Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Deviated gaze
Deviated Gaze is an abnormal movement of the eyes. It is often found as a symptom for subdural hematoma. However, this is not always true as some people may just have it from birth or something else that caused the bone and skin to form this certain way.

# Cause
If bones and skin on the face are causing the eyes to spread apart too far the eyes may start moving by themselves not at all being influenced by the other. Each eye becomes influenced by what it views and each is focused on that view, causing the deviation.

# Differential Diagnosis of Deviated gaze

# Treatment
According to recent studies structure of the bones and skin could be the answer to stopping this. This can probably be achieved by a certain surgery of some sort. A change in posture could also help heal the deformed bones.
Dhat syndrome

# Overview
Dhat syndrome is a condition found in the cultures of the Indian subcontinent in which male patients report that they suffer from premature ejaculation or impotence, and believe that they are passing semen in their urine.
In traditional Hindu spirituality, semen is described as a 'vital fluid'. The discharge of this 'vital fluid', either through sex or masturbation, is associated with marked feelings of anxiety and dysphoria. Often the patient describes the loss of a whitish fluid while passing urine. At other times, marked feelings of guilt associated with what the patient assumes is 'excessive' masturbation are noted.
This is based on an old Hindu belief that it takes forty drops of blood to create a drop of bone marrow and forty drops of bone marrow to create a drop of sperm.

# Symptoms
Young males are most often affected, though similar symptoms have been reported in females with excessive vaginal discharge or leucorrhea which is also considered a 'vital fluid'.
Premature ejaculation and impotence are commonly seen.   Other somatic symptons like weakness, easy fatiguability, palpitations, insomnia, low mood, guilt and anxiety are often present.  Males sometimes report a subjective feeling that their penises have shortened.

# Culture-bound Syndrome?
Some doctors believe dhat syndrome to be either a culture-bound presentation of clinical depression as a somatized set of symptoms or a result of Western doctors' misinterpretation of patients' descriptions of their condition.
It is very common in Pakistani culture as well. Most of them come with the complaints of "drops" .. and become extremely anxious about it and see it as loss of "male power". it is often related with obsessive ruminations and somatoform symptoms.
Others see it as a distinct clinical entity which is less culture-bound than these critics assert, and describe it as one form of a syndrome of "semen-loss anxiety" which also occurs in other Eastern cultures as jiryan and shen-k'uei, as well as in Western cultures.

# Treatment
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy is the mainstay of treatment.
At other times counseling, anti-anxiety and antidepressant medications have been shown to be of use.
de:Dhat-Syndrom
nl:Dhatsyndroom
Diabetic sock
Diabetic socks are specially made for diabetics who suffer from a variety of conditions including high blood sugar level, poor circulation, neuropathy (nerve damage), and/or acute sensitivity in their feet all of which can be the source of the development of ulcers (sores) that could become infected and potentially lead to amputation.
These special socks gently conform to the shape of the feet without restricting circulation and they provide an extra layer of protection on pressure sensitive points on the feet (toes, heels, foot pads, ankles) to help minimize skin injuries such as cuts, scraps, blisters, or bruises. Diabetic socks are constructed without seams and are wrinkle-free. They have non-binding in their cuff-tops, moisture wicking properties, and are imbued with anti-microbial agents.
Diabetic socks are made of a variety of fibers; 100% cotton, a cotton blend, bamboo fiber blend, and all synthetic.
Dimethylamine
Dimethylamine or N-methylmethanamine or DMA is an organic compound and an amine. It is a colorless, liquefied and flammable gas with an ammonia and fish-like odor. Dimethylamine is generally used as a solution in water at concentrations up to around 40%.

# Chemistry
Dimethylamine is a secondary amine. The molecule consists of a nitrogen atom with two methyl substituents and one proton. Dimethylamine is a base and the pKa of the ammonium salt CH3-NH2+-CH3 is 10.73, a value intermediate between methylamine (10.64) and trimethylamine (9.79). 
Dimethylamine reacts with acids to form salts. Dimethylamine hydrochloride is an odorless white solid with a melting point of 171.5 C. Dimethylamine is produced by catalytic reaction of methanol and ammonia at elevated temperatures and high pressure.

