Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Wiley Protocol
The Wiley Protocol is a controversial form of bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT) devised and advocated by T. S. Wiley.  Wiley promotes the Wiley Protocol as a means of restoring or preserving health, which is a step beyond the symptomatic treatment of conventional hormone replacement therapy.  The protocol is an attempt to relieve the symptoms of menopause and increase health through the recreation of a pre-menopausal woman's monthly hormonal cycle using rhythmic doses of hormones standardized to a uniform purity.
The protocol has been criticized by members of the medical community for lacking proof. In addition there are criticisms about the dosages of the hormones used, and about Wiley's lack of qualifications to design the protocol.  The protocol has not been empirically verified as safe or effective.

# Specific dosing
The Wiley Protocol uses bioidentical hormones, specifically estradiol and progesterone.  Hormones are applied transdermally, using an oil-based skin cream for topical administration.  Doses of the hormones vary throughout a 28-day cycle that is designed to mimic the hormone levels and changes of a young woman who experiences regular menstruation, with each hormone cycling and peaking at separate times throughout the period.  The protocol is promoted as differing from conventional hormone replacement therapy in several ways:
- The use of plant-derived hormones that are identical to endogenous hormones found in the body, rather than the synthetic derivatives of conventional hormone replacement therapy such as premarin
- A dose that varies over a 28-day cycle rather than remaining static
- Topical rather than oral administration
The protocol also includes a follow-up program to monitor the serum of the bioidentical hormones.
Wiley has stated that in her opinion, the most important aspect of the protocol is the specific schedule and levels of the hormone doses rather than their bioidentical nature.

