Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Enamelin
Enamelin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ENAM gene.
Dental enamel is a highly mineralized tissue with 85% of its volume occupied by unusually large, highly organized, hydroxyapatite crystals. This highly organized and unusual structure is thought to be rigorously controlled in ameloblasts through the interaction of a number of organic matrix molecules that include enamelin, amelogenin (AMELX; MIM 300391), ameloblastin (AMBN; MIM 601259), tuftelin (TUFT1; MIM 600087), dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP; MIM 125485), and a variety of enzymes. Enamelin is the largest protein in the enamel matrix of developing teeth and comprises approximately 5% of total enamel matrix protein.
Mutations in the ENAM gene can give rise to autosomal dominant amelogenesis imperfecta, indicating a role in amelogenesis.
Endogeny
The word endogenous means "arising from within", the opposite of exogenous.

# Biology
Endogenous substances are those that originate from within an organism, tissue, or cell . Endogenous retrovirus are caused by ancient infections of germ cells in humans, mammals and other vertebrates. Their proviruses remain in the genome and are passed on to the next generation.
Endogenous processes include circadian rhythms.
In some biological systems, endogeneity refers to the recipient of DNA (usually in prokaryotes). However, due to homeostasis, discerning between internal and external influences is often difficult.

# Psychology
An emotion or behaviour is endogenous if it is spontaneously generated from an individual's internal state.

# Economics and finance
A variable is called endogenous if it is explained within the model in which it appears. For example, in a supply and demand model of an agricultural market, changes in the weather or in consumer tastes would be exogenous variables that might shift the supply and demand curves; the price and quantity of trade would be the endogenous variables explained by the model.
nl:Endogeen (aardwetenschappen)
fi:Endogeeninen
Enthesis

# Overview
Enthesis (plural: entheses) is the point at which a tendon inserts into bone, where the collagen fibers are mineralized and integrated into bone tissue.   These insertion points are commonly called Sharpey's fibers.

# Classification
There are two types:
- Fibrous entheses
- Fibrocartilaginous entheses
In a fibrous enthesis, the collagenous tendon or ligament directly attaches to the bone, whilst the fibrocartilaginous enthesis displays 4 zones during the transition from tendon/ligament to bone:
- i) tendinous area displaying longitudinally oriented fibroblasts and a parallel arrangement of collagen fibres
- ii) a fibrocartilaginous region of variable thickness where the structure of the cells changes to chondrocytes
- iii) an abrupt transition from cartilaginous to calcified fibrocartilage - the so-called 'tidemark' or 'blue line'
- iv) bone

# Pathology
A disease of the entheses is known as an "enthesopathy" or "enthesitis" and is characteristic of spondyloarthropathy but present in other pathology as well.
Ependyma

# Overview
Ependyma is the thin epithelial membrane lining the ventricular system of the brain and the spinal cord.  Ependyma is one of the four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system. It is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

# Ependymal Cells
The ependyma is made up of ependymal cells.  These are the epithelial cells that line the CSF-filled ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.  The cells are cuboidal/columnar.  Their apical surfaces are covered in a layer of cilia, which circulate CSF around the central nervous system.  Their apical surfaces are also covered with microvilli, which absorb CSF.  Within the brain's ventricles, a population of modified ependymal cells and capillaries together form a system called the choroid plexus, which produces the CSF.

# Pathology
Ependymoma is a tumor of the ependyma.

# Stem cells
Jonas Frisen and his colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm believe that ependyma is the prime candidate for the location of neural stem cells.
Erythema

# Overview
Erythema is redness of the skin caused by capillary congestion.  
It can be caused by infection, massage, electrical treatments, acne medication, allergies, exercise or solar radiation (sunburn), and waxing and plucking of the hairs any of which can cause the capillaries to dilate, resulting in redness. Erythema is a common side effect of radiotherapy treatment due to patient exposure to ionizing radiation.

