Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
CYP4Z1
CYP4Z1  (cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily Z, polypeptide 1)  is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYP4Z1 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This gene is part of a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes on chromosome 1p33.

# Clinical significance
CYP4Z1 is overexpressed in breast cancer cells.  It has also been demonstrated that the expression of the CYP4Z1 gene is upregulated by activated glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors.  The overexpression of CYP4Z1 is associated with the breast cancer cells' increased production of 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE); it is hypothesized that CYP4Z1 metabolizes arachidonic acid to 20-HETE and that this overproduction is responsible for increasing the growth and spread of breast cancer cells in human breast cancer. CPZ4Z1 is likewise overexpressed in ovarian cancer cells. These studies also suggest that CYP4Z1 will be a valuable marker to distinguish between benign and malignant breast and ovarian growths in humans and/or the prognoses of malignant growths in these tissues.
CYP7B1
25-hydroxycholesterol 7-alpha-hydroxylase also known as oxysterol and steroid 7-alpha-hydroxylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP7B1 gene. This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids.

# Function
This endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein catalyzes the first reaction in the cholesterol catabolic pathway of extrahepatic tissues, which converts cholesterol to bile acids. This enzyme likely plays a minor role in total bile acid synthesis, but may also be involved in the development of atherosclerosis, neurosteroid metabolism and sex hormone synthesis.
CYP7B was discovered by Stapleton in a screen for transcripts expressed differentially in rat hippocampus versus the remainder of the brain. The encoded polypeptide, initially designated hct-1 (hippocampus transcript 1), had significant homology with CYP7A1. The protein was designated CYP7B1 by the P450 Nomenclature Committee. Expression of the recombinant protein demonstrated 7alpha-hydroxylation activity for steroids (DHEA, pregnenolone) and oxysterols including 25- and 27-hydroxycholesterol, confirmed by knockout in mouse that abolished oxysterol hydroxylation in liver and brain and steroid hydroxylation in multiple tissues. Reporter tagging of the Cyp7b1 gene demonstrated that the enzyme is widely expressed, particularly strongly in brain, liver, liver, kidney, heart, and spleen.
CYP8B1
CYP8B1  (cytochrome P450, family 8, subfamily B, polypeptide 1) also known as sterol 12-alpha-hydroxylase is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CYP8B1 gene.
This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids.
CYP8B1 is an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein and catalyzes the conversion of 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one into 7-alpha,12-alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one. The balance between these two steroids determines the relative amounts of the two primary bile acids, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, both of which are secreted in the bile.  In the intestine these bile acids affect the solubility of cholesterol and other lipids, promoting their absorption.
CYP8B1 is unique among the cytochrome P450 genes in that it is intronless.
Fibula
The fibula or calf bone is a bone located on the lateral side of the tibia, with which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones, and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is small, placed toward the back of the head of the tibia, below the level of the knee-joint, and excluded from the formation of this joint. Its lower extremity inclines a little forward, so as to be on a plane anterior to that of the upper end; it projects below the tibia, and forms the lateral part of the ankle-joint.

# Components
The bone has the following components:
- Head of fibula
- Body of fibula
- Lateral malleolus
- Interosseous membrane connecting the fibula to the tibia, forming a syndesmoses joint

# Blood Supply
The blood supply is important for planning free tissue transfer because the fibula is commonly used to reconstruct the mandible.  The shaft is supplied in its middle third by a large nutrient vessel from the peroneal artery.  It is also perfused from its periosteum which receives many small branches from the peroneal artery.  The proximal head and the epiphysis are supplied by a branch of the anterior tibial artery.  In harvesting the bone the middle third is always taken and the ends preserved (4cm proximally and 6cm distally)

