Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
TMEM241
Transmembrane protein 241 (aka C18orf45, hVVT) is a ubiquitous sugar transporter protein which in humans is encoded by the TMEM241 gene.

# Gene
In humans, TMEM241 is a 142,188 bp gene located at 18q11.2 which  contains 24 exons.

## Gene Neighborhood
TMEM241 is located near CABLES1, RIOK3, and NPC1 on chromosome 18.

# mRNA
The primary mRNA for human TMEM241, isoform 1, contains a 5' UTR hairpin loop conserved in primates.The primary mRNA for human TMEM241 isoform 1 contains binding sites in its 3' UTR for the miRNAs 520f-5p, 378a-5p, and 6866-5p.

# Protein

## General Properties
There are over 10 transcript variants predicted for the human TMEM241 gene found on BLAST. TMEM241 Isoform 1 is approximately 31 kDa in mass. The protein has an isoelectric point of 8.7. and is particularly rich in the amino acid phenylalanine, containing twice the normal proportion of this amino acid.

## Conserved Domains
TMEM241 is composed of 9 transmembrane domains forming a  hydrophobic integral component of the membrane composed primarily of alpha helices. TMEM241 contains a VRG4 (Vandate Resistance Glycosylation) domain with homology to the sugar transporter domain VRG4 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast).

## Post-Translational Modification
TMEM241 is predicted to undergo various phosphorylations, glycation, palmitoylation.  For example, TMEM241 isoform 1 has a phosphorylation sites on S6, 64, 170, 177, 291, 295 and 296; glycation sites on K125, 169 and 172; palmitoylation sites on C13, 15, 221.

## Interacting Proteins
There is some evidence that this protein may interact with keratin filament based on a two hybrid screen with the keratin protein KRT40.

# Expression
TMEM241 is likely to be expressed in all tissues at varying levels from basal to moderate expression. Some studies have found changes in the expression of TMEM241. For instance, in cases of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, TMEM241 was found to be one of the most upregulated genes. In another case TMEM241 was found to be upregulated during the unfolded protein response following the overexpression of Ero1 (Endoplasmic Reticulum oxidoreduclin 1).

# Homology
TMEM241 is conserved throughout eukaryotes.

## Orthologs
TMEM241 is conserved across all animals and homologs are found throughout eukaryotes. TMEM241 has 19% global identity and 60% identity to GDP-mannose transporter from S. cerevisiae, which contains the VRG4 domain. It is likely that TMEM241 is a GDP-mannose transporter due to this similarity. The graph on the right shows the relative level of conservation of TMEM241 across many species of organism using the principle of a Molecular Clock.

## Paralogs
TMEM241 has two paralogs in humans which have homologs throughout eukaryotes, UGTREL8 and UGTREL7. TMEM241, UGTREL8 and UGTREL7 are a family of sugar transport proteins with close identity to the GDP-mannose transporter identified in S. cerevisiae.
TMEM242
Transmembrane protein 242 (TMEM242) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM242 gene.
This protein contains a DUF1358 domain (Domain of Unknown Function 1358).

# Domain
The TMEM242 protein has a conserved domain of unknown function pfam 07096, DUF 1358., which covers the first 121 aa of the protein. This domain is conserved in eukaryotes.

# Associated Proteins
Several predicted interacting proteins and functional sites on the protein have been identified.  One of the predicted interacting protein is MAP2K1IP1, which is a scaffold protein. This protein is known to be involved in the MAP Kinase pathway. The MAP Kinase pathway is associated with the Alzheimer's pathway through a protein called Tau or  MAPT. Excessive phosphorylation of this protein leads to aggregation of neurons which can cause Alzheimer's disease.
TMEM260
TMEM260 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM260 gene. The function of TMEM260 is not yet clearly understood.    TMEM260 is also known as UPF0679, c14orf101, and FLJ0392.

