Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Diosmin
Diosmin is a semisynthetic phlebotropic drug, a member of the flavonoid family. It is used with Hesperidin to control internal symptoms of hemorrhoids (piles). It is an oral phlebotropic drug used in the treatment of venous disease, i.e., chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and hemorrhoidal disease (HD), in acute or chronic hemorrhoids, in place of rubber-band ligation, in combination with fiber supplement, or as an adjuvant therapy to hemorrhoidectomy, in order to reduce secondary bleeding.
Clinical studies have been inconclusive and no review articles on its use in vascular disease have been published. It is sold in the U.S as a dietary supplement without U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval.

# Mechanisms
Diosmin prolongs the vasoconstrictor effect of noradrenaline on the vein wall, increasing venous tone, and therefore reducing venous capacitance, distensibility, and stasis. This increases the venous return and reduces venous hyperpressure present in patients suffering from CVI.
Diosmin improves lymphatic drainage by increasing the frequency and intensity of lymphatic contractions, and by increasing the total number of functional lymphatic capillaries. Furthermore, Diosmin (with Hesperidine ) decreases the diameter of lymphatic capillaries and the intralymphatic pressure.
At the microcirculation level, Diosmin reduces capillary hyperpermeability and increases capillary resistance by protecting the microcirculation from damaging processes.
Diosmin reduces the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules (ICAM1, VCAM1), and inhibits the adhesion, migration, and activation of leukocytes at the capillary level. This leads to a reduction in the release of inflammatory mediators, principally oxygen free radicals and prostaglandins (PGE2, PGF2a).

# Regulatory status
Diosmin is distributed in the U.S. by Nutratech, Inc. as a dietary supplement. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not approve dietary supplements, and cannot prevent a supplement from being marketed until there is strong evidence of harm. In response to Nutratech's premarket notification, the FDA concluded  that there was an "inadequate basis for reasonable expectation of safety."
Nutratech argued that Diosmin has a long history of use in Europe.
Diosmin 95 is currently a prescription medication in Europe that has been used to treat Varicose and Spider veins.  In May of 2006, Stragen International submitted an NDI with the FDA to market Diosmin 95 as a nutritional supplement.  The NDI was approved and Diosmin 95 is now available exclusively through the Venacura brand daily supplement.  ()
Disgust

# Overview
Disgust is an emotion that is typically associated with things that are perceived as unclean, inedible, or infectious.  In The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Charles Darwin wrote that disgust refers to something revolting. Primarily in relation
to the sense of taste, as actually perceived or vividly imagined; and secondarily to anything which causes a similar feeling, through the sense of smell, touch, and even of eyesight. Disgust is one of the basic emotions of Robert Plutchik's theory of emotions. Disgust invokes a characteristic facial expression, one of Paul Ekman's six universal facial expressions of emotion. It is also associated with a fall in heart rate, in contrast, for example, to fear or anger.
Disgust may be further subdivided into physical disgust, associated with physical or metaphorical uncleanness, and moral disgust, a similar feeling related to courses of action.

# Origins and development
Disgust is thought to have its origins in (and in some cases to be identical to) instinctive reactions that evolved as part of natural selection for behavior which tended to prevent food poisoning, or exposure to danger of infection.  Disgust is frequently associated with waste products such as feces or urine, secretions from the human body (such as mucus), and with decomposing flesh, and insects, such as maggots, associated with it.
As in other human instinctual drives, disgust has an instinctual and a socially constructed aspect. Psychologist Paul Rozin has studied the development of feelings of disgust in children.
Jonathan Haidt is a researcher whose work involves exploring the relationship between disgust and various traditional concepts of morality. His theory of social intuitionism seeks to explain the apparently irrational and visceral reactions to violations of the moral order.