# Ossification
The fibula is ossified from three centers, one for the shaft, and one for either end. Ossification begins in the body about the eighth week of fetal life, and extends toward the extremities. At birth the ends are cartilaginous.
Ossification commences in the lower end in the second year, and in the upper about the fourth year. The lower epiphysis, the first to ossify, unites with the body about the twentieth year; the upper epiphysis joins about the twenty-fifth year.
Calpol
Calpol is a brand of children's medicine sold in the UK, Ireland and India. The main product is a paracetamol suspension. It is usually a coloured syrup with a sweet taste, used to treat fever and pain. Calpol also comes in a form containing ibuprofen, marketed under the name Calprofen.
In the UK, Calpol is widely available in most pharmacies and supermarkets.
The name Calpol is commonly used to refer to any pediatric paracetamol suspension and could be considered a Genericized Trademark
Calpol comes in 5 age ranges:
- 0-5 Months (containing 0.5mg of paracetamol per sachet)
- 5-12 Months (containing 30mg of paracetamol per sachet)
- 1-2 Years (containing 50mg of paracetamol per sachet)
- 3-5 Years (containing 70mg of paracetamol per sachet)
- 6+ Years (containing 150mg of paracetamol per sachet)
Calpol also comes in tablet form and in sachets.
Septum

# Overview
A septum (Latin: something that encloses; plural Septa) is a partition separating two cavities or spaces.  Septum or septa may refer to:
- Septum, a partition of two cavities or spaces
- Septum (marine biology), in marine biology, a thin membrane separating each shell chamber in cephalopods that retained their external shell (Cephalopod Septa]]: walls between each chamber, or siphuncle, in shells of nautiloids, ammonites, and belemnites; i.e. cephalopods that retain an external shell.)
- The wall dividing the right side of the heart from the left side.
- Septum nasi or septum, the cartilage wall separating the nostrils (Nasal septum: the cartilage wall separating the nostrils of the human nose. Often deviated or perforated through physical injury or cocaine abuse.)
- Septum pellucidum or septum lucidum, a thin structure separating two fluid pockets in the brain
- Interatrial septum, the wall of tissue that separates the left and right atria of the heart
- Interventricular septum or median septum, the wall separating the left and right ventricles of the heart
- Lingual septum, a vertical layer of fibrous tissue that separates the halves of the tongue
- Orbital septum, a palpabral ligament in the upper and lower eyelids
- Uterine septum or uterus didelphys, a malformation of the uterus
- Septum, in mycology, the wall partitioning fungal hyphae into discrete cells
- Septation, microbiology, the process whereby a cell divides into two cells
- Fungi produce septa to partition filamentous hyphae into discrete cells.

# Histology
Histological septa are seen throughout most tissues of the body, particularly where they are needed to stiffen a soft cellular tissue, and they also provide planes of ingress for small blood vessels. Because the dense collagen fibres of a septum usually extend out into the softer adjacent tissues,  microscopic fibrous septa are less clearly defined than the macroscopic types of septa listed above. In rare instances, a septum is a cross-wall.
The septum is also found within the chambers of the heart. It provides strength to the walls of the heart and separates the left and right sides of the heart.

# Chemistry
In chemistry and other experimental sciences, septa are rubber stoppers which  seal flasks or bottles. They are designed to be pierced by a needle or cannula which allows fluids to be transferred. Septa are often used together with Schlenk flasks and Schlenk lines to handle oxygen- or moisture-sensitive materials.

# Particle accelerators
Septum magneta and electrostatic septum are two types of septa that can deflect an ejected beam while not affecting the orbiting beam. These devices are used with a circular particle beam accelerator to inject or eject a beam of particles to or from an accelerator.

# Brain physiology
Part of the limbic system that regulates emotions and the ability to learn and control impulses as well as such drives as sex, hunger, thirst, aggression, and fear. The septum (or septal nuclei) in the brain is named for its approximate shape (partition). The septum is rich with nicotonic cholinergic receptors.
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Carpus
In tetrapods, the carpus is the cluster of  bones in the wrist between the radius and ulna and the metacarpus.  The bones of the carpus do not belong to individual fingers (or toes in quadrupeds), whereas those of the metacarpus do.  (The corresponding part of the foot is the tarsus.) Carpal bones are not considered part of the hand but are part of the wrist. The carpal bones allow the wrist to move and rotate vertically and horizontally.

# Variations
In some macropods, the scaphoid and lunar bones are fused into the scapholunar bone.

# The carpus

## Mnemonics
There exist several mnemonics to remember these bones:
- Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle.
- Sally left the party / to take Cathy home.

