Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Virtual image
In optics, a virtual image is an image in which the outgoing rays from a point on the object never actually intersect at a point.  A simple example is a flat mirror where the image of oneself is perceived at twice the distance from yourself to the mirror.  That is, if you are half a meter in front of the mirror, your image will appear at a distance of half a meter inside or behind the mirror.
To contrast, a real image is an image in which the outgoing rays from a point on the object pass through a single point.  It is easiest to observe real images when projected on an opaque screen.  A screen is not necessary for the image to form.
- When we look through a diverging lens (at least one concave surface) or look into a convex mirror, what we see is a virtual image.  However, if we observe a focused image on a screen inside or behind a converging lens (at least one convex side) or in front of a concave mirror what we see on the screen is a real image because the image really is at the screen's location.  If we position ourselves so that the screen is directly between ourselves and the optical device (mirror, lens, etc.), we can remove the screen and still observe the image.  It is also important to note that a converging lens and concave mirror are also capable of producing virtual images if the object is within the focal length.
- For example, a plane or convex mirror forms a virtual image positioned behind the mirror. Although rays of light seem to come from behind the mirror, light from the source spreads and exists only in front of the mirror. In drawings of optical systems, virtual rays are conventionally represented by dotted lines.  Optical rays represent paths on which light actually travels.  A virtual ray (the dotted lines) represent perceived paths as seen by an observer looking into the optical device.  The light rays do not travel on these dotted paths. A point on the image is located where the virtual rays intersect.
Volume status

# Overview
In medicine, volume status refers to the volume of blood in a patient's circulatory system. This is related to the patient's state of hydration, but is not identical to it. For instance, volume depletion can exist in an adequately hydrated person if there is loss of water into interstitial tissue (e.g. due to hyponatremia or liver failure).

# Clinical assessment

### Volume depletion
Signs of volume depletion (low blood volume) include, in order of severity:
- A fast pulse
- Infrequent urination
- Dry mucous membranes (e.g. a dry tongue)
- Poor capillary refill (e.g. when the patient's fingertip is pressed, the skin turns white, but upon release, the skin does not return to pink as fast as it should)
- Decreased skin turgor (e.g. the skin remains "tented" when it is pinched)
- A weak pulse
- Orthostatic hypotension (dizziness upon standing up from a seated or reclining position, due to a drop in cerebral blood pressure)
- Cool extremities (e.g. cool fingers)

### Volume overload
Signs of volume overload (high blood volume) include:
- An elevated Jugular venous pressure (JVP)

# Pathophysiology

### Volume depletion
The most common cause of volume depletion is diarrhea or vomiting. The other causes are usually divided into renal and extrarenal causes. Renal causes include overuse of diuretics, or trauma or disease of the kidney.  Extrarenal causes include bleeding, burns, and any causes of edema (e.g. congestive heart failure, liver failure, etc.).
Volume depletion is divided into three types based on the blood sodium level:
- Isonatremic (normal blood sodium levels) Example: a child with diarrhea, because both water and sodium are lost in diarrhea.
- Hyponatremic (abnormally low blood sodium levels). Example: a child with diarrhea who has been given tap water to replete diarrheal losses. Water is replenished, but sodium is not, so water flows out of the vasculature into the interstitial tissue.
- Hypernatremic (abnormally high blood sodium levels). Example: a child with diarrhea who has been given salty soup to drink, or insufficiently diluted infant formula. Here sodium has been replenished, but not enough water has been provided with it.

### Volume overload
Volume overload can occur during surgery, if water rather than isotonic saline is used to wash the incision. It can also occur if there is inadequate urination, e.g. with certain kidney diseases.
WAGR syndrome
Synonyms and keywords: WAGR complex; Wilms tumor-aniridia syndrome; aniridia-Wilms tumor syndrome; Wilms tumor - aniridia - genitourinary anomalies - mental retardation

# Overview
WAGR syndrome is a rare genetic syndrome in which affected children are predisposed to develop Wilms tumor (a tumor of the kidneys), Aniridia (absence of the colored part of the eye, the iris), Genitourinary anomalies, and mental Retardation.  The G is sometimes instead given as "gonadoblastoma," since the genitourinary anomalies are tumors of the gonads (testes or ovaries).
A subset of WAGR syndrome patients shows severe childhood obesity; the acronym WAGRO (O for obesity) has been used to describe this category.
The condition results from a deletion on chromosome 11 resulting in the loss of several genes. As such, it is one of the best studied examples of a condition caused by loss of neighbouring (contiguous) genes.

