Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Door safety
Door safety relates to prevention of door-related accidents.  Such accidents take place in various forms, and in a number of locations; ranging from car doors to garage doors. Accidents vary in severity and frequency; however within the US, governmental departments have begun legislating to reduce the number of accidents that occur in doors. According to the National Safety Council, 300,000 injuries are caused by doors every year.
Because of the number of accidents taking place, there has been a surge in the number of law suits.  As organisations are at risk when car doors or doors within buildings are unprotected, businesses have begun offering solutions (such as door guards) to neutralise the threat posed by doors.  A closing door can exert up to 40 tons per square inch of pressure between the hinges.
According to the U.S. General Services Administration, Child Care Center Design Guide, June 1998:

# Door guards
Door guards (also known as hinge guards , anti-finger trapping devices and / or finger guards) protect fingers in door hinges.  Door guards do this by covering the gap that is created by opening doors by covering the hinges of doors with a piece of rubber that wraps from the door frame to the door.
The purpose of door guards is to reduce the number of finger trapping accidents in doors, as doors pose a risk to children especially when closing.
Doxofylline

# Overview
Doxofylline (INN), (also known as doxophylline) is a xanthine derivative drug used in the treatment of asthma.
It has antitussive and bronchodilator effects, and acts as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
In animal and human studies, it has shown similar efficacy to theophylline but with significantly fewer side effects.
Unlike other xanthines, doxofylline lacks any significant affinity for adenosine receptors and does not produce stimulant effects. This suggests that its antiasthmatic effects are mediated by another mechanism, perhaps its actions on phosphodiesterase.
Dried fruit

# Overview
Dried fruit is fruit that has been dried, either naturally or through use of a machine, such as a dehydrator. Raisins, prunes and dates are examples of popular dried fruits. Other fruits that may be dried include apples, apricots, bananas, cranberries, figs, kiwi, mangoes, pawpaw, peaches, pears, persimmons, pineapples, strawberries and tomatoes.
Dried fruit has a long shelf life and therefore can provide a good alternate to fresh fruit, allowing out of season fruits to be available.  Drying is a good way to preserve fruit in the absence of refrigeration. Dried fruit is often added to baking mixes and breakfast cereals.
Dried fruits are rich in vitamins (A, B1, B2, B3, B6, pantothenic acid) and dietary minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, copper, manganese). They contain approximately 250 calories and 1 - 5g of protein per 100g. .
Due to the water loss experienced during dehydration, which may be as high as 7 parts out of eight, dried fruit has a stronger, more intense flavour. However the drying process also destroys most of the Vitamin C in the food, so that the dried version of the fruit has only a fraction of the levels of Vitamin C that would exist in the fruit if it were fresh.
Commercially prepared dried fruit may contain added sulfur dioxide which can trigger asthma in sensitive individuals, though dried fruit without sulfur dioxide is also available, particularly in health stores. The sulphur is added to "fix" the color of the product. "Organic" dried fruit is produced without sulphur which results in dark fruit and the flavour is much more characteristic of the fresh fruit.  The color of some fruits can also be "fixed" to some extent, with minimal impact on flavour, by treating the freshly cut fruit with a preparation rich in Vitamin C (e.g., a mixture of water and lemon juice) for a few minutes prior to drying.
In addition to dried whole fruits, fruit puree can be dried to make fruit leather.
Dromotropic
A dromotropic agent is one which affects the conduction velocity of the AV node, and subsequently the rate of electrical impulses in the heart.
Agents that are dromotropic are often (but not always) inotropic and chronotropic. For example, parasympathetic stimulation is usually negatively dromotropic, inotropic, and chronotropic.
Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers such as verapamil block the slow inward calcium current in cardiac tissues thereby having a negatively dromotropic, chronotropic and inotropic effect. This (and other) pharmacological effect makes these drugs useful in the treatment of angina pectoris.  Conversely, they can lead to
symptomatic disturbances in cardiac conduction and bradyarrhythmias, and may aggravate left ventricular failure.
Dysesthesia
Dysaesthesia (dysesthesia in American English) is a tactile hallucination. It signals that damage is being done to tissue when none is occurring. However, recent advances in neuroinflammation indicate that the patient is not actually hallucinating. It is most commonly described as feeling like acid under the skin. Burning dysesthesia is now felt to accurately reflect an acidotic state in the synapses and perineural space. Some ion channels will open to a low pH, the acid sensing ion channel I has been shown to open at body temperature, in a model of nerve injury pain. This information leads many to believe hallucination is an unfit term, although a better word does not immediately present itself. Dysesthetic burning may be hallucinatory as to the cutaneous surface, but accurate as to what is occurring in the synapses.
Dysesthesia is commonly seen in diabetic patients, and can be relieved by using creams containing capsaicin.

