Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
VA-HIT Trial

# Objective
To determine if the reduction in major CHD events (MI and CHD deaths) with gemfibrozil could be attributed to changes in major plasma lipid levels.

# Methods
VA-HIT (Veterans Affairs HDL Intervention Trial) trial is a multicentered, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial wherein 2531 patients with CAD along with LDL levels 140 mg/dL (mean 111 mg/dL) and HDL 40 mg/dL (mean 32 mg/dL) were randomly assigned to treatment with gemfibrozil (1200mg) or placebo. The median follow-up was 5.1 years.

# Results

## Results At One Year
- Mean HDL-C level was higher by 6% in the group treated with gemfibrozil.
- Mean TG concentration was lower by 31% in the group treated with gemfibrozil.
- Mean total cholesterol was 4% lower in the group treated with gemfibrozil.

## Results At Five Year
- The combined primary end point of cardiac death and non-fatal myocardial infarction occurred in 17.3% versus 21.7% in the group receiving gemfibrozil and the placebo group respectively.
- There was a risk reduction of 22% in the primary outcome (p=.0006) and 24% risk reduction in the combined endpoint of stroke, MI, and CHD death
- Acute coronary events were reduced by 11% with gemfibrozil for every 5 mg/dL rise in HDL-C, but the reduction was independent of changes in LDL-C and triglyceride levels.

# Conclusion
Low HDL-C levels strongly and independently predict the occurrence of coronary events. Gemfibrozil reduced the rate of coronary events by raising HDL-C and lowering triglycerides without lowering LDL-C.
VAPRED Study

# Official Title
Study of Predictive Echo Doppler Score and D-dimer Level in Evaluation of the Thromboembolic Event Recurrence After Anticoagulant Treatment Cessation

# Objective
The purpose of this trial is to perform a prospective multicentric study to determine predictive ED score and D-dimer level in the evaluation of the thromboembolic event recurrence after anticoagulant treatment cessation

# Sponsor
University Hospital, Grenoble

# Timeline
The previous information was derived from ClinicalTrials.gov on 09/25/2013 using the identification number NCT00860106 .

# Study Description
The previous information was derived from ClinicalTrials.gov on 09/25/2013 using the identification number NCT00860106 .

# Eligibility Criteria

## Inclusion Criteria
- >18 and <80 years old
- First or second treated proximal VTE event (+/- Pulmonary embolism)
- Signed informed consent

## Exclusion Criteria
- Active cancer or currently treated
- Previous VTE>2
- Long term anticoagulant treatment for VTE diseases
- Long term anticoagulant treatment for other diseases
- Pregnancy, parturient or breast feeding
- Person deprived of freedom by judicial or administrative decision
- Consent unsigned

# Outcomes

## Primary Outcomes
VTE event recurrence  

## Secondary Outcomes
Not provided

# Publications

## Results

## Conclusion
Vaginal ring
Vaginal rings (also known as intravaginal rings, or V-Rings) are 'doughnut-shaped' polymeric drug delivery devices designed to provide controlled release of drugs to the vagina over extended periods of time. Several vaginal ring products are currently available, including:
- Estring - a low-dose estradiol-releasing ring, manufactured from silicone elastomer, for the treatment of vaginal atrophy.
- Femring - a low-dose estradiol-acetate releasing ring, manufactured from silicone elastomer, for the relief of hot flashes and vaginal atrophy associated with menopause.
- NuvaRing - a low-dose contraceptive vaginal ring, manufactured from poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), and releasing etonogestrel (a progesterone) ethinyl estradiol (an estrogen).
A number of vaginal ring products are also in development.

# Methods of use
General - Vaginal rings are easily inserted and removed. Vaginal walls hold them in place. Although their exact location within the vagina is not critical for clinical efficacy, rings commonly reside next to the cervix. Rings are typically left in place during intercourse, and most couples report no interference or discomfort. In many cases, neither partner feels the presence of the ring. 
Rings can be removed prior to intercourse, but in the case of the contraceptive Nuvaring only for one to three hours in order to maintain efficacy of birth control.
- Femring - Femring is inserted into the vagina and left in place for three months, after which it is removed and replaced with a fresh ring.
- Nuvaring - Nuvaring is inserted into the vagina and left in place for three weeks, after which it is removed for a 'ring-free' week to allow menstruation to occur.