# Causes
It can be caused by infection, massage, electrical treatment, acne medication, allergies, exercise, solar radiation (sunburn), cutaneous radiation syndrome, niacin administration, vitamin A toxicity, or waxing and tweezing of the hairsany of which can cause the capillaries to dilate, resulting in redness. Erythema is a common side effect of radiotherapy treatment due to patient exposure to ionizing radiation. Circumoral erythema has been described as a typical sign of acute oleander poisoning by ingestion.

## Common Causes
- Atopic dermatitis
- Chickenpox
- Contact dermatitis
- Fifth disease
- Hand-foot-mouth disease
- Impetigo
- Insect bites or stings
- Kawasaki disease
- Lupus erythematosus
- Measles
- Psoriasis
- Roseola
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Rubella
- Scarlet fever
- Seborrheic dermatitis
- Shingles
- Perianal abscess

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order

# Associated conditions
- Erythema ab igne
- Erythema annulare centrifugum
- Erythema chromicum figuratum
- Erythema chronicum migrans
- Erythema craquele
- Erythema dyschromicum perstans
- Erythema elevatum diutinum
- Erythema gyratum perstans
- Erythema gyratum repens
- Erythema induratum
- Erythema infectiosum
- Erythema marginatum
- Erythema migrans
- Erythema multiforme
- Erythema nodosum
- Erythema toxicum neonatorum
In about 30-50% of cases, the cause of Erythema is unknown.

# Differentiating Erythema from Other Diseases
Different rash-like conditions can be confused with erythema and are thus included in its differential diagnosis. The various conditions that should be differentiated from erythema include:
Eskatrol
Eskatrol was an amphetamine weight loss agent which was removed by the
Food and Drug Administration in 1981 after its manufacturer,
SmithKline & French, was unable to prove the drug's effectiveness. At the time it was among the 200 most widely prescribed drugs in the United States. Another was Dexamyl tablets. Eskatrol contained dextroamphetamine sulfate.
In August 1970 the F.D.A. sought to limit the use of pep pills by calling for changes in labeling which decreased the number of allowable claims and intensified the warnings about possible hazards. F.D.A. Commissioner,
Charles C. Edwards, criticized the drug industry for not helping to prevent the abuse of amphetamines. Thomas M. Rauch, president of SmithKline & French laboratories, responded that his company had long promoted stricter drug abuse legislation and tighter controls
-n production and distribution. SmithKline & French also made Dexedrine and Benzedrine. The F.D.A. began to restrict amphetamine manufacturer claims to only three medical uses, two of them uncommon. The two rare conditions specified were narcolepsy
and hyperactivity. The third permitted use was for suppressing appetite among persons who needed to lose weight. However, this would only be allowed for a total of a few weeks, and as a part of
treatment for obesity.
Euphoria

# Overview
Euphoria or euphoric may refer to:
- Euphoria (emotion), a state of very intense happiness and feelings of well-being
- 4-Methyl-aminorex (commonly known as "Euphoria" or "U4EA"), a stimulant drug with effects comparable to methamphetamine
- Euphoria (beetle), genus of scarab beetles
- New York Euphoria (formerly "Team Euphoria"), a team in the Lingerie Football League
An album:
- Euphoria (Def Leppard album)
- Euphoria (compilations), a number of trance compilations on the Telstar Records label
- Euphoric, a 1991 album by Delerium
A song:
- "Euphoria", a song by DJ Tiesto from his album Parade of the Athletes
- "Euphoria", by Kyle Ward from the video game In the Groove
- "Euphoria", by Collide from the 2003 album Some Kind of Strange
- "Euphoria (Definite Mix)", by Andre Schneider from the 2004 album Lover's Space
- "Euphoria", by Sirenia from the 2004 album An Elixir for Existence
- "Euphoria (Firefly)", by Delerium from the 1997 album Karma
A musical group:
- EUPHORIA (American Band), a 1960s American Sunshine Pop band
- Euphoria (Australian band), a 1990s Australian pop/dance trio
- Euphoria (Indian band), an active Indian rock group formed in 1989.
- Euphoria (music project), an active Canadian dance music project formed in the 1990s
In film and television:
- Euphoria (film), a Russian 2006 dramatic film by Ivan Vyrypayev
- "Euphoria, Part 1" and "Euphoria, Part 2" (2006),  a two-part episode of the American television series House
In computing:
- Euphoria (software), game animation engine software by NaturalMotion
- Euphoria (programming language), an interpreted programming language
Euphoria may also be:
- a propaganda technique meant to induce the emotion euphoria in order to boost morale or acceptance
Eutheria

