Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
NeuroArm
NeuroArm, the worlds first MRI-compatible surgical robot, was engineered using plastics, titanium and other non-magnetic materials.. NeuroArm is a tool that aims to revolutionize neurosurgery and other branches of operative medicine by reducing the constraints of the human hand while maintaining the tactile feedback important to the surgeons. The machine uses something called "motion scaling" which allows the surgeon to be precise within 0.01 mm (compare to 2mm by neurosurgeons with years of experience). With NeuroArm, experience neurosurgeons can join together vessels that are much smaller.
When performing surgery, NeuroArm will be used in conjunction with the iMotion 1.5 Tesla Magnet. The iMotion magnet will move to the patient, "gliding in and out of place as needed, without affecting surgical, anesthetic, and nursing management."
"Tests will be conducted on mannequins, cadavers and tissues to prove to Health Canada and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration that it is safe for people. Officials hope neuroArm will be used to treat its first patient this summer ."

# History
The $27-million NeuroArm project began in 2001 when the namesakes of the Seaman Family MR Research Centre, Calgary philanthropists and brothers Doc, B.J. and Don Seaman provided $2 million to begin planning neuroArm.
NeuroArm is the creation of neurosurgeon Dr. Garnette Sutherland and his team. Dr. Sutherland has spent six years leading a team of Canadian scientists, in cooperation with MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates's MD Robotics division to design and build a machine that represents a milestone in medical technology.
NeuroArm was unveiled on April 17, 2007 in Calgary.
Neurocan
Neurocan core protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCAN gene.
Neurocan is a member of the lectican / chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan protein families and consists of neurocan core protein and chondroitin sulfate. It is thought to be involved in the modulation of cell adhesion and migration.

# Role in bipolar disorder
Neurocan is a significant component of the extracellular matrix, and its levels are modulated by a variety of factors, but mice in which the NCAN gene has been knocked out show no easily observable defects in brain development or behavior.  However, a genome-wide association study published in 2011 identified Neurocan as a susceptibility factor for bipolar disorder.  A more comprehensive study published in 2012 confirmed that association.  The 2012 study examined correlations between NCAN alleles and various symptoms of bipolar disorder, and also examined the behavior of NCAN knockout mice.  In the human subjects, it was found that NCAN genotype was strongly associated with manic symptoms but not with depressive symptoms.  In the mice, the absence of functional Neurocan resulted in a variety of manic-like behaviors, which could be normalized by administering lithium.
Neurolaw
Neurolaw is an emerging field of study that seeks to explore the effects of discoveries in neuroscience on law and legal standards.  It is also the subject of a 2007 article in the New York Times Magazine entitled "The Brain on the Stand".
It is distinct from bioethics and neuroethics in that it applies broader societal and philosophical discourses from those fields to the quotidian realities of the legal system.
Some questions to which neurolaw practitioners seek answers include:
- How will increasingly accurate lie detection systems impact the credibility of eyewitnesses in our court system?
- How will new insight into brain disorders affect legal notions of intent and culpability?
- Why would legal standards change in the face of developments in neuroscience?  Should they change?  If so, why should they change? Why not?
- Who will be responsible for the integration of new neuroscience into our legal system - judges, legislators, executive leaders, scientists, or some combination thereof?
Nicoderm
NicoDerm, also known as NicoDerm CQ (short for Committed Quit or Committed Quitter) is a branded over the counter  palliative nicotine replacement therapy which is used to ameliorate the withdrawal effects involved in quitting smoking.
Alternative brand names include Prostep, Habitrol, NiQuitin, Nicotrol, Nicorette, and Commit.

