Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Body odor
Bromhidrosis or body odor (also called bromidrosis, osmidrosis and ozochrotia) is the smell of bacteria growing on the body. These bacteria multiply considerably in the presence of sweat, but sweat itself is almost totally odorless. Body odor is associated with the hair, feet, groin (upper medial thigh), anus, skin in general, armpits, genitals, pubic hair, and mouth.

# Specificity
Body odor is specific to the individual, and can be used to identify people, though this is more often done by dogs than by humans. An individual's body odor is also influenced by diet, gender, genetics, health, medication, and mood.

# Genetics
Body odor is largely influenced by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. These are genetically determined and play an important role in immunity of the organism. The vomeronasal organ contains cells sensitive to MHC molecules in a genotype-specific way. Experiments on animals and volunteers shown the potential sexual partners tend to be perceived more attractive if their MHC composition is substantially different. This behavior pattern promotes variability of the immune system of individuals in the population, thus making the population more robust against new diseases.
A recent study suggests that body odor is genetically determined by a gene that also codes the type of earwax one has. East Asians evidently have a greater chance of having the 'dry' earwax type and reduced axial sweating and odor. This may be due to adaptation to colder climates.

# Treatment
Although body odor is commonly associated with hygiene, its presentation can be affected by changes in diet. The use of anti-bacterial soap while bathing is recommended.
Boldenone

# Overview
Boldenone (1,4-androstadiene-3-one-17-ol, available as the undecylenate ester), also known under the trade names Equipoise, Ganabol, Equigan and Ultragan, is an anabolic steroid developed for veterinary use, mostly for treatment of horses. It is not indicated for use in humans in the US and is only available through veterinary clinics.
The activity of boldenone is mainly anabolic, with a low androgenic potency. It has a very long half-life, and can show up on a steroid test for up to 5 months.
Boldenone will increase nitrogen retention, protein synthesis, increases appetite and stimulates the release of erythropoietin in the kidneys.
Because it has similar properties to methandienone (methylated boldenone), it is a favorite for adding strength and size.  Boldenone is popular for bulking because it increases the appetite.  Boldenone is well known for increasing vascularity.
Boldenone has a low rate of aromatization (about 50% of Testosterone), which means it does not convert to estrogen easily and does not cause very much water retention.
It is easily detectable in blood tests due to its long metabolic half-life. Trace amounts of the drug can easily be detected for months after discontinued use.

# Side effects
Although commonly compared to nandrolone, boldenone lacks progesterone receptor interaction and all the associated progestinic side effects. Boldenone can, however, produce mild androgenic side effects. Oily skin, acne, increased aggression and hair loss are all possible with this compound but rare. Boldenone does reduce to a more potent androgen dihydroboldenone via the 5alpha-reductase enzyme (analogous to the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), however its affinity for this interaction in the human body is low to nonexistent. Suppression of the HPTA, water retention, possible increase in acne and possible conversion to estrogen, high blood pressure are all side effects associated with Boldenone. Boldenone is also known to cause anxiety and flu like symptoms which manifest themselves most acutely in short ester versions like: acetate, and propionate (almost unusable), but which are also present in the enanthate, cypionate, and undecyclenate forms.
Bone spur

# Overview
Bone spurs, also known as osteophytes, are bony projections that form along joints. Bone spurs form due to the body's increase of a damaged joint's surface area; most commonly from the onset of arthritis. Bone spurs usually limit joint movement and typically cause pain. 
Bone spurs form naturally on the back of spine as a person ages and are a sign of degeneration in the spine.  In this case the spurs are not the source of back pains, but instead are the common symptom of a deeper problem. However, bone spurs on the spine can impinge on nerves, which leave the spine for other parts of the body. This impingement can cause pain in both upper and lower limbs and a numbness or tingling sensations in the hands and feet due to the nerves supplying sensation to their dermatomes.  
Spurs can also appear on the feet, either along toes or the heel, and can also occur on the hands. In extreme cases it has been known for these spurs to grow along a person's entire skeletal structure, along the knees, hips, shoulders, ribs, arms and ankles. Such cases are only exhibited with multiple exostosis.
Osteophytes on the fingers or toes are known as Heberden's nodes (if on the DIP joint) or Bouchard's nodes (if on the PIP joints).
Bone spurs may also be the end result of certain disease processes.  Osteomyelitis, a bone infection, may leave the adjacent bone with a spur formation.  Charcot foot, the neuropathic breakdown of the feet seen primarily in diabetics, will also leave bone spurs which may then become symptomatic.

