Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Radiosensitivity

# Overview
Radiosensitivity is the relative susceptibility of cells, tissues, organs or organisms to the harmful effect of ionizing radiation. Cells are least sensitive when in the S phase, then the G1 phase, then G2 phase and the most sensitive in the M phase of the cell cycle. This is described by the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, formulated in 1906:
"X-rays are more effective on cells which have a greater reproductive activity."
From their observation, they concluded that quickly dividing tumor cells are generally more sensitive than the majority of body cells. This is not always true. Tumor cells can be hypoxic and therefore less sensitive to X-rays that mediate most of their effects through free radicals produced by ionizing oxygen.
Later it has been shown that the most sensitive cells are those that are undifferentiated, well nourished, divide quickly and are highly metabolically active. Amongst the body cells, the most sensitive are spermatogonia and erythroblasts, epidermal stem cells, gastrointestinal stem cells. The least sensitive are nerve cells and muscle fibers.
Very sensitive cells are also oocytes and lymphocytes, although they are resting cells and do not meet the criteria described above. The reasons for their sensitivity are not clear.
The damage of the cell can be lethal (the cell dies) or sublethal (the cell can repair itself). The effects on cells can be, according to ICRP, deterministic and stochastic.
Deterministic effects have a threshold of irradiation under which they do not appear and are the necessary cosequence of irradiation. The damage they cause depends on the dose: they are sublethal from 0,25 to 2 Sv (a less pronounced form of disease), lethal from 2 to 5 Sv (a certain percent of population dies in 60 days), above 5 Sv the majority of people die in 60 days and above 6 to 7 all people die. Of course, these effect depend also on many other factors, like age, sex, health etc.
Stochastic effects are coincidental and cannot be avoided. They don't have a threshold. These can be divided into somatic and genetic. Among the somatic ones, the cancer is the most important. It develops because radiation causes DNA mutations directly and indirectly. Direct effects are those caused by ionizing particles and rays themselves, while the indirect are those that are caused by free radicals, generated especially in water and oxygen radiolysis. The genetic confer the predisposition to cancer to the offspring. They are not very well understood.
Randomness tests
Randomness tests (or tests of randomness), in data evaluation, are used to analyze the distribution pattern of a set of data.  In stochastic modeling, as in some computer simulations, the expected random input data can be verified to show that tests were performed using randomized data.  In some cases, data reveals an obvious non-random pattern, as with so-called "runs in the data" (such as expecting random 0-9 but finding "4 3 2 1 0 4 3 2 1..." and rarely going above 4).  If a selected set of data fails the tests, then parameters can be changed or other randomized data can be used which does pass the tests for randomness.
There are many practical measures of randomness for a binary sequence. These include measures based on statistical tests, transforms, and complexity or a mixture of these. The use of Hadamard transform to measure randomness was proposed  by S. Kak and developed further by Phillips, Yuen, Hopkins, Beth and Dai, Mund, and Marsaglia and Zaman.
Several of these texts, which are of linear complexity, provide spectral measures of randomness. T. Beth and Z-D. Dai showed that Kolmogorov complexity and linear complexity are practically the same.
These practical tests make it possible to compare and contrast the randomness of strings. On probabilistic grounds, all strings, say of length 64, have the same randomness. However, two strings such as those given below:
appear to have different complexity. The first string admits a short linguistic description, namely "32 repetitions of '01'", which consists of 20 characters, and it can be efficiently constructed out of some basis sequences. The second one has no obvious simple description other than writing down the string itself, which has 64 characters, and it has no comparably efficient basis function representation. Using linear Hadamard spectral tests, the first of these sequences will be found to be of much less randomness than the second one, which agrees with intuition.
Ranunculus acris
Ranunculus acris (Meadow buttercup, Tall buttercup) is one of the more common buttercups across Europe and temperate Eurasia. It is a somewhat hairy plant that has ascending flowing stems bearing glossy yellow flowers about 25 mm across. There are five overlapping petals borne above 5 green sepals that soon turn yellow as the flower matures.
It has numerous stamens inserted below the ovary and blooms from May to July. As for other members of the genus, the numerous seeds are borne as achenes.
When Buttercup plants are handled, naturally occurring ranunculin is broken down to form protoanemonin which is known to cause contact dermatitis in humans and care should therefore be exercised in excessive handling of the plants. The toxins are degraded by drying, so hay containing dried buttercups is safe.
Commonly known as 'Meadow Buttercup', 'Tall Buttercup', or 'Tall Field Buttercup'.
Rapid strep test

