Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Butyrophenone
Butyrophenone is a chemical compound (a ketone); some of its derivatives (called commonly butyrophenones) are used to treat various psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, as well as acting as antiemetics.
Butyrophenones are a class of pharmaceutical drugs derived from butyrophenone.
Examples include:
- Haloperidol, the most widely-used drug in this class
- Droperidol, often used for neuroleptanalgesic anesthesia and sedation in intensive-care treatment
- Benperidol, the most potent commonly-used antipsychotic (~ 200 times more potent as chlorpromazine)
- Triperidol, a highly-potent antipsychotic (100 times more potent than chlorpromazine)
- Melperone, a weakly-potent antipsychotic, in Europe commonly used for treatment of insomnia, confusional states, psychomotor agitation, and delirium, in particular, in geriatric patients
- Lenperone
- Domperidone, an dopamine-antagonist antiemetic, derived further from butyrophenone (not being a butyrophenone itself).
The atypical antipsychotic risperidone, although not a butyrophenone, was developed with the structures of benperidol and lenperone as a basis.
de:Butyrophenone
C-type lectin
A C-type lectin (CLEC) is a type of lectin that requires calcium for binding.
An example is the asialoglycoprotein receptor.
CLECs include:
- CLEC1A, CLEC1B
- CLEC2A, CLEC2B, CD69 (CLEC2C), CLEC2D, CLEC2L
- CLEC3A, CLEC3B
- CLEC4A, CLEC4C, CLEC4D, CLEC4E, CLEC4F, CLEC4G, ASGR1 (CLEC4H1), ASGR2 (CLEC4H2), FCER2 (CLEC4J), CD207 (CLEC4K), CD209 (CLEC4L), CLEC4M
- CLEC5A
- CLEC6A
- CLEC7A
- OLR1 (CLEC8A)
- CLEC9A
- CLEC10A
- CLEC11A
- CLEC12A, CLEC12B
- CD302 (CLEC13A), LY75 (CLEC13B), PLA2R1 (CLEC13C), MRC1 (CLEC13D), MRC2 (CLEC13E)
- CLEC14A
- CLEC16A
- CLEC17A
The "NK Cell lectin-like receptors" are a very closely related group:
- KLRA1
- KLRB1 (CLEC5B)
- KLRC1, KLRC2, KLRC3, KLRC4
- KLRD1
- KLRF1 (CLEC5C)
- KLRG1 (CLEC15A), KLRG2 (CLEC15B)
- KLRK1
CAD (protein)
CAD protein (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase) is a trifunctional multi-domain enzyme involved in the first three steps of pyrimidine biosynthesis. De-novo synthesis starts with cytosolic carbamoylphosphate synthetase II which uses glutamine, carbon dioxide and ATP. This enzyme is inhibited by uridine triphosphate (feedback inhibition).
In 2015, the first observed pathological mutations of CAD were found in a four-year-old boy.
CAD protein has been observed in the mid-piece of mammalian spermatozoa, among the mitochondria.
CD5 (protein)
CD5 is a cluster of differentiation expressed on the surface of T cells (various species) and in a subset of murine B cells known as B-1a. The expression of this receptor in human B cells has been a controversial topic and up to date there is no consensus regarding the role of this receptor as a marker of human B cells. B-1 cells have limited diversity of their B-cell receptor due to their lack of the enzyme terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and are potentially self-reactive.  CD5 serves to mitigate activating signals from the BCR so that the B-1 cells can only be activated by very strong stimuli (such as bacterial proteins) and not by normal tissue proteins. CD5 was used as a T-cell marker until monoclonal antibodies against CD3 were developed.
In humans, the gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 11. There is no confirmed ligand for CD5 but there is evidence that CD72, a C-type lectin, may be a ligand or that CD5 may be homophilic, binding CD5 on the surface of other cells. CD5 includes a scavenger receptor cysteine-rich protein domain.
T cells express higher levels of CD5 than B cells. CD5 is upregulated on T cells upon strong activation. In the thymus, there is a correlation with CD5 expression and strength of the interaction of the T cell towards self-peptides.

