Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
ATPAF2
ATP synthase mitochondrial F1 complex assembly factor 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATPAF2 gene.
This gene encodes an assembly factor for the F(1) component of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. This protein binds specifically to the F1 alpha subunit and is thought to prevent the subunit from forming nonproductive homooligomers during enzyme assembly. This gene is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17. An alternatively spliced transcript variant has been described, but its biological validity has not been determined. A mutation in this gene has caused nuclear type 1 Complex V deficiency, characterized by lactic acidosis, encephalopathy, and developmental delays.

# Structure
The ATPAF2 gene is located on the p arm of chromosome 17 in position 11.2 and spans 24,110 base pairs. The gene produces a 32.8 kDa protein composed of 289 amino acids. This gene has at least 8 exons and is located within the Smith-Magenis syndrome region on chromosome 17.

# Function
The ATPAF2 gene encodes an essential housekeeping protein, an assembly factor for the F1 component of mitochondrial ATP synthase. This protein binds specifically to the F1 alpha subunit and is thought to prevent this subunit from forming nonproductive homooligomers during enzyme assembly.

# Clinical Significance
In the only report of a mutation in the ATPAF2 gene, the resulting phenotype was nuclear type 1 Complex V deficiency inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. A homozygous 280T-A transversion caused a W94R amino acid substitution adjacent to a highly conserved glutamine. Symptoms included elevated blood, CSF, and urine lactate levels, developmental delays with failure to thrive and seizures, and a degenerative encephalopathy with cortical and subcortical atrophy.

# Interactions
The encoded protein interacts with ATP5F1A and FMC1, along with many other proteins.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of ATPAF2 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Atpaf2tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty six tests were carried out on mutant mice and three significant abnormalities were observed. No homozygous mutant embryos were identified during gestation, and therefore none survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice; males had abnormal vertebrae morphology.
ATPIF1
ATPase inhibitor, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ATPIF1 gene.
This gene encodes a mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and three transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified.
It prevents ATPase from switching to ATP hydrolysis during collapse of the electrochemical gradient, for example during oxygen deprivation  ATP synthase inhibitor forms a one-to-one complex with the F1 ATPase, possibly by binding at the alpha-beta interface. It is thought to inhibit ATP synthesis by preventing the release of ATP. The inhibitor has two oligomeric states, dimer (the active state) and tetramer. At low pH, the inhibitor forms a dimer via antiparallel coiled coil interactions between the C-terminal regions of two monomers. At high pH, the inhibitor forms tetramers and higher oligomers by coiled coil interactions involving the N terminus and inhibitory region, thus preventing the inhibitory activity.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of ATPIF1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Atpif1tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty three tests were carried out on mutant mice and three significant abnormalities were observed. Homozygous mutant animals displayed hyperactivity and brain dysmorphology, while males also had decreased circulating alkaline phosphatase levels.
ATXN2L
Ataxin-2-like protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATXN2L gene.
This gene encodes an ataxin type 2 related protein of unknown function. This protein is a member of the spinocerebellar ataxia (SCAs) family, which is associated with a complex group of neurodegenerative disorders. Several alternatively spliced transcripts encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

# Interactions
ATXN2L has been shown to interact with Myeloproliferative leukemia virus oncogene.
Abasia

# Overview
Abasia (from Greek: a-, without and basis, step) is the inability to walk due to impaired muscle coordination. The American Heritage Medical Dictionary defines abasia as "Inability to walk due to impaired muscular coordination.a" 
The term covers a spectrum of medical disorders such as:
- choreic abasia: caused by chorea of the legs
- paralytic abasia: caused by paralysis of the leg muscles
- spastic abasia: caused by spastic stiffening of the leg muscles
- trembling abasia: caused by trembling of the legs
Abasia is frequently accompanied by astasis, an inability to stand, see Astasia-abasia.
Acetyl

# Overview
In organic chemistry, acetyl (ethanoyl), is a functional group, the acyl of acetic acid, with chemical formula -COCH3. It is sometimes abbreviated as Ac (not to be confused with the element actinium). The acetyl radical contains a methyl group single-bonded to a carbonyl. The carbon of the carbonyl has a lone electron available, with which it forms a chemical bond to the remainder R of the molecule.
The acetyl radical is a component of many organic compounds, including the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and acetyl-CoA, and the analgesics acetaminophen and acetylsalicylic acid (better known as aspirin).

# Acetylation
The introduction of an acetyl group into a molecule is called acetylation (or ethanoylation). In biological organisms, acetyl groups are commonly transferred bound to Coenzyme A (CoA), in the form of acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is an important intermediate both in the biological synthesis and in the breakdown of many organic molecules.
Acetyl groups are also frequently added to histones and other proteins modifying their properties. For example, on the DNA level, Histone acetylation by acetyltransferases (HATs) causes an expansion of chromatin architecture allowing for genetic transcription to take place. Conversely, removal of the acetyl group by histone deacetylases (HDACs) condenses DNA structure, thereby preventing transcription.

