Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Weber's syndrome

# Overview
Weber's Syndrome (superior alternating hemiplegia) is characterized by the presence of an oculomotor nerve palsy and contralateral hemiparesis or hemiplegia.
It is caused by midbrain infarction as a result of occlusion of the paramedian branches of the basilar artery.
It should not be confused with Sturge-Weber syndrome or Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome.
Whistle register
The whistle register (also called the flageolet register and in Speech Level Singing the super-head register) is the highest register of the human voice. The register is so called because the timbre of the notes that are produced from this register is similar to that of a whistle.

# Physiology and definition
The physiology of the whistle register is the least understood of the vocal registers. It is known that when producing pitches in this register, vibration occurs only in some anterior portion of the vocal folds. This shorter vibrating length naturally allows for easier production of high pitches. The physiological process that causes this is not currently known.
The whistle register is most commonly used to produce pitches around and above the soprano C. By the physiological definition just detailed, it is a configuration of the vocal folds and is a range of pitches. However, there is no universally agreed-upon scheme for classifying vocal registers, so it is common to see other definitions.

# Uses of the whistle register
In European classical music, the whistle register is rarely called for. When it is, it is exclusively used by coloratura sopranos to produce pitches above C6. Probably the best-known example of the whistle register in European classical music is in the "Queen of the Night" aria (properly titled "Der Holle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen") from the Mozart opera Die Zauberflote; it calls for pitches up to F6.
In Western popular music, the whistle register is used with more variety and to produce much higher pitches than are called for in classical music. While it is mostly used by females, such as Mariah Carey and Minnie Riperton, there are a few male singers who use it. Georgia Brown holds the record for highest note ever reached. Among male singers, the one who holds the Guinness Book of Records record (C#8) for highest vocal note by a male, Adam Lopez, makes extensive use of the whistle register.
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Winters' formula

# Overview
Winters' formula is a formula to assess the adequacy of respiratory compensation in the presence of a primary metabolic acidosis.

# Historical Perspective
Winters' formula, named after Robert W. Winters, is a formula used to evaluate respiratory compensation when analyzing acid-base disorders and a metabolic acidosis is present.

# Winters' formula
Winters' formula can be given as
where HCO3- is given in units of mEq/L and PCO2 will be in units of mm Hg.

# Interpretation
Winters' formula gives an expected value for the patient's PCO2; the patient's measured PCO2 is then compared to this.
- If the two values correspond, respiratory compensation is considered to be adequate.
- If the measured PCO2 is higher than the calculated value, there is also a primary respiratory acidosis.
- If the measured PCO2 is lower than the calculated value, there is also a primary respiratory alkalosis.
Wobble base pair
A wobble base pair is a G-U and I-U / I-A / I-C pair fundamental in RNA secondary structure. Its thermodynamic stability is comparable to that of the Watson-Crick base pair. Wobble base pairs are critical for the proper translation of the genetic code.  The genetic code makes up for disparities in the number of amino acids (20) for codons (64), by using modified base pairs in the first base of the anti-codon. One important modified base is inosine which can pair with three bases: uracil, adenine, and cytosine.
Another critical base pair is the G-U base pair, which allows uracil to pair with two bases: guanine and adenine.

# tRNA Wobble
The fact that there are 61 amino-acid-coding codons and roughly 40 tRNA molecules presented a problem; in 1966 Francis Crick proposed the Wobble hypothesis to account for this. He postulated that the 5' base on the anti-codon was not as spatially confined as the other two bases, and could thus have non-standard base pairing.  This would account for 60 codons for 40 tRNA.
As an example yeast tRNAPhe has the anticodon 5'-GmAA-3' and can recognize the codons 5'-UUC-3' and 5'-UUU-3'. It is, therefore, possible for non-Watson-Crick base pairing to occur at the third codon position, i.e. the 3' nucleotide of the mRNA codon and the 5' nucleotide of the tRNA anticodon.
Wonder (emotion)

# Overview
Wonder is an emotion comparable to surprise in that it is most commonly felt when perceiving something rare or unexpected. Unlike surprise however, it is more definitely positive in valence and can endure for longer periods. It has also been specifically linked with curiosity and the drive for scientific investigation.
Descartes described wonder as one of the primary emotions because he claimed that emotions in general are reactions to unexpected phenomena.
Wonder is also compared to the emotion of awe.