# Immunohistochemistry
CD5 is a good immunohistochemical marker for T-cells, although not as sensitive as CD3. About 76% of T-cell neoplasms are reported to express CD5, and it is also found in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and mantle cell lymphoma (both being B cell malignancies), that do not express CD3. It is commonly lost in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and its absence can be used as an indicator of malignancy in this condition. The absence of CD5 in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, while relatively rare, is associated with a poor prognosis.
CH activation
Carbon-hydrogen bond activation or CH activation may be defined as a facile carbon hydrogen cleavage reaction with an organometallic MX species that proceeds by coordination of a hydrocarbon to the inner-sphere of M (either via an intermediate alkane or arene complex or a transition state) leading to a M-C intermediate  . Important to this definition is the requirement that during the CH cleavage event the hydrocarbyl species remains associated in the inner-sphere and under the influence of M.
Theoretical studies as well as experimental investigations support this view that classically unreactive CH bonds can be cleaved by such inner-sphere mechanisms.   This emphasis on inner-sphere coordination is based on the presumption that cleavage reactions of the CH bond that proceed in this manner, with strong interaction between the CH bond and M, can be expected to show unique high selectivity.
Much effort is spent in academic research into the design and synthesis of new catalysts that can bring about CH activation. A big driving force for this type of research is that it enables the conversion of cheap and abundant alkanes into valuable organic compounds with specific desired functional groups. Many time-tested alternative methods exists but they rely on reactive intermediates such as free radicals and carbenes that lack regioselectivity.  In one study   the alkane pentane is selectively converted to the halocarbon 1-iodopentane with the aid of a tungsten complex.
The tungsten complex is fitted with a pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, a nitrosyl, a 3 1-butene and a neopentanyl CH2C(CH3)3 ligand. It is thermally unstable and when dissolved in pentane at room temperature it loses neopentane (gains a proton) and coordinates with a pentane ligand (looses a proton). This proton exchange proceeds via a 16 electron intermediate with a butadiene ligand after beta elimination. In a separate step iodine is added at -60C and 1-iodopentane is released.
Arene C-H bonds can also be activated by metal complexes despite being fairly unreactive. One manifestation is found in the Murai olefin coupling. In one reaction a ruthenium complex reacts with N,N-dimethylbenzylamine in a cyclometalation also involving CH activation :
Cadmium oxide

# Overview
Cadmium oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula CdO.  CdO is one of the main precursors to other cadmium compounds  It crystallizes in a cubic lattice like sodium chloride, with octahedral cation and anion centers.

# Production and structure
Since cadmium compounds are often found in association with zinc ores, cadmium oxide is a common by-product of zinc refining.. It is produced by burning elemental cadmium in air.  Pyrolysis of other cadmium compounds, such as the nitrate or the carbonate, also affords this oxide.  When pure, it is red but CdO is unusual in being available in many differing colours due to its tendency to form defect structures resulting from anion vacancies.

# Reactivity
CdO is a basic oxide and is thus attacked by aqueous acids to give solutions of 2+.  Upon treatment with strong alkaline solutions, 2- forms.

# Health Risks
Cadmium compounds are considered carcinogenic.
Caliciviridae
Calicivirus
Vesivirus
Lagovirus
Norovirus
Sapovirus
The Caliciviridae family are members of  Class IV of the Baltimore scheme.  They are positive-sense, single stranded RNA which is non-segmented. The caliciviruses have been found in a number of organisms such as humans, cattle, pigs, chickens, reptiles, dolphins and amphibians. The caliciviruses have a simple construction and are not enveloped. The capsid appears hexagonal/spherical and has icosahedral symmetry with a diameter of 35-39nm.
Caliciviruses are not very well studied because they do not grow in culture and there is no suitable animal model.  Only recently have advances in molecular biology enabled the viral genome to be determined.
The name calicivirus is derived from the Latin word calyx meaning cup or goblet. This name is appropriate as many strains have visible cup-shaped depressions.
The Caliciviridae family include the following genera:
- Genus Vesivirus; type species: Swine vesicular exanthema virus
- Genus Lagovirus; type species: Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus
- Genus Norovirus; type species: Norwalk virus
- Genus Sapovirus; type species: Sapporo virus
Australia and New Zealand, in an effort to control its rabbit population, has intentionally spread calicivirus.