# History
NicoDerm is manufactured by ALZA Corporation, based in Mountain View, California. It is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Aventis and Pfizer.
NicoDerm was approved by the FDA in 1991, touted as the original "nicotine transdermal system."
NicoDerm was the second product to provide an alternative to the withdrawal symptoms of quitting smoking. Nicotine gums, such as Pfizer's Nicotrol gum (no longer in production) were already quite popular with consumers.
Shortly after NicoDerm's release, Clear NicoDerm was released, as some users complained about the patch's inability to match a wide variety of skin colors. Over the past several years, NicoDerm has become the most popular topical nicotine alternative.
Also shortly after NicoDerm's release, many other pharmaceutical companies began releasing many nicotine replacement therapies, such as Nicotrol, which for a time encompassed Pfizer's entire line of products, including Nicotine gum, lozenges, inhalers and nasal sprays. Of the Pfizer line of products, the Nicotrol inhaler and nasal spray are the only two products that appear to still be in production.

# Functioning
Unlike adhesive bandages, topical patches generally use a solid plastic backing, occasionally with a fabric covering on the outside to look like an adhesive bandage. Topical patches also use a much stronger adhesive, allowing them to maintain their hold without having to wrap around to themselves, be covered or taped.
Like any other topical patch currently available on the market right now, NicoDerm's adhesive also mediates the release of the medication through the skin.
NicoDerm comes in 3 different variations ranging from 7 mg to 21 mg. The main difference between each level is not the amount of nicotine placed between the backing and the adhesive, but the size of the patch. This is due to the nature of the adhesive. For the adhesive to maintain its hold properly, the consistency of it must remain the same, thereby allowing only a specific amount of nicotine through.
Nocardia

# Overview
Nocardia is a genus of Gram-positive, catalase-positive, rod-shaped bacteria; some species are pathogenic (nocardiosis). Nocardia are found worldwide in soil that is rich with organic matter.  Most Nocardia infections are acquired by inhalation of the bacteria or through traumatic introduction.

# Culture and staining
Nocardia colonies have a variable appearance, but most species appear to have aerial hyphae when viewed with a dissecting microscope, particularly when they have been grown on nutritionally-limiting media. Nocardia grow slowly on non-selective culture media, and are strict aerobes with the ability to grow in a wide temperature range. Some species are partially acid fast due to the presence of intermediate-length mycolic acids in their cell wall.

# Virulence
The various species of Nocardia are pathogenic bacteria with low virulence; therefore clinically significant disease most frequently occurs as an opportunistic infection in those with a weak immune system, such as small children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. Nocardial virulence factors are the enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase (which inactive reactive oxygen species that would otherwise prove toxic to the bacteria), as well as a "cord factor" (which interferes with phagocytosis by macrophages by preventing the fusion of the phagosome with the lysosome).

# Clinical disease
Nocardia asteroides is the species of Nocardia most frequently infecting humans, and most cases occur as an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patents.
The most common form of human nocardial disease is a slowly progressive pneumonia, whose common symptoms include cough, dyspnoea (shortness of breath), and fever. It is not uncommon for this infection to spread to the pleura. Pre-existing pulmonary disease, especially pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, increases the risk of contracting a Nocardia pneumonia.
Nocardia may also cause a variety of cutaneous infections such as actinomycetoma (especially Nocardia brasiliensis), lymphocutaneous disease, cellulitis and subcutaneous abscesses.
About 33% of people with Nocardia infection, this will take the form of encephalitis and/or cerebral abscess formation.

# Treatment
Antibiotic therapy with a sulfonamide is the treatment of choice. The most common sulfonamide  used is trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. People who take trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for other reasons, such as prevention of pneumocystis jiroveci infection in AIDS, have fewer nocardia infections. High-dose imipenem and amikacin have also been used in refractory cases. Antibiotic therapy may have to be continued for six months to a year.  Proper wound care is also critical.

