Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Euphorbia lathyris
Euphorbia lathyris (Caper Spurge; also sometimes cited as Euphorbia lathyrus) is a species of spurge native to southern Europe (France, Italy, Greece, and possibly southern England), northwest Africa, and eastward through southwest Asia to western China.
It is an erect biennial (occasionally annual) plant growing up to 1.5 m tall, with a glaucous blue-green stem. The leaves are arranged in decussate opposite pairs, and are lanceolate, 5-15 cm long and 1-2.5 cm broad, glaucous blue-green with a waxy texture and pale greenish-white midrib and veins. The flowers are green to yellow-green, 4 mm diameter, with no petals. The seeds are green ripening brown or grey, produced in globular clusters 13-17 mm diameter of three seeds compressed together.
All parts of the plant, including the seeds and roots are poisonous. Handling may may cause skin irritation as the plant produces latex. While poisonous to humans and most livestock, goats sometimes eat it and are immune to the toxin. However, the toxin can be passed through the goat's milk.
Away from its native range, it is widely naturalised in many regions, where it is often considered an invasive weed. It grows in partial shade to full sun in USDA zones 59. Other names occasionally used include Gopher Spurge, Gopher Plant or Mole Plant.
The Mole Plant is sold by some nurseries as it is believed to repel moles. It is used in folk medicine as a poison, antiseptic, and a purgative. It is used as a folk remedy for cancer, corns, and warts.
Exercise equipment
Exercise equipment is any object used in exercise. This can include balls, treadmills, weights, light benches, bicycles, track shoes, jungle gyms, hydraulic equipment or protective equipment such as a back brace.

# Exercise balls
Exercise balls are available in a number of forms. There are large pilates balls specifically suited to pilates exercises. Medicine balls are somewhat larger than a basketball and are used as a training aid for a variety of different exercises. There are also a number of different types of timing balls used in developing accuracy and timing of martial arts strikes and kicks.
An exercise ball can also be used to help treat low back pain and to prevent future back pain episodes.  The ball helps by strengthening and developing the core body muscles (the belt of abdominal and back muscles) that help to stabilize the spine (or vertebral column).  An exercise ball creates instability to the exercise that normally wouldn't be there, forcing the body (and the core) to keep balanced.  This strengthens the muscles that are doing the balancing.
Exercise balls work for many types of athletes, including older people and pregnant women.  There are specific exercises developed for use with the ball that are appropriate for these and other special interest groups.

# Weights
Weights come in three main forms,machines, dumb bells and barbells. A dumb bell is a small bar with weights on either end, and is held in a single hand, a barbell on the other hand is a large bar with weights on both ends, and both hands are used to grip it.
Dumb bells and barbells are both useful for exercising different muscle areas and maintaining safety throughout a workout, but machines are both safe and also what is known as an isolator. Machines usually only have one path of motion, meaning that it follows a direct path through a system of pullies and/or attachment to an immobile frame. Some examples of weight machines are Smith Machines, Leg Press and Mechanical Shoulder Press.
Exercise intensity
Exercise intensity refers to how much work is being done when exercising.  The intensity has an effect on what fuel the body uses and what kind of adaptations the body makes after exercise (i.e., the training effect).

# Fuel used
The body uses different amounts of fuels (carbohydrate or fat) depending on the intensity and heart rate.  The Heart Rate column below is an estimate for a 20 year old with a Max Heart Rate (MHR) of 200.

# Training Effect
The effect achieved by exercise is affected by the intensity.

## Low Intensity (up to 80% MHR)
This has the effect of improving general fitness and improves the muscles' ability to use the oxygen delivered to them via the blood.   Way of doing this is by increasing the number of capillaries in the muscle.

## Medium Intensity (80-85% MHR)
This intensity is around anaerobic threshold (AT) and improves an individual's AT - allowing the body to work at a higher intensity while still working aerobically.

## High Intensity (85-90% MHR)
The heart is a muscle and can be trained to be come stronger and more efficient.  This intensity of exercise places a load on the heart causing it to become stronger so it can pump more blood in one contraction.

## Flat Out (90-100% MHR)
In this region the body works completely anaerobically - causing a quick build up of lactate (lactic acid).  This kind of training, despite being very painful, improves the body's anaerobic capacity - the production, removal, and tolerance to lactic acid.
Exercise urticaria
Exercise urticaria, sometimes mistaken as exercise allergy, itchy legs, itchy legs syndrome or itchy pants syndrome, is a form of urticaria that happens during exercise. It is characterized by itching, swelling or hives on the legs, arms, torso or neck during or after exercise.
Cholinergic urticaria is brought on by a physical stimulus. Although the physical stimulus might be considered to be sweat, the actual precipitating cause is increased body temperature. Lesions usually appear within a few minutes of sweating, and may last for 30 minutes to over an hour.
In extreme cases, the condition can progress to an anaphylactic reaction, causing the person to pass out or suffocate due to blocked airways. People suffering from cholinergic urticaria may carry an epinephrine autoinjector (such as an EpiPen) in case of anaphylaxis.