# Historical Perspective
WAGR syndrome was first described by Miller et al.

# Pathophysiology
WAGR syndrome is caused by a mutation on chromosome 11 in the 11p13 region. Specifically, several genes in this area are deleted, including the PAX6 ocular development gene and the Wilms' tumor gene (WT1). Abnormalities in WT1 may also cause genitourinary anomalies. Mutations in the PAX6 gene have recently been shown to not only cause ocular abnormalities, but also problems in the brain and pancreas.

# Diagnosis
Newborn children with WAGR syndrome are soon noted to have aniridia.
The clinical suspicion for WAGR may be increased with the presence of other genital anomalies. It must be noted that genitourinary anomalies are not always present, particularly in girls.
In older children, clinical diagnosis of the syndrome can be made when aniridia and one of the other features are present. It must be noted that while aniridia is rarely absent in WAGR syndrome, cases have been reported without it. Other common eye defects include cataracts and ptosis.
About 50% of patients develop Wilms' tumor.
Females with WAGR syndrome may have streak ovaries, which can increase their risk for gonadoblastoma. Malformations of the vagina and/or uterus may also be present.
Chromosomal analysis is necessary for definitive diagnosis.

# Treatment
Children with WAGR syndrome receive regular (3-4 monthly) kidney surveillance for Wilm's tumour until at least the age of 68 years and thereafter remain under some follow-up because of the risk of late onset nephropathy (40% of patients over the age of 12 years).
WARG syndrome
WAGR syndrome is a rare genetic syndrome in which affected children are predisposed to develop Wilms tumour (a tumour of the kidneys), Aniridia (absence of the coloured part of the eye, the iris), Genitourinary anomalies, and Retardation.  The G is sometimes instead given as "gonadoblastoma," since the genitourinary anomalies are tumours of the gonads (testes or ovaries).
A subset of WAGR syndrome patients shows severe childhood obesity; the acronym WAGRO (O for obesity) has been used to describe this category.
The condition results from a deletion on chromosome 11 resulting in the loss of several genes. As such, it is one of the best studied examples of a condition caused by loss of neighbouring (contiguous) genes.

# Synonyms
WAGR complex, Wilms tumour-aniridia syndrome, aniridia-Wilms tumour syndrome.

# Clinical features and diagnosis
Newborn children with WAGR syndrome are soon noted to have aniridia. The clinical suspicion for WAGR may be increased with the presence of other genital anomalies, though genitourinary anomalies are not always present, particularly in girls.
In older children, clinical diagnosis of the syndrome can be made when aniridia and one of the other features are present. While aniridia is rarely absent in WAGR syndrome, cases have been reported without it. Chromosomal analysis is necessary for definitive diagnosis. Other common eye defects include cataracts and ptosis. About 50% of patients develop Wilms' tumour.

# Treatment
Children with WAGR syndrome receive regular (3-4 monthly) kidney surveillance for Wilms' tumour until at least the age of 68 years and thereafter remain under some follow-up because of the risk of late onset nephropathy (40% of patients over the age of 12 years). Females with WAGR syndrome may have streak ovaries, which can increase the risk for gonadoblastoma. Malformations of the vagina and/or uterus may also be present.

# Disease mechanism
WAGR syndrome is caused by a mutation on chromosome 11 in the 11p13 region. Specifically, several genes in this area are deleted, including the PAX6 ocular development gene and the Wilms' tumour gene (WT1). Abnormalities in WT1 may also cause genitourinary anomalies. Mutations in the PAX6 gene have recently been shown to not only cause ocular abnormalities, but also problems in the brain and pancreas.
The gene for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), located on 11p14.1, has been proposed as a candidate gene for the obesity and excessive eating in a subset of WAGR patients. This strengthens the case for a role for BDNF in energy balance.

# History
WAGR syndrome was first described by Miller et al. in 1964.
WHIM syndrome
WHIM Syndrome (or Wart, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infection, and Myelokathexis syndrome) is a rare congenital immunodeficiency disorder characterized by chronic noncyclic neutropenia.