# Criticism
Concerns have been raised that serum levels may not be an acceptable marker for transdermally administered hormones, that some women have experienced significant side effects while following the protocol and have stopped using it, and that the dosages used are too high and not physiologic.
T. S. Wiley and Suzanne Somers have been criticized by some physicians for their advocacy of the Wiley Protocol. A group of seven doctors issued a public letter to Somers and her publisher, Crown, in which they state that the protocol is "scientifically unproven and dangerous" and cite Wiley's lack of medical and clinical qualifications.  Somers is acting as a spokesperson for the protocol and was not involved in the development of the Wiley Protocol or its ongoing development.
William Hewson
William Hewson (1739-1774) was an 18th Century surgeon, anatomist and physiologist who has sometimes been referred to as the 'father of haematology'. He was born on 14th November 1739 in Hexham. He initially studied in 1753 in at the Newcastle Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne (which later became the Royal Victoria Infirmary) under its founder Richard Lambert and much later in the winter of 1761/1762 in Edinburgh and was a student, and later an assistant, of William Hunter. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1770.
His major contribution was in isolating fibrin, a key protein in the blood coagulation process. He also contributed work on the lymphatic system by showing the existence of lymph vessels in animals and explaining their function (work for which he was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society in 1769), and demonstrated that red blood cells were flat rather than spherical as had been previously supposed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek. In 1773 he produced evidence for the concept of a cell membrane in red blood cells - however, this last work was largely ignored.
On 10th July 1770 he married Mary Stevenson (better known as Polly), a London friend of Benjamin Franklin. From September 1772 he ran an anatomy school at 36 Craven Street, where Franklin lodged in London (which is now the Benjamin Franklin House museum).
In 1998, workmen restoring the London home (Benjamin Franklin House) dug up the remains of six children and four adults hidden below the home. The Times reported on February 11, 1998:
Initial estimates are that the bones are about 200 years old and were buried at the time Franklin was living in the house, which was his home from 1757 to 1762 and from 1764 to 1775. Most of the bones show signs of having been dissected, sawn or cut. One skull has been drilled with several holes. Paul Knapman, the Westminster Coroner, said yesterday: "I cannot totally discount the possibility of a crime. There is still a possibility that I may have to hold an inquest."
The Friends of Benjamin Franklin House (the organization responsible for the restoration of Franklin's house at 36 Craven Street in London) note that the bones were likely placed there by William Hewson, who lived in the house for 2 years. They note that Franklin likely knew what Hewson was doing.
He died on 1st May 1774 as a result of sepsis contracted whilst dissecting a cadaver
Hewson's work was continued after his death by Magnus Falconar, who had married Hewson's sister Dorothy in September 1774. Falconar repeated Hewson's experiments on the spleen and thymus and as a result re-published Hewson's work on red blood cells in 1777 together with his corroboration.
World AIDS Day
World AIDS Day, observed December 1 each year, is dedicated to raising awareness of the AIDS pandemic caused by the spread of HIV infection. AIDS has killed more than 25 million people, with an estimated 38.6 million people living with HIV, making it one of the most destructive epidemics in recorded history. Despite recent, improved access to antiretroviral treatment and care in many regions of the world, the AIDS epidemic claimed an estimated 3.1 million (between 2.8 and 3.6 million) lives in 2005 of which, more than half a million (570,000) were children.
The concept of a World AIDS Day originated at the 1988 World Summit of Ministers of Health on Programmes for AIDS Prevention. Since then, it has been taken up by governments, international organizations and charities around the world.
From its inception until 2004, UNAIDS spearheaded the World AIDS Day campaign, choosing annual themes in consultation with other global health organizations. In 2005 this responsibility was turned over to World AIDS Campaign (WAC), who chose Stop AIDS: Keep the Promise as the main theme for World AIDS Day observences through 2010, with more specific sub-taglines chosen annually. This theme is not specific to World AIDS Day, but is used year-round in WAC's efforts to highlight HIV/AIDS awareness within the context of other major global events including the G8 Summit. World AIDS Campaign also conducts in-country campaigns throughout the world, like the Student Stop AIDS Campaign, an infection-awareness campaign targeting young people throughout the UK.
It is common to hold memorials to honor persons who have died from HIV/AIDS on this day. Government and health officials also observe, often with speeches or forums on the AIDS topics. Since 1995 the President of the United States has made an official proclamation on World AIDS Day. Governments of other nations have followed suit and issued similar annoucements.
Wright's stain
Wright's stain is a technique in histology that is used to make the differences between cells visible under light microscopy. It is used in the examination of peripheral blood smears and bone marrow aspirates.
Wright's stain is also used in cytogenetics to stain chromosomes on slides for visualization and diagnosis of sydromes and disease.
It is named for James Homer Wright, who devised the stain, a modification of 
the Romanowsky stain, in 1902. Because it distinguishes easily between blood cells, it became widely used for performing differential white blood cell counts, which are routinely ordered when infections are expected, and as part of an assessment of overall health.
There are related stains known as the buffered Wright stain, the Wright-Giemsa stain, and the buffered Wright-Giemsa stain, and specific instructions depend on the solutions being used, which may include Eosin Y, Azure B, and Methylene Blue (some commercial preparations combine solutions to simplify staining). The May-Grunwald stain, which produces a more intense coloration, also takes a longer time to perform.
White blood cells stained with Wright's stain:
Zocor overdose

# Overdosage topics
Overdose in clinical trials
Overdose in patients
Dialyzability of Simvastatin

## Overdose in clinical trials
Significant lethality was observed in mice after a single oral dose of 9 g/m2. No evidence of lethality
was observed in rats or dogs treated with doses of 30 and 100 g/m2, respectively. No specific diagnostic
signs were observed in rodents. At these doses the only signs seen in dogs were emesis and mucoid
stools. Return to top

## Overdose in patients
A few cases of overdosage with ZOCOR have been reported; the maximum dose taken was 3.6 g. All
patients recovered without sequelae. Until further experience is obtained, no specific treatment of
-verdosage with ZOCOR can be recommended. Return to top

