Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Filipin
Filipin was isolated by chemists at the Upjohn company in 1955 from the mycelium and culture filtrates of a previously unknown actinomycete, Streptomyces filipinensis, that was discovered in a soil sample collected in the Philippine Islands.  Thus the name Filipin.  The isolate possessed potent antifungal activity.  It was identified as a polyene macrolide based on its characteristic UV-Vis and IR spectra.

# Functions
Although the polyene macrolide antibiotics exhibit potent antifungal activity, most are too toxic for therapeutic applications, with the exceptions of amphotericin B and nystatin A1.  Unlike amphotericin B and nystatin A1 which form sterol-dependent ion channels, filipin is thought to be a simple membrane disrupter.  Since Filipin is highly fluorescent and binds specifically to cholesterol it has found widespread use as a histochemical stain for cholesterol.  This method of detecting cholesterol in cell membranes is used clinically in the study and diagnosis of Type C Niemann-Pick disease.
It is also used in cellular biology as an inhibitor of the raft/caveolae endocytosis pathway on mamallian cells (at concentrations around 3 g/mL)

# Types
Filipin is a mixture of four components - filipin I (4%), II (25%), III (53%), and IV (18%) - and should be referred to as the filipin complex.
- The major component, filipin III, has the structure which was proposed by Ceder and Ryhage for the filipin complex.
- Filipin I, which has been difficult to characterize, is probably a mixture of several components each having two hydroxyl groups fewer than filipin III.
- Mass spectroscopy and NMR data indicate that Filipin II is 1'-deoxy-filipin III.
- Filipin IV is isomeric to filipin III.  Their NMR spectra are nearly identical with the major difference being the splitting pattern of the proton at C2.  This indicates that filipin IV is probably epimeric to filipin III at either C1' or C3.
The relative and absolute stereochemistry of filipin III was determined by 13C NMR acetonide analysis.
Fimbrin
Fimbrin also known as is plastin 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLS1 gene. Fimbrin is an actin cross-linking protein important in the formation of filopodia.

# Structure
Fimbrin belongs to the calponin homology (CH) domain superfamily of actin cross-linking proteins. Like other members of this superfamily, which include -actinin, -spectrin, dystrophin, ABP-120 and filamin, it has a conserved 27 kDa actin-binding domain that contains a tandem duplication of a sequence that is homologous to calponin. In addition to cross-linking actin filaments into bundles and networks, CH domains also bind intermediate filaments and some signal transduction proteins to the actin cytoskeleton. Structural comparison of actin filaments and fimbrin CH domain-decorated actin filaments has revealed changes in the actin structure due to fimbrin-mediated cross-linking that may affect the actin filaments' affinity for other actin-binding proteins and may be part of the regulation of the cytoskeleton itself.
In humans, three highly homologous, strictly tissue and locale specific isoforms have been identified: I-, T- and L-fimbrin. L-fimbrin is found in only normal or transformed leukocytes where it becomes phosphorylated in response to other factors such as interleukin-1. I-fimbrin is expressed by intestine and kidney epithelial cells. T-fimbrin is found in epithelial and mesenchymal cells derived from solid tissue where it does not become phosphorylated. Differences in expression, sequence and phosphorylation among the various fimbrin isoforms suggest the likelihood of functional differences.

# Function
Fimbrin is present in several distinct structures in different cell types, including intestinal microvilli, hair cell stereocilia and fibroblast filopodia. It is usually associated with polarized actin filaments in membrane ruffles, filopodia, stereocilia and adhesion plaques. Sequence homology and biochemical properties show that fimbrin is highly conserved from yeast to humans. Yeast mutants lacking fimbrin are defective in morphogenesis and endocytosis.
Owing to the close proximity of its tandem actin-binding domains, fimbrin directs the formation of tightly bundled actin filaments that participate in dynamic processes, including cytokinesis in yeast and host cell invasion by enteropathic bacteria. Although fimbrin's involvement in processes like these as well as its role in assembly and regulation of microfilament networks are well documented, there are fewer experimental data describing the overall domain organization of the molecule. Klein et al. (2004) detailed the crystal structure of the Arabidopsis thaliana and Schizosaccharomyces pombe fimbrin cores in an attempt to highlight the compact and distinctly asymmetric organization of the fimbrin molecule. This structural study of the fimbrin core represents the first detailed structural description of a functional actin cross-linking protein.
Fissure
In anatomy, fissure (Latin fissura, Plural fissurae) is a groove, natural division, deep furrow, cleft, or tear in various parts of the body.

