Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Apophysomyces
Apophysomyces is a filamentous fungus that is commonly found in soil and decaying vegetation. It normally grows in tropical to subtropical regions.
The genus Apophysomyces currently contains only a single species, Apophysomyces elegans.

# Characteristics
Among the other members of zygomycetes, Apophysomyces elegans mostly resembles those from genus Absidia. However, its bell-shaped (although not conical) apophyses (outgrowth), the existence of its foot-cell like hyphal segment, rhizoids produced opposite to the sporangiophores upon cultivation on plain agar, the darker and thicker subapical segment, and inability to sporulate on routine culture media help in distinguishing Apophysomyces elegans.
Apophysomyces elegans is a thermotolerant fungus: it has been found to grow favourably at temperatures of 26C and 37C, and it grows rapidly at 42C. Its colonies are fluffy and cottony in appearance. The surface of the colony is white initially and turns to a brownish-grey or yellowish-cream as the culture ages, while the underside is white to pale yellow in colour.

# Pathogenicity
Normally, no special precautions are needed with regard to this fungus.
However, Apophysomyces elegans is the cause of the rare infection mucormycosis (also known as zygomycosis) in humans, which is often fatal.
Infection is usually acquired via traumatic implantations associated with soil or decaying vegetable matter (such as from accidental injuries or insect bites). Invasive soft tissue infections can develop on burns or wounds which are contaminated by soil. Unlike other zygomycosis, the affected host is usually otherwise immunocompetent. Apophysomyces elegans infections present most commonly as necrotizing fasciitis, osteomyelitis, and angioinvasion. Systemic and secondary renal and bladder infections have also been reported.
Aqueous cream
Aqueous Cream BP is a medicinal substance officially registered in the British Pharmacopoeia.
It is a light, paraffin-based emulsion used as a topical external medicine.
Its uses include:
- Emollient (Moisturiser)
- Soap-substitute - a gentle alternative for sensitive skin
The British National Formulary categorises it as:

# Indications
It is commonly prescribed in the United Kingdom for conditions such as Eczema or Atopic dermatitis . Whilst undergoing the cancer treatment Radiotherapy, the skin erythema caused as a result of treatment patients are advised to use Aqueous Cream as part of a skin care regime.

# Contraindications
Some sources indicate that it is not always suitable for use as an emollient, because the preservatives (such as phenoxyethanol) used to prolong the cream's shelf life may cause a reaction (National Eczema Society article with citations).
Boots(the chemist)UK use an alternative preservative viz. Chlorocresol which is said to cause less reaction.
Arb (gesture)
Arb, short for arbitrage, is a system of hand signals used to communicate buy and sell information in an open outcry trading environment. The system is used at many financial exchanges, such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.
Traders usually flash the signals quickly across a room to make a sale or a purchase. Signals that occur with palms facing out and hands away from the body are an indication the gesturer wishes to sell. When traders face their palms in and hold their hands up, they are gesturing to buy.
Numbers one through five are gestured on one hand, and six through ten are gestured in the same way only held sideways at a 90 degree angle (index finger out sideways is six, two fingers is seven, etc.). Numbers gestured from the forehead are blocks of ten.
These rules may vary among exchanges or even among floors within the same exchange; however, the purpose of the gestures remains the same.
Arcus senilis
Keywords and Synonyms: arcus corneae, arcus cornealis, Arcus senilis corneae, arcus adiposus, arcus juvenilis (when it occurs in younger individuals), arcus lipoides corneae

# Overview
Arcus senilis is a white or gray opaque ring in the corneal margin peripheral (corneal) opacity, present at birth, or appearing later in life, and becoming quite frequent in those over 50; it results from cholesterol deposits in or hyalinosis of the corneal stroma and may be associated with ocular defects or with familial hyperlipidemia. Unilateral arcus senilis can be due to decreased blood flow to the affected eye due to carotid artery disease or ocular hypotonia.In younger people, the same condition is termed as arcus juvenilis.

# Pathophysiology
It can be a sign of disturbance in lipid metabolism, an indicator of conditions such as hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipoproteinemia or hyperlipidemia.

# Natural History, Complications, Prognosis

## No Association with Atherosclerosis
In the past, arcus has been said to be associated with atherosclerosis.  However, a prospective population based cohort study (The Copenhagen City Heart Study), in which a total of 12,745 participants who were free of ischemic heart disease and aged 20-93 years were followed for a mean of 22 years casts doubt on this association .  The mulivariate adjusted risk (hazard/odds ratios adjusted for confounders including cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations) indicated that arcus senilins was not an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic heart disease.

