Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Piribedil

# Overview
Piribedil is a piperazine dopamine agonist; and marketed as TRIVASTAL Retard 50.
Trivastal retard 50 is also distributed as:
Trastal, Trivastal 50 retard, Trivastal 50mg LP, Trivastan ritardo and Pronoran.
- Official site

# Composition:
Piribedil 50 mg per tablet - sustained-release.

# Indications:
- Treatment of Parkinson's disease, either as monotherapy (without L-dopa) or in combination with L-dopa therapy, in the early stages as well as in the advanced stages.
- Treatment of pathological cognitive deficits in the elderly (impaired attention, memory, etc). Treatment of dizziness in the elderly.
- Treatment of Retinal ischemic manifestations. Adjuvant treatment in intermittent claudication due to peripheral occlusive arterial disease of the lower limbs (stage 2).
- (off label) anhedonia and treatment-resistant depression in unipolar and bipolar depressives

# Dosage:
In Parkinson's disease: administration of Trivastal retard 50 should be initiated with 1 tablet daily during the first week. Dosage should then be gradually increased every week until achieving the optimal therapeutic dose: 
as monotherapy: 3 to 5 tablets in 3 to 5 divided doses daily. 
In combination with L-dopa therapy:
1 to 3 tablets daily. In other indications: 1 tablet daily at the end of the main meal. In severe cases: 2 tablets daily as 2 divided doses.
Trivastal retard 50 is a nonergot dopamine agonist, selective for D2 and D3 dopamine receptors subtypes at the cerebral and at the peripheral level.
Cardiogenic shock. Acute phase of myocardial infarction.

# Adverse:
rare side effects: minor gastrointestinal disorders (nausea, vomiting, flatulence) in predisposed individuals, or when taken between meals. They may resolve with the following: individual dosage adjustment, and/or addition of domperidone. Orthostatic hypotension or drowsiness may occur, particularly in predisposed individuals (underlying condition or causative illness).
Dopaminergic antagonists.

# Overdosage:
At very high doses, Trivastal retard 50 has an emetic action on the CTZ (chemoreceptive trigger zone). Tablets will thus be rapidly rejected, which explains why no data are currently available concerning the risk of overdosage.
Pizotifen
For patient information about Pizotifen, click here

# Overview
Pizotifen (INN) or pizotyline (USAN), trade name  Sandomigran, is a benzocycloheptene-based drug used as a medicine, primarily as a preventative to reduce the frequency of recurrent migraine headaches.

# Mechanism
Pizotifen is a serotonin antagonist acting mainly at the 5-HT2A and 5HT2C receptors. It also has some activity as an antihistamine as well as some anticholinergic activity.

# Side effects
Side effects include sedation, dry mouth, drowsiness, increased appetite and weight gain. Occasionally it may cause nausea or dizziness. In rare cases, anxiety, aggression and depression may also occur. Rare side effects include confusion, stomach pain, vision changes, mood changes,and sexual dysfunction.

# Contraindications
Caution is required in patients having closed angle glaucoma and in patients with a predisposition to urinary retention as the drug exhibits a relatively small anticholinergic effect. Dose adjustment is required in patients having renal insufficiency. Hepatic injury has also been reported. Pizotifen treatment should be discontinued if there is any clinical evidence of hepatic dysfunction during treatment.Caution is advised in patients having a history of epilepsy.
Withdrawal symptoms like depression, tremor, nausea, anxiety, malaise, dizziness, sleep disorder and weight decrease have been reported following abrupt cessation of pizotifen.
Pizotifen is contraindicated in patients who suffer from hypersensitivity to any of its components, also Pizotifen is contraindicated in  gastric outlet obstruction, pregnancy, angle-closure glaucoma and difficulty urinating.

# Uses
The main medical use for Pizotifen is for the prevention of vascular headache including migraine and cluster headache. Pizotifen is one of a range of medications used for this purpose, other options include propanolol, valproic acid and amitryptyline. While pizotifen is reasonably effective, its use is limited by side effects, principally drowsiness and weight gain, and it is usually not the first choice medicine for preventing migraines, instead being used as an alternative when other drugs have failed to be effective. It is not effective in relieving migraine attacks once in progress.
Other applications for which pizotifen may be used include as an antidepressant, or for the treatment of anxiety or social phobia. Animal studies also suggest that pizotyline could be used in the treatment of serotonin syndrome or MDMA overdose in a similar manner to the closely related antihistamine/antiserotonin drug cyproheptadine.

