Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Hypospermia
Hypospermia is the medical term when a man has an unusually low ejaculate (or semen) volume. It should not be confused with azoospermia, which means low sperm count.
Normal ejaculate when a man is not drained from prior sex and is suitably aroused, is around 2 - 6 ml, although this varies greatly with mood, physical condition and sexual activity. Of this, around 1% by volume only is sperm cells. Hypospermia, a semen volume of under 1.5 ml, would only usually be a factor in infertility if the two conditions are combined.
The presence of high levels of fructose (a sugar) is normal in the semen and this comes almost entirely from the seminal vesicles.   Obstruction of this accessory gland will result in low semen volumes since the seminal vesicles normally produce 70% of the seminal plasma.  A test that showed low fructose levels combined with a low semen volume would therefore suggest an obstruction in this part of the body.
ICPC-2 PLUS

# Overview
ICPC-2 PLUS is an extended terminology classified to ICPC-2 International Classification of Primary Care, which aids data entry, retrieval and analysis. ICPC-2 PLUS takes into account the frequency distribution of problems seen in primary care. It allows for the classification of the patients reason for encounter (RFE), the problems/diagnosis managed, primary care interventions, and the ordering of the data of the primary care session in an episode of care structure.
ICPC-2 PLUS provides a list of possible terms matching a keyword (or start of a keyword) entered by the user. The user then selects the most appropriate term. Each term is already classified to ICPC-2 rubrics and a system of additional groupers that may include terms from multiple ICPC-2 rubrics.
Each term has one or more keywords linked to it which may include abbreviations, synonyms, generics or specifics. The keyword searching is thus much broader, faster and better controlled than text mining of free text and labels. Instead of guessing what the doctor meant by a term (in free text) prior to classification, the doctor is actually prompted with a small list of terms to select from which are already classified.
The product also includes a 'natural language' label for each term which can be used for reports and letters.
Note: The PLUS extension mentioned here is not part of the ICPC-2 standard. WONCA and WICC have no control over it although they do have control over the ICPC classification which the PLUS extension makes use of. Its similar to the difference between a car and fuel.

# History
ICPC-2 PLUS was the successor to 'ICPC PLUS' and were both designed by the Family Medicine Research Centre( FMRC]) for use in Australia. The FMRC continues to update and support ICPC-2 PLUS.
ICPC is being developed by the WONCA International Classification Committee (WICC), and the first version was published as ICPC-1 in 1987 by Oxford University Press (OUP), and a revision and inclusion of criteria and definitions, was published in 1998 as ICPC-2.
IDEAL Trial

# Objective
To compare the effects of two lipid lowering strategies (high dose atorvastatin  and simvastatin 20 mg) on the risk of cardiovascular disease among patients with a previous myocardial infarction (MI).

# Methods
The Incremental Decrease in End Points through Aggressive Lipid Lowering (IDEAL) trial was a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded end-point evaluation trial which enrolled 8888 patients with past history of acute myocardial infarction, who were randomly assigned to treatment with high dose atorvastatin (80 mg) or simvastatin 20 mg. The primary endpoint was a major coronary event, defined as coronary death, confirmed nonfatal acute MI, or cardiac arrest with resuscitation.

# Results
After a median follow-up time of 4.8 years, compared with patients in simvastatin group those in atorvastatin group were associated with:
- Lower mean LDL-C levels (81 vs 104 mg/dL)
- Lowered primary end point rate (9.3% vs 10.4%)
- Lowered occurrence of any coronary event (898 vs 1059)

# Conclusion
Intensive lowering of LDL-C did not result in a significant reduction in the primary outcome of major coronary events, but did reduce the risk of other composite secondary end points and nonfatal acute MI. There were no differences in cardiovascular or all-cause mortality.
Iberiotoxin
Iberiotoxin is an ion channel toxin purified from the Eastern Indian red scorpion Buthus tamulus.
Iberiotoxin selectively inhibits the flow of current through large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels.

# Chemistry
Iberiotoxin is a 37-amino acid peptide. It is also known as "Potassium channel toxin alpha-KTx 1.3" or IbTx. The complete amino acid sequence has been defined and it displays 68% sequence homology with charybdotoxin.

