Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Autotroph
An autotroph (from the Greek autos = self and trophe = nutrition) is an organism that produces complex organic compounds from simple inorganic molecules using energy from light or inorganic chemical reactions.
Autotrophs are the producers in a food chain. Plants and other organisms which carry out photosynthesis are photoautotrophs (or phototrophs). Bacteria which derive energy from oxidizing inorganic compounds (such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonium and ferrous iron) are chemoautotrophs, and include the lithotrophs.
Autotrophs are fundamental to the food chains of all plant ecosystems. They take energy from the environment (in the form of sunlight or inorganic chemicals) and use it to create carbon-based organic molecules. Other organisms, called heterotrophs, take in autotrophs as food to carry out such functions. Thus, heterotrophs  animals, fungi, as well as most bacteria and protozoa  depend on autotrophs for the energy and raw materials they need. This mechanism is called primary production in the sea. Heterotrophs obtain energy by breaking down organic molecules obtained in food. Carnivorous animals ultimately rely on autotrophs because the energy and organic building blocks obtained from their prey comes from autotrophs they preyed upon.
There are some species(species come from the ground or the soil) of organisms that require organic compounds as a source of carbon, but are able to use light or inorganic compounds as a source of energy. Such organisms are not defined as autotrophic, but rather as heterotrophic. An organism that obtains carbon from organic compounds but obtains energy from light is called a photoheterotroph, while an organism that obtains carbon from organic compounds but obtains energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds is termed a chemoheterotroph.
- Heterotrophic
- Mixotrophic
- Primary nutritional groups
- Saprotrophic
Auxospore
In certain species of diatoms, auxospores are specialised cells that are produced at key stages in their cell cycle or life history.  Auxospores typically play a role in growth processes, sexual reproduction or dormancy.
Auxospores are involved in re-establishing the normal size in diatoms because successive mitotic cell divisions leads to a decrease in cell size.  This occurs because each daughter cell produced by cell division inherits one of the two valves that make up the silica cell wall, and then grows a smaller valve within it.  Consequently, each division cycle decreases the average size of diatom cells in a population.  When its size becomes too small, a dividing diatom cell produces an auxospore to expand its cell size back to that which is normal for vegetative cells.
Auxospores can also play a role in sexual reproduction in diatoms, and may be formed after haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote.
Finally, auxospores can be produced by diatoms to act as dormant stages, sometimes referred to as "resting spores".  These are used to survive periods of time that are unfavourable to growth, such as winter or while nutrients are depleted.
Avisodomy

# Background
Avisodomy is the act of a human engaging in sexual activity that involves a bird. Due to the size difference between the species, any act involving penetration is usually fatal to the bird.
R.E.L. Masters, in his book (1962) describes it and other zoosadistic acts under "related perversions" as follows:
According to de Sade, a variant of this bestial pleasure with the goose was to be found in the parisian brothels of his day.  Known as avisodomy, it was accomplished, as described by the Marquis, in this way: " ... the girl holds the bird's (turkey's) neck locked between her thighs, you have her ass straight ahead of you for prospect, and she cuts the bird's throat the same moment you discharge.
Some descriptions of this act feature the perpetrator breaking the bird's neck as the moment of orgasm approaches.

# Other references
- One of the tracks on Whitehouse's album Erector is titled "Avisodomy".
- An episode of South Park entitled Chickenlover, wherein an unknown perpetrator molests the town's chickens.
- David Lynch's cartoon series Dumbland features a character described as a "one armed duck fucker".
- In Mario Vargas Llosa's novel, La Ciudad y los Perros (1962), one of the characters, a cadet nicknamed Boa, engages in sexual acts with hens to satisfy his libido.
- In the Rob Zombie's film, The Devil's Rejects (2005), when a character enquires about purchasing a chicken.
Avolition