# Diagnosis
Patients exhibit increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections, especially from common serotype human papilloma virus, resulting in warts on the hands and feet starting in childhood. Myelokathexis refers to retention (kathexis) of neutrophils in the bone marrow (myelo). In addition, lymphocytes and antibody levels (gammaglobulins) are often deficient.

# Pathophysiology
WHIM syndrome results from autosomal dominant mutations in the gene for the chemokine receptor, CXCR4, resulting in a carboxy-terminus truncation of the receptor of between ten and 19 residues. The gene mutant is located on 2q21. WHIM syndrome is one of only a few diseases directly and primarily caused by an aberrant chemokine, making its molecular biology important in understanding the role of cell signaling and trafficking.
Wart overview

# Overview
A wart is generally a small, rough tumor, typically on hands and feet, that can resemble a cauliflower or a solid blister.  Warts are common, and are caused by a viral infection, specifically by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and are contagious when in contact with the skin of another. It is also possible to get warts from using towels or other objects. They typically disappear after a few months but can last for years and can reoccur. A few papilloma viruses are known to cause cervical cancer.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
The typical wart is a raised round or oval growth on the skin with a rough surface. Compared with the surrounding normal skin, warts may appear light, dark, or black (rare). Most adults are familiar with the look of a typical wart and have little trouble recognizing it. Unusual warts with smooth surfaces or flat warts in children may be more difficult for parents to recognize.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
Some warts will disappear without treatment, although it can sometimes take a couple of years. Treated or not, warts that go away often reappear. All warts can spread from one part of the body to another. Unsightly or painful warts can be treated. Warts around and under the nails are much more difficult to cure than warts in other places.

## Primary Prevention
Avoiding direct skin contact with a wart on someone can contribute to preventing the infection.
Yo-yo dieting
Synonyms and keywords: yo-yo effect; weight cycling

# Overview
The term "yo-yo dieting" was coined by Kelly D. Brownell at Yale University, in reference to the cyclical up-down motion of a yo-yo.  In this process, the dieter is initially successful in the pursuit of weight loss but is unsuccessful in maintaining the loss long-term and begins to gain the weight back. The dieter then seeks to lose the regained weight, and the cycle begins again.

# Causes
The reasons for yo-yo dieting are varied but often include embarking upon a hypocaloric diet that was initially too extreme. At first the dieter may experience elation at the thought of loss and pride of their rejection of food. Over time, however, the limits imposed by such extreme diets cause effects such as depression or fatigue that make the diet impossible to sustain. Ultimately, the dieter reverts to their old eating habits, now with the added emotional effects of failing to lose weight by restrictive diet. Such an emotional state leads many people to eating more than they would have before dieting, causing them to rapidly regain weight.

# Effects on health
This kind of diet is associated with extreme food deprivation as a substitute for good diet and exercise techniques. As a result, the dieter may experience loss of both muscle and body fat during the initial weight-loss phase (weight-bearing exercise is required to maintain muscle). After completing the diet, the dieter is likely to experience the body's starvation response, leading to rapid weight gain of only fat. This is a cycle that changes the body's fat-to-muscle ratio, one of the more important factors in health. One study in rats showed those made to yo-yo diet were more efficient at gaining weight. However, as of 1994, the research compiled by Atkinson et al. (1994) showed that there are no adverse effects of weight cycling on body composition, resting metabolic rate, body fat distribution, or future successful weight loss, and that there is not enough evidence to show risk factors for cardiovascular disease being directly dependent on cyclical dieting patterns. Yo-yo dieting can have extreme emotional and physical ramifications due to the stress that someone puts on themselves to lose weight quickly. The instant gratification of losing the weight eventually gives way to old eating habits that cause weight gain and emotional distress.
Since there is no single definition of weight cycling  can be endorsed, it is almost impossible for research to draw specific conclusions about the actual effects of cyclical dieting, until it becomes more definitely defined.
Wellbutrin SR
Synonyms / Brand Names: Wellbatrin, Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL, Zyban, Bupropion Hcl, Amfebutamone