# Biochemistry
The German cockroach utilizes dimethylamine as a pheromone for communication.
DMA undergoes nitrosation under weak acid conditions to give dimethlynitrosamine. This animal carcinogen has been detected and quantified in human urine samples and it may also arise from nitrosation of DMA by nitrogen oxides present in acid rain in highly industrilized countries (Zhang et al. 1998).

# Uses
Dimethylamine is used as dehairing agent in tanning,  in dyes, in rubber accelerators, in soaps and cleaning compounds and as an agricultural fungicide. In industry dimethylamine is converted to dimethylformamide and the surfactant lauryl dimethylamine oxide. It is raw material in the production of many pharmaceuticals such as diphenhydramine and also that of the chemical weapon tabun.
Diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate is an opioid agonist used for the treatment of diarrhea that acts by slowing intestinal contractions.  It was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1956.  It is a congener to the narcotic Meperidine of which the common brand name is Demerol.  This being the case, this medication is potentially habit-forming, particularly in high doses or when long-time usage is involved.  Because of this, diphenoxylate is manufactured and marketed as a combination drug with atropine (Lomotil).
This pharmaceutical strategy is designed to discourage abuse, because the anticholinergic effect of atropine will produce severe weakness and nausea if standard dosage is exceeded.
This medication is classified as a Schedule V under the Controlled Substances Act by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the DEA in the United States when used in preparations.  When diphenoxylate is used alone, it is classified as a Schedule II.
Pyrophosphate
In chemistry, the anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. The anion P2O74 is abbreviated PPi and is formed by the hydrolysis of ATP into AMP in cells.
- ATP + H2O  AMP + PPi
For example, when a nucleotide is incorporated into a growing DNA or RNA strand by a polymerase, pyrophosphate (PPi) is released. Pyrophosphorolysis is the reverse of the polymerization reaction where pyrophosphate reacts with the 3'-nucleotidemonophosphate (NMP or dNMP), which is removed from the oligonucleotide to release the corresponding triphosphate (dNTP from DNA, or NTP from RNA).
The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P2O74, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and in the absence of enzymic catalysis hydrolyzes extremely slowly into inorganic phosphate in all but highly acidic media:
- P2O74 + H2O  2 HPO42
-r in shorthand notation:
- PPi + H2O  2 Pi
Enzyme EC 3.6.1.1 catalyzes this hydrolysis. Specificity varies with the source and with the activating metal ion, e.g. Mg2+.
Human GeneID: 5464
PPA1; pyrophosphatase (inorganic) 1 (EC: 3.6.1.1); K01507 inorganic pyrophosphatase 
Human GeneID: 27068
PPA2; pyrophosphatase (inorganic) 2 (EC:3.6.1.1); K01507 inorganic pyrophosphatase 
Human GeneID: 64077
LHPP; phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase (EC: 3.6.1.1); K11725 phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase 
Human GeneID: 89797
NAV2; neuron navigator 2 (EC: 3.6.1.1).
This hydrolysis to inorganic phosphate effectively renders the cleavage of ATP to AMP and PPi ultimately irreversible, and biochemical reactions coupled to this hydrolysis are irreversible as well, unless EC 3.6.1.1 is present. EC 3.6.1.1 can reverse the hydrolysis.
