Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Parvulin
Parvulin, a 92-amino acid protein discovered in E. coli in 1994, is the smallest known protein with prolyl isomerase activity, which catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline peptide bonds. Although parvulin has no homology with larger prolyl isomerases such as cyclophilin and FKBP, it does share structural features with subdomains of other proteins involved in preparing secreted proteins for export from the cell. 
Although parvulin is as active as the larger prolyl isomerases against a short proline-containing test peptide, it has lower relative activity against biological substrates, possibly because the larger molecules have a higher ability to bind the substrate peptide. Parvulin itself contains proline residues and its folding can be accelerated by the presence of cyclophilin; parvulin folding can also be autocatalytic.
A eukaryotic homolog of parvulin known as Pin1 is required to execute the transition from G2 phase to M phase in the cell cycle. Absence of Pin1 activity in humans has also been implicated in the folding and processing of the amyloid precursor protein, whose degradation product is the cytotoxic peptide amyloid beta implicated in Alzheimer's disease.
Pennales
Order Pennales is a traditional subdivision of the heterokont algae known as diatoms.  The order is named for the shape of the cell walls (or valves or frustules) of pennate diatoms, which are elongated in valve view.  The valves may be linear or oval in shape, and usually bear bilaterally symmetrical ornamental patterns.  These patterns are composed of a series of transverse lines (known as striae) that can appear as rows of dots when viewed with an optical microscope.  Some pennate diatoms also exhibit a fissure along their longitudinal axis.  This is known as a raphe, and is involved in gliding movements made by diatom cells.
In terms of cell cycle, vegetative cells are diploid and undergo mitosis during normal cell division.  Periodically, meiosis produces morphologically-identical haploid gametes (isogametes), which fuse to produce a (sometimes binucleate) zygote that develops into an auxospore (from which full-size vegetative cells are produced).
In some taxonomic schemes, the pennate diatoms are divided into two groups: pennate diatoms without a raphe (Order Fragilariophyceae), and pennate diatoms with a raphe (Order Bacillariophyceae).
Peonidin
Peonidin is an anthocyanidin, and a primary plant pigment. Peonidin gives purplish-red hues to flowers such as the peony, from which it takes  its name, and roses. It is also present in some blue flowers, such as the morning glory.
Like most anthocyanidins it is pH sensitive, and changes from red to blue as pH rises. This happens because anthocynaidins are highly conjugated chromophores. When the pH is changed, the extent of the conjugation (of the double bonds) is altered, which alters the wavelength of light energy absorbed by the molecule. (Natural anthocyanidins are most stable in a very low pH environment; at pH 8.0, most become colorless.)  At pH 2.0, peonidin is cherry red; at 3.0 a strong yellowish pink; at 5.0 it is grape red-purple; and at 8.0 it becomes deep blue; unlike many anthocyanidins, however, it is stable at higher pH, and has in fact been isolated as a blue colorant from the brilliant "Heavenly Blue" morning glory (Ipomoea tricolor Cav cv).
Because of its unusual color stability,a cafeyl-acylated buffered formulation of it has been patented for use as food coloring.
Peonidin, like many anthodcyanidins, has show potent inhibitory and apoptotic effects on cancer cells in vitro, notably metastatic human breast cancer cells. 
A very large question, however, has been raised about anthocyanidins' penetration and retention in human cells in vivo, due to their rapid elimination from the human body.
By far the greatest dietary source of peonidin is raw cranberries, which contain 42 mg. per 100 g. of fruit.  Blueberries, plums, grapes, and cherries also contain significant amounts, ranging from 5 to 12 mg/100g.  Only fresh fruit has been shown to contain significant peonidin; frozen blueberries have been shown to contain almost none. 
It has also been isolated from raw black rice and black bananas.
The higher levels of peonidin in fresh fruit corresponds to the rule of thumb that more natural fruit is healthier.  Specifically, the amount of phenolic compounds in cranberries have been found to be inversely correlated with fruit size and crop yield. 
-References-
-  JUNG YEON KWON, KI WON LEE, HAENG JEON HUR, HYONG JOO LEE (2007)
Peonidin Inhibits Phorbol-Ester-Induced COX-2 Expression and Transformation in JB6 P+ Cells by Blocking Phosphorylation of ERK-1 and -2,Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1095 (1), 513520 (January, 2007).
-  Nutrient Search - Peonidin
-  ISHS
Perylene

# Overview
Perylene or perilene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with chemical formula Template:Carbon20Template:Hydrogen12 and CAS number Template:CASREF, occurring as a brown solid.  It or its derivatives may be carcinogenic, and it is considered to be a hazardous pollutant.  In cell membrane cytochemistry, perylene is used as a fluorescent lipid probe.

