Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Thymulin
Thymulin (also known as Thymic Factor or under its old name Facteur Thymique Serique) is a nonapeptide produced by two distinct epithelial populations in the thymus first described by Bach in 1977. It requires zinc for biological activity.
The hormon is believed to be involved in T-cell differentiation and enhancement of T and NK cell actions. Besides this rather paracrine or auto-organic effects on the thymus dependent immune system, Thymulin seems to have neuroendocrine effects as well. There exist bidirectional interactions between thymic epithelium and the hypothalamus-pituitary axis (for example, thymulin follows a circadian rhythm and physiologically elevated ACTH levels correlate positively with thymulin plasma levels and vice versa).
A recent focus has been on the role of thymulin as an effector on proinflammatory mediators/cytokines. A peptide analogue of thymulin (PAT) has been found to have analgesic effects in higher concentrations and particularly neuroprotective anti-inflammatory effects in the CNS.
Astrocytes seem to be the target for thymulin for this effect. Researchers hopes to develop drugs thwarting inflammatory processes associated with neurodegenerative diseases and even rheumatism with the help of thymulin analoga.
Moreover, thymulin has been associated with anorexia nervosa.
Tin pest
Tin pest is an autocatalytic, allotropic transformation of the element tin, which causes deterioration of tin objects at low temperatures. Tin pest has also been called tin disease, or tin leprosy (Lepre d'etain).
It was observed in medieval Europe that the pipes of church pipe organs were affected in cool climates. As soon as the tin began decomposing, the process sped up, and seemed to feed on itself.

# The allotropic transformation
At 13.2 degrees Celsius (about 56 degrees Fahrenheit) and below, pure tin transforms from the (silvery, ductile)  allotrope of -modification white tin to brittle, -modification grey tin. Eventually it decomposes into powder, hence the name tin pest.
The decomposition will catalyze itself, which is why the reaction seems to speed up once it starts; the mere presence of tin pest leads to more tin pest. Tin objects at low temperatures will simply disintegrate.

# Possible historical examples

## Scott expedition to Antarctica
In 1910 British polar explorer Robert Scott hoped to be the first to reach the South Pole, but was beaten by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen. On foot, the expedition trudged through the frozen deserts of the Antarctic, making for caches of food and kerosene deposited on the way in. In early 1912, at the first cache, there was no kerosene; the cans  soldered with tin  were empty. Members of the expedition later died in the cold and blizzards, only eleven miles from a massive depot of supplies.
The cause of the empty tins is unknown. Some observers blame poor quality soldering, although tin cans over eighty years old have been discovered in Antarctic buildings with the soldering in good condition. In any case, the lack of kerosene was just one factor in the deaths. One source observes,
The likely cause of death for Scott's polar party was some combination of scurvy, gangrene, starvation, dehydration, and hypothermia.

## Napoleon's buttons
The story is often told of Napoleon's men freezing in the bitter Russian winter, their clothes falling apart as tin pest ate the buttons. Whether failing buttons were indeed a contributing factor in the failure of the invasion remains disputed; critics of the theory point out that the tin used would have been quite impure and thus more tolerant of cold temperatures. Laboratory tests provide evidence that the time required for unalloyed tin to develop significant tin pest damage at lowered temperatures is about 18 months, which is more than twice the length of Napoleon's Russian campaign.

# Modern tin
Today tin casting and plating avoids tin pest. The tin is alloyed with small amounts of antimony or bismuth, which prevent the decomposition. Silver, indium, and lead have also been used.
TobraDex
Synonyms / Brand Names:

