Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Paul David
Paul David, CC, GOQ, MD (December 25, 1919  April 5, 1999) was a Canadian cardiologist, founder of the Montreal Heart Institute, and Senator.
Born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of Louis-Athanase David and Antonia Nantel, he received his Bachelor's degree from the University of Paris in 1939 and his MD from the Universite de Montreal in 1944. He specializsed in cardiology in Boston at the Massachusetts General Hospital in 1946 and in Paris at the Hopital Lareboisiere in 1947. Upon his return to Montreal, he worked at the Notre-Dame Hospital. He founded the Montreal Heart Institute in 1954. It was under his direction that the first heart transplant ever performed in Canada was carried out at the Institute, in 1968.
In 1985, he was appointed to the Canadian Senate on the recommendation of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. He sat as a Progressive Conservative senator representing the Senatorial division of Bedford, Quebec. He retired on his 75th birthday in 1994. His father, Louis-Athanase David and grandfather, Laurent-Olivier David had also been Senators.
In 1968, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada and was promoted to Companion in 1981. In 1988, he was named a Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec.
He married Yvette Lemire and had six children: Francoise, Pierre, Charles-Philippe, Therese, Anne-Marie and Helene.
Paul N. Yu
Paul N. Yu, M.D. (b. 1915) was an American cardiologist, physician-scientist and educator of Chinese descent, and a product of Chinese, British and American medical education.  Over a career spanning several decades he trained numerous individuals in clinical cardiology who went on to leadership positions in academia throughout this country.  Dr. Yu performed pioneering research in cardiac physiology, making seminal observations about the pulmonary circulation in health and disease, and the relationship to ventricular function, and key observations about the care of patients with coronary artery disease.  He cared for prominent individuals such as the Taiwanese president Chiang Kai Shek and his family.  He served in numerous leadership roles during his career, including a term as President of the American Heart Association (1972-3).
Subsequently he was awarded the American Heart Association's prestigious James Bryan Herrick Award for distinguished service to clinical cardiology during the course of his career.
The Paul N. Yu Professorship of Cardiology at the University of Rochester was first awarded to Bradford C. Berk, MD, PhD, who is the current Chair of Medicine, and served as Chief of the Cardiology Unit, and Director of the Center for Cardiovascular Research until 2002.  Since then current Chief of Cardiology and Director of the Center for Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Mark B. Taubman, M.D. has held the Paul N. Yu Professorship of Cardiology.  The Paul N. Yu Heart Center contains clinical inpatient and outpatient facilities for the treatment of Cardiovascular disease at Strong Memorial Hospital, with Nuclear Cardiology, Echocardiography, Electrophysiology, Interventional Cardiology Laboratories as well as Cardiac Rehabilitation facilities.

# Selected bibiliography
- "Progress in cardiology," ed. by Paul N. Yu.  Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, Volumes 1 - 16, 1972 - 1988 (Yearly).
- "Pulmonary blood volume in health and disease," by Paul N. Yu.  Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1969.
Pefloxacin

# Overview
Pefloxacin is a quinolone drug used to treat bacterial infections. It is an analog of norfloxacin, belonging to the 3rd generation of quinolones.  Pefloxacin has not been approved for use in the United States.

# History
Pefloxacin was developed in 1979 and approved in France for human use in 1985.

# Licensed uses
- Uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in males.
- Bacterial infections in the gastrointestinal system.
- Genitourinary tract infections.
- Gonorrhoeae. however this indication is no longer effective due to bacterial resistance.
Pefloxacin has been increasingly used as a veterinary medicine to treat microbial infections.

# Mode of action
Pefloxacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.  It functions by inhibiting DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase, and topoisomerase IV, which is an enzyme necessary to separate, replicated DNA, thereby inhibiting cell division.

# Adverse effects
Tendinitis and rupture, usually of the Achilles tendon, are a class-effects of the fluoroquinolones, most frequently reported with pefloxacin.  The estimated risk of tendon damage during pefloxacin therapy has been estimated by the French authorities in 2000 to be 1 case per 23,130 treatment days as compared to ciprofloxacin where it has been estimated to be 1 case per 779,600.
Pemphigoid
Pemphigoid is a group of uncommon and rare autoimmune blistering skin diseases. As its name indicates, pemphigoid is similar to pemphigus, but unlike pemphigus, pemphigoid does not feature acantholysis.
Pemphigoid is less common than pemphigus, and is slightly more common in women than in men. It is also more common in people over 60 years of age than it is in younger people.

