Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Kick chart

# Overview
A kick chart is a form or graph used by a pregnant woman in the later stages to record the activity of her foetus. If too few kicks are felt within a specified time (usually 12 hours) this could indicate a problem. Once routine, use of these charts has declined, since women often forgot to complete them and foetal movement patterns are very varied, leading to unnecessary concern.
A more recent trend has been to use a pregnancy bracelet; a wearable form of kick counter.

# Fetal Kick Counters
A recent idea in the United Kingdom has been the replacement of the kick chart with jewelry based counters.
A frequent question posed by midwives is how "many times has the baby kicked in the last twelve hours ?", in the UK this is regarded as best indication of the health of the baby from the second trimester and the unborn foetus should kick ten times in any twelve hour period.
The bracelets available work on similar principles, the baby kicks, the mother moves a marker. The idea being that this is more practical than using a pen and paper.
The two most widely advertised bracelets are currently undergoing the patent application process.
Kyotorphin
Kyotorphin (L-tyrosyl-L-arginine) is a neuroactive dipeptide which plays a role in pain regulation in the brain. It was first isolated from bovine brain by Japanese scientists in 1979. Kyotorphin was named for the site of its discovery, Kyoto, Japan and because of its morphine- (or endorphin-) like analgesic activity. Kyotorphin has an analgesic effect, but it does not interact with the opioid receptors. Instead, it acts by releasing an Met-enkephalin and stabilizing it from degradation. It may also possess properties of neuromediator/neuromodulator. It has been shown that kyotorphin is present in the human cerebrospinal fluid and that it is lower in patients with persistent pain.

# Notes
-  Takagi H, Shiomi H, Ueda and Amano H (1979) A novel analgesic dipeptide from bovine brain is a possible met-enkephalin releaser. Nature (Lond)  282:  410-412.
-  K, Kaya K, Hazato T, Ueda H, Satoh M, Takagi H. (1991) Kyotorphin like substance in human cerebrospinal fluid of patients with persistent pain Masui. Nov;40(11):1686-90.
L-selectin
L-selectin, also known as CD62L, is a cell adhesion molecule found on leukocytes and the preimplantation embryo. It belongs to the selectin family of proteins, which recognize sialylated carbohydrate groups. It is cleaved by ADAM17.
SELL is a cell surface component that is a member of a family of adhesion/homing receptors that play important roles in lymphocyte-endothelial cell interactions. The molecule is composed of multiple domains: one homologous to lectins, one to epidermal growth factor, and two to the consensus repeat units found in C3/C4-binding proteins.

# Ligands
- GlyCAM-1, found in the high endothelial venules of the lymph nodes.
- CD34, found on endothelial cells.
- MadCAM-1, found on endothelial cells of gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
- PSGL-1, binds with low affinity.

# Function
L-selectin acts as a "homing receptor" for lymphocytes to enter secondary lymphoid tissues via high endothelial venules. Ligands present on endothelial cells will bind to lymphocytes expressing L-selectin, slowing lymphocyte trafficking through the blood, and facilitating entry into a secondary lymphoid organ at that point. The receptor is commonly found on the cell surfaces of T cells.  Naive T-lymphocytes, which have not yet encountered their specific antigen, need to enter secondary lymph nodes to encounter their antigen.  Central memory T-lymphocytes, which have encountered antigen, express L-selectin to localize in secondary lymphoid organs.  Here they reside ready to proliferate upon re-encountering antigen.  Effector memory T-lymphocytes do not express L-selectin, as they circulate in the periphery and have immediate effector functions upon encountering antigen.
High expression of L-selectin on human bone marrow progenitor cells is an early sign of cells becoming committed to lymphoid differentiation.
L-selectin is also present on the surface of human embryo trophoblasts prior to implantation into the uterus.  Similar to its function in lymphocytes, L-selectin acts as a receptor to facilitate adhesion of the embryo to the site of invasion on the surface epithelium of the uterine endometrium.  The embryo secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which downregulates anti-adhesion factor, MUC-1, located on the uterine epithelium at the site of invasion.  Removal of MUC-1 exposes the oligosaccharide ligands of the uterine epithelium, thus allowing binding by the L-selectin receptor of the trophopblast cell, followed by embryo adhesion and invasion.
LCP theory
In chemistry, ligand close packing theory (LCP theory),  sometimes called the ligand close packing model describes how ligand  ligand repulsions affect the geometry around a central atom. It has been developed by R.J Gillespie and others from 1997 onwards  and is said to sit alongside VSEPR which was originally developed by R.J Gillespie and R Nyholm. The inter-ligand distances in a wide range of molecules have been determined. The example below shows a series of related molecules:
The consistency of the interligand distances (F-F and O-F) in the above molecules is striking and this phenomenon is repeated across a wide range of molecules and forms the basis for LCP theory.

