Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Neuropilin
Neuropilin is a protein receptor active in neurons.
There are two forms of Neuropilins, NRP-1 and NRP-2.  They are transmembrane glycoproteins, and predominantly co-receptors for another class of proteins known as semaphorins.  Of the semaphorins, NRP-1 and NRP-2 are specifically receptors for class-3 semaphorins, which, among many things, are responsible for axon guidance during the development of the nervous system in vertebrates.
Neuropilins work as co-receptors as they have a very small cytoplasmic domain and thus rely upon other molecules (normally plexins) to transduce their signals across a cell membrane. Neuropilins generally work as dimers and different combinations have different affinities for molecules.  For example, NRP-1 homodimers have high affinity for Sema3A, whilst NRP-2 homodimers have high affinity for Sema3F. Another ligand for neuropilins is VEGF, a growth factor involved in the regulation of angiogenesis.
The pleiotropic nature of the NRP receptors results in their involvement in multiple signalling pathways, such as axon guidance and angiogenesis, the immune response and remyelination.

# Applications
Neuropilin-1 is a therapeutic target protein in the treatment for leukemia and lymphoma, since It has been shown that there is increased expression in neuropilin-1 in leukemia and lymphoma cell lines. Also, antagonism of neuropilin-1 has been found to inhibit tumour cell migration and adhesion.

# Structure
Neuropilins contain the following four domains:
- N-terminal CUB domain (for complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, Bmp1)
- Coagulation factor 5/8 type, C-terminal (discoidin domain)
- MAM domain (for meprin, A-5 protein, and receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase mu)
- C-terminal neuropilin
The structure of B1 domain (coagulation factor 5/8 type) of neuropilin-1 was determined through X-Ray Diffraction with a resolution of 2.90 A. The secondary structure of this domain is 5% alpha helical and 46% beta sheet.
Ramachandran plot.
BMF (gene)
Bcl-2-modifying factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMF gene.
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the BCL2 protein family. BCL2 family members form hetero- or homodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities. This protein contains a single BCL2 homology domain 3 (BH3), and has been shown to bind BCL2 proteins and function as an apoptotic activator. This protein is found to be sequestered to myosin V motors by its association with dynein light chain 2, which may be important for sensing intracellular damage and triggering apoptosis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.

# Interactions
BMF (gene) has been shown to interact with Bcl-2 and DYNLL2.
B symptoms

# Overview
B symptoms refer to systemic symptoms of fever, night sweats, and weight loss which can be associated with both Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The presence or absence of B symptoms has prognostic significance and is reflected in the staging of these lymphomas.

# Description and nomenclature
B symptoms are so called because lymphoma staging includes both a number (I-IV) and a letter (A or B). "A" indicates the absence of systemic symptoms, while "B" indicates their presence.
B symptoms include:
- Fever greater than 38C. Pel-Ebstein fever, the classic intermittent fever associated with Hodgkin disease, occurs at variable intervals of days to weeks and lasts for 1-2 weeks before resolving. However, fever associated with lymphoma can follow virtually any pattern.
- Drenching sweats, especially at night.
- Unintentional weight loss of >10% of normal body weight over a period of 6 months or less.

# Prognostic importance
The presence of B symptoms is a marker for more advanced disease with systemic, rather than merely local, involvement. B symptoms are a clear negative prognostic factor in Hodgkin lymphoma. The relevance of B symptoms in non-Hodgkin lymphoma is less clear, although here also B symptoms tend to correlate with disease that is either more widespread or of a higher histologic grade.

## Relative importance of specific B symptoms
It has been suggested that, in Hodgkin lymphoma, fever and weight loss are much more prognostically significant than night sweats. In one series of patients with early-stage Hodgkin disease, the presence or absence of night sweats had no impact on cure rates and outcome. However, fever and weight loss had a pronounced negative impact on cure and survival rates, regardless of treatment modality.