# Classificiation
There are three types:
- Gestational pemphigoid or Pemphigoid gestationis (PG) (formerly called Herpes gestationis)
- Bullous pemphigoid (BP)
- Mucous membrane pemphigoid, also known as Cicatricial pemphigoid (CP)
They are considered connective tissue autoimmune skin diseases.  Bullous and Cicatricial pemphigoids usually affect persons who are above age 60.  Gestational pemphigoid occurs during pregnancy, typically in the second or third trimester, and/or immediately following pregnancy.
Percentile

# Overview
A percentile is the value of a variable below which a certain percent of observations fall.  So the 20th percentile is the value (or score) below which 20 percent of the observations may be found.  The term percentile and the related term percentile rank are often used in descriptive statistics as well as in the reporting of scores from norm-referenced tests.
The 25th percentile is also known as the first quartile; the 50th percentile as the median.
There is no standard definition of percentile 
, however all definitions yield similar results when the number of observations is large. One definition is that the p-th percentile of N ordered values is obtained by first calculating the rank  n = \frac{N}{100}\,p+\frac{1}{2}, rounding to the nearest integer, and taking the value that corresponds to that rank.
An alternative method, used in many applications, is to use linear interpolation between the two nearest ranks instead of rounding. Specifically, if we have N values v_1,  v_2, v_3,...,v_N , ranked from least to greatest, define the percentile corresponding to the n-th value as p_n=\frac{100}{N}(n-\frac{1}{2}). In this way, for example, if N=5 the percentile corresponding to the third value is p_3=\frac{100}{5}(3-\frac{1}{2})=50.
Suppose we now want to calculate the value  v  corresponding to a percentile p. If p or p>p_N, we take v=v_1 or v=v_N respectively. Otherwise, we find an integer k such that p_k\le p \le p_{k+1} , and take v=v_k+\frac{N}{100}(p-p_k)(v_{k+1}-v_k).  
When p=50, the formula gives the median. When N is even and p=25, the formula gives the median of the first \frac{N}{2} values.
Linked with the percentile function, there is also a weighted percentile, where the percentage in the total weight is counted instead of the total number. In most spreadsheet applications there is no standard function for a weighted percentile. One method for weighted percentile extends the method described above.  Suppose we have positive weights w_1,  w_2, w_3,...,w_N , associated respectively with our N sample values.  Let S_n=\sum_{k=1}^{n}w_k be the n-th partial sum of these weights.  Then the formulas above are generalized by taking p_n=\frac{100}{S_N}(S_n-\frac{w_n}{2}) and v=v_k+\frac{p-p_k}{p_{k+1}-p_k}(v_{k+1}-v_k).

# Relation between percentile, decile and quartile
- P25 = Q1
- P50 = D5 = Q2 = median value
- P75 = Q3
- P100 = D10 = Q4
- P10 = D1
- P20 = D2
- P30 = D3
- P40 = D4
- P60 = D6
- P70 = D7
- P80 = D8
- P90 = D9
Note: One quartile is equivalent to 25 percentile while 1 decile is equal to 10 percentile.