# Cholinergic urticaria (itching)
Seems to be caused by a rise in body temperature, also experienced in saunas, hot tubs, and on hot days. Treated by:
- Antihistamines
- Exercising in a cooler environment
- Reduced workout intensity
- Stopping exercising at sign of flushing, itchy skin or hives.

# Exercise-induced anaphylaxis
A life-threatening drop in blood pressure that can be fatal in major allergic reactions. Seen commonly when a person allergic to certain foods or medications exercises immediately after ingesting them. Symptoms are:
- Fatigue
- Unusual warmth
- Itching
- Inflammation of the skin progressing to large hives
- Collapse and unconsciousness
- Swelling of the throat, difficulty breathing or choking
- Nausea
- Vomiting
Treatments include:
- A self-injectable epinephrine kit prescribed by a doctor
- Avoiding the triggering food or medication at least a day before vigorous exercise.
- Medical alert jewelry or ID tags describing the condition and sensitive substances.
- Accompaniment by someone informed of condition able to contact emergency service, like with an emergency telephone number.

# Itchy Pants Syndrome
Some people are sensitive to the fabric in various pants, causing itchiness, stinging, and irritation, mainly in the thighs. Not common with cotton, some surmise it is caused by formaldehyde or fabric finishes in the cloth. Sometimes solved by:
- Wearing cotton-only non-designer blue pre-washed jeans.
- Wearing skirts.
- Over-the-counter topical anti-itch medications.
Exergonic reaction
An exergonic reaction is a chemical reaction where the variation of Gibbs free energy is negative . This tells us the direction that the reaction will follow.  At constant temperature, constant pressure an exergonic reaction is signified by condition:
which describes a chemical reaction that releases energy in the form of heat, light, etc. Exergonic reactions are a form of exergonic processes in general or spontaneous processes and the opposite is called an endergonic reaction. Exergonic reactions are said to occur spontaneously but this does not imply that the reaction will take place unconstrained. For instance the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen is very slow and not observed in absence of a suitable catalyst. It has been suggested to replace the term spontaneous with eager  .

# Key points
- The concepts exothermic and its opposite number endothermic relate to the enthalpy change in any process not just a chemical reaction.
- the conceptually related endotherm and exotherm are concepts in Animal physiology.
Ezekiel J. Emanuel
Dr. Ezekiel J. Emanuel is a noted NIH bioethicist, and a leading opponent of state-assisted suicide.
Currently Emanuel is Director of the Clinical Bioethics Department at the U.S. National Institutes of Health.   He graduated from Amherst College and received his MSc from Oxford University in Biochemisty.  He received his MD from Harvard Medical School and a PhD in Political Philosophy from Harvard University.
He also is a brother of Hollywood-based superagent Ari Emanuel, and Democratic Representative Rahm Emanuel.
Facial lymph nodes
The facial lymph nodes comprise three groups:
- (a) infraorbital or maxillary, scattered over the infraorbital region from the groove between the nose and cheek to the zygomatic arch;
- (b) buccinator, one or more placed on the Buccinator opposite the angle of the mouth;
- (c) supramandibular, on the outer surface of the mandible, in front of the Masseter and in contact with the external maxillary artery and anterior facial vein.
Their efferent vessels drain the eyelids, the conjunctiva, and the skin and mucous membrane of the nose and cheek; their efferents pass to the submaxillary glands.
Fear of childbirth

# Background
Tokophobia, or fear of childbirth, is a form of specific phobia. Other terms for the condition include tocophobia and parturiphobia.

# Psychological disorder
In 2000, an article published in the British Journal of Psychiatry (2000, 176: 83-85) described the fear of childbirth as a psychological disorder, when it had previously received little to no attention as such, in addition to introducing the term tokophobia (from the Greek tokos, meaning childbirth and phobos, meaning fear).
Phobia of childbirth, as with any phobia, can manifest through a number of symptoms including nightmares, difficulty in concentrating on work or on family activities, panic attacks and psychosomatic complaints. Often the fear of childbirth motivates a request for an elective caesarean section. Fear of labor pain is strongly associated with the fear of pain in general; a previous complicated childbirth, or inadequate pain relief, may cause the phobia to develop.
Debate currently rages within the obstetric and psychiatric communities regarding the woman's right to choose mode of delivery -- be it the right of a women to request a caesarean section, or emphasis on the methods available to help them attempt to overcome their fear of vaginal childbirth. Preliminary Swedish and Finnish reports demonstrated the results of treatment during pregnancy, when more than half of the women withdrew their request after being able to discuss their anxiety and fear and vaginal deliveries after treatment were successful.
Tokophobia is a distressing psychological disorder which may be overlooked by medical professionals; as well as specific phobia and anxiety disorders, tokophobia may be associated with depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Recognition of tokophobia and close liaison with obstetricians or other medical specialists can help to reduce the severity of tokophobia and ensure efficient treatment.