# Genetics
Despite that Nocardia has interesting and important features such as production of antibiotics and aromatic compound-degrading or converting enzymes, the genetic study of this organism has been hampered by the lack of genetic tools. However, practical NocardiaE. coli shuttle vectors have been developed recently.
Nonmetal
Nonmetal is a term used in chemistry when classifying the chemical elements. On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties, every element in the periodic table can be termed either a metal or a non-metal. (A few elements with intermediate properties are referred to as metalloids.)
The elements generally regarded as nonmetals are:
- hydrogen (H)
- In Group 14: carbon (C)
- In Group 15 (the pnictogens): nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P)
- Several elements in Group 16, the chalcogens: oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se)
- All elements in Group 17 - the halogens
- All elements in Group 18 - the noble gases
There is no rigorous definition for the term "nonmetal" - it covers a general spectrum of behaviour. Common properties considered characteristic of a nonmetal include:
- poor conductors of heat and electricity when compared to metals
- they form acidic oxides (whereas metals generally form basic oxides)
- in solid form, they are dull and brittle, rather than metals which are lustrous, ductile or malleable
- usually have lower densities than metals
- they have significantly lower melting points and boiling points than metals
- non-metals have high electronegativity
- nonmetals usually have little or no luster
Only eighteen elements in the periodic table are generally considered nonmetals, compared to over eighty metals, but nonmetals make up most of the crust, atmosphere and oceans of the earth. Bulk tissues of living organisms are composed almost entirely of nonmetals. Many nonmetals (hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine) are diatomic, and most of the rest are polyatomic.

# Metallisation at huge pressures
Nevertheless, even these 20 elements tend to become metallic at large enough pressures (see nearby periodic table at ~300 GPa).
Nonunion
Nonunion is permanent failure of healing following a broken bone.
Nonunion is a serious complication of a fracture and may occur when the fracture moves too much, has a poor blood supply or gets infected. Patients who smoke have a higher incidence of nonunion. The normal process of bone healing is interrupted or stalled. In some cases a pseudo-joint (pseudarthrosis) develops between the two fragments with cartilage formation and a joint cavity. More commonly the tissue between the ununited fragments is scar tissue.
Since the process of bone healing is quite variable, a nonunion may go on to heal without intervention in a very few cases. In general, if a nonunion is still evident at 6 months post injury it will remain unhealed without specific treatment, usually orthopedic surgery. A non-union which does go on to heal is called a delayed union.

# Clinical features
A history of a broken bone is usually apparent. The patient complains of persistent pain at the fracture site and may also notice abnormal movement or clicking at the level of the fracture. An x-ray plate of the fractured bone shows a persistent radiolucent line at the fracture. Callus formation may be evident but callus does not bridge across the fracture. If there is doubt about the interpretation of the Xray, stress Xrays, tomograms or CT scan may be used to make sure.

# Untreated prognosis
By definition, a nonunion will not heal if left alone. Therefore the patient's symptoms will not be improved and the function of the limb will remain impaired. It will be painful to bear weight on it and it may be deformed or unstable.

# Treatment
Surgical treatment includes removal of all scar tissue from between the fracture fragments, immobilization of the fracture with metal plates, rods or pins and bone graft. In simple cases healing may be evident within 3 months. Ilizarov revolutionized the treatment of recalcitrant nonunions demonstrating that the affected area of the bone could be removed, the fresh ends "docked" and the remaining bone lengthened using an external fixator device. The time course of healing after such treatment is longer than normal bone healing. Usually there are signs of union within 3 months, but the treatment may continue for many months beyond that.

# Treated prognosis
This depends on many factors including the age and general health of the patient, the time since the original injury, the number of previous surgeries, smoking history, the patient's ability to cooperate with the treatment. In the region of 80% of nonunions heal after the first operation. The success rate with subsequent surgeries is less.
Noritate
Noritate is a topical cream usually prescribed for rosacea, a disease of the skin commonly associated with adult acne and most notably frequent to constant flushing of the face around the cheeks and chin area.
Noritate contains 1% anti-inflammatory drug metronidazole designed to reduce redness in inflamed areas.
While noritate may get rid of some pustules and reduce redness , it has been shown to result in acne in an exceptionally small number of users. The drug information pamphlet claims only 1% of users see ill effects. In many cases, users see no reduction in general redness associated with rosacea and sometimes even a worsening effect. Similar results are reported for Metrogel, which contains the same 1% metronidazole.
Nucleoid
In prokaryotes, the nucleoid (meaning nucleus-like and also known as the nuclear region, nuclear body or chromatin body) is an irregularly-shaped region within the cell where the genetic material is localized. The nucleic acid is a circular, double-stranded piece of DNA, and multiple copies may exist. This method of genetic storage can be contrasted against that of the eukaryotes, where DNA is packed into chromatins and sequestered within a membrane-enclosed organelle called the nucleus.