# Examples
When ISPs bill "Burstable" Internet bandwidth, the 95th or 98th percentile usually cuts off the top 5% or 2% of bandwidth peaks in each month, and then bills at the nearest rate. In this way infrequent peaks are ignored, and the customer is charged in a fairer way.
Physicians will often use infant and children's weight and height percentile as a gauge of relative health.
Periosteum
The periosteum is a thin layer of dense, irregular connective tissue  membrane that covers the outer surface of a bone in all places except at joints. (The outer surface of bone at joints is covered with "articular cartilage", a type of hyaline cartilage.) As opposed to osseous tissue itself, periosteum has nociceptive nerve endings, making it very sensitive to manipulation. It also provides nourishment by providing the blood supply. Periosteum is attached to bone by strong collagenous fibers called Sharpey's fibres, which extend to the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae.
Periosteum consists of an outer "fibrous layer" and inner "cambium layer". The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts while the cambium layer contains progenitor cells which develop into osteoblasts that are responsible for increasing the width of a long bone. (The length of a long bone is controlled by the epiphyseal plate.) After a bone fracture the progenitor cells develop into osteoblasts and chondroblasts which are essential to the healing process. Periosteum provides an attatchment for muscles and tendons.
Periosteum that covers the outer surface of the skull is known as "pericranium".
Periplakin
Periplakin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPL gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a component of desmosomes and of the epidermal cornified envelope in keratinocytes. The N-terminal domain of this protein interacts with the plasma membrane and its C-terminus interacts with intermediate filaments. Through its rod domain, this protein forms complexes with envoplakin. This protein may serve as a link between the cornified envelope and desmosomes as well as intermediate filaments. AKT1/PKB, a protein kinase mediating a variety of cell growth and survival signaling processes, is reported to interact with this protein, suggesting a possible role for this protein as a localization signal in AKT1-mediated signaling.

# Interactions
PPL (gene) has been shown to interact with Keratin 8 and Envoplakin.
Peroxidase
Peroxidases (EC number 1.11.1.x) are a large family of enzymes. A majority of peroxidase protein sequences can be found in the PeroxiBase database. Peroxidases typically catalyze a reaction of the form:
For many of these enzymes the optimal substrate is hydrogen peroxide, but others are more active with organic hydroperoxides such as lipid peroxides. Peroxidases can contain a heme cofactor in their active sites, or redox-active cysteine or selenocysteine residues.
The nature of the electron donor is very dependent on the structure of the enzyme.
- For example, horseradish peroxidase can use a variety of organic compounds as electron donors and acceptors. Horseradish peroxidase has an accessible active site and many compounds can reach the site of the reaction.
- For an enzyme such as cytochrome c peroxidase, the compounds that donate electrons are very specific, because there is a very closed active site.
While the exact mechanisms have yet to be elucidated, peroxidases are known to play a part in increasing a plant's defenses against pathogens.
Peroxidases are sometimes used as histological marker. Cytochrome c peroxidase is used as a soluble, easily purified model for cytochrome c oxidase.
Glutathione peroxidase is a peroxidase found in humans, which contains selenocysteine. It uses glutathione as an electron donor and is active with both hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxide substrates.
Amyloid beta, when bound to heme has been shown to have peroxidase activity.
Psychalgia
Synonyms and keywords: Persistent somatoform pain disorder; phrenalgia

# Overview
Psychalgia is psychological or emotional pain or distress that accompanies a mental effort, especially in clinical depression. It is also called phrenalgia. Psychalgia may also describe physical pain that is possibly of psychological origin.

# Definition
Within the ICD-10 classification, psychalgia is another term for persistent somatoform pain disorder (F45.4).

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
The principal symptom is of persistent and distressing pain that cannot be accounted for by a physical complaint or physiological disorder.  It occurs in relation to psychosocial issues or emotional stress in such a way as to suggest they are causative factors.
Psychogenic pain, and pain associated with an episode of depression or schizophrenia is excluded from this diagnosis.
Pestilence
A pestilence is any virulent and highly infectious disease that can cause an epidemic or even a pandemic. The word can also be used about parasites causing large scale sickness and death, such as Guinea worm.
Originally the word referred to the disease plague, which is called pestis in Latin.
The 14th-century English poet Geoffrey Chaucer spoke of "pestilence" in "The Pardoner's Tale", referring to the Black Death:
Pestivirus
Pestivirus is a genus of viruses that belong to the family Flaviviridae. Viruses in the genus Pestivirus infect mammals, including members of the family Bovidae (which includes, but is not limited to, cattle, sheep, and goats) and the family Suidae (which includes various species of swine).

# Pathogenesis
Pestiviruses account for important diseases in animals such as Classical swine fever (CSF) and Bovine viral diarrhoea / Mucosal disease (BVD/MD). According to the current O.I.E. list CSF and BVD/MD are notifiable diseases and eradication programms are administered in many countries worldwide. One hallmark of pestiviruses is their unique strategy to establish persistent infection during pregnancy. Persistent infection with pestiviruses often goes unnoticed.