# Dosing and Administration
The usual adult target dose for WELLBUTRIN SR Tablets is 300 mg/day,
given as 150 mg twice daily. Dosing with WELLBUTRIN SR Tablets should begin at
150 mg/day given as a single daily dose in the morning. If the 150-mg initial dose is adequately
tolerated, an increase to the 300-mg/day target dose, given as 150 mg twice daily, may be made as early as day 4 of dosing. There should be an interval of at least 8 hours between successive
doses
For more information on Dosing please refer to Instructions for Administration
FDA Package Insert Resources
Indications, Contraindications, Side Effects, Drug Interactions, etc.
Calculate Creatine Clearance
On line calculator of your patients Cr Cl by a variety of formulas.
Convert pounds to Kilograms
On line calculator of your patients weight in pounds to Kg for dosing estimates.
 Publication Resources
Recent articles, WikiDoc State of the Art Review, Textbook Information
Trial Resources
Ongoing Trials, Trial Results
Guidelines & Evidence Based Medicine Resources
US National Guidelines, Cochrane Collaboration, etc.
Media Resources
Slides, Video, Images, MP3, Podcasts, etc.
Patient Resources
Discussion Groups, Handouts, Blogs, News, etc.
International Resources
en Espanol

# FDA Package Insert Resources
Indications
Contraindications
Side Effects
Drug Interactions
Precautions
Overdose
Instructions for Administration
How Supplied
Pharmacokinetics and Molecular Data
FDA label
FDA on Wellbutrin SR
Return to top

# Publication Resources
Most Recent Articles on Wellbutrin SR
Review Articles on Wellbutrin SR
Articles on Wellbutrin SR in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
WikiDoc State of the Art Review
Textbook Information on Wellbutrin SR
Return to top

# Trial Resources
Ongoing Trials with Wellbutrin SR at Clinical Trials.gov
Trial Results with Wellbutrin SR
Return to top

# Guidelines & Evidence Based Medicine Resources
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Wellbutrin SR
Cochrane Collaboration on Wellbutrin SR
Cost Effectiveness of Wellbutrin SR
Return to top

# Media Resources
Powerpoint Slides on Wellbutrin SR
Images of Wellbutrin SR
Podcasts & MP3s on Wellbutrin SR
Videos on Wellbutrin SR
Return to top

# Patient Resources
Patient Information from National Library of Medicine
Patient Resources on Wellbutrin SR
Discussion Groups on Wellbutrin SR
Patient Handouts on Wellbutrin SR
Blogs on Wellbutrin SR
Wellbutrin SR in the News
Wellbutrin SR in the Marketplace
Return to top

# International Resources
Wellbutrin SR en Espanol
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Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Western Larch
Western Larch (Larix occidentalis) is a species of larch native to the mountains of western North America, in Canada in southeastern British Columbia and southwestern Alberta, and in the United States in eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, northern Idaho and western Montana.
It is a large deciduous coniferous tree reaching 30-60 m tall, with a trunk up to 1.5 m diameter. The crown is narrow conic; the main branches are level to upswept, with the side branches often drooping. The shoots are dimorphic, with growth divided into long shoots (typically 10-50 cm long) and bearing several buds, and short shoots only 1-2 mm long with only a single bud. The leaves are needle-like, light green, 2-5 cm long, and very slender; they turn bright yellow in the fall, leaving the pale orange-brown shoots bare until the next spring.
The cones are ovoid-cylindric, 2-5 cm long, with 40-80 seed scales; each scale bearing an exserted 4-8 mm bract. The cones are red when immature, turning brown and the scales opening flat or reflexed to release the seeds when mature, 4-6 months after pollination. The old cones commonly remain on the tree for many years, turning dull gray-black.
It grows at 500-2,400 m altitude, and is very cold tolerant, able to survive winter temperatures down to about 50 C. It only grows on well-drained soils, avoiding waterlogged ground.
The seeds are an important food for some birds, notably Pine Siskin, Common Redpoll and White-winged Crossbill.

## Uses
The wood is tough and durable, but also flexible in thin strips, and is particularly valued for yacht building; wood used for this must be free of knots, and can only be obtained from old trees that were pruned when young to remove side branches. Small larch poles are widely used for rustic fencing.
Western Larch is used for the production of Venice turpentine.
The wood is highly prized as firewood in the Pacific Northwest where it is commonly called "Tamarack," although it is a different species than the Tamarack Larch. The wood burns with a sweet fragrance and a distinctive popping noise.
Indigenous peoples used to chew gum produced from the tree as well as eat the cambium and sap.