# Pharmacology
When acetyl groups are bound to certain other organic molecules, they impart an increased ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. This makes the drug reach the brain more quickly, making the drug's effects more intense and increasing the effectiveness of a given dose. Acetyl groups are used to make the natural antiinflammitant salicylic acid into the more effective acetylsalicylic acid, or aspirin. Similarly, they make the natural painkiller morphine into diacetylmorphine, or heroin.
Acinus
An acinus (adjective: acinar, plural acini) refers to the berry-shaped termination of an exocrine gland, where the secretion is produced.
They are found in many organs, including:
- the stomach
- the sebaceous gland of the scalp
- the salivary glands of the tongue
- the liver
- the lacrimal glands
- the pancreas 
Mucous acini usually stain pale, while serous acini usually stain dark.
The term "acinus" is considered synonymous with alveolus by some sources, but not all.
Videos

# How to Insert an YouTube Video
- Log on to YouTube
- Upload your video onto YouTube
- Look at the url of your video that you uploaded, you can find it on the right hand side of the page on YouTube, an example would be 
- Enter the exact letters and numbers in the web address on the YouTube to your WikiDoc page using the code listed below. Thats is all you need to do to insert a video.
You type what is in the box (Make sure you put a space between the word youtube and the v or it wont work):
This is what plays:

# How to Insert A Twitter Video
- Step 1: Copy the web address of the tweet that contains the video (For example: ).
- Step 2: Replace the url in the following syntax with the web address.
- Step 3: The video will be displayed as follows:
Audios

# Overview
There is the capacity to insert audio files (such as heart murmurs) into the contents of chapters.

# Audio File Formats That Are Supported
Both the .mp3 and .ogg file formats are supported.

# Resources to Convert Your Audio Files into MP3 Format
There are variety of free software programs on the internet available to convert audio files into it and MP3 format such as

# Uploading Media
The link to upload your audio file is here.

# Code to Insert Your Audio File
The wiki code to insert your audio file looks something like this:

# Example
Below is the code to play the sounds of a murmur associated with a VSD:
If you type the following code:
This is what appears:
VSD Murmur
Adduct
An adduct (from the Latin adductus, "drawn toward") is a product of a direct addition of two or more distinct molecules, resulting in a single reaction product containing all atoms of all components, with formation of two chemical bonds and a net reduction in bond multiplicity in at least one of the reactants. The resultant is considered a distinct molecular species. Examples include the adduct between hydrogen peroxide and sodium carbonate to give sodium percarbonate, and the addition of sodium bisulfite to an aldehyde to give a sulfonate.
Adducts often form between Lewis acids and Lewis bases. A good example would be the formation of adducts between the Lewis acid borane and the oxygen atom in the Lewis bases, tetrahydrofuran (THF) or diethyl ether: BH3THF, BH3OEt2.
Adducts are not necessarily molecular in nature. A good example from solid-state chemistry are the adducts of ethylene or carbon monoxide of CuAlCl4. The latter is a solid with an extended lattice structure. Upon formation of the adduct a new extended phase is formed in which the gas molecules are incorporated (inserted) as ligands of the copper atoms within the structure. This reaction can also be considered a reaction between a base and a Lewis acid with the copper atom in the electron-receiving and the pi-electrons of the gas molecule in the donating role.
Airway

# Overview
The airways are those parts of the respiratory system through which air flows, to get from the external environment to the alveoli.
The airway begins at the mouth or nose, and accesses the trachea via the pharynx. The trachea branches into the left and right main bronchi at the carina, situated at the level of the second thoracic vertebra. The bronchi branch into large bronchioles, one for each lobe of the lung. Within the lobes, the bronchi further subdivide some 20 times, ending in clusters of alveoli.
The epithelial surfaces of the airways contain cilia. Inhaled particles stick to mucus (secreted by goblet cells) which is continuously removed from the airways by these cilia. The airway epithelium also secretes a watery fluid upon which the mucus can ride freely. The production of this fluid is impaired by the disease cystic fibrosis. Macrophages are present in the airways. These cells protect the airways from infection by engulfing inhaled particles and bacteria.
Certain conditions require tracheal intubation to secure the airway.  Airway devices are used to assist intubation.
Ajwain
Ajwain (also known as carom seeds or bishop's weed), is an uncommon spice except in certain areas of Asia. It is the small seed-like fruit of the Bishop's Weed plant, (Trachyspermum ammi syn. Carum copticum), egg-shaped and grayish in colour. The plant has a similarity to parsley. Because of their seed-like appearance, the fruit pods are sometimes called ajwain seeds or bishop's weed seeds.
Ajwain is often confused with lovage seed; even some dictionaries mistakenly state that ajwain comes from the lovage plant.
Ajwain is also called 'owa' in Marathi, 'vaamu' in Telugu, "omam" () in Tamil, "ajwana" in Kannada, "ajmo" in Gujarati, "jowan" in Bengali and "asamodagam" in Singhalese.