# Cause
Osteophyte formation has been classically related to any sequential and consequential changes in bone formation due to aging, degeneration, mechanical instability, and disease.  Often osteophytes form in osteoarthritic joints due to damage and wear from inflammation.  Calcification and new bone formation can also occur in response to mechanical damage in joints, or at the attachment points for ligaments and tendons.
nl:Osteofyt
-  MayoClinic.com
-  Laser Spine Institute
Brain fog

# Overview
Brain fog is a term for the "woolly" sensation of a physical obstruction to clear thinking in the brain, often extended to apply in general to neurocognitive symptoms experienced by many people who suffer from diseases such as ME/CFS, fibromyalgia, amongst others.

# Pathophysiology
Brain fog can be brought on by upregulated cytokines, neurotransmitter misregulation, or psychological trauma amongst others. Hence it shares common etiology with some mental disorders like depression, bipolar disorder, etc.
There have been no studies to explore the causes of brain fog, but since it shares so many of its symptoms with mental disorders it's reasonable to assume that brain fog may be due to frontal lobe hypometabolism, or temporal lobe dysfunction which occur in unipolar depression.

# Differentiating Brain Fog from other Disorders
Brain fog is not recognized by medical science, and there have been no clinical studies to prove its existence. Some clinicans maintain that brain fog is a form of conversion or somatization disorder. Since brain fog is very similar to symptoms of mental illness, it's possible that persons who report brain fog are actually suffering from mental disorder including depression, schizophrenia, or bipolar disorder. In particular brain fog is very similar to the decrease in concentration in depression and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder and thought blocking which occurs in schizophrenia.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
It can be a symptom of other psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or clinical depression.
The term brain fog is also often used to describe the relevant symptom or symptoms of inattentive ADHD or  resulting from chemotherapy..
Many sufferers of the medical condition Superior canal dehiscence syndrome (SCDS) report experiencing brain fog.
Brain fog involves persistent or episodic cognitive dysfunction, and may be associated with forgetfulness, confusion, slowed thinking, distractability, depersonalization, the inability to remember the correct words when speaking or writing (dysphasia or aphasia).
Brain fog is so named because the sufferer can feel like a cloud literally surrounds him or her that reduces the speed at which things can be recognized or clearly seen. Sufferers describe it as "feeling like a hangover" or "zoning out" Brain fog may promote feelings of detachment (depersonalization), discouragement and depression.

## Imaging Studies
SPECT, PET and brain MRI scans can be used to determine brain functionality. Neuropsychiatric tests may also be performed.

# Treatment
Treatment with psychotherapy is sometimes recommended. However many M.E sufferers have found psychotherapy unhelpful and exhausting, preferring illness management techniques such as a brief nap at the first signs of brainfog. If a more serious pathology is present psychopharmacology may be beneficial.
Neurofeedback is also showing to be effective in the treatment of brain fog.
Mastopexy

# Overview
Mastopexy or breast lift surgery refers to a group of elective surgical operations designed to lessen the degree of breast ptosis (the "droop" of the breasts). Many patients opt for mastopexy alone.  When breast implants are placed as part of the procedure, it is known as a breast augmentation.
The shape of a breast is determined by its skin, its volume and by its connective tissue.  Mastopexy procedures may change any of these by reshaping the skin 'bra', by adding volume with implants, or by altering the structure of the breast tissue.

# Procedures

## Full breast lift

### Procedure
The full breast lift involves an incision along the crease underneath the breast, incisions around the areola, and a vertical incision between the areola and the base of the breast.  This incision is sometimes called an "anchor incision" because of its shape.  It is also sometimes called the Wise pattern, after Robert Wise, who described this incision and its use for breast reduction.  This approach allows maximal change to the breast, with elevation of the nipple, as well as a redesign of the conical shape of the breast.

