Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Viramidine
Viramidine (ICN 3142, also known as taribavirin) is an anti-viral drug in Phase III human trials, but not yet approved for pharmaceutical use. It is a prodrug of ribavirin, active against a number of DNA and RNA viruses. Viramidine has better liver-targeting than ribavirin, and has a shorter life in the body due to less penetration and storage in red blood cells. It is expected eventually to be the drug of choice for viral hepatitis syndromes in which ribavirin is active. These include hepatitis C and perhaps also hepatitis B and yellow fever.
Viramidine is as active against influenza as ribavirin in animal models, with slightly less toxicity, so it may also eventually replace ribavirin as an anti-influenza agent.
Viramidine is being developed by Valeant Pharmaceuticals International, the parent company of Ribapharm, the company which first reported synthesis and testing of the drug in 1973. Valeant is testing the drug as a treatment for chronic hepatitis C.
Note on formulas: The carboxamidine group of this molecule is somewhat basic, and therefore this drug is also known and administered as the hydrochloride salt (with a corresponding .HCl chemical formula and different ChemID / PubChem number). At physiologic pH, the positive charge on the molecule from partial protonation of the carboximide group contributes to the relative slowness with which the drug crosses cell membranes (such as in red blood cells) until it has been metabolized into ribavirin. In the liver, however, the transformation from carboxamidine to carboxamide happens on first-pass metabolism and contributes to the higher levels of ribavirin found in liver cells and bile when viramidine is administered.
W:MeSH/doc

# Notes on use
The MeSH template helps markup links to /, the U.S. National Library of Medicine (part of National Institutes of Health).

## Parameters
- OPTIONAL- the MeSH term.
- This is obtained by searching . A search plugin for FireFox, Internet Explorer 7+, and other browsers that use the OpenSearch standard is available at /.
- If no MeSH term is specified, the page name is used.

## Examples

### Articles
This template may be used within a ref tag when using the scope note field of the MeSH term to define the term at the start of an article. If this is done, be sure that the page name is either a valid MeSH term or a MeSH entry term.
Example from the article Diabetes insipidus:
Example from the article Syncope:

### Definitions
When using MeSH terms for definitions, it is best to state the source only on the bottom of the definition page itself and not to transclude it onto the Related Articles pages which display the definition. For an example, see Amnesia/Definition, which the {{r}} template displays as:
This is achieved in the following way, using the {{DefMeSH}} template:

# MeSH URLs
This template configures the url for: =>>
Web colors

# Overview
Here are some colors that you should be able to reference directly by Color Name, rather than having to put in an obscure Hexacode.

# Understanding WebSafe Colors: The Color Palette Used on WikiDoc:
A number of colors are defined by web browsers such as Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox. A particular browser may not recognize all of these colors, but as of 2005 all modern general-use browsers support the full list. Many of these colors are from the list of X11 color names distributed with the X Window System. ... The complete list of web X11 colors from the CSS3 specification, along with their hexadecimal equivalents, are listed below. For an alphabetical list and the original reference, see #x11-color. However, according to w3schools.com, there are only 16 color names supported by the W3C - aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white, and yellow - and you should use the hexadecimal color values for anything else.
Why this Table has been copied from Wikipedia: All of these color words should be safe to use on the wikidoc. If one of these colors does not appear (the colorbox looks white instead of colored), please STRIKETHROUGH the color name and write "broken" in the colorbox, as shown in the first example in the Table. Thanks!

# X11 Color Names
Wheelbench
A wheelbench is a wheeled mobility device in which the user lies down. The device is propelled manually. The user pushes the wheels with their hands in the same manner as propelling a wheelchair or the wheelbench can be moved by a second person pulling or pushing it by the handles. 
A wheelbench is constructed  in a similar way to a wheelchair, except that it has a stretcher on the top instead of a seat. A wheelbench is collapsible, just like a wheelchair.
Wheelbenches are used by people for whom both sitting and walking is difficult or impossible. The term sitting disability is used to describe a condition in which sitting is difficult, painful and perhaps medically injurious and which may be due to illness, injury, or other disability. A notable symptom of sitting disability is severe back pain. While mobility impairment is widely recognised, sitting disability is rarely mentioned in research or legal documents. Hence, wheelbenches are not as well known to society as wheelchairs.
A wheelbench has some resemblance to a hospital gurney or wheel chair. The difference is that the gurney is primarily made to move patients around in a hospital and is less comfortable for long distances or outdoors. A wheelbench has bigger wheels, just like a wheelchair.
Wheelbenches are usually produced by companies producing wheelchairs.