# Target and mode of action
Iberiotoxin binds to the the outer face of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (maxiK or BK channels) with high affinity (Kd ~1 nM). It selectively inhibits the flow of current by decreasing both the probability of opening and the open time of the channel.

# Toxicity
The venom produces mainly cardiopulmonary abnormalities like circulatory derangements, myocarditis and changes in cardiac sarcolemmal ATPase and by these abnormalities it can finally cause death. In rural India the scorpion and its venom is a commonly known factor of children's death. The venom initially causes transient cholinergic stimulation (vomiting, profuse sweating, bradycardia, priapism, hypersalivation, and hypotension) which is followed by sustained adrenergic hyperactivity (hypertension, tachycardia, and myocardial failure). The adrenergic phase but not the cholinergic phase is a dose dependent phenomenon.

# Treatment
Treatment is mainly symptomatic. Local pain is treated by injecting dehydroemetine at the site of the sting. Hypovolaemia is corrected by oral rehydration solution. Agitated, confused and non-cooperative patients are given a 5% dextrose saline drip. Patients with hypertension on admission are given a single dose of 5 mg sublingual nifedipine and oral prazosin. The blood pressure in patients with hypertension is controlled with sublingual nifedipine alone. Patients with pulmonary oedema are propped up and given intravenous aminophylline, sodium bicarbonate, oral prazosin, and oxygen by mask.
Paraprotein
A paraprotein is an abnormal protein in the urine or blood, most often associated with benign MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance), where they remain "silent", and multiple myeloma. An excess in the blood is known as paraproteinemia.
These are immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin light-chains that are produced by the clonal proliferation of plasma cells. Paraproteins form a narrow band, or 'spike' in protein electrophoresis as they are all exactly the same protein.
Monoclonal free light chains in the serum or urine are called Bence Jones proteins.

# History
The concept and term were introduced by the Berlin pathologist Dr Kurt Apitz in 1940, at that time the Oberarzt of the pathological institute at the Charite hospital.
Paraproteins allowed the detailed study of immunoglobulins, which eventually led to the production of monoclonal antibodies in 1975.
Illiciaceae
Illiciaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants.  Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, at least for the past several decades.
The APG II system, of 2003 does not recognize such a family, not as such. However, it does allow the option of segregating this from the family Schisandraceae.  This (optional segregate) family then has the traditional circumscription, consisting of a single genus, Illicium, of a few dozen species occurring in Southeast Asia and the New World (the West Indies and the adjacent areas of North America).
For furter details of placement in various systems see the entry for family Schisandraceae.
Light chain

# Overview
A light chain is the small polypeptide subunit of an antibody (or immunoglobulin); a typical antibody is composed of two immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains and two Ig light chains.

# In humans
There are two types of light chain in mammals,
- lambda () chain (1, 2, 3, and 4)
- kappa () chain (only one type)

# In other animals
Other types of light chains can be found in lower vertebrates, such as the Ig-Light-Iota chain of Chondrichthyes and Teleostei.
Camelids are unique among mammals as they have fully functional antibodies which have two heavy chains, but lack the light chains usually paired with each heavy chain. The functional role of this separate repertoire is unknown as yet.

# Structure
Only one type of light chain is present in a typical antibody, thus the two light chains of an individual antibody are identical.
Each light chain is composed of two tandem immunoglobulin domains:
- one constant (IgC) domain
- one variable domain (IgV) that is important for binding antigen
The approximate length of a light chain protein is from 211 to 217 amino acids.
Impulsivity