# Overview
Strep throat is a common infection caused by Group A Streptococcus.  It is generally treated aggressively because of the potential for subsequent heart valve, kidney, lung and joint damage from post-streptococcal auto-immune response.  In order to treat strep throat it is helpful to identify the infection, but none of the symptoms are specific to strep, so testing is often used.
One of the most common tests for strep throat is the Rapid Strep Test.  This is a test performed in a doctor's office.  The throat is swabbed, and results are generally available in 10 or 15 minutes.  However, one problem with the test is that, though it has high specificity of approximately 95 to 98% , the sensitivity is only 75 to 85%.  If the rapid test is negative, a follow-up culture (which takes 24 to 48 hours) might be performed. A negative culture could suggest a viral infection, infection with other typical bacterium such as Haemophilus influenzae, or an infection with an atypical bacterial organism like Mycoplasma.  Viruses do not respond to antibiotics.  Most of the other organisms are not treated aggressively because they do not generally cause the long term sequelae of Group A Strep and are considered to be self-limited, though some of them can still respond to antibiotics.
The Rapid Strep Test works by detecting the presence of a carbohydrate antigen unique to Group A Streptococcus. This may account for some of the problems with the Rapid Strep Test sensitivity.  Gargling, eating or other infusion of liquids into the mouth prior to the test may affect the results.  If the test is performed before sufficient organisms are present in the throat, or late in the infection when most of the strep germs have been cleared by the immune system, or if it is performed after someone has been partially treated with antibiotics that kill the organism, then the Rapid Strep Test is less likely to detect the organism.
If the Rapid Strep Test detects strep, the infection should be treated with appropriate antibiotics to prevent long-term damage and sequelae.  Should the Rapid Strep Test fail to detect strep throat, the doctor might still treat the throat infection based on his or her own judgment.
Rectified spirit

# Overview
A rectified spirit or rectified alcohol is highly concentrated alcohol which has been purified by means of rectification (repeated distillation). It is used for medicinal purposes, as a household solvent, and in mixed drinks.
Neutral grain spirits are rectified spirits made from grain. However, rectified spirits are also  made from other kinds of plant material, most often from sugar beets or potatoes.
Rectified spirits are illegal for nonmedical purposes in some nations (e.g., India), but they are legal in most industrialized nations. Until recently, they were banned in Canada.

# United States
In the United States, a rectified spirit labeled as Spirytus Stawski is imported from Poland by Stawski Imports of Chicago, Illinois. It contains 96% alcohol (192 proof) and is also available in 76% alcohol (152 proof).  It is colorless, tasteless, and virtually odorless.
Another popular rectified spirit in the United States is Everclear, bottled by Luxco. Everclear is available in both 95% alcohol (190 proof) and 75.5% (151 proof), although a few states have banned the 190-proof style.

# Poland
In Polish, spirytus rektyfikowany means rectified spirit.  The Polish product is distilled to slightly above 95% (190 proof). Tourists can buy and drink spirytus in Poland, but it is illegal to export it. Enforcement of the export ban, however, is fairly lax.

# Germany
In German, rectified spirit is generically called Primasprit (colloquial) or, more technically, Naturalalkohol.
It is available in Germany at 96.5% alcohol (193 proof).
In Germany, Primasprit is  most often used for making homemade liqueurs; other types of use are rare. Most of the Primasprit produced in Germany is made from grain and is therefore a neutral grain spirit.
Red man syndrome

# Overview
Red man syndrome is characterized by symptoms consistent with anaphylactoid reactions. These symptoms may include dyspnea, hypotension, urticaria, pain and spasm of chest and back muscles, wheezing, pruritus, and upper body flushing giving the typical appearance and thus the name "Red man syndrome. On discontinuation of the offending agent, these symptoms can resolve as early as 20 minutes but in some cases may require several hours. Vancomycin is the most common agent responsible for Red man syndrome.

