Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
TRPV3
Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 3, also known as TRPV3, is a human gene encoding the protein of the same name.
The TRPV3 protein belongs to a family of nonselective cation channels that function in a variety of processes, including temperature sensation and vasoregulation. The thermosensitive members of this family are expressed in subsets of human sensory neurons that terminate in the skin, and are activated at distinct physiological temperatures. This channel is activated at temperatures between 22 and 40 degrees C. The gene lies in close proximity to another family member (TRPV1) gene on chromosome 17, and the two encoded proteins are thought to associate with each other to form heteromeric channels.

# Physiology of TRPV3 channel
The TRPV3 channel is widely expressed in the human body, especially in the skin in keratinocytes, but also in the brain. It functions as a molecular sensor for innocuous warm temperatures. Mice lacking these protein are unable to sense elevated temperatures (>33 C) but are able to sense cold and noxious heat. In addition to thermosensation TRPV3 channels seem to play a role in hair growth because mutations in the TRPV3 gene cause hair loss in mice. The role of TRPV3 channels in the brain is unclear, but researchers found that they play a role in mood regulation, and that a protective effects of Incensole acetate were partially mediated by TRPV3 channels.

# Modulation
The TRPV3 channel is directly activated by various natural compounds like carvacrol, thymol and eugenol. Several other monoterpenoids which cause either feeling of warmth or are skin sensitizers can also open the channel. Monoterpenoids also induce agonist-specific desensitization of TRPV3 channels in a calcium-independent manner.
Resolvin E1 (RvE1), RvD2, and 17R-RvD1 (see resolvins)  are metabolites of the omega 3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (for RvE1) or docosahexaenoic acid (for RvD2 and 17R-RvD1). These metabolites are members of the specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) class of metabolites that function to resolve diverse inflammatory reactions and diseases in animal models and, it is proposed, humans. These SPMs also dampen pain perception arising from various inflammation-based causes in animal models. The mechanism behind their pain-dampening effects involves the inhibition of TRPV3, probably (in at least certain cases) by an indirect effect wherein they activate other receptors located on neruons or nearby microglia or astrocytes. CMKLR1, GPR32, FPR2, and NMDA receptors have been proposed to be the receptors through which these SPMs operate to down-regulate TRPV3 and thereby pain perception.
TRPV4
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 is an ion channel protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPV4 gene.
The TRPV4 gene encodes TRPV4, initially named "vanilloid-receptor related osmotically activated channel" (VR-OAC) and "OSM9-like transient receptor potential channel, member 4 (OTRPC4)", a member of the vanilloid subfamily in the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily of ion channels. The encoded protein is a Ca2+-permeable, nonselective cation channel that has been found involved in multiple physiologic functions, dysfunctions and also disease. It functions in the regulation of systemic osmotic pressure by the brain, in vascular function, in liver, intestinal, renal and bladder function, in skin barrier function and response of the skin to ultraviolet-B radiation, in growth and structural integrity of the skeleton, in function of joints, in airway- and lung function, in retinal and inner ear function, and in pain. The channel is activated by osmotic, mechanical and chemical cues. It also responds to thermal changes (warmth). Channel activation can be sensitized by inflammation and injury.
The TRPV4 gene has been co-discovered by W. Liedtke et al. and R. Strotmann et al.

# Clinical significance
Channelopathy mutations in the TRPV4 gene lead to skeletal dysplasias, premature osteoarthritis, and neurological motor function disorders and are associated with a range of disorders, including brachyolmia type 3, congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy, scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy, and subtype 2C of CharcotMarieTooth disease.