# Dosing and Administration
One or two drops instilled into the conjunctival sac(s) every four to six hours. During the initial 24 to 48 hours, the dosage may be increased to one or two drops every two (2) hours. Frequency should be decreased gradually as warranted by improvement in clinical signs. Care should be taken not to discontinue therapy prematurely.
Not more than 20 mL should be prescribed initially and the prescription should not be refilled without further evaluation.
FDA Package Insert Resources
Indications, Contraindications, Side Effects, Drug Interactions, etc.
Calculate Creatine Clearance
On line calculator of your patients Cr Cl by a variety of formulas.
Convert pounds to Kilograms
On line calculator of your patients weight in pounds to Kg for dosing estimates.
 Publication Resources
Recent articles, WikiDoc State of the Art Review, Textbook Information
Trial Resources
Ongoing Trials, Trial Results
Guidelines & Evidence Based Medicine Resources
US National Guidelines, Cochrane Collaboration, etc.
Media Resources
Slides, Video, Images, MP3, Podcasts, etc.
Patient Resources
Discussion Groups, Handouts, Blogs, News, etc.
International Resources
en Espanol

# FDA Package Insert Resources
Indications
Contraindications
Side Effects
Precautions
Overdose
Instructions for Administration
How Supplied
Pharmacokinetics and Molecular Data
FDA label
FDA on TobraDex
Return to top

# Publication Resources
Most Recent Articles on TobraDex
Review Articles on TobraDex
Articles on TobraDex in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
WikiDoc State of the Art Review
Textbook Information on TobraDex
Return to top

# Trial Resources
Ongoing Trials with TobraDex at Clinical Trials.gov
Trial Results with TobraDex
Return to top

# Guidelines & Evidence Based Medicine Resources
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on TobraDex
Cochrane Collaboration on TobraDex
Cost Effectiveness of TobraDex
Return to top

# Media Resources
Powerpoint Slides on TobraDex
Images of TobraDex
Podcasts & MP3s on TobraDex
Videos on TobraDex
Return to top

# Patient Resources
Patient Information from National Library of Medicine
Patient Resources on TobraDex
Discussion Groups on TobraDex
Patient Handouts on TobraDex
Blogs on TobraDex
TobraDex in the News
TobraDex in the Marketplace
Return to top

# International Resources
TobraDex en Espanol
Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Tom Hyde
Thomas E. Hyde, BA, DC, DABCSP, FICC,  was born in 1945 to Ida and Earle Hyde in Thomasville, GA. He practiced in Miami, Florida from 1977-1997 after receiving his Doctor of Chiropractic degree from Logan College of Chiropractic in 1977 and his Bachelor of Arts degree in biology from Florida State University in 1973. He is married to Susan Hyde and has one daughter, Jennifer.
Hyde is notable for having been Secretary-general of the International Federation of Sports Chiropractic, and team Doctor for the  United States Olympic Committee at the Pan American Games in Indianapolis, IN, in  1987,  as well as having summited Mounts Kilimanjaro and Aconcagua in addition to his numerous other awards and accomplishments spanning a long career.