## Dialyzability of Simvastatin
The dialyzability of simvastatin and its metabolites in man is not known at present. Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Zuclopenthixol
Zuclopenthixol (marketed as Cisordinol, Clopixol or Acuphase) is a typical antipsychotic neuroleptic drug of the thioxanthene group. It mainly acts by antagonism of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors, though it also has some antihistamine activity. It is produced and marketed by Lundbeck pharmaceutical company.
It is available in three forms:
- As zuclopenthixol decanoate (Clopixol), it is a long acting intramuscular injection. Its main use is as a long acting injection given two or three weekly to people with schizophrenia who have a poor compliance with medication and suffer frequent relapses of illness. In some countries this can be involuntary under Community Treatment Orders. There is some evidence it may be more helpful in managing aggressive behaviour.
- As zuclopenthixol acetate (Acuphase), it is a shorter acting intramuscular injection used in the acute sedation of psychotic inpatients. The effect peaks at 4872 hours providing 23 days of sedation.
- As zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride (Clopixol tablets), it is a tablet used in the treatment of schizophrenia in those who are compliant with oral medication.

# Side effects
The side effects are similar to many other typical antipsychotics, namely extrapyramidal symptoms as a result of dopamine blockade in subcortical areas of the brain. This may result in symptoms similar to those seen in Parkinsons Disease and include a restlessness and inability to sit still known as akathisia, a slow tremor and stiffness of the limbs. Zuclopenthixol is thought to be more sedating than the related flupentixol, though possibly less likely to induce extrapyramidal syproms than other typical depots. As with other dopamine antagonists, zuclopenthixol may sometimes elevate prolactin levels; this may occasionally result in amenorrhoea or galactorrhoea in severe cases. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is a rare but potentially fatal side effect. Any unexpected deterioration in mental state with confusion and muscle stiffness should be seen by a physician.

# Dosing
As a long acting injection, zuclopenthixol decanoate comes in a 200 mg ampoule. Doses can vary from 50 mg 3 weekly to (rarely) 400 mg 2 weekly. In general, the lowest effective dose to prevent relapse is preferred. The interval may be shorter as a patient starts on the medication before extending to 3 weekly intervals subsequently. The dose should be reviewed and reduced in side effects occur, though in the short term an anticholinergic medication benztropine may be helpful for tremor and stiffness, while diazepam may be helpful for akathisia. 100 mg of zuclopenthixol decanoate is roughly equivalent to 20 mg of flupentixol decanoate or 12.5 mg of fluphenazine decanoate.
In acutely psychotic and agitated inpatients, 50 - 200 mg of zuclopenthixol acetate may be given for a calming effect over the subsequent three days, with a maximum dose of 400 mg in total to be given. As it is a long-acting medication, care must be taken not to give an excessive dose.
In oral form zuclopenthixol is available in 10, 25 and 40 mg tablets, with a dose range of 20 - 60 mg daily.
2-Oxazolidone
2-Oxazolidone is a heterocyclic organic compound containing both nitrogen and oxygen in a 5-membered ring.

# Oxazolidinones

## Evans auxiliaries
Oxazolidinones are a class of compounds containing 2-oxazolidone in the structure. In chemistry, they are useful as Evans auxiliaries, which are used for chiral synthesis. Usually, the acid chloride substrate reacts with the oxazolidinone to form an imide. Substituents at the 4 and 5 position of the oxazolidinone direct any aldol reaction to the alpha position of the carbonyl of the substrate.