# Disgust and shame
Martha Nussbaum, a leading American philosopher, wrote a book published in 2004 entitled Hiding From Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law which examines the relationship of disgust and shame to a society's laws.
A recent study found that women and children were more sensitive to disgust than men. Researchers attempted to explain this finding in evolutionary terms. While some find wisdom in adhering to one's feelings of disgust, some scientists have asserted that "reactions of disgust are often built upon prejudices that should be challenged and rebutted."

# Brain structures
Functional MRI experiments have revealed that the anterior insula in the brain is particularly active when experiencing disgust, when being exposed to offensive tastes, and when viewing facial expressions of disgust.

# Huntington's disease
Many patients suffering from Huntington's disease, a genetically transmitted progressive neurodegenerative disease, are unable to recognize expressions of disgust in others and also don't show reactions of disgust to foul odors or tastes. The inability to recognize disgust in others appears in carriers of the Huntington gene before other symptoms appear.
Disifin
Disifin is a brand name for a powerful disinfectant in tablet or powder. The solution is used in many areas, including hospitals, laboratories, nursing homes, funeral homes, medical, dental and veterinary facilities, and anywhere else where control of pathogens is required. It is typically used for disinfecting surfaces and soaking equipment.
Disifin has a remarkable spectrum of activity against viruses, bacteria, fungi, yeasts and spores and , including mycobacteria such as tuberculosis. It is also effective against Foot and Mouth and Avian flu.
However, for total effectiveness it must be sprayed freely on a surface and allowed to stand for at least 15 minutes before being wiped off. readily biodegradable by use of Ultraviolet(UV) light
DrFirst
DrFirst is a technology company located in Rockville, Maryland. They are focused on providing systems and software to assist the Healthcare Industry. DrFirst specializes in a full-featured stand-alone electronic prescription management system. They began in 2000 with Rcopia, their first product. DrFirsts technology keeps the Healthcare world interconnected by helping physician practices, IPAs, hospitals, health plans, pharmacies and others communicate electronically.
Rcopia and the other healthcare technology products that DrFirst has developed are designed by a management team that includes medical doctors and highly experienced technology specialists acting under the guidance and collective expertise of their Physician's Advisory Board. Utilizing the latest advancements in Internet, security, wireless, web and Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) technology, DrFirst Rcopia electronic prescribing can be interfaced with most Practice Management and Electronic Medical Records software.
DrFirst is partnered with SureScripts, RxHub, FirstDataBank, RelayHealth, Epocrates and many others, to give healthcare providers access to reliable and up to date information and services so they can better serve their patients.
Resources: DrFirst
Dranath
Dranath is a fictional herb created by author Melanie Rawn for her novels of the Dragon Prince and Dragon Star trilogies.
Grown only in the Veresch Mountains of Princemarch, the herb has several properties.  When boiled, dried, and powdered, dranath can enhance the powers of a Sunrunner or sorcerer, while also helping Sunrunners cross water without illness. In this form the drug is very addicting; withdrawal will almost certainly kill the imbiber.  Dranath can also cure the disease known as "The Plague", a malady which affects both humans and dragons. For non-gifted people this drug works as a hallucinogen.

# Addiction
Addiction is the strongest and most dangerous side-effect of dranath. As more of the drug is used, more of the drug is needed to satisfy the craving. Abstinance from the drug causes headaches, a swelling tongue, shaking limbs, aversion to brightness, and a chill as well as an overall ache and fatigue. In extreme cases of fighting the addiction, the victim is nearly insensible. Severe withdrawal causes unconsciousness, memory lapses, vivid and sexually explicit dreams, an itching sensation inside and out, vomiting, cramps, sweating, a foul smell, and deep, gut-twisting agony. The pain of withdrawal in these cases can drive the victim to injure him- or herself in the attempt to get more dranath or to escape the pain. If tied down, the victim's flailing might pull his/her arms from their sockets. He/She might also bite their tongue off. The culmination of all the withdrawal effects eventually weakens the body to the point of total exhaustion. At this point the heart may give out; if it does, then unless the heart restarts (often by CPR) and the victim is able to breathe, he or she will die at long last.
Too much of the drug can kill a victim just as easily as withdrawal. The imbiber feels as if they are drowning, are unable to breath, and become overwhelmed by the drug.