# Transmission
Transmission of caliciviruses is generally by the fecal-oral route, but they can also be transmitted via the respiratory route.

# Human disease
Calicivirus infections commonly cause acute gastroenteritis,which is the inflammation of the stomach and intestines.  Symptoms can include vomiting and diarrhoea. These symptoms emerge after an incubation time of 2 days and the symptoms only generally last for 3 days.  Most calicivirus infections do not call for medical attention, but those who are immunocompromised may need to be hospitalised for rehydration therapy.

# Gallery
- Electron micrograph depicts hepatitis-E viruses (HEV), provisionally classified as members of the Caliciviridae family. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Electron micrograph depicts hepatitis-E viruses (HEV), provisionally classified as members of the Caliciviridae family. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) revealed some of the ultrastructural morphology displayed by Norovirus virions. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) revealed some of the ultrastructural morphology displayed by Norovirus virions. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) revealed some of the ultrastructural morphology displayed by Norovirus virions. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) revealed some of the ultrastructural morphology displayed by Norovirus virions. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Transmission electron micrograph (TEM) revealed some of the ultrastructural morphology displayed by Norovirus virions. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- View of a pig's snout, which displayed a large area of unruptured vesicles due to a case of vesicular exanthema of swine (VES). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).
Camp Setebaid
Camp Setebaid is a camp for children and teens ages 8-17 with diabetes. It is located west of Wilkes-Barre in the mountains of northeastern Pennsylvania. It has been serving children with Type 1 diabetes since 1978. The name Setebaid is "diabetes" spelled backwards, which was suggested by campers in the early 1980s. Campers at Setebaid sleep in platform-style tents with 4 or 5 beds in each tent. The campgrounds feature a large swimming pool, playing fields, a lake, hiking trails, and mountains. Camp Setebaid is accredited by the National Camp Association.

# Overview

## History
Camp Setebaid, which is on the campgrounds of Camp Louise, has provided friendship and a fun place for diabetics to go in the summer since August 1978. Since then, memories and traditions have lived on, such as campfire songs, hikes, boating, and archery.

## Activities
Activities at camp consist of, but are not limited to: arts and crafts, boating and conoeing, field games, fishing, hiking, singing, swimming, and nature lore. For the teen session of camp, campers choose different camp electives that they focus on. Electives include photography, water sports, nature learning, cooking, and CSI (crime scene investigation). One activity that you would expect at a camp that is especially done at Camp Setebaid is talking. Campers talk about their diabetes, when they were diagnosed, and how they deal with everyday challenges while having the barrier of diabetes.

## Diabetes Care
Physicians, nurses, dietitians, and insulin pump trainers live on-site 24 hours a day with the campers and even participate in the camp activities. Campers are educated each day about taking critical note of their blood sugars and keeping their health in mind. Certified diabetes educators, physicians, nurses, and dietitians use a team approach while working with the campers to develop diabetes management techniques.
Campylobacter
The genus Campylobacter are Gram-negative, spiral, microaerophilic bacteria. Motile, with either uni- or bi-polar flagella, the organisms have a somewhat curved, rod-like appearance, and are oxidase-positive. Campylobacter jejuni is now recognised
as one of the main causes of bacterial foodborne
disease in many developed countries. At least a dozen species of Campylobacter have been implicated in human disease, with C. jejuni and C. coli the most common. C. fetus is a cause of spontaneous abortions in cattle and sheep, as well as an opportunisitic pathogen in humans.

# Genome
The genomes of several Campylobacter species have been sequenced, providing insights into their mechanisms of pathogenesis.
Campylobacter species contain two flagellin genes in tandem for motility, flaA and flaB.  These genes undergo intergenic recombination, further contributing to their virulence.   Non-motile mutants do not colonize.