# Overview
Eutheria is a taxon containing the placental mammals, such as humans. The sister group of Eutheria is Metatheria, which includes marsupials and their extinct relatives.

# Origin of the word
The name Eutheria comes from the Greek words eu- "well" and ther "beast". When Eutheria was introduced by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880, he meant it to be broader in definition than its precursor Placentalia. Some use Eutheria as a total group which includes the crown group Placentalia and extinct mammals which are closer to Placentalia than to Marsupialia.

# Characteristics of eutherians
Nevertheless, all living eutherians are placental mammals. This means that a eutherian fetus is nourished during gestation by a placenta. Eutherians are also viviparous, meaning that the offspring are carried in the mother's uterus until fully developed.

# Differences from other mammals
Because of this, eutherians are different from other mammal groups such as monotremes and marsupials which are not placental. Monotremes, for instance, lay eggs which protect developing young until they are fully developed. Marsupials give birth to partially-developed young who then migrate to a special pouch in the mother's body in which the young continue their development. (Some exceptions do exist. Bandicoots for instance, which are marsupials, develop small placenta-like structures during gestation.)

# Earliest example
The earliest known eutherian species is the extinct Eomaia scansoria from the Lower Cretaceous of China. It is a member of Eutheria, but the hips of the animal were too narrowly built to have allowed the birth of well-developed young. Thus it is unlikely that a placenta greatly contributed to the development of E. scansoria's young before they were born.
Members of Eutheria are found on all continents and in all oceans.
Exanthem

# Overview
An exanthem is a widespread rash, usually of viral origin, and usually occurring in children. It represents either a reaction to a toxin produced by the organism, damage to the skin by the organism or an immune response. Exanthems may also be due to a drug, most commonly antibiotics.
Historically, five "classical" childhood exanthems have been recognized: they are rubeola (measles), varicella (chicken pox), rubella, scarlet fever and "fifth disease".  Roseola (aka exanthem subitum or "sixth disease") was later added to these.  Vaccinations now exist against measles, rubella and chickenpox; scarlet fever is a streptococcal disease easily treated with antibiotics and the remaining two viral syndromes are considered benign.
A "new" exanthem was identified in 1992, unilateral laterothoracic exanthem (ULE), later also known as asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood.
Excavate

# Overview
The excavates are a major assemblage of protists, often known as Excavata.  The phylogenetic category Excavata contains a variety of free-living and symbiotic forms, and includes some important parasites of humans.  Many excavates lack 'classical' mitochondria - these organisms are often referred to as 'amitochondriate', although, most, perhaps all, retain a mitochondrial organelle in greatly modified form. Others have mitochondria with tubular, discoidal, or in some cases, flat cristae.  Most excavates have two, four, or more flagella and many have a conspicuous ventral feeding groove with a characteristic ultrastructure, supported by microtubules.  However, various groups that lack these traits may be considered excavates based on genetic evidence (primarily phylogenetic trees of molecular sequences).  Most excavates fall into one of four groups, which may be treated as phyla:
Of these, the Percolozoa (Heterolobosea) and Euglenozoa appear to be particularly close relatives, and are united by the presence of discoid cristae within the mitochondria.  Most jakobids have tubular cristae, like most other protists, while the metamonads are unusual in having lost classical mitochondria - instead they have 'hydrogenosomes', 'mitosomes' or uncharacterised organelles.  Excavate relationships are still uncertain; it is possible that they are not a monophyletic group.
Certain excavates are often considered among the most primitive eukaryotes, based partly on their placement in many evolutionary trees.  This could encourage proposals that excavates are a paraphyletic grade that includes the ancestors of other living eukaryotes.  However, the placement of certain excavates as 'early branches' may be an analysis artifact caused by long branch attraction, as has been seen with some other groups, for example, microsporidia.
Exertion
Exertion is a concept describing the use of physical or perceived energy. It normally connotates a strenuous or costly effort related to physical, philosophical actions and work.