From the standpoint of high energy phosphate accounting, the hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and PPi will require two high energy phosphates, as to reconstitute AMP into ATP will require two phosphorylation reactions.
- AMP + ATP  2 ADP
- 2 ADP + 2 Pi  2 ATP
The synthesis of tetraethyl pyrophosphate was first described in 1854 by Philip de Clermount at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences.
The term pyrophosphate is also the name of esters formed by the condensation of a phosphorylated biological compound with inorganic phosphate as for dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. This bond is also referred to as a high energy phosphate bond.
Dipole moment
Dipole moment refers to the quality of a system to behave like a dipole. 
Dipole moment is the measure polarity of a polar covalent bond . It is defined as the product magnitude of charge on the atoms and the distance between the two bonded atoms. Its common unit is debye and SI unit is columb metre.
- Electrical dipole moment, the measure of the electrical polarity of a system of charges
- Transition dipole moment, the electrical dipole moment in quantum mechanics
- Magnetic dipole moment, the measure of the magnetic polarity of a system of charges
- Bond dipole moment, the measure of polarity of a chemical bond
- Electron electric dipole moment, the measure of the charge distribution within an electron
- Topological dipole moment, the measure of the topological defect charge distribution
de:Dipolmoment
Diprenorphine
Diprenorphine (Revivon, M5050) is an opiate antagonist used to reverse the effects of the super-potent opioid analgesics such as etorphine and carfentanil that are used for tranquilizing large animals in veterinary medicine.
Diprenorphine is the strongest opiate antagonist that is commercially available (some 100 times more potent as an antagonist than nalorphine), and is used for reversing the effects of very strong opioids for which the binding affinity is so high that naloxone does not effectively or reliably reverse the narcotic effects. These super-potent opioids are not used in humans because the dose for a human is so small that it would be difficult to measure properly, so there is an excessive risk of overdose leading to fatal respiratory depression. However conventional opioid derivatives are not strong enough to rapidly tranquilize large animals such as elephants and rhinos, so drugs such as etorphine or carfentanil are available for this purpose.
Diprenorphine is considered the specific antagonist for etorphine and carfentanil, and is normally used to remobilise animals once veterinary procedures have been completed, however it may also be used on humans in the event that they are accidentally exposed to etorphine or carfentanil, for instance if someone working with large animals suffered a needlestick injury with a dart from a tranquiliser dart gun that was loaded with etorphine or carfentanil, they would be given diprenorphine as an antidote.
In theory diprenorphine could also be used as an antidote for treating overdose of certain opioid derivatives which are used in humans, such as buprenorphine, for which the binding affinity is so high that naloxone does not reliably reverse the narcotic effects. However diprenorphine is not generally available in hospitals, instead a vial of diprenorphine is supplied with the etorphine or carfentanil specifically for reversing the effects of these drugs, so use of diprenorphine for treating buprenorphine overdose is not carried out in practice although it would work in theory.
Dirithromycin