### Scarring
The scar is in three distinct locations that each have a characteristic pattern of healing. In the peri-areolar area, scarring is partially concealed by the change in color at the transition from breast skin to the pigmented skin of the areola. The vertical incision from the areola to the crease may be hidden in shadow. The inframmary portion of the scar, along the fold created by the breast is often the thickest of the scars, but it may be hidden in the inframammary fold.

## Modified breast lifts

### Procedure
Modified breast lifts use fewer incisions than the full procedure. A popular form of the modified breast lift is the Benelli breast lift, otherwise known as the concentric mastopexy.  This uses only an incision around the areola.

### Scarring
An advantage of this procedure is that there is less scarring, with scarring only around the areola.  A drawback is that there can be less change made to the breast's shape, and scars are prone to scar hypertrophy or stretching of the scar. Benelli procedures are frequently performed along with breast augmentation in order to overcome the inability to produce a more conical breast with the anchor or Wise pattern incision.  This procedure is criticized because of the tendency to flatten the breast.

# Length of effects
In most cases, aging breast tissue will not maintain the shape that the mastopexy initially brought. Usually, gravity will eventually cause ptosis to return to some degree. Surgeons may choose to take into account the design of the mastopexy, and choose to make a more pronounced change which will be apparent for the first month or two after surgery.  The design may relax into the desired position as the skin redrapes for two months post-operation.
Platypnea

# Overview
Platypnea refers to shortness of breath (dyspnea) that is relieved when lying down, and worsens when sitting or standing up. It is the opposite of orthopnea. The word is derived from the Greek platus (= flat) and pnoia (=breath).

# Causes
- Left atrial thrombus
- Left atrial tumors
- Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula
Platypnea is due to either hepatopulmonary syndrome or an anatomical cardiovascular defect increasing positional right-to-left shunting (bloodflow from the right to the left part of the circulatory system). These defects include rare syndromes in which the venous blood from the liver does not pass through the lungs, or if venous blood from the portal circulation reaches the inferior vena cava without passing through the liver (Abernethy malformation, type 1).
Insufficiency of abdominal muscles causes lower diaphragm position and dyspnea. In clinostatism, abdominal organs push the diaphragm in its normal, upper position, reducing the respiratory effort.
Bretylium

# Overview
Bretylium (also bretylium tosylate) is an antiarrhythmic agent. It blocks the release of noradrenaline from nerve terminals.  In effect, it decreases output from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system.  It also acts by blocking K+ channels and is considered a class III antiarrhythmic. The dose is 510 mg/kg and side effects are high blood pressure followed by low blood pressure and ventricular ectopy.
Originally introduced in 1959 for the treatment of hypertension. Its use as an antiarrhythmic for ventricular fibrilation was discovered and patented by Marvin Bacaner in 1969 at the University of Minnesota.
The American Heart Association removed Bretylium from their 2000 ECC/ACC guidelines due to its unproven efficacy and ongoing supply problems. Many have cited these supply problems as an issue of raw materials needed in the production of Bretylium. By the release of the AHA 2005 ECC/ACC guidelines there is no mention of Bretylium and it is virtually unavailable throughout most of the world.
As of June 8, 2011 Bretylium Tosylate is permanently no longer available in the US after request of Hospira Inc. to withdraw its NDA from the market. Bretylium will remain on the FDA's discontinued drug list since its withdrawal was not the result of a safety or effectiveness concern.

# Uses
It was used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties throughout the 1980s-1990s for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation refractory to other first line treatments such as defibrillation or lidocaine.
It is contraindicated in patients with AV (atrioventricular) heart block or digoxin toxicity.
Bretylium should be used only in an ICU or Emergency Department setting and should not be used elsewhere due to its dramatic actions and its predominant side effect of hypotension.