# Access for wheelbenches
During the last decades it has been a political objective of the Western world to ensure full equality and active participation for persons with disabilities. Volunteer organizations  that represent people with back pain, have worked hard to gain equal access for people with sitting disability by integrating Universal design into society. Public buildings are asked to be made accessible, with room for wheelbenches in elevators, doors and hallways. Large chrome wheels and flashy paint jobs set some wheelbenches apart.
Wild thyme
Wild Thyme or Creeping Thyme (Thymus serpyllum) is a species of thyme native to most of Europe and North Africa. It is a low, usually prostrate subshrub growing to 2 cm tall with creeping stems up to 10 cm long, with oval evergreen leaves 3-8 mm long. The strongly scented flowers are either lilac, pink-purple, magenta, or a rare white, all 4-6 mm long and produced in clusters. The hardy plant tolerates some pedestrian traffic and produces odors ranging from heavily herbal to lightly lemon, depending on the plant.

# Uses
It is a source of oil of Serpolet by distillation, and is used in herbal medicine. The dried leaves are used for an herbal tea throughout Europe and the States.
It is an important nectar source plant for honeybees as well as the large blue butterfly which feeds exclusively on wild thyme. All thyme species are nectar sources, but wild thyme covers large areas of droughty, rocky soils in southern Europe. Croatia, Greece, North Africa, Malta, the Berkshire Mountains and Catskill Mountains of the northeastern United States, and New Zealand are especially famous for wild thyme honey.  See also: Monofloral honey
Wolf's Law
Wolff's law is a theory developed by the German Anatomist/Surgeon Julius Wolff (1836-1902) in the 19th century that states that bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads it is placed under. If loading on a particular bone increases, the bone will remodel itself over time to become stronger to resist that sort of loading.The external cortical portion of the bone becomes thicker as a result. The converse is true as well: if the loading on a bone decreases, the bone will become weaker due to turnover, it is less metabolically costly to maintain and there is no stimulus for continued remodeling that is required to maintain bone mass.

# Associated laws
In relation to soft tissue, Davis's Law explains how soft tissue remolds itself according to imposed demands.

# Examples
- The racquet-holding arm bones of tennis players become much stronger than those of the other arm. Their bodies have strengthened the bones in their racquet-holding arm since it is routinely placed under higher than normal stresses.
- Surfers who knee-paddle frequently will develop bone bumps, aka exostoses, on the tibial eminence and the dorsal part of the navicular tarsal bone from the pressure of the surfboard's surface.  These are often called "surf knots."
- Astronauts who spend a long time in space will often return to Earth with weaker bones, since gravity hasn't been exerting a load on their bones. Their bodies have reabsorbed much of the mineral that was previously in their bones.
- Weightlifters often display increases in bone density in response to their training.
- Martial artists who punch or kick objects with increasing intensity (or of increasing hardness) to develop striking power to damage opponents, often display increases in bone density in the striking area. Others may do this specifically to reduce pain response in the nerve endings of the striking tissue and to increase the bone density. Due to the ballistic and inconsistent nature of striking practise, load-bearing exercises are generally a safer form of measurable progression for increases in both bone and muscle strength.
Many fighters will do things like knuckle push-ups as a form of conditioning, for example, so the impacts of strikes are only supplementary conditioning, as ideally in both sparring and striking practise as well as competitive contest your body should not be experiencing adequate stress for microtrauma adaptation. This is so the body can solely focus on technique and nervous recruitment and not tissue adaptation which can be distracting. Not including supplementary exercise does however guarantee that the body will not over-adapt and develop toughness specifically in response to training demands, which can be a factor for those concerned with making weight, and not wanting to develop bone or muscle weight they may not need for contest.
Xenobiotic

# Overview
A xenobiotic is a chemical which is found in an organism but which is not normally produced or expected to be present in it.  It can also cover substances which are present in much higher concentrations than are usual. Specifically, drugs such as antibiotics are xenobiotics in humans because the human body does not produce them itself nor would they be expected to be present as part of a normal diet. However, the term is also used in the context of pollutants such as dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls and their effect on the biota. Natural compounds can also become xenobiotics if they are taken up by another organism (e.g., uptake of natural human hormones by fish found downstream of sewage treatment plant outfalls).

# Xenobiotic metabolism
The body removes xenobiotics by xenobiotic metabolism. This consists of the deactivation and the secretion of xenobiotics, and happens mostly in the liver. Secretion routes are urine, feces, breath, and sweat. Hepatic enzymes are responsible for the metabolism of xenobiotics by first activating them (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis and/or hydration of the xenobiotic), and then conjugating the active secondary metabolite with glucuronic or sulphuric acid, or glutathione, followed by excretion in bile or urine. An example of a group of enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism is hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450. These enzymes that metabolize xenobiotics are very important for the pharmaceutical industry, because they are responsible for the breakdown of medications.

