecule structures, such as those found in the Protein Data Bank.  It was originally developed by Roger Sayle in the early 90s.
Historically, it was an important tool for molecular biologists since the extremely optimized program allowed the software to run on (then) modestly powerful personal computers. Before RasMol, visualization software ran on graphics workstations that, due to their expense, were less accessible to scholars.  RasMol has become an important educational tool as well as continuing to be an important tool for research in structural biology.
RasMol has a complex version history. Starting with the series of 2.7 versions, RasMol is licensed under a dual license (GPL or custom license RASLIC). Thus, RasMol is (along with Molekel, Jmol and PyMOL), among the few open source molecular visualization programs available.
RasMol includes a language (for selecting certain protein chains, or changing colors etc). Jmol has incorporated the RasMol scripting language into its commands.
Protein Databank (PDB) files can be downloaded for visualization from the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RCSB) bank. These have been uploaded by researchers who have characterized the structure of molecules usually by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy.

# Inter-process Communication
On UNIX platforms Rasmol can communicate with other programs via TCL/TK.
Under MS-Windows,  Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) is used.
- multiple alignment program. The responsible Java class can be freely used in other applications.
RecLOH
RecLOH is a term in genetics that is an abbreviation for "Recombinational Loss of Heterozygosity".
This is a type of mutation which occurs with DNA by recombination. From a pair of equivalent ("homologous"), but slightly different genes, a pair of identical genes results. In this case there is an unreciprocal exchange of genetic code between the chromosomes, in contrast to chromosomal crossover, because genetic information is lost.

# For Y chromosome
In genetic genealogy, the term is used particularly concerning similar seeming events in Y chromosome DNA. This type of mutation happens within one chromosome, and does not involve a reciprocal transfer. Rather, one homologous segment "writes over" the other. The mechanism is presumed to be different from RecLOH events in autosomal chromosomes, since the target is the very same chromosome instead of the homologous one.
During the mutation one of these copies overwrites the other. Thus the differences between the two are lost. Because differences are lost, heterozygosity is lost.
Recombination on the Y chromosome does not only take place during meiosis, but virtually at every mitosis when the Y chromosome condenses, because it doesn't require pairing between chromosomes. Recombination frequency even exceeds the frame shift mutation frequency (slipped strand mispairing) of (average fast) Y-STRs, however many recombination products may lead to infertile germ cells and "daughter out".
Recombination events (RecLOH) can be observed if YSTR databases are searched for twin alleles at 3 or more duplicated markers on the same palindrome (hairpin).
E.g. DYS459, DYS464 and DYS724 (CDY) are located on the same palindrome P1. A high proportion of 9-9, 15-15-17-17, 36-36 combinations and similar twin allelic patterns will be found. PCR typing technologies have been developed (e.g. DYS464X) that are able to verify that there are most frequently really two alleles of each, so we can be sure that there is no gene deletion. Family genealogies have proven many times, that parallel changes on all markers located on the same palindrome are frequently observed and the result of those changes are always twin alleles. So a 9-10, 15-16-17-17, 36-38 haplotype can change in one recombination event to the one mentioned above, because all three markers (DYS459, DYS464 and DYS724) are affected by one and the same recLOH event.
Red 2G
Red 2G is a synthetic red azo dye. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. It usually comes as a disodium salt of 8-actamido-1-hydroxy-2-phenylazonaphthalene-3,6 disulphonate.

# Uses

## Food dye
In the European Union, Red 2G is used as a food dye (E number E128).  However, it is only permitted for use in breakfast sausages with a minimum cereal content of 6% and burger meat with a minimum vegetable and/or cereal content of 4%. 
Following safety concerns raised by EFSA in its opinion of 5 July 2007 , the European Commission has prepared a draft Regulation to suspend use of E128 as a food colouring.  This proposed course of action was unanimously approved by European Union Member States at a meeting of the Standing Committee of the Food Chain and Animal Health (Section Toxicological Safety of the Food Chain) on 20 July 2007 .
Red 2G is banned in Australia, Austria, Canada, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Malaysia and the United States. It was banned in Ireland, Israel and Greece in July 2007.  .
It is relatively insensitive to the bleaching effect of sulfur dioxide (E220) and sodium metabisulfite (E223). In the intestines, Red 2G can be converted to the toxic compound aniline , so there are concerns Red 2G may ultimately interfere with blood haemoglobin, as well as cause cancer.

## Inks
It is also used as a dye for coatings, inks, paper, crepe paper, and fine tissue.

## Histology
Red 2G can be also used for staining in histology, though rarely, e.g. as a component of Masson's trichrome.

# Health risks
It is one of the colourants that the Hyperactive Children's Support Group recommends be eliminated from the diet of children.
The EU agency EFSA recently established E128 is potentially is carcinogenic as it forms aniline in the body when consumed.
The pressure group The Food Commission, said there had been concerns about Red 2G going back decades and it was suspected of being a carcinogen in the 1980s
Remedy
Def. "a medicine, application, or treatment that relieves or cures a disease" is called a remedy.