# Bibliography
Philip Fisher, Wonder, The Rainbow, and the Aesthetics of Rare Experiences (London: Havard University Press, 1999)
Keltner, D., & Haidt, J . (2003). Approaching awe, a moral, spiritual, and aesthetic emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 297-314.
Haidt, J. & Keltner, D . (2004). Appreciation of beauty and excellence. In C. Peterson and M. E. P. Seligman (Eds.) Character strengths and virtues. Washington DC: American Psychological Association Press. pp. 537-551.

# Notes and References
-  Harvard University Press: Wonder, the Rainbow, and the Aesthetics of Rare Experiences by Philip Fisher
Wound dehiscence

# Overview
Wound dehiscence is a surgical complication in which a wound ruptures along a surgical suture.  Risk factors are age, diabetes, obesity, poor knotting or grabbing of stitches, and trauma to the wound after surgery.

# Symptoms
Symptoms of dehiscence can include bleeding, pain, inflammation, fever, or the wound opening spontaneously.

# Cause
A primary cause of wound dehiscence is subacute infection, resulting from inadequate or imperfect aseptic technique.  Coated suture such as vicryl generally breaks down at a rate predicted to correspond with tissue healing, but is hastened in the presence of bacteria. In the absence of other known metabolic factors which inhibit healing and may have contributed to suture dehiscence, subacute infection should be suspected and the protocol  of obtaining wound cultures followed by treatment with the appropriate antibiotics should be undertaken.  Dehiscence can also be caused by inadequate undermining (cutting the skin away from the underlying tissues) of the wound during surgery, excessive tension on the wound edges caused by lifting or straining, or the wound being located on a highly mobile or high tension area such as the back, shoulders or legs.  Individuals with EhlersDanlos syndrome also commonly experience wound dehiscence.  Risk factors can include any of the above as well as obesity, smoking, previous scarring, surgical error, cancer, chronic use of corticosteroids and increased abdominal pressure.

# Prevention
Dehiscence can be prevented through adequate undermining to reduce stress on the wound edges, avoiding heavy lifting and hematomas, and speeding healing through adequate nutrition, controlling diabetes and avoiding certain medications such as prednisone.  Sterile strips may also be used to cover the sutures for up to a week.  Antibiotics and cleaning the wound may also help.

# Treatment
Once wound dehiscence occurs, it can be treated by allowing granulation, re-cutting and suturing the edges and providing prophylactic antibiotics.  Exposure to the air, debridement and if indicated, frequent dressing changes also help.
Xlear Nasal Wash
Xlear Nasal Wash is the brand name of a saline-based nasal spray containing xylitol.  Xlear claims to be effective in reducing bacteria in the nose and eustachian tubes, thus decreasing the risk of sinus infections, while improving such conditions as allergic rhinitis and asthma.  Studies  support this assertion by showing that the presence of xylitol prevents the growth of bacteria in the eustachian tubes which connect the nose and ear. Xylitol also interferes with the ability of bacteria to adhere to body tissues.
The name "Xlear" is pronounced "clear" or Template:IPA.  The inventor of the nasal spray, Dr. Alonzo "Lon" Jones, coined the term.  The 'x' is intended to reference the xylitol, but is realized as a /k/ sound.  This pronunciation is allegedly derived from that of the Russian alphabet character X.
Based in Orem, Utah, Xlear Inc. owns the patent on saline nasal spray with xylitol and produces Xlear Nasal Wash.
Yellow Jessamine
Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens), also known as Evening Trumpetflower or Carolina Jessamine, is a twining vine in the family Gelsemiaceae, native to warm temperate and tropical America from Guatemala north to the southeastern United States.
It can grow to 3-6 m high when given suitable climbing support in trees, with thin stems. The leaves are evergreen, lanceolate, 5-10 cm long and 1-1.5 cm broad, and lustrous, dark green. The flowers are borne in clusters, the individual flowers yellow, sometimes with an orange center, trumpet-shaped, 3 cm long and 2.5-3 cm broad.
All parts of this plant contain the toxic strychnine-related alkaloids gelsemine and gelseminine and should not be consumed. The sap may cause skin irritation in sensitive individuals. Children, mistaking this flower for honeysuckle, have been poisoned by sucking the nectar from the flower. The nectar is also toxic to honeybees, and causes brood death when gathered by the bees.
Despite the hazards, this is a popular garden plant in warmer areas, frequently being trained to grow over arbors or to cover walls.
Yellow Jessamine is the state flower of South Carolina.
This flower is not scented and nectar is found at the bottom of it.