# Vaginal ring updates
Vaginal ring technology is currently being developed for the controlled release of microbicides and vaccines for the prevention of HIV infection.
Issues have been raised about the biodegradability of the product given the recent concern about pollution and use of plastics, especially of the poly(ethylene-co-vinyl+) archetypes.
Valaciclovir
Synonyms / Brand Names: Valaciclovir Hcl, Valaciclovir Hydrochloride, Valacyclover Hydrochloric, Valacyclover Hydrochloride, Valacyclovir Hydrochloride, Valacyclovir, Valtrex, Zelitrex

# Dosing and Administration
The recommended dosage of Valaciclovir for the treatment of herpes zoster is 1 gram orally 3 times daily for 7 days. Therapy should be initiated at the earliest sign or symptom of herpes zoster and is most effective when started within 48 hours of the onset of zoster rash. No data are available on efficacy of treatment started greater than 72 hours after rash onset. 
See Instructions for Administration for further dosing and administration information.
FDA Package Insert Resources
Indications, Contraindications, Side Effects, Drug Interactions, etc.
Calculate Creatine Clearance
On line calculator of your patients Cr Cl by a variety of formulas.
Convert pounds to Kilograms
On line calculator of your patients weight in pounds to Kg for dosing estimates.
 Publication Resources
Recent articles, WikiDoc State of the Art Review, Textbook Information
Trial Resources
Ongoing Trials, Trial Results
Guidelines & Evidence Based Medicine Resources
US National Guidelines, Cochrane Collaboration, etc.
Media Resources
Slides, Video, Images, MP3, Podcasts, etc.
Patient Resources
Discussion Groups, Handouts, Blogs, News, etc.
International Resources
en Espanol

# FDA Package Insert Resources
Indications
Contraindications
Side Effects
Drug Interactions
Precautions
Overdose
Instructions for Administration
How Supplied
Pharmacokinetics and Molecular Data
FDA label
FDA on Valaciclovir
Return to top

# Publication Resources
Most Recent Articles on Valaciclovir
Review Articles on Valaciclovir
Articles on Valaciclovir in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
WikiDoc State of the Art Review
Textbook Information on Valaciclovir
Return to top

# Trial Resources
Ongoing Trials with Valaciclovir at Clinical Trials.gov
Trial Results with Valaciclovir
Return to top

# Guidelines & Evidence Based Medicine Resources
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Valaciclovir
Cochrane Collaboration on Valaciclovir
Cost Effectiveness of Valaciclovir
Return to top

# Media Resources
Powerpoint Slides on Valaciclovir
Images of Valaciclovir
Podcasts & MP3s on Valaciclovir
Videos on Valaciclovir
Return to top

# Patient Resources
Patient Information from National Library of Medicine
Patient Resources on Valaciclovir
Discussion Groups on Valaciclovir
Patient Handouts on Valaciclovir
Blogs on Valaciclovir
Valaciclovir in the News
Valaciclovir in the Marketplace
Return to top

# International Resources
Valaciclovir en Espanol
Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Vasa praevia

# Overview
Vasa praevia (vasa previa AE) is an obstetric complication defined as "fetal vessels crossing or running in close proximity to the inner cervical os. These vessels course within the membranes (unsupported by the umbilical cord or placental tissue) and are at risk of rupture when the supporting membranes rupture."

# Etiology & Pathogenesis
Vasa previa is present when fetal vessels traverse the fetal membranes over the internal cervical os. These vessels may be from either a velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord or may be joining an accessory (succenturiate) placental lobe to the main disk of the placenta. If these fetal vessels rupture the bleeding is from the fetoplacental circulation, and fetal exsanguination will rapidly occur, leading to fetal death.

# Risk Factors
Vasa previa is seen more commonly with velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord, accessory placental lobes, and multiple gestation.

