Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
reCAPTCHA
reCAPTCHA is the process of utilizing CAPTCHA to improve the process of digitizing books. It takes scanned words that optical character recognition software reported undetectable and presents them for humans to decipher as CAPTCHA words alongside words recognized by the computer.

# How it works
In order to verify that humans can decipher these previously undetectable words correctly, two words are displayed instead of the standard one word. One of these words is generated in the usual CAPTCHA form, and only the other word is undetectable. If the users solve the usual test for the first word, it is assumed that they were also correct about the other previously undetected word. Nevertheless, more than one user has to verify the other word in order for it to be considered truly solved.

# How it is provided
reCAPTCHA tests are taken from the central site of the reCAPTCHA project as they are supplying the undetected words. This is done through a Javascript API with the server making a callback to reCAPTCHA after the request has been submitted. The reCAPTCHA project provides libraries for various programming languages and applications to make this process easier. reCAPTCHA is a free service, except for users who would require a prohibitive amount of bandwidth.

# Notes
-  The reCAPTCHA project - part of the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University.
- reCAPTCHA has the same goal as Distributed Proofreaders, though DP uses conventional proofreaders
- reCAPTCHA press release: "May 24: Carnegie Mellon Project Boosts Book Digitization Efforts - Carnegie Mellon University". Retrieved 2007-06-23..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
- Spam weapon helps preserve books  BBC news report by Paul Rubens, 2007-10-02.
Recoverin
Recoverin (abbreviated Recov) is a 23 kilodalton (kDa) neuronal calcium-binding protein that is primarily detected in the photoreceptor cells of the eye . It plays a key role in the inhibition of rhodopsin kinase, a molecule which regulates the phosphorylation of rhodopsin. A reduction in this inhibition helps regulate sensory adaptation in the retina, since the light-dependent channel closure in photoreceptors causes calcium levels to decrease, which relieves the inhibition of rhodopsin kinase by calcium-bound recoverin, leading to a more rapid inactivation of metarhodopsin II (activated form of rhodopsin).

# Structure & Function
Recoverin is involved in the recovery phase of visual excitation and in adaptation to background light. It controls the life span of photoexcited rhodopsin by helping to inhibit rhodopsin kinase. An image of bovine recoverin with 3.00 A resolution is shown. This three-dimensional structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. Covalently attached at the amino-terminal of recoverin is a  myristoyl group. When the protein binds calcium ions, it undergoes a conformational change and brings out the myristoyl group from the binding portion so that the group is able to either interact with the target or the protein can move to a different region. When recoverin is not bound to calcium, it stays in cytosol. When recoverin binds calcium, it migrates to the disc membrane and is embedded into the membrane using the myristoyl group to anchor itself. This calcium-bound form of recoverin slows the activity of rhodopsin kinase, resulting in the prolongation of light sensitivity for rhodopsin. Recent publications point out additional functions for recoverin. For instance, it goes through a light-dependent intracellular translocation to rod synaptic terminals and improves the signal transfer between rods and rod bipolar cells in the retina of mice.
In humans, the recoverin protein is encoded by the RCVRN gene.
Rehmannia
Rehmannia is a genus of six species of flowering plants in the order Lamiales, endemic to China.
The genus was included in the family Scrophulariaceae or Gesneriaceae in some older classifications. The current placement of the genus is uncertain; it belongs to neither Scrophulariaceae s.s. nor Plantaginaceae s.l. (to which many other former Scrophulariaceae have been transferred), nor does it seem to belong with any of the other major clades of Lamiales. Molecular studies suggest that its closest relatives are the genera Lancea and Mazus (Oxelman et al., 2005), which have been included in Phrymaceae (Beardsley & Olmstead, 2002).
Sometimes known as Chinese Foxglove due to its superficial resemblance to the genus Digitalis, the species of Rehmannia are perennial herbs. The plants have large flowers and are grown as ornamental garden plants in Europe and North America, and are used medicinally in Asia. Known as dihuang () or gan dihuang () in Chinese, R. glutinosa is used as a medicinal herb for a variety of ailments such as anemia, dizziness and constipation. Rehmannia contains the vitamins A, B, C, and D, as well as other useful compounds.
The name "Rehmannia" has also been given to a genus of Jurassic ammonites belonging to the Reineckeidae family.