# Causes
The most common cause of red man syndrome is:
- Vancomycin infusion for less than 1 hour in patients who are not pre-treated with diphenhydramine

## Other Antibiotics
Red man syndrome can result as a result of hypersensitivity to:
- Ciprofloxacin
- Amphotericin B
- Rifampicin
- Teicoplanin

# Symptoms
Some associated symptoms of red man syndrome include:
- Headache
- Chills
- Hypotension
- Dizziness
- Chest pain
- Dyspnea
- Pruritis, urticaria
- Rash
Erythematous rash that involves the
Face
Neck and
Upper torso
- Erythematous rash that involves the
- Face
- Neck and
- Upper torso
- Spasm of chest and back muscles
- Wheezing
- Upper body flushing giving the typical appearance of "red man"

# Anaphylactoid Reaction
Red man syndrome has similar features to anaphylactoid reaction. This is as a result of:
- Absence of elevation in tryptase levels
Redshank (plant)
The Redshank (Persicaria maculosa, formerly Polygonum persicaria) is a perennial plant from the Knotweed family Polygonaceae. It is also called Persicaria, Redleg or Spotted Ladysthumb.
There are three varietes known:
- Polygonum persicaria var. angustifolium Beckh.
- Polygonum persicaria var. persicaria
- Polygonum persicaria var. ruderale (Salisb.) Meisn.
synonyms include P. maculata, P. persicaria, P. ruderalis, P. ruderalis, P. vulgaris, P. dubium, P. fusiforme, P. minus and P. puritanorum.
It grows up to 1 m high, and has narrow, lancet-shaped leaves 8-10 cm long. The leaves often have a brown or black spot. The white, pink or red flowers are in dense panicles and flower from early summer to late autumn.
It is native to Europe and Asia, where it can be mistaken for Polygonum minus, but P. minus has narrower leaves, usually less than 1 cm wide, while its ear is slimmer.
It has been introduced to North America and is naturalised in all mainland states, being found along roadsides, riverbanks, and on fallow ground. In the USA, it is very similar to Pennsylvania smartweed, but Redshank has a fringe of hairs at the top of the ocrea, something which Pennsylvania smartweed lacks.

# Cultivation and uses
This plant contains persicarin and tannins. In medicine, Redshank is used against diarrhoea and infections. Fresh leaves have been used to staunch bleeding.
The leaves and young shoots may be eaten as a palatable and nutritious leaf vegetable. It is often seen as a weed and rarely cultivated.
A yellow dye can be produced from this plant with alum used as a mordant.
Regret (emotion)

# Overview
Regret is an intelligent (and/or emotional) dislike for personal past acts and behaviors. Regret is often felt when someone feels sadness, shame, embarassment or guilt after committing an action or actions that the person later wishes that he or she had not done. Regret is distinct from guilt, which is a deeply emotional form of regret  one which may be difficult to comprehend in an objective or conceptual way. In this regard, the concept of regret is subordinate to guilt in terms of its "emotional power." By comparison, shame typically refers to the social (rather than personal) aspect of guilt or (in minor context) regret as imposed by the society or culture (enforcement of ethics, morality), which has substantial bearing in matters of (personal and social) honor.
Regret can describe not only the dislike for an action that has been committed, but also, importantly, regret of inaction. Many people find themselves wishing that they had done something in a past situation.

# Models
There are extremely specific models of regret mostly in economics and finance.  Of these, the most clearly emotional is buyer's remorse, also called buyer's regret.
A much less emotional formulation is investor's regret which is a risk measure.  Financial theorist Ron Dembo equates these and claims that regret, modified by a risk aversion factor, is the only reliable indicator of risk shared among all investors.
Remineralisation
In biogeochemistry, remineralisation refers to the transformation of organic molecules to inorganic forms, typically mediated by biological activity.
Usually remineralisation relates to organic and inorganic molecules involving biologically important elements such as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.  For example, the following simplified equation shows the complete remineralisation of organic material with a standard Redfield ratio to oxidised inorganic minerals such as carbon dioxide, nitrate (nitric acid) and phosphate (phosphoric acid).
In reality, such complete remineralisation is likely to involve several stages each involving different organisms and metabolic pathways.  For example, in the case of nitrogen, its transformation from ammonia (NH3) in the equation above, to nitrate involves the process of nitrification, usually mediated by a series of bacteria.