# Diagnosis
- This is rarely confirmed before delivery but may be suspected when antenatal sono-gram with color-flow Doppler reveals a vessel crossing the membranes over the internal cervical os.
- The diagnosis is usually confirmed after delivery on examination of the placenta and fetal membranes.
- Most often the foetus is already dead when the diagnosis is made; because the blood loss (say 300ml) constitutes a major bulk of blood volume of the foetus (80-100ml/kg i.e. 300ml approx for a 3kg foetus).

# Treatment
Treatment immediately with an emergency cesarean delivery is usually indicated.

### Contraindicated medications
Vasa praevia is considered an absolute contraindication to the use of the following medications:
- Oxytocin
Vat Yellow 4

# Overview
Vat Yellow 4, also known as Golden Yellow GK, dibenzochrysenedione, dibenzpyrenequinone, Tyrian Yellow I-GOK, and C.I. 59100, is a yellow synthetic anthraquinone vat dye. Chemically it is dibenzochrysene-7,14-dione, or 3,4:8,9-dibenzopyrene-5,10-dione, or C24H12O2. It has the appearance of a viscous orange liquid.
Vat Yellow 4 is used mostly as a dye for textiles and paper.
Together with benzanthrone, it is used in some older pyrotechnic compositions for green and yellow colored smokes.
Vat Yellow 4 is a Group 3 carcinogen according to the IARC, as the evidence of its carcinogenity to humans is inadequate.
Vildagliptin

# Overview
Vildagliptin, previously identified as LAF237, is a new oral anti-hyperglycemic agent (anti-diabetic drug) of the new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor class of drugs.	Vildagliptin inhibits the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP by DPP-4, allowing GLP-1 and GIP to potentiate the secretion of insulin in the beta cells and suppress glucaon release by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
It is currently in clinical trials and has been shown to reduce hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Vildagliptin has been submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for approval, and will be marketed as Galvus by Novartis. The Food and Drug Administration demanded additional clinical data before it can approve vildagliptin including extra evidence that skin lesions and kidney impairment seen during an early  study on animals have not occurred in human trials. Vildagliptin is currently approved for use in the European Union, although it is not yet marketed. The recent finding of liver toxicity problems among clinical trial patients could delay the European debut of this drug.
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4's role in blood glucose regulation is thought to be through inactivation of GIP and GLP-1.
Visceral fat

# Overview
Visceral fat, also known as inner organ fat, is located inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between internal organs, as opposed to subcutaneous fat which is found underneath the skin and intramuscular fat which is found interspersed in skeletal muscle. An excess of visceral fat leads to the "pot belly" or "beer belly" effect, in which the abdomen protrudes excessively. This body type is also known as "apple" shaped, as opposed to "pear" shape, in which fat is deposited on the hips and buttocks. Visceral fat is composed of several adipose depots including mesenteric, epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT) and perirenal depots. Visceral fat accumulation is associated with increased risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
de:Viszeralfett

# Measuring Visceral Fat
Visceral fat can be estimated per area, manually or using a BIA or bioelectrical impedance analysis diagnostic machine or using a CT or computed tomography scan at the umbilical level.
The VFA using BIA can be expressed as:
VFA=a0+a1Vo'Wc
where a0 and a1 are constants, Vo' is the voltage measured at the flank and Wc is the waist circumference.
The voltage occurring at the flank to the flow between the umbilicus and the back becomes larger as the visceral fat can be different even with subjects with the same Wc because the resistance of intra abdominal fat is greater than the resistance of fat free mass.