# "B symptoms" in other diseases
Similar systemic symptoms can be found in non-cancerous states such as tuberculosis and various inflammatory or rheumatologic conditions. In these settings, the term "B symptoms" is sometimes colloquially applied to refer to such systemic or constitutional symptoms. However, in a pure sense, the term "B symptoms" is restricted to lymphoma staging.
Back brace

# Overview
A back brace is a device designed to limit the motion of the spine in cases of fracture or in post-operative fusions. Limiting the motion of the spine enhances the healing process and minimizes the patient's discomfort.
Common brack braces include:
- Rigid braces : These braces are form-fitting plastic molds that restrict motion by as much as 50%; and
- Corset braces : Elastic braces that limit forward motion of the spine and assist in setting spinal fusions or supporting the spine during occasions of stress (for example, employment requiring the lifting of heavy loads).

# Bracing for scoliosis
Back braces are also commonly prescribed to treat adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, as they may stop the progression of spinal curvature in a growing child.
There are several types of back braces commonly used to treat adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.  Each of these braces is a rigid brace that works by putting pressure on an existing curvature to prevent its progression. Some of these devices are custom measured or cast by an orthotist or within a clinical team. Normally some type of protective layer, such as a tank top or white T-shirt, are worn underneath the brace to prevent blistering and skin burns.
- The most commonly used brace is the Boston, made of molded plastic and generally worn under clothing.  The brace can be removed for sport activities but is typically worn at all other times.
- The Cervico-Thoraco-Lumbo-Sacral Orthosis brace (also known as a Milwaukee brace) is similar to the Boston brace in construction and use.  It includes a neck ring attached to the body of the brace to support the cervical spine.
- The Charleston brace is worn while sleeping.  This brace is typically molded to a patient bent to the side, which increases the pressure on the curvature.  Studies have shown that the Charleston nighttime brace is as effective in 8 hours as the others are in 23 hours.  To be effective, the existing curvature must be in the 20 to 40 degree range and the apex of the curve needs to be below the level of the shoulder blade.
- The SpineCor brace is worn 20 hours a day. This brace is flexible and allows freedom of movement, and is less noticeable under clothing. Wearing a bodysuit is recommended. Treatment range of the brace is the Cobb angle of between 15 and 50 degrees. The brace is a new design, but  a study showed positive results in a two-year follow up. The brace is not meant for patients with a Risser above 3.
- The SPoRT is a solid brace with large weeping pads("drives") to facilitate elongation, and "stops" to prevent the patient from moving incorrectly in relation to the curve. A principal advantage of this brace is that it does not limit limb movement. It is usually worn 23 hours a day.
- The Cheneau brace is used mostly with the Schroth Method of scoliosis rehabiliation. The "shell" is padded with large, sweeping pads, and there are spaces that are "bumped" out for patient movement. A modified version, the "Lite Cheneau" has spaces instead of the "bumped" sections.
Balsam Fir
The Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) is a North American fir, native to most of eastern and central Canada (Newfoundland west to central Alberta) and the northeastern United States (Minnesota east to Maine, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to West Virginia).
It is a small to medium-size evergreen tree typically 14-20 m tall, rarely to 27 m tall, with a narrow conic crown. The bark on young trees is smooth, grey, and with resin blisters (which tend to spray when ruptured), becoming rough and fissured or scaly on old trees. The leaves are flat needle-like, 1.5-3 cm long, dark green above often with a small patch of stomata near the tip, and two white stomatal bands below, and a slightly notched tip. They are arranged spirally on the shoot, but with the leaf bases twisted to appear in two more-or-less horizontal rows. The cones are erect, 4-8 cm long, dark purple, ripening brown and disintegrating to release the winged seeds in September.
There are two varieties:
- Abies balsamea var. balsamea (Balsam Fir) - bract scales short, not visible on the closed cones. Most of the species' range.
- Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis (Bracted Balsam Fir or Canaan Fir) - bract scales longer, visible on the closed cone. The southeast of the species' range, from southernmost Quebec to West Virginia. The name 'Canaan Fir' derives from one of its native localities, the Canaan Valley in West Virginia. Some botanists regard this variety as a natural hybrid between Balsam Fir and Fraser Fir (Abies fraseri), which occurs further south in the Appalachian Mountains.