# Cures
Def. a "method, device or medication that restores good health" or an act "of healing or state of being healed; restoration to health after a disease, or to soundness after injury" is called a cure.

# Medicines
Def. a "substance which specifically promotes healing  ingested or consumed in some way", a "treatment or cure", or the "study of the cause, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease or illness" is called a medicine or medicine.

# Nutraceuticals
Def. a "nutrient or food believed to have curative properties" or a "food used as a drug" is called a nutraceutical.
A nutraceutical or 'bioceutical' is a pharmaceutical alternative which claims physiological benefits.
In the US, "nutraceuticals" are largely unregulated, as they exist in the same category as dietary supplements and food additives by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), under the authority of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
Result
A result is the final consequence of a sequence of actions or events (broadly incidents and accidents) expressed qualitatively or quantitatively, being a loss, injury, disadvantage, advantage, gain, victory or simply a value. There may be a range of possible outcomes associated with an event possibly depending on the point of view, historical distance or relevance.
Reaching no result proves that actions are inefficient, ineffective, meaningless or flawed.
- in general any kind of research, action or phenomenon can lead to one or more results.
- in games (e.g. cricket, lotteries) or wars the result describes the victorious party and possibly effects on the environment.
- in mathematics: the final value of a calculation (e.g. arithmetic operation),  function or statistical expression
- statistics uses polls, tests and logs to analyze, extract and interpolate information.
- in computer sciences: the return value of a function, state of a system or list of records matching a query (e.g. web search). The result type is the data type of the data returned by a function.
- in physics: the outcome of an experiment
- in forensics and justice: the proof of guilt or innocence of a suspect after evaluating evidence in a criminal investigation.
- in economics/accounting: the profit or loss at the end of a fiscal period. (see also: NOR)
- in democracy : the election of a representative or vote on a subject.

# Result Properties
As with any other piece of information results have certain properties in absolute terms or in relation to previous results or settings:
different meanings result, results, resulted

# Quality
In many cases the following formula is used:
result = quality - acceptance
A product, service or activity can be delivered with a high (technical) quality, but if the acceptance is small, the end-result is also small.
This formula is commonly used to explain junior technical engineers that more needs to be done to reach a (project) target than just implement a good technical solution.
The acceptance in the formula is most of the time increased by involving end-users/customers in the specification of the targets and assigning end-user-tests to them.
RhoBTB
The RhoBTB family is a subgroup of the Rho family of small GTPases.  They are a highly divergent class and are all characterized by an N-terminal Rho-related domain followed by at least one C-terminal BTB domain.

# Discovery
The RhoBTB family of molecules was unknowingly discovered in 1993 by analyzing the Dictyostelium genome looking for members of the Ras superfamily of GTPases.  The authors began by doing Southern blots looking for cDNAs that cross-hybridize with a very conservative probe from hRas.  They identified 19 new genes that belonged to the Ras superfamily and sequenced approximately 600 nucleotides from the start of the transcript.  If they were looking for a normal Ras-like GTPase, this would have been sufficient.  One of their clones, they called RacA, was more divergent than most of the others and the transcript didnt terminate in a stop codon like the rest.  The authors, however, didnt comment on this and RhoBTB went undiscovered for another eight years.
A very careful analysis by Francisco Rivero and coworkers ensued to find all of the Rho GTPases in Dictyostelium.  During their endeavor, they found that the open reading frame of RacA was actually 400 amino acids longer than what Bush had published 8 years earlier.  Instead of a 168 amino acid protein, RacA encoded a 598 residue protein with a Rho GTPase domain at the N-terminus and two BTB domains toward the C-terminus.  BTB (Broad-Complex, Tramtrack and Bric-a-Brac) domains are known to involve hetero and homo associations with other BTB domain-containing proteins. Because this novel RhoBTB protein was in Dictostelium, the authors were curious if any homologous proteins exist in humans.  They found three and called them RhoBTB1, RhoBTB2, and RhoBTB3.

# Localization and expression
RhoBTB1 and RhoBTB2 are much more homologous than RhoBTB3.  Further analysis revealed that the intron-exon structure of RhoBTB1 and 2 are also quite similar and have only one common intron with RhoBTB3.
RhoBTB1 and 2 were not detected during mouse development, but RhoBTB3 was detected strongly between embryonic days 11.5 through 17.5.  Additionally, RhoBTB1 and 2 are localized to vesicular structures, while RhoBTB3 is localized to the trans-Golgi network.
Ribose
Ribose (abs, abs), primarily seen as  D-ribose, is an aldopentose  a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including an aldehyde functional group in its linear form.  It has the chemical formula Template:Carbon5Template:Hydrogen10Template:Oxygen5, and was discovered in 1905 by Phoebus Levene.
As a component of the RNA that is used for genetic transcription, ribose is critical to living creatures.  It is related to deoxyribose, which is a component of DNA.  It is also a component of ATP, NADH, and several other chemicals that are critical to metabolism.
Refer to the article on deoxyribose for more information on both sugars, how they relate to each other, and how they relate to genetic material.