## Primary and secondary tokophobia
- Primary tokophobia is the fear of childbirth which pre-dates pregnancy and can start in adolescence.
- Secondary tokophobia is due to a previous negative experience regarding traumatic birth, poor obstetric practice or medical attention, postpartum depression or other such upsetting events.
Both forms of tokophobia can be treated with the assistance of a trained medical professional or psychologist.
Ferula rubricaulis

# Overview
Ferula (from Latin ferula, "rod") is a genus of about 170 species of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, native to the Mediterranean region east to central Asia, mostly growing in arid climates. They are herbaceous perennial plants growing to 14 m tall, with stout, hollow, somewhat succulent stems. The leaves are tripinnate or even more finely divided, with a stout basal sheath clasping the stem. The flowers are yellow, produced in large umbels. Many plants of this genus, especially F. communis are referred to as "giant fennel," although they are not fennel in the strict sense.

# Selected species
- Ferula assafoetida - Asafoetida
- Ferula caspica
- Ferula communis - Giant fennel
- Ferula conocaula
- Ferula diversivittata
- Ferula foetida
- Ferula gummosa, syn. galbaniflua - Galbanum
- Ferula hermonis
- Ferula karelinii
- Ferula linkii
- Ferula longifolia
- Ferula marmarica
- Ferula moschata, syn. sumbul - Muskroot
- Ferula narthex - Ferula
- Ferula orientalis
- Ferula persica
- Ferula schair
- Ferula szowitziana
- Ferula tingitiana
- The Roman spice silphium probably came from a now extinct species of Ferula.

# Uses
The gummy resin of many species of Ferula is used for medical or culinary purposes:
The Romans called the hollow light rod made from this plant a ferula (compare also fasces, judicial birches). Such rods were used for walking sticks, splints, for stirring boiling liquids, and for corporal punishment.
The ferula also shows up in mythological contexts. The main shaft of a thyrsus was traditionally made from this plant, and Prometheus smuggled fire to humanity by hiding it in a ferula as well.
Women in Central Asia as well as a small number in the Appalachian mountains of North Carolina use these to induce abortion in first trimester.
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Fetal bovine serum
Fetal bovine serum ( or foetal bovine serum) is serum taken from the fetuses of cows. Fetal Bovine Serum (or FBS) is the most widely used serum in the culturing of cells. 
In some papers the expression foetal calf serum is used.  The globular protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), is a major component of fetal bovine serum.  The rich variety of proteins in fetal bovine serum maintains cultured cells in a medium in which they can survive, grow, and divide.  However, the presence of the many proteins in fetal bovine serum can also mean that purification of secreted proteins from the cells can be a more laborious process due to having to remove the contaminating proteins during the purifcation process.
Fetal bovine serum is commercially available from many manufacturers, and because the cells are highly sensitive, it may be wise to take time to adapt the cells when changing fetal bovine serum from different manufacturers, such as by mixing 50% of the old serum with 50% of the new serum, and leaving the cells in that environment for a while.
Fetal bovine serum should be stored frozen before adding to media in order to prevent contamination.  When thawing fetal bovine serum, even though it will take longer, it should be warmed at room temperature and not in a 37-degree water bath.  When performing cell culture, the bottle of fetal bovine serum should be opened and closed in a biosafety cell culture hood, and in-person training should be obtained on how to perform sterile manipulations.
Fetal intervention