# Flavour and aroma
Raw ajwain smells almost exactly like thyme because it also contains thymol, but is more aromatic and less subtle in taste, as well as slightly bitter and pungent. It tastes like thyme or caraway, only stronger. Even a small amount of raw ajwain will completely dominate the flavor of a dish.
In Indian cuisine, ajwain is almost never used raw, but either dry-roasted or fried in ghee or oil. This develops a much more subtle and complex aroma, somewhat similar to caraway but "brighter". Among other things, it is used for making a type of paratha, called 'ajwain ka paratha'.

# History
Ajwain originated in the Middle East, possibly in Egypt. It is now primarily grown and used in the Indian Subcontinent, but also in Iran, Egypt and Afghanistan. It is sometimes used as an ingredient in berbere, a spice mixture favored in Eritrea and Ethiopia.

# Uses
It reduces flatulence caused by beans when it is cooked with beans. It may be used as a substitute for cumin as well. It is also traditionally known as a digestive aid and an antiemetic.
Aldose
File:D-glyceraldehyde-2D-Fischer.png
An aldose is a monosaccharide (a simple sugar) containing one aldehyde group per molecule and having a chemical formula of the form CnH2nOn, (n>=3).
With only 3 carbon atoms, glyceraldehyde is the simplest of all aldoses.
Aldoses isomerize to ketoses in the Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation. Aldose differs from ketose in that it has a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain whereas the carbonyl group of a ketose is in the middle; this fact allows them to be chemically differentiated through Seliwanoff's test.

# List of aldoses
- Triose: glyceraldehyde
- Tetroses: erythrose, threose
- Pentoses: ribose, arabinose, xylose, lyxose
- Hexoses: allose, altrose, glucose, mannose, gulose, idose, galactose, talose
Anomer
In sugar chemistry, an anomer is a special type of epimer. It is a stereoisomer (diastereomer, more exactly) of a saccharide (in the cyclic form) that differs only in its configuration at the hemiacetal (or hemiketal) carbon, also called the anomeric carbon.  If the structure is analogous to one with the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon in the axial position of glucose, then the sugar is an alpha anomer.  If, however, that hydroxyl is equatorial, the sugar is a beta anomer.  For example, -D-glucopyranose and -D-glucopyranose, the two cyclic forms of glucose, are anomers.
The anomeric effect helps stabilize the -anomer. The term for interconversion between the two anomers is mutarotation.
The two different anomers are two distinct chemical structures, and thus have different physical and chemical properties, notably optical rotation. For example, -D-glucose has an optical rotation of +112 degrees and its anomer, -D-glucose, has an optical rotation of +19 degrees.
Antrum
In Biology, "Antrum" is a general term for a cavity or chamber which may have specific meaning in reference to certain organs or sites in the body.
Examples include
- antrum cardiacum - a dilation that occurs in the esophagus near the stomach (forestomach)
- mastoid antrum - Synonym: antrum mastoideum, tympanic antrum, Valsalva's antrum
- pyloric antrum - the initial portion of the pyloric part of the stomach
- antrum follicularum  - the cavity in the epithelium that envelops the oocyte
de:Antrum
Cardia

# Overview
The cardia (or esophagogastric junction  or gastroesophageal junction ) is the anatomical term for the junction orifice of the stomach and the esophagus. At the cardia, the mucosa of the esophagus transitions into gastric mucosa.
The cardia is also the site of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) (also termed cardiac sphincter, gastroesophageal sphincter, and esophageal sphincter).

# Nomenclature and classification
There is disagreement in the academic anatomy community over whether the cardia is part of the stomach, part of the esophagus or a distinct entity, as described in this article. The difference is more than semantic when used in clinical studies and applied to individual patients.
Classical anatomy textbooks, and some other resources, describe the cardia as the first of 4 regions of the stomach. This makes sense histologically because the mucosa of the cardia is the same as that of the stomach.
Many recent writings describe it as the LES.

# Function
The stomach generates strong acids and enzymes to aid in food digestion. This digestive mixture is called gastric juice. The inner lining of the stomach has several mechanisms to resist the effect of gastric juice on itself, but the mucosa of the esophagus does not. The esophagus is normally protected from these acids by a one-way valve mechanism at its junction with the stomach. This one-way valve is called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), and prevents gastric juice from flowing back into the esophagus.
During peristalsis, the LES allows the food bolus to pass into the stomach. It prevents chyme, a mixture of bolus, stomach acid, and digestive enzymes, from returning up the esophagus. The LES is aided in the task of keeping the flow of materials in one direction by the diaphragm.