# Natural fissure
Various types of fissure are:
- Auricular fissure: found in the temporal bone
- Fissure of Bichat: found below the corpus callosum in the cerebellum of the brain.
- Broca's fissure: found in the third left frontal fold of the brain.
- Burdach's fissure: connects the brain's insula and the inner surface of the operculum.
- Calcarine fissure: extends from the occipital of the cerebrum to the occipital fissure.
- Callosomarginal fissure: found in the mesial surface of the cerebrum.
- Central fissure or Ronaldo's fissure: separates the brain's frontal and parietal lobes.
- Clevenger's fissure: found in the inferior temporal lobe of the brain
- Collateral fissure: found in the inferior surface of the cerebrum.
- Fissure vent: a volcanic vent that does not include explosive activity.
- Henle's fissure: the connective tissue between the muscle fibers of the heart.
- Hippocampal fissure: a fissure that extends from the brain's corpus callosum to the tip of the temporal lobe.
- Horizontal fissure or Transverse fissure: found between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.  Transverse fissure is also found in the liver and lungs.
- Longitudinal fissure: found in the lower surface of the liver, also a fissure that separates the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum.
- Occipitoparietal fissure: found between the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain.
- Palpebral fissure: separates the upper and lower eyelids.
- Portal fissure: found in the under-surface of the liver.
- Sphenoidal fissure: separates the wings and the body of the sphenoid bone.
- Fissure of Sylvius: separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain from the temporal lobe.
- Umbilical fissure: found in front of the liver.
- Wernicke's fissure: separates the brain's temporal and parietal lobes from the occipital lobe.
- Zygal fissure: found in the cerebrum.

# Abnormal fissure
Fissure can also mean unnatural tract or ulcer, most commonly found in the anus.  One of the most common types of fissure is anal fissure.
Flaccid
Flaccid is a term used in medicine to refer to an object that is soft, or not tense.
In the context of of muscles, it is a near synonym for hypotonia. It can also be used to describe certain types of paralysis (such as flaccid paralysis), as a contrast to spastic paralysis.
It can also be used to describe other tissues, such as the labia.
The medical meaning of the term is sometimes used in other contexts, to describe objects or actions which are weak or ineffectual.
Fluence

# Overview
In physics, fluence is defined as the number of particles that intersect a unit area . Its units are m-2. In particular, it is used to describe the strength of a radiation field.  It is considered one of the fundamental units in dosimetry.
It has two equivalent definitions:
1) Imagine that an infinitesimal sphere of cross sectional area da is impinged upon by dN particles of a certain type.  Then, the fluence is:
\Phi =  \frac{{\rm d} N}{{\rm d} a}.
2) Using the same image of a small sphere as above:
\Phi =  \frac{\sum {\rm d \ell} }{{\rm d} V},
where {\rm d} V  is the infintesimal volume and \sum {\rm d \ell} is the sum of all the path lengths of the particles that transverse the volume.
Fluency

# Overview
Fluency (also called volubility and loquaciousness) is the property of a person or of a system that delivers information quickly and with expertise.  Fluency indicates a very good information processing speed, i.e. very low average time between successively generated messages.

# Speech and Language Pathology
Fluency is a speech and language pathology term that means the smoothness or flow with which sounds, syllables, words and phrases are joined together when speaking. .  Fluency disorders is used as a collective term for cluttering and stuttering.  Both disorders have breaks in the fluidity of speech, and both have the fluency breakdown of repetition of parts of speech.
Fluency disorders are most often complex in nature and they tend to occur more often in boys than in girls.