# Pathogenesis
Campylobacteriosis is an infection by campylobacter . The common routes of transmission are fecal-oral, person-to-person sexual contact, ingestion of contaminated food or water. It produces an inflammatory, sometimes bloody, diarrhea, periodontitis  or dysentery syndrome, mostly including cramps, fever and pain. The infection is usually self-limiting and in most cases, symptomatic treatment by reposition of liquid and electrolyte replacement is enough in human infections. The use of antibiotics, on the other hand, is controversial.

## Cause
This is most commonly caused by C. jejuni, a spiral and comma shaped bacterium normally found in cattle, swine, and birds, where it is non-pathogenic. But the illness can also be caused by C. coli (also found in cattle, swine, and birds) C. upsaliensis (found in cats and dogs) and C. lari (present in seabirds in particular).
One cause of the effects of campylobacteriosis is tissue injury in the gut. The sites of tissue injury include the jejunum, the ileum, and the colon. C jejuni appears to achieve this by invading and destroying epithelial cells.
Some strains of C jejuni produce a cholera-like enterotoxin, which is important in the watery diarrhea observed in infections. The organism produces diffuse, bloody, edematous, and exudative enteritis. In a small number of cases, the infection may be associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura through a poorly understood mechanism.

# Differential diagnosis
Campylobacter infection must be differentiated from other causes of viral, bacterial, and parasitic gastroentritis.
8Small bowel diarrhea: watery, voluminous with less than 5 WBC/high power field
Large bowel diarrhea: Mucousy and/or bloody with less volume and more than 10 WBC/high power field
 It could be as high as 1000 based on patient's immunity system.
The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate inflammatory causes of chronic diarrhea

# Gallery
- 3D computer-generated image of a cluster of drug-resistant Campylobacter bacteria. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).
Canada balsam
Canada balsam, also called Canada turpentine or balsam of fir, is a turpentine which is made from the resin of the balsam fir tree (Abies balsamea).
It is the fir's resin, dissolved in essential oils, and is a viscous, sticky, colourless (sometimes yellowish) liquid, that turns to a transparent yellowish mass when the essential oils have been allowed to evaporate.
Due to its high optical quality, its refractive index (n = 1.55, very close to that of glass), and its purity it is mainly used in optics as an invisible-when-dry glue for glass. It is soluble in xylene, amorphous when dried, and it does not crystallize with age, so its optical properties do not deteriorate.
Some uses include:
- in biology to conserve microscopic samples. The sample is sandwiched between a microscope slide and a coverslip and Canada balsam is used to glue the arrangement together and enclose the sample to conserve it;
- in optical technology to glue together optical elements such as two prisms to form a beam splitter, or two lenses;
- to fix scratches in glass (car glass for instance) as invisibly as possible.
- in oil painting to achieve glow and facilitate fusion.
Canada balsam is sometimes incorrectly called Balm of Gilead. The true balsam is a fir tree; Balm of Gilead is a type of poplar.
de:Kanadabalsam
nl:Canadabalsem
Candyflipping
Candyflipping is a term used to refer to taking a combination of an empathogen such as MDMA with a hallucinogen such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). The experience on LSD is highly dependent upon the user's mood, which is amplified during the experience and can range from euphoria to nightmarish hallucinations. The mood enhancing drug in candyflipping is usually a dopaminergic phenethylamine, typically 3,4-methylenedioxy methamphetamine (Ecstasy; MDMA) or 3,4-methylenedioxy amphetamine (MDA).
There are several schools of thought on the appropriate time to take the two drugs. Some people prefer to take the MDMA first, to put them in a good mood before they take the LSD. Other people say that the LSD should be taken first and, just after the peak of the LSD experience, the MDMA should be taken. This is generally 3-4 hours after the LSD was taken. More rarely both drugs might be taken at the same time, perhaps mixed into a drink, but many people feel that the effects are better if they are taken at different times. It is however generally agreed that the candyflip is a unique experience which is quite distinct from the effects of either drug taken alone or simply the individual effects of both drugs simultaneously.
Other similar combinations which have proved popular are the combination of MDMA with psilocybin mushrooms ("Hippyflipping") or the combination of MDMA with 2C-E ("Sparkleflipping").
Capitate bone

# Overview
The capitate bone is a bone in the human hand. The capitate bone is the largest of the carpal bones, and occupies the center of the wrist. It presents, above, a rounded portion or head, which is received into the concavity formed by the scaphoid and lunate bones; a constricted portion or neck; and below this, the body.
The etymology derives from the Latin capitatus, "having a head," from capit-, meaning "head."