# Overview
Dirithromycin is a macrolide glycopeptide antibiotic.
Dirithromycin (Dynabac) is a more lipid-soluble prodrug derivative of 9S-erythromycyclamine prepared by condensation of the latter with 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)acetaldehyde. The 9N, 11O-oxazine ring thus formed is a hemi-aminal that is unstable under both acidic and alkaline aqueous conditions and undergoes spontaneous hydrolysis to form erythromycyclamine. Erythromycyclamine is a semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin in which the 9-ketogroup of the erythronolide ring has been converted to an amino group. Erythromycyclamine retains the antibacterial properties of erythromycin oral administration. The prodrug, dirithromycin, is provided as enteric coated tablets to protect it from acid catalyzed hydrolysis in the stomach.
Orally administered dirithromycin is absorbed rapidly into the plasma, largely from the small intestine. Spontaneous hydrolysis to erythromycyclamine occurs in the plasma. Oral bioavailability is estimated to be about 10%, but food does not affect absorption of the prodrug.

# Discontinuation
Dirithromycin is no longer available in the United States. Since the production of dirithromycin is discontinued in the U.S, National Institutes of Health recommend that people taking dirithromycin should consult their physicians to discuss switching to another treatment. However, dirithromycin is still available in many european countries.
Disfigurement
Disfigurement is the state of having one's appearance deeply and persistently harmed medically, as from a disease, birth defect, or wound.
Disfigurement, whether caused by a benign or malignant condition, often leads to severe psychosocial problems such as negative body image; depression; difficulties in one's social, sexual, and professional lives; prejudice; and intolerance.  This is partly due to how the individual copes with looking 'visibly different', though the extent of the disfigurement rarely correlates with the degree of distress the sufferer feels. An additional factor which affects sufferers of a disfigurement is the reaction they get from other people. Studies have shown that the general population respond to people with a disfigurement with less trust, less respect and often try to avoid making contact or having to look at the disfigurement.  Disfigurements affecting visible areas such as the face, arms and hands are thought to be present greater difficulty the coping of sufferers than do other disfigurements.
Deliberate mutilation resulting in physical disfigurement has also been practiced by many cultures throughout human history for religious or judicial purposes.
During the Byzantine Empire, the emperor was considered God's viceregent on Earth, and as such the physical wholeness of his person was an essential complement to the perfection of Heaven. For this reason, many deposed emperors were blinded, had their noses cut off, or their tongue split by their successors, as these permanent disfigurements disqualified them from ever reclaiming the throne.
A case of voluntary disfigurement is that of St. Aebbe the Younger and the nuns of Coldingham Monastery in Scotland. When the monastery was attacked by Vikings and they feared being raped, she and the nuns cut off their own noses and upper lips. In revenge, the Vikings burned down the building with the nuns inside. This is said to be the origin of the phrase "cutting off the nose to spite the face".
Conditions that can cause disfigurement include:
- severe acne
- acromegaly
- amputation
- argyria
- birthmarks
- burns
- cancer
- cataracts
- cleft lip
- eczema
- gynecomastia
- neurofibromatosis
- noma
- paralysis
- Proteus syndrome
- smallpox
- severe strabismus
- vitiligo
Plastic surgery or reconstructive surgery is available in many cases to disfigured people. Some health insurance companies and government health care systems cover plastic surgery for these problems when they do not cover plastic surgery for cosmetic purposes.
The term "disfigurement" is sometimes used pejoratively to describe the results of intentional body modification.
Doctors' mess
A doctors' mess is a canteen or "mess" (a term borrowed from military slang) for junior doctors (AE: resident physicians), who generally do not have their own offices. Most British hospitals, especially teaching hospitals have a doctors' mess. Most hospitals do not consider it a priority to maintain these canteens properly, and generally junior doctors are too busy to arrange the cleaning. Situations differ between hospitals, depending on the initiative of a "mess committee" or the benevolence of hospital administrators.
In many hospitals, the mess is situated adjacent to overnight rooms for staff who are on call during "out of hours".
Despite the often less-than-inspiring surroundings, many lasting relationships can develop in the "mess", including marriage and affairs. Due to the psychological effects of intensive medical training, conversations can assume a surrealistic nature.
In the words of a registrar (AE: resident):
Dog's Mercury
Mercurialis perennis, or Dog's Mercury, is a spring flower found across Europe, but almost absent from Ireland, Orkney and Shetland. It is a hairy dioecious perennial with erect stems bearing simple, serrate leaves. The inflorescence is green bearing inconspicuous flowers in March and April.