# External references
- NRCS: USDA Plants Profile: Gelsemium sempervirens
de:Carolina-Jasmin
ZMA (supplement)
ZMA (Zinc monomethionine aspartate and Magnesium Aspartate) is a supplement used by bodybuilders and athletes.  It was developed by Victor Conte (founder of BALCO Laboratories in Burlingame, California) and is a combination of zinc, magnesium and vitamin B6.  The formula is "patent pending" and the name "ZMA" trademarked by SNAC System Inc, also founded by Victor Conte. ZMA is claimed to  raise testosterone and IGF-1 levels which may aid in gaining muscle size and strength. It is used as a bodybuilding supplement.
ZMA is a combination of two minerals, zinc and magnesium, and Vitamin B-6 or pyridoxine. All three of these compounds are important in biological processes, and while studies have shown that most Americans get enough zinc and Vitamin B6, more than 50% are deficient in magnesium.
An increase in exercise can lead to the loss of vitamins and minerals making it particularly important for bodybuilding due to the blood sugar level rises and urination increases, increasing the loss of magnesium, zinc, B12, B6, folic acid, and many other nutrients. Although drinking water re-hydrates an athlete, fruit juice, sports drinks or foods high in water such as vegetables are needed to replenish water-soluble nutrients.
The proportion of ingredients generally used in products is 20-30 mg Zinc, 400-500 mg Magnesium and ~10mg B6. According to the label directions, ZMA should be taken before bed on an empty stomach (2 hours after eating your last meal and at least 30 minutes prior to any other supplements). The product should not be taken with calcium.

# Scientific studies
A 1999 study was undertaken on NCAA Football players during an 8 week spring training program.  Those who took the ZMA tablets showed greater increases in muscle strength, free testosterone levels, and IGF-1 levels.  These ZMA study results were presented by Dr. Brilla (a sports performance researcher at Western Washington University) on June 2, 1999, at the 46th Annual Meeting of the American College of Sports Medicine in Seattle, Washington. This study was funded by SNAC Systems Inc. (the patent holders) and one of the study's authors (Victor Conte) has equity in this company.
Another study in 2004 found that ZMA has no effect on strength or hormone levels, but did show a lower rate of muscle catabolism and cited further study was recommended.
Zieve's syndrome

# Overview
Zieve's syndrome is an acute metabolic condition that can occur during withdrawal from prolonged alcohol abuse. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia, hyperlipidemia, jaundice, and abdominal pain.  The underlying cause is liver delipidation.  This is distinct from alcoholic hepatitis which, however, may present simultaneously or develop later.

# Historical Perspective
Zieve's syndrome was initially described by Leslie Zieve in patients with a combination of alcoholic liver disease, hemolytic anemia and hypertriglyceridemia.

# Classification

# Pathophysiology
The proposed mechanism of the characteristic haemolytic anaemia in Zieve's syndrome is due to alteration of the red cell metabolism, namely pyruvate kinase instability leaving them susceptible to circulating hemolysin such as lysolecithin. Changes in membrane lipid compositions such as increased cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) have been report during the hemolytic phase.

# Causes

# Differentiating Zieve's syndrome from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

## Natural History

## Complications

## Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
Definitive treatment for Zieve's syndrome is alcohol cessation.

## Surgery

## Prevention
Zoopharmacognosy
Zoopharmacognosy refers to the process by which animals self-medicate, by selecting and utilizing plants, soils, and insects to treat and prevent disease. Coined by Dr. Eloy Rodriguez, a biochemist and professor at Cornell University, the word is derived from roots zoo ("animal"), pharma ("drug"), and gnosy ("knowing").
Observers have noticed that some species ingest non-foods, such as toxic plants, clay or charcoal, to ward off parasitic infestation or poisoning. For example, Jane Goodall has seen chimpanzees eating certain bushes to make themselves sick.  Some Brazilian parrots eat kaolin (a form of clay).
Illustrating the medicinal knowledge of some species, apes have been observed selecting a particular part of a medicinal plant by taking off leaves, then breaking the stem to suck out the juice.  In an interview with the late Neil Campbell, Rodriguez describes the importance of biodiversity to medicine:
"Some of the compounds we've identified by zoopharmacognosy kill parasitic worms, and some of these chemicals may be useful against tumors. There is no question that the templates for most drugs are in the natural world." 