# Remineralisation of teeth
The remineralization of teeth is a process in which minerals are returned to the molecular structure of the tooth itself, and can reverse bacterial infestation of the enamel of a tooth.  This process cannot replace lost tooth material (that is, it won't fill a cavity that has developed into a hole).  The human body naturally remineralizes teeth through the use of carbonic acid. There are several products, including Biotene Rinse, that can halt tooth decay .
Renal blood flow

# Overview
In the physiology of the kidney, renal blood flow (RBF) is the volume of blood delivered to the kidneys per unit time. In humans, the kidneys together receive roughly 20% of cardiac output, amounting to 1 L/min in a 70-kg adult male. RBF is closely related to renal plasma flow (RPF), which is the volume of blood plasma delivered to the kidneys per unit time.
While the terms generally apply to arterial blood delivered to the kidneys, both RBF and RPF can be used to quantify the volume of venous blood exiting the kidneys per unit time. In this context, the terms are commonly given subscripts to refer to arterial or venous blood or plasma flow, as in RBFa, RBFv, RPFa, and RPFv. Physiologically, however, the differences in these values are negligible so that arterial flow and venous flow are often assumed equal.

# Calculation
Renal blood flow calculations are based on renal plasma flow and hematocrit (HCT). This follows from the fact that hematocrit estimates the fractional volume of blood consumed (occupied) by red blood cells. Hence, the fraction of blood that is in the form of plasma is given by 1-HCT.
Alternatively:

# Renal plasma flow
Renal plasma flow is given by the Fick principle:
This is essentially a conservation of mass equation which balances the renal inputs (the renal artery) and the renal outputs (the renal vein and ureter). Put simply, a non-metabolizable solute entering the kidney via the renal artery has two points of exit, the renal vein and the ureter. The mass entering through the artery per unit time must equal the mass exiting through the vein and ureter per unit time:
where Pa is the arterial plasma concentration of the substance, Pv is its venous plasma concentration, Ux is its urine concentration, and V is the urine flow rate. The product of flow and concentration gives mass per unit time.
As mentioned previously, the difference between arterial and venous blood flow is negligible, so RPFa is assumed to be equal to RPFv, thus
Rearranging yields the previous equation for RPF:

# Measuring
Values of Pv are difficult to obtain in patients. In practice, PAH clearance is used instead to calculate the effective renal plasma flow (eRPF). PAH (para-aminohippurate) is freely filtered, and it is not reabsorbed by the kidney so that its venous plasma concentration is approximately zero. Setting Pv to zero in the equation for RPF yields
which is the equation for renal clearance. For PAH, this is commonly represented as
Since the venous plasma concentration of PAH is not exactly zero (in fact, it is usually 10% of the PAH arterial plasma concentration), eRPF usually underestimates RPF by approximately 10%. This margin of error is generally acceptable considering the ease with which eRPF is measured.
Repugnant market

# Overview
A repugnant market is a term used to describe an area of commerce that is considered by society to be outside of the range of market transactions and that bringing this area into the realm of a free market would be inherently immoral or uncaring.  For example, many people consider a free market in human organs to be a repugnant market or the ability to bet on terrorist acts in prediction market to be repugnant.

# Repugnant Markets

## Repugnant Today
- Illegal drug trade
- Prostitution
- Organ trade and Organ donation from a live donor (except in Turkey and The Philippines)   
- Horse meat (in California)
- Payola
- Adoption (purchase from birth parents)
- Egg donation (for research purposes)
- Prediction markets (in some instances e.g. 'terrorism futures market')
- Citizenship / Immigration  (Investor Visas, such as the U.S. E-2 visa are exceptions)
- Product placement  (in France and some European countries, though soon to be relaxed)
- Votes 
- Real estate  (in Cuba)
- Commercial Surrogacy  (legal in India and most US states, banned in Australia, France, Japan, and several U.S. states)