# Emission
Perylene displays blue fluorescence. It is used as a blue-emitting dopant material in OLEDs, either pure or substituted. Perylene can be also used as an organic photoconductor. It has an absorption maximum at 434nm, and as with all polycyclic aromatic compounds, low water solubility (1.2 x 10-5 mmol/l). Perylene has a molar extinction coefficient of 38,500 M-1cm-1 at 435.75 nm.

# Structure
The perylene molecule consists of two naphthalene molecules connected by a carbon-carbon bond at the 1 and 8 positions on both molecules.  All of the carbon atoms in perylene are sp2 hybridized.  When drawing the structure of perylene, it is important not to represent the center ring as a fifth benzene ring.  By doing so, this would cause two of the carbons to become sp3 hybridized causing part of the molecule to lose its aromaticity, and therefore its ability to fluoresce.  The structure of perylene has been extensively studied by X-ray crystallography.
Phagemid
A phagemid or phasmid is a type of cloning vector developed as a co-infection of the M13 helper phage and plasmids to produce a smaller version of the virus. 
an example is PRS314 which is of 4.78 kb size. Phagemids contain an ori for double stranded replication as well as an ori for single stranded replication, mostly not comprising the entire phagemid (i.e., only a small part of the phagemid is copied as a single strand).
They find their application at phage displays.
A phagemid is different from a closely related cloning vector called a cosmid.  While a cosmid can enter a host cell very effectively, almost all of the viral genes have been removed to make room for exogenous DNA, therefore the virus cannot replicate itself.  In a phagemid, however, an origin of replication is present.  This means that in the presence of a 'helper' virus such as f1, the rest of the genes to replicate viral proteins are present, therefore more virus particles can be created using the host cell's resources.
Philtrum
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# Overview
The philtrum (Greek philtron, from philein, "to love; to kiss"), also known as the infranasal depression, is the vertical groove in the upper lip, formed where the nasomedial and maxillary processes meet during embryonic development.
The philtrum allows humans to express a much larger range of lip motions than would otherwise be possible, which enhances vocal and non-verbal communication.

# Pathology
When these processes fail to fuse fully, a cleft lip (sometimes called a "hare lip") can result.
A flattened or smooth philtrum can be a symptom of Fetal alcohol syndrome.

# Etymology
The ancient Greeks used to believe that the philtrum was one of the most erogenous spots on the human body, hence the etymology.

# Folklore
According to the Jewish Talmud (Niddah 30b), God sends an angel to each womb and teaches a baby all the wisdom that can be obtained. Just before the unborn baby comes out, the angel touches it between the upper lip and the nose and all that it has taught the baby is forgotten.
Commentries on this particular story can be found in "What the Angel Taught you" by Rabbi Noah Weinberg and Yaakov Salomon (ISBN 1-57819-134-3).
Similarly, in other folksayings, it is said that an angel "shushes" the baby in the womb, to stop it from talking about heaven, or to forget. Other stories say that it is an indent left by the finger of God. Still more say that it is the spot where the angel put his finger to "shush" the child after having told it a secret. (This was memorably referenced in the film The Prophecy by the arch-angel Gabriel (Christopher Walken).)
Pine oil
Pine oil is an essential oil obtained by the steam distillation of needles, twigs and cones from a variety of species of pine, particularly Pinus sylvestris.
It is used in aromatherapy, as a scent in bath oils, as a cleaning product, and as a lubricant in small and expensive clockwork instruments. It is naturally deodorizing, and antibacterial.  It may also be used varyingly as a disinfectant, massage oil and an antiseptic in homeopathic medicine.
Pine oil is distiguished from other products from pine such as turpentine, the low-boiling fraction from the distillation of pine sap, and rosin, the thick tar remaining after turpentine is distilled.
Chemically, pine oil consists mainly of cyclic terpene alcohols.  It may also contain terpene hydrocarbons, ethers, and esters.  The exact composition depends on various factors such as the variety of pine it is produced from and the parts of the tree used.
Industrially, pine oil is used in metal extraction from ores.  For example, in copper extraction pine oil is used to soak all copper sulfide ores for froth flotation.