# Ligand radius
From a study of known structural data a series of inter-ligand distances has been determined and it has been found that there is a constant inter-ligand radius for a given central atom. The table below shows the inter-ligand radius (pm) for some of the period 2 elements:
The ligand radius should not be confused with the ionic radius.

# Treatment of lone pairs
In LCP theory a lone pair is treated as a ligand. Gillespie terms the lone pair a lone pair domain and states that these lone pair domains push the ligands together until they reach the interligand distance predicted by the relevant inter-ligand radii. An example demonstrating this is shown below, where the F-F distance is the same in the AF3 and AF4+ species :

# LCP and VSEPR
LCP and VSEPR make very similar predictions as to geometry but LCP theory  has the advantage that predictions are more quantitative particularly for the second period elements, Be, B, C, N, O, F. Ligand -ligand repulsions are important when
- the central atom is small e.g. period 2, (Be, B, C, N, O)
- the ligands are only weakly electronegative compared to the central atom
- the ligands are large compared to the central atom
- there are 5 or more ligands around the central atom
Laboratory
A laboratory is a construct you create so as to produce reproducible measurements.

# Theoretical laboratory
Def. "a room, building or institution equipped for scientific research, experimentation or analysis" is called a laboratory.

# Conditions
Laboratory conditions are often expressed in terms of standard temperature and pressure.
Standard condition for temperature and pressure are standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements established to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data. The most used standards are those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), although these are not universally accepted standards. Other organizations have established a variety of alternative definitions for their standard reference conditions.
In chemistry, IUPAC established standard temperature and pressure (informally abbreviated as STP) as a temperature of 273.15 K (0 C, 32 F) and an absolute pressure of 100 kPa (14.504 psi, 0.986 atm, 1 bar), An unofficial, but commonly used standard is standard ambient temperature and pressure (SATP) as a temperature of 298.15 K (25 C, 77 F) and an absolute pressure of 100 kPa (14.504 psi, 0.986 atm). The STP and the SATP should not be confused with the standard state commonly used in thermodynamic evaluations of the Gibbs free energy of a reaction.
"Standard conditions for gases: Temperature, 273.15 K  and pressure of 105 pascals. The previous standard absolute pressure of 1 atm (equivalent to 1.01325  105 Pa) was changed to 100 kPa in 1982. IUPAC recommends that the former pressure should be discontinued."
NIST uses a temperature of 20 C (293.15 K, 68 F) and an absolute pressure of 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi, 1 atm). The International Standard Metric Conditions for natural gas and similar fluids are 288.15 K (59.00 F, 15.00 C) and 101.325 kPa.

# Measurements
Def. any act of quantifying relative to a standard is called a measurement.

# Machine shops
"Our objective is to design, build, and maintain the highest quality research and teaching instruments, while always keeping finished cost to a minimum and safety to a maximum."
"I asked him where he had it made, he said he made it himself, & when I asked him where he got his tools said he made them himself & laughing added if I had staid for other people to make my tools & things for me... I had never made any thing..."

# Hypotheses
- A laboratory can be set up in virtual space to test reality for reproducibility.
Lafutidine

# Overview
Lafutidine (INN) is a second generation histamine H2 receptor antagonist having multimodal mechanism of action and used to treat gastrointestinal disorders.  It is marketed in Japan and India.

# Medical use
Lafutidine is used to treat gastric ulcers, duodenal ulcers, stomal ulcers, wounds in the lining of the stomach associated with acute gastritis and with acute exacerbation of chronic gastritis.