# Concept
In psychological terms exertion is a perceived measure of expenditure or cost.
Conceptually it is also used to describe the use of power (sociological or mental) - like in (violent) force or will (philosophy), but also in economics as in cost. Philosophically it is used as a concept or percept for something different than rest - i.e activity, indicating some sort of decision making or motivation - like instinctal drive.

# Physical
In physics exertion is use of energy against, or for, inertia as described by Isaac Newton's First Law of Motion. In mechanics it describes use of force against a body in direction of its motion (see vector).

# Medical
In medical terms exertion is the expenditure of energy by skeletal muscles. The intensity of this action can be measured by the rate of which oxygen is expended, heat is produced and heart rate.
A frequently used term is rating of perceived exertion or RPE-scale which is use of a scale to indicate a quantitive feeling of fatigue.

# Cybernetics
Exertion can be proxied or extended when applied to various human-machine interfaces, like prosthesis, remote control - even for games.
Eye bank
Eye banks retrieve and store eyes for cornea transplants and research.  US eye banks provide tissue for about 46,000 cornea transplants a year to treat conditions such as keratoconus and cornea scarring.  The cornea is the only part of the eye that can currently undergo transplantation.  In contrast to other organs, there is an adequate supply of corneas for transplants.
When an organ donor dies, certified eye bank technicians are dispatched to the hospital to collect the donor's eyes.  The whole eye, called a globe, is enucleated from the donor and taken back to the eye bank for processing.  A sample of the donor's blood is also collected to test for any pathogens.  Back at the eye bank, the cornea and part of the white sclera are cut away from the rest of the eye and placed in a container with preservation medium.  The corneas undergo visual examination underneath a slit-lamp and endothelial cell counts underneath a specular microscope.
There is a wide variety of storage media used in eye banking.  The most popular is Optisol GS, which can preserve cornea tissue for up to 14 days if kept refrigerated.  Eusol-C is another commonly used media. Organ culture media can also preserve corneas and does not require refrigeration.
FAM114A2
FAM114A2 (chromosome 5 open reading frame 3) is a gene on chromosome 5 in humans that encodes a protein FAM114A2. The protein function is not well known. FAM114A2 is, however, highly conserved in mammals with homologs both in fungi and plants.

# Protein
The FAM114A2 protein is 505 amino acids long with a molecular weight of 55.5 kdal and an isoelectric point of 4.66. It is predicted to stay in the nucleus after translation 
There is evidence that c5orf3 interacts with another protein of unknown function from chromosome 5, c5orf4 
This protein is thought to include a P loop  that suggests a role in ATP- and/or GTP-binding 

# Gene
The FAM114A2 gene is located on chromosome 5 (5q31-33). This gene has 14 exons spanning through its sequence. The coding sequence is 2886 base pairs with a 5 UTR of 94 base pairs and a 3 UTR of 1273 base pairs. It is expressed at high levels in most tissues of the human body. It is also highly expressed in tissues in the human brain
Frataxin
Frataxin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FXN gene.