# Properties as a disinfectant
Pine oil is a phenolic disinfectant that is mildly antiseptic.  Pine oil disinfectants are relatively inexpensive and widely available.  They are effective against some bacterial strains and enveloped viruses, but not generally effective against non-enveloped viruses or spores.
It will kill the causative agents of typhoid, gastroenteritis, rabies, enteric fever, cholera, several forms of meningitis, whooping cough, gonorrhea and several types of dysentery.  It is also effective against several of the leading causes of food poisoning.  It is not effective against spore related illneses such as tetanus or anthrax or against non-enveloped viruses such as poliovirus,  rhinovirus, hepatitis B or hepatitis C.
Pine oil has a relatively low human toxicity level, a low corrosion level and limited persistence; however, it irritates the skin and mucous membranes and has been known to cause breathing problems.  Large doses may cause central nervous system depression.
Vagotomy
A vagotomy is a surgical procedure that is performed only in humans. It is resection (removal of, or at least severing) of part of the vagus nerve.
The operation was popular up until the mid-1990s as a way of treating peptic ulcer disease, and preventing its recurrence. It was (incorrectly) thought that peptic ulcer disease was due to excess secretion of the acid environment in the stomach, or at least that peptic ulcer disease was made worse by hyperacidity. Vagotomy was a way to reduce the acidity of the stomach, by denervating the peptic cells that produce acid. This was done with the hope that it would treat or prevent peptic ulcers. It also had the effect of reducing or eliminating symptoms of gastro-esophageal reflux in those who suffered from it.
The incidence of vagotomy decreased following the discovery by Barry Marshall and Robin Warren that Helicobacter pylori is responsible for most peptic ulcers. The first-line treatment for peptic ulcer disease, if due to H. pylori, is "triple therapy": 2 antibiotics (clarithromycin and amoxicillin or metronidazole)and a proton pump inhibitor (e.g. omeprazole). However, in chronic ulceration or in gastric outlet obstruction there is still an important role for truncal vagotomy.
A plain vagotomy is a very destructive procedure, since all the parasympathetic supply from the stomach to the left side of the transverse colon relies on the vagus nerves. The gut will still function without vagus supply, but less well.
Vagotomy technique was therefore improved by restricting resection to only those branches that go to the stomach (selective vagotomy), and further by selecting only those branches that appear to supply peptic cells (highly selective vagotomy).
Humans have two vagus nerves, whose fibres decussate and intermingle around the stomach. Accordingly, a vagotomy operates on both nerves simultaneously and in practise there is no need or way to make a distinction between them.
Poultice
A poultice, also called cataplasm, is a soft moist mass, often heated and medicated, that is spread on cloth over the skin to treat an aching, inflamed, or painful part of the body. It can also be a porous solid filled with solvent used to remove stains from porous stone such as marble or granite.
The word "poultice" comes from the Latin puls, pultes, meaning "porridge." Historically poultices were made from bread or other cereals, or lead, which is thought to have resulted in the fatal advancement of existing lead poisoning in Beethoven.

# Types of poultice
- 'Animalintex' is a brand name poultice made from an absorbent material
- Bran is also used as a poultice as it is so absorbent. It is packed into the wound and then covered with a piece of sacking or similar material, before being bandaged onto the foot or site of the wound.
- There are also many commercial poultices that are ready-made.  Some of these may be labelled as "drawing salves".

# Inflammation treatment
A poultice is a common treatment used on horses to relieve inflammation. It is usually used on the lower legs, under a stable bandage, to focus treatment on the easily-injured tendons in the area. Poultices are sometimes applied as a precautionary measure after the horse has worked hard, such as after a cross-country run, to prevent heat and filling. They are also used to treat abscess wounds, where a build up of pus needs to be drawn out.
Poultices may also be heated and placed on an area where extra circulation is desired.