# Adverse effects
Adverse events observed during clinical trials included constipation, diarrhea, drug rash, nausea or vomiting and dizziness.

# Mechanisms of action
Like other H2 receptor antagonists it prevents the secretion of gastric acid.  It also activates calcitonin gene related peptide, resulting in the stimulation of nitric oxide (NO) and regulation of gastric mucosal blood flow, increases somatostatin levels also resulting in less gastric acid secretion, causes the stomach lining to generate more mucin, inhibits neutrophil activation thus preventing injury from inflammation, and blocks the attachment of H. pylori to gastric cells.

# History
It is marketed in Japan as Stogar by UCB and in India as Lafaxid by Zuventus Healthcare.
Laparotomy

# Overview
A laparotomy is a surgical procedure involving an incision through the abdominal wall to gain access into the abdominal cavity. It is also known as coeliotomy.

# Terminology
In  diagnostic laparotomy (most often referred to as an exploratory laparotomy), the nature of the disease is unknown, and laparotomy is deemed the best way to identify the cause.
In therapeutic laparotomy, a cause has been identified (e.g. peptic ulcer, colon cancer) and laparotomy is required for its therapy.
Usually, only exploratory laparotomy is referred to as a surgical operation by itself; and when a specific operation is already planned, laparotomy is considered merely the first step of the procedure.

# Spaces accessed
Depending on incision placement, it may give access to any abdominal organ or space, and is the first step in any major diagnostic or therapeutic surgical procedure of these organs, which include:
- the lower part of the digestive tract (the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon)
- the liver, pancreas and spleen
- the bladder
- the female reproductive organs (the uterus and ovaries)
- the retroperitoneum (the kidneys, the aorta, abdominal lymph nodes)

# Types of incisions

## Midline
The most common incision for laparotomy is the midline incision, a vertical incision which follows the linea alba.
- The upper midline incision usually extends from the xiphoid process to the umbilicus.
- A typical lower midline incision is limited by the umbilicus superiorly and by the pubic symphysis inferiorly.
- Sometimes a single incision extending from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis is employed, especially in trauma surgery.
Midline incisions are particularly favoured in diagnostic laparotomy, as they allow wide access to most of the abdominal cavity.

## Other
Other common laparotomy incisions include:
- the Kocher (right subcostal) incision (after Emil Theodor Kocher); appropriate for certain operations on the liver, gallbladder and biliary tract;
- the Davis or Rockey-Davis "muscle-splitting" right lower quadrant incision for appendectomy;
- the Pfannenstiel incision, a transverse incision below the umbilicus and just above the pubic symphysis. In the classic Pfannenstiel incision, the skin and subcutaneous tissue are incised transversally, but the linea alba is opened vertically. It is the incision of choice for Cesarean section and for abdominal hysterectomy for benign disease.  A variation of this incision is the Maylard incision in which the rectus abdominis muscles are sectioned transversally to permit wider access to the pelvis.
- Lumbotomy consists of a lumbar incision which permits access to the kidneys (which are retroperitoneal) without entering the peritoneal cavity. It is typically used only for benign renal lesions. It has also been proposed for surgery of the upper urological tract.

# Related procedures
A related procedure is laparoscopy, where cameras and other instruments are inserted into the peritoneal cavity via small holes in the abdomen. For example, an appendectomy can be done either by a laparotomy or by a laparoscopic approach.
Laquinimod