# Ecology
On exposed ridges and mountain tops, stands of balsam fir occasionally develop fir waves.  Often found in association with black spruce, white spruce, trembling aspen and paper birch.
This tree provides food for moose, American red squirrels, crossbills and chickadees, as well as shelter for moose, snowshoe hares, white-tailed deer, ruffed grouse and other small mammals and songbirds. The needles are eaten by some lepidopteran caterpillars, for example the Io moth (Automeris io).

# Uses
The resin is used to produce Canada balsam, and was traditionally used as a cold remedy.  The wood is used for paper manufacture and is also a popular Christmas tree
Balsam Fir is the Provincial tree of New Brunswick.
Bambuterol

# Overview
Bambuterol is a long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA) used in the treatment of asthma; it also is a prodrug of terbutaline. Commercially, the AstraZeneca pharmaceutical company produces and markets bambuterol as Bambec and Oxeol (INN).

# Indications
As other LABAs, bambuterol is used in the long-term management of persistent asthma. It should not be used as a rescue medication for short-term relief of asthma symptoms.

## Contraindications
Bambuterol is contraindicated in pregnancy and in people with seriously impaired liver function. It can be used by people with renal impairment, but dose adjustments are necessary.

# Adverse effects
The adverse effect profile of bambuterol is similar to that of salbutamol, and may include fatigue, nausea, palpitations, headache, dizziness and tremor.

# Interactions
Concomitant administration of bambuterol with corticosteroids, diuretics, and xanthine derivatives (such as theophylline) increases the risk of hypokalemia (decreased levels of potassium in the blood).
Bambuterol acts as a cholinesterase inhibitor, and can prolong the duration of action of suxamethonium (succinylcholine) and other drugs whose breakdown in the body depends on cholinesterase function. Butyrylcholinesterase activity returns to normal approximately two weeks after bambuterol is stopped. It can also enhance the effects of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers, such as vecuronium bromide.
Bar (unit)
The bar (symbol bar), decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb) are units of pressure. They are not SI units, nor are they cgs units, but they are accepted for use with the SI. The bar is still widely used in descriptions of pressure because it is about the same as atmospheric pressure.

# Definition
The bar, decibar and millibar are defined as:
- 1 bar = 100 kPa (kilopascals) = 1,000,000 dynes per square centimeter (baryes)
- 1 dbar = 0.1 bar = 10 kPa = 100,000 dyn/cm2
- 1 mbar = 0.001 bar = 0.1 kPa = 1 hPa = 1,000 dyn/cm2
(A pascal is one newton per square meter.)

# Origin
The word bar has its origin in the Greek word  (baros), meaning weight. Its official symbol is "bar"; the earlier "b" is now deprecated, but still often seen especially in "mb" rather than the proper "mbar" for millibars.
The bar and millibar were introduced by Sir Napier Shaw in 1909 and internationally adopted in 1929.