# Career
He served as president  and executive director  of the American Chiropractic Association (ACA) Sports Council for eight years  and served as the secretary general for the International Federation of Sports Chiropractic (FICS). 
He has served as the liaison between FICS and the World Olympians Association.
1987 - Hyde became the first  DC to be selected to go to the United States Olympic Training Center, in  Colorado Springs, CO, when the volunteer Chiropractor program was implemented, and was subsequently selected to represent the United States as team doctor  at the Pan American Games that year in Indianapolis, IN.
1990 - He was the State of Florida's coordinator for medical services  for the Sunshine Games 
1990-1997 - He served as the chiropractic consultant for the Miami Dolphins .
1997 - He was appointed to serve a four-year term on the Pan American Games and Olympic Task Force for the state of Florida.
Hyde served on the Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports .
2001 - Hyde became a member of the ACA Sports Council Hall of Fame. 
2004 - He was a member of the commission, called "The Mercy Guidelines" which created the seminal, national professional guidelines for the practice of Chiropractic.
2006 - Hyde became a member of the Miami-Dade Sports Commission, Board of Directors.
2009 - He was named "Person of the Year" by Dynamic Chiropractic.
Hyde has lectured all over the United States, Canada, Hong Kong, Japan, Mexico, Argentina, Denmark , England, France, Switzerland, Australia, Chile, Brazil, Wales and South Africa.
Transect
A transect is a path along which one records and counts occurrences of the phenomenon of study (e.g. plants noting each instance).
It requires an observer to move along a fixed path and to count occurrences along the path and, at the same time, obtain the distance of the object from the path. This results in an estimate of the area covered, an estimate of the way in which detectability increases from probability 0 to 1 as one approaches the path. Using these two figures one can arrive at an estimate of the actual density of objects.
The estimation of the abundance of biological populations (such as terrestrial mammal species) can be achieved using a number of different types of transect methods could be used, such as strip transects, line transects, belt transects, point transects and curved line transects.
New Urbanist town planners use the term transect to refer to the varieties of land use from an urban core to a rural boundary. General New Urban transect classifications (from highest to lowest density) are: urban core, urban center, general urban, suburban, rural, and natural.
Trochlea
Trochlea (Latin for pulley) is a term in anatomy. It refers to a grooved structure reminiscent of a pulley's wheel.
Most commonly, trochleae bear the articular surface of saddle and other joints:
- Trochlea of humerus
- Trochlear process of the Calcaneus
- The area where the tarsometatarsus articulates with the proximal phalanges in a bird's foot
It also can refer to structures which serve as a guide for muscles:
- Trochlea of superior oblique (see also superior oblique muscle). This use is the source of the name for the Trochlear nerve.
Tuftelin
Tuftelin is an acidic phosphorylated glycoprotein found in tooth enamel.  In humans, the Tuftelin protein is encoded by the TUFT1 gene. It is an acidic protein that is thought to play a role in dental enamel mineralization and is implicated in caries susceptibility. It is also thought to be involved with adaptation to hypoxia, mesenchymal stem cell function, and neurotrophin nerve growth factor mediated neuronal differentiation.

# Classification
There are two kinds of enamel proteins: Amelogenins & Nonamelogenins. Tuftelin falls under nonamelogenins.

# Function
This protein is formed for a short time during amelogenesis.  The function of tuftelins is under contention, but it is proposed that it acts to start the mineralization process of enamel during tooth development.
Other significant proteins in enamel are amelogenins, enamelins, and ameloblastins.

# Research
The human encoding gene for tuftelin (TUFT1) was cloned by Profs. Dany Deutsch and Aharon Palmon from the Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine in Jerusalem.

# Interactions
Tuftelin has been shown to interact with TFIP11.
Up quark
The up quark is a particle described by the Standard Model theory of physics.  It is a first-generation quark with a charge of +(2/3)e.  It is the lightest of all quarks.  Its bare mass is not well determined, but probably lies between 1.5 and 4 MeV.  According to the Standard Model of particle physics, there are six quark types.  Ordinary matter, such as atoms, contains electrons and a nucleus. The protons and neutrons inside the nucleus are called nucleons, and the up quarkalong with the down quarkare the fundamental constituents of these nucleons.  The proton contains two up quarks and a down quark, while the neutron contains one up quark and two down quarks.
The equivalence of mass and energy described in the theory of Special Relativity means that quickly moving particles have greater energy and so appear to have a greater mass at high speeds than while at rest. The strength of the strong forces holding the quarks in the nucleus suggests they are moving with relativistic speeds.  Therefore, the majority of the mass in nucleons comes from the energy in the gluon field holding the quarks together, and not the quark masses themselves.  
The existence of up quarks was first postulated when Gell-Mann and Zweig developed the quark model in 1964, and the first evidence for them was found in deep inelastic scattering experiments at SLAC in 1967.