# Symptoms include
- Impairment of sensation short of anesthesia.
- A condition in which a disagreeable sensation is produced by ordinary stimuli; caused by lesions of the sensory pathways, peripheral or central.
- Abnormal sensations experienced in the absence of stimulation, such as:
Burning
Wetness
Itching
Electric shock
Pins and needles
- Burning
- Wetness
- Itching
- Electric shock
- Pins and needles
Dyskaryosis
Dyskaryosis of the uterine cervix is a condition in which some of the epithelial cells near the os show abnormalities in their cellular nuclei.
These changes are often quite subtle, and are often seen as temporary changes in girls between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five. Apparent dyskaryosis in girls below the age of twenty-five is not regarded as significant, and accordingly in most countries where a cervical screening programme exists, the age of entry into the programme is twenty-five. The programme terminates at the age of sixty-five, assuming no abnormal smears in the previous ten years.
Cervical dyskaryosis is classified into four degrees of severity - borderline, mild, moderate and severe. While any dyskaryotic cervix might develop malignant change, so all must be followed up, the risk is increasingly high with higher grades of dyskayosis. Most borderline changes will resolve spontaneously, as will many mild ones. Moderate and severe changes are usually treated, by electrocautery, cryocautery or loop excision, with the object of completely removing the abnormal area.
Dyskaryosis is caused by an infection with Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) which exists in a number of different strains; type 16 and type 18 cause dyskaryosis more readily than do other types. These viruses are nearly always sexually transmitted. Immunization, which is now available against HPV 16 and 18, will prevent further infection by these strains. But if infection has occurred before immunization, and cellular change has already occurred, the vaccine does not reduce the risk of developing dyskaryotic change.
E-Detailing
E-detailing is the technological equivalent of the pharmaceutical representatives traditional sales aid, used as part of their sales visits to healthcare providers.
Either internet based or loaded onto a tablet PC, an e-detail is an interactive presentation which is backed up by robust CRM systems to allow for a tailored marketing approach for every single customer. Internet based e-detailing is seen by some as a method to overcome the challenge sales reps face to secure physician meeting, the e-detail effectively replacing the face-to-face contact.
Tablet based e-detailing will be presented in much the same way as paper detail aids and require contact time, however the electronic detail aid is capable of providing interaction, video content, sound, and animation which are believed to increase engagement and therefore the messages have higher salience and retention.
As an e-detail is stored electronically, CRM systems can be used to select appropriate content depending on the physician data and can be used to track results. The format also allows for electronic storage of clinical papers, articles and so forth, which are then easily accessible when required.
The electronic detail aid also means that updates are much easier as they involve uploading new content and there is no requirement to re-print another version.
 Because it is an interactive medium, the belief is that the physician will be more engaged in the messages that she or he is exposed to and thus the message will have higher salience and retention.
There are a number of practitioners of e-detailing, in Europe, perhaps most prominently Creative Lynx a Manchester based creative agency who have won awards for their work in this field.
In the United States, The Allscripts Physicians Interactive Group is a clear leader and purveyor of e-detailing services and physician relationship building.
In Austria the Medizin Medien Austria is the "golden standard" for pharmaceutical contents.
E-cigarette
Several companies are currently selling an electronic version of a cigarette.
The device takes the form of a tiny rod which is slightly longer than a normal cigarette.  The mouthpiece of the device contains a replaceable cartridge filled with liquid.  The main substances contained in the liquid are nicotine and propylene glycol.
When air flows through the device, it is detected by a microprocessor.  This microprocessor then activates an atomizer which injects tiny droplets of the liquid into the flowing air.  This produces a vapor mist which is inhaled by the user.  The addition of propylene glycol to the liquid makes the mist better resemble normal cigarette smoke.  The microprocessor also activates an orange LED at the tip to simulate real smoking.  It not only simulates cigarette smoke but also the temperature of common cigarette's smoke (50-60 C).
The units use a rechargeable battery as a power source.
The technology is patented by European Patent EP 1 618 803 A1.

# Nicotine solution cartridges
The patent mentions four different recipes for the nicotine solution of the cartridge to be used with the electronic cigarette:

# Health issues
E-cigarettes are marketed as a "healthier" alternative for the consumption of tobacco (in comparison to smoking) since the atomisation of the substance does not produce the particulate matter which results from the combustion of plant material.
A toxicity study of the nicotine solutions (text in German) has been performed by Prof. Dr. Bernd Mayer.