# Risk Factors
Visceral fat has been associated with more risk factor syndromes than the BMI or body mass index which is the result of the equation of diving the weight over the height squared.
Scientists have proved that it is possible to be thin on the outside and have inner organ fat
Viscum album
Viscum album is a species of mistletoe, the species originally so-named, and also known as European Mistletoe or Common Mistletoe to distinguish it from other related species. It is native to Europe, and western and southern Asia.
It is a hemi-parasitic shrub, which grows on the stems of other trees. It has stems 30-100 cm long with dichotomous branching. The leaves are in opposite pairs, strap-shaped, entire, leathery textured, 2-8 cm long and 0.8-2.5 cm broad, yellowish-green in colour. Usually dioecious, the flowers are inconspicuous, yellowish-green, 2-3 mm diameter. The fruit is a white or yellow berry containing several seeds embedded in the very sticky, glutinous fruit pulp.
Up to four subspecies are commonly accepted (Flora Europaea, Flora of China, Bean 1980, Blamey & Grey-Wilson 1989), and two others sometimes so. They differ in fruit colour, leaf shape and size, and most obviously in the host trees utilised.
- Viscum album subsp. abietis (Wiesb.) Abromeit. Central Europe. Fruit white; leaves up to 8 cm. On Abies.
- Viscum album subsp. album. Europe, southwestern Asia east to Nepal. Fruit white; leaves 3-5 cm. On Malus, Populus, Tilia, and less often on numerous other species, including (rarely) Quercus.
- Viscum album subsp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollmann. Fruit yellow; leaves 2-4 cm. Central Europe. On Larix, Pinus, Picea.
- Viscum album subsp. meridianum (Danser) D.G.Long. Southeastern Asia. Fruit yellow; leaves 3-5 cm. On Acer, Carpinus, Juglans, Prunus, Sorbus.
- Viscum album subsp. creticum Bohling et al. has recently been described from eastern Crete (Bohling et al. 2002). Fruit white; leaves short. On Pinus brutia.
- Viscum album subsp. coloratum Kom. is treated by the Flora of China as a distinct species Viscum coloratum (Kom) Nakai.

# Mythology and symbolism
It has always attracted interest and has been surrounded by a number of myths and legends. In some countries it plays a part in Christmas festivities. It also features in the popular Asterix comic books, where mistletoe collected from oaks was considered to have special qualities.
- Fruit of subsp. album, Poland
Fruit of subsp. album, Poland
- Plant of subsp. austriacum on Pinus sylvestris, Poland
Plant of subsp. austriacum on Pinus sylvestris, Poland
- 19th century illustration by Kohler
19th century illustration by Kohler
- File:VIscum album fruit kz.jpg
Vitellogenin
Vitellogenin (Vg) (from latin vitellus = yolk and gener = to produce) is a synonymous term for the gene and the expressed protein.  The molecule is classified as a glyco-lipo-protein, having properties of a sugar, fat and protein.  
Vitellogenin is an egg yolk precursor protein expressed in female fish, dormant in male fish and female insects.  In the presence of estrogenic endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDCs), males can express the Vg gene in a dose dependent manner. The use of Vg gene expression in male fish can be used as a molecular marker of exposure to estrogenic EDCs.

# Vitellogenin and honey bees
Honey bees deposit vitellogenin in fat bodies in their abdomen and heads.  The fat bodies apparently acts as a food storage reservoir.  The glycolipoprotein vitellogenin has additional functionality as it acts as an antioxidant to prolong Queen bee and forager lifespan as well as a hormone that affects future foraging behavior.    
The health of a honey bee colony is dependent upon the vitellogenin reserves of the nurse bees - the foragers have low levels of vitellogenin. As expendable laborers the foragers are fed just enough protein to keep them working their risky task of collecting nectar and pollen.  Vitellogenin is important during the nest stage and thus for worker division of labor.  A nurse bees vitellogenin titer that developed in the first four days after emergence, affects its subsequent age to begin foraging and whether it preferentially forages for nectar or pollen.  If young workers are short on food their first days of life, they tend to begin foraging early and preferentially for nectar.  If they are moderately fed, they forage at normal age preferentially for nectar.  If they are abundantly fed, immediately after emergence, their vitellogenin titer is high and they begin foraging later in life, preferentially collecting pollen, which is the only available protein source for honey bees.

