Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Tunica media
The tunica media (or just media) is the middle layer of an artery or vein.

# Artery
It is made up of smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue. It lies between the tunica intima on the inside and the tunica adventitia on the outside.
The middle coat (tunica media) is distinguished from the inner by its color and by the transverse arrangement of its fibers.
- In the smaller arteries it consists principally of plain muscle fibers in fine bundles, arranged in lamell and disposed circularly around the vessel. These lamell vary in number according to the size of the vessel; the smallest arteries having only a single layer, and those slightly larger three or four layers. It is to this coat that the thickness of the wall of the artery is mainly due.
- In the larger arteries, as the iliac, femoral, and carotid, elastic fibers unite to form lamell which alternate with the layers of muscular fibers; these lamell are united to one another by elastic fibers which pass between the muscular bundles, and are connected with the fenestrated membrane of the inner coat.
- In the largest arteries, as the aorta and brachiocephalic , the amount of elastic tissue is very considerable; in these vessels a few bundles of white connective tissue also have been found in the middle coat. The muscle fiber cells are about 50 in length and contain well-marked, rod-shaped nuclei, which are often slightly curved.

# Vein
The middle coat is composed of a thick layer of connective tissue with elastic fibers, intermixed, in some veins, with a transverse layer of muscular tissue. 
The white fibrous element is in considerable excess, and the elastic fibers are in much smaller proportion in the veins than in the arteries.

# Additional images
- Vein
- Anatomy of the arterial wall
- Section of a medium-sized artery.
Mineral acid
- Acid-base extraction
- Acid-base reaction
- Acid dissociation constant
- Acidity function
- Buffer solutions
- pH
- Proton affinity
- Self-ionization of water
- Acids:
Lewis acids
Mineral acids
Organic acids
Strong acids
Superacids
Weak acids
- Lewis acids
- Mineral acids
- Organic acids
- Strong acids
- Superacids
- Weak acids
- Bases:
Lewis bases
Organic bases
Strong bases
Superbases
Non-nucleophilic bases
Weak bases
- Lewis bases
- Organic bases
- Strong bases
- Superbases
- Non-nucleophilic bases
- Weak bases
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A mineral acid is an acid derived by chemical reaction from inorganic minerals, as opposed to organic acids. Examples include:
- Hydrochloric acid
- Nitric acid
- Phosphoric acid
- Sulfuric acid
- Boric acid
- Hydrofluoric acid

# Characteristics
Mineral acids range from acids of great strength (example: sulfuric acid) to very weak (boric acid).  As mineral acid molecules tend to consist of only a few atoms, of which many are polar, they tend to be very soluble in water, and insoluble in organic solvents. Mineral acids are very important to chemical procedures.
These acids are most often used in large-scale industries. Dilute solution of hydrochloric acid is used for removing the deposits from inside the boilers. However, precautions are taken to prevent the corrosion of the boiler by the acid. This process is known as de-scaling. Therefore, large quantities of these acids, especially sulfuric acid, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are manufactured for commercial use in huge plants.
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Mithridatism

# Overview
Mithridatism is the practice of protecting oneself against a poison by gradually self-administering non-lethal amounts. The word derives from Mithridates VI, the King of Pontus, who so feared being poisoned that he regularly ingested small doses, aiming to develop immunity. Having been defeated by Pompey, legend has it that Mithridates tried to commit suicide using poison but failed because of his immunity and so had to resort to having a mercenary run him through with his sword.
Generally, there is no practical purpose or favorable cost/benefit ratio for performing mithridatism except for people like zoo handlers, researchers, and circus artists who deal closely with venomous animals. Mithridatization has been tried with success in Australia and Brazil and total immunity has been achieved even to multiple bites of extremely venomous cobras and pit vipers. Bill Haast successfully immunized himself to a number of species of venomous snakes.

# In fiction
Mithridatism has been used as a plot device in novels, films, and TV shows including, among others, Alexandre Dumas, pere's The Count of Monte Cristo; Yoshiaki Kawajiri's Ninja Scroll; Agatha Christie's The Mysterious Affair at Styles; William Goldman's The Princess Bride (and the movie of the same name); and Frisky Dingo.