# Overview
Avolition is a psychological state characterized by general lack of desire, motivation, and persistence. Commonly seen in patients with schizophrenia, those suffering from avolition will not start or complete any major tasks.  This differs from anhedonia, where patients generally find task completion pleasureless.
It is the reduction, difficulty, or inability to initiate and/or persist in goal-directed behavior; it is quite often mistaken for apparent disinterest.
Avolition refers to the lack of initiative, or loss in drive and motivation to pursue realistic goals. Avolition is one of the four (affective flattening, alogia, anhedronia) main 'negative' symptoms of Schizophrenia. 
DSM IV criteria for schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorder:
Characteristic symptoms are two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion
-f time during a 1-month period: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence), grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms, i.e., affective flattening, alogia, or avolition.
Azaperone

# Overview
Azaperone (Stresnil, Fluoperidol) is a pyridinylpiperazine and butyrophenone neuroleptic drug with sedative and antiemetic effects, which is used mainly as a tranquilizer in veterinary medicine. It is used mainly in pigs and elephants. More rarely it may be used in humans as an antipsychotic drug, but this is uncommon. Use in horses is avoided as adverse reactions may occur.
Azaperone acts primarily as a dopamine antagonist but also has some antihistaminic and anticholinergic properties as seen with similar drugs such as haloperidol. Azaperone may cause hypotension and while it has minimal effects on respiration in pigs, high doses in humans can cause respiratory depression which may be why it is rarely used in humans.
The most common use for azaperone is in relatively small doses to reduce aggression in farmed pigs, either to stop them fighting or to encourage sows to accept piglets. Higher doses are used for anesthesia in combination with other drugs such as xylazine, tiletamine and zolazepam. Azaperone is also used in combination with strong narcotics such as etorphine or carfentanil for tranquilizing large animals such as elephants.
Azurophil
Azurophil is the term used to refer to objects that are readily staining with an azure dye.
The term is used especially in reference to certain cytoplasmic granules in white blood cells, particularly hyperchromatin and reddish purple granules of certain blood cells.
As another example, neutrophils carry an arsenal of anti-microbial defensins within their azurophils, which eventually fuse with phagocytic vacuoles.
BC Powder
BC Powder is an over-the-counter analgesic pain reliever owned by GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals and manufactured in Memphis, TN. It was conceived in Durham, NC, in 1906, by Germain Bernard and  C.T. Council, who took the initials of their last names to create the name of the nascent product. It contains  650 mg of aspirin, 33.3 mg of caffeine, and 195 mg of Salicylamide. BC readily promotes the fact that, due to its powder form, it dissolves faster than pain-relief tablets, and thus gets to work faster. It can be taken in a variety of ways, most commonly mixed into water or soda. BC is sold almost exclusively in the American South, where it is acknowledged to have a cult following. BC's marketers enjoy this honor, and sponsor many sporting events in the region. Indeed, the product's distinctive, oval-shaped blue logo is a familiar sight to attendees of Southern minor-league baseball parks and Southeastern Conference collegiate games.
BC Powder has historically been most commonly associated with relief of headaches. In fact, many non-users of the brand erroneously believe the name of the product to be "BC Headache Powder." However, recent advertising and marketing endeavors by the company suggest that it is eager to associate itself with relief of general bodily aches and pains as well.
For several years, BC's television and radio commercials have featured real-life users of the product, non-actors who are encouraged to submit their stories to BC Powder through contests announced on radio programs. Recently, most entries have been culled from listeners of the Charlotte, NC-based radio program "The Big Show with John Boy and Billy." In recent years, members of the "Tom Joyner Radio Show's" predominantly African-American audience have appeared in BC commercials after hearing of the promotion on that program, or from promotions held on Joyner's annual "Fantastic Voyage" fantasy cruise.
BC Powder also manufactures and markets BC Allergy Sinus Headache Powder and BC Arthritis Formula.
BC Powder is often confused with Goody's Powder, a similar product which contains Acetaminophen instead of Salicylamide. Coincidentally, Goody's is also owned by GlaxoSmithKline.
BIP Trial

## Objective
To determine the safety and efficacy of bezafibrate in raising HDL cholesterol and lowering triglycerides in patients with coronary artery disease.

## Methods
This is a double-blinded study where 3090 patients with a previous myocardial infarction or stable angina with a total cholesterol of 180 - 250 mg/dL, HDL-C45 mg/dL, triglycerides300 mg/dL, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol180 mg/dL were randomized to receive either 400 mg of bezafibrate per day or a placebo; they were followed for a mean of 6.2 years.  fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction or sudden death were the primary outcomes considered.

