Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Integrin beta 4
Integrin, beta 4 (ITGB4) also known as CD104 (Cluster of Differentiation 104), is a human gene.

# Function
Integrins are heterodimers composed of alpha and beta subunits, that are noncovalently associated transmembrane glycoprotein receptors. Different combinations of alpha and beta polypeptides form complexes that vary in their ligand-binding specificities. Integrins mediate cell-matrix or cell-cell adhesion, and transduced signals that regulate gene expression and cell growth. This gene encodes the integrin beta 4 subunit, a receptor for the laminins. This subunit tends to associate with alpha 6 subunit and is likely to play a pivotal role in the biology of invasive carcinoma. Mutations in this gene are associated with epidermolysis bullosa with pyloric atresia. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene.

# Interactions
ITGB4 has been shown to interact with Collagen, type XVII, alpha 1, EIF6 and Erbin.
Integrin beta 8
Integrin beta-8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGB8 gene.

# Function
This gene is a member of the integrin beta chain family and encodes a single-pass type I membrane protein with a VWFA domain and four cysteine-rich repeats. This protein noncovalently binds to an alpha subunit to form a heterodimeric integrin complex. In general, integrin complexes mediate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions and this complex plays a role in human airway epithelial proliferation. Alternatively spliced variants which encode different protein isoforms have been described; however, not all variants have been fully characterized.  Additionally, it has been shown to interact with RhoGDI1 to alter the activation of Rho GTPases to promote Glioblastoma cell invasiveness.  Uncoupling the v8-RhoGDI1 interaction has been seen to block GBM cell invasion by hyperactivating Rho GTPases.

# Clinical significance
High expression levels of ITGB8 are associated with high angiogenic and poorly invasive glioblastoma tumors.  Conversely low expression of ITGB8 correlates with highly invasive but low angiogenic tumors.
Interleukin 28B
Interleukin 28B (interferon- 3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL28B gene. IL28B has recently been renamed IFNL3 as its official gene symbol.
This gene encodes a cytokine distantly related to type I interferons and the IL-10 family. This gene, interleukin 28A (IL28A), and interleukin 29 (IL29) are three closely related cytokine genes that form a cytokine gene cluster on a chromosomal region mapped to 19q13. Expression of the cytokines encoded by the three genes can be induced by viral infection. All three cytokines have been shown to interact with a heterodimeric class II cytokine receptor that consists of interleukin 10 receptor, beta (IL10RB) and interleukin 28 receptor, alpha (IL28RA). .

# Implications to hepatitis C treatment
In individuals with chronic hepatitis C (HCV), the presence of specific polymorphisms (rs12979860) near the IL28B gene has been associated with an increased response in treatment for the condition with interferon and ribavirin. This polymorphisim was found to be associated with another nearby interferon called as IFNL4 and hence has a potential role in HCV clearance. The same polymorphisms were also demonstrated at higher frequencies in individuals infected with hepatitis C who cleared the infection spontaneously, compared to those that developed chronic hepatitis from the condition. A functional variant that determines the production of an antiviral protein has been linked to the polymorphisms in IL28B and implicated in the clearance of hepatitis C virus.
A non-coding genetic polymorphism (rs4803217) has been shown to significantly change the RNA structure and translation of IFNL3. The dynamic structure of the non-coding RNA produced by the rs4803217 polymorphism may be responsible for the increased HCV clearance of this allele.
Pars intermedia
Pars intermedia is the boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary. It contains three types of cells - basophils, chromophobes, and colloid-filled cysts. The cysts are the remainder of Rathkes pouch.
In human fetal life, this area produces melanocyte stimulating hormone or MSH which causes the release of melanin pigment in skin melanocytes (pigment cells). However, the pars intermedia is normally either very small or entirely absent in adulthood.
In lower vertebrates (fish, amphibians) MSH from the pars intermedia is responsible for darkening of the skin, often in response to changes in background color. This color change is due to MSH stimulating the dispersion of melanin pigment in dermal (skin) melanophore cells.
Internal hernia
Contributors:  Cafer Zorkun M.D., PhD.