# In poetry
A.E. Housman's "Terence, this is stupid stuff" (originally published in A Shropshire Lad) invokes mithridatism as a metaphor for the benefit that serious poetry brings to the reader. The final section is a poetic rendition of the Mithridates legend.
Molar volume
In chemistry, the molar volume Vm of a substance is the ratio of the volume V of a sample of that substance  to the number of  moles n  in the sample: Vm = V/n.  Apart from computing molar volume by dividing the volume of the substance by the number of moles of substance, it can also be computed as the substance's molar mass divided by its density. Indeed, if the molar mass of substance X is M(X)  and
the density of a sample of X is  , then the molar volume of X is given by Vm = M(X)/  .
The SI unit of molar volume is cubic metres per mole (m3/mol).  It is the reciprocal of amount of substance concentration (moles per volume).
For an ideal gas, the standard molar volume is the volume that is occupied by one mole of substance (in gaseous form) at standard temperature and pressure (STP) of 273.15 K (0C) and 101325 Pa (1 atmosphere or 760 torr).  It is 0.022413 m3mol-1 or 22.413 L/mol and is directly related to the universal gas constant R in the ideal gas law.
The molar volume for an ideal gas at 298.15 K and 1 bar is 0.024788 m3mol-1 or 24.788 L/mol.
Cubic centimetres (cm3), a measure of volume one million times smaller than a cubic metre, are sometimes also used, to give units of cm3mol-1.
The molar volume is usually given for a solid substance at 298.15 K  (temperature of standard state). Apart from temperature and density, it depends on phase and allotrope of the substance.

# Footnote
-  The ratio of the volume and the mass of a sample is the specific volume of the substancethe inverse of density.
Moniliformin
Moniliformin  is a quite unusual mycotoxin, a feed contaminant that is quite lethal to fowl.
Moniliformin is formed in many cereals by a number of Fusarium species that include, besides Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium avenaceum. Fusarium subglutinans, Fusarium proliferatum and others. 

# Physicochemical information
Solubility information: Moniliformin is soluble in water and polar solvents, such as methanol.
max: 226, 259  in methanol

# Sources and references
-  Moniliformin  product page from Fermentek
-  Moniliformin information leaflet by Romerlab
Monoterpenes
Monoterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16.  Monoterpenes may be linear (acyclic) or contain rings.  Biochemical modifications such as oxidation or rearrangement produce the related monoterpenoids.

# Acyclic
Biosynthetically, isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate are combined to form geranyl pyrophosphate.
Elimination of the pyrophosphate group leads to the formation of acyclic monoterpenes such as ocimene and the myrcenes.  Hydrolysis of the phosphate groups leads to the prototypical acyclic monoterpenoid geraniol. Additional rearrangements and oxidations provide compounds such as citral, citronellal, citronellol, linalool, and many others.  Many monoterpenes found in marine organisms are halogenated, such as halomon.

# Monocyclic
In addition to linear attachments, the isoprene units can make connections to form rings.  The most common ring size in monoterpenes is a six-membered ring.  A classic example is the cyclization of geranyl pyrophosphate to form limonene.
File:LimoneneBiosynthesis.png
The terpinenes, phellandrenes, and terpinolene are formed similarly.  Hydroxylation of any of these compounds followed by dehydration can lead to the aromatic p-cymene. Important terpenoids derived from monocyclic terpenes are menthol, thymol, carvacrol and many others.