# Overview
Laquinimod is an experimental immunomodulator developed by Active Biotech and Teva. It is being investigated as an oral treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS).
Laquinimod is the successor of Active Biotech's failed experimental immunomodulator linomide.
The compound has been investigated in two Phase II trials using successive magnetic resonance scans (MRI). Laquinimod seems to be able to reduce the MS disease activity on MRI. However, the response to a given dose was discrepant between both studies.
Phase III studies for MS started in December 2007. In 2011, Teva announced its clinical trials involving laquinimod had failed, being unable to significantly reduce relapses into MS among patients beyond a placebo. However, the final results of above-mentioned phase III trial proved oral laquinimod administered once daily slowed the progression of disability and reduced the rate of relapse in patients with relapsingremitting multiple sclerosis.
Lefetamine
Lefetamine (Santenol) is a psychoactive drug which is both a stimulant and an analgesic with effects comparable to both morphine and methylphenidate.
Lefetamine was invented in the 1940s and was widely abused in Japan  during the 1950s.  It has been researched for medicinal use but showed little advantage over other analgesics, although it did seem promising for treating opiate withdrawal it was not as good as buprenorphine for this purpose.  More recently it has been abused in Europe, but it remains an obscure drug on the illicit market.
Due to its chemical structure, it binds to opioid receptors while simultaneously inhibiting reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine. Lefetamine has the necessary tertiary amine functional group required for opioid receptor recognition, as well as a phenethylamine skeleton (which is responsible for its amphetamine-like effects).  It is also reported to have some NMDA antagonist effects and to have neurotoxic properties. 
Boiling Point: 142-147 C
Optical Rotation: D20 -124.2 (ethanol).
CAS number of hydrochloride: 14148-99-3
Left heart
Left heart is a term used to refer collectively to the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart; occasionally, this term is intended to reference the left atrium, left ventricle, and the aorta collectively.
The left atrium receives oxygenated pulmonic blood from the pulmonary veins. The blood is then pumped through the mitral valve into the left ventricle, which in turn pumps the blood through the aortic valve into the aorta.
The left side of the heart is thicker than the right because of the requirement to pump blood from the left throughout the body, as opposed to the right side pumping only through the lungs.
See also: Right heart
ta:
Renal vein
The renal veins are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava.
It is usually singular to each kidney, except in the condition "multiple renal veins".

# Asymmetry
Because the inferior vena cava is on the right half of the body, the left renal vein is generally the longer of the two.
Because the inferior vena cava is not laterally symmetrical, the left renal vein often receives the following veins:
- left inferior phrenic vein
- left suprarenal vein
- left gonadal vein (left testicular vein in males, left ovarian vein in females)
- left 2nd lumbar vein
This is in contrast to the right side of the body, where these veins drain directly into the IVC.

# Pathology
Diseases associated with the renal vein include renal vein thrombosis (RVT) and nutcracker syndrome (renal vein entrapment syndrome).
Left shift

# Overview
Left shift or blood shift is an increase in the number of immature leukocytes in the peripheral blood, particularly neutrophil band cells.
Less commonly, left shift may also refer to a similar phenomenon in severe erythroanemia, when reticulocytes and immature erythrocyte precursors appear in the peripheral circulation.

# Definition
The standard definition of a left shift is an absolute band form count greater than 700/microL. The term itself refers to the historical practice, in paper laboratory reports, of recording band form counts on the far left side of the page.

# Morphology
It is usually noted on microscopic examination of a blood smear. This systemic effect of inflammation is most often seen in the course of an active infection and during other severe illnesses such as hypoxia and shock. Dohle bodies may also be present in the neutrophil's cytoplasm in the setting of sepsis or severe inflammatory responses.

# Pathogenesis
It is believed that cytokines (including IL-1 and TNF) accelerate the release of cells from the postmitotic reserve pool in the bone marrow, leading to an increased number of immature cells.

# See Also
- Band cell
- Bandemia
- Leukocytosis
- Reticulocyte
Vena cavae

# Overview
The superior and inferior vena cava are collectively called the venae cavae. They are the veins that return de-oxygenated blood from the body into the heart. They both empty into the right atrium.
The inferior vena cava (or posterior vena cava) travels up alongside the abdominal aorta with blood from the lower part of the body.
The superior vena cava (or anterior) is above the heart, and forms from a convergence of the left and right brachiocephalic veins that contain blood from the head and the arms. The vena cavae carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart.
The venae cavae is the largest blood vessel in the heart.
de:Hohlvene
eu:Kaba zain
id:Vena cava
it:Vena cava
nl:Holle lichaamsader
no:Vena cava
nn:Holvene
nds:Hollveen
Lensometry
Lensometry is a technique that measures the dioptric power of spectacle lenses.