# Pharmacology
A number of TRPV4 agonists and antagonists have been identified since its discovery. The discovery of unselective modulators (e.g. antagonist Ruthenium Red) was followed by the apparition of more potent (agonist 4aPDD) or selective (antagonist RN-1734) compounds, including some with bioavailability suitable for in vivo pharmacology studies such as agonist GSK1016790A (with ~10 fold selectivity vs TRPV1), and antagonists HC-067047 (with ~5 fold selectivity vs hERG and ~10 fold selectivity vs TRPM8) and RN-9893 (with ~50 fold selectivity vs TRPM8 and ~10 fold selectivity vs M1).
Resolvin D1 (RvD1), a metabolite of the omega 3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, is a member of the specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) class of metabolites that function to resolve diverse inflammatory reactions and diseases in animal models and, it is proposed, humans. This SPM also dampens pain perception arising from various inflammation-based causes in animal models. The mechanism behind this pain-dampening effect involves the inhibition of TRPV4, probably (in at least certain cases) by an indirect effect wherein it activates another receptor located on neruons or nearby microglia or astrocytes. CMKLR1, GPR32, FPR2, and NMDA receptors have been proposed to be the receptors through which a SPM may operate to down-regulate TRPs and thereby pain perception.

# Interactions
TRPV4 has been shown to interact with MAP7 and LYN.
TRPV5
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPV5 gene.
TRPV5 is mainly expressed in kidney epithelial cells, where it plays an important role in the reabsorption of Ca2+. Genetic deletion of TRPV5 in mice leads to Ca2+ loss in the urine, and consequentual hyperparathyroidism, and bone loss.

# Function
This gene is a member of the transient receptor family and the TRPV subfamily. The calcium-selective channel, TRPV5, encoded by this gene has 6 transmembrane-spanning domains, multiple potential phosphorylation sites, an N-linked glycosylation site, and 5 ANK repeats. This protein forms homotetramers or heterotetramers and is activated by a low internal calcium level.

# Interactions
TRPV5 has been shown to interact with S100A10.
TRPV6
TRPV6 is a membrane calcium channel which is particularly involved in the first step in calcium absorption in the intestine.

# Nomenclature
When first discovered it was named CAT1,  or ECaC2.  The name TRPV6 was confirmed in 2005.
TRPV6 is a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of membrane proteins. Unlike most TRP channels, TRPV6 is selective for Ca2+ ions, a property shared with its close homologue, TRPV5, which is mainly expressed in the kidney and plays a role in renal Ca2+ reabsorption.

# Expression
TRPV6 expression has been described in the intestine in several species, including humans. The protein is located in the apical brush-border membrane of the intestinal enterocyte where it regulates calcium entry into the cell.  It is most abundant in the proximal small intestine (duodenum and jejunum), along with the other calcium transport proteins, calbindin and the calcium-pumping ATPase, PMCA1.  The TRPV6 calcium transporter also found in the human placenta, pancreas and prostate gland and in some species in the kidney, where the related channel TRPV5 is strongly expressed.

# Regulation of expression

## Vitamin D
Expression of TRPV6 is vitamin D dependent in mice and humans. Its expression was greatly reduced in animals that do not express the vitamin D receptor.
Vitamin D treatment of human colon cancer cells, Caco-2, increased expression of TRPV6 transcripts, and also stimulated the transport of calcium, probably through increased TRPV6 expression.  In human duodenal explants, TRPV6 transcript expression was increased 3-fold after 6h incubation with the active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.
TSG-6
Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 protein also known as TNF-stimulated gene 6 protein or TSG-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFAIP6 (tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 6) gene.