# Language fluency
Language fluency is proficiency in a language, most typically foreign language or another learned language.  In this sense, "fluency" actually encompasses a number of related but separable skills:
- Reading: the ability to easily read and understand texts written in the language;
- Writing: the ability to formulate written texts in the language;
- Comprehension: the ability to follow and understand speech in the language;
- Speaking: the ability to speak in the language and be understood by its speakers.
To some extent, these skills can be separately acquired.  Generally, the later in life a learner approaches the study of a foreign language, the harder it is to acquire auditory comprehension and fluent speaking skills.  Reading and writing a foreign language are skills that can be acquired more easily after the primary language acquisition period of youth is over, however.

# Reading fluency
Reading fluency is often confused with fluency with a language (see above).  Reading fluency is the ability to read text accurately and quickly. Fluency bridges word decoding and comprehension. Comprehension is understanding what has been read. Fluency is a set of skills that allows readers to rapidly decode text while maintaining high comprehension (National Reading Panel, 2001).
A first benchmark for fluency is being able to "sight read" some words. The idea is that children will recognize at sight the most common words in the written form of their native language and that instant reading of these words will allow them to read and understand text more quickly.
As children learn to read, the speed at which they read becomes an important measure.
(National Reading Panel, Teaching Children to Read: An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and Its Implications for Reading Instruction--Reports of the Subgroups. A complete copy of the NRP report can be read, downloaded, or ordered at no cost from the NRP website at 
www.nationalreadingpanel.org.)
Flybase
FlyBase is an online bioinformatics database of the biology and genome of the model organism Drosophila melanogaster and related Drosophilid dipterans. The FlyBase project is carried out by a consortium of Drosophila researchers and computer scientists at Harvard University and Indiana University in the United States, and University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom.
FlyBase is one of the organizations contributing to the Generic Model Organism Database (GMOD).

# Contents
FlyBase contains a complete rundown of current discoveries in the Drosophila genome. It also includes a searchable bibliography of research on Drosophila genetics in the last century. Information on current researchers, and a partial pedigree of relationships between current researchers, is searchable, based on registration of the participating scientist. The site also provides a large database of images illustrating the full genome, and several movies detailing embryogenesis.
Formins
Formins (formin homology proteins) are a group of proteins that are involved in the polymerization of actin and associate with the fast-growing end (barbed end) of actin filaments.  Most formins are Rho-GTPase effector proteins. Formins regulate the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton 
 and are involved in various cellular functions such as cell polarity, cytokinesis, cell migration and  SRF transcriptional activity. Formins are multidomain proteins that interact with diverse signalling molecules and cytoskeletal proteins, although some formins have been assigned functions within the nucleus.

# Diversity
Formins have been found in all eukaryotes studied.  In humans, 15 different formin proteins are present that have been classified in 7 subgroups. By contrast, yeasts contain only 2-3 formins.

# Structure and interactions
Formins are characterized by the presence of three formin homology (FH) domains (FH1, FH2 and FH3), although members of the formin family do not necessarily contain all three domains. In addition, other domains are usually present, such as PDZ, DAD, WH2, or FHA domains.
The proline-rich FH1 domain mediates interactions with a variety of proteins, including the actin-binding protein profilin, SH3 (Src homology 3) domain proteins, and WW domain proteins. The actin nucleation-promoting activity of S. cerevisiae formins has been localized to the FH2 domain. The FH2 domain is required for the self-association of formin proteins through the ability of FH2 domains to directly bind each other, and may also act to inhibit actin polymerization.  The FH3 domain is less well conserved and is required for directing formins to the correct intracellular location, such the mitotic spindle, or the projection tip during conjugation. In addition, some formins can contain a GTPase-binding domain (GBD) required for binding to Rho small GTPases, and a C-terminal conserved Dia-autoregulatory domain (DAD). The GBD is a bifunctional autoinhibitory domain that interacts with and is regulated by activated Rho family members. Mammalian Drf3 contains a CRIB-like motif within its GBD for binding to Cdc42, which is required for Cdc42 to activate and guide Drf3 towards the cell cortex where it remodels the actin skeleton.  The DAD binds the N-terminal GBD; this link is broken when GTP-bound Rho binds to the GBD and activates the protein. The addition of the DAD to mammalian cells induces actin filament formation, stabilizes microtubules, and activates SRF mediated transcription. Another commonly found domain is an armadillo repeat region (ARR) located in the FH3 domain.
The FH2 domain, has been shown by X-ray crystallography to have an elongated, crescent shape containing three helical subdomains.
Formins also directly bind to microtubules via their FH2 domain. This interaction is important in promoting the capture and stabilization of a subset of microtubules oriented towards the leading edge of migrating cells. Formins also promote the capture of microtubules by the kinetochore during mitosis and for aligning microtubules along actin filaments.
Freckle