# Refrences
-  Christofferson et al. Xanthelasmata, arcus corneae, and ischaemic vascular disease and death in general population: prospective cohort studyBMJ 2011; 343:d5497
de:Arcus senilis
Area postrema

# Overview
The area postrema is a part of the brain that controls vomiting. It was discovered in 1953 by Utah Pharmacologists Herbert L. Borison and S. C. Wang .

# Location
It is located in the lateral reticular formation of the medulla oblongata. More specifically, it is located between the funiculus separans (a narrow translucent ridge cossing the ala cinerea) and the clava, as a small tongue-shaped area.

# Function
The Area postrema, one of the circumventricular organs, detects toxins in the blood and acts as a vomit inducing center. It connects to the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract and other autonomic control centres in the brainstem. It is thus excited by visceral afferent impulses (sympathetic and vagal) arising from the gastrointestinal tract and other peripheral trigger areas.
Areca catechu
Areca catechu, known commonly as Betel palm or Betel nut tree or Pinang is a species of palm which grows in much of the tropical Pacific, Asia, and parts of east Africa. It is a medium-sized tree growing to 20 m tall, with a trunk 20-30 cm in diameter. The leaves are 1.5-2 m long, pinnate, with numerous, crowded leaflets.
Areca catechu is grown for its economically important seed crop, the Betel nut. The seed contains alkaloids such as arecaine and arecoline, which when chewed is intoxicating and is also slightly addictive. Areca palms are grown in India, Malaysia, Taiwan and many other Asian countries for their seeds.
Penang Island, off the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, is named after pinang, a local name for betel nut.
The Areca palm is also used as an interior landscaping species. It is often used in large indoor areas such as malls and hotels. It won't fruit or reach full size. Indoors it is a slow growing, low water, high light plant that is sensitive to spider mite and occasionally mealy bug.
Arthur DeBoer
Arthur DeBoer M.D, FACS, was an American cardiologist and Professor Emeritus specializing in cardiac surgery at Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine.
He was born to John and Lucy DeBoer in Gallatin County, Manhattan, MT on July 2, 1917 and passed away on July 31, 2007 at the age of 90.
DeBoer is one of the pioneer cardiac surgeons in Chicago and was on staff at Wesley Memorial Hospital later (called Northwestern University Hospital).  DeBoer was the hospital's first chief of cardiothoracic surgery, and performed the first open heart operation at Wesley Memorial Hospital in 1958. He was also a pioneer in research on congenital heart defects.
The cardiovascular programs at Wesley and Passavant Hospitals were integrated in 1970 with the merger of the two institutions.
DeBoer is a member of Peripheral Vascular Surgery Society and the International Society for Vascular Specialists.
Dr. DeBoer Graduate of Montana Normal School earning his B.E. Degree in 1938 and earned a B.S. Degree from University of Montana while teaching school.
He graduated from Northwestern University Medical School in 1946 and after serving his internship at Wesley Hospital he served in the Army Medical Corps in Asia.
Aspartic acid
Aspartic acid (abbreviated as Asp or D; Asx or B represent either aspartic acid or asparagine) is an -amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2CO2H. The carboxylate anion of aspartic acid is known as aspartate. The L-isomer of aspartate is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins. Its codons are GAU and GAC.
Aspartic acid is, together with glutamic acid, classified as an acidic amino acid with a pKa of 4.0. Aspartate is pervasive in biosynthesis.  As with all amino acids, the presence of acid protons depends on the residue's local chemical environment and the pH of the solution.

# Discovery
Aspartic acid was first discovered in 1827 by Plisson, synthesized by boiling asparagine (discovered in 1806) with a base.

# Forms and nomenclature
The term "aspartic acid" refers to either of two forms or a mixture of two. Of these two forms, only one, "L-aspartic acid", is directly incorporated into amino acids. The biological roles of its counterpart, "D-aspartic acid" are more limited. Where enzymatic synthesis will produce one or the other, most chemical syntheses will produce both forms, "DL-aspartic acid".

# Role in biosynthesis of amino acids
Aspartate is non-essential in mammals, being produced from oxaloacetate by transamination. In plants and microorganisms, aspartate is the precursor to several amino acids, including four that are essential: methionine, threonine, isoleucine, and lysine. The conversion of aspartate to these other amino acids begins with reduction of aspartate to its "semialdehyde," O2CCH(NH2)CH2CHO.  Asparagine is derived from aspartate via transamidation:
(where GC(O)NH2 and GC(O)OH are glutamine and glutamic acid, respectively)

# Other biochemical roles
Aspartate is also a metabolite in the urea cycle and participates in gluconeogenesis. It carries reducing equivalents in the malate-aspartate shuttle, which utilizes the ready interconversion of aspartate and oxaloacetate, which is the oxidized (dehydrogenated) derivative of malic acid. Aspartate donates one nitrogen atom in the biosynthesis of inosine, the precursor to the purine bases.