# Dose
Typically adult does is 1.5mg at night or 500 micrograms 3 times daily, adjusted according to response. Max single does 3mg, max daily dose 4.5mg.
Child over 2 years and up, up to 1.5mg daily in divided dose; max single dose at night 1mg.
Plectasin
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Plectasin is a new antibiotic found by Novozymes in the mushroom Pseudoplectania nigrella. Plectasin belongs to the antimicrobial peptide class called Defensins. Tests on mice have shown promising results that multiresistant bacteria have problems mutating resistance against Plectasin, however development and registration of a product are still 7 to 10 years off.
Polyimide
Polyimide (sometimes abbreviated PI) is a polymer of imide monomers. The structure of imide is as shown below.
There are two general types of polyimides.  One type, so-called linear polyimides, are made by combining imides into long chains. Aromatic heterocyclic polyimides are the other usual kind, where R and R are two carbon atoms of an aromatic ring. Examples of polyimide  films include Apical, Kapton and Kaptrex.  Polyimide parts and shapes include Meldin, Vespel and Plavis. Polyimides have been in mass production since 1955.
Polyimide is often used in the electronics industry for flexible cables and as an insulating film on magnet wire. For example, in a laptop computer, the cable that connects the main logic board to the display (which must flex every time the laptop is opened or closed) is often a polyimide base with copper conductors.  The semiconductor industry uses polyimide as a high-temperature adhesive.

# Notes
-  Deformation temperature at 10kN needle load, source: A.K. vam der Vegt & L.E. Govaert, Polymeren,van keten tot kunstof, ISBN 90-407-2388-5
See also: Polyamide
de:Polyimid
id:Poliimid
Pomovirus
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# Overview
The Pomovirus is a genus of a virus with no family. Virions are non-enveloped, elongated and rod-shaped with a length of 100-300 nm and a width of 18-20 nm with helical spirals on both ends.  The genome is a single piece of non-segmented linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA.  The name of the genus is derived from its type species, Potato mop-top virus, giving rise to Pomovirus..
Species in this genus include:
- Beet soil-borne virus
- Beet virus Q
- Broad bean necrosis virus
- Potato mop-top virus
Postnatal

# Background
Postnatal (Latin for 'after birth') is the period beginning immediately after the birth of a child and extending for about six weeks. The period is also known as postpartum period and, less commonly, puerperium.
Biologically, it is the time after birth, a time in which the mother's body, including hormone levels and uterus size, return to prepregnancy conditions. Lochia is post-partum vaginal discharge, containing blood, mucus, and placental tissue.
During the first stages of this period, the newborn also starts his or her adaptation to extrauterine life, the most significant physiological transition until death.
In scientific literature the term is commonly abbreviated to PX. So that 'day P5' should be read as 'the fifth day after birth'.

# Woman care
A woman in the Western world who is delivering in a hospital may leave the hospital as early as 6 hours postpartum, though the average for spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) is 1-2 days, and the average caesarean section postnatal stay is 3-4 days.
During this time bleeding, bowel and bladder function, and baby care are monitored.

## Physical
The mother is assessed for tears, and is sutured if necessary. Also, she may suffer from constipation or hemorrhoids, both of which would be managed. The bladder is also assessed for infection, retention and any problems in the muscles.
The major focus of postpartum care is ensuring that the woman is healthy and capable of taking care of her newborn, equipped with all the information she needs about breastfeeding, reproductive health and  contraception, and the imminent life adjustment.
Some medical conditions may occur postnatally, such as Sheehan Syndrome.