# Overview
Freckles are small colored spots of melanin on the exposed skin or membrane of people with complexions fair enough for them to be visible.
Having freckles is genetic and is related to the presence of the melanocortin-1 receptor MC1R gene variant, which is dominant. Freckling can also be triggered by long exposure to sunlight, such as suntanning. When the suns rays penetrate the skin, they activate melanocytes which can cause freckles to become darker and more numerous, although the distribution of melanin is not the same. Fair hair such as blonde, or more commonly red hair, are usually common with the genetic factor of freckles, but none so much as fair or pale skin.
Freckles are predominantly found on the face, although they may appear on any skin exposed to the sun. Freckles are rare on infants, and more common on children before puberty; they are less common on adults.
Children who do not produce enough melanin to protect their skin against harmful rays from the sun develop temporary freckles associated with childhood that usually go away upon puberty, once more melanin is produced. People with the fairest skin often do not produce enough melanin, and so freckles are present after puberty and into adulthood, indicating that individual as a genetic carrier for freckles.
Upon exposure to the sun, freckles will reappear if they have been altered with creams or lasers and not protected from the sun, but do however fade with age in some cases. Freckles are not a skin disorder. People with a predisposition to freckles may be especially susceptible to sunburn and skin cancer, and should therefore take extra care to protect themselves in the sun with a daily sunblock of at least 15 SPF.
During the Middle Ages and up until the early 15th century in Europe, an excess of freckles ("witchmarks" or "witchspots") became associated with witchcraft and witche, most likely because of genetic pairing with red hair, also considered to be a quality of witches.

## Two types of freckles
Ephelides is a genetic trait. Its used to describe a freckle that is flat, light brown or red, and fades in the winter. Ephelides are more common in those with light complexions and with the regular use of sunblock, can be suppressed.
Liver spot (also known as sun spots) are freckles that do not fade in the winter.  Rather, they form after years of exposure to the sun.  Lentigines are more common in older people.
Fructan
A fructan is a polymer of fructose molecules. They occur in foods such as:
- Artichokes
- Asparagus
- Green beans
- Leeks
- Onions (including spring onion)
- Wheat
In animal fodder, fructans also appear in grass, with dietary implications for horses and other equidae.
There are 3 types of fructans:
- Inulin - linear fructans generally linked by (21) glycosidic bonds
- Levan - linear fructans generally linked by (26) glycosidic bonds
- Graminan - branched fructans linked by both (21) and (26) glycosidic bonds

# Fructan content of various foods
Artichoke, Jerusalem:  16.0-20.0%
Artichoke, Globe:  2.0-6.8%
Asparagus:  1.4-4.1%
Barley kernels (very young): 22%
Cheese spread:  4.5%
Chocolate:  9.4%
Onion:  1.1-10.1%
Rye bran:  7%
Rye grain:  4.6-6.6%
Wheat flour:  1-4%
Pasta:  1-4%
White bread:  0.7-2.8%

# Functions
Plants storing their food as fructans are able to thrive at low temperatures since fructans confer tolerance to freezing.
They bind to membranes, thereby helping to keep cells intact.
Fucales
Fucales is an order in the Phylum Phaeophyta or Brown algae. Members of this order are fucoids. The list of families (see box at right) in Fucales, as well as additional taxonomic information on algae, is publicly accessible at Algaebase.  
The Class Phaeophyceae is included within the Division Heterokontophyta. This name comes from the Greek word phaios meaning "brown" and phyton meaning plant. They include some of the largest plants in the sea, some however are small and fine in structure.