# Discussion
Atmospheric air pressure is often given in millibars where "standard" sea level pressure is defined as 1013.25 mbar (hPa), equal to 1.01325 bar. Despite millibars not being an SI unit, they are still used locally in meteorology in some countries to describe atmospheric pressure. The SI unit is the pascal (Pa), with 1 mbar = 100 Pa = 1 hPa = 0.1 kPa. Meteorologists worldwide have long measured air pressure in millibars. After the introduction of SI units, others use hectopascals (which are equivalent to millibars) so they could stick to the same numeric scale. Similar pressures are given in kilopascals in practically all other fields, where the hecto prefix is hardly ever used. In particular, Canadian weather reports use kilopascals (which could also be called centibars).
Americans are familiar with the millibar in US reports of hurricanes and other cyclonic storms, where lower central pressure generally means higher winds and a stronger storm.
In some countries, pressure is measured with reference to atmospheric pressure. This is gauge pressure and denoted by barg, often written with no spaces, spoken "bar gauge", and sometimes using symbols such as 'bar(g)'. For example, if someone says that their car tyres are pressurised to 2.3 bar they actually mean bar gauge: the pressure in the tyre is really 3.3 bar, but only 2.3 bar above atmospheric, which is the scale a tyre gauge would read. When absolute pressure is desired, it is sometimes denoted 'bara' or 'bar(a)' for "bar absolute". The alteration of units of measure for this purpose is now deprecated, with qualification of the physical property being preferred, e.g., "The gauge pressure is 2.3 bar; the absolute pressure is 3.3 bar".
In water, there is an approximate numerical correspondence between the change in pressure in decibars and the change in depth from the sea surface in meters.  Specifically, an increase of 1 decibar occurs for every 1.019716 m increase in depth close to the surface. As a result, decibars are commonly used in oceanography.
Unicode has a character for "mb": (Template:Unicode), but exists only for compatibility with legacy Asian encodings.  There is also a character "bar": Template:Unicode.
Bark scale
The Bark scale is a psychoacoustical scale proposed by Eberhard Zwicker in 1961. It is named after Heinrich Barkhausen who proposed the first subjective measurements of loudness.
The scale ranges from 1 to 24 and corresponds to the first 24 critical bands of hearing. The subsequent band edges are (in Hz) 20, 100, 200, 300, 400, 510, 630, 770, 920, 1080, 1270, 1480, 1720, 2000, 2320, 2700, 3150, 3700, 4400, 5300, 6400, 7700, 9500, 12000, 15500.
It is related to, but somewhat less popular than the mel scale.
To convert a frequency f (Hz) into Bark use:
\mathrm{Bark} = 13 \arctan(0.00076f) + 3.5 \arctan((f/7500)^2) \,
-r (traunmuller 1990)
\mathrm{Critical band rate  (bark)} =  - 0.53 \,
if result < 2 add 0.15*(2-result)
if result > 20.1 add 0.22*(result-20.1)
\mathrm{Critical bandwidth (Hz)} = 52548 / (z^2 - 52.56 z + 690.39) \,
 with z in bark.
Basal rate
In biology, basal rate is the rate of continuous supply of some chemical or process. In the case of diabetes mellitus, it is a low rate of continuous insulin supply needed for such purposes as controlling cellular glucose and amino acid uptake.
Together with a bolus of insulin, the basal insulin completes the total insulin needs of an insulin-dependent person.
An insulin pump and wristop controller is one way to arrange for a closely controlled basal insulin rate. The slow-release insulins (e.g, Lantus and Levemir) can provide a similar effect.
Basal vein
The basal vein is formed at the anterior perforated substance by the union of
- (a) a small anterior cerebral vein which accompanies the anterior cerebral artery,
- (b) the deep middle cerebral vein (deep Sylvian vein), which receives tributaries from the insula and neighboring gyri, and runs in the lower part of the lateral cerebral fissure, and
- (c) the inferior striate veins, which leave the corpus striatum through the anterior perforated substance.
The basal vein passes backward around the cerebral peduncle, and ends in the internal cerebral vein (vein of Galen); it receives tributaries from the interpeduncular fossa, the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle, the hippocampal gyrus, and the mid-brain.
Base metal
In chemistry, the term base metal is used informally to refer to a metal that oxidizes or corrodes relatively easily, and reacts variably with diluted hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form hydrogen.  Examples include iron, nickel, lead and zinc. Copper is considered a base metal as it oxidizes relatively easily, although it does not react with HCl. It is commonly used in opposition to noble metal.
In alchemy, a base metal was a common and inexpensive metal, as opposed to precious metals, mainly gold and silver. A longtime goal of the alchemists was the transmutation of base metals into precious metals.
In numismatics, coins used to derive their value primarily from the precious metal content. Most modern currencies are fiat currency, allowing the coins to be made of base metal.
In mining and economics, base metals refers to industrial non-ferrous metals excluding precious metals. These include copper, aluminium, lead, nickel, tin and zinc.
Basophilic
Basophilic is a technical term used by histologists. It describes the microscopic appearance of cells and tissues, as seen down the microscope, after a histological section has been stained with a basic dye. The most common such dye is haematoxylin.
Basophilic describes the appearance of structures seen in histological sections which take up basic dyes. The structures usually stained are those that contain nucleic acid such as the cell nucleus and ribosomes.
Basophils are cells that "love" base, and which usually show up deep blue under standard staining techniques (H&E). Specifically, this term refers to:
- basophil granulocytes
- anterior pituitary basophils
Normoblast

# Overview
An erythroblast is a type of red blood cell which still retains a cell nucleus.  It is the immediate precursor of a normal erythrocyte.