# Legal situation in the EU
In the European Union some countries have stipulated a decision according to the legal status of e-cigarette products.
In principle, an e-cigarette is a Class IIa medical device (according to the EC directive 93/42/EEC) intended to administer medicines (nicotine solution) to the human body. The nicotine depots have to be considered as a medicinal product according to EC-directive 2001/83/EG (since the nicotine is a solution and not a tobacco plant product anymore). According to this classification, any type of e-cigarette needs to be CE-marked prior to distribution and for trade and distribution of the nicotine depots a registration as a medicinal products is inevitable. The Austrian Agency for Health-care Safety has issued their decision on April 18th 2007 expressing the above expert opinion. Since there is a first decision of a competent authority in one EU country, this decision is a guideline for all other EU countries. At present, none of the e-cigarette products can provide a medical device nor a medicinal registration. Any distribution within the European Union appears to be illegal.

# List of companies/products
(in alphabetic order)
- Cigartex (France)
- Crown Seven (USA)
- EMTAC (Germany)
- Rooney (Belgium)
- Rutoo E-cigarette (Europe)
- Smuke Europe Ltd. (Portugal)
- fujian mondex Ltd. (China, Wholesale)
- Sedansa (Belgium)
- Sottera Njoy (USA)
- SuperSmoker (Belgium)
- e-Cig.org (USA)
Ear shaping
Ear shaping is the process of altering the shape of the human ear(s) as a body modification practice, often resulting in a non-human appearance.  The medical procedure via which ears are reshaped to give a normal appearance is known as otoplasty. Ear shaping is usually performed by cutters.
There are several ways in which human ears can be given a different appearance, including cropping, pointing, and the amputation of various parts.  The various methods may be combined to give specific results.

# Amputation
In this form of ear shaping, the lobe or other portions of the ear are amputated to give the desired look. This may also be undertaken to remove stretched portions that are no longer wanted.  Sutures or cauterizing may be required.

# Cropping
Ear cropping is commonly performed on animals, for both cosmetic and other reasons, but rarely on humans.  In humans, cropping usually involves the removal of part of the upper ear with a scalpel.  Suturing or cauterizing may be required.

# Cutting
Cutting involves removing small portions of tissue or cutting parts of the ear to produce a new shape or a decorative pattern.

# Pointing
Ear pointing by various methods is undertaken to give an elf-like appearance to the ears.  A common method is to remove a small wedge-shaped portion at the top of the ear, and then suture the two edges.
Echinostoma
Echinostoma is an important genus that includes many parasites.  Species listed under the echinostoma name include:
Human echinostomiasis is an intestinal parasitic disease caused by one of at least sixteen trematode flukes from the genus Echinostoma. Found largely in southeast Asia and the Far East, echinostomiasis is transmitted through the ingestion of one of several possible intermediate hosts, which could include snails or other mollusks, certain fresh water fish, crustaceans or amphibians. These flukes are of moderate size and are distinguished by an oral sucker surrounded by a characteristic collar of spines.
Upon infection of the human host, the worms aggregate in the small intestine where they may cause no symptoms, mild symptoms, or severe symptoms in rare cases, depending on the number of worms present. Effective drugs for treatment do exist, but the disease still remains a problem in endemic areas. What's more, prevention and control is possible through measures such as health education, altered eating habits so as not to include ingestion of raw fish, mollusks and other sources of the disease, and alteration of the environment for removal of wastewater and industrial discharge that may be home to the parasite.
Use the links at the left to navigate through the various pages that explain different aspects of echinostomiasis and the parasitic echinostomes that cause it. (attribution: Peter Rowe)
- Echinostoma caproni
- Echinostoma echinatum
- Echinostoma friedi
- Echinostoma jurini
- Echinostoma luisyrei
- Echinostoma miyagawai
- Echinostoma paraensei
- Echinostoma parvocirris
- Echinostoma revolutum
- Echinostoma trivolvis
Ecothiopate

# Overview
Echothiophate (Phospholine) is a parasympathomimetic and a phosphorothioate. It is an irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.

# Uses
It is used as an ocular antihypertensive in the treatment of chronic glaucoma and, in some cases, accommodative esotropia. It is available under several trade names such as Phospholine Iodide (Wyeth-Ayerst).
Echothiophate binds irreversibly to cholinesterase. Because of the very slow rate at which echothiophate is hydrolyzed by cholinesterase, its effects can last a week or more. Adverse effects include muscle spasm and other systemic effects.

# Mechanism of action
It covalently binds by its phosphate group to serine group at the active site of the cholinesterase. Once bound, the enzyme is permanently inactive and the cell has to make new enzymes.

# Shortage
Wyeth Pharmaceuticals stopped manufacturing echothiophate iodide in the US in 2003. After contacting the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), Wyeth rescinded their decision and, according to AAO public relations representative Michelle Stephens, the AAO and Wyeth were in talks for about a year about manufacturing it. 
In the meantime, a worldwide shortage of the drug has occurred.