# Overview
Impulsivity (or impulsiveness) is a type of human behavior characterized by the inclination of an individual to act on impulse rather than thought. Although part of the normal behavior, impulsivity also plays a role in many mental illnesses.
As a personality trait, impulsivity is part of normal behavior as it contributes to adaptive functioning. However, psychological research has questioned impulsivity as a unitary psychological construct. Some authors have proposed a 3-factor model according to which impulsivity can be decomposed as a combination of attentional ("getting easily bored"), motor ("going into action") and cognitive ("inability to plan") factors. Recent theories have further decomposed impulsivity into 4 dimensions which partially map onto the five-factor model of personality:
- Urgency, the feeling of negative affects for resisting the urge, is linked to neuroticism
- Lack of premeditation, the inability to anticipate consequences, is linked to conscientiousness
- Lack of perseverance, the inability to stick to one's task, is also linked to conscientiousness
- Sensation-seeking, the experience positive feelings towards risky actions, is linked to extroversion
Increased impulsiveness is at the center of impulse control disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder. It may be linked to other psychopathological conditions like  addiction, ADHD, bulimia, and borderline personality.
Recent evidence from neurobiological research seems to support these psychological theories as it has been shown that these different aspects of impulsivity can be independently manipulated by specific drugs.
Indolamines
Indolamines are a family of neurotransmitters that share a common molecular structure (namely, indolamine). A common example of an indolamine is serotonin, which is a neurotransmitter involved in mood and sleep. Another example of an indolamine is melatonin, which regulates the sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythm) in humans.
In biochemistry, indoleamines are substituted indole compounds that contain an amino group.  Examples of indoleamines are the tryptamines, such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) and the lysergamides.
Also, histamines are a part of the indolamine family. Histamines are synthesized by the amino acid histidine.

# Synthesis
In humans, neurotransmitters in the indolamine family are believed to be produced in the pineal gland. Indolamines are biologically synthesized from the essential amino acid tryptophan.
Indospicine

# Overview
L-Indospicin  is a toxic , non- proteinogenic amino acid from the legume Indigofera endecaphylla .  There it comes in amounts of up to 0.15% in the herb and up to 2.0% in the seeds before.
This plant is used as a forage crop in tropical areas.  The offspring of pregnant animals, which eat the plant suffered a embryopathisches syndrome characterized by cleft palate , dwarfism , and acute liver damage is characterized.  Furthermore, even were liver cirrhosis was observed.  In humans, but so far no known poisonings.
The toxic effects (eg it is made responsible for certain equine diseases) based on the action as L - arginine - an antimetabolite and a consequent impairment of protein biosynthesis.  It also inhibits the constitutive and inducible NO synthase and is teratogenic .
L-Indospicin also occurs in other species such as Indigofera Indigofera mucronata and is suspected in several others.  Because in addition to these poisons Indospicin the canavanine and Hiptagensaure are, there is some conflicting evidence in the literature about the nature and severity of the toxicity of the plant.
Inner child
Inner child is a concept used in popular psychology to denote the childlike aspect of a person's psyche, especially when viewed as an independent entity.  Frequently, the term is used to address subjective childhood experiences and the remaining effects of one's childhood. The Inner Child also refers to all of the emotional memory and experiences stored in the brain from earliest memory. The Twelve-step program recovery movement considers healing the Inner Child to be one of the essential stages in recovery from addiction, abuse, trauma, or post-traumatic stress disorder. In the 1970s, the Inner Child concept emerged alongside the clinical concept of Codependency (first called Adult Children of Alcoholics Syndrome.)
Carl Jung referred to a similar concept as the 'Divine Child.' Emmet Fox called it the 'Wonder Child.' Charles Whitfield dubbed it the 'Child Within.' Some psychotherapists call it the 'True Self'. Transactional Analysis calls it simply Child. W. Missildine may have been the first to refer to this concept as the inner child in his 1963 book Your Inner Child of the Past. The "wounded inner child" is a modified application of the inner child concept popularized by American educator, and pop psychology and self help movement leader, John Bradshaw.
Other writers who have developed and expanded the concept and methods include Lucia Capacchione, Louise Hay, Dr. Margaret Paul, and Pia Mellody. Some recovery methods such as "radical forgiveness" disdain the inner child concept and teach that the idea of 'nurturing the inner child' actually holds one back from full recovery by encouraging a victim stance .
Insulin pen
An insulin pen is an insulin injection system for the treatment of diabetes.  A pen is comprised of disposable needles, a vial of insulin, and a "pen."