# Experimental Uses
It is used in physiological and pharmacological research as an inhibitor of sympathetic transmission. Its mechanism of action is the inhibition of neurotransmitter release from sympathetic nerve terminals, both by the inhibition of action potentials in the nerve terminals and by other mechanisms. Its specificity for sympathetic nerves is achieved because it is a substrate for the noradrenaline transporter; hence, it accumulates inside nerve terminals which have this transporter.

# Synthesis
Quaternization of o-bromo-N,N-dimethylbenzylamine with ethyl-p-toluenesulfonate yields bretylium sulfonate.
Brivudine

# Overview
Brivudine is an antiviral drug used in the treatment of herpes zoster.

# History
Brivudine is a similar drug to acyclovir. The compound was first synthesized by scientists at the University of Birmingham in the UK in the 1970s. It was shown to be a potent inhibitor of the herpes simplex virus Type 1 (HSV-1) as well as the varicella zoster virus (VZV) by Erik De Clercq at the Rega Institute for Medical Research in Belgium in 1979. In the 1980s the drug became commercially available in East Germany, where it was marketed as Helpin by a pharmaceutical company called Berlin-Chemie.

# Approvals
Brivudine is approved for use in Germany and other European countries including Italy.

# Mechanism of Action
Brivudine is an analogue of the nucleoside thymidine. The drug works because it is able to be incorporated into the viral DNA, but then blocks the action of DNA polymerases, thus inhibiting viral replication. The active compound is the 5'-triphosphate of BVDU, which is formed in subsequent phosphorylations by viral thymidine kinase and presumably by nucleoside diphosphate kinase.

# Research
A Cochrane Systematic Review examined the effectiveness of multiple antiviral drugs in the treatment of herpes simplex virus epithelial keratitis. Brivudine was found to be significantly more effective than idoxuridine in increasing the number of successfully healed eyes of participants.

# The drug's name
Brivudine derives from the drug's chemical name of bromovinyldeoxyuridine or BVDU for short. The drug's full chemical description is (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2-deoxyuridine. It is also sold as Bridic, Brivox, Brivudin, Helpin, Zerpex, Zonavir and Zostex.

# Suppliers
Brivudine main supplier is Berlin-Chemie, now part of Italy's Menarini Group. The drug is approved for sale in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal and Spain.  In Central America is provided Menarini Centro America and Wyeth.
Bromoform

# Overview
Bromoform (CHBr3) is a pale yellowish liquid with a sweet odor similar to chloroform, a halomethane or haloform. Its refractive index is 1.595 (20 C, D). Small amounts are formed naturally by plants in the ocean. It is somewhat soluble in water and readily evaporates into the air. Most of the bromoform that enters the environment is formed as byproducts when chlorine is added to drinking water to kill bacteria.
Bromoform is one of the trihalomethanes closely related with fluoroform, chloroform and iodoform. It is soluble in about 800 parts water and is miscible with alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, petroleum ether, acetone, and oils. It's LD50 is 7.2 mmol/kg in mice, or 1.8g/kg.
It can be prepared by the haloform reaction using acetone and sodium hypobromite or by the electrolysis of alcoholic solution of potassium or sodium bromide.

# Uses
Only small quantities of bromoform are currently produced industrially in the United States. In the past, it was used as a solvent, sedative and flame retardant, but now it is mainly used as a laboratory reagent.
Due to bromoform's relatively high density, it is commonly used for the separation of minerals. In one application of the technique, two samples can be separated by bromoform in a test tube or equivalent glassware. The bottom layer containing the heavier minerals can be frozen with liquid nitrogen, while the remaining top layer can be poured off, free of the other minerals.
This ability is explained by the laws of buoyancy. A solid will float in a liquid if its density is less than that of the liquid. Likewise, a solid will sink if its density is more than that of the liquid. If a liquid is to be used to separate minerals according to their densities, it should have a density that is inbetween that of the minerals.
Meningism

# Overview
Meningism is the triad of nuchal rigidity, photophobia (intolerance of bright light) and headache. It is a sign of irritation of the meninges, such as seen in meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhages and various other diseases. "Meningismus" is the term used when the above listed symptoms are present without actual infection or inflammation; usually it is seen in concordance with other acute illnesses in the pediatric population. 