It is frequently found covering large areas in dense stands as an understorey plant in woodlands, especially, but not exclusively, on calcareous soils.
Dog's Mercury is a poisonous plant; however, boiling or drying can destroy the toxins.
This plant favours alkaline (basic) soils and can be found in abundance in limestone regions particularly in Yorkshire. It also favours deep shade and can survive in semi-shade, however in areas of high light intensity Dog's Mercury will give way to different plants.
Drug-likeness
Druglikeness is a qualitative concept used in drug design for how "druglike" a substance is. It is estimated from the molecular structure before the substance is even synthesized and tested. A druglike molecule has properties like this:
- Optimal solubility to both water and fat, because an orally administered drug has to go through the intestinal lining, carried in aqueous blood and penetrate the lipid cellular membrane to reach the inside of a cell. The model compound for the cellular membrane is octanol, so the logarithm of the octanol/water partition coefficient, known as log Pow, is used to estimate solubility.
- Since the drug is transported in aqueous media like blood and intracellular fluid, it has to be sufficiently water-soluble. Solubility in water can be estimated from the number of hydrogen bond donors vs. alkyl sidechains in the molecule. Low water solubility translates to slow absorption and action. Too many hydrogen bond donors, on the other hand, lead to low fat solubility, so that the drug cannot penetrate the cell wall reach the inside of the cell.
- Molecular weight: the smaller, the better, because diffusion is directly affected. 80% of traded drugs have molecular weights under 450 Dalton.
- Substructures that have known pharmacological properties.
Based on this information, druglikeness indexes can be constructed. A good druglikeness index gives the green light to known, effective drugs but rejects most other known chemicals. Ideally, using a druglikeness index leads to rejecting nonviable lead compounds before they are even synthesized. One of the traditional rules of thumb is Lipinski's Rule of Five.
Also, other factors such as substructures with known toxic, mutagenic or teratogenic affect the usefulness of a designed molecule. In fact, several poisons have a good druglikeness. Natural toxins are used in pharmacological research to find out their mechanism of action, and if it could be exploited for beneficial purposes.
Poly drug use
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# Overview
Poly drug use refers to the use two or more psychoactive drugs in combination to achieve a particular effect. In many cases, this makes the experience far more enjoyable than taking the substances alone.
There are many common drug combinations, including, but not limited to:
- alprazolam and cannabis
- cannabis and alcohol
- cannabis and coffee  (known as "hippie speedball")
- LSD and DMT,
- LSD and ecstasy (known as "candy flipping"),
- LSD and magic mushrooms,
- Psychedelic mushrooms and ecstasy (known as "hippie flipping" or "flower flipping"),
- benzodiazepines and opioids / opiates,
- benzodiazepines and alcohol,
- cocaine and caffeine,
- cocaine and heroin (known as a "speedball"),
- cocaine and alcohol (which creates a third, more toxic chemical in the body called Cocaethylene),
- cocaine and cannabis (known as "primo"),
- cocaine and ketamine, (known as CK1)
- ecstasy and ketamine (known as "kitty flipping"),
- ecstasy and phencyclidine (known as "elephant flipping"),
- ecstasy and 2C-B,
- ecstasy and mescaline (known as "love flipping"),
- ecstasy and GHB,
- ecstasy and methylcyclohexanol,
- ecstasy and Viagra (Hammerheading, very dangerous)
- ecstacy and nitrous oxide
- dextromethorphan and marijuana
- dextromethorphan and LSD (known as "LSDXM"),
- DMT and nitrous oxide,
- heroin and diphenhydramine (known as "cheese")
- heroin and cannabis,
- nitrous oxide and cannabis
- Methamphetamine, Cocaine, Ecstasy, and Ketamine (Crushed up together and snorted, known as "Trail Mix")
- LSD and nitrous oxide (known as "Gasid")
Poly drug use often carries with it more risk than use of a single drug, due to an increase in side effects, and drug synergy.
The phenomenon is the subject of established academic literature (e.g., Scholey AB, Parrott AC, Buchanan T, Heffernan TM, Ling J, Rodgers J (2004). "Increased intensity of Ecstasy and polydrug use in the more experienced Ecstasy/MDMA users: a WWW study." Addictive Behaviors, 29, 743-752).
Drugwipe test
The Drugwipe test is a procedure which can be used to test if a person has consumed illegal drugs. The test is easy and can be used at border crossings, at traffic stops and in prisons.

# Execution
The test is accomplished by with applying water dampened test strips over the forehead of the suspect person and then removed. If the strip turns red, then the drug test is positive, i.e. drugs were consumed. Depending on which place on the strip the red coloration appears, the kind of the consumed substance can also be determined.

# How it works
On the strip are antibodies, which fit components of the different drugs. If these components are in the sweat of the test person, then the color reaction described above takes place.

# Reliability
The reliability of the test is with approximately 95 per cent, which therefore a blood test must still bring final proof for the drug consumption in the laboratory.

# External link
- A Drugwipe testkit for Cocaine, from de.wikipedia.org