# Xenobiotics in the environment
Xenobiotic substances are becoming an increasingly large problem in Sewage Treatment systems, since they are relatively new substances and are very difficult to categorize.  Antibiotics, for example, were derived from plants originally, and so mimic naturally occurring substances.  This, along with the natural monopoly nature of municipal Waste Water Treatment Plants makes it nearly impossible to remove this new pollutant load.
Some xenobiotics are resistant to degradation. For example, they may be synthetic organochlorides such as plastics and pesticides, or naturally occurring organic chemicals such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and some fractions of crude oil and coal. However, it is believed that microorganisms are capable of degrading all the different complex and resistant xenobiotics found on the earth.

# Inter-species organ transplantation
The term xenobiotic is also used to refer to organs transplanted from one species 
to another. For example, some researchers hope that hearts and other organs could be transplanted from pigs to humans. Many people die every year whose lives could have been saved if a critical organ had been available for transplant. Kidneys are
currently the most commonly transplanted organ. Xenobiotic organs would need to be developed in such a way that they would not be rejected by the immune system. With the development of vitrification transplantable organs could be stored in organ banks
for long periods.
Xyloglucan
Xyloglucan is the main hemicellulose in the primary cell wall of dicotyledonous plants. Xyloglucan links cellulose microfibrils together, as well as avoid their adhesion and allow controlled creep.

# Chemistry
Xyloglucan has a cellulosic semirigid backbone of 14-linked glucose residues that are substituted with a variety of 1-6 flexibly linked glycosidic sidechains. The most common sidechain is a single xylose residue, but longer sidechains that include the sugars galactose and fucose are also common.

# Biosynthesis
Xyloglucan is synthesised in Golgi trans cisternae and in the trans Golgi network (TGN) and is transported to the cell membrane by vesicles, where it is expelled and adsorbs on nascent cellulosic microfibrils .
Yellowroot
The Yellowroot (Xanthorhiza simplicissima, syn. X. apiifolia) is the only member of the genus Xanthorhiza, and one of very few genera in the family Ranunculaceae with a woody stem (the other notable example being Clematis). It is native to the eastern United States from Maine south to northern Florida and west to Ohio and eastern Texas.
The genus name as well as the common name refer to the plant's yellow roots (xantho- meaning "yellow" and rhiza meaning "root"), which was used to produce a yellow dye by Native Americans. The species name refers to the simple (not branched) root.
In the wild, it grows on the edges of streams in sandy soil under a canopy of dappled sunlight. In cultivation, it is often provided with more sunlight so that the fall colors are more vivid. It is a subshrub, reaching 20-70 cm (rarely 90 cm) in height, with stems up to 6 mm diameter. The leaves are spirally arranged, 10-18 cm long, each divided into 5 toothed leaflets, and flowers emerge only from the upper portion of the unbranched stem. The flowers are produced in broad panicles 6-20 cm long, each flower small, star-shaped, reddish brown to purple brown, with five petals.
Yellowroot propagates asexually by sending out many underground runners, and it reproduces sexually with seeds.
Yellowroot is considered an endangered species in Florida.

## Cultivation and uses
It is cultivated for the stunning fall color, which is a dark red to purple, and lasts for months.
While yellowroot is toxic in large doses, a reason why deer do not eat it, it has been used to adulterate or as a substitute for Hydrastis canadensis. Native Americans made a tea and drank it for ulcers in the mouth and in the stomach. It may have also been used as a tonic, and externally on sores. Native Americans also used it to treat various skin ailments. According to Foster & Duke (1998), the plant contains berberine which is anti-inflammatory, astringent, hemostatic, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, immunostimulant, uterotonic and can produce a transient drop in blood pressure. In addition it stimulates the secretion of bile and bilirubin which may be helpful in cirrhosis of the liver.

# References and external links
- Flora of North America: Xanthorhiza simplicissima
- Description with a picture of the fall colors
- site with a picture of the root
- Medicinal uses
- Foster, S. & Duke, J. A. (1998). Field Guide to Medicinal Plants: Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-92066-3.
Yves Morin
Yves Morin (born November 28, 1929) is a Canadian cardiologist, physician, scientist, and former Senator.
Born in Quebec City, Quebec, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1948 and a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1953 from the Universite Laval.
He was Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at Universite Laval.
In 2001, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada representing the senatorial division of Lauzon, Quebec. A Liberal, he served until his mandatory retirement on his 75th birthday in 2004.
In 1990, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for having "a major influence on the training of a generation of doctors".  In 1995, he was made an Officer of the National Order of Quebec.
Zaspopathy

# Overview
Zaspopathy, also called ZASP-related myofibril myopathy, is a novel autosomal dominant form of progressive muscular dystrophy, first described in 2005.
The disease encompasses multiple forms of both distal and proximal myopathies, and is caused by mutations in the gene referred to as ZASP.

