Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Paraformaldehyde

# Overview
Paraformaldehyde, also known as polyoxymethylene, is the condensation product of formaldehyde with a typical chain length of 8 - 100 units. Long chain-length (high molecular weight) paraformaldehyde is used as a thermoplastic and is known known as polyoxymethylene plastic (POM, Delrin, polyformaldehyde). Paraformaldehyde commonly has a slight odor of formaldehyde due to decomposition. Paraformaldehyde is a poly-acetal. Paraformaldehyde is used as fumigant, disinfectant, and fungicide, and for the preparation of pure formaldehyde.

# Synthesis
Paraformaldehyde forms slowly in formaldehyde solutions (formaline) as a white precipitate, especially if stored in the cold. Formaline actually contains very little monomeric formaldehyde most of it forms short chains of polyformaldehyde. A few percent of methanol is often added as a stabilizer to limit the extent of polymerization.

# Reactions
Paraformaldehyde can be depolymerized to formaldehyde gas by dry heating and to formaldehyde solution by water in the presence of acid or heat. The very pure formaldehyde solutions obtained in this way are used as a fixative for microscopy and histology.
Paraformaldehyde is flammable as it decomposes in the heat into the flammable gas formaldehyde.

# Toxicity
As a formaldehyde releasing agent, paraformaldehyde is a suspected carcinogen. Its acute oral LD50 in rats is 592 mg/kg.
Paranoia Network

# Overview
The Paranoia Network, founded in November 2003, is a self-help user-run organisation in Sheffield, United Kingdom, for people who have paranoid or delusional beliefs.
In contrast to mainstream psychiatry, that tends to see such beliefs as signs of psychopathology, the Paranoia Network promotes a philosophy of living with unusual and compelling beliefs, without necessarily pathologising them as signs of mental illness. It was partly inspired by the Hearing Voices Network's approach to auditory hallucinations.
What would otherwise seem to be a relatively minor disagreement over theory is complicated by the fact that people diagnosed as delusional can often be detained under mental health law and treated without their consent. Therefore, many of the criticisms of the diagnosis or definition have important ethical and political implications, which often leads to heated public debate.
Parasitic cancer

# Overview
A parasitic cancer or transmittable cancer is a cancer cell or cluster of cancer cells that can be transmitted from animal to animal. Cancer is not normally a contagious disease, but there are two known exceptions. One is in dogs, and the other is in the Tasmanian Devil. These cancers have a relatively stable genome as they are transmitted. . Because of their transmission, it was initially thought that both diseases were caused by the transfer of viruses, in the manner of cervical cancer caused by HPV.
- Devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) is a transmittable parasitic cancer in the Tasmanian Devil. It was described in the scientific literature in 1995.
- Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT) is sexually transmitted cancer between dogs. It was experimentally transplanted between dogs in 1876 by M.A. Novinsky (1841-1914). A single malignant clone of CTVT cells has colonized dogs worldwide. It represents the oldest known malignant cell line in continuous propagation.
Particle therapy

# Overview
Particle therapy is a form of external beam radiotherapy utilizing beams of protons, neutrons, or atomic nuclei.  The most common type of particle therapy as of 2007 is proton therapy.  Strictly speaking, a photon, used in x-ray or gamma ray therapy can also be considered a particle, but generally that distinction is ignored in the context of radiation therapy.  Additionally, electron therapy is generally put in its own category.  Because of this, particle therapy is sometimes referred to as hadron therapy.
In contrast to photons, charged particles deposit most of their energy at a specific depth inside the tissue dependent on the energy of the particles.  This deposition occurs at the Bragg peak.  The advantage of this energy depostion profile is that less energy is deposited into the normal tissue surrounding the target tissue.
Heavy ion therapy is the use of particles more massive than protons or neutrons, such as carbon nuclei for particle therapy.
Combined particle therapy refers to treating a tumor with more than one type of particle therapy (e.g. using both proton and carbon ion therapy).

# Particle Therapy in the United States
There are a number of clinics and research centers offering proton therapy in the United States.
In July 2007, Touro University College of Osteopathic medicine announced in a press release plans to build a center for particle therapy cancer treatment in California that will offer both proton and carbon ion therapy.  Upon completeion, it would be the first such center in the United States.
Pathlight School
Pathlight School is a school for autistic children in Singapore. It opened in January 2004 and currently has more than 240 students, aged 6 to 16.