# Clinical signs
The main clinical signs that indicate meningism are nuchal rigidity, Kernig's sign and Brudzinsky's signs. None of the signs are particularly sensitive; in adults with meningitis, nuchal rigidity was present in 30% and Kernig's or Brudzinsky's sign only in 5%.

## Nuchal rigidity
Nuchal rigidity is the inability to flex the head forward due to rigidity of the neck muscles; if flexion of the neck is painful but full range of motion is present, nuchal rigidity is absent.

## Kernig's sign
Kernig's sign (after Vladimir Mikhailovich Kernig, Russian-Baltic German neurologist 1840-1917) is positive when the leg is fully bent in the hip and knee, and subsequent extension in the knee is painful (leading to resistance).. This may indicate subarachnoid haemorrhage or meningitis. Patients may also show opisthotonusspasm of the whole body that leads to legs and head being bent back and body bowed forward.

## Brudzinski's signs
Josef Brudzinski (1874-1917), a Polish pediatrician, is credited with several signs in meningitis. The most commonly used sign (Brudzinski's neck sign) is the appearance of involuntary lifting of the legs in meningeal irritation when lifting a patient's head.
Other signs attributed to Brudzinsky:
- The symphyseal sign, in which pressure on the pubic symphysis leads to abduction of the leg and reflexive hip and knee flexion.
- The cheek sign, in which pressure on the cheek below the zygoma leads to rising and flexion in the forearm.
- Brudzinski's reflex, in which passive flexion of one knee into the abdomen leads to involuntary flexion in the opposite leg, and stretching of a limb that was flexed leads to contralateral extension.

# Differential Diagnosis
In alphabetical order.  
- Brain tumors
- Cerebellar tumors
- Cerebral hemorrhage
- Emboli
- Intracerebral abscesses
- Ischemia
- Lead intoxication
- Lymphomas
- Meningiosis carcinomatosa
- Meningitis
- Muscular tenseness of the cervical spine
- Otitis
- Porphyria
- Sinusitis
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Tetanus
- Thrombi
Bufexamac

# Overview
Bufexamac is a drug used as an anti-inflammatory agent on the skin, as well as rectally. Common brand names include Paraderm and Parfenac. It was withdrawn in Europe because of allergic reactions.

# Indications
Ointments and lotions containing bufexamac are used for the treatment of subacute and chronic eczema of the skin, including atopic eczema, as well as sunburn and other minor burns, and itching. Suppositories containing bufexamac in combination with local anaesthetics are used against haemorrhoids.

# Pharmacology
Bufexamac is thought to act by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which would make it a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Evidence on the mechanism of action is scarce.
Furthermore, bufexamac was identified as a specific inhibitor of class IIB histone deacetylases (HDAC6 and HDAC10), which may contribute to its clinical efficacy.

# Side effects
Bufexamac can cause severe contact dermatitis which is often hard to distinguish from the initial condition. As a consequence, the European Medicines Agency recommended to withdraw the marketing approval in April 2010.
Buserelin

# Overview
Buserelin (INN) is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist).  The drug's effects are dependent on the frequency and time course of administration.  GnRH is released in a pulsatile fashion in the postpubertal adult.  Initial interaction of any GnRH agonist, such as buserelin, with the GnRH receptor induces release of FSH and LH by gonadotrophes.  Long-term exposure to constant levels of buserelin, rather than endogenous pulses, leads to downregulation of the GnRH receptors and subsequent suppression of the pituitary release of LH and FSH.
Like other GnRH agonists, buserelin may be used in the treatment of hormone-responsive cancers such as prostate cancer or breast cancer, estrogen-dependent conditions (such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids), and in assisted reproduction.
It is normally delivered via a nasal spray, but is also available as an injection.
Buserelin acetate is marketed by Sanofi-Aventis under the brand name Suprefact and a generic form of Buserelin is now produced by CinnaGen under the brand name CinnaFact.
Buserelin is also marketed under the brand name Metrelef. Metrelef is approved to treat patients with endometriosis by suppression of ovarian hormone production. In ovulation induction Metrelef is used as a pituitary blockade as an adjunct to gonadotrophin administration.