Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Edmonton protocol
The Edmonton Protocol is a method of implantation of pancreatic islets for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus, specifically "brittle" type 1 diabetics prone to hypoglycemic unawareness. The protocol is named for the islet transplantation group at the University of Alberta in the Canadian city of Edmonton, where the protocol was first devised in the late 1990s.

# Procedure
The Edmonton Protocol involves isolating islets from a cadaveric donor pancreas using a mixture of enzymes called LiberaseTM (Roche). Each recipient receives islets from one to as many as three donors. The islets are infused into the patient's portal vein, and are then kept from being destroyed by the recipient's immune system through the use of two immunosuppressants, sirolimus and tacrolimus as well as a monoclonal antibody drug used in transplant patients called daclizumab.

# History
Islet isolation and transplantation was pioneered by Paul Lacy throughout the 1960s. He and Walter Ballinger together were able to restore normoglycaemia in diabetic rats following the transplantation of isolated islets into the rodent's livers.  Scientists have not yet successfully translated Dr. Lacy's success in rodents to humans.
The Edmonton Protocol was primarily developed by Dr James Shapiro (transplant surgeon), Jonathan Lakey Ph.D., Dr Edmond Ryan (endocrinologist), Gregory Korbutt Ph.D., Dr. Ellen Toth, Dr. Garth Warnock, Dr. Norman Kneteman, and Ray Rajotte Ph.D., at the University of Alberta Hospital and the Surgical-Medical Research Institute. The first patient was treated using the Edmonton Protocol in March 1999. The protocol was first published in the New England Journal of Medicine in July 2000.
The NEJM report was exciting for the diabetes field because all seven patients undergoing the Edmonton Protocol remained insulin-independent after an average of 12 months.

# Current review
It has recently been reported that of thirty-six patients transplanted, only sixteen (44%) were insulin-independent after one year; ten (28%) had partial graft function after one year; and ten (28%) had complete graft loss after one year. Insulin independence is not usually sustainable in the long term, but the transplanted islets still function enough to provide protection from severe hypoglycemic episodes and unawareness.
The major problem limiting islet transplantation therapy for type 1 diabetic individuals is the lack of organ donors.
Elaine Gottschall

# Overview
Elaine Gottschall (18 August 1921  5 September 2005) BA, M.Sc. was the author of Breaking the Vicious Cycle: Intestinal Health Through Diet. She wrote a book to help those with intestinal bowel disorders try a new approach to treating their problems, called the Specific Carbohydrate Diet (SCD) . There are many testimonials of people who were about to have their colon removed, but through diet managed to treat their symptoms to the point that they were able to function normally.
In her later years she became interested in the application of the specific carbohydrate diet for children with developmental disorders such as autism and generously gave large amounts of her time to helping parents on message boards and in real life.
Her work builds on the work done by Dr. Sydney Haas, with whom she consulted when looking for a solution to her young daughter's IBS condition, implementing his advice with success and narrowly avoiding the need for a heartbreaking colon removal operation
Electron affinity
The electron affinity, Eea, of an atom or molecule is the energy required to detach an electron from a singly charged negative ion, i.e., the energy change for the process
An equivalent definition is the energy released (Einitial  Efinal) when an electron is attached to a neutral atom or molecule. It should be noted that the sign convention for Eea is the opposite to most thermodynamic quantities: a positive electron affinity indicates that energy is released on going from atom to anion.
All elements whose EA have been measured using modern methods have a positive electron affinity, but older texts mistakenly report that some elements such as alkaline earth metals have negative Eea, meaning they would repel electrons. This is not recognized by modern chemists. The electron affinity of the noble gasses have not been conclusively measured, so they may or may not have slightly negative EAs. Atoms whose anions are relatively more stable than neutral atoms have a smaller Eea. Chlorine most strongly attracts extra electrons; mercury most weakly attracts an extra electron. Eea of noble gases are close to 0.
Although Eea vary in a chaotic manner across the table, some patterns emerge. Generally, nonmetals have more positive Eea than metals.

# Values for the elements
The following data are quoted in kJ/mole. Elements marked with an asterisk are expected to have electron affinities close to zero on quantum mechanical grounds.