# Visualisation
The nucleoid can be clearly visualised on an electron micrograph at high magnification, where, although its appearance may differ, it is clearly visible against the cytosol. Sometimes even strands of what is thought to be DNA are visible. By staining with the Feulgen stain, which specifically stains DNA, the nucleoid can also be seen under a light microscope. The DNA-intercalating stains DAPI and ethidium bromide are widely used for fluorescence microscopy of nucleoids.

# Composition
Experimental evidence suggests that the nucleoid is largely composed of DNA, about 60%, with a small amount of RNA and protein.  The latter two constituents are likely to be mainly messenger RNA and the transcription factor proteins found regulating the bacterial genome. Proteins helping to maintain the supercoiled structure of the nucleic acid are known as nucleoid proteins or nucleoid associated proteins and are distinct from histones of eukaryotic nuclei. In contrast to histones, the DNA-binding proteins of the nucleoid do not form nucleosomes.
OSTalpha
Organic solute transporter alpha, also known as OST-alpha, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the OSTA gene.

# Function
OST-alpha together with OST-beta is able to transport estrone sulfate, taurocholate, digoxin, and prostaglandin E2 across cell membranes. The Ost-alpha / Ost-beta heterodimer, but not the individual subunits, stimulates sodium-independent bile acid uptake. The heterodimer furthermore is essential for intestinal bile acid transport.
OST-alpha and OST-alpha have high expression in the testis, colon, liver, small intestine, kidney, ovary, and adrenal gland.
Obscurin
Obscurin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OBSCN gene. Obscurin belongs to the family of giant sarcomeric signaling proteins that includes titin and nebulin. Obscurin is expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle, and plays a role in the organization of myofibrils during sarcomere assembly. A mutation in the OBSCN gene has been associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and altered obscurin protein properties have been associated with other muscle diseases.

# Structure
Human obscurin may exist as multiple splice variants of approximately 720 kDa, however the full-length nature of only one has been described to date. Obscurin is expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle. The obscurin gene spans more than 150 kb, contains over 80 exons. The encoded protein contains 68 Ig domains, 2 fibronectin domains, 1 calcium/calmodulin-binding domain, 1 RhoGEF domain with an associated PH domain, and 2 serine-threonine kinase domains. The dominant location of obscurin in mature myofibrils is at the sarcomeric M-band. Titin, obscurin, obscurin-like-1 and myomesin form a ternary complex at sarcomeric M-bands that is critical for sarcomere mechanics.

# Function
Obscurin belongs to the family of giant sarcomeric signaling proteins that includes titin and nebulin, and may have a role in the organization of myofibrils during assembly and may mediate interactions between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrils. Obscurin is the major cytoplasmic ligand for small ankyrin 1 (sANK1), a sarcoplasmic reticular protein, and the scaffolding function of obscurin appears to prevent degradation of sANK1. These data indicate that obscurin serves as a signaling link between the sarcomeric and sarcoplasmic reticular domains, Obscurin plays a role in the formation of new sarcomeres during myofibril assembly. specifically, at the sarcomeric periphery where sites of initiation and progression of myofibrilogenesis lie. Obscurin appears to be necessary for the proper incorporation of myosin filaments into sarcomeres and in the assembly of A-bands. Moreover, the kinase domains of obscurin are enzymatically active and appear to be involved in the regulation of cell adhesion.