# Characters Associated with Dranath
- Aldiara
- Crigo
- Hollis
- Rohannon
- Roelstra
- Segev
- Sioned
EIF2AK1
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EIF2AK1 gene.

# Function
EIF2AK1 inhibits protein synthesis at the translation initiation level, in response to various stress conditions, including oxidative stress, heme deficiency, osmotic shock and heat shock. EIF2AK1 exerts its function through the phosphorylation of EIF2S1 at 'Ser-48' and 'Ser-51', thus preventing its recycling. Binds hemin forming a 1:1 complex through a cysteine thiolate and histidine nitrogenous coordination. This binding occurs with moderate affinity, allowing it to sense the heme concentration within the cell. Owing to this unique heme-sensing capacity, it plays a crucial role in shutting off protein synthesis during acute heme-deficient conditions. In red blood cells (RBCs), it controls hemoglobin synthesis ensuring a coordinated regulation of the synthesis of the heme and globin moieties of hemoglobin. Thus plays an essential protective role for RBC survival in anemias of iron deficiency. Similarly, in hepatocytes, involved in heme-mediated translational control of CYP2B and CYP3A and possibly other hepatic P450 cytochromes. EIF2AK1 also act to moderate ER stress during acute heme-deficient conditions.

# Enzymology
EIF2AK1 is a kinase, thus it catalyses the following reaction:
ATP + a protein = ADP + a phosphoprotein
EIF2AK1 is induced by acute heme depletion, that not only increases EIF2AK1 protein levels, but also stimulates kinase activity by autophosphorylation. Inhibited by the heme-degradation products biliverdin and bilirubin. Induced by oxidative stress generated by arsenite treatment. Binding of nitric oxide (NO) to the heme iron in the N-terminal heme-binding domain activates the kinase activity, while binding of carbon monoxide (CO) suppresses kinase activity.
cite:
The HRI gene is localized to 7p22 where its 3' end slightly overlaps the 3' end of the gene JTV1. The two genes are transcribed from opposite strands. Studies in rat and rabbit suggest that the HRI gene product phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2. Its kinase activity is induced by low levels of heme and inhibited by the presence of heme.
Earlobe

# Overview
On the ear of humans and many other animals, the earlobe (lobulus auricul, sometimes simply lobe or lobule) is the soft lower part of the external ear, similar in composition to the labia, or pinna.  It is the lowermost portion of the human pinna, projecting below the antitragus.  The earlobe is composed of tough areolar and adipose (fatty) connective tissues, lacking the firmness and elasticity of the rest of the pinna, since the earlobe contains no cartilage.  Earlobes have a large blood supply and may help to warm the ears, but generally earlobes are not considered to have any biological function.

# Size and shape
Earlobes average about 2 cm long, and enlongate slightly with age.  Human earlobes may be free (hanging free from the head) or attached (joined to the head).  Whether the earlobe is free or attached is a classic example of a simple genetic dominance relationship; freely hanging earlobes are the dominant allele and attached earlobes are recessive.  Therefore, a person whose genes contain one allele for free earlobes and one for attached lobes will display the freely hanging lobe trait.  Genetically dominant, free earlobes are twice as common in the human population as attached lobes.
Earlobes are normally smooth, but occasionally exhibit creases.  Creased earlobes are associated with genetic disorders, including Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Earlobe creases are also associated with an increased risk of heart attack and coronary heart disease; however, since earlobes become more creased with age, and older people are more likely to experience heart disease than younger people, age may account for the findings linking heart attack to earlobe creases.
The earlobe contains many nerve endings and consequently is an erogenous zone.