# Gene

## Location
TMEM260 is located on band 22.3 on the small arm of human chromosome 14.  The genomic sequence begins at 56,955,072 bp and ends at 57,117,324 bp on chromosome 14.  The gene's genomic size is 162,253 bp.  The mRNA size for TMEM260 is 4,278 bp. and made up of 15 exons.

## Gene neighborhood
There are four other genes in the neighborhood of TMEM260.  Two genes lie upstream of  TMEM260, including LINC00520 which is the long intergenic non-protein coding RNA gene 520 gene, and PELI2 which is the pellino E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 2 gene.  Downstream lies one pseudogene, RPL36AP1, and a gene OTX2, which is the orthodenticle homeobox 2 gene.

## Conserved domains
TMEM260 contains one conserved domain, DUF2723.  The domain DUF2723 is conserved back to bacteria and its function is not known.

## Homology
TMEM260 is conserved throughout many species.  Orthologs can be found throughout all Eukaryotes, Viridiplantae, Fungi, Protists, Bacteria and Eubacteria. No paralogs have yet been found.

## Isoforms
There are two known isoforms for TMEM260 which produced by alternative splicing.  Their uniprot IDs are Q9NX78-1 and Q9NX78-2. Isoform 1 consists of all 707 amino acids in the entire protein sequence, which is made up of 15 exons.  Isoform 2 is spliced at amino acid 286 with the 3 end truncated so that it contains only the first 7 exons in the sequence.  It weighs only 30,707 Da.

# Protein

## General properties
The protein TMEM260 consists of 707 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 79,536 Da.  The protein has an isoelectric point of 8.4.  TMEM260 is a multi-pass membrane protein which includes 8 helical transmembrane domains.

## Conservation
The amino acid sequence for TMEM260 is highly conserved in mammals, having around 86% to 100% sequence similarity.  Birds, frogs, and lizards also have a high degree of similarity to the human TMEM260 sequence with similarities between 76% and 83%.  Fish have between 56% and 66% sequence similarity.  Algae have around 52% sequence similarity while diatoms have only 39%.  Though mammals contain a very high degree of sequence similarity and other animals show a fairly high degree of sequence similarity, other species such as algae, diatoms, and bacteria have gaps and 3 end truncations.  The segment of the TMEM260 sequence that is highly conserved in organisms as far back as algae, diatoms, and bacteria is the conserved domain DUF2723.

## Post translation modifications
The TMEM260 protein undergoes several different kinds of post translational modifications.  These include N-terminal Acetylation, N-Glycosylation, and Phosphorylation.
TMPRSS2
Transmembrane protease, serine 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TMPRSS2 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the serine protease family. The encoded protein contains a type II transmembrane domain, a receptor class A domain, a scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain and a protease domain. Serine proteases are known to be involved in many physiological and pathological processes. This gene was demonstrated to be up-regulated by androgenic hormones in prostate cancer cells and down-regulated in androgen-independent prostate cancer tissue. The protease domain of this protein is thought to be cleaved and secreted into cell media after autocleavage. The biological function of this gene is unknown.

# ERG gene fusion
TMPRSS2 protein's function in prostate carcinogenesis relies on overexpression of ETS transcription factors, such as ERG and ETV1, through gene fusion. TMPRSS2-ERG fusion gene is the most frequent, present in 40% - 80% of prostate cancers in humans. ERG overexpression contributes to development of androgen-independence in prostate cancer through disruption of androgen receptor signaling.
TNFAIP3
Tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFAIP3 gene.
This gene was identified as a gene whose expression is rapidly induced by the tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger protein, and has been shown to inhibit NF-kappa B activation as well as TNF-mediated apoptosis. Knockout studies of a similar gene in mice suggested that this gene is critical for limiting inflammation by terminating TNF-induced NF-kappa B responses.

# Interactions
TNFAIP3 has been shown to interact with TNIP1, TRAF1, TRAF2, IKBKG, TAX1BP1, YWHAB, YWHAZ, TRAF6 and YWHAH.