# Clinical Significance
Obscurin has been shown to exhibit a disease-related isoform switch in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. An obscurin mutation Arg4344Gln was identified in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which disrupted binding of obscurin to the Z9-Z10 domains of titin.  Mutations found the gene encoding titin in patients with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2J or Salih myopathy decrease the ability of titin to bind obscurin, suggesting that this may be causative in disease manifestation.

# Interactions
Obscurin has been shown to interact with Titin, specifically, with the Novex-3 of Titin, a 6.5 kb exon located upstream of the cardiac-specific N2B exon. The C-terminal region of Obscurin interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of small ankyrin 1 and with the exon 43' region of ankyrin B.  The Ig3 of obscurin binds myomesin at the linker between My4 and My5.
Odontoma

# Overview
An odontoma (also termed odontome) is a benign tumour of odontogenic origin (i.e. linked to tooth development). Specifically, it is a dental hamartoma, meaning that it is composed of normal dental tissue that has grown in an irregular way.
The average age of people found with an odontoma is 14. The condition is frequently associated with one or more unerupted teeth. Though most cases are found impacted within the jaw there are instances where odontomas have erupted into the oral cavity. 

# Classification
There are two main types: compound and complex.
- A compound odontoma still has the three separate dental tissues (enamel, dentin and cementum), but may present a lobulated appearance where there is no definitive demarcation of separate tissues between the individual "toothlets" (or denticles). It usually appears in the anterior maxilla.
- The complex type is unrecognizable as dental tissues, usually presenting as a radioopaque area with varying densities. It usually appears in the posterior maxilla or in the mandible.
In addition to the above forms, the dilated odontoma is an infrequent developmental alteration that appears in any area of the dental arches and can affect deciduous, permanent and supernumerary teeth. Dens invaginatus is a developmental anomaly resulting from invagination of a portion of crown forming within the enamel organ during odontogenesis. The most extreme form of dens invaginatus is known as dilated odontoma.

# Epidemiology
Odontomas are thought to be the second most frequent type of odontogenic tumor worldwide (after ameloblastoma), accounting for about 20% of all cases within this relatively uncommon tumor category which shows large geographic variations in incidence.

# Notable cases
In July 2014 in Mumbai, India, surgeons at Mumbai's JJ Hospital removed 232 tooth-like growths from a complex odontoma growing in the lower jaw of a 17-year-old boy. This is thought to be the largest ever number of such growths to be identified in a patient.
Also in Mumbai an eight year old had 80 teeth growths removed.
Another exceptional case of compound odontoma was reported in November 2014, involving the extraction of 202 teeth from a 7-year old girl in Gurgaon, India. "
Oil bath
An oil bath is a laboratory heating device which uses boiling oil as the temperature regulator. Since different oils have different boiling points it is possible to obtain a temperature near to the desired temperature by selecting an oil with a boiling point as close as possible to the desired temperature.
An oil bath is essentially a container of oil heated by a hot plate, open flame or other heat source.
See also bain-marie.
Another use of an oil bath is to filter particulates out of air, by leading the air stream through an (unheated) oil bath. This type of air filter was used in car engines, but has been replaced by modern paper air filters.
Omegaven

# Overview
Omegaven is a fatty acid emulsion produced by Fresenius Kabi. It is used for total parenteral nutrition (feeding directly into a venous catheter), e.g. in short bowel syndrome. It is rich in omega-3 fatty acids.
It has gained popularity in children in preference to the more commonly used Intralipid after case reports that it reduced the risk of liver damage.
A recent study indicated that the use of Omegaven may be an appropriate intervention strategy for newborns with a very low birth weight, gastrochisis, and jejunal atresia.
It is currently undergoing a clinical trial at National Taiwan University Hospital.
Although the use of Omegaven in children in the United States is experimental, the use of it in adults in Europe is less controversial. In European studies, Omegaven has been associated with a reduction in psoriasis, when contrasted to administration of omega-6 fatty acid Lipoven. Omegaven has also been associated with reduced mortality and antibiotic use during hospital stays.