# Selected species
- Rehmannia chingii
- Rehmannia elata
- Rehmannia glutinosa
- Rehmannia henryi
- Rehmannia piasezkii
- Rehmannia solanifolia
Resistome
The resistome is a proposed expression by Gerard D. Wright for the collection of all the antibiotic resistance genes and their precursors both in pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria.
This complete set of antibiotic resistance genes is composed of four different types of genes:
1. Resistance genes found on pathogenic bacteria. These are the fewest but also the most problematic ones at present.
2. Resistance genes found on antibiotic producers. The microorganisms such as soil-dwelling bacteria and fungi that naturally produce antibiotics have their own protection mechanisms to avoid the adverse effects of the antibiotics on them selfs. The genes which code for these resistances are a strong source for the pathogenic bacteria.
3. Cryptic resistance genes. These genes are embedded in the bacterial chromosome but do not obviously confer resistance, because their level of expression is usually low or their not expressed.
4. Precursor genes. These genes do not confer antibiotic resistance. However their proteins confer some kind of basal level activity against the antibiotic molecule or have affinity to the molecule. In both cases this interaction may evolve to a full resistance gene given the appropriate selection pressure.
The picture below (extracted from reference 1) demonstrates the proportion amount of this four gene types. Note that this groups are not independent, and some overlapping is expected between them.
The bacterial resistome and its components: genes present in pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic producers,  cryptic resistance genes and resistance precursors genes.
 Wright, Gerard D. The antibiotic resistome: the nexus of chemical and genetic diversity. Nature Reviews Microbiology Vol. 5, 175-186 (March 2007)
 Cundliffe, E. How antibiotic-producing organisms avoid suicide. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 43, 207233 (1989).
 Benveniste, R. & Davies, J. Aminoglycoside antibioticinactivating enzymes in actinomycetes similar to those present in clinical isolates of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 70, 22762280 (1973).
Fabionic 12:14, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
Restylane

# Overview
Restylane  is the trade name for a specific formulation of non-animal sourced hyaluronic acid most commonly used for lip augmentation. In the United States, Restylane has been approved by the FDA for cosmetic injection into subdermal facial tissues.
Restylane is injected under wrinkles and aging lines of the face such as the nasolabial folds, melomental folds, "crows feet" and forehead wrinkles.  It may also be used for filling aging-related facial hollows and "orbital troughs" (under and around the eyes). The process has a fast recovery time of 2 to 3 days. However, it is not permanent; reapplication is recommended every six months or so. Costs can be anywhere between $300 and $500 per treatment. 
The effects of Restylane last around six months. Recovery time from an injection takes around three days, as swelling and bruising can be a problem. Some practitioners will ask their patients to return to the practice two or three weeks after treatment for reassessment with view to a "top-up" if required.
A new way to use Restylane was described in the August 2007 issue of the Journal of Drugs in Dermatology by Dutch cosmetic doctor Tom van Eijk, whose "fern pattern" injection technique aims to restore dermal elasticity rather than to fill underneath the wrinkles.
Rhinolith
A rhinolith is a "calculus present in the nasal cavity."  It is an uncommon medical phenomenon, not to be confused with dried nasal mucus.
Synonyms: Nasal calculi; Concretions in the nose
Rhinoliths are rare. They are formed by salts depositing over time on a foreign body in the nostril or paranasal sinus.  The foreign body that forms the core for the rhinolith, can originate from within the body (such as a dried blood clot or an ectopic tooth) or outside of it (such as a fruit seed or a bead).
The surface of a rhinollith is mulberry like, may be grey or brownish pink in color. Rhinoliths are friable, and they crumble readily under pressure. They are chiefly made of phosphates and carbonates of calcium. Sometimes phosphate of magnesia, chloride of sodium and carbonates of magnesia are also seen. These salts originate from the nasal mucous secretions, tears, and inflammatory exudates.
Rhinoliths can cause nasal obstruction, epistaxis, headache, sinusitis and epiphora.
Rhodamine
Rhodamine (Template:IPAEng) is a family of related chemical compounds, fluorone dyes. Examples are Rhodamine 6G and Rhodamine B. They are used as a dye and as a dye laser gain medium. It is often used as a tracer dye within water to determine the rate and direction of flow and transport.  Rhodamine dyes fluoresce and can thus be detected easily and inexpensively with instruments called fluorometers. Rhodamine dyes are used extensively in biotechnology applications such as fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and ELISA.
Rhodamine dyes are generally toxic, and are soluble in water, methanol and ethanol.

# Rhodamine B

# Rhodamine 6G

# Rhodamine 123
The laser dye rhodamine 123 is also used in biochemistry to inhibit mitochondrion function. Rhodamine 123 seems to bind to the mitochondrion membranes and inhibit transport processes, especially the electron transport chain, thus slowing down inner respiration.  It is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), which is usually overexpressed in cancer cells. Recent reports indicate that rhodamine 123 may be also a substrate of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), or more specifically, MRP1.