# Results
- 18% increase in HDL-C and a 21% reduction observed in triglycerides.
- The reduction in the cumulative probability of the primary end point was 7.3% (P=0.24) after 6.2 years.
- Post hoc analysis in the group of patients with high baseline triglycerides ( 200 mg/dL) revealed a reduction by 39.5% (P=0.02) in the cumulative probability of the primary end point.
- Total and noncardiac mortality, adverse events and cancer were equally distributed between the two groups.

## Conclusion
Bezafibrate was safe and effective in elevating HDL-C levels and lowering triglycerides.  A reduction of the incidence of primary end points was also observed.
Baby acne
Baby acne, also known as acne neonatorum, is a condition that affects roughly 20% of newborn babies. Lesions appear at around 2 weeks postpartum and commonly disappear after 3 months. Lesions include small, red, papules, which mainly affect the cheeks, as well as the nasal bridge of infants. Infants usually develop neonatal acne because of stimulation of the baby's sebaceous glands by lingering maternal hormones after delivery. These hormones cross the placenta into the baby and after delivery they cause the oil glands on the skin to form bumps that look like pimples. 
Baby acne usually clears up within a few weeks, but it can linger for months.
Tiny bumps on a baby's face after birth that disappear within a few weeks are called milia and are unrelated to baby acne.
Baby acne has recently been described to be caused by saprophytic yeast of the Malassezia species, which cause a primary skin infection leading to the appearance of acne-like pustules. Initially it was believed to be the common yeast species, Malassezia furfur, which also causes 'cradle-cap' in infants. However, new publications have pointed to another species, Malassezia sympolais. Treatment options are still the same for both species, which includes low dose topical antifungals.
Baker Act