# Overview
In addition to providing an autism-friendly environment for education in mainstream academic curriculum, Pathlight School offers special educational programmes to impart life skills for students with autism and related disorders.

# Cafe@Pathlight
In January 2006, Pathlight School opened a special Starbucks cafe, known as Cafe@Pathlight, to teach some of its students, aged 12 and 15, simple work and life skills. 
To prepare for the opening of Cafe@Pathlight, volunteers and staff of the Pathlight School underwent 3 to 4 weeks of training with Starbucks so that they can later impart the skills and knowledge to the students.

# Headquarters
Currently, the school occupies the former Chong Boon Primary building at Ang Mo Kio and will shift to a building (which is not yet bulit) near Townsville Primary School by 2009, costing 4.5 million Singapore dollars to construct.
Patient advocacy
Patient advocacy refers to speaking on behalf of a patient in order to protect their rights and help them obtain needed information and services.  The role of patient advocate is frequently assumed by nurses, social workers, and other healthcare providers.  Some hospitals, health insurance companies, and other healthcare organizations employ people specifically to assume this role.
The December 2005 edition of Entrepreneur Magazine listed patient advocacy as a hot business trend for 2006. 

# Nursing and patient advocacy
Patient advocacy is fundamental to nursing.  The American Nurses Association (ANA) includes advocacy in its definition of nursing as "the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations."
The role derives from healthcare ethics.  For instance, the ANA's Code of Ethics for Nurses includes language relating to patient advocacy:
- The nurse's primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual, family, group, or community.
- The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient.
Pemberton's sign

# Overview
Pemberton's sign is the development of facial plethora, distended neck and head superficial veins, inspiratory stridor and elevation of the jugular venous pressure (JVP) upon raising of the patient's both arms above his/her head simultaneously, as high as possible (Pemberton's maneuver).

# Causes
A positive Pemberton's sign is a sign of superior vena cava syndrome, possibly from a mass in the mediastinum, usually caused by a tumor or goiter.
Apical lung cancers often cause a positive Pemberton's sign and a high index of suspicion should be maintained in patients with symptoms of dyspnea and facial plethora with an extensive smoking history.

# Related Chapters
- Superior vena cava syndrome
- Goiter
- Lung cancer
Pericardial cyst

# Overview
Pericardial cyst is the outpouching of the parietal pericardium that is lined by mesothelial cells. It is usually unilocular. It is most commonly detected incidentally in asymptomatic patients. It's most common location is the right costophrenic angle

# Differentiating Pericardial cyst from other Diseases
- Fat pad
- Cardiac lipoma

# Diagnosis
On imaging, Pericardial cyst appears as smoothly and sharply marginated mass.

## Chest X-ray
- Chest X-ray showing Pericardial cyst Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Chest X-ray showing Pericardial cyst Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted

## CT
- CT showing Pericardial cyst Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- CT showing Pericardial cyst Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
Perinatal period

# Overview
Perinatal defines the period occurring around the time of birth (5 months before and 1 month after). The perinatal period commences at 22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation (the time when birth weight is normally 500 g), and ends seven completed days after birth. (WHO - World Health Organization).
In relation to perinatal period breastfeeding is one of the most important thing to remember. Breastfeeding is the feeding of an infant or young child with milk from a woman's breasts. Babies have a sucking reflex that enables them to suck and swallow milk. Experimental evidence suggests that, with few exceptions, human breast milk is the best source of nourishment for human infants. Experts still disagree about how long breastfeeding should continue to gain the most benefit, and how much extra risk is involved in using breast milk substitutes.
An infant may be breastfed by its own mother or by another lactating female, a wet nurse. Breast milk may be expressed and fed to a baby through a bottle, and pasteurized donor human milk may also be used. Breast milk substitutes are available for mothers or families who cannot or prefer not to breastfeed their children. While there are conflicting studies about the relative value of breast milk substitutes, the use of commercial infant formulas is acknowledged to be inferior to breastfeeding for both full term and premature infants. In many countries, artificial feeding is associated with a greater mortality from diarrhoea in infants but where there is clean water, many consider artificial feeding to be acceptable.
Governmental strategies and international initiatives promote breastfeeding as the best method of feeding infants in their first year and beyond. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) also promote breastfeeding.
Perineal urethra
Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.