# Earlobe piercing
Around the world and throughout human history, the earlobe is the most common location for a body piercing.  Tearing of the earlobe from the weight of very heavy earrings, or traumatic pull of an earring, is fairly common. The repair of such a tear is usually not difficult. Some cultures practice earlobe stretching, using piercing ornaments to stretch and enlarge the earlobes.  Piercing the earlobe poses a much lower risk of infection than piercing other parts of the ear.  Initial healing time for an earlobe piercing is typically 6-8 weeks. After that time, earrings can be changed, but if the hole is left unfilled for an extended period of time, there is some danger of the piercing closing. After healing, earlobe piercings will shrink to smaller gauges in the prolonged absence of earrings, but may never completely disappear.
Ectopia

# Overview
In medicine an ectopia is a displacement or malposition of an organ of the body. Most ectopias are congenital but some may happen later in life.
- Ectopia lentis is the displacement of the crystalline lens of the eye
- Ectopia cordis is the displacement of the heart outside the body during fetal development
- Renal ectopia occurs when both kidneys occur on the same side of the body
- Ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg implants anywhere other than the uterine wall
- Cardiac ectopy occurs when electrical signals for a heartbeat originate in the wrong part of the heart muscle.
In molecular biology a gene is ectopically expressed when it is expressed in an abnormal place.
da:Ektopi
de:Ektopie
it:Ectopia
Eglonyl
Eglonyl is the name of medicine produced by Alkaloid (Skopje, Macedonia), under license from Sanofi Synthelabo, France.
The active susbtance in Eglonyl is sulpiride which works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. The medicine is used to treat schizophrenia and depression.
Eglonyl can be used to booster milk production in lactating women, due to its prolactin stimulating side effect.
Emetrol
Emetrol is the brand name of an over-the-counter antiemetic medicine taken to relieve nausea and vomiting. It is a mixture of glucose, fructose, and phosphoric acid, and comes in syrup form.
Each dose (5mL) contains 1.87g of glucose, 1.87g of fructose and 21.5mg of phosphoric acid.  The inactive ingredients are FD&C red No. 40, flavors, glycerin, methylparaben, and purified water.
Since Emetrol contains fructose it should not be taken by anyone with hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI).  Diabetics should speak with a doctor before taking this medication.
Reference: Pfizer-Emetrol
It should not be taken for more than one hour (5 doses) without consulting a physician. If upset stomach continues or recurs frequently, consult a physician.
For maximum effectiveness, never dilute the medicine or drink fluids of any kind immediately before or after taking.
Emu oil
Emu oil is an oil made from refined fat of the Emu, a bird native to Australia. It has been used for over 1000 years by the Australian aborigines in the treatment of burns,cut wounds,bruise and as a pain reliever for bone muscle and joints disorder. Emu oil is approximately 70% unsaturated fatty acids. The largest component is oleic acid  a mono-unsaturated fatty acid. Emu oil also contains about 20% linoleic (Omega 6) acid and 1-2% linolenic (Omega 3) acid. There is some evidence to suggest that the oil may have medicinal benefit. It is frequently used topically to soften skin and is frequently found in ointments for dry cracked heels.
Emu oil has been shown in studies to aid in reducing scar formation in healed burned wounds,muscle sprain and arthritis, due to its strong anti-inflammatory properties.
Emu oil is a complete neutral lipid, since emu oil lacks phospholipid, making it highly penetrating to the skin.
Enamine
An enamine is an unsaturated compound derived by the reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with a secondary amine followed by loss of H2O.
The word "enamine" is apparently derived from the prefix en-, used as the suffix of alkene, and the root amine.  Compare with enol, which is a molecule containing both alkene (en-) and alcohol (-ol).
If one of the nitrogen substituents is H, it is the tautomeric form of an imine.  This usually will rearrange to the imine; however there are several exceptions (such as aniline).  The enamine-imine tautormerism may be considered analogous to the keto-enol tautomerism.  In both cases, a hydrogen atom switches its location between the heteroatom (oxygen or nitrogen) and the second carbon atom.