# Other Rhodamine Derivatives
There are many rhodamine derivatives used for imaging purposes, for example tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) and its isothiocyanate derivative (TRITC) and, sulforhodamine 101 (and its sulfonyl chloride form Texas Red) and Rhodamine Red. TRITC is the base rhodamine molecule functionalized with an isothiocyanate group (-N=C=S), replacing a hydrogen atom on the bottom ring of the structure. This derivative is reactive towards amine groups on proteins inside cells.  A succinimidyl-ester functional group attached to the rhodamine core, creating NHS-rhodamine, forms another common amine-reactive derivative.
Other derivatives of rhodamine include newer fluorophores such as Alexa 546, Alexa 555, Alexa 633, DyLight 549 and DyLight 633, have been tailored for various chemical and biological applications where higher photostability, increased brightness, different spectral characteristics, or different attachment groups are needed.
Ritodrine

# Overview
Ritodrine (discontinued preparation: Yutopar) is a tocolytic drug, used to stop premature labor.  This drug has been removed from the US market, according to FDA Orange Book. It was available in oral tablets or as an injection and was typically used as the hydrochloride salt, ritodrine hydrochloride.

# Mechanism
Ritodrine is a beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist - a class of medication used for smooth muscle relaxation (other similar drugs are used in asthma or other pulmonary diseases such as salbutamol).  Since ritodrine has a bulky N-substituent, it has high 2-selectivity. Also, the 4'-hydroxy on the benzene ring is important for activity as it is needed to form hydrogen bonds. However, the 4'-hydroxy makes it susceptible to metabolism by COMT. Since it is 2-selective it is used for premature labor.

# Side effects and potential contraindications
Most side effects of beta-2 agonists result from their concurrent beta-1 activity, and include increase in heart rate, rise in systolic pressure, decrease in diastolic pressure, chest pain secondary to MI, and arrhythmia. Beta agonists may also cause fluid retention secondary to decrease in water clearance, which when added to the tachycardia and increased myocardial work, may result in cardiac failure. In addition, they increase gluconeogenesis in the liver and muscle resulting in hyperglycemia, which increases insulin requirements in diabetic patients. The passage of beta-agonists through the placenta does occur and may be responsible for fetal tachycardia, as well as hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia at birth.
Patients with type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure or migraines should bring this to their doctor's attention before receiving care.
It has also been associated with post-partum hemorrhage.
Ro48-6791
Ro48-6791 is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative developed by Hoffman-LaRoche in the 1990s.
Ro48-6791 was developed as an alternative to the short acting imidazobenzodiazepine midazolam, for use in induction of anaesthesia and conscious sedation for minor invasive procedures. Ro48-6791 has similar properties to midazolam, being water soluble, with a fast onset and short duration of action. It is 4-6x more potent than midazolam, and slightly shorter acting, and produces similar side effects such as sedation and amnesia.
It was tested up to Phase II human trials, but while it produced less respiratory depression than propofol, it had a longer recovery time and was deemed not to have any significant advantages over the older drug. Similarly when Ro48-6791 was compared to midazolam, it had similar efficacy, higher potency and a shorter recovery time, but produced less of a synergistic effect on opioid-induced analgesia and produced more severe side effects such as dizziness after the procedure. Consequently it was dropped from clinical development, although it is still used in scientific research.
Rootletin
Rootletin also known as ciliary rootlet coiled-coil protein (CROCC) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CROCC gene.
Rootletin is a component of the ciliary rootlet, and, together with CEP68 and CEP250, is required for centrosome cohesion.
Rootletin is an important protein in the ciliary rootlet, particular for the structure and can be considered an important protein in mitosis as it is a centrosome linker.

# Function
This protein forms part of the ciliary rootlet structure. It also helps to contribute to the centrosome cohesion before mitosis. Expression of rooletin leads to the formation of fibrous protein.

# Structure
This protein is part of the structure  of a ciliary rootlet. This cytoskeletal-like structure starts from the basal body at one end of the cilium and extends towards nucleus. Its molecular structure consists of a globular head domain and a tail domain made up of coiled-coil structures.