# Association with rheumatoid arthritis
The TNFAIP3 locus is implicated as a positively associated factor in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The rs5029937 (T) and the rs6920220 (A) SNPs increase risk of RA by 20 to 40% respectively. A third SNP, rs10499194 (T) is found less often in rheumatoid arthritis but this negative association may not be statistically meaningful.

## Other diseases
An association with infantile onset intractable inflammatory bowel disease has also been reported.
TNFSF12
Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 12 also known as TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF12 gene.

# Function
TWEAK was discovered in 1997. The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family. This protein is a ligand for the FN14/TWEAKR receptor. This cytokine has overlapping signaling functions with TNF, but displays a much wider tissue distribution. Leukocytes are the main source of TWEAK including human resting and activated monocytes, dendritic cells and natural killer cells. TWEAK can induce apoptosis via multiple pathways of cell death in a cell type-specific manner. This cytokine is also found to promote proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, and thus acts as a regulator of angiogenesis.

# Clinical significance
Excessive activation of the TWEAK pathway in chronic injury has been described to promote pathological tissue changes including chronic inflammation, fibrosis and angiogenesis. In chronic liver disease for example TWEAK expression is enhanced and causes hepatic stellate cells, which are key regulators of liver fibrosis, to proliferate.  A disease-driving role of the TWEAK pathway has been described in several other diseases as well. For example, NFAT1 regulates the expression of TWEAKR and its ligand TWEAK (this protein) with lipocalin 2 to increase breast cancer cell invasion.
TNX-901
TNX-901 is a drug being tested at National Jewish Medical and Research Center and other locations across the United States. It is believed that the drug may prevent allergic reactions to small amounts of peanuts, such as those remnant in foods.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has "fast-tracked" the drug. A drug is given fast-track status if it meets a medical need not currently being met by any medication. TNX-901 is made by a Houston-based company called Tanox; there is a legal dispute against this laboratory that the drug is based on the same anti-asthma sciences paid for by Genentech and Novartis.   Trials of the drug were mired in legal battles.
TNX-901 is an anti-IgE antibody. IgE antibody is the receptor responsible for allergic reactions and severe asthma attacks. An anti-IgE antibody binds IgE and prevents it from initiating an allergic reaction. In clinical trials, people who were very allergic to peanuts when they consumed an average of half a peanut were able to consume up to 9 peanuts before they started to have symptoms . Therefore the drug wouldn't cure allergies, but it would prevent reactions from accidental exposure. Note that this study was not done on people allergic enough to die from peanut traces.
A similar drug is already on the market for asthma, under the name Xolair (Omalizumab is the generic name, but it's not generic yet). The problem is that Xolair isn't approved for use in food allergies and TNX-901 can't be released because Xolair's manufacturer sued Tanox for patent infringement.  One could obtain a prescription for Xolair without it being approved for use in allergies, but most health insurance will not cover it without FDA approval, meaning it could cost on the order of $1000 a month for a patient.
Recently, TNX-901 has been shelved by its creator Tanox in exchange for money from Genentech and Novartis, and the three companies plan to focus on researching Xolair for use against peanut allergies instead of TNX-901. Xolair entered Phase II trials for use against peanut allergies in July 2004.
TPD52L2
Tumor protein D54 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TPD52L2 gene.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of TPD52L2 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Tpd52l2tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium programa high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion.
Twenty two tests were carried out on mutant mice and one significant abnormality was observed: homozygous adult females displayed a decrease in body length by DEXA.

# Interactions
TPD52L2 has been shown to interact with TPD52L1 and TPD52.
TRAPPC2
Trafficking protein particle complex subunit 2 (TRAPPC2) also known as MBP-1-interacting protein 2A (MIP-2A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAPPC2 gene. A processed pseudogene of this gene is located on chromosome 19, and other pseuodogenes of it are found on chromosome 8 and the Y chromosome. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.