# Overview
- Protrusion of the viscera through the peritoneum or mesentery and into a compartment in the abdominal cavity.  
- Most common presentation is an acute  intestinal obstruction of small bowel loops that develops through normal or abnormal apertures.
- Responsible hernial orifices are usually preexisting anatomic structures, such as foramina, recesses, and fossae.
- Pathologic defects of the mesentery and visceral peritoneum, which are caused by congenital mechanisms, surgery, trauma, inflammation, and circulation, are also potential herniation orifices.

# Types of internal hernias
- Foramen of Winslow
- Paraduodenal
- Transmesenteric
- Transomental
- Pericecal
- Sigmoid mesocolon
- Supravesical
- Pelvic hernias

# Diagnostic Findings

## Computed Tomography
- Encapsulation of distended bowel loops with an abnormal location, arrangement or crowding of small-bowel loops within the hernial sac, evidence of obstruction with segmental dilatation and stasis.
- Mesenteric vessel abnormalities, with engorgement, crowding, twisting, and stretching of these vessels
Patient #1: Patient presents with intermittent abdominal pain. The patient had a history of gastric bypass
Images courtesy of RadsWiki
Organ (anatomy)
In biology, an organ (Latin: organum, "instrument, tool") is a group of tissues that perform a specific function or group of functions. Usually there is a main tissue and sporadic tissues. The main tissue is the one that is unique for the specific organ. For example, main tissue in the heart is the myocardium, while sporadic are the nervous, blood, connective etc.

# Animal organs
Common animal (including human) organs include the heart, lungs, brain, eye, stomach, spleen, bones, pancreas,  kidneys, liver, intestines, skin (the largest human organ), uterus, and bladder. Animal organs inside the body are often referred to as internal organs. The internal organs collectively are often called viscera, the plural of the rarely-used term viscus.

# Plant organs
Plant organs can be divided into vegetative and reproductive. Vegetative plant organs are root, stem and leaf, while reproductive are flower, seed and fruit.
The vegetative organs are essential for maintaining the life of a plant (they do the vegetative, vital functions, like photosynthesis), while the reproductive are essential in the
reproduction. But, if there is asexual vegetative reproduction, the vegetative organs are those which create the new generation of plants; therefore usually creating a clonal colony.

# Organ systems
A group of related organs is an organ system. Organs within a system may be related in any number of ways, but relationships of function are most commonly used. For example the urinary system comprises organs that work together to produce, store, and carry urine.
The functions of organ systems often share significant overlap. For instance, the nervous and endocrine system both operate via a shared organ, the hypothalamus. For this reason, the two systems are combined and studied as the neuroendocrine system. The same is true for the musculoskeletal system, which involves the relationship between the muscular and the skeletal system.But with the help of the chloroplasts to turn the plant its green color.

# Organs of the human body by region

## Head and neck
- brain
- face
- ears
- orbit
- eye
- mouth
- tongue
- teeth
- lips
- nose
- scalp
- larynx
- pharynx
- salivary glands
- meninges
- thyroid
- parathyroid gland

## Back
- vertebra
- spinal cord

## Thorax
- mammary gland
- lungs
- heart
- mediastinum
- oesophagus
- diaphragm
- thymus

## Abdomen
- peritoneum
- stomach
- duodenum
- intestine
- colon
- liver
- spleen
- pancreas
- kidney
- adrenal gland
- appendix

## Pelvis and perineum
- pelvis
- sacrum
- coccyx
- ovaries
- Fallopian tube
- uterus
- vagina
- vulva
- clitoris
- perineum
- urinary bladder
- testicles
- rectum
- penis

## Upper limbs/Lower limbs
- muscle
- skeleton
- nerves
- hand
- wrist
- elbow
- shoulder
- hip
- knee
- ankle
Interrod enamel

# Overview
Interrod enamel is histologically identified on microscopic views of tooth enamel.  Because interrod enamel is located around enamel rods, the areas of interrod enamel enhances the "keyhole" appearance of enamel rods by acting as its border.  The location where the two areas of enamel meet is known as the rod sheath.
All tooth enamel, including interrod enamel and enamel rods, is made by ameloblasts.  However, interrod enamel is formed slightly sooner than enamel rods.
Interrod enamel has the same composition as enamel rods.  A distinction is made between the two because they differ in the direction of their crystalline patterns.
Lumen (anatomy)

# Overview
A lumen (Lat. lumen, an opening or light)  (pl. lumina) is an inner space, lining or cavity.
- The interior of a vessel within the body, such as the small central space in an artery or vein, or any of their relating vessels through which blood flows.
- The inner membrane space of a Thylakoid, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, or microtubule.