## Neurotransmitter
Aspartate (the conjugate base of aspartic acid) stimulates NMDA receptors, though not as strongly as the amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate does. It serves as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and is an excitotoxin.

# Sources

## Dietary sources
Aspartic acid is not an essential amino acid, which means that it can be synthesized from central metabolic pathway intermediates in humans. Aspartic acid is found in:
- Animal sources: luncheon meats, sausage meat, wild game
- Vegetable sources: sprouting seeds, oat flakes,  avocado, asparagus, young sugarcane, and molasses from sugar beets.
- Dietary supplements, either as aspartic acid itself or salts (such as magnesium aspartate)
- The sweetener aspartame (NutraSweet, Equal, Canderel, etc.)

## Chemical synthesis
Racemic aspartic acid can be synthesized from diethyl sodium phthalimidomalonate, (C6H4(CO)2NC(CO2Et)2).
Atomic number
See also: List of elements by atomic number
In chemistry and physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. It is traditionally represented by the symbol Z.  The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element. In an atom of neutral charge, the number of electrons also equals the atomic number.
The atomic number is closely related to the mass number, which is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The mass number defines the isotope of the element and often comes after the name of the element, e.g. carbon-14 (used in carbon dating).

# History
The atomic number originally meant the number of an element's place in the periodic table. Dmitri Mendeleev arranged the known elements in increasing order of atomic weight and grouped by their similar chemical properties. However, placing the elements in strict order of atomic weight resulted in some mismatches. Iodine and tellurium, if listed by atomic weight, appeared to be in the wrong order; and would fit better by chemical properties if their places in the table were swapped. Placing them in the order which fit their properties most closely, their number in the table was their atomic number. This number appeared to be related to the mass of the atom but, as the discrepancy showed, reflected some property other than mass.
The anomalies in this sequence were finally explained after research by Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley in 1913. Moseley discovered a strict relationship between the x-ray diffraction spectra of elements, and their correct location in the periodic table. This led to the conclusion that the atomic number corresponds to the electric charge of the nucleus  the charge of the protons. The atomic number is the number of protons that is equal to the number of electrons.

# Chemical properties
Each element has a specific set of chemical properties as a consequence of the number of protons in its nucleus. The charge of an atom's nucleus defines its electron configuration based on principles of quantum mechanics. The form of each element's electron shells, particularly the valence shell, is the primary factor in determining its chemical bonding behavior.

# New elements
The quest for new elements is usually described using atomic number. As of early 2007, elements with atomic numbers through 118 (excluding 117) have been discovered. Synthesis of new elements is accomplished by bombarding target atoms of heavy elements with ions, such that the sum of the atomic numbers of the target and ion elements equals the atomic number of the element being created. In general, the half-life becomes shorter as atomic number increases, though an "island of stability" may exist for undiscovered isotopes with certain numbers of protons and neutrons.
Cardioversion
Synchronized electrical cardioversion is the process by which an abnormally fast heart rate or cardiac arrhythmia is terminated by the delivery of a therapeutic dose of electrical current to the heart at a specific moment in the cardiac cycle.
Pharmacologic cardioversion uses medication instead of an electrical shock to convert the cardiac arrhythmia.

# Synchronized electrical cardioversion
To perform synchronized electrical cardioversion two electrode pads are used, each comprising a metallic plate which is faced with a saline based conductive gel.  The pads are placed on the chest of the patient, or one is placed on the chest and one on the back.  These are connected by cables to a machine which has the combined functions of an ECG display screen and the electrical function of a defibrillator. A synchronizing function (either manually operated or automatic) allows the cardioverter to deliver a reversion shock, by way of the pads, of a selected amount of electrical current over a predefined number of milliseconds at the optimal moment in the cardiac cycle which corresponds to the R wave of the QRS complex on the ECG. Timing the shock to the R wave prevents the delivery of the shock during the vulnerable period (or relative refractory period) of the cardiac cycle, which could induce ventricular fibrillation.  If the patient is conscious, various drugs are often used to help sedate the patient and make the procedure more tolerable.  However, if the patient is haemodynamically unstable or unconscious, the shock is given immediately upon confirmation of the arrhythmia. When synchronized electrical cardioversion is performed as an elective procedure, the shocks can be performed in conjunction with drug therapy until sinus rhythm is attained. Multiple electrical shocks may cause burns of the epidermis at the pad sites. After the procedure, the patient is monitored to ensure stability of the sinus rhythm.
Synchronized electrical cardioversion is used to treat hemodynamically significant supraventricular (or narrow complex) tachycardias, including atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. It is also used in the emergent treatment of wide complex tachycardias, including ventricular tachycardia, when a pulse is present. Pulseless ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation are treated with unsynchronized shocks referred to as defibrillation. Electrical therapy is inappropriate for sinus tachycardia, which should always be a part of the differential diagnosis.