# Periodic trends
Eea increases across a period (row) (since the radius slightly decreases, because of the increased attraction from the nucleus, and the number of electrons in the top shell increases, helping the atom reach maximum stability) in the periodic table and decrease going down a group (family) (because of a large increase in radius and number of electrons that decrease the stability of the atom, repulsing each other).

# Molecular electron affinities
Eea is not limited to the elements but also applies to molecules. For instance the electron affinity for benzene is negative, as is that of naphthalene, while those of anthracene,phenanthrene and pyrene are positive. In silico experiments show that the electron affinity of hexacyanobenzene surpasses that of fullerene .
Elementary charge
The elementary charge, e, is the electric charge carried by a single proton, or equivalently, the negative of the electric charge carried by a single electron.
This is a fundamental physical constant and the unit of electric charge in the system of atomic units as well as some other systems of natural units.
It has a measured value of approximately 69811602176486999991.6021764871019 C, according to the NIST posted CODATA value for e. See the 2006 Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) list of physical constants: CODATA report, TABLE XLVIII for uncertainty in e.  In the centimetre gram second system of units, the value is 69904803204273000004.8032042731010 statcoulombs.
Since it was first measured in Robert Millikan's famous oil-drop experiment in 1909, the elementary charge has been considered indivisible.  Quarks, first posited in the 1960s, have fractional electric charges (in units of 13 e and 23 e so that now the term elementary charge referring to the charge on an electron is no longer strictly correct; this is irrelevant, however, in practical terms, since quarks are not detected except in groupings that have charges that are integer multiples of e.  In 1982 Robert Laughlin tried to explain the fractional quantum Hall effect by predicting the existence of fractionally charged quasiparticles. In 1995, the fractional charge of Laughlin quasiparticles was measured directly in a quantum antidot electrometer at Stony Brook University, New York.  In 1997, two groups of physicists at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, and at the Commissariat a l'energie atomique laboratory near Paris, claimed to have detected such quasiparticles carrying an electric current.
Ellingham diagram
In metallurgy, the Ellingham diagram is used to predict the equilibrium temperature between a metal, its oxide and oxygen, and by extension, reactions of a metal with sulphur, nitrogen and other non-metals. The diagrams are useful in attempting to predict the conditions under which a metal ore will be reduced to the metal.

# Thermodynamics
Ellingham diagrams follow from the Second Law of Thermodynamics 
and are a particular graphical form of it. G is the Gibbs Free Energy Change,H is the Enthalpy Change and S is the Entropy Change]
The Ellingham diagram plots the Gibbs free energy change (G) for the oxidation reaction versus the temperature. In the temperature ranges commonly used, the metal and the oxide are in a condensed state (liquid or solid) with the oxygen gaseous, the reactions may be exothermic or endothermic, but the G of the oxidation always becomes more negative with higher temperature, and thus the reaction becomes more probable statistically. At a sufficiently high temperature, the sign of G may invert (becoming negative) and the oxide can spontaneously reduce to the metal.
As with any chemical reaction prediction based on purely energetic grounds the reaction may or may not take place spontaneously on kinetic grounds if one or more stages in the reaction pathway have very high Activation Energies EA.
If two metals are present, two equilibriums have to be considered, so that the metal with the more negative G reduces, the other oxidizes.
In industrial processes, the reduction of metal oxides is obtained using carbon, which is available cheaply in reduced form (as coal).

# Reducing agents
Moreover, when carbon reacts with oxygen it forms gaseous composts carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, therefore the dynamics of its oxidation is different from that for metals: its oxidation has a more negative G with higher temperatures. Using this property, reduction of metals may be performed as a double redox reaction at relatively low temperature.
Encephalomyelitis
Encephalomyelitis is a general term for inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, describing a number of disorders:
- acute disseminated encephalomyelitis or postinfectious encephalomyelitis, a demyelinating disease of the brain and spinal cord, possibly triggered by vaccination or viral infection;
- encephalomyelitis disseminata, a synonym for multiple sclerosis;
- equine encephalomyelitis, a potentially fatal mosquito-borne viral disease that infects horses and humans;
- myalgic encephalomyelitis, a syndrome involving inflammation of the central nervous system with symptoms of muscle pain and fatigue; the term has sometimes been used interchangeably with chronic fatigue syndrome, though there is still controversy over the distinction.
- experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of brain inflammation.
Ephedra distachya
Ephedra distachya (syn. E. vulgaris) is a shrub in the family Ephedraceae, about 25 cm to 50 cm high, that grows in southern Europe and parts of western and central Asia. Its local names include somlatha.