# Bicyclic
Geranyl pyrophosphate can also undergo two sequential cyclization reactions to form bicyclic monoterpenes, such as pinene which is the primary constituent of pine resin.
Other bicyclic monoterpenes include carene, sabinene, camphene, and thujene.  Camphor, borneol and eucalyptol are examples of bicyclic monoterpenoids containing ketone, alcohol, and ether functional groups, respectively.
Morton's toe
Morton's toe is the common term for the second toe (second from innermost) being longer than the great toe (Hallux).
The name derives from American orthopaedic surgeon Dudley Joy Morton (1884-1960), who originally described it as part of Morton's triad (a.k.a Morton's syndrome or Morton's foot syndrome): a congenital short first metatarsal bone, a hypermobile first metatarsal segment, and calluses under the second and third metatarsals.
Although commonly described as a disorder, it is sufficiently common to be considered a normal variant of foot shape (its prevalence varies with different populations, but around 10% of feet worldwide have this form). In shoe-wearing cultures it can be problematic: for instance, in causing nail problems from wearing shoes with a profile that doesn't accommodate the longer second toe.
It has a long association with disputed anthropological and ethnic interpretations. Morton called it Metatarsus atavicus, considering it an atavism recalling prehuman grasping toes. In statuary and shoe fitting it has been called the Greek foot (as opposed to the Egyptian foot, where the great toe is longer). It was an idealised form in Greek sculpture, and this persisted as an aesthetic standard through Roman and Renaissance periods and later (the Statue of Liberty has toes of this proportion). The French call it pied ancestral or pied de Neanderthal.
Confusion has arisen from the term also sometimes being used for a different condition, Morton's neuroma, a term coined by Thomas George Morton (1835-1903) for a syndrome involving pain caused by neuroma between the third and fourth toes.
Mouth mirror

# Overview
A mouth mirror or dentist's mirror is an instrument in dentistry commonly used in the dental armamentarium. The head of the mirror is usually round, and the most common sizes used are the No 4 and No 5. A No. 2 is sometimes used when a smaller mirror is needed, such as when working on posterior teeth with a dental dam in place. The mouth mirror has a wide range of uses. Three of its most important functions are allowing indirect vision by the dental health care provider, reflecting light onto desired surfaces, and retraction of soft tissues.
Indirect vision is needed in certain locations of the mouth where visibility is difficult or impossible.  The posterior (or lingual) surfaces of the anterior maxillary teeth is a notable area where mouth mirrors are often employed.  Other areas of the mouth can be viewed more readily with the mouth mirror, even though it would be possible to see them if the dentist or dental hygienist adjusted their body into a poor position. Without the mouth mirror, poor body positioning would occur daily and lead to chronic musculo-skeletal problems, especially of the back and neck.
There are other areas of the mouth where lighting is difficult, even with the over head lights used regularly in dental offices. In these instances, the mouth mirror is used to reflect light onto those surfaces. This is especially useful if the mirror is simultaneously being used for indirect vision of an obscure area.
Additionally, the mouth mirror is used to retract tissues, such as the tongue or cheeks, to gain better visualization of the teeth.
Dentist's mirrors are also commonly used by engineers to allow vision in tight spaces and around corners in equipment. They are a common tool in optics and laser labs as well.
MuSK protein
MuSK (for Muscle-Specific Kinase) is a receptor tyrosine kinase required for the formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction. It is activated by a nerve-derived proteoglycan called agrin.

# MuSK signaling
Upon activation by its ligand agrin, MuSK signals via the proteins called casein kinase 2 (CK2), Dok-7 and rapsyn, to induce "clustering" of acetylcholine receptors (AChR). Both CK2 and Dok-7 are required for MuSK-induced formation of the neuromuscular junction, since mice lacking Dok-7 failed to form AChR clusters or neuromuscular synapses, and since downregulation of CK2 also impedes recruitment of AChR to the primary MuSK scaffold. In addition to the proteins mentioned, other proteins are then gathered, to form the endplate to the neuromuscular junction. The nerve terminates onto the endplate, forming the neuromuscular junction - a structure required to transmit nerve impulses to the muscle, and thus initiating muscle contraction.

# Role in disease
Antibodies directed against this protein (Anti-MuSK autoantibodies) are found in those patients with myasthenia gravis not demonstrating antibodies to the acetylcholine receptor (sero-negative). The disease still appears to result in an autoimmune loss of acetylcholine receptor activity, but the phenotype of these patients appears to be different from those of many other myasthenic patients: more likely women, less eye involvement, more likely to have weakness of neck and oropharynx, and more likely to be African-American in ethnicity.
Muconic acid

# Overview
Muconic acid is a dicarboxylic acid.  There are three isomeric forms designated trans,trans-muconic acid, cis,trans-muconic acid, and cis,cis-muconic acid which differ by the geometry around the double bonds.
trans,trans-Muconic acid is a metabolite of benzene in humans.  The determination of its concentration in urine is therefore used as a biomarker of occupational or environmental exposure to benzene.  Synthetically, trans,trans-muconic acid can be prepared from adipic acid.
cis,cis-Muconic acid is produced by some bacteria by the enzymatic degradation of various aromatic chemical compounds.
Sly syndrome