# Pathophysiology
The ZASP gene is located at chromosome 10, and encodes a so-called Z-disk-associated protein.
Mutation in this protein causes disintergration of the Z-disk of contractile elements (myofibrils) in muscle cells.
Mutations of several other Z-disk related proteins, such as desmin, alfa-B-crystallin and myotilin can cause disorders similar to zaspopathy.
Zeaxanthin
Zeaxanthin is one of the two carotenoids contained within the 
retina.
Within the central macula, zeaxanthin is the dominant component,
whereas in the peripheral retina, lutein predominates.
Lutein and zeaxanthin have identical chemical formulas and are isomers, but 
they are not stereoisomers.
The main difference between them is in the location of a double bond in one of the end rings.
This difference gives lutein three chiral centers whereas zeaxanthin has two.
As a food additive, zeaxanthin is a food dye with E number E161h.

# Isomers
Because of symmetry, the (3R,3'S) and (3S,3'R) stereoisomers of zeaxanthin are identical. Therefore, zeaxanthin has only three stereoisomeric forms. The (3R,3'S) stereoisomer is called meso-zeaxanthin.
The principal natural form of zeaxanthin is (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin.
The macula mainly contains the (3R,3'R)- and meso-zeaxanthin forms, but it also contains much smaller amounts of the third (3S,3'S) form.

# Relationship with diseases of the eye
There is epidemiological evidence of a relationship between low plasma concentrations of
lutein and zeaxanthin on the one hand, and the risk of developing 
age-related macular degeneration (AMD) on the other.
Some studies support the view that supplemental lutein and/or zeaxanthin
help protect against AMD.
There is also epidemiological evidence that increasing lutein and zeaxanthin intake 
lowers the risk of cataract development.
On September 10, 2007,  in a 6-year study, researchers, led by John Paul SanGiovanni of the National Eye Institute, Maryland found that Lutein and zeaxanthin (nutrients in eggs, spinach and other green vegetables) protect against blindness (macular degeneration), affecting 1.2 million Americans, mostly after age 65. Lutein and zeaxanthin reduce the risk of AMD (journal Archives of Ophthalmology). Foods considered good sources of the nutrients also include kale, turnip greens, collard greens, romaine lettuce, broccoli, zucchini, corn, garden peas and Brussels sprouts.

# Natural occurrence
Zeaxanthin is one of the most common carotenoid alcohols found in nature. It is the pigment that gives corn, saffron, and many other plants their characteristic color.  Zeaxanthin breaks down to form picrocrocin and safranal, which are responsible for the taste and aroma of saffron.
Zestoretic
Synonyms / Brand Names:

# Dosing and Administration
Lisinopril monotherapy is an effective treatment of hypertension in once-daily doses of 10-80 mg, while hydrochlorothiazide monotherapy is effective in doses of 12.5-50 mg per day. In clinical trials of lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy using
lisinopril doses of 10-80 mg and hydrochlorothiazide doses of 6.25-50 mg, the antihypertensive response rates generally increased with increasing dose of either component.
For further information please refer to Instructions for administration
FDA Package Insert Resources
Indications, Contraindications, Side Effects, Drug Interactions, etc.
Calculate Creatine Clearance
On line calculator of your patients Cr Cl by a variety of formulas.
Convert pounds to Kilograms
On line calculator of your patients weight in pounds to Kg for dosing estimates.
 Publication Resources
Recent articles, WikiDoc State of the Art Review, Textbook Information
Trial Resources
Ongoing Trials, Trial Results
Guidelines & Evidence Based Medicine Resources
US National Guidelines, Cochrane Collaboration, etc.
Media Resources
Slides, Video, Images, MP3, Podcasts, etc.
Patient Resources
Discussion Groups, Handouts, Blogs, News, etc.
International Resources
en Espanol

# FDA Package Insert Resources
Indications
Contraindications
Side Effects
Drug Interactions
Precautions
Overdose
Instructions for Administration
How Supplied
Pharmacokinetics and Molecular Data
FDA label
FDA on Zestoretic
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# Publication Resources
Most Recent Articles on Zestoretic
Review Articles on Zestoretic
Articles on Zestoretic in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
WikiDoc State of the Art Review
Textbook Information on Zestoretic
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# Trial Resources
Ongoing Trials with Zestoretic at Clinical Trials.gov
Trial Results with Zestoretic
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# Guidelines & Evidence Based Medicine Resources
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Zestoretic
Cochrane Collaboration on Zestoretic
Cost Effectiveness of Zestoretic
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# Media Resources
Powerpoint Slides on Zestoretic
Images of Zestoretic
Podcasts & MP3s on Zestoretic
Videos on Zestoretic
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# Patient Resources
Patient Information from National Library of Medicine
Patient Resources on Zestoretic
Discussion Groups on Zestoretic
Patient Handouts on Zestoretic
Blogs on Zestoretic
Zestoretic in the News
Zestoretic in the Marketplace
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# International Resources
Zestoretic en Espanol
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Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.