# Hadrons containing up quarks
Some of the hadrons containing up quarks include:
- Charged Pions (Template:SubatomicParticle) are mesons containing an up quark and an anti-down quark, or vice versa.
- The neutral pion (Template:SubatomicParticle) is a linear combination of up-antiup and down-antidown, as are the  and  mesons.
- The Template:SubatomicParticle and Template:SubatomicParticle flavorless mesons are linear combinations of several quark-antiquark pairs, including up-antiup.
- A large number of detected baryons contain one or more up quarks.  Like the nucleons, the Template:SubatomicParticle baryons are made of only up and down quarks: the Template:SubatomicParticle contains three up quarks, the Template:SubatomicParticle contains two, the Template:SubatomicParticle contains only one while the Template:SubatomicParticlecontains none.
Utrophin
Utrophin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UTRN gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the cytoskeleton. Utrophin was found during research into Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. The name is a contraction for ubiquitous dystrophin. The 900 kb gene for utrophin is found on the long arm of  human chromosome 6. Utrophin was discovered due to its homology with dystrophin. It was found by screening a peptide containing the C-terminal domain of dystrophin against cDNA libraries. The homology varies over its full length from less than 30% in regions of the central rod structural domain to 85% (identity 73%) for the actin binding domain.
The tertiary structure of utrophin contains a C-terminus that consists of proteinprotein interaction motifs that interact with dystroglycan, a central rod region consisting of a triple coiled-coil repeat, and an actin-binding N-terminus.
In normal muscle cells, utrophin is located at the neuromuscular synapse and myotendinous junctions. It is necessary for normal membrane maintenance, and for the clustering of the  acetylcholine receptor. In adult humans, utrophin RNA is found ubiquitously, as the name implies, being  abundant in the brain,  kidney, liver, lung, muscle, spleen and stomach. In the human fetus during muscle differentiation, utrophin is found at the sarcolemma. It disappears when the fetus begins to express dystrophin.
Utrophin expression is dramatically increased in patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (and female carriers), both in those muscle fibers lacking dystrophin and in rare, revertant fibers that express dystrophin.
No reports have yet associated mutation in the utrophin gene with disease, but it does not seem to play a critical role in development, since mice without utrophin develop normally.
Ventouse

# Overview
Ventouse is a vacuum device used to assist the delivery of a baby when labour has not progressed adequately.  It is an alternative to a forceps delivery.  It is not usually used when the baby is in the breech position or for premature births.  This technique is also called vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery.

# Technique
The woman is placed in the lithotomy position and assists throughout the process by pushing.  A suction cup is placed onto the head of the baby and the suction draws the skin from the scalp into the cup.  Most ventouse devices have handles and when the head is born the device can be detached, allowing the woman to complete the delivery of her child.
Some ventouse births have been conducted before the cervix was fully dilated though some medical practitioners disagree whether this should be done.
If the ventouse attempt fails it may be necessary to deliver the infant by caesarean section.

# Indications for use of vacuum
There are three generally accepted indications to use a ventouse to aid delivery:
- Prolonged pushing in the second stage of labor or maternal exhaustion
- Fetal emergency in the second stage of labour, generally indicated by changes in the fetal heart rate
- Maternal illness where "bearing down" or pushing efforts would be risky (e.g. cardiac conditions, blood pressure)

# Comparisons to other forms of assisted delivery

## Positive aspects
- An episiotomy is not usually required and there is little internal bruising
- The mother still takes an active role in the birth
- The force applied to the baby can be less than that of a forceps delivery leaving less marking on the head and face