# Background
Fetal intervention involves in utero surgical treatment of a fetus.  Procedures include open fetal surgery, the most invasive, and the less invasive fetendo and fetal image-guided surgery.
Fetal intervention is relatively new.  Advancing technologies allow earlier and more accurate diagnosis of diseases and congenital problems in a fetus.
Most problems do not require or are not treatable through fetal intervention. The exceptions are anatomical problems for which correction in utero is feasible and may be of significant benefit in the future development and survival of the fetus.  Early correction (prior to birth) of these problems will likely increase the odds of a healthy and relatively "normal" baby.
It is important to note that the pregnant woman bears as much, if not more, risk than the fetus during any form of fetal intervention. Besides the general risk that any surgery bears, there is also a risk to the health of the mother's uterus, potentially limiting her ability to bear more children.  The risk is higher than from an elective Cesarean section because:
- the incision typically will be a classical vertical one, with a greater risk of complications in subsequent pregnancies
- the longer duration of the surgery, while the fetal intervention is performed
- delivery of the baby will require a second Cesarean section days or weeks later
Fibrinoid necrosis
Fibrinoid necrosis is a special type of necrosis that can be seen in blood vessel walls.  It is associated with immune-complex vasculitis and hypertension. Immune complexes, complement and plasma proteins deposit in damaged vessel walls, giving the tissue a smudgy, bright pink appearance on histological examination.
This pattern of necrosis is prominent when complexes of antigens and antibodies are deposited in the walls of arteries. Deposits of these "immune complexes," together with fibrin that has leaked out of vessles, results in a bright pink and amorphous appearance in H&E stains, called "fibrinoid" (fibrin-like).
Fibrinoid necrosis is a histopathological hallmark of malignant hypertension (blood pressure greater than 200/130 mmHg).
Malignant hypertension and polyarteritis nodosa are common causes.
First-in-man study
A first-in-man study is a clinical trial where a medical procedure, previously developed and assessed through in vitro or animal testing, or through mathematical modeling is tested on human subjects for the first time.
Such studies present particular risks to the human subjects as was signally the case in the disastrous TGN1412 trial in 2006. Consequently, there are ethical issues as to whether such trials should be performed on healthy volunteers, who have nothing to gain beyond a fee, or on patients who have a chance of enjoying a health benefit.

# Bibliography
- Working Party on Statistical Issues in First-in-Man Studies (2007). "Statistical issues in first-in-man studies". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 170A: 517579..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
Fischer projection
The Fischer projection, devised by Hermann Emil Fischer in 1891, is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule by projection. They are used by chemists, particularly in organic chemistry and biochemistry. All bonds are depicted as horizontal or vertical lines. The carbon chain is depicted vertically, with carbon atoms represented by the center of crossing lines. The orientation of the carbon chain is so that the C1 carbon is at the top.
In a Fischer projection, all horizontal bonds project toward the viewer, while vertical bonds project away from the viewer. Therefore, a Fischer projection cannot be rotated by (2n+1)90 in the plane of the page or the screen, as the orientation of bonds relative to one another can change, converting a molecule to its enantiomer.
Fischer projections are most commonly used in biochemistry and organic chemistry to represent monosaccharides, but can also be used for amino acids or for other organic molecules. Since Fischer projections depict the stereochemistry (three-dimensional structure) of a molecule, they are very useful for differentiating between enantiomers of chiral molecules. A computational approach to determining the chirality of a molecule based on computing the sign of a determinant is given by Cieplak and Wisniewski .
Haworth projections are a related chemical notation used to represent sugars in ring form. The groups on the right hand side of a Fischer projection are equivalent to those below the plane of the ring in Haworth projections. Fischer projections should not be confused with Lewis structures, which do not contain any information about three dimensional geometry.
Fisherman's Friend
Fisherman's Friend are strong menthol lozenges produced in Fleetwood, Lancashire, England.
Fisherman's Friend were originally developed by a young pharmacist called James Lofthouse in 1865 to relieve various respiratory problems suffered by fishermen working in the extreme conditions of the Icelandic deep-sea fishing grounds. Originally developed as an extremely strong liquid remedy containing menthol and eucalyptus oil, Lofthouse made this liquid into small lozenges which were easier to transport and to administer. According to the manufacturer, the fishermen soon began to refer to the lozenges as their "friends", hence the name. The lozenges exist in their current form relatively unchanged since their creation. The lozenges still come in their famous paper packets, although these are now foil-lined.
Fisherman's Friend are now available in over a hundred countries, in a variety of flavours, some of which are only available in certain countries. Lofthouse do provide a mail order service allowing UK residents to obtain some of the more exotic or difficult to find flavours. Some flavours are sugar-free, for which the bags are striped:
- Original Extra Strong
- Aniseed
- Super Strong Mint
- Sugar-free (using sorbitol)
Original
Citrus
Lemon
Mint
Apple and Cinnamon
Strong Salmiak (Selected European Markets)
Cherry
Spicy Mandarin
Cool Cassis
- Original
- Citrus
- Lemon
- Mint
- Apple and Cinnamon
- Strong Salmiak (Selected European Markets)
- Cherry
- Spicy Mandarin
- Cool Cassis
The manufacturers have won the Queen's Award to Industry for Export Achievement three times. 
Fisherman's Friend lozenges are also suitable for vegetarians and vegans.