# Function
Trafficking protein particle complex subunit 2 is thought to be part of a large multisubunit complex involved in the targeting and fusion of endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transport vesicles with their acceptor compartment. In addition, the encoded protein can bind MBP1 and block its transcriptional repression capability.

# Genetic Location
The TRAPPC2 gene is located on the X-chromosome at position 22 between base-pairs 13,712,241 to 13,734,634.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene are a cause of X-linked spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda (SEDT).

# Interactions
TRAPPC2 has been shown to interact with Alpha-enolase and CLIC1.
TRPC4AP
Trpc4-associated protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC4AP gene.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of TRPC4AP function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Trpc4aptm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty five tests were carried out on mutant mice and three significant abnormalities were observed.  Few homozygous mutant embryos were identified during gestation, and thus fewer than expected survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice; females had an abnormal anagen phase of the hair cycle.

# Interactions
TRPC4AP has been shown to interact with TNFRSF1A.
TSC22D1
TSC22 domain family protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TSC22D1 gene.
TSC22 encodes a transcription factor and belongs to the large family of early response genes.
TSC22D1 forms homodimers via its conserved leucine zipper domain and heterodimerizes with TSC22D4. TSC22D1 has transcriptional repressor activity.
TSC22D3
TSC22 domain family protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TSC22D3 gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene shares significant sequence identity with the murine TSC-22 and Drosophila shs, both of which are leucine zipper proteins, that function as transcriptional regulators. GILZ shows ubiquitous expression across tissues, including thymus, spleen, lung, fat, liver, kidney, heart, and skeletal muscle. The expression of this gene is stimulated by glucocorticoids and interleukin 10, and it appears to play a key role in the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of this steroid and chemokine. Transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene.

# Interactions
TSC22D3 has been shown to interact with C-Raf, NFKB2 and NFKB1.
TSPAN32
Tetraspanin-32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TSPAN32 gene.

# Function
This gene is described as a member of the tetraspanin superfamily whose expression is confined to hematopoietic tissues.

# Clinical significance
This gene is one of several tumor-suppressing subtransferable fragments located in the imprinted gene domain of 11p15.5, an important tumor suppressor gene region. Alterations in this region have been associated with the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, and lung, ovarian, and breast cancer. This gene is located among several imprinted genes; however, this gene, as well as the tumor-suppressing subchromosomal transferable fragment 4 (TSSC4), escapes imprinting. This gene may play a role in malignancies and disease that involve this region as well as hematopoietic cell function.
Tapasin
TAP-associated glycoprotein  also known as tapasin or TAPBP is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAPBP gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates interaction between newly assembled major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), which is required for the transport of antigenic peptides across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. This interaction facilitates optimal peptide loading on the MHC class I molecule. Up to four complexes of MHC class I and tapasin may be bound to a single TAP molecule. Tapasin contains a C-terminal double-lysine motif (KKKAE) known to maintain membrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. In humans, the tapasin gene lies within the major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6. Alternative splicing results in three transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
Tapasin is a MHC class I antigen-processing molecule present in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. It plays an important role in the maturation of MHC class I molecules in the ER lumen. Tapasin is one component of the peptide-loading complex, and can be found associated with MHC class I molecules after the MHC class I heavy chain has associated with  Beta2 microglobulin. The peptide-loading complex consists of TAP, tapasin, MHC class I, calreticulin, and ERp57. Tapasin recruits MHC class I molecules to the TAP peptide transporter, and also enhances loading of MHC class I with high-affinity peptides. Following loading of MHC class I with a high-affinity ligand, the interaction between tapasin and MHC class I disappears.

# Interactions
Tapasin has been shown to interact with:
- HLA-A, and
- TAP1
Tarnish
Tarnish is a layer of corrosion that develops over copper, 
brass, silver, aluminum as well as a degree of semi-reactive metals as they undergo oxidation. It is analogous to rust, but with a slower rate of occurrence. It is mainly caused by chemicals in the air such as sulphur. It appears as a grey or black film over the metal.