# Chemistry
Echothiophate is made by reacting diethylchlorophosphoric acid with 2-dimethylaminoethylmercaptan, giving S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-O,O-diethylthiophosphate, which is alkylated by methyl iodide, forming echothiophate.
Edrecolomab

# Overview
Edrecolomab (MAb17-1A, trade name Panorex) is a mouse-derived monoclonal antibody targeting the cell-surface glycoprotein EpCAM (17-1A), which is expressed on epithelial tissues and on various carcinomas.
Preliminary studies had shown promise of a possible use in patients with stage III colorectal carcinoma (with metastasis to the lymph nodes). However, when put to a phase III study (2,761 patients) it did not provide any benefit when compared to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. No effect has been demonstrated for stage II (locally advanced cancer without spread to the lymph nodes) colon cancer.
Edrecolomab was well tolerated in these studies and as such research has now concentrated on whether it can be of any use in other forms of cancer.
Edward Bove
Edward Bove is a Professor in the Department of Surgery at the University of Michigan School of Medicine, Michigan, United States. Dr. Bove is also the Head of the Section of Cardiac Surgery, the Director of the Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery,  and the Co-Director of the Michigan Congenital Heart Center at the University of Michigan Health System in Ann Arbor, Michigan.  He is well known for his contributions to the repair of congenital heart defects, most notably Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome.
Dr. Bove was born and raised in New York.  He received his bachelors degree from the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1968, and his medical degree from Albany Medical College, Albany, New York in 1972.  Dr. Bove performed his post-doctoral training at:
- Surgical Intern, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Resident in Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Chief Resident in Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Resident in Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Senior Registrar, Thoracic Unit, The Hospital for Sick Children, London, England
Dr. Bove was an Assistant Professor of Surgery from 1980-1983 at the Health Science Center Syracuse.  From 1983-1985, he was an Associate Professor of Surgery at the Health Science Center Syracuse.  Dr. Bove became a Associate Professor of Surgery at the University of Michigan in 1985.  In 1988, Dr. Bove was elevated to Professor of Surgery at the University of Michigan.  In 1999, he was appointed head of the Section of Cardiac Surgery for the University.
Dr. Bove is considered one of the world's outstanding pediatric cardiac surgeons, and is particularly renowned for his work with the Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. 
Dr. Bove is also the author of 224 articles on the repair of congenital heart defects.   He is board-certified in both General and Cardiac surgery.
Dr. Bove has received recognition for his work including being listed in Who's Who in Health and Medical Services and the Best Doctors in America.  Dr. Bove is also on the board of the American Board of Thoracic Surgery..  More recently, Dr. Bove became one of the public faces of the University of Michigan Health System by being prominently featured in the System's new marketing campaign.
Dr. Bove is married and has two children, Christopher and Susan.

# Quotes
"Sadly, we lose some. It upsets me as much today as ever - just ask my wife. The high risk - it wears on you. Some days I'm as high as the top of the world, but other days I'm deflated lower than the curb on the road."
Egocentrism
In psychology, egocentrism is defined as 
a) the incomplete differentiation of the self and the world, including other people and 
b) the tendency to perceive, understand and interpret the world in terms of the self. The term derives from the Greek ego, meaning "I". An egocentric person has no theory of mind, cannot "put himself in other people's shoes," and believes everyone sees what he sees (or that what he sees in some way exceeds what others see.)
It appears that this is shown mostly in younger children. They are unable to separate their own beliefs, thoughts and ideas from others. For example, if a child sees that there is candy in a box, he assumes that someone else walking into the room also knows that there is candy in that box. He reasons that "since I know it, you should too". As stated previously this may be rooted in the limitations in the child's theory of mind skills. However, it does not mean that children are unable to put their selves in someone else's shoes. As far as feelings are concerned, it is shown that children exhibit empathy early on and are able to cooperate with others and be aware of their needs and wants.
Jean Piaget (1896-1980) claimed that young children are egocentric. This does not mean that they are selfish, but that they do not have the mental ability to understand that other people may have different opinions and beliefs from themselves. Piaget did a test to investigate egocentrism called the mountains study. He put children in front of a simple plaster mountain range and then asked them to pick from four pictures the view that he, Piaget, would see. Younger children picked the picture of the view they themselves saw.
However the Mountains Study has been criticized for judging children's visual spatial awareness, rather than egocentrism. A follow up study involving police dolls showed that even young children were able to correctly say what the interviewer would see. It is thought that Piaget overestimated the levels of egocentrism in children.
Egocentrism is the child's inability to see other people's view points. The child at this stage of cognitive development assumes that their view of the world is the same as other peoples, e.g. a little girl covers her eyes and says 'mummy you can't see me now, can you?'