# Histology
On histological examination, the junction can be identified by the following transition:
- nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the esophagus
- simple columnar epithelium in the stomach
However, in Barrett's esophagus, the epithelial distinction may vary, so the histological border may not be identical with the functional border.
The cardiac glands can be seen in this region. They can be distinguished from other stomach glands (fundic glands and pyloric glands) because the glands are shallow and simple tubular.

# Pathology
Deficiencies in the strength or the efficiency of the LES lead to various medical problems involving acid damage on the esophagus.
In achalasia, one of the defects is failure of the LES to relax properly.

# Etymology
The word comes from the Greek kardia meaning heart, the cardiac orifice of the stomach.

# Additional images
- Section of mucous membrane of human stomach, near the cardiac orifice. X 45.
Anuria
To view a comprehensive algorithm of common findings of urine composition and urine output, click here

# Overview
Anuria means nonpassage of urine, in practice is defined as passage of less than 100 milliliters of urine in a day. Anuria is often caused by failure in the function of kidneys. It may also occur because of some severe obstruction like kidney stones or tumours.  It may occur with end stage renal disease.  It is a more extreme reduction than oliguria, sometimes called anuresis.

# Causes
Failure of kidney function, which can have multiple causes including medications or toxins (e.g., antifreeze, cephalosporins, ACEIs); diabetes; high blood pressure. Stones or tumours in the urinary tract can also cause it by creating an obstruction to urinary flow. High blood calcium, oxalate, or uric acid, can contribute to the risk of stone formation. In males, an enlarged prostate gland is a common cause of obstructive anuria.
Acute anuria, where the decline in urine production occurs quickly, is usually a sign of obstruction or acute renal failure. Acute renal failure can be caused by factors not related to the kidney, such as heart failure, mercury poisoning, infection, and other conditions that cause the kidney to be deprived of blood flow.

# Symptoms
Anuria itself is a symptom, not a disease. It is often associated with other symptoms of kidney failure, such as lack of appetite, weakness, nausea and vomiting. These are mostly the result of buildup of toxins in the blood which would normally be removed by healthy kidneys.

# Treatment
Treatment is dependent on the underlying cause of this symptom.  The most easily treatable cause is obstruction of urine flow, which is often solved by insertion of a urinary catheter into the urinary bladder.
Mannitol is a medicine that is used to increase the amount of water removed from the blood and thus improve the blood flow to the kidneys. However, mannitol is contraindicated in anuria secondary to renal disease, severe dehydration, intracranial bleeding (except during craniotomy), severe pulmonary congestion, or pulmonary edema.
Dextrose and Dobutamine are both used to increase blood flow to the kidney and act within 30 to 60 minutes.
Contraindicated medications
- Tromethamine
Apaf-1
Apaf-1 (apoptotic protease activating factor 1) is a cytosolic protein involved in cell death or apoptosis.  When Cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria, it interacts with Apaf-1 and dATP to form the apoptosome, a large oligomeric protein complex which can activate caspase 9.
The crystal structure of this protein was solved in April of 2005 by the laboratory of Yigong Shi.  It contains a Greek Key Motif composed of six helices and 94 amino acids.
The actual mechanism for this reaction is still debated though work published in April of 2006 from the laboratory of Guy Salvesen suggests that the apoptosome may induce caspase 9 dimerization and subsequent autocatalyzation .
Apathy

# Background
Apathy is a psychological term for a state of indifference  where an individual is unresponsive or "indifferent" to aspects of emotional, social, or physical life. Clinical apathy is considered to be at an elevated level, while a moderate level might be considered depression, and an extreme level could be diagnosed as a dissociative disorder. The physical aspect of apathy associated with physical deterioration, muscle loss, and lack of energy is called lethargy  which has many pathological causes as well.
Apathy can be object-specific  toward a person, activity or environment. It is a common reaction to stress where it manifests as "learned helplessness" and is commonly associated with depression.  It can also reflect a non-pathological lack of interest in things one does not consider important.

# History
Apathy is a common feeling of complete discontent for one's emotional behaviour.
Apathy etymologically derives from the Greek  (apatheia), a term used by the Stoics to signify indifference for what one is not responsible for (that is, according to their philosophy, all things exterior, one being only responsible of his representations and judgments). The concept was then reappropriated by Christians, who adopted the term to express a contempt of all earthly concerns, a state of mortification, as the gospel prescribes. Thus, the word has been used since then among more devout writers. Clemens Alexandrinus, in particular, brought the term exceedingly in vogue, thinking hereby to draw the philosophers to Christianity, who aspired after such a sublime pitch of virtue. Template:Ref label
The concept of apathy became more sympathetically accepted in popular culture during the First World War, in which the appalling conditions of the Western Front led to apathy and shellshock amongst millions of soldiers.