## Psychological
Postnatal depression ("Baby blues") is very common, with approximately 50% of women suffering from it, potentially as early as 24 hours postpartum. It is usually limited in duration, lasting 36 to 48 hours. Apart from empathy and support from caregivers and family, treatment is not required. Approximately 10-20% of women will suffer the symptoms of major depression, and should be treated accordingly. Postpartum depression may be the response to the hormonal changes and life adjustment the woman goes through immediately after childbirth.
Postnatal Psychosis (also known as puerperal psychosis), is a more severe form of mental illness than postpartum depression.
Care provided by a Postpartum Doula will support the mother, assist with breastfeeding and baby care which enhances her confidence, helping to lessen her chances of developing postpartum depression or other postpartum mood disorders.
Pouchitis
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# Overview
Pouchitis is inflammation of the ileal pouch, which is created in the management of patients with ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis, or, rarely, other colitides.
Patients with pouchitis typically present with bloody diarrhea, urgency in passing stools, or discomfort while passing stools.  Rarely, pain can occur with pouchitis.
Endoscopy in patients with pouchitis usually reveals erythematous pouch mucosa, loss of pseudocolonic vaculature or other architecture, and friability of the mucosa.  Biopsies show evidence of inflammatory cells or red blood cells in the lamina propria.
Pouchitis is usually treated with antibiotics, and specifically usually with ciprofloxacin and metronidazole.  In refractory cases, probiotics such as VSL-3 and Bio-K+ may be useful.
Pox party
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# Overview
A pox party is a party held by parents for the purpose of infecting their children with childhood diseases, here chicken pox virus. Similar ideas have applied to other diseases eg Measles but are now strongly discouraged by doctors and health services.  The reasoning behind this now largely historical practice is that guests are exposed to the varicella virus and contract the  disease, developing strong and persistent immunity at an age before disaster is likely, from Chickenpox or Rubella particularly.
Since 1995 Chickenpox immunisation has been routine in the U.S. and parts of Canada, but not the UK.  (See Chickenpox
Efficacy: The vaccine adequately immunises 70-90% of recipients, attenuating symptoms in those who do later contract the disease.
Children have a milder course of the disease than adults, for whom the disease can often be fatal.  (See Chickenpox)

# Literary References
In The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing, Volume 1: The Pox Party by M.T. Anderson, the second part of the book describes a pox party outside of Boston in 1775, where all those previously uninfected by smallpox are inoculated by variolation, or by inserting pustules from former victims into a cut in the skin. Of the thirty-nine people so treated, three later die.

# Principal Complications of (Wild) Chickenpox
see also Chickenpox#complications
- Death or neurological damage: 0.002% of infected children.
- Shingles - a recrudescence of virus dormant in a nerve ganglion, with eruption in the distribution of that nerve, pain and commonly scarring.  A proportion of people will retain the wild virus, of whom a proportion will develop shingles.  The vaccine virus is not reported to do this.
Practolol

# Overview
Practolol (Eraldin, Dalzic, Praktol, Cardiol, Pralon, Cordialina, Eraldina, Teranol) is a selective beta blocker that has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Practolol is no longer used as it is highly toxic despite the similarity of its chemical formula to propranolol. After its introduction, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, conjunctival scarring, fibrosis, metaplasia, and shrinkage developed in 27 patients as an adverse reaction to practolol. Rashes, nasal and mucosal ulceration, fibrous or plastic peritonitis, pleurisy, cochlear damage, and secretory otitis media also occurred in some cases. Three patients suffered profound visual loss though most retained good vision. Symptoms and signs improved on withdrawal of the drug, but reduction of tear secretion persisted in most patients. (British Medical Journal, March 15, 1975)

# Side Effects
Side effects are similar to those of other beta blockers, such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac failure, cold extremities, fatigue and depression, hypoglycaemia.
Furthermore, chronic use of practolol may cause oculomucocutaneous syndrome, a severe syndrome whose signs include conjunctivitis sicca and psoriasiform rashes, otitis and sclerosing serositis. This syndrome has not been observed with other such beta blockers.