# Protein interactions
A large coiled-coil protein, C-Nap1, is  a docking site for the fibrous tether to proximal ends of centrioles which Rootletin physically interacts with. Furthermore, Rootletin is phosphorylated by  Nek2 kinase.
Rubitecan

# Overview
Rubitecan (INN, marketing name Orathecin) is an oral topoisomerase inhibitor, developed by Supergen.

# History
On January 27, 2004, Supergen announced that it has completed the submission of an NDA for rubitecan to the US FDA,  and was accepted for filing on March 2004.
On January 2005, Supergen withdrew the NDA for rubitecan, based on feedback indicating that the current data package would not be sufficient to gain US approval, and on January 2006, the Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) filed with the European Medicines Agency (EMA) was also withdrawn.
Rudivirus
The Rudivirus or Rudiviridae family consists of a family of viruses that infect archaea bacteria.  They share characteristics from the Lipothrixviridae family and both have are filamentous viruses with linear dsDNA genomes that infect thermophilic archaea in the kingdom Crenarchaeota.  Rudiviridae are non-enveloped.
Replication and topology of the genomes of the members of the family Rudiviridae are similar to those of poxviruses

# Literature
-  George Rice, Kenneth Stedman, Jamie Snyder, Blake Wiedenheft, Debbie Willits, Susan Brumfield, Timothy McDermott, and Mark J. Young "Viruses from extreme thermal environments" Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 November 6; 98(23): 1334113345. Published online 2001 October 23.
-  Zillig, W., Prangishvili, D., Schleper, C., Elferink, M., Holz, I., Albers, S., Janekovic, D. and Gotz, D. (1996). Viruses, plasmids and other genetic elements of thermophilic and hyperthermophilic Archaea. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 18, 225-236
-  Marc Abella, Sonia Rodriguez, Sonia Paytubi, Susana Campoy, Malcolm F. White, and Jordi Barbe "The Sulfolobus solfataricus radA paralogue sso0777 is DNA damage inducible and positively regulated by the Sta1 protein" Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 November; 35(20): 67886797. Published online 2007 November.
-  Prangishvili, D., Stedman, K. and Zillig, W. (2001). Viruses of the extremely thermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus. Trends Microbiol., 9, 39-43.
-  Jenny Keller, Nicolas Leulliot, Christian Cambillau, Valerie Campanacci, Stephanie Porciero, David Prangishvili, Patrick Forterre, Diego Cortez, Sophie Quevillon-Cheruel, and Herman van Tilbeurgh "Crystal structure of AFV3-109, a highly conserved protein from crenarchaeal viruses" Virol J. 2007; 4: 12. Published online 2007 January 22. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-4-12.
-  Blum, H., Zillig, W., Mallok, S., Domdey, H. and Prangishvili, D. (2001). The genome of the archaeal virus SIRV1 has features in common with genomes of eukaryal viruses. Virology, 281, 6-9.
-  Alexandra Kessler, Arie B. Brinkman, John van der Oost, and David Prangishvili "Transcription of the Rod-Shaped Viruses SIRV1 and SIRV2 of the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Sulfolobus" J Bacteriol. 2004 November; 186(22): 77457753. doi: 10.1128/JB.186.22.7745-7753.2004.
-  Alexandra Kessler, Guennadi Sezonov, J. Inaki Guijarro, Nicole Desnoues, Thierry Rose, Muriel Delepierre, Stephen D. Bell, and David Prangishvili "A novel archaeal regulatory protein, Sta1, activates transcription from viral promoters." Nucleic Acids Res. 2006 October; 34(17): 48374845. Published online 2006 August 14.
de:Rudiviridae
SCH-50911
SCH-50911 is a selective GABAB antagonist. Its main applications are in pharmacology research, but it has been found to quickly and effectively reverse the symptoms of GHB overdose in mice. In one experiment, mice were given a lethal dose of GHB (7000mg/kg) followed by varying doses of SCH-50911. At the two higher doses of the antagonist (150mg/kg and 300mg/kg), 18 out of 20 of the mice survived (90%), compared to 100% lethality in the control group.
SCH-50911 also acts as an anticonvulsant under normal conditions, and so counteracts both the depressant and pro-convulsant effects of GHB overdose. This pharmacological profile makes SCH-50911 a promising candidate as a GHB antidote for human use, and might also make it useful for treating overdoses of other GABAB agonists such as Baclofen. SCH-50911 has never been tested for this purpose in humans and there are no plans at this stage to develop it for these applications. However SCH-50911 induces acute withdrawal syndrome in GHB-dependent rats, similar to the delerium tremens seen in human alcohol withdrawal, and can precipitate convulsions in GHB-dependent animals.
This means that while SCH-50911 is likely to be a useful antidote for GHB overdose in non-addicted individuals, its use in people who are dependent on GHB or its analogues could be potentially dangerous as it might precipitate acute withdrawal symptoms, and additional anticonvulsants such as diazepam would most likely be required to counteract the risk of life-threatening seizures. This is similar to the problems seen with opioid antagonists such as naloxone, which are useful antidotes to opiate overdose but may precipitate acute withdrawal syndrome in opiate-addicted individuals.