# Uses
It is used to relieve acute muscular and rheumatic pains (when it is called teamsters' tea), as a stimulant, and in the cardio tonics in Ayurveda. It is sometimes identified with the legendary drug soma, as described in the Avesta and the Rig Veda, the respective ancient sacred texts of the Zoroastrian and Hindu faiths.
Ephedrine, the salt of an alkaloid, is obtained from its dried branches and is used as a stimulant, often to control asthma. It was isolated from the plant by Nagayoshi Nagai in 1885.
Epigastric hernia
An epigastric hernia is a hernia in the epigastric region of a human.
It commonly is found in neonates (babies).  Typically there is a small defect of the linea alba between the rectus abdominis muscles. This allows tissue from inside the abdomen to herniate anteriorly.
The appearance is of a 'bubble' under the skin of the baby's belly between the umbilicus and xiphisternum. The 'bubble' can be 'reduced' (pushed back in), and will reappear if the baby coughs or strains.
It can be surgically corrected, although the operation is done almost entirely for cosmetic reasons. In general, any cosmetic operation that is proposed on a baby will be delayed until the baby is older, and better able to tolerate anaesthesia.
Epigastric hernias almost never strangulate.  Compare inguinal hernia.
Fairbanks disease
Fairbanks disease or multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is a rare genetic disorder (dominant form--1 in 10,000 births) which affects the growing ends of bones. Bones usually elongate by a process that involves the depositing of cartilage at the ends of the bones, called ossification. This cartilage then mineralizes and hardens to become bone. In MED, this process is defective. Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) encompasses a spectrum of skeletal disorders, most of which are inherited in an autosomal dominant form. However, there is also an autosomal recessive form.
Children with autosomal dominant MED experience joint pain and fatigue after exercising. Their x-rays show small and irregular ossifications centers, most apparent in the hips and knees. A waddling gait may develop. The spine is normal but may have a few irregularities. By adulthood, people with MED are of short stature or in the low range of normal and have short limbs relative to their trunk. Frequently, movement becomes limited at the major joints, especially at the elbows. However, loose knee and finger joints can occur. Signs of osteoarthritis usually begin in early adulthood.
Children with recessive MED also experience joint pain, particularly of the hips and knees, but they also commonly have deformities of the hands, feet, knees, and/or vertebral column (like scoliosis). Approximately 50% of affected children have abnormal findings at birth (i.e. club foot, cleft palate, inward curving fingers due to underdeveloped bones, or rarely, ear swelling). Height is within the normal range prior to puberty. As adults, people with MED are only slightly more diminished in stature but still within the normal range. Functional disabilities of the joints are mild or absent.
Epulis fissuratum
Epulis fissuratum is an oral pathologic condition that appears in the mouth as an overgrowth of fibrous connective tissue.  Also referred to less commonly as inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, denture epulis, and denture induced fibrous hyperplasia, it is associated with the edges of a denture that does not fit well.  The word, "epulis", can be used to describe any gingival tumor, but it is widely used in association with this specific condition.
Epulis fissuratum appears as a single or multiple fold of tissue that grown in excess around the alveolar vestibule, which is the area where the gums meet the inner cheek.  Usually, the edge of the denture rests in between two of the folds.  The excess tissue is firm and fibrous, and ulcerations may be present.  The size of the affected tissue varies widely, since almost the entire length of tissue around a denture can be affected.  More commonly found in women, it can appear in either the mandible or maxilla (upper jaw) but is more commonly found in the anterior portions of the mouth rather than in the posterior.  Fibroepithelial polyps, pedunculated lesions of the palate beneath an upper denture, are associated with this condition.
The appearance of an epulis fissuratum microscopically is an overgrowth of cells from the fibrous connective tissue.  The epithelial cells are usually hyperkeratotic and irregular, hyperplastic rete ridges are often seen.
Treatment consists of surgical removal with the fixing of a denture in a process called a "reline" or with making a new denture.
Equisetum arvense
The Field Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) is a rather bushy perennial with a rhizomatous stem formation native to the northern hemisphere.  These horsetails may have sterile or fertile stems.  Sterile stems start to grow after the fertile stems have wilted.  The sterile stems tend to be much taller and bushier, with the jointed segments being around one inch long with a diameter of about 1/20th of an inch.  These segments contain one set of whorled, slender, erect branches each.  Some stems can have as many as 20 segments and be as tall as 2-24 inches.  The fertile stems tend to be half as tall as the sterile stems and also tend to be more succulent.
This plant also has a very high diploid number - 216 (108 pairs of chromosomes) - which is roughly 5 times bigger then human diploid number (46).