# Isomerism
D-Ribose has the same configuration at its penultimate carbon atom as D-glyceraldehyde.
Ricola
Ricola AG is a well known manufacturer of cough drops and breath mints in Switzerland. The company focuses primarily on using herbal ingredients.

# History
The company was founded by Emil Wilhelm Richterich in 1930. Today 2007, it is managed by Felix Richterich. The company's name is an abbreviation of the words - Richterich & Compagnie Laufen. The headquarter of Ricola is located in the Swiss town Laufen.

# Herbs
While the active ingredient in most Ricola products is menthol, an important part of Ricola products is the herb mixture.  Sixteen herbs are mentioned on Ricola's U.S. website:
- Elder (Sambucus nigra)
- Horehound (Marrubium vulgare)
- Mallow (Malva silvestris)
- Peppermint (Mentha  piperita)
- Sage (Salvia officinalis)
- Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)
- Cowslip (Primula veris)
- Burnet (Pimpinella saxifraga)
- Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
- Marsh Mallow (Althaea officinalis)
- Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris)
- Speedwell, aka Veronica (Veronica officinalis)
- Plantain (Plantago lanceolata)
- Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis)
- Lemon Balm, aka Lemon Mint, Melissa (Melissa officinalis)
- "Orange-Mint" (Mentha citrata)
Of these, the first thirteen are noted as Ricola's classic herbal mixture.  Note also that while only ten herbs are listed on packages of Ricola cough drops sold in the U.S., two of these are not mentioned at all on Ricola's website.  These are Linden Flowers and Wild Thyme.

# Business culture
Ricola holds assets of 245 Million CHF (Swiss Francs) (2004) and employs 400 workers. Around 200 independent produce companies in the surrounding area service Ricola. In order to obtain enough herbs for the different production of herbal drops, the firm also owns five private herbal gardens in Zermatt, Kandersteg, Pontresina, and Nenzlingen.
Ricola are well-known for their commercials featuring mountaineers shouting "Ri-co-la!" and blowing through a large Alphorn.

# Products
Ricola has various kinds of different products along with different flavors for each product.
- Cough Drops
Original Herb
Honey Lemon with Echinacea
Orange Spice with Echinacea.
- Original Herb
- Honey Lemon with Echinacea
- Orange Spice with Echinacea.
- Sugar Free Cough Drops
Sugar Free Mountain Herb
Sugar Free Green Tea with Echinacea
- Sugar Free Mountain Herb
- Sugar Free Green Tea with Echinacea
- Throat Drops
Lemon Mint
Cherry Honey
Honey Herb
- Lemon Mint
- Cherry Honey
- Honey Herb
- Sugar Free Throat Drops
Sugar Free Lemon Mint
Sugar Free Cherry
- Sugar Free Lemon Mint
- Sugar Free Cherry
- Nature's Protection: contains daily value of Vitamin C
Cranberry
Elderberry
Orange Mint
- Cranberry
- Elderberry
- Orange Mint
- Ricola Refreshers
Lemon Mint
Elderflower
- Lemon Mint
- Elderflower
- Ricola Breath Mints
Spearmint
Peppermint
LemonMint
- Spearmint
- Peppermint
- LemonMint

# Ricola Herb Gardens
The company promotes natural earth gardens for cultivation in Swiss Mountain regions.  These areas include:
- Nenzlingen
- Trogberg
- Kandersteg
- Zermatt
- Pontresina
S100A4
S100 calcium-binding protein A4 (S100A4) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the S100A4 gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. This protein may function in motility, invasion, and tubulin polymerization. Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of this gene have been implicated in tumor metastasis. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified.

# Interactions
S100A4 has been shown to interact with S100 calcium binding protein A1.

# Therapeutic targeting for cancer
S100A4, a member of the S100 calcium-binding protein family secreted by tumor and stromal cells, supports tumorigenesis by stimulating angiogenesis. Research demonstrated that S100A4 synergizes with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), via the RAGE receptor, in promoting endothelial cell migration by increasing KDR expression and MMP-9 activity. In vivo overexpression of S100A4 led to a significant increase in tumor growth and vascularization in a human melanoma xenograft M21 model. Conversely, when silencing S100A4 by shRNA technology, a dramatic decrease in tumor development of the pancreatic MIA PaCa-2 cell line was observed. Based on these results 5C3 was developed, a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against S100A4. This antibody abolished endothelial cell migration, tumor growth and angiogenesis in immunodeficient mouse xenograft models of MiaPACA-2 and M21-S100A4 cells. It is concluded that extracellular S100A4 inhibition is an attractive approach for the treatment of human cancer.
S100A6
S100 calcium-binding protein A6 (S100A6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the S100A6 gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. This protein may function in stimulation of Ca2+-dependent insulin release, stimulation of prolactin secretion, and exocytosis. Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of this gene have been implicated in melanoma.

# Interactions
S100A6 has been shown to interact with S100B and SUGT1.

# Pathology
S100A6 to be reported as possible diagnostic marker of papillary thyroid carcinoma.