# Classification
The Class Phaeophyceae is devided into the following orders (Hoek, 1995). 
- Ectocarpales
- Sphacelariales
- Syringodermatales
- Dictyotales
- Scytosiphonales
- Cutleriales
- Dictyosiphonales
- Chordariales
- Sporochnales
- Desmarestiales
- Laminariales
- Fucales                                                                                                                Fucus
- Durvillaeales
- Ascoseirales
The Fucales include some of the more common littoral seaweeds and the members of the order have the typical seaweed construction: a holdfast, stipe and lamina. The lamina is often much branched and may include gas filled bladders. Growth is by division of the apical cells.
They are oogamous where there is fusion between the small male gamete and the large female gamete.
As their general name suggests their pigmentation is brown. All species are multicellular. Full details of the characteristics are complex and consist of details of the flagella, shape of the chloroplasts, structure of the cell walls and details of the life-cycle. 

# Numbers
There are about 1,500 - 2,000 species of brown seaweeds world-wide.
Fukutin
Fukutin is a eukaryotic protein necessary for the maintenance of muscle integrity, cortical histogenesis, and normal ocular development. Mutations in the fukutin gene have been shown to result in Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) characterised by brain malformation - one of the most common autosomal-recessive disorders in Japan. In humans this protein is encoded by the FCMD gene (also named FKTN), located on chromosome 9q31. Human fukutin exhibits a length of 461 amino acids and a predicted molecular mass of 53.7 kDa.

# Function
Although its function is mostly unknown, fukutin is a putative transmembrane protein that is ubiquitously expressed, although at higher levels in skeletal muscle, heart and brain. It is localized to the cis-Golgi compartment, where it may be involved in the glycosylation of -dystroglycan in skeletal muscle. The encoded protein is thought to be a glycosyltransferase and could play a role in brain development.

# Clinical significance
Defects in this gene are a cause of Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD), Walker-Warburg syndrome (WWS), limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2M (LGMD2M), and dilated cardiomyopathy type 1X (CMD1X).
GABARAP
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABARAP gene.

# Function
Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors  are ligand-gated chloride channels that mediate inhibitory neurotransmission. This gene encodes GABA(A) receptor-associated protein, which is highly positively charged in its N-terminus and shares sequence similarity with light chain-3 of microtubule-associated proteins 1A and 1B. This protein clusters neurotransmitter receptors by mediating interaction with the cytoskeleton.
Moreover, GABARAP has an important function in autophagosome mediated autophagy, since it is crucial for autophagosome formation and sequestration of cytosolic cargo into double-membrane vesicles, leading to subsequent degradation after fusion with lysosomes. In addition, GABARAP can mediate selective autophagy because it binds to so-called autophagic receptors (e.g. p62, NBr1), which bind and recruit specific cargo.

# Interactions
GABARAP has been shown to interact with TFRC, ULK1 and GABRG2.
GADD45A
Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein GADD45 alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GADD45A gene.

# Function
This gene is a member of a group of genes, the GADD45 genes, whose transcript levels are increased following stressful growth arrest conditions and treatment with DNA-damaging agents (mutagens). The DNA damage-induced transcription of this gene is mediated by both p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The protein encoded by this gene responds to environmental stresses by mediating activation of the p38/JNK pathway via MTK1/MEKK4 kinase.

# Applications
The fact that expression of this gene is an indicator of DNA damage has been exploited to construct an in vitro test for mutagenicity, the GADD45a-GFP GreenScreen HC assay. This assay consists of a cell line which has been engineered so that expression of GADD45A will lead to expression of green fluorescent protein, which can easily be detected. To test a substance for mutagenicity, it is applied to these cells and fluorescence is measured.

# Interactions
GADD45A has been shown to interact with:
- AURKA,
- Cdk1,
- CCNB1,
- GADD45GIP1
- MAP3K4,
- P21, and
- PCNA.