# On a larger scale it may refer to
- The interior of the gastrointestinal tract 
- The pathways of the bronchi in the lungs
- The interior of urinary collecting ducts
- The single pathway of the vagina
Syrup of ipecac

# Overview
Syrup of Ipecac (derived from the dried rhizome and
roots of the Ipecacuanha plant), is an emetica substance used to induce vomiting. It is used in cases of accidental poisoning, and is perhaps the best-known emetic.  Ipecac is also used in cough mixtures as an expectorant and from the 18th until the early 20th century, Ipecac and opium were used to produce Dover's powder, which was used in syrup form.

# Mechanism of action
The actions of Ipecac are mainly those of its major alkaloids, emetine (methylcephalin) and cephalin. They both act locally by irritating the gastric mucosa and centrally by stimulating the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone to induce vomiting.

# Dosage
In children up to six months of age:
Children 612 months of age:
Children 112 years of age:
Adolescents and adults:
Vomiting typically happens within 15 to 20 minutes.  If the patient has not vomited within 20 to 30 minutes, a second dose can be administered. Saving the vomit is recommended for medical inspection.

# Use
Though it has a long history of use, syrup of Ipecac has come under recent scrutiny.
One recent scientific review (2005) by an expert panel concluded that vomiting alone does not reliably remove poisons from the stomach. The study suggested that indications for use of Ipecac syrup were rare and patients should be treated by more effective and safer means. Additionally, Ipecacs potential side effects, such as lethargy, can be confused with the poisons effects, complicating diagnosis. Ipecac may also delay the administration or reduce the effectiveness of other treatments such as activated charcoal, whole bowel irrigation, or oral antidotes. The current first-line treatment for most ingested poisons is now activated charcoal, which operates much more quickly and effectively than Ipecac treatment.
Although Ipecac was once recommended by pediatricians to be kept in the home, the current guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends against keeping syrup of Ipecac in the home and in fact recommends disposal of any syrup of Ipecac present in the home.
The reason for this new policy was:
- There was no evidence that syrup of Ipecac actually helps improve the outcome in cases of poisoning
- Administering syrup of Ipecac can delay administering more effective treatments, such as activated charcoal and/or antidotes
- Syrup of Ipecac can change neurologic status, and so the effects of the Ipecac can be mistaken for the effects of the poisoning
- Accidental overdose of Ipecac can result when administered in the home
- Universal availability of Ipecac in the home may have contributed to Ipecac abuse by bulimics and intentional misuse of Ipecac in cases of  Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

# Abuse
Ipecac has been used by individuals with bulimia nervosa as a means to achieve weight loss.  Repeated abuse is believed to cause damage to the heart, which can ultimately result in the user's death. It can also destroy teeth due to long term contact with stomach acid, as what generally happens in bulimics. The death of singer Karen Carpenter in 1983 has been popularly attributed to her abuse of Ipecac for weight control.
Iris versicolor
Iris versicolor, also commonly known as the Harlequin Blueflag the Larger Blue Flag and other varitations of those names, is a species of Iris native to North America where it is common in sedge meadows, marshes, and along streambanks and shores.
I. versicolor is a perennial herb, growing 10-80 centimeters high. This iris tends to form large clumps from thick, creeping rhizomes. The unwinged, erect stems generally have basal leaves that are more than 1 cm wide. Leaves are folded on the midribs so that they form an overlapping flat fan. The well developed blue flower has 6 petals and sepals spread out nearly flat and have two forms. The longer sepals are hairless and have a greenish-yellow blotch at their base. The inferior ovary is bluntly angled. Flowers are usually light to deep blue (purple and violet are not uncommon) and bloom during May to July. Fruit is a 3-celled, bluntly angled capsule. The large seeds can be observed floating in fall.
The species has been implicated in several poisoning cases of humans and animals who consumed the rhizomes, which have been found to contain a glycoside, iridin. The sap can cause dermatitis in susceptible individuals.
The blue flag is the provincial flower of Quebec, having replaced the Madonna lily which is not native to the province.