## Pharmaceuticals
Oxazolidinones are used as antibiotics. Some of the most important oxazolidinones are the last generation of antibiotics used against gram-positive pathogens, including superbugs such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Developed during the nineties when several bacterial strains were becoming resistant against such antibiotics as vancomycin. These antibiotics are considered as a choice of last resort where every other antibiotic therapy has failed.   Linezolid (Zyvox), the only currently available agent in this class, is available for intravenous administration and also has the advantage of having excellent oral bioavailability.
The first commercially available oxazolidinone antibiotic was Linezolid. In 2002 AstraZeneca introduced the AZD2563 antibiotic. Results indicate that AZD2563 has excellent, targeted activity against all common gram-positive bacteria, regardless of resistance to other classes of antibiotics. The anticoagulant rivaroxaban, an oxazolidinone derivative, is undergoing trials.
2R hypothesis
The 2R hypothesis or Ohno's hypothesis, first proposed by Susumu Ohno in 1970, is a contested hypothesis in genomics and molecular evolution suggesting that the genomes of the early vertebrate lineage underwent one or more complete genome duplications, and thus modern vertebrate genomes reflect paleopolyploidy.  The name derives from the 2 rounds of duplication hypothesized by a 1994 version, and the term 2R hypothesis was probably coined in 1999; variations in the number of duplications typically still are referred to as examples of the 2R hypothesis.  Since Ohno proposed the first version of it in Evolution by Gene Duplication, the 2R hypothesis has been the subject of much research, but even with recent data from the human genome, it remains a matter of scientific dispute.

# Ohno's argument
Ohno presented the first version of the 2R hypothesis as part of his larger argument for the general importance of gene duplication in evolution.  Based on relative genome sizes, he suggested that ancestral fish or amphibians had undergone at least one and possibly more cases of "tetraploid evolution".  He later added to this argument the evidence that most paralogous genes in vertebrates do not demonstrate genetic linkage.  Ohno argued that linkage should be expected in the case of individual tandem duplications (in which a duplicate gene is added adjacent to the original gene on the same chromosome), but not in the case of chromosome duplications.

# Later evidence
The 2R hypothesis saw a resurgence of interest in the 1990s, with multiple suggestions for the time and number of duplications.  Estimates for the dates of duplication events range from before 640 million years ago to after 450 million years ago.  One argument for the hypothesis relies on the number of genes in mammals, which was previously estimated at around four times the number in invertebrate genomes (though more recent estimates are less than half that).  Some analyses of gene families in human chromosomes have shown patterns that are not consistent with the 2R hypothesis.  Parsimony analysis has produced some results that, while not supportive of the hypothesis, do not rule it out.  According to a 2001 review of the subject by Wojciech Makaowski, "the hypothesis of whole genome duplications in the early stages of vertebrate evolution has as many adherents as opponents"; Makaowski argues that the overall balance of current evidence seems to be against it, but that it is not easily falsifiable because it can be modified to accommodate a wide range of data.  Others analyzing duplications in the draft human genome sequence have claimed that genome data provides evidence of "extensive duplication" and that the parsimony tests that cast doubt on the hypothesis are of questionable validity.
A review in 2007 by Masanori Kasahara states that there is now "incontrovertible evidence supporting the 2R hypothesis" and that "a long-standing debate on the 2R hypothesis is approaching the end".
3D ultrasound

# Background
3D ultrasound is a medical ultrasound technique used during pregnancy, providing three dimensional images of the fetus. Often these images are captured rapidly and animated to produce a "4D ultrasound".
3D ultrasound works similarly to the traditional ultrasound except that the ultrasound waves are directed from multiple angles. The waves are reflected back and captured and together provide enough information to construct a 3-dimensional image in much the same way as 3D movies. 3D Ultrasound was first developed by Olaf von Ramm and Stephen Smith at Duke University in 1987 .
The 3D/4D ultrasound imaging should utilize ultrasound energy subject to the same limits as conventional (2D) ultrasound to create the 3D images.  If the system is used only in the Obstetrics Application, the ultrasound energy is limited by the manufacturer below FDA limits for obstetrical ultrasound, whether scanning 2, 3 or 4 Dimensionally. (The FDA limit for obstetrical ultrasound is 94 mw.cm-2.)  While there is no hard evidence for harmful effects of 3D/4D ultrasound, its use in non-medical situations should be undertaken with the understanding that a risk may exist.
4-Acetoxy-DET
4-Acetoxy-DET (4-Acetoxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine), also known as ethacetin, ethylacybin or 4-AcO-DET  is a hallucinogenic tryptamine. It was first synthesized in 1958 by Albert Hofmann in the Sandoz lab.
Within the body a percentage may be partially hydrolized into the free phenol 4-HO-DET.  Human studies concerning the metabolic fate of this drug are lacking.