# Overview
Enacted in 1971, the Baker Act is a statute of the state of Florida aimed at protecting the rights of persons with mental illness along with maintaining public safety. The act was named for then-Representative, Maxine Baker, who was known for having an interest in mental health issues, and serving as chair for the Florida House of Representatives on mental health. Its intent was to promote the use of community-based mental health care instead of institutionalizing persons with mental illness.
The Baker Act allows for involuntary examination (what some call emergency commitment).  It can be initiated by judges, law enforcement officials, or mental health professionals.  There must be evidence that the person a) has a mental illness (as defined in the Baker Act) and b) is a harm to self, harm to others, or self neglectful (as defined in the Baker Act).  Examinations may last up to 72 hours and occur in 100+ Florida Department of Children and Families designated receiving facilities statewide.
Many things may occur after the examination.  This includes the release of the individual to the community (or other community placement), a petition for involuntary inpatient placement (what some call civil commitment), involuntary outpatient placement (what some call outpatient commitment or assisted treatment orders), or voluntary treatment (if the person is competent to consent to voluntary treatment and consents to voluntary treatment).  The involuntary outpatient placement language in the Baker Act took effect in 2005.
Bandicoot
A bandicoot is any of about 20 species of small to medium-sized, terrestrial marsupial omnivores in the order Peramelemorphia. The word bandicoot is an anglicised form of the Telugu word pandi-kokku, (loosely, pig-rat) which originally referred to the unrelated Indian Bandicoot Rat. The other two species of peramelemorphs are the bilbies.
Classification within the Peramelemorphia used to be simple: there were thought to be two families in the order  the short-legged and mostly herbivorous bandicoots, and the longer-legged, more nearly carnivorous bilbies. In recent years, however, it has become clear that the situation is more complex. First, the bandicoots of the New Guinean and far-northern Australian rainforests were deemed distinct from all other bandicoots, and these were grouped together in the separate family Peroryctidae. More recently, the bandicoot families were reunited in Peramelidae, with the New Guinean species split into four genera in two subfamilies, Peroryctinae and Echymiperinae, while the "true bandicoots" occupy the subfamily Peramelinae. The only exception is the extinct Pig-footed Bandicoot, which has been given its own family, Chaeropodidae.
The embryos of bandicoots, unlike other marsupials, form a placenta-like organ that connects it to the uterine wall. The function of this organ is probably to transfer nutrients from the mother; however the structure is small compared to those of the placentalia.
- ORDER PERAMELEMORPHIA
Family Thylacomyidae: bilbies, 2 species
Family Chaeropodidae: Pig-footed Bandicoot
Family Peramelidae
Subfamily Peramelinae
Genus Isoodon: short-nosed bandicoots
Genus Perameles: long-nosed bandicoots
Subfamily Peroryctinae
Genus Peroryctes: New Guinean long-nosed bandicoots
Subfamily Echymiperinae
Genus Echymipera: New Guinean spiny bandicoots
Genus Microperoryctes: New Guinean mouse bandicoots
Genus Rhynchomeles: Ceram Bandicoot
Superfamily Yaraloidea
Family Yaralidae: fossil bandicoots, 2 species
- Family Thylacomyidae: bilbies, 2 species
- Family Chaeropodidae: Pig-footed Bandicoot
- Family Peramelidae
Subfamily Peramelinae
Genus Isoodon: short-nosed bandicoots
Genus Perameles: long-nosed bandicoots
Subfamily Peroryctinae
Genus Peroryctes: New Guinean long-nosed bandicoots
Subfamily Echymiperinae
Genus Echymipera: New Guinean spiny bandicoots
Genus Microperoryctes: New Guinean mouse bandicoots
Genus Rhynchomeles: Ceram Bandicoot
- Subfamily Peramelinae
Genus Isoodon: short-nosed bandicoots
Genus Perameles: long-nosed bandicoots
- Genus Isoodon: short-nosed bandicoots
- Genus Perameles: long-nosed bandicoots
- Subfamily Peroryctinae
Genus Peroryctes: New Guinean long-nosed bandicoots
- Genus Peroryctes: New Guinean long-nosed bandicoots
- Subfamily Echymiperinae
Genus Echymipera: New Guinean spiny bandicoots
Genus Microperoryctes: New Guinean mouse bandicoots
Genus Rhynchomeles: Ceram Bandicoot
- Genus Echymipera: New Guinean spiny bandicoots
- Genus Microperoryctes: New Guinean mouse bandicoots
- Genus Rhynchomeles: Ceram Bandicoot
- Superfamily Yaraloidea
Family Yaralidae: fossil bandicoots, 2 species
- Family Yaralidae: fossil bandicoots, 2 species
Bangungot
Sudden Unexpected Death Syndrome (called bangungot in the Philippines, lai tai in Thailand, and hukuri in Japan) is sudden unexpected death of adolescents and adults during sleep. Bangungot is rarely observed in the Western world, and appears to occur more commonly among young men in East and Southeast Asian countries. The term originated from the Tagalog word meaning "bad dream." The root of this term is the fact that survivors of bangungot often describe dreaming about falling into a bottomless pit. While experiencing this, the person is aware that he is dreaming but feels like there is something that stops him from moving and awaking.
SUDS has been cloaked in superstition. In Thailand it is particularly believed to be linked to eating rice cakes. Filipinos believe ingesting high levels of carbohydrates just before sleeping causes bangungot.
It has only been recently that the scientific world has begun to understand this syndrome. Victims of bangungot have not been found to have any organic heart diseases or structural heart problems.
However, cardiac activity during SUDS episodes indicates irregular heart rhythms and ventricular fibrillation. The victim survives this episode if the heart's rhythm goes back to normal. Older folks in the Philippines recommend trying wiggling the big toe while experiencing this to snap back.
Ongoing genetic studies by Spanish electrophysiologist Dr. Josep Brugada Terradellas show that SUDS results from mutations in the cardiac sodium channel gene. This means that it is a chromosomal problem, which is why it runs in families. Thus, doctors say that families who have kin that have suffered from or died of SUDS must see a heart specialist.
In the Philippines, most cases of bangungot have been linked with Acute Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis, whereas in Thailand and Laos, bangungot (or in their term, Sudden Adult Death Syndrome) is caused by the Brugada syndrome.
Bangungot is also depicted in the Philippines as a mythological creature called batibat. This hag-like creature sits on the victim's face so as to immobilize and suffocate him.
Bar chart

# Overview
A bar chart, also known as a bar graph, is a chart with rectangular bars of lengths usually proportional to the magnitudes or frequencies of what they represent.  Bar charts are used for comparing two or more values.  The bars can be horizontally or vertically oriented. Sometimes a stretched graphic is used instead of a solid                                                                 bar.