## Once Repugnant, Now Not
- Cadavers
- Mercenaries
- Interest on loans (still repugnant in some countries/cultures)
- Short selling
- Currency speculation
- Life insurance
- Gambling (still repugnant in some countries/cultures)
- Metered Parking 
- Birth control (still repugnant in some countries/cultures)
- Pornography (still repugnant in some countries/cultures)
- Alcohol (see Prohibition of alcohol)

## Once Not Repugnant, Now Repugnant
- Indentured Servitude
- Slavery
- Tobacco advertising (varies by form and location)
- Alcohol advertising (varies by form and location)
Respiratory zone
The respiratory zone is the site of O2 and CO2 exchange with the blood.
The respiratory bronchioles and the alveolar ducts are responsible for 10% of the gas exchange. The alveoli are responsible for the other 90%.
The respiratory zone represents the 16th through the 23rd division of the respiratory tract.
Zona reticularis

# Overview
The Zona reticularis is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex, which is the outer portion of the adrenal gland, a gland found above the kidneys (which is why it is also known as the suprarenal gland). The adrenal gland produces norepinephrine and epineprhine (known as adrenaline in British nomenclature, hence the gland's name) in the adrenal medulla. Within the cortex, the gland produces mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone in the outermost zona glomerulosa (regulating salt balance), glucocorticoids such as cortisol in the middle zona fasciculata (regulating carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism), and androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), which is an important sex hormone in females. The zona reticularis lies beneath the zona fasciculata and above the adrenal medulla, and its cells are arranged in a network of cords (a reticulum).
-  Wheater's Functional Histology, 5th ed. Young, Lowe, Stevens and Heath.
-  Histology: A Text and Atlas, 5th ed. Ross and Pawlina.
Retinal migraine

# Overview
Retinal migraine (also known as ophthalmic migraine, visual migraine and ocular migraine) is a retinal disease often accompanied by migraine headache and typically affects only one eye. It is caused by an infarct or vascular spasm in or behind the affected eye.
The terms "retinal migraine" and "ocular migraine" are often confused with an abnormal condition in the brain (cortical spreading depression) that may cause similar symptoms such as scintillating scotoma affecting vision in both eyes, also associated with migraine headaches.

# Symptoms
Retinal migraine is associated with transient monocular visual loss (scotoma) in one eye lasting less than one hour. During some episodes, the visual loss may occur with no headache and at other times throbbing headache on the same side of the head as the visual loss may occur, accompanied by severe light sensitivity and/or nausea. Visual loss tends to affect the entire monocular visual field of one eye, not both eyes. After each episode, normal vision returns.
It may be difficult to read and dangerous to drive a vehicle while retinal migraine symptoms are present.
Retinal migraine is a different disease than scintillating scotoma, which is a visual anomaly caused by spreading depression in the occipital cortex at the back of the brain, not in the eyes nor any component thereof. Unlike in retinal migraine, a scintillating scotoma involves repeated bouts of temporary diminished vision or blindness and affects vision from both eyes, upon which sufferers may see flashes of light, zigzagging patterns, blind spots, or shimmering spots or stars.

# Diagnosis
The medical exam should rule out any underlying causes, such as blood clot, stroke, pituitary tumor, or detached retina.  A normal retina exam is consistent with retinal migraine.

# Treatment
Treatment depends on identifying behavior that triggers migraine such as stress, sleep deprivation, skipped meals, food sensitivities, or specific activities.  Medicines used to treat retinal migraines include aspirin, other NSAIDS, and medicines that reduce high blood pressure.

# Prognosis
In general, the prognosis for retinal migraine is similar to that of migraine headache with typical aura. As the true incidence of retinal migraine is unknown, it is uncertain whether there is a higher incidence of permanent neuroretinal injury.  The visual field data suggests that there is a higher incidence of end arteriolar distribution infarction and a higher incidence of permanent visual field defects in retinal migraine than in clinically manifest cerebral infarctions in migraine with aura.  One study suggests that more than half of reported recurrent cases of retinal migraine subsequently experienced permanent visual loss in that eye from infarcts.  An infarction in the retina, however, is usually apparent to the patient.