# Virus Genetics and Structure
Pestivirus viruses have a single strand of positive-sense RNA (i.e. RNA which can be directly translated into viral proteins) which is around 12.5 kilobases (kb) long (equal to the length of 12,500 nucleotides). Sometimes virions (individual virus particles) contain sections of an animal's genome which have been duplicated, though this is not normally the case. There is no Poly-A on the 3' end of the genome. (This means that these viruses have no post-transcriptional modifications, and have simple RNA genomes.)  The genome contains RNA to encode both structural and non-structural proteins.
The molecular biology of pestiviruses shares many similarities and peculiarities with the human hepaciviruses. Genome organisation and translation strategy are highly similar for the members of both genera. For BVDV frequently nonhomologous RNA recombination events lead to the appearance of genetically distinct viruses that are lethal to the host.
Each virion is approximately 40-60 nanometers (nm) in diameter, and consists of a nucleocapsid enveloped with the cytoplasm of infected cells.

# Transmission and Prevention
Pestivirus is widespread in Australia, mainly in cattle. Some adult cattle are immune to the disease, while others are life-long carriers. If a foetus becomes infected within the first three to four months of gestation then it will fail to develop antibodies towards the virus. In these cases the animals often die before birth or shortly after.
Symptoms of Pestivirus infection include diarrhoea, respiratory problems and bleeding disorders.
Pestivirus vaccines exist and the correct vaccine strain should be given, depending on the herd's location and the endemic strain in that region. This vaccination must be given regularly to maintain immunity.
Phenazepam
Phenazepam is a benzodiazepine drug, which was developed in Soviet Union and now produced in Russia and some CIS countries. Phenazepam is used in the treatment of neurological disorders such as epilepsy, alcohol withdrawal and insomnia. It can be used as a premedication before surgery as it augments the effects of anesthetics and reduces anxiety.

# Dosage
An average phenazepam dosage is 0.5 mg 2-3 times daily. The maximum daily dosage must not exceed 10 mg.

# Side effects
Side effects include dizziness, loss of coordination, drowsiness. As with other sedatives, in case of abrupt discontinuation following prolonged use, severe withdrawal symptoms may occur.

# Legal Status
Phenazepam does not appear in the list of Controlled Substances in the Laws of either the USA or the UK, where in each country, benzodiazepines are generally Class C, Schedule IV substances. Like all benzodiazepines, it is legally classified as a C-IV substance in accordance with the analogue act in the U.S. (Flunitrazepam, aka "rohypnol", is dually scheduled.)
According to the official investigation report, effects of phenazepam on pilot Pavel Gruzin may have contributed to errors that caused the crash of Crossair Flight 498.
Phenothrin

# Overview
Phenothrin, also called sumithrin, is a synthetic pyrethroid that kills adult fleas and ticks. It has also been used to kill head lice in humans.
Phenothrin is often used with methoprene, an insect growth regulator that interrupts the insect's biological life cycle by killing the eggs.
In 2005, the EPA required Hartz Mountain Corporation to cancel uses of several flea and tick products containing phenothrin that may be associated with a range of adverse reactions, including hair loss, salivation, tremors, and numerous deaths in cats and kittens. In the short term, the agreement calls for new warning labels on the products.
Phocomelia
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# Overview
Phocomelia (from Greek oko  = "seal" plus  (plural ) = "limb") is a congenital disorder involving the limbs (dysmelia). An individual exhibiting phocomelia may be referred to as a phocomelus.

# Presentation
It presents at birth very short or absent long bones and flipper-like appearance of hands and sometimes feet. Amphibian deformities often take the form of phocomelia, in which the limbs are shortened due to lack or malformation of long bones, as opposed to other forms of dysmelia such as amelia, which is characterized by the complete lack of a limb, or polymelia, the presence of extra limbs, which are often fused together.

# Causes
The condition may be inherited or occurs sporadically. It is also connected with prenatal exposure to the anti-nausea drug thalidomide.