# Stain removal
Stone is a porous material which is susceptible to staining. Granite and marble are frequently used in residential construction of bathrooms and kitchens and are susceptible to a variety of stains.
From a chemical standpoint, a porous stone becomes stained when a solution containing a solute penetrates its surface and then evaporates leaving the solid solute behind within the stone. Alternatively, grease may penetrate the porous surface and remain within the stone without evaporating. In either case, the stone will become visibly "stained."
Poultices for removing stains are made from a malleable mass of a porous material (paper, whiting, diatomaceous earth, flour, limestone) filled with a solvent which can be applied to the surface of the stone. The solvent used (ammonia, acetone, alcohol, peroxide, etc.) depends on what substance caused the stain. As the solvent penetrates the surface of the porous stone containing the stain, it forms a single continuous solution between the stone and the poultice on the surface. The poultice is kept moist and covered to allow time for the solvent to sufficiently penetrate the stone and dissolve the staining material, be it grease or solute. The solute will then equilibrate by passive diffusion between the stone and the poultice. After an adequate time for this process to occur, the poultice is removed and with it the solution containing a portion of the dissolved solute or "stain." Multiple repetitions of the process will eventually decrease the concentration of the solute or "stain" within the stone until it is invisible or minimally visible.
ProSavin
ProSavin is an experimental drug believed to be of use in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease. It is administered to the striatum in the brain, inducing production of dopamine.
It is manufactured by Oxford BioMedica, who plan to start European Phase I and Phase II clinical trials in 2007. Animal trials have been a success, with dopamine levels restored without the side effects associated with other current treatments for Parkinson's.

# Mechanism of Action
Prosavin uses Oxford BioMedica's Lentivector delivery system to transfer three genes, aromatic amino acid dopa decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase and GTP-cyclohydrolase 1, to the striatum in the brain, reprogramming transduced cells to secrete dopamine.
Prodrome
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# Overview
A prodrome is an early  non-specific symptom (or set of symptoms) indicating the start of a disease before specific symptoms occur.  For example fever, malaise, headache and anorexia (lack of desire to eat) are part of the prodrome for mumps or a variety of infective disorders.  A prodrome can be the precursor to the onset of a chronic neurological disorder such as migraine or epilepsy, where prodrome symptoms include scotoma, disorientation, aphasia, or photosensitivity.
It also refers to the initial in vivo round of viral replication.
Prodromal labour, also called "false labour," is the early signs before labour starts. See Braxton Hicks.
Progerin
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Progerin is a truncated version of lamin A protein involved in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Progerin is most often generated by a mutation (C1824T) in the lamin A gene, LMNA. This mutation activates a cryptic splice site and gives rise to a form of lamin A with a deletion of 50 amino acids. Approximately
80% of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome cases carry a single copy of the most common mutation, a silent point mutation (G608G) within exon 11 of LMNA gene.
Lamin A constitutes a major structural component of the lamina, a scaffold of proteins found inside the nuclear membrane of a cell; progerin does not properly integrate into the lamina, which disrupts the scaffold structure and leads to significant disfigurement of the nucleus, characterized by a lobular shape. Researchers have shown that progerin activates genes that regulate stem cell differentiation via the Notch signaling pathway.
Researchers are exploring farnesyltransferase inhibitors as a potential pharmacological therapy against the negative effects of progerin on nuclear morphology.
Progerin, which has been linked to normal aging, is produced in healthy indivduals via "sporadic use of the cryptic splice site".
Prophage
A prophage is a phage genome inserted as part of the linear structure of the DNA chromosome of a bacterium. A temperate phage integrated into the host chromosome or existing as an extrachromosomal plasmid. This is a latent form of a bacteriophage in which the viral genes are incorporated into the bacterial chromosomes without causing disruption of the bacterial cell.
Upon detection of host cell damage, the prophage is excised from the bacterial chromosome in a process called prophage induction. After induction, viral replication begins via the lytic cycle. Prophages are important agents of horizontal gene transfer, and are considered to be part of the mobilome.