# Reference
- USGS. Wetland Plants and Plant Communities of Minnesota and Wisconsin
- Template:Fr icon Gouvernement du Quebec Emblemes du Quebec - Iris versicolor
de:Blaue Sumpf-Schwertlilie
Isothiazolinone
Isothiazolinones are heterocyclic compounds that are used as biocides. Five derivatives are used in significant amounts:
- Methylisothiazolinone (MIT, MI)
- Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT, CMI, MCI)
- Benzisothiazolinone (BIT)
- Octylisothiazolinone (OIT, OI)
- Dichlorooctylisothiazolinone (DCOIT, DCOI)
The derivative butylbenzisothiazolinone (BBIT) also exists, but does not have the same importance.

# Applications
Isothiazolinones are antimicrobials used to control bacteria, fungi, and algae in cooling water systems, fuel storage tanks, pulp and paper mill water systems, oil extraction systems, wood preservation and antifouling agents. They are frequently used in personal care products such as shampoos and other hair care products, as well as certain paint formulations. There, often combinations of MIT and CMIT (known as Kathon CG) or MIT and BIT are used.

# Biological implications
Together with their wanted function, controlling or killing microorganisms, isothiazolinones also have undesirable effects: They have a high aquatic toxicity and some derivatives (namly CMIT) can cause hypersensitivity by direct contact or via the air.
de:Isothiazolinone
Wiggers diagram
A Wiggers diagram is a standard diagram used in cardiac physiology.
The X axis is used to plot time, while the Y axis contains all of the following on a single grid:
- Blood pressure
Aortic pressure
Ventricular pressure
Atrial pressure
- Aortic pressure
- Ventricular pressure
- Atrial pressure
- Ventricular volume
- Electrocardiogram
- Arterial flow (optional)
- Heart sounds (optional)
By illustrating the coordinated variation of these values, it becomes easier to illustrate the relationship between these values in the cardiac cycle.

# Etymology
It is named after Carl J. Wiggers. (The diagram is frequently incorrectly called a "Wigger's diagram". Although "Wiggers' diagram" would be grammatically correct, it is more frequently rendered "Wiggers diagram", with no apostrophe.)

# Events
Note that during isovolumetric/isovolumic contraction and relaxation, all the heart valves are closed. At no time are all the heart valves open.
- S3 and S4 heart sounds are associated with pathologies and are not routinely heard.

# Additional images
- Ventricular systole
- Cardiac diastole
- The EKG complex. P=P wave, PR=PR interval, QRS=QRS complex, QT=QT interval, ST=ST segment, T=T wave
Thyroid isthmus

# Overview
The thyroid isthmus connects together the lower thirds of the lobes; it measures about 1.25 cm. in breadth, and the same in depth, and usually covers the second and third rings of the trachea.
Its situation and size present, however, many variations.
In the middle line of the neck it is covered by the skin and fascia, and close to the middle line, on either side, by the Sternothyreoideus.
Across its upper border runs an anastomotic branch uniting the two superior thyroid arteries; at its lower border are the inferior thyroid veins.
Sometimes the isthmus is altogether wanting.
J. Kevin Dorsey
J. Kevin Dorsey (born New York, New York) is the Dean, Provost and Professor of Internal Medicine of the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine.

# Career
Dorsey joined the Southern Illinois University at Carbondale faculty as assistant professor of chemistry and biochemistry in 1973 and then returned to earn his medical degree at Southern Illinois University in 1978. After additional training, he rejoined the faculty in 1983 when he was named an assistant professor and coordinated clinical teaching activities for first-year medical students. In 1998, Dorsey was named as associate provost for the southern region in Carbondale.  For 15 years, he also was a rheumatologist with The Carbondale Clinic.  The Board of Trustee at Southern Illinois University appointed Dorsey Dean and Provost of the School of Medicine on August 16, 2002.

# Awards
In 1993, Dorsey was the first Southern Illinois University School of Medicine graduate to be named a Distinguished Alumnus.  Dorsey was awarded a John Templeton Spirituality in Medicine Curricular Award in 2000.