# Example
The example chart is based on the results of the election for the European Parliament in 2004 and in 1999. The following table lists the number of seats allocated to each party group. The results of 1999 have been multiplied by 1.16933, to compensate for the change in number of seats between those years.
A bar chart visualizing the above results of the 2004 election can look like this:
(If all the values were arranged in descending order this type of bar graph  would be called a pareto chart.)
ImageSize = width:400 height:240
PlotArea = width:300 height:150 left:50 bottom:40
AlignBars = late
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:0 till:300
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:50 start:0
BarData=
Colors =
TextData =
PlotData=
This bar chart shows both the results of 2004, and those of 1999:
ImageSize = width:480 height:240
PlotArea = width:360 height:150 left:50 bottom:40
AlignBars = late
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:0 till:300
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:50 start:0
BarData=
Colors =
TextData =
PlotData=

# History
The bar chart is possibly the invention of the Scots engineer and economist William Playfair (1759-1823). A bar chart was used in his work The Commercial and Political Atlas (London, 1786).
Barbicide
Barbicide is a transparent blue disinfectant solution manufactured by King Research.  It is used in barber shops and hair salons to disinfect items such as combs and scissors.  In many salons each barber or hair stylist has his or her own supply of barbicide displayed on a shelf in a distinctive glass and stainless steel jar.
Barbicide contains quaternary ammonium, perfume, and colouring.  It is sold in concentrated solution which salons dilute with water.
Barbicide's creator came up with the name because he hated going to the barber when he was a child. Just as suicide means killing oneself and homicide means killing another, he gave his creation the name Barbicide (meaning killing the barber) as a nod to his childhood.
Beclamide
Beclamide (marketed as Chloracon, Hibicon, Posedrine, Nydrane, Seclar, and other names) is a propionate and was used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant.
Side effects are uncommon but include stomach pain, nervousness, giddiness, skin rash and leukopenia. It is counter-indicated in breast feeding as it is passed in the milk.
Administration is oral, though it has an unpleasant taste. It is quickly absorbed and elimination is renal and complete within 48 hours.
It was studied in the 1950s for its anticonvulsant properties, as a treatment for generalised tonic-clonic seizures. It was not effective for absence seizures. It is no longer used as an AED. Interest in the drug resumed in the 1990s for its psychiatric properties as an adjunct in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Bemegride

# Overview
Bemegride (also marketed as Megimide) is a central nervous system stimulant and antidote for barbiturate poisoning as its chemoreceptor agonism increases mean tidal volume, thereby increasing respiration and the concentration of O2 in blood although it may be theoretically used as a supportive measure in treating any depressant overdose. The drug's synthesis was invented in 1911.

# John Bodkin Adams case
Bemegride is notable in legal history as the drug suspected serial killer Dr John Bodkin Adams failed to prescribe correctly to his patient Gertrude Hullett. Hullett took an overdose of barbiturates on 19 July 1956 but Adams only gave her a single 10cc dose of bemegride three days later on the 22nd, despite having acquired 100cc for her treatment. Hullett died the next day on 23 July 1956. Adams was charged but never tried for her murder.

# Animal use
Bemegride is also used to induce convulsions in experimental animals.

# Synthesis
The original synthesis involves first the condensation of methylethylketone with two equivalents of cyanoacetamide. The product can be rationalized by assuming first aldol condensation of ketone and active methylene compound followed by dehydration to give 3. Conjugate addition of a second molecule of cyanoacetamide would afford 4. Addition of one of the amide amines to the nitrile would then afford the iminonitrile 5. The observed product 6 can be rationalized by assuming loss of the carboxamide under strongly basic conditions. Decarboxylative hydrolysis of 6 then leads to bemigride 7.