# Function
Frataxin is localized to the mitochondrion. The function of frataxin is not entirely clear, but it seems to be involved in assembly of iron-sulfur clusters. It has been proposed to act as either an iron chaperone or an iron storage protein.
Frataxin mRNA is predominantly expressed in tissues with a high metabolic rate (including liver, kidney, brown fat and heart). Mouse and yeast frataxin homologues contain a potential N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence, and human frataxin has been observed to co-localise with a mitochondrial protein. Furthermore, disruption of the yeast gene has been shown to result in mitochondrial dysfunction. Friedreich's ataxia is thus believed to be a mitochondrial disease caused by a mutation in the nuclear genome (specifically, expansion of an intronic GAA triplet repeat in the  FXN gene, which encodes the protein frataxin.).

# Clinical significance
Reduced expression of frataxin is the cause of Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), a lethal neurodegenerative disease. The reduction in frataxin gene expression may be attributable from either the silencing of transcription of the frataxin gene because of epigenetic modifications in the chromosomal entity or from the inability of splicing the expanded GAA repeats in the first intron of the pre-mRNA as seen in Bacteria and Human cells or both. The expansion of intronic trinucleotide repeat GAA results in Friedreich's ataxia.  This expanded repeat causes R-loop formation, and using a repeat-targeted oligonucleotide to disrupt the R-loop can reactivate frataxin expression.

# Animal studies
An overexpression of frataxin in Drosophila has shown an increase in antioxidant capability, resistance to oxidative stress insults and longevity.
Fibroblasts from a mouse model of Friedreichs ataxia and Friedreichs ataxia patient fibroblasts show increased levels of DNA double-strand breaks.  A lentivirus gene delivery system was used to deliver the frataxin gene to the Friedreichs ataxia mouse model and human patient cells, and this resulted in long-term restored expression of frataxin mRNA and frataxin protein.  This restored expression of the frataxin gene was accompanied by a substantial reduction in the number of DNA double-strand breaks.  The impaired frataxin in Friedreichs ataxia cells appears to cause reduced capacity for repair of DNA damage and this may contribute to neurodegeneration.

# Interactions
Frataxin has been shown to biologically interact with the enzyme PMPCB.
Factor D
Factor D (EC 3.4.21.46, C3 proactivator convertase, properdin factor D esterase, factor D (complement), complement factor D, CFD, adipsin) a protein which in humans is encoded by the CFD gene. Factor D is involved in the alternative complement pathway of the complement system where it cleaves factor B.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the trypsin family of peptidases. The encoded protein is a component of the alternative complement pathway best known for its role in humoral suppression of infectious agents. This protein is also a serine protease that is secreted by adipocytes into the bloodstream. Finally, the encoded protein has a high level of expression in fat, suggesting a role for adipose tissue in immune system biology.
Factor D is a serine protease that stimulates glucose transport for triglyceride accumulation in fats cells and inhibits lipolysis.

# Clinical significance
The level of Factor D is decreased in the obese, this reduction may be due to high activity or resistance but exact cause is not totally known.

# Structure
All members of the chymotrypsin family of serine proteases have very similar structures.  In all cases, including factor D, there are two antiparallel -barrel domains with each barrel containing six -strands with the same typology in all enzymes.  The major difference in backbone structure between Factor D and the other serine proteases of the chymotrpsin family is in the surface loops connecting the secondary structural elements.  Factor D displays different conformations of major catalytic and substrate-binding residues typically found in the chrotrypsin family.  These features suggest the catalytic activity of factor D is prohibited unless conformational changes are induced by a realignment.
Farnesol
Farnesol is a natural organic compound which is a sesquiterpene alcohol found as a colorless liquid.  It is insoluble in water, but miscible with oils.
It is present in many essential oils such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, lemon grass, tuberose, rose, musk, balsam and tolu.  It is used in perfumery to emphasize the odors of sweet floral perfumes.
Farnesol is also a natural pesticide for mites and is a pheromone for several other insects.
In a 1994 report released by five top cigarette companies, farnesol was listed as one of 599 additives to cigarettes.  It is a flavoring ingredient.

# Health & Safety information
Farnesol should be avoided by people with perfume allergy.