# Prophages and Their Contribution to Host Cell Phenotype
In many bacterial species, prophages figure prominently in the biology of these cells, often conferring key phenotypes that can convert a non-pathogenic strain into a pathogen.  The source of these phenotypic changes can be through prophage-encoded toxins, bacterial cell surface alterations, or resistance to the human immune system.  Further, prophage integration into the host genome can inactivate or alter the expression of host genes.  In addition to these direct genetic alterations associated with the addition or inactivation of genes, prophages can also alter the phenotype of bacteria at the population level by facilitating the spread of favorable genes through transduction. 

# Prophage Induction of Phage 
The gene regulatory circuitry of phage  is among the best-understood circuits at the mechanistic level.  This circuitry involves several interesting regulatory behaviors.  An infected cell undergoes a decision between two alternative pathways, the lytic and lysogenic pathways.  If the latter is followed, the lysogenic state is established and maintained.  While this state is highly stable, it can switch to the lytic pathway in the process of prophage induction, which occurs when the host SOS response is triggered by DNA damage.
Prosopis
Prosopis is a genus of about 45 species of leguminous spiny trees and shrubs found in subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas, Africa and southwest Asia. They often thrive in arid soil and are resistant to droughts, on occasion developing extremely deep root systems. Their wood is usually hard, dense and durable. Their fruits are pods and may contain large amounts of sugar.

# Species
Some of the species in this genus are:
- Mesquite species (southern United States, Mexico):
Prosopis glandulosa (Honey Mesquite)
Prosopis pallida
Prosopis pubescens (Screwbean Mesquite)
Prosopis reptans (Tornillo)
Prosopis strombulifera (Creeping Mesquite)
Prosopis velutina (Velvet Mesquite)
- Prosopis glandulosa (Honey Mesquite)
- Prosopis pallida
- Prosopis pubescens (Screwbean Mesquite)
- Prosopis reptans (Tornillo)
- Prosopis strombulifera (Creeping Mesquite)
- Prosopis velutina (Velvet Mesquite)
- South American species (algarrobos of the Gran Chaco and others):
Prosopis affinis (Nandubay)
Prosopis alba (Algarrobo blanco)
Prosopis alba var. panta (Algarrobo panta)
Prosopis caldenia (Calden)
Prosopis chilensis (Algarrobo chileno)
Prosopis fiebrigii
Prosopis flexuosa (Alpataco)
Prosopis hassleri
Prosopis juliflora
Prosopis kuntzei (Itin)
Prosopis nigra (Algarrobo negro)
Prosopis rojasiana
Prosopis ruscifolia (Vinal)
- Prosopis affinis (Nandubay)
- Prosopis alba (Algarrobo blanco)
Prosopis alba var. panta (Algarrobo panta)
- Prosopis alba var. panta (Algarrobo panta)
- Prosopis caldenia (Calden)
- Prosopis chilensis (Algarrobo chileno)
- Prosopis fiebrigii
- Prosopis flexuosa (Alpataco)
- Prosopis hassleri
- Prosopis juliflora
- Prosopis kuntzei (Itin)
- Prosopis nigra (Algarrobo negro)
- Prosopis rojasiana
- Prosopis ruscifolia (Vinal)
- African species
Prosopis africana
- Prosopis africana
- Asian species (India (mainly Rajasthan), Syria, Iraq):
Prosopis cineraria (Khejri, Jand, Sangri, Kandi)
- Prosopis cineraria (Khejri, Jand, Sangri, Kandi)
- Uncategorized species

# Phytochemistry
Prosopis has been found to contain 5-hydroxytryptamine, apigenin, isorhamnetin-3-diglucoside, l-arabinose, quercetin, tannin and tryptamine.

# Photos
- Prosopis affinis
Prosopis affinis
- Prosopis alba
Prosopis alba
- Prosopis caldenia
Prosopis caldenia
- Prosopis cineraria
Prosopis cineraria
- Prosopis glandulosa
Prosopis glandulosa
- Prosopis juliflora
Prosopis juliflora
- Prosopis kuntzei
Prosopis kuntzei
- Prosopis nigra
Prosopis nigra
- Prosopis pallida
Prosopis pallida
- Prosopis pubescens
Prosopis pubescens