# Types of pens
A number of companies make insulin pens including Novo Nordisk, Aventis and Eli Lilly. These companies produce pens for most of their insulins, including novolog, humalog (also known as insulin lispro), levemir and lantus. However, there are really only two different types of systems: replaceable cartridge and prefilled.
A replaceable cartridge pens reuses the pen portion.  When the insulin is empty, the vial is simply replaced by inserting a new one.
A prefilled pen is entirely disposable. When the insulin is gone, the entire unit is discarded.

# Use
The information given here is for guidance only and  will not necessarily be exactly what your doctor has recommended you do. Please follow your doctor's advice.
One significant advantage of pens is their ease of use. To use a pen:
- Screw on a new needle
- If necessary, prime the pen to remove any air from the needle
- Turn the knob on the end of the pen (or "dial") to the number of units needed
- Insert the needle into the skin
- Press the button on the end of the pen to deliver the dose
- Count to five
- Remove

# Advantages
Insulin pens have a number of advantages:
- More convenient than traditional vial and syringe
- Repeatedly more accurate dosages
- Easier to use for those with visual or fine motor skills impairments.
- Less injection pain (as polished and coated needles are not dulled by insertion into a vial of insulin before a 2nd insertion into the skin)

# Disadvantages
Unlike the traditional syringe, pens are usually restricted to full or half unit dosing. In addition, insurance coverage for insulin pens in the United States may vary widely.
Nasal spray

# Overview
Nasal sprays are used for the nasal delivery of a drug or drugs, generally to alleviate cold or allergy symptoms such as nasal congestion. Although delivery methods vary, most nasal sprays function by instilling a fine mist into the nostril by action of a hand-operated pump mechanism. The three main types available are: antihistamines, corticosteroids, and topical decongestants.

# Antihistamines
Excessive histamine function is the primary cause of allergic reactions in people. Histamine is a chemical naturally produced by the body which creates an inflammatory effect to help the immune system remove foreign substances. Antihistamines work by competing for receptor sites to block the function of histamine, thereby reducing the inflammatory effect.
Astelin (Azelastin hydrocholoride) is the only local antihistamine available as a nasal spray. It is available by prescription only and has gained popularity with sufferers of allergic rhinitis.

# Steroids
Steroidal nasal sprays, also available only by prescription, use the anti-inflammatory effect of a corticosteroid to reduce swelling and congestion in the nasal passages and sinuses. Examples include Nasonex, Flonase, Nasacort, and Rhinocort. They generally take a week to ten days to reach their maximum effectiveness, and are considered safe for extended use.

# Topical decongestants
Oxymetazoline hydrochloride decongestant nasal sprays such as Afrin and Vicks Sinex, which are available over-the-counter in the United States and the UK, work to very quickly open up nasal passages by constricting blood vessels in the lining of the nose.
Prolonged use of these types of sprays can damage the delicate mucous membranes in the nose. Ironically, this causes increased inflammation, an effect known as rhinitis medicamentosa, or the "rebound effect". As a result, decongestant nasal sprays are advised for short-term use only.

# Unmedicated sprays
Saline sprays are also common and are typically unmedicated. A mist of saline solution is delivered to help moisturize dry or irritated nostrils.
Nasal salves have been shown to improve respiratory discomfort caused by the increased dryness of air in pressurized air flight and some air conditioned offices (sick building syndrome) They have been shown to reduce susceptibility to various flight related respiratory infections.
It is becoming increasingly common for a physicians to recommend nasal irrigation with saline solution (or Jala neti) as an alternative or combined treatment.

# Combined use
Frequently, a doctor or allergist will prescribe several types of nasal sprays in combination with each other or with other drugs. For example, a decongestant spray is often advised for the first few days of treatment in conjunction with an antihistamine or steroidal spray. The quick-acting effects of the decongestant allow for better initial delivery of the other sprays.
de:Nasenspray
nl:Neusspray
sv:Nassprej
Iodobenzene
Iodobenzene is an organic compound consisting of a benzene ring substitituted with one iodine atom. It is a useful as a synthetic intermediate in organic chemistry. Since the C-I bond is weaker than C-Br or C-Cl, it is more reactive than bromobenzene or chlorobenzene. Iodobenzene can react with magnesium to form a Grignard reagent, phenylmagnesium iodide. Phenylmagnesium iodide, like the bromide analog, is a synthetic equivalent for the phenyl synthon.
It can also serve as a substrate for the Sonogashira coupling, reacting it with an alkyne.