# Form
R_2C=CR-NR_2
Enaptin
Enaptin also known as nesprin-1 or synaptic nuclear envelope protein 1 (syne-1) is an actin-binding protein that in humans that is encoded by the SYNE1 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a spectrin repeat containing protein expressed in skeletal and smooth muscle, and peripheral blood lymphocytes, that localizes to the nuclear membrane.
Enaptin is a nuclear envelope protein found in human myocytes and synapses, which is made up of 8,797 amino acids. Enaptin is involved in the maintenance of nuclear organization and structural integrity, tethering the cell nucleus to the cytoskeleton by interacting with the nuclear envelope and with F-actin in the cytoplasm.

# Structure
Enaptin contains a coiled alpha-helical region and a large beta-sheet region in the upper part and at least four alpha-helices spliced together, indicating the similarity with collagen. The protein is made up of three main parts, as can be seen in the diagram:  cytoplasmic (1-8746), anchor for type IV membrane protein (8747-8767), and the sequence for perinuclear space (8768-8797).  The region in the perinuclear space contains a KASH domain.
The molecular weight of the mature protein is approximately 1,011 kDa, and it has a theoretical pI of 5.38.  The protein's chemical formula is C44189H71252N12428O14007S321.  It has a theoretical Instability Index (II) of 51.63, indicating that it would be unstable in a test tube.  The protein's in vivo half-life, the time it takes for half of the amount of protein in a cell to disappear after its synthesis in the cell, is predicted to be approximately 30 hours (in mammalian reticulocytes).

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene have been associated with autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia 8, also referred to as autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia type 1 or recessive ataxia of Beauce.
Entonox
Entonox, referred to colloquially as gas and air, is an analgesic used to ease pain during labour, trauma and minor surgical procedures. Entonox is the trade name for a mixture of fifty percent nitrous oxide (N2O or laughing gas) and fifty percent oxygen (O2). Entonox is administered by inhalation from a cylinder at a pressure of 137 bar (in the UK) or from a pipeline supply.
Its analgesic effect is strong (equivalent to 5 to 10 mg of morphine) and characterised by rapid onset and offset (i.e. it is very fast-acting and wears off very quickly).
Nitrous oxide is itself active (does not require any changes in the body to become active), and so has an onset in roughly the lung-brain circulation time. This gives it a peak action 30s after the start of administration; Entonox should thus be used accordingly, e.g. use should begin 30s before a contraction becomes painful in labour. It is removed from the body unchanged via the lungs, and does not accumulate under normal conditions, explaining the rapid offset.
Entonox is self administered i.e. there is no requirement for an anaesthetist to be present to (amongst other things) control the mix of nitrous oxide and oxygen.
Nitrous oxide can act as an anaesthetic in high doses. Self-administration of Entonox remains safe because if enough is inhaled to start to induce anaesthesia, the patient becomes unable to hold the valve, and so will drop it and soon exhale the residual gas. The 50% oxygen in Entonox ensures the patient will have sufficient oxygen in their system for a short period of apnoea to be safe.
Nitrous oxide and oxygen will separate at low temperatures (<4 C), which will permit administration of hypoxic mixtures. Thus it should never be given from a cold cylinder, and the cylinder should be inverted a few times to mix the gases before use.
Nitrous oxide is more soluble than oxygen and nitrogen, so will tend to diffuse into any air spaces within the body. This makes it dangerous to use in patients with pneumothorax or who have recently been scuba diving, and there are cautions over its use with any bowel obstruction.
Entonox is produced by the BOC Group, which also owns the trademark.
The ability to combine nitrous oxide and oxygen at high pressure while remaining in the gaseous form is due to the Poynting effect (after John Henry Poynting, an English physicist).
The Poynting effect involves the dissolution of gaseous O2 when bubbled through liquid N2O, with vaporisation of the liquid to form a gaseous O2/N2O mixture.