# Dosage
4-Acetoxy-DET is orally active, and dosages of 10-25 mg are common. Effects last 4-6 hours.  The free base is also active when smoked in a dose range of 5-20 mg. Smoking 4-acetoxy-DET greatly speeds up the onset; peak effects are experienced within 10 minutes, and are usually over within 1 hour.Template:Specify

# Legality
4-Acetoxy-DET is unscheduled in the United States, but possession and sales of 4-Acetoxy-DET could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act because of its structural similarities to DET.
Methyl yellow
Synonyms and keywords: 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene, Butter yellow.

# Overview
Methyl yellow, or C.I. 11020, is a chemical compound which may be used as a pH indicator.
In aqueous solution at low pH, methyl yellow appears red. Between pH 2.9 and 4.0, methyl yellow undergoes a transition, to become yellow above pH 4.0.
Additional indicators are listed in the article on pH indicators.
As "butter yellow" the agent had been used as a food additive before its toxicity was recognized (Opie EL)
5-HT receptor

# Overview
In the field of neurochemistry, 5-HT receptors are receptors for the neurotransmitter and peripheral signal mediator serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT. 5-HT receptors are located on the cell membrane of nerve cells and other cell types including smooth muscle in animals, and mediate the effects of serotonin as the endogenous ligand and of a broad range of pharmaceutical and hallucinogenic drugs.  5-HT receptors affect the release and activity of other neurotransmitters such as glutamate, dopamine and GABA. 5-HT2A receptors increase the activity of glutamate in many areas of the brain, while some other serotonin receptors have the effect of suppressing glutamate. Increased stimulation of 5-HT2A receptors seem to oppose the therapeutic actions of increased stimulation of other serotonin receptors in anti-depressant and anxiolytic treatments.

# Classification
With the exception of the 5-HT3 receptor, a ligand gated ion channel, all other 5-HT receptors are G protein coupled seven transmembrane (or heptahelical) receptors that activate an intracellular second messenger cascade.

## Families

## Specific proteins/genes
Within these general classes of 5-HT receptors, a number of specific types have been characterized:
Note that there is no 5-HT1C receptor since, after the receptor was cloned and further characterized, it was found to have more in common with the 5-HT2 family of receptors and was redesignated as the 5-HT2C receptor.

# Therapeutic modulation
Various drugs are used to modulate the 5-HT system including some antidepressants, anxiolytics, antiemetics,
antipsychotics and anti-migraine agents.
5-bromouracil
5-Bromouracil (or 5-bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione or 5-BrU or 5-BU) is a brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite or base analog, substituting for thymine in DNA and can induce DNA mutation in the same way as 2-aminopurine. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside derivative (5-bromo-2-deoxy-uridine) is used to treat neoplasms. Its structure can also be found in 5-bromo-2-deoxy-uridine.
5-BrU exists in three tautomeric forms that have different base pairing properties. The keto form (pictured) is complementary to adenine so this can be incorporated into DNA by aligning opposite adenine residues during DNA replication. Alternatively, the enol and ion forms are complementary to guanine. This means that 5-BrU can be present in DNA either opposite adenine or guanine.
The three forms frequently interchange so base-pairing properties can become altered at any time. The result of this is that during a subsequent round of replication a different base is aligned opposite the 5-BrU residue. Further rounds of replication 'fix' the change by incorporating a normal nitrogen base into the complementary strand.
Thus 5-BrU induces a point mutation via base substitution. This base pair will change from an A-T to a G-C or from a G-C to an A-T after a number of replication cycles, depending on whether 5-BU is within the DNA molecule or is an incoming base when it is enolized or ionized.