# Notes
-  Gerber, Suzanne. "Not just monkeying around", Vegetarian Times, November 1998.
-  Biser, Jennifer A. (1998). "Really Wild Remedies  Medicinal Plant Use by Animals." Smithsonian National Zoological Park website; accessed on 2005-01-13.  (provides several examples)
-  Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 Biology (4th edition) N.A.Campbell, p.23 'An Interview with Eloy Rodriguez' (Benjamin Cummings NY, 1996) ISBN 0-8053-1957-3
2-chloroethanol
2-Chloroethanol is a colorless liquid similar to glycerine with faint, sweet pleasant ether-like odor.  It is miscible with water.
It is also known as 2-chloro-1-ethanol, 2-monochloroethanol, 2-hydroxyethyl chloride, -chloroethanol, -hydroxyethyl chloride, chloroethanol, -chloroethanol, ethylchlorhydrin, ethylene chlorohydrin, glycol chlorohydrin, and glycol monochlorohydrin.
2-Chloroethanol is very toxic and exposure to it may be fatal. It is absorbed through skin. Exposure can damage the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, kidneys and liver. It is very irritating to eyes and lungs. In fire, it decomposes to hydrogen chloride and phosgene. It is a fire and explosion hazard.
2-Chloroethanol is synthetized from ethylene and hypochlorous acid.
2-Chloroethanol is primarily used for synthesis of ethylene oxide and a number of synthetic reactions for preparation of dyes, pharmaceuticals, biocides and plasticizers. It is also used for manufacture of thiodiglycol. It is a solvent for cellulose acetate and ethyl cellulose, textile printing dyes, in dewaxing, refining of rosin, extraction of pine lignin, cleaning of machines, and other uses.
The trade with 2-chloroethanol is relatively low-volume, as it is easier to make it as needed than to buy and store it.
3-Aminopyridine

# Overview
3-Aminopyridine is an aminopyridine.  It can be used in the synthesis of organic ligand 3-pyridylnicotinamide

# Preparation
3-Aminopyridine can be prepared by heating nicotinamide with sodium hypobromite which is in turn prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium hydroxide and bromine at 70 C.

# Toxicology
3-Aminopyridine can easily be absorbed through the skin. It is fatal if swallowed or absorbed through the skin. High concentrations can be extremely destructive to the tissues of mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract eyes and skin. Symptoms may also include convulsions and death. It also causes damage to the nervous system. Thermal decomposition leads to evolution of toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen.
4-Aminopyridine

# Overview
4-Aminopyridine is prepared by the decarbonylation of pyridine-4-carboxyamide.

# Pharmaceutical applications
It has been used clinically in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome and multiple sclerosis because by blocking potassium channels it prolongs action potentials thereby increasing transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction and elsewhere.
The drug, known as Neurelan, has been shown to reverse tetrodotoxin toxicity in animal experiments.
It is also marketed as Fampridine by Acorda for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, for which it is now in Phase II clinical trials.
4-aminopyridine is marketed as an avicide under the trade name Avitrol.  In this treatment it causes convulsions and sometimes death, depending on dosage.  Because other members of a flock sometimes are frightened away by poisoned birds, it is described as a bird "frightening agent".

# Multiple Sclerosis
4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) is a drug shown to improve visual function and motor skills and relieve fatigue in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). 4-AP is most effective in patients with the chronic progressive form of MS, in patients who are temperature sensitive, and in patients who have had MS for longer than three years. Common side effects include dizziness, nervousness and nausea, and the incidence of adverse effects was shown to be less than 5% in all studies.
4-AP works as a potassium channel blocker. Electrophysiologic studies of demyelinated axons show that abnormal potassium currents decrease action potential duration and amplitude and contribute to conduction failure. Potassium channel blockade prolongs the depolarization phase of the action potential, increasing conductivity along the demyelinated axon.
MS patients treated with 4-AP exhibited a response rate of 29.5% to 80%. A long-term study (32 months) indicated that 80-90% of patients who initially responded to 4-AP exhibited long-term benefits. Although improving symptoms, 4-AP does not inhibit progression of MS.
Spinal cord injury patients have also seen improvement with 4-AP therapy. These improvements include sensory, motor and pulmonary function, with a decrease in spasticity and pain..

# Overdose
Conditions associated with overdose have included parasthesias and seizures., and atrial fibrillation.