# Structure and function
TSG-6 is a 30 kDa secreted protein that contains a hyaluronan-binding LINK domain a and thus is a member of the hyaluronan-binding protein family, also called hyaladherins. The hyaluronan-binding domain is known to be involved in extracellular matrix stability and cell migration. This protein has been shown to form a stable, covalent complex with inter-alpha-inhibitor (II), and thus enhance the serine protease inhibitory activity of II, which is important in the protease network associated with inflammation. The expression of this gene can be induced by a number of signalling molecules, principally tumor necrosis factor  (TNF-) and interleukin-1 (IL-1). The expression can also be induced by mechanical stimuli in vascular smooth muscle cells, and is found to be correlated with proteoglycan synthesis and aggregation. TSG-6 has been shown to modulate macrophage plasticity and signal the transition of LPS-treated macrophages from pro- to anti-inflammatory phenotype.
TSG-6 also interacts with a number of matrix associated molecules such as aggrecan, versican, thrombospondin (1&2), pentraxin-3 and fibronectin.
TSHZ3
Teashirt homolog 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TSHZ3 gene. In mice, it is a necessary part of the neural circuitry that controls breathing.  The gene is also a homolog of the Drosophila melanogaster teashirt gene, which encodes a zinc finger transcription factor important for development of the trunk.
Tshz3-knockout mice do not develop the respiratory rhythm generator (RRG) neural circuit, which is a pacemaker that produces an oscillating rhythm in the brainstem and controls autonomous breathing. The RRG neurons are present, but are abnormal. Those mice do not survive because they don't initiate breathing after birth. Tshz3 is being studied for its relationship to infant breathing defects in humans.
TSHZ3 has been identified as a critical region for a syndrome associated with heterozygous deletions at 19q12-q13.11, which includes autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms such autistic traits, speech disturbance and intellectual disability, as well as renal tract abnormalities. Mice with heterozygous Tshz3 deletion (Tshz3lacZ/+) show enrichment of ASD-related gene orthologs in the cerebral cortex, functional alterations of corticostriatal circuitry and ASD-relevant behavioral abnormalities.
TTC7A
Tetratricopeptide repeat domain 7A (TTC7A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TTC7A gene.

# Function
TPR domain-containing proteins, such as TTC7A, have diverse functions in cell cycle control, protein transport, phosphate turnover, and protein trafficking or secretion, and they can act as chaperones or scaffolding proteins.

# Clinical significance
TTC7A deficiency is extremely rare with less than 30 cases reported to date. TTC7A deficiency disrupts epithelial intestinal cell growth thereby promoting multiple intestinal atresia (MIA), a rare type of bowel obstruction. Not all patients with TTC7A Deficiency exhibit the same symptoms. Although quality of life is generally very poor for most children with very few surviving beyond the first year or two of life, there is a broad spectrum of severity of symptoms varying from individual to individual with some forms of TTC7A Deficiency being less severe with survival being many years or even decades.
Mutations in this gene are known to cause hereditary multiple intestinal atresia (MIA), severe infantile or very early onset inflammatory bowel disease, extensive enteropathy, combined immunodeficiencies (CID), thyroid dysfunction, and alopecia. Some TTC7A Deficiency patients have also been shown to develop lung disease 
There is no standard treatment for TTC7A Deficiency at this time. Management of TTC7A deficiency currently entails bowel resection for any atresias, possibly hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to correct the immunodeficiencies, and immunosuppression to help alleviate bowel disease and immune disregulation. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be ineffective.Small bowel transplant has proven successful in at least one case.

## Effect on Rho kinase activity
Research indicates that TTC7A deficiency results in "increased Rho kinase activity which disrupts polarity, growth, and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells, and which impairs immune cell homeostasis, thereby promoting MIA-CID development."  Based on this research, it has been proposed that Rho kinase inhibitors may be a therapeutic option, although no specific rho kinase inhibitors are currently available for patient use with the exception of Fasudil which is only available in Japan. 
It has been shown that statins such as Lipitor are useful as Rho kinase inhibitors. Therefore, statins may be helpful for the treatment of TTC7A deficiency, although this has yet to be proven.
TTLL3
Tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family, member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TTLL3 gene.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of TTLL3 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Ttll3tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists  at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty three tests were carried out on mutant mice but no significant abnormalities were observed.
TTRAP
TRAF and TNF receptor-associated protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TTRAP gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of a superfamily of divalent cation-dependent phosphodiesterases. The encoded protein associates with CD40, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-75 and TNF receptor associated factors (TRAFs), and inhibits nuclear factor-kappa-B activation. This protein has sequence and structural similarities with APE1 endonuclease, which is involved in both DNA repair and the activation of transcription factors.