# Notable cases
Famous phocomelic people include Stanley Berent, also known as "Sealo The Seal Boy" (who made his living from performing / being exhibited in "freak shows") and, more currently, actor Mat Fraser, opera singer Thomas Quasthoff, guitarist Rick Renstrom and artist Alison Lapper. Marc Quinn's 15-foot-high nude sculpture of Alison Lapper Pregnant is shown on the formerly-vacant fourth plinth in Trafalgar Square. Hee Ah Lee is a renowned pianist with only two fingers on each hand.
Scramblase
Scramblase is a hypothetical protein thought to be responsible for transportation of phospholipids between the lipid bilayer of a cell membrane. The inner leaflet facing the inside of the cell contains negatively charged amino-phospholipids and phosphatidylcholine. The outer leaflet, facing the outside environment, contains phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. Scramblase acts as an enzyme, present in the cell membrane, that is able to transport (to scramble) the negatively charged phospholipids from the inner leaflet to the outer leaflet and vice versa.

# Biochemical properties
The enzymatic activity of scramblase depends on the calcium concentration present inside the cell. The calcium concentration inside cells is under normal conditions very low. An increase in calcium concentration activates the phospholipid transportation activity resulting in a symmetric distribution of negatively charged phospholipids between both leaflets of the lipid bilayer. The transportation activity of scramblase does not require energy meaning that there is no contribution of adenosine triphosphate in the process.

# Enzyme activation
Scramblase is inactive in healthy cells however activation occurs when cells are exposed to a variety of stress conditions.

## Scramblase activity in platelets
Collagen is a protein found in the connective tissue and this protein is normally not in contact with flowing blood. 
Contact between collagen and flowing blood occurs when blood vessels are damaged by for example physical insults. The exposure of collagen to flowing blood starts a series of processes which end in the formation of a blood clot:
- Adhesion of circulating blood platelets to collagen.
- Activation of dormant platelets via protein receptors that interact with the exposed collagen.
- Several biochemical and morphological processes occur which are started by activated platelets.
Activation of platelets lead for example to a change in morphology, to the membrane expression of P-selectin and to the activation of scramblase. (consult for further information the article about platelets)
Activation of scramblase causes the transport of negatively charged phospholipids to the platelet membrane surface. The negatively charged phospholipids form a catalytic surface for several inactive coagulation factors present in blood such as prothrombin, factor Va and factor Xa. (consult for further information the article about the prothrombinase complex)

## Scramblase activity during apoptosis
Scramblase is also thought to be involved in the transportation of negatively charged phospholipids to the cell membrane surface of cells which have become apoptotic. Apoptosis is a cellular process which occurs under stress conditions such as exposure to ultra violet radiation (in sun rays) or toxic chemicals. The negatively charged phospholipids on the cell surface function as a recognition marker for white blood cells. The white blood cells respond to this marker by phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell.
Phossy jaw
Phossy jaw is a deadly occupational hazard for those who work with white phosphorus in an environment without proper safeguards. It was most commonly seen in workers in the match industry in the 19th and early 20th century. Modern industrial hygiene practices have eliminated the conditions which lead to this affliction.
Chronic exposure to white phosphorus vapour, the active ingredient of most matches from the 1840s to the 1910s, caused a deposition of phosphorus in the jaw bones. It also caused serious brain damage. Workers afflicted would begin suffering painful toothaches and swelling of the gums. Over time, the jaw bone would begin to abscess, a process which was both extremely painful and disfiguring to the patient, and repellent to others, since drainage from the dying bone tissue was exceedingly foul-smelling. The jawbones would gradually rot away and would actually glow a greenish-white color in the dark. Surgical removal of the afflicted jaw bones might save the sufferers' life at this pointotherwise, death from organ failure would invariably follow.
Public revulsion eventually caused changes in match manufacturing which eliminated the disease. In some nations, legislative action was required to force these changes on a reluctant industry.
A related condition, osteonecrosis of the jaw, has been described as a side-effect of bisphosphonates, a class of phosphorus-based drugs that inhibit bone resorption, and are used widely for treating osteoporosis, bone disease in cancer and some other situations.