# Overview
Mucopolysaccharidosis Type VII or Sly syndrome (named after its discoverer William Sly in 1969) is also sometimes called MPS. The defective gene lies on chromosome 7. MPS is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait.
It is an extremely rare inherited metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme -glucuronidase, a lysosomal enzyme. Sly syndrome belongs to a group of disorders known as the mucopolysaccharidoses, which are lysosomal storage diseases. In Sly syndrome, the deficiency in -glucuronidase leads to the accumulation of certain complex carbohydrates (mucopolysaccharides) in many tissues and organs of the body.

# Symptoms
The symptoms of Sly syndrome are similar to those of Hurler syndrome (MPS I). The symptoms include:
- in the head, neck, and face: coarse (Hurler-like) facies and macrocephaly, frontal prominence, premature closure of sagittal lambdoid sutures, and J-shaped sella turcica
- in the eyes: corneal opacity and iris colobmata
- in the nose: anteverted nostrils and a depressed nostril bridge
- in the mouth and oral areas: prominent alveolar processes and cleft palate
- in the thorax: usually pectus carinatum or exacavatum and oar-shaped ribs; also a protruding abdomen and inguinal or umbilical hernia
- in the extremities: talipes, an underdeveloped ilium, aseptic necrosis of femoral head, and shortness of tubular bones occurs
- in the spine: kyphosis or scoliosis and hook-like deformities in thoracic and lumbar vertebrate
- in the bones: dysotosis multiplex
In addition recurrent pulmonary infections occur. Hepatomegaly occurs in the gastrointestinal system. Splenomegaly occurs in the hematopoietic system. Inborn mucopolysaccharide metabolic disorders due to -glucuronidase deficiency with granular inclusions in granulocytes occurs in the biochemical and metabolic systems. Growth and motor skills are affected, and mental retardation also occurs.

# Symptoms
MPS type VII occurs in only 1:250,000 people.

# Other names
Mucopolysaccahridosis Type VII is also known as -glucurondinase deficiency, -glucurondinase deficiency mucopolysaccahridosis,
GUSB deficiency, mucopolysaccahride storage disease VII, MCA, and MR.
Mucous gland
Mucous glands, found in several different parts of the body, typically stain lighter than serous glands during standard histological preparation. Most are multicellular, but goblet cell are single-celled glands.

# Mucous salivary glands
The mucous salivary glands are similar in structure to the labial and buccal glands.
They are found especially at the back part behind the vallate papillae, but are also present at the apex and marginal parts.
In this connection the anterior lingual glands (Blandin or Nuhn) require special notice.
They are situated on the under surface of the apex of the tongue, one on either side of the frenulum, where they are covered by a fasciculus of muscular fibers derived from the Styloglossus and Longitudinalis inferior.
They are from 12 to 25 mm. long, and about 8 mm. broad, and each opens by three or four ducts on the under surface of the apex.
Muscle spasm

# Overview
A spasm is a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle, a group of muscles, or a hollow organ, or a similarly sudden contraction of an orifice.  It is sometimes accompanied by a sudden burst of pain, but is usually harmless and ceases after a few minutes. Spasmodic muscle contraction may also be due to a large number of medical conditions, however, including the dystonias.
By extension, a spasm is temporary burst of energy, activity, or emotion.
A subtype of spasms is colic, an episodic pain due to spasms of smooth muscle in a particular organ (e.g. the bile duct). A characteristic of colic is the sensation of having to move about, and the pain may induce nausea or vomiting if severe. Series of spasms or permanent spasms are called a spasmism.
In very severe cases, the spasm can induce muscular contractions that are more forceful than the sufferer could generate under normal circumstances. This can lead to torn tendons and ligaments.
Some argue that hysterical strength is a type of spasm induced by the brain under extreme circumstances.