# Prevention
In objects which are primarily for display rather than use, the tarnishing process can be  prevented in the long term by tinning, a process by which the reactive substance is coated in a non-reactive substance, such as tin or wax, and thus protected from oxygen.
For more frequently used items such as silverware, tarnish is easily prevented by constant use and washing with a mild dish soap.

# Removal
"This kitchen version of electrostripping is safe and easy. It's especially useful for removing tarnish from flatware and holloware. In a pot lined with aluminum foil, mix a diluted solution of equal parts of baking soda salt, and liquid soap. A quarter cup of each to a gallon of water is a typical mixture. Set the sterling in the pot; bring the mix to a simmer and allow it to stand for 10-20 minutes as the oxides are transferred to the aluminum, which you'll see is darkened. Throw that away and wash the silver before using it".
Another way to treat tarnish is to put a drop of water and some fluoride toothpaste on a tissue and rub it on the silver (or metal, but silver is the most common to be targeted by tarnish).
Thionin
Thionin, also known as thionin acetate or Lauth's violet, is a strongly staining metachromatic dye that is widely used for biological staining. Stainsfile entry: Thionin can also be used in place of Schiff reagent in quantitative Feulgen staining of DNA. It can also be used to mediate electron transfer in microbial fuel cells.
Thionins can also refer to a family of peptides found solely in higher plants. Typically, a thionin consists of 45-48 amino acid residues. 6-8 of these are cysteine forming 3-4 disulfide bonds. Some thionins have cytotoxic activity and they are therefore interesting in the development of new  drugs against cancer with novel action mechanisms.  
As of yet, no thionin has ever been developed into an anti-cancer drug.

# Notes and references
-  Florack DE,Stiekema WJ., Thionins: properties, possible biological roles and mechanisms of action., Plant Mol Biol. 1994 Oct;26(1):25-37.
sv:Tionin
Toddler
Toddler is a common term for a young child who is learning to walk or "toddle", generally considered to be the second stage of development after infancy and before childhood occurring predominantly during the ages of 12 to 36 months old. During this period, the child learns a great deal about social roles and develops motor skills; to toddle is to walk unsteadily. The term cruising is used for toddlers who cannot toddle but must hold onto something while walking.
The toddler developmental timeline shows what an average toddler can do at what age. Times vary greatly from child to child. It is common for some toddlers to master certain skills (such as walking) well before other skills (like talking). Even close siblings can vary greatly in the time taken to achieve each key milestone.
This age is sometimes referred to as 'the terrible twos', because of the temper tantrums for which they are famous. This stage can begin as early as nine months old depending on the child and environment. The toddler is discovering that they are a separate being from their mother or caregiver and are testing their boundaries in learning the way the world around them works. This time between the ages of two and five when they are reaching for independence repeats itself during adolescence. Thus it is very important for the caregiver to be consistent with boundaries and discipline for the childs safety and the caregiver's sanity through puberty.
Most children are toilet trained while they are toddlers. In most Western countries, toilet training starts as early as 17 months for some while others are not ready to begin toilet training until they are three.
When toddlers can walk they are still often transported in a buggy, or stroller when they are tired, or to increase speed.
Around 18 months, the toddler's vocabulary will greatly increase, and he or she may learn as many as 7-9 new words a day.

# Overview table
Topical
In medicine, a topical medication is applied to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes, for example the vagina, penis, throat, eyes and ears.
Some hydrophobic chemicals such as steroid hormones can be absorbed into the body after being applied to the skin in the form of a cream, gel or lotion. Transdermal patches have become a popular means of administering some drugs for birth control, hormone replacement therapy, and prevention of motion sickness.
In dentistry, a topical medication may also mean one that is applied to the surface of teeth.
Chloramphenicol is an example of an antibiotic that may be used topically.