# Overview
A perineal urethra is a human urethral opening that is located on the perineum rather than at the tip of the phallus. Urethral position is an aspect of human sexual dimorphism. A phallic urethra is typical of male anatomy and a perineal urethra is typical of female anatomy. A small number of persons represent exceptions for a variety of reasons.
The degree of prenatal androgen effect (virilization) on the external genitalia in the third month of gestation is the principal known determinant of extent of closure of the fetal urethral groove, which in turn determines the location of the opening. When a perineal urethra occurs in an otherwise anatomically normal male, it is referred to as a third degree hypospadias.
Individuals (male and female) with a perineal urethra generally prefer to urinate sitting down or squatting, but may find it comfortable to urinate standing up with assistance from the fingers or with a special device.
External urethral orifice (female)
Personality type
Personality type refers to the psychological classification of different types of people. Personality types are distinguished from personality traits, which come in different levels or degrees. According to type theories, for example, there are two types of people, introverts and extraverts. According to trait theories, introversion and extraversion are part of a continuous dimension, with many people in the middle. The idea of psychological types originated in the theoretical work of Carl Jung.
Because personality test scores usually fall on a bell curve rather than in distinct categories, personality type theories have received considerable criticism among psychometric researchers. The developmental psychologist, Jerome Kagan, however, is a prominent, contemporary defender of type theory.
Many trait theorists occasionally use the term type to describe someone who scores exceptionally high or low on a particular personality trait.

# Major type theories
- DISC assessment
- neuroticism
- Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
- Enneagram of Personality
- psychology
Petasis reaction
The Petasis reaction is the chemical reaction of an amine, aldehyde, and vinyl- or aryl-boronic acid to form substituted amines.  
The Petasis reaction can be viewed as a boronic acid equivalent of the Mannich reaction, and is often used as an alternative to the reductive amination reaction.
In one application the Petasis reaction is used for quick access to a multifunctional scaffold for divergent synthesis:
Pharmacogenomics
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Pharmacogenomics is the branch of pharmacology which deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drug's efficacy or toxicity.  By doing so, pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimise drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects.  Such approaches promise the advent of "personalized medicine"; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimised for each individual's unique genetic makeup.
Pharmacogenomics is the whole genome application of pharmacogenetics, which examines the single gene interactions with drugs.
Pharyngeal pouch

# Overview
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# Overview
In gastroenterology, a pharyngeal pouch is a pathological pulsion diverticulum of the pharyngeal mucosa through Killian's dehiscence. Killian's dehiscence (also known as Killian's triangle) is a triangular area in the wall of the pharynx between the inferior constrictor muscle and the cricopharyngeus muscle. It represents a potentially weak spot where a pharyngoesophageal diverticulum (Zenker's diverticulum) is more likely.
At first, the pouch develops posteriorly but then it protrudes to one side, usually the left. It displaces the oesophagus laterally as it enlarges.

# Incidence
Uncommon.

# Risk factors
Male, old age.
Trumpet playing. Trumpeter Randy Sandke suffered this injury as a teenager, underwent surgery, took 10 years off the trumpet, and resumed playing.

# Signs and symptoms
- Dysphagia (first mouthful easily swallowed but further swallowing prevented, with regurgitation of pouch contents)
- Night-time fits of coughing.
- Repeated chest infections.
- Palpable swelling in neck which may be heard to gurgle.

# Investigations
- Barium swallow.
- Endoscopy should be avoided as the pouch can be easily perforated.

# Management
Surgical excision of the pouch. Normal feeding delayed until complete healing of wound, which may take at least five days.

# Complications
Fistula, mediastinitis, inhalation pneumonia and damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve
Phenyltoloxamine
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# Overview
Phenyltoloxamine is an antihistamine with sedative and analgesic effects. It is a member of the ethanolamine class of antihistaminergic agents and a potent anticholinergic.

# Common use
Phenyltoloxamine is widely used in preparations as an enhancing agent for some analgesics and antitussives (acetaminophen, codeine, hydrocodone). It is widely used in certain parts of the world as cough suppressant usually with codeine.
It also used to discourage abuse in certain opiate analgesics due its unpleasant side effects at high doses.

# Adverse effects
Common adverse effects are those associated with most anticholinergics, effects are more pronounced in children and the elderly.

# Availability
Phenyltoloxamine is available in most countries, though is rare in several western countries it remains widely used around the world, particularly in the developing world.
It is not a controlled substance; however some preparations contain opiates such as codeine or hydrocodone and are controlled, when used in preparations with acetaminophen is generally over the counter.
Phenyltoloxamine is sold under wide variety of preparations, brand names and dosages around the world:
- Ed-Flex, Dologesic, Flextra-650, Novagesic, Phenylgesic - North America
- Codipront - Europe/South America
Philip H. Farber
Philip H. Farber is an author, journalist, hypnotherapist and lecturer in the fields of magick, hypnosis, Neuro-Linguistic Programming and entheogens.