# Nomenclature
The term normoblast is sometimes used as a synonym for erythroblast, but at other times it is considered a subcategory. In the latter context, there are two types of erythroblasts:
- "normoblasts" - develop as expected
- "megaloblasts" - an unusually large erythroblast that can be associated with pernicious anemia and folic acid deficiency (collectively called megaloblastic anemia)

# Development
There are four stages in the development of a normoblast.

# Additional images
- Blood cell lineage
- Hematopoiesis
- Blood: Schistocytes: Micro blood film shows an excellent example with normoblast.
Bay Laurel
The Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis, Lauraceae), also known as True Laurel, Sweet Bay, Grecian Laurel, Laurel, or Bay Tree, is an aromatic evergreen tree or large shrub reaching 1018 m tall, native to the Mediterranean region.
The leaves are 612 cm long and 24 cm broad, with a characteristic finely serrated and wrinkled margin. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants; each flower is pale yellow-green, about 1 cm diameter, borne in pairs together beside a leaf. The fruit is a small black berry about 1 cm long, containing a single seed.

# Uses and symbolism
Bay Laurel is the source of the bay leaves which are used for their flavour in cooking. It was also the source of the laurel wreath of ancient Greece, and therefore the expression of "resting on one's laurels". A wreath of bay laurels was given as the prize at the Pythian Games because the games were in honor of Apollo and the laurel was one of his symbols ever since his unsuccessful pursuit of Daphne. In the Bible, the sweet-bay is often an emblem of prosperity and fame. In Christianity it is said to symbolize the Resurrection of Christ and the triumph of Humanity thereby. It is also the source of the word baccalaureate (laurel berry), and of poet laureate. 
Some evidence from the medical literature supports Bay Laurel having these uses:
- Antioxidative:  Fitoterapia. 2003 Sep;74(6):613-6.
- Analgesic and anti-inflammatory: Phytother Res. 2003 Aug;17(7):733-6.
- Anticonvulsant (antiepileptic): Phytomedicine. 2002 Apr;9(3):212-6.
In Chinese folklore there is a great laurel tree on the moon, and the Chinese name for the laurel, , literally translates to "moon-laurel". This is the subject of a story of Wu Gang, a man who aspired to immortality and neglected his work. When the deities discovered this they sentenced Wu Gang to fell the laurel tree, whereupon he could join the ranks of the deities; however, since the laurel regenerated immediately when cut, it could never be felled. The phrase  ("Wu Gang felling the tree") is sometimes used to refer to endless toil, analogous to Sisyphus in Greek mythology.
It is also widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in regions with mediterranean or oceanic climates, and as an indoor plant in colder regions.
Bay leaves are eaten by the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera, for example the Eastern tiger swallowtail (Papilio glaucus).
- Bay Laurel grown in a kitchen for bay leaves
Bay Laurel grown in a kitchen for bay leaves
- 19th century illustration
19th century illustration

# Trivia
- Bay laurel leaves are used in the design of the 10 yen coin in Japan.
- In Greek mythology, the tree was first formed when the nymph Daphne changed into it to escape the lustful pursuit of the Olympian god Apollo; see Apollo and Daphne. Daphne is the Greek name for the tree.
- The National Emblem of Greece consists of a blue escutcheon with a white cross totally surrounded by two laurel branches.
Ben Humble

# Overview
Benjamin Hutchison Humble M.B.E. lived in Arrochar from 1960 to 1970. He was a prolific author and a noted Scottish climber who was responsible for the creation of Scottish Mountain Rescue teams as we know them today. He was also a keen photographer and film maker.
Ben Humble was born in Dumbarton in 1903, one of the sons of the manager of Dennystown Forge. Despite his total deafness he became a dentist, later making advances in forensic dentistry. His deafness made Bennie, as he was known, slightly crusty with people. A published, unflattering photograph called the Humble Kipper, showing him at breakfast, caused him not to speak to the photographer for 10 years.
For further details please see the definitive web biography of Ben Humble on the Arrochar, Tarbet and Ardlui Heritage Group web site :-
He died in 1977.