# Pharmacologic cardioversion
Various antiarrhythmic agents can be used to return the heart to normal sinus rhythm. Drugs like amiodarone, cardizem, and metoprolol are frequently given before cardioversion to decrease the heart rate, stabilize the patient and increase the chance that cardioversion is successful.
If the patient is stable, Adenosine may be administered first, as the medicine performs a sort of "chemical cardioversion" and may stabilize the heart and let it resume normal function on its own without using electricity.
Bundle of His
Synonyms and keywords: His bundle

# Overview
The bundle of His is a collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction that transmits the electrical impulses from the AV node (located between the atria and the ventricles) to the point of the apex of the fascicular branches.  The fascicular branches then lead to the Purkinje fibers which innervate the ventricles, causing the cardiac muscle of the ventricles to contract at a paced interval.

# Historical Perspective
These specialized muscle fibres in the heart were named after the Swiss cardiologist Wilhelm His, Jr., who discovered them in 1893.

# Function
The fibers of the Bundle of His allow electrical conduction to occur more easily and quickly than typical cardiac muscle.  They are an important part of the electrical conduction system of the heart as they transmit the impulse from the AV node (the ventricular pacemaker) to the rest of the heart.  The bundle of His branches into the three bundle branches: the right, left anterior and left posterior bundle branches that run along the interventricular septum.  The bundles give rise to thin filaments known as Purkinje fibers. These fibers distribute the impulse to the ventricular muscle.  Together, the bundle branches and Purkinje network comprise the ventricular conduction system.  It takes about 0.03-0.04 seconds for the impulse to travel from the bundle of His to the ventricular muscle.

# Pathology
If the Bundle of His becomes blocked, there will be dissociation between the activity of the atria and the  ventricles. This complete dissociation between the atria and the ventricles is called third degree heart block.  Other causes of third degree heart block would be complete block of the right, left anterior, and left posterior bundle branches.  Third degree block is a serious medical condition that often requires insertion of an artificial pacemaker.

# His Bundle Pacing
In 2000, Dr. Pramod Deshmukh, an electrophysiologist in Sayre, PA announced that he had successfully performed Direct His-Bundle pacing that produced synchronous ventricular depolarization and improved cardiac function relative to apical pacing. This breakthrough was hailed by Dr. Melvin M. Scheinman, considered by many to be the father of electrophysiology, for what he called a "tour de force" deserving "strong accolades" for the technical accomplishment.
Mahaim fibers
Synonyms and keywords: Atypical bypass tracts, fasciculoventricular fibers, Mahaim physiology, nodoventricular fibers, paraspecific fibers of Mahaim

# Overview
Mahaim fibers refer to the connecting fibers originating from the atrioventricular node (AV node), bundle of His, or left bundle branch that join the ventricular myocardium.  The myocardial fibers resemble the tissue of origin and gradually take over the characteristics of the ventricular myocardial cells.  Mahaim fibers may be present from the AV node to the right, left, or middle part of the interventricular septum.  They may serve as the substrate for a variety of pre-excitation syndromes.

# Historical Perspective
Mahaim and Benatt described the islands of conducting tissue extending from the bundle of His to the ventricular myocardium in 1937.  These fasciculoventricular fibers as well as the nodofascicular fibers are referred to as Mahaim fibers.  However, Gillette and his colleagues provided evidences suggesting anatomic substrates of the preexciation variants previously attributed to Mahaim fibers may be actually atriofascicular or atrioventricular pathways that possess anterograde decremental conduction properties.

# Pathophysiology
There are two varieties of Mahaim fibers namely nodoventricular and fasciculoventricular connections.  Nodoventricular accessory connections connect AV node to ventricular myocardium and fasciculoventricular connections connect bundle of His (distal part of junctional area) to ventricular myocardium.  Both mediate the atrioventricular bypass through the normal conducting system.  These accesory pathways lack the rate-slowing property of AV node.  So a rapid conduction through there fibers will lead to short PR interval and reentrant tachycardia.

# Conditions Involving Mahaim Fibers
Mahaim tachycardia is a reentrant tachycardia that occurs using the Mahaim fibers as antegrade limb and AV node as retrograde limb.

# Treatment
- Mahaim tachycardia is sensitive to adenosine but not to other agents that predominately affect the AV node.  However, AV nodal blocking agents like calcium channel blockers and beta blockers may be effective in preventing tachycardia by affecting the retrograde AV nodal conduction in the retrograde limb of tachycardia.  Both class of IA and IC antiarrhythmic agents may also slow Mahaim fiber tachycardia.
- Catheter ablation of the atrioventricular junction may be useful for treating recurrent tachycardia in patients with Mahaim fibers.