# Author and journalist
Farber is the author of FutureRitual: Magick for the 21st Century, a manual of neurological exploration, and a novel entitled Breaks: The Adventures of Richard Nixon in the 21st Century. He was a contributor to the New York Times best-selling history books Chronicle of the 20th Century and Chronicle of America. His articles on magick and popular culture have appeared in Green Egg, Mondo 2000, High Times, and Psychedelics ReImagined. He appears in the documentary film "Programming the Nation."

# Hypnotherapy
Farber is a hypnotherapist with a private practice in New York's Mid-Hudson Valley. He writes a regular column, Hypnosis and Meditation in The Journal of Hypnosis, and he has been a faculty member at the National Guild of Hypnotists 2004, 2005 and 2006 Conventions. He was one of the first writers on the subject to make practical combinations of Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP) and ritual magick, beginning with his 1987 article "Hypnosis and Ritual Magick."  He has explored the uses of hypnosis in re-creating psychedelic experiences, notably in his early article "MDMA and Hypnotic Anchoring."

# Lecturer
Farber is a faculty member of the Maybe Logic Academy, and has been a frequent presenter at the Starwood Festival and WinterStar Symposium.

# Publications

## Books
- FutureRitual : Magick for the 21st Century; introduction by Genesis P-Orridge. Chicago, IL : Eschaton, c1995. iii, 131 p. : ill. ; 23 cm. ISBN 1-57353-107-3
- Breaks: The Adventures of Richard Nixon in the 21st Century. Xlibris Corporation, c2000. ISBN 0-7388-2334-1

## Articles
- Hypnosis and Chi in The Journal of Hypnotism. National Guild of Hypnotists.
- Hypnosis and Ritual Magick. (1987).
- MDMA and Hypnotic Anchoring.
- Natural Mystic in Phantasmata Magazine, Jan. 2000 issue.
- Pranayama - The Art of Breath in The Journal of Hypnotism. National Guild of Hypnotists.
- Robert Anton Wilson Interview in Paradigm Shift, July 1998 issue.
- Terence McKenna Interview in Paradigm Shift, 1997.

## DVDs
- Magick and Entheogens, Vol 1: Cannabis (DVD)
- Magick for the 21st Century (4-DVD Set)
- How to be a Megalomaniac (2-DVD Set)

# Notes
-  New York Times (Nov. 22, 1987 - Feb. 5, 1989)
-  New York Times (Jan. 7, Jan. 14, Dec. 2 & Dec. 9, 1990)
-  Council on Spiritual Practice book review of Psychedelics ReImagined
-  Programming the Nation: a film by Jeff Warrick
-  Jump up to: 5.0 5.1 National Guild of Hypnotists 2005 Convention Faculty (PDF)
-  Philip H. Farber website
-  Maybe Logic Academy :: faculty
-  Starwood Festival 2005: Speakers
Pierson syndrome
Synonyms and keywords: Microcoria - congenital nephrosis

# Overview
Pierson syndrome is characterised by the association of congenital nephrotic syndrome and ocular anomalies with microcoria.

# Pathophysiology

## Genetics
The disease is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. Mutations in the LAMB2 gene (3p21) encoding laminin beta 2 have been identified. Laminin beta 2 is expressed in the glomerular basement membrane at the neuromuscular junctions, as well as in the intraocular muscles, lens and retina.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Less than 30 cases have been described in the literature so far.

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
The prognosis is severe, with most patients progressing towards renal failure within the first days or months of life.

# Diagnosis
Pierson syndrome results in proteinuria with nephrotic syndrome and histological lesions marked by diffuse mesangial sclerosis. Ocular anomalies are present from birth and include microcoria (small pupils that are not responsive to light) associated with absence of the pupillary dilator muscle in the iris, ciliary muscle atrophy, and abnormal eye development with lens-shape, retinal and corneal anomalies. Marked muscle hypotonia, movement disorders and psychomotor delay have also been reported.  The diagnosis should be suspected on the basis of the association of early-onset nephrotic syndrome and microcoria. Prenatal diagnosis may be suspected following ultrasound detection of hyperechogenic kidneys and oligohydramnios. Antenatal diagnosis may be offered to families in which the disease-causing mutation has already been identified.