# Ban
This drug has been withdrawn from the market in India due to Oculomucocutaneous Syndrome.
Pre-labor

# Overview
Pre-labor, also called "Prodromal Labor" is the early signs before labor starts. It is the body's preparation for real labour.
Prodromal Labor has been misnamed as false-labor.   Prodromal labor begins much as traditional labor but does not progress to the birth of the baby.  Not everyone feels this stage of labor, though it does always occur. However, this does not mean that every woman will experience every symptom. The term is used to describe a cluster of physical changes that may place in a pregnant woman before she goes into real labor, such as an increase in blood volume (sometimes resulting in oedema), braxton hicks contractions, the presence of colostrum in the breasts, and the dislodging of the mucous plug that has sealed the cervix during the pregnancy.
The term "false labor" is sometimes used to describe a cluster of Braxton Hicks contractions that are mistaken for real labor.
Precocial
In Biology, the term precocial refers to species  in which the young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching.   The opposite developmental strategy is called  "altricial", where the young are born helpless.  Extremely precocial species may be called "superprecocial". These three categories form a continuum, without distinct gaps between them. Precocial species are normally nidifugous, meaning that they leave the nest shortly after birth.
The span between precocial and altricial species is particularly broad in birds.  Precocial birds, including many ground-nesting species, have offspring that are born with well-ossified skeletons, with good sight, and covered with feathers. Very precocial birds can be ready to leave the nest in a short period of time following hatching (e.g. 24 hours). Many precocial chicks are not independent in thermoregulation (the ability to regulate their own body temperatures), and they depend on the attending parent(s) to brood them with body heat for a short period of time.  Precocial birds find their own food, sometimes with help or instruction from the parents. Examples of precocial birds include the domestic chicken, many species of ducks and geese, and rails and crakes. The most extreme, superprecocial birds are the megapodes, where the newly-hatched chicks dig themselves out of the nest mound without parental assistance, and fly on the first day after hatching.
Precociality is also found in many other animal groups.  Familiar examples of precocial mammals are most ungulates, the guinea pig, and most species of hare.  This last example demonstrates that precociality is not a particularly conservative characteristic, in the evolutionary sense, since the closely related rabbit is highly altricial.
Precocial species typically have a longer gestation or incubation period than related altricial species, and smaller litters or clutches, since each offspring has to be brought to a relatively advanced (and large) state before birth or hatching.
The phenomenon of imprinting studied by Konrad Lorenz is characteristic of precocial birds.

# Etymology
The word "precocial" is derived from the same root as precocious, implying in both cases early maturity.

# Phylogeny
Precociality is thought to be ancestral in birds. Thus, altricial birds tend to be found in the most derived groups. There is some evidence for precociality in Protobirds (Elzanowski, 1995.) and Troodontids (Varricchio et al. 2002).
Prepodyne
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Prepodyne is an iodophoric surgical scrub soap usually consisting of a povidone-iodine and detergent solution. It is used for antisepsis of the hands and forearms prior to performing surgery.
Progabide

# Overview
Progabide (INN) (trade name Gabrene, Sanofi-Aventis) is an analog and prodrug of gamma-aminobutyric acid used in the treatment of epilepsy. It has agonistic activity at the GABAA, GABAB, and GABA receptors.

# Uses
Progabide is approved in France for either monotherapy or adjunctive use in the treatment of epilepsyspecifically, generalized tonic-clonic, myoclonic, partial, and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome seizuresin both children and adults.
Progabide has been investigated for many diseases besides epilepsy, including Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, clinical depression, anxiety disorder and spasticity with various levels of success.
In 1987, Bartolini and colleagues reported progabide's actions on dopamine to be contradictory, decreasing dopamine release, dopamine receptor density and postsynaptic receptor responsivity to dopamine while reducing striatal cholinergic activity so as to increase dopaminergic effects. Bartholini and colleagues concluded that it was this that caused Parkinson's patients in human clinical trials to either see an improvement in their Parkinson's with a worsening of L-dopa dyskinesia or an improvement in dyskinesia but with sometimes aggravated Parkinson's symptoms. The cholinergic effect takes only a single injection to achieve in rats; when given with haloperidol, the development of tolerance to haloperidol's cataleptic effects did not develop. It was hoped that this would be effective for tardive dyskinesia. However, Soares, Rathbone and Deeks wrote in the 2004 issue of The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews that "Any possible benefits are likely to be outweighed by the adverse effects associated with their  use."
In addition to being tested for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia, progabide was itself tested as an antipsychotic; as early as 1979, it was obvious that it was ineffective for psychosis. While progabide may have been devoid of antipsychotic effects, it did have the effect in schizoaffective and hebephrenic patients of improving environmental responsiveness and social interactions.

# Synthesis