# Uses
The plant contains several chemicals which can be used medicinally. It is rich in the minerals silicon (10%), potassium, and calcium, which gives it diuretic properties. It is prescribed to care for conjunctive tissues (cartilage, tendons, and bones) and also polyps, epistasis, and bleeding. The buds are eaten as a vegetable in Japan in spring time.
It was also once used to polish pewter and wood (gaining the name pewterwort) and to strengthen fingernails.
In herbalism it used to treat kidney and bladder problems, gastro-enteritis, and prostate and urinary infections. Externally it is used for chilblains and wounds.
Eric P. Wilkinson
Eric P. Wilkinson, MD FACS is a Boise, Idaho physician specializing in ear surgery, or otology, a subspecialty of otolaryngology.  He is a surgeon at the Idaho Ear Clinic. He obtained his undergraduate degree in electrical engineering at Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona. He attended Stanford Medical School and subsequently completed his residency in otolaryngology at the University of Iowa Department of Otolaryngology in Iowa City, Iowa. Dr. Wilkinson then completed a clinical fellowship in otology, Neurotology, and Skull base surgery at the House Ear Institute in Los Angeles, California.
His professional interests include completely endoscopic ear surgery, cochlear implantation, stapedectomy, surgery for acoustic neuroma, balance problems, and surgery for problems of the facial nerve.  He has performed research in the areas of acoustic neuroma, auditory physiology, cholesteatoma,  and image-guided surgery. He has been a strong advocate of the use of both surgical image guidance and endoscopy in the treatment of head and neck and skull base lesions, and advocates the use of minimally invasive techniques when possible.
Dr. Wilkinson is on the board of directors of Global ENT Outreach, an organization dedicated to the training of ear surgeons throughout the world.  Global ENT Outreach aims to lessen the global burden of ear disease and hearing loss through prevention and treatment.
Dr. Wilkinson has also published articles on cochlear implantation and skull base lesions.  He is the co-editor of the textbook Auditory Brainstem Implants, published by Thieme Publishing.
Eryngium foetidum
Eryngium foetidum (also known as Bhandhanya, Chardon benit, Culantro, Donnia, Culantro Coyote, (Fitweed, Long coriander, Mexican coriander, Wild coriander, Recao, Shado beni (English-speaking Caribbean), Spiritweed, Ngo gai (Vietnam), Sawtooth, Saw-leaf herb, or Cilantro cimarron) is a tropical perennial and annual herb in the family Apiaceae. It is native to Mexico and South America, but is cultivated worldwide.  In the United States, where it is not well-known, the name culantro sometimes causes confusion with Coriandrum sativum, the leaves of which are known as cilantro, and which culantro is even said to taste like. The two plants are in the same family, Apiaceae.
E. foetidum is widely used in seasoning and marinating in the Caribbean. It is also used extensively in Thailand, India, Vietnam, and other parts of Asia as a culinary herb. This variety of coriander dries well, retaining good color and flavor, making it valuable in the dried herb industry. It is sometimes used as a substitute for cilantro, but has a much stronger taste. Like  cilantro, many people find the leaves distasteful, due to a genetic trait. As the species name means "fetid" in Latin, it is possible that Linnaeus also had noted this trait.
Medicinally, the leaves and roots are used in tea to stimulate appetite, improve digestion, combat colic, soothe stomach pains, eliminate gases and as an aphrodisiac.
Esophageal plexus
The esophageal plexus is formed by fibers from two sources: 1.branches of the vagus nerve 2.visceral branches of the sympathetic trunk.  The esophageal plexus and the cardiac plexus contain the same types of fibers and are both considered thoracic autonomic plexus(es).