# How to Perform the Test?
- Adjust the focusing eyepiece of the lensometer so that it reads 0 D on the measuring drum with the target crisply in focus.
- Place the spectacles in the lensometer with the ocular surface away from the examiner.
- Measure the right lens first. Then measure the left lens.
- Center the spectacles within the carriage of the instrument so that the target is centrally aligned within the eyepiece reticle.
- From an excess plus power direction, rotate the power drum of the lensometer so that the target comes to a sharp focus in the first meridian,
simultaneously rotating the axis drum and making its target lines contiguous. This is the first meridian. Note the position of the power drum.
- Continue rotating the power drum until the second meridian comes into sharp, contiguous focus. This is the second meridian. Note the position of the
power and axis drums.
- If both meridians come to a sharp focus simultaneously, the lens is spherical. If there are two distinctly different foci, the lens is spherocylindrical.
- If there is an add, measure it.
- The spherical or spherocylindrical power and axis is recorded in minus cylinder form.
- The multifocal add, if present, is recorded as a plus add. 

## Useful Tips
- Focus the lensometer before each reading.
- Carefully fine-tune the power and the axis drums.
- If the lens is a multifocal lens, look carefully for the maximum plus power position of the lens.
Lenticonus

# Overview
'Lenticonus' is a bulging of the lens capsule and the underlying cortex. The diagnosis of lenticonus is essentially a clinical diagnosis made by bio-microscopic examination.

# Classification scheme
- Lenticonus anterior: lenticonus anterior is part of the Alport's syndrome
- Lenticonus posterior; lenticonus posterior is more common than lenticonus anterior and is not associated with systemic disease.
Leptomycin
Leptomycin B is a secondary metabolite produced by Streptomyces spp.
Leptomycin B (LMB) was originally discovered as a potent anti-fungal antibiotic. Leptomycin B was found to cause cell elongation of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Since then this elongation effect is being used for the bioassay of Leptomycin. However, recent data (2003)  showed that Leptomycin causes G1 cell cycle arrest in mammalian cells and is a potent anti-tumor agent against murine experimental tumors
Therefore Leptomycin B became a potent and specific nuclear export inhibitor. Leptomycin B alkylates and inhibits CRM1 (chromosomal region maintenance)/exportin 1 (XPO1), a protein required for nuclear export of proteins containing a nuclear export sequence (NES). In addition to antifungal and antibacterial activities, Leptomycin B blocks the cell cycle and is a potent anti-tumor agent. At low nM concentrations, Leptomycin B blocks the nuclear export of many proteins including HIV-1 Rev, MAPK/ERK, and NF-B/IB, and it stabilizes the expression of p53. Leptomycin B also inhibits the export and translation of many RNAs, including COX-2 and c-Fos mRNAs, by inhibiting export of ribonucleoproteins.
Leptomycin A (LPA) was discovered together with LMB. LMB is twice as potent as LPA.
Leukorrhea

# Overview
Leukorrhea (US) or leukorrhoea (Commonwealth) is a medical term that denotes a thick, whitish vaginal discharge. It results from inflammation or congestion of the vaginal mucosa. In cases where it is yellowish or gives off an odour, a doctor should be consulted since it could be a sign of an STD.
Leukorrhea is a sign that the vagina is healthy and keeping clean. It may sometimes occur before a girl has her first period, and is considered a sign of puberty.

# Causes
There are many causes of leukorrhea, the usual one being increased estrogen. The amount of discharge may increase due to vaginal infection or STDs, in which case it becomes more yellow and foul-smelling. Vaginal discharge is normal for a woman, and all women are different. Causes of change in discharge include infection, malignancy, and hormonal changes.
Leukorrhea may occur normally during pregnancy. This is caused by increased bloodflow to the vagina due to increased estrogen. Female infants may have leukorrhea for a short time after birth due to their in-uterine exposure to estrogen.
It is usually a non-pathological symptom secondary to inflammatory conditions of Vagina or cervix.
After birth leukorrhea accompanied by backache and foul-smelling lochia (post-partum vaginal discharge, containing blood, mucus, and placental tissue) may suggest involution (failure of the uterus to return to pre-pregnant size) due to infection.