## Negative aspects
- The baby is left with a temporary lump on its head, known as a chignon
- The baby may become distressed due to strong suction to its head
Ventouse is also a commune of the Charente departement, in France.
Viologen
The Viologens are diquaternary derivatives of 4,4'-bipyridyl. The name comes from the fact that this class of compounds is easily reduced to the radical mono cation, which is intensely blue coloured. In an experimental electrolysis setup, viologen in solution with sodium sulfate is reduced at the cathode with simultaneous formation of hydrogen gas. oxygen generated at the anode is capable of oxidizing the radical ion back to the viologen.
Further reduction yields a yellow quinoid compound. Diquaternary derivatives of 2,2'-bipyridyl give a green radical anion.
Viologens are investigated for use in electrochromic systems because of their ability to change color reversibly many times upon reduction and oxidation. Paraquat is a viologen used as a herbicide.
In extended viologens conjugated oligomers such as based on aryl, ethylene and thiophene units are inserted between the pyridine units. The bipolaron di-oktyl bis(4-pyridyl)biphenyl viologen 2 in scheme 2 can be reduced by sodium amalgam in DMF to the neutral viologen 3.
The resonance structures of the quinoid 3a and the diradical 3b contribute equally to the hybrid structure. The driving force for the contributing 3b is the restoration of aromaticity with the biphenyl unit.  From X-ray crystallography it is established that the molecule is coplanar and with slight nitrogen pyramidalization and that the central carbon bonds a longer (144 pm) than what would be expected for a double bond (136 pm). Further research shows that the diradical exists as a mixture of triplets and singlets although remarkably an ESR signal is absent. In this sense the molecule resembles Chichibabin's hydrocarbon discovered in 1907. The blue color in solution and metallic green color as crystals are also in common.
Compound 3 is a very strong reducing agent with a redox potential of - 1.48 V again because aromaticity is restored. The compound is also a liquid crystal with multiple liquid crystal phases in the melt as a result of the molecule's structure with a flat and rigid core and flexible linear alkyl arms.
Virokine
A virokine is a competitive inhibitor of a cytokine encoded within some viral genomes.
The word "virokine" was originally coined by Dr. Bernard Moss. It is used to designate viral proteins that interfere with immune response by reducing cytokine levels or effectiveness. They may do so by suppressing cytokine secretion, competing for cytokine receptors, interfering with cytokine signalling pathways, or otherwise antagonizing cytokines of the host organism. Many virokines are similar to host cytokines and may have been acquired by gene transfer from the host and subsequently modified.

# Further reading
- Girish J. Kotwal (1999). "Virokines: mediators of virus-host interaction and future immunomodulators in medicine" (PDF). Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis (Warsz). 47 (3): 135&ndash, 138. PMID 10470439..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
- Smith S.A. and Kotwal G.J. (May 2001). "Virokines: novel immunomodulatory agents". Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 1 (3): 343&ndash, 357.
- MARIAM KLOUCHE, GIUSEPPE CARRUBA, LUIGI CASTAGNETTA, AND STEFAN ROSE-JOHN (December 2004). "Virokines in the Pathogenesis of Cancer: Focus on Human Herpesvirus". Annals of the. New York Academy of Sciences. New York Academy of Sciences. 1028: 329&ndash, 339. doi:10.1196/annals.1322.038.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Waveform
Waveform means the shape and form of a signal such as a wave moving in a solid, liquid or gaseous medium.
In many cases the medium in which the wave is being propagated does not permit a direct visual image of the form. In these cases, the term 'waveform' refers to the shape of a graph of the varying quantity against time or distance. An instrument called an oscilloscope can be used to pictorially represent the wave as a repeating image on a CRT or LCD screen.
By extension of the above, the term 'waveform' is now also sometimes used to describe the shape of the graph of any varying quantity against time.

# Examples of waveforms
Common periodic waveforms include
- Sine wave: sin (2  t). The amplitude of the waveform follows a trigonometric sine function with respect to time.
- Sawtooth wave: 2 (t  floor(t))  1. This looks like the teeth of a saw. Found often in time bases for display scanning. It is used as the starting point for subtractive synthesis, as a sawtooth wave of constant period contains odd and even harmonics that fall off at 6 dB/octave.
- Square wave: saw(x)  saw (x  duty). This waveform is commonly used to represent digital information. It is square wave of constant period contains odd harmonics that fall off at 6 dB/octave.
- Triangle wave: (t  2 floor ((t + 1) /2)) (1)floor ((t + 1) /2). This is the integral of the square wave. It contains odd harmonics that fall off at 12 dB/octave.
Other waveforms are often called composite waveforms and can often be described as a combination of a number of sinusoidal waves or other basis functions added together.
The Fourier series describes the decomposition of periodic waveforms, such that any periodic waveform can be formed by the sum of a fundamental component and harmonic components.  Finite-energy non-periodic waveforms can be analyzed into sinusoids by the Fourier transform.