# Interactions
TTRAP has been shown to interact with ETS1, TNFRSF1B and CD40.
TYRP1
Tyrosinase-related protein 1, also known as TYRP1, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the TYRP1 gene.

# Function
Tyrp1 is a melanocyte-specific gene product involved in melanin synthesis. While mouse Tyrp1 possesses dihydroxyindole carboxylic acid oxidase activity, the function in human melanocytes is less clear. In addition to its role in melanin synthesis, Tyrp1 is involved in stabilizing of tyrosinase protein and modulating its catalytic activity. Tyrp1 is also involved in maintenance of melanosome structure and affects melanocyte proliferation and melanocyte cell death.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in the mouse Tyrp1 gene are associated with brown pelage and in the human TYRP1 gene with oculocutaneous albinism type 3 (OCA3). An allele of TYRP1 common in Solomon Islanders results in blond hair. Although the phenotype is similar to Northern European blond hair, this allele is not found in Europeans.

# Regulation
The expression of TYRP1 is regulated by the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF).

# Interactions
TYRP1 has been shown to interact with GIPC1.
Taxon
A taxon (plural taxa), or taxonomic unit, is a name designating an organism or group of organisms. In biological nomenclature according to Carl Linnaeus, a taxon is assigned a taxonomic rank and can be placed at a particular level in a systematic hierarchy reflecting evolutionary relationships.
A distinction is to be made between taxa/taxonomy and classification/systematics. The former refers to biological names and the rules of naming. The latter refers to rank ordering of taxa according to presumptive evolutionary (phylogenetic) relationships.
Note: "Phylum" applies formally to any biological domain, but traditionally it was always used for animals, whereas "Division" was traditionally often used for plants, fungi, etc.
A simple  mnemonic phrase to remember the sequence of taxonomic levels is:
"Dignified Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk"; another, highly expedient example is "King Philip's Class Orders the Family Genius to Speak".
A prefix is used to indicate a ranking of lesser importance. The prefix super- indicates a rank above, the prefix sub- indicates a rank below. In zoology the prefix infra- indicates a rank below sub-.  For instance:
Rank is relative, and restricted to a particular systematic schema. For example, liverworts have been grouped, in various systems of classification, as a family, order, class, or division (phylum). The use of a narrow set of ranks is challenged by users of cladistics; for example, the mere 10 ranks traditionally used between animal families (governed by the ICZN) and animal phyla (usually the highest relevant rank in taxonomic work) often cannot adequately represent the evolutionary history as more about a lineage's phylogeny becomes known. In addition, the class rank is quite often not an evolutionary but a phenetical and paraphyletic group and as opposed to those ranks governed by the ICZN, can usually not be made monophyletic by exchanging the taxa contained therein. This has given rise to phylogenetic taxonomy and the ongoing development of the PhyloCode, which is to govern the application of taxa to clades.
tera-
tera- (symbol: T) is a prefix in the SI system of units denoting 1012, or 1,000,000,000,000 (1 million million).
Confirmed in 1960, it comes from the Greek , meaning monster. It also bears a resemblance to the Greek prefix - meaning four; the coincidence of it signifying the fourth power of 1000 served as a model for the higher-order prefixes peta-, exa-, zetta- and yotta-, all of which are deliberately distorted forms of the Latin or Greek roots for the corresponding powers (fifth to eighth respectively) of 1000.
In computer science tera- can sometimes mean 1,099,511,627,776 (240) instead of 1,000,000,000,000, especially in the term terabyte. To avoid this ambiguity, the binary prefix tebi- has been introduced to signify 240, but this, in common with the other binary prefixes, is not currently in general use.
Thigh
In humans the thigh is the area between the pelvis and buttocks and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb.
The single bone in the thigh is called the femur. This bone is very thick and strong (due to the high proportion of cortical bone), and forms a ball and socket joint at the hip, and a condylar joint at the knee.