# Vagus fibers
1.  The Vagus nerve delivers two fiber types to the esophageal plexus:
- A.  Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers- These fibers have their cell bodies located in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and they will synapse on the terminal ganglia in the walls of the esophagus.
- B.  Afferent fibers- These fibers are primarily concerned with autonomic reflexes and they have their cell bodies in the inferior ganglion of the vagus.
"Note":  These vagal fibers in the esophageal plexus reform to make the anterior vagal trunk (left vagus) and the posterior vagal trunk (right vagus).  Anterior and posterior being terms in relation to the esophagus

# Autonomic fibers
2.  The visceral branches of the sympathetic trunk also deliver two fiber types to the esophageal plexus
- A.  sympathetic postganglionic fibers-  The cell bodies of these fibers are located in the sympathetic trunk ganglia.  The cell bodies of the preganglionic fibers, the first neuron of this two neuron chain, are located in the intermediolateral cell column (IMLCC) of the thoracic spinal cord.
- B.  Afferent fibers- These fibers are primarily concerned with pain and have cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion.

# Additional images
- The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses.
Exercise capacity
Synonyms and related keywords: V02, peak V02, ventilatory gas analysis

# Overview
Patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) have a reduced exercise capacity due to their inability to deliver oxygen to skeletal muscle and other tissues.  A heart failure patient's peak exercise capacity is strongly correlated to prognosis. Exercise capacity is quantitated using gas analyzers to assess oxygen uptake (V02), carbon dioxide production (VC02) and minute ventilation . The peak oxygen uptake (peak V02) is linearly correlated with cardiac output and skeletal muscle blood flow. Peak V02 is divided by the heart rate, is highly correlated with stroke volume.  Finally, the Fick equation uses 02 consumption to measure cardiac output:
Cardiac output = V02 / arteriovenous 02 difference (A-V 02)

# Determinants of Exercise Capacity
- Pulmonary gas exchange
- Cardiac mechanics and work
- Skeletal muscle metabolism

# The Six Minute Walk Test
This is the distance that a patient can walk in 6 minutes on a level surface such as a hospital hallway. This distance is correlated with both the prognosis and V02.
-  McElroy, PA, Janicki, JS, Weber, KT. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62:35A.
Exocrine pancreas

# Overview
The exocrine pancreas has ducts which are arranged in clusters called acini (singular acinus). Pancreatic secretions are secreted into the lumen of the acinus, and then accumulate in intralobular ducts that drain to the main pancreatic duct, which drains directly into the duodenum.
Control of the exocrine function of the pancreas are via the hormones gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin, which are hormones secreted by cells in the stomach and duodenum, in response to distension and/or food and which cause secretion of pancreatic juices.
There are two main classes of exocrine pancreatic secretions:
Pancreatic secretions from ductal cells contain bicarbonate ions and are alkaline in order to neutralize the acidic chyme that the stomach churns out.
The pancreas is also the main source of enzymes for digesting fats (lipids) and proteins. (The enzymes that digest polysaccharides, by contrast, are primarily produced by the walls of the intestines.)
The cells are filled with secretory granules containing the precursor digestive enzymes. The major proteases which the pancreas secretes are trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen.  Secreted to a lesser degree are pancreatic lipase and pancreatic amylase).
It is important to synthesize inactive enzymes in the pancreas to avoid autodegradation, which can lead to pancreatitis. These granules are termed zymogen granules (the term "zymogen" referring to the inactive precursor enzymes). Trypsinogen is an inactivated forms of trypsin, and chymotrypsinogen is an inactivated form of chymotrypsin.
Once released in the intestine, the enzyme enterokinase present in the intestinal mucosa activates trypsinogen by cleaving it to form trypsin.  The free trypsin then cleaves the rest of the trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen to their active forms.