# Surfaces
The superior surface is round, smooth, and articulates with the lunate bone.
The inferior surface is divided by two ridges into three facets, for articulation with the second, third, and fourth metacarpal bones, that for the third being the largest.
The dorsal surface is broad and rough.
The volar surface is narrow, rounded, and rough, for the attachment of ligaments and a part of the Adductor pollicis muscle.
The lateral surface articulates with the lesser multangular by a small facet at its anterior inferior angle, behind which is a rough depression for the attachment of an interosseous ligament. Above this is a deep, rough groove, forming part of the neck, and serving for the attachment of ligaments; it is bounded superiorly by a smooth, convex surface, for articulation with the navicular.
The medial surface articulates with the hamate by a smooth, concave, oblong facet, which occupies its posterior and superior parts; it is rough in front, for the attachment of an interosseous ligament.

# Articulations
The capitate articulates with seven bones: the scaphoid and lunate proximally, the second metacarpal, third metacarpal, and fourth metacarpal distally, the lesser multangular on the radial side, and the hamate on the ulnar side.
Caprini score

# Overview
The Caprini risk score is a risk assessment tool for the occurrence of venous thromboembolism among surgical patients.

# Caprini Score
The Caprini risk score is a risk assessment tool for the occurrence of venous thromboembolism among surgical patients. The Caprini risk score includes 20 variables and it is derived from a prospective study of 538 general surgery patients.

# Caprini Score Calculator
Shown below is the calculator for Caprini score (check all the boxes that apply):
function calcScore(){
var score = 0;
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 2;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 2;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 2;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 2;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 2;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 2;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 2;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 2;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 3;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 3;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 3;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 3;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 3;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 3;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 3;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 3;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 3;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 3;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 5;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 5;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 5;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 5;
document.forms.value = score;
if(score <2 ){document.forms.value = "Low risk of VTE";}
if(score == 2 || score == 2){document.forms.value = "Moderate risk of VTE ";}
if(score ==3){document.forms.value = "High risk of VTE";}
if(score ==4){document.forms.value = "High risk of VTE";}
if(score >=5){document.forms.value = "Highest  risk of VTE";}

# Interpretation
The interpretation of the score is as follows:
- Score < 2: Low risk of VTE
- Score = 2: Moderate risk of VTE
- Score = 3: High risk of VTE
- Score = 4: High risk of VTE
- Score  5: Highest  risk of VTE
Caprylic acid
Caprylic acid is the common name for the eight-carbon straight chain fatty acid known by the systematic name octanoic acid.  It is found naturally in coconuts and breast milk.  It is an oily liquid with a slightly unpleasant rancid taste that is minimally soluble in water.

# Uses
Caprylic acid is used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes.
Caprylic acid is known to have anti-fungal properties, and is often recommended by nutritionists for the treatment of candidiasis. According to nutritionist Erica White, caprylic acid is excellent for dealing with candida in the intestines, which are frequently colonized by candida.
Caprylic acid is also used in the treatment of some bacterial infections. Due to its relatively short chain length it has no difficulty in penetrating fatty cell wall membranes, hence its effectiveness in combating certain lipid-coated bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and various species of Streptococcus. 
Caprylic acid, aka, octanoic acid, must be covalently linked to the serine residue at the 3-position of ghrelin, specifically, it must acylate the -OH group, for ghrelin to have its hunger-stimulating action on the feeding centers of the hypothalamus, though other fatty acids may have similar effects.