# Causes
- Drugs side effect: Hydrochlorothiazide
Mutarotation

# Overview
Mutarotation is the term given to the change in the specific rotation of plane polarized light, when it is passed through an aldohexose (a monosaccharides with six carbon atoms and H-C=O group). Mutarotation refers to the conversion of a pure anomer of a hemiacetal carbohydrate to an equilibrium mixture of two anomers.
As the name suggests, it is the change in rotation ("Muta" means "Change").
Plane polarized light is obtained by passing ordinary light through a nicol prism.
During mutarotation, either  or  forms keep changing into the chain structure periodically to and fro.
Mutarotation also refers to the interconversion between the  and  anomers. However it must be converted to the open chain structure first before it can change conformation to the  or  position.
For example, in glucose, carbon 1 (the aldehyde carbon) is the anomeric carbon. In fructose, carbon 2 (the keto carbon) is anomeric. Unlike the epimers, which are stable under ordinary conditions, anomers interconvert spontaneosly.
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Nanoarchaeum
Nanoarchaeum equitans is a species of tiny microbe, discovered in 2002 in a hydrothermal vent off the coast of Iceland by Karl Stetter.  Since it grows in temperatures approaching boiling, it is considered to be a thermophile.  Nanoarchaeum appears to be an obligatory symbiont on the archaeon Ignicoccus; it must be in contact with the host organism to survive.  Its cells are only 400 nm in diameter, making it the next smallest known living organism, excepting possibly nanobacteria and nanobes, whose status as living organisms are controversial.  Its genome is only 490,885 nucleotides long; the smallest non-viral genome ever sequenced next to C. ruddii's in 2006.
Genetically, Nanoarchaeum is peculiar in that its 16S rRNA sequence is undetectable by the most common methods.  Initial examination of single-stranded ribosomal RNA indicated that the organism most likely belonged to the Archaea domain. However, its difference from the existing phyla, Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota, was as great as the difference between the phyla.  Therefore, it was given its own phylum, called Nanoarchaeota.  However, another group (see References) compared all of the open reading frames to the other Archaea.  They argue that the initial sample, ribosomal RNA only, was biased and Nanoarchaeum actually belongs to the Euryarchaeota phylum.
The sequencing of the Nanoarchaeum genome has revealed a wealth of information about the organism's biology.  The genes for several vital metabolic pathways appear to be missing.  Nanoarchaeum cannot synthesize most nucleotides, amino acids, lipids, and cofactors.  The cell most likely obtains these biomolecules from Ignicoccus.  However, unlike many parasitic microbes, Nanoarchaeum has many DNA repair enzymes, as well as everything necessary to carry out DNA replication, transcription, and translation.  This may explain why the genome lacks the large stretches of non-coding DNA characteristic of other parasites. The organism's ability to produce its own ATP is also in question.  Nanoarchaeum lacks the ability to metabolize hydrogen and sulfur for energy, as many thermophiles do.  It does have five subunits of an ATP synthase as well as pathways for oxidative deamination.  Whether it obtains energy from biological molecules imported from Ignicoccus, or whether it receives ATP directly is currently unknown. The genome and proteome composition of N. equitans are marked with the signatures of dual adaptation  one to high temperature and the other to obligatory parasitism (or symbiosis).
Nanopin film

# Overview
Nanopin film is an experimental material in nanotechnology developed in 2005 with unusual superhydrophobic properties . A droplet of water makes contact with the surface of this film and forms an almost perfect sphere with a contact angle of 178. The film is able to do this because it is covered with nanoscale topped off pins or cones perpendicular to the surface. The surface is regarded as a composite material with mostly air and a small fraction made up by the tops of the cones. When the contact angle of the cone material is sufficiently large Cassie's law predicts large contact angle values for the composite.
This particular nanopin film is produced with borosilicate glass as the primary substrate. A solution of CoCl26H2O or cobalt chloride hexahydrate is heated at 60 C for 24 hours in a chemical bath deposition to form a brucite type cobalt(II) hydroxide layer with composition
The top coating is provided by lauric acid in a separate step. A 3 square micrometer surface now contains on average 166 such cones with cone height of around 100 nm and the cone diameter at the tip of 6.5 nm. The Cassie's law prediction for this material with the lauric acid surface area of 0.000612 and flat film contact angle of 75 is 177.8.