## Vitellogenin and juvenile hormone feedback loop
Vitellogenin is part of a regulatory feedback loop that enables vitellogenin and juvenile hormone to mutually suppress each other.  Vitellogenin and juvenile hormone work antagonistically in the honey bee to regulate their development and behavior.  Suppression of one leads to high titers of the other.  It is likely that the balance between vitellogenin and juvenile hormone levels is also involved in swarming behavior. 
Juvenile hormone levels drop pre-swarming and it is expected that vitellogenin levels would therefore rise.  Swarming bees would want to pack along as much vitellogenin  as possible to extend their lifespan and to be able to quickly build a new nest.
WIN 55,212-2
WIN 55,212-2 is a drug described as an aminoalkylindole derivative, that produces effects similar to those of Cannabinoid derivatives such as THC but has an entirely different chemical structure.
WIN 55,212-2 is a potent cannabinoid receptor agonist  which has been found to be a potent analgesic in a rat model of neuropathic pain. It activates p42 and p44 MAP kinase via receptor-mediated signaling.
WIN55,212-2, along side HU-210 and JWH-133, are implicated in preventing the inflammation caused by Amyloid beta proteins involved in Alzheimer's Disease, in addition to preventing cognitive impairment and loss of neuronal markers. This antiinflamatory action is induced through the agonization of cannabinoid receptors which prevents microglial activation that elicits the inflammation. Additionally, cannabinoids completely abolish neurotoxicity related to microglia activation in rat models.
WIN55212-2 is a weaker partial agonist than THC, but with higher affinity to the CB1 receptor.  This means that the threshold dose for onset of effects is smaller than that of THC, but the maximum effects attainable are not as strong as those of THC, meaning that WIN55212-2 could potentially be used as a legal cannabis substitute drug, for instance as an alternative to medical marijuana. WIN55212-2 produces cannabis-like effects in humans within the oral dosage range of 1 to 3 miligrams however the effects are described as milder and shorter lasting when compared to THC.
Who named it
Who Named It? is an English-language dictionary of medical eponyms and the people associated with their identification.
Though this is a dictionary, many eponyms and persons are presented in extensive articles with comprehensive bibliographies.
It is hosted in Norway and maintained by medical historian Ole Daniel Enersen.
Widow's peak
A widow's peak (widow's brow) is a descending V-shaped point in the middle of the hairline (above the forehead). The trait is inherited genetically and is dominant. The term comes from English folklore, where it was believed that this hair formation was a sign of a woman who would outlive her husband.
The peak refers to the beak or bill of a headdress, particularly a widow's hood, making people think a woman was being given a mourning hood for her husband's soon-to-be passing.
Vampires such as Dracula are often depicted in popular culture with a widow's peak. Hannibal Lecter is described as possessing a widow's peak.
Men with male-pattern baldness develop what appears to be a large widow's peak.
Wrong Planet
Wrong Planet (sometimes referred to by its URL, WrongPlanet.net) is an online forum for individuals with Asperger syndrome. The site was started in 2004 by Dan Grover and Alex Plank and includes a chatroom, a large forum, a dating section, and articles describing how to deal with daily issues.
After a post to Slashdot describing an interview with Bram Cohen, Wrong Planet grew; the success of the Cohen interview spurred the site to produce a series of interviews with other figures in the Autism community such as author Temple Grandin and movie producer Joey Travolta. The site conducted an interview with America's Next Top Model contestant Heather Kuzmich who frequently talked about her Asperger's during Cycle 9 of the show. 
Wrong Planet has been referenced by the mainstream U.S. media and has gained more than 10,000 registered members since its creation.
In 2005, a 19-year-old member of the site, William Freund, gave Wrong Planet national mainstream publicity in the United States after being mentioned on Fox News and programs such as Good Morning America after he donned a cape and paintball mask and went on a shooting rampage in Aliso Viejo, California. He shot and killed two people before going home and killing himself with a shot to the torso.
XK (protein)
XK (also known as Kell blood group precursor) is a protein found on human red blood cells and other tissues which is responsible for the Kx antigen which helps determine a person's blood type.

# Clinical significance
The Kx antigen plays a role in matching blood for blood transfusions.
Mutation of XK protein may lead to McLeod syndrome, a multi-system disorder characterized by hemolytic anemia, myopathy, acanthocytosis, and chorea.
XK is located on the X chromosome (cytogenetic band Xp21.1) and absence of the XK protein is an X-linked disease.

# Function
XK is a membrane transport protein of unknown action.