# Fascial compartments
In cross-section, the thigh is divided up into three fascial compartments. These compartments use the femur as an axis, and are separated by tough connective tissue membranes (or septa). Each of these compartments has its own blood and nerve supply, and contains a different group of muscles.
- Medial fascial compartment of thigh
- Posterior fascial compartment of thigh
- Anterior fascial compartment of thigh

# Blood vessels
The arterial supply is by the femoral artery and the obturator system. The lymphatic drainage closely follows the arterial supply.
The deep venous system of the thigh consists of the femoral vein, the proximal part of the popliteal vein, and various smaller vessels; these are the site of proximal deep venous thrombosis. The venae perfortantes connect the deep and the superficial system, which consists of the saphenous veins (the site of varicose veins).

# Thigh weakness
Thigh weakness can result in a positive Gower's sign on physical examination.
cs:Stehno
de:Oberschenkel
eo:Femuro
id:Paha
it:coscia (anatomia)
he:
nl:Dij
no:Lar
sv:Lar
yi:
Tinea

# Overview
Dermatophytosis are a group of mycosis infections of the skin caused by parasitic fungi (dermatophytes).

# Presentations
Infections on the body may give rise to typical enlarging raised red rings of ringworm, infection on the skin of the feet may cause athlete's foot and in the groin jock itch. Involvement of the nails is termed onychomycosis, and they may thicken, discolour, and finally crumble and fall off.
They are common in most adult people, with up to 20 percent of the population having one of these infections at any given moment.
It tends to getting worse during summer and then symptoms alleviated during the winter.

# Types
A number of different species of fungi are involved. Dermatophytes of the genera Trichophyton and Microsporum are the most common causative agents. These fungi attack various parts of the body and lead to the following conditions:
- Dermatophytosis
Tinea pedis (athlete's foot) affects the feet
Tinea unguinum affects the fingernails and toenails
Tinea corporis affects the arms, legs, and trunk with ringworm
Tinea cruris (jock itch) affects the groin area
Tinea manuum affects the hands and palm area
Tinea capitis affects the scalp
Tinea barbae affects facial hair
Tinea faciei (face fungus) affects the face
- Tinea pedis (athlete's foot) affects the feet
- Tinea unguinum affects the fingernails and toenails
- Tinea corporis affects the arms, legs, and trunk with ringworm
- Tinea cruris (jock itch) affects the groin area
- Tinea manuum affects the hands and palm area
- Tinea capitis affects the scalp
- Tinea barbae affects facial hair
- Tinea faciei (face fungus) affects the face
- Other superficial mycoses
Tinea versicolor
Tinea nigra
- Tinea versicolor
- Tinea nigra
de:Dermatophytose
Titer

# Overview
A titer (or titre) is the unit in which the analytical detection of many substances is expressed. It is the result of a titration. Generally, the test is performed on an undiluted sample, and then repeated when the sample is mixed with 100% water, saline, or other diluent in repeated steps (a serial dilution). If the test is still positive, then high titers of the detected substance are said to be present.
Many tests are positive when performed on an undiluted sample, but rapidly become negative after repeated dilution. These tests may only be of real significance if the titer is high, while lacking this significance when performed on the raw sample. A control substance may be tested alongside the sample, and/or statistical methods are used to distinguish positive from negative results.
Some samples may actually give stronger reactions as they are diluted with a diluent. As further dilutions are made the reactions become less pronounced and eventually cease as the original sample is diluted to the point of no reaction. This is referred to as a prozone phenomenon.
Titers are expressed in their highest positive dilution, e.g. 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8 or 1:1, 1:10, 1:100, 1:1000 where the second number is always a power of the dilution factor (e.g. 2x, 10x). Sometimes, the sample is diluted from the outset, leading to different multiplers with a similar exponential increment (e.g. 1:20, 1:40, 1:80, 1:160, 1:320).