# Preparation
Iodobenzene is commercially available, but it may be prepared in the laboratory from aniline. In the first step, the amine functional group is diazotized with hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite. Potassium iodide is added to the resultant diazonium chloride, causing nitrogen gas to evolve. Any excess nitrite is hydrolyzed with a strong base; the mixture is acidified and the desired product is separated by steam distillation.
Alternatively, it may be produced by refluxing iodine and nitric acid with benzene.
Ipriflavone

# Overview
Ipriflavone is a synthetic isoflavone which may be used to inhibit bone resorption, maintain bone density and to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It is not used to treat osteoporosis. It slows down the action of the osteoclasts (bone-eroding cells), possibly allowing the osteoblasts (bone-building cells) to build up bone mass.
A clinical trial reported in 2001 that it was not effective in prevention or treatment of osteoporosis.
A double-blind study reveals that ipriflavone might be effective on reducing tinnitus on otosclerosis sufferers.
Iproniazide

# Overview
Iproniazid (Marsilid, Rivivol, Euphozid, Iprazid, Ipronid, Ipronin) is a non-selective, irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine class. It was discontinued in most of the world in the 1960s, but remained in use in France up until fairly recently.
Iproniazid was originally developed for the treatment of tuberculosis, but in 1952, its antidepressant properties were discovered when researchers noted that patients given isoniazid became inappropriately happy. Subsequently N-isopropyl addition lead to development as an antidepressant and was approved for use in 1958. It was withdrawn a few years later in 1961 due to a high incidence of hepatitis, and was replaced by less hepatotoxic drugs such as phenelzine and isocarboxazid.
Although iproniazid was one of the first antidepressants ever marketed, amphetamine (marketed as Benzedrine from 1935, for "mild depression", amid other indications) predates it; and frankincense has been marketed traditionally for millennia for, among other things, altering mood, although it was not until 2012 that one of the components of its smoke was found to have antidepressant effects in mice.

# Synthesis
Condensation of isoniazid with acetone at the basic nitrogen gives the corresponding Schiff base. Catalytic hydrogenation affords the antidepressant iproniazid.
Prepd by treating isoniazid with isopropyl bromide in absolute alcohol in the presence of sodium.
- Presumably, a third way would be to react the isonicotinic acid ester with acetone hydrazone, the same reactant used in the production of etazolate. Iproniazid would then be obtained after a reduction step.
Irradiation

# Overview
Irradiation is the process by which an item is exposed to radiation. The exposure can be intentional, sometimes to serve a specific purpose, or it can be accidental. In common usage the term refers specifically to ionizing radiation, and to a level of radiation that will serve that specific purpose, rather than radiation exposure to normal levels of background radiation or abnormal levels of radiation due to accidental exposure.

# Usage
Small doses of radiation may be used to remove bacteria in food, or other organic material, including blood.

# Applications
If administered at appropriate levels, all of these forms of radiation can be used to sterilize objects, a technique used in the production of medical instruments and disposables, such as syringes as well as in the disinfestation and sterilization of food. Irradiation can furthermore be used in cross-polymerization of plastics or to improve material qualities of semi-precious stones. Irradiation is also employed to prevent sprouting of certain cereals, onions, potatoes and garlic. During the 2001 anthrax attacks, the US Postal Service irradiated mail to protect members of the US government and other possible targets.  This can be of some concern to people, including artists; according to the ART in Embassies programme "incoming mail is irradiated, and the process destroys slides, transparencies and disks."
Isoprostane
The isoprostanes are  prostaglandin-like compounds formed in vivo from the free radical-catalyzed peroxidation
-f essential fatty acids (primarily arachidonic acid) without the direct action of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme.
These nonclassical eicosanoids possess potent biological activity as inflammatory mediators that augment the perception of pain. These compounds are accurate markers of lipid peroxidation in both animal and human models of oxidative stress.

# Abundance