# Education
Dorsey earned his bachelor's degree at Fairfield University in 1964 and his doctoral degree in physiological chemistry at University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1968. He was a postdoctoral fellow in biology at The Johns Hopkins University from 1970 to 1973. After earning his medical degree at Southern Illinois University in 1978, he completed his internal medicine residency and a two-year fellowship in rheumatology at the University of Iowa in Iowa City in 1981 and 1983.
J (psychedelic)
J, BDB, or 3,4-methylenedioxy-alpha-ethyl-phenethylamine, is a psychedelic drug with only limited history of use in humans. . It is also the alpha-ethyl analog of MDPEA and MDA.
BDB was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PIHKAL (Phenethylamines I Have Known and Loved), the dosage range is listed as 150-230 mg, and the duration is listed as 4-8 hours. BDB produces entactogenic, MDMA-like effects. While pleasant and euphoric, BDB is also fairly sedating and some users feel that the lack of stimulant effect makes it less enjoyable than other similar drugs. Additional side effects associated with BDB include nystagmus and dizziness. Shulgin gives it a ++ on the Shulgin Rating Scale. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of BDB.
Animal studies and anecdotal reports show that BDB is a slightly more potent serotonin releaser than its methylated sister compound MBDB. However it is more commonly known as a metabolite of the N-alkylated analogues MBDB and EBDB which have appeared in street "Ecstasy" pills. While BDB itself has not been reported as being sold as "Ecstasy", urine analysis of "Ecstasy" users suggest that this drug may have appeared as a street drug, although it is unclear whether the positive urine test for BDB resulted from consumption of BDB itself or merely as a metabolite of MBDB.
Jamaican ginger

# Overview
Jamaican Ginger Extract (known in the United States by the slang name Jake) was an early 20th century patent medicine that provided a convenient way to bypass Prohibition laws, since it contained between 70-80% ethyl alcohol by weight.
Jake was not itself dangerous, but the U.S. Treasury Department, which administered the Prohibition laws, recognized its potential as an illicit alcohol source and required changes in the solids content of jake to discourage drinking. The requirement of at least 5 grams of ginger solids per cubic centimeter of alcohol resulted in a fluid that was extremely bitter and difficult to drink. Occasionally Department of Agriculture inspectors would test shipments of Jake by boiling the solution and weighing the remaining solid residue. In an effort to trick regulators, bootleggers replaced the ginger solids with a small amount of ginger and either castor oil or molasses.
A pair of amateur chemists and bootleggers, Harry Gross and Max Reisman, worked to develop an alternative adulterant that would pass the tests, but still be somewhat palatable. They settled on a plasticizer, tri-o-tolyl phosphate (also known as tri-ortho cresyl phosphate or TOCP), that was able to pass the Treasury Department's tests but preserved jake's drinkability. TOCP was originally thought to be non-toxic; however, it was later determined to be a neurotoxin that causes axonal damage to the nerve cells in the nervous system of human beings, especially those located in the spinal cord. The resulting type of paralysis is now referred to as organophosphate-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN).
In 1930, large numbers of jake users began to lose the use of their hands and feet. Some victims could walk, but they had no control over the muscles which would normally have enabled them to point their toes upward. Therefore, they would raise their feet high with the toes flopping downward, which would touch the pavement first followed by their heels. The toe first, heel second pattern made a distinctive tap-click, tap-click" sound as they walked. This very peculiar gait became known as the jake walk and those afflicted were said to have jake leg,  jake foot, or jake paralysis. Additionally, the calves of the legs would soften and hang down and the muscles between the thumbs and fingers would atrophy.
Within a few months, the TOCP adulterated jake was identified as the cause of the paralysis and the contaminated jake was recovered, but it was too late for many victims. Some users recovered full or partial use of their limbs, but for most, the loss was permanent. The total number of victims was never accurately determined, but is frequently quoted as between 30,000 to 50,000. Many victims were migrants to the United States and most were poor and consequently had little political or social influence. The victims received very little in the way of assistance, and aside from being the subject of a few blues songs in the early 1930s, they were almost completely forgotten.