# References and external links
- Template:IUCN2006
- Gymnosperm Database: Larix occidentalis
- Flora of North America: Larix occidentalis
- USDA Plants Profile: Larix occidentalis
-  Turner, Nancy J. Food Plants of Interior First Peoples (Victoria: UBC Press, 1997) ISBN 0-7748-0606-0
- Tree with fall colors
Tree with fall colors
- Leaves and immature cones in spring
Leaves and immature cones in spring
de:Westamerikanische Larche
White Mustard
White mustard (Sinapis alba) is an annual plant of the family Cruciferae. It is sometimes also referred to as Brassica alba or B hirta or yellow mustard. Grown for its seeds, mustard, as fodder crop or as a green manure, it is now wide spread worldwide although it probably originated in the Mediterranean region.

# Culinary uses
The yellow flowers of the plant produce hairy seed pods, with each pod containing roughly a half dozen seeds.  These seeds are harvested just prior to the pods becoming ripe and bursting.
White mustard seeds are hard round seeds, usually around 1 or 2 millimeter in diameter, with a color ranging from beige or yellow to light brown.  They can be used whole for pickling or toasted for use in dishes.  When ground and mixed with other ingredients, a paste or more standard condiment can be produced.
The seeds contain sinalbin, which is a thioglycoside responsible for their pungent taste.  White mustard has fewer volatile oils and the flavor is considered to be milder than that produced by black mustard seeds.
Xerophthalmia

# Overview
Xerophthalmia (Greek for dry eyes) is a  medical condition in which the eye fails to produce tears. It may be caused by a deficiency in vitamin A and is sometimes used to describe that lack, although there may be other causes.

# Pathophysiology
Xerophthalmia results from inadequate function of the lacrimal glands which produce tears.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Xerophthalmia is a term that usually implies a destructive dryness of the conjunctival epithelium due to dietary vitamin A deficiency  a rare condition in developed countries, but still causing much damage in developing countries.

# Causes
Xerophthalmia can be associated with systemic diseases such as Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis,  scleroderma, sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, and hypothyroidism; deficiency of vitamin A; and the use of some medications including antihistamines, nasal decongestants, tranquilizers, and anti-depressant drugs.  When xerophthalmia is due to vitamin A deficiency, the condition begins with night blindness and conjunctival xerosis (dryness of the eye membranes) and progresses to corneal xerosis (dryness of the cornea), and, in the late stages, to keratomalacia (softening of the cornea).  Other forms of dry eye are associated with aging, poor lid closure, scarring from previous injury, or autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and these can all cause chronic conjunctivitis.

# Treatment
The treatment depends on the cause. Artificial tears, which lubricate the eye, are the principal symptomatic treatment for dry eye. They are available over-the-counter as eye drops. Using humidifiers, wearing wrap-around glasses when outside, and avoiding outside windy and dry conditions may bring relief. For people with severe cases of dry eye, temporary or permanent closure of the tear drain (small openings at the inner corner of the eyelids where tears drain from the eye) may be helpful. Also known as conjunctivitis arida.
Yaws overview

# Overview
Yaws is a tropical infection of the skin, bones and joints caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pertenue. Other treponematosis diseases are bejel (Treponema endemicum), pinta (Treponema carateum), syphilis (Treponema pallidum), and Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi).

# Causes
Yaws is an infection caused by the spiral-shaped bacteria, Treponema pallidum, subspecies pertenue. It is closely related to the bacterium that causes syphilis, but this disease is not sexually transmitted.

# Diagnosis

## Laboratory Findings
A sample from a skin sore is examined under a special type of microscope called darkfield examination. There is no blood test for yaws. However, the blood test for syphilis is usually positive in people with yaws because the bacteria that cause these two conditions are closely related.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
Treatment involves a single dose of one type of penicillin, or 3 weekly doses for later stage disease. It is rare for the disease to return. Anyone who lives in the same house with someone who is infected should be examined for yaws and treated if they are infected.