# Common characteristics of the carpal bones
Each bone (excepting the pisiform) presents six (6) surfaces.
Of these the palmar or anterior and the dorsal or posterior surfaces are rough, for ligamentous attachment; the dorsal surfaces being the broader, except in the lunate.
The superior or proximal, and inferior or distal surfaces are articular, the superior generally convex, the inferior concave; the medial and lateral surfaces are also articular where they are in contact with contiguous bones, otherwise they are rough and tuberculated.
The structure in all is similar: cancellous tissue enclosed in a layer of compact bone.
Cav1.1
Cav1.1 also known as the calcium channel, voltage-dependent, L type, alpha 1S subunit, (CACNA1S), is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CACNA1S gene. It is also known as CACNL1A3 and the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR, so named due to the blocking action DHP has on it).

# Function
This gene encodes one of the five subunits of the slowly inactivating L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel in skeletal muscle cells. Mutations in this gene have been associated with hypokalemic periodic paralysis, thyrotoxic periodic paralysis and malignant hyperthermia susceptibility.
Cav1.1 is a voltage-dependent calcium channel found in the transverse tubule of muscles. In skeletal muscle it associates with the ryanodine receptor RyR1 of the sarcoplasmic reticulum via a mechanical linkage. It senses the voltage change caused by the end-plate potential from nervous stimulation and propagated by sodium channels as action potentials to the T-tubules. It was previously thought that when the muscle depolarises, the calcium channel opens, allowing calcium in and activating RyR1, which mediates much greater calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This is the first part of the process of excitation-contraction coupling, which ultimately causes the muscle to contract. Calcium entry through Cav1.1 is not required in skeletal muscle, as it is in cardiac muscle; Cav1.1 undergoes a conformational change which allosterically activates RyR1.

# Clinical significance
In hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HOKPP), the voltage sensors in domains 2 and 4 of Cav1.1 are mutated (loss-of-function), reducing the availability of the channel to sense depolarisation, and therefore it cannot activate the ryanodine receptor as efficiently. As a result, the muscle cannot contract very well and the patient is paralysed. The condition is hypokalemic because a low extracellular potassium ion concentration will cause the muscle to repolarise to the resting potential more quickly, so any calcium conductance that does occur cannot be sustained. It becomes more difficult to reach the threshold at which the muscle can contract, and even if this is reached then the muscle is more prone to relaxing. Because of this, the severity would be reduced if potassium ion concentrations are maintained. In contrast, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis refers to gain-of-function mutations in sodium channels that maintain muscle depolarisation and therefore are aggravated by high potassium ion concentrations.
The European Malignant Hyperthermia Group accepts two mutations in CACNA1S as diagnostic for malignant hyperthermia.

# Blockers
Cav1.1 is blocked by dihydropyridine.
Cavity

# Overview
A cavity is a hole. It may refer to:
- Dental cavity, damage to the structure of teeth
- Resonator, a device designed to select for waves of particular wavelengths
Optical cavity, the cavity resonator of a laser
- Optical cavity, the cavity resonator of a laser
- Cavitation, the phenomenon of partial vacuums forming in fluid, for example, in propellors
- Cavitary pneumonia, a type of pneumonia in which a hole is formed in the lung
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Oocyte

# Overview
An oocyte, ovocyte, or rarely oocyte, is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction. In other words, it is an immature ovum. An oocyte is part the ovary development. The germ cells produce a primordial germ cell (PGC) which becomes an oogonia which marks the start of mitosis. After mitosis stops (due to actions of retinoic acid and the mesenephros) meiosis starts. This stage the oogonia is now an Oocyte (pronounced oh'a (like Noah)-site).

# Formation
The formation of an oocyte is called oocytogenesis, which is a part of oogenesis. Oogenesis results in the formation of both primary oocytes before birth, and of secondary oocytes after it as part of ovulation.

# Characteristics

## Cytoplasm
Oocytes are rich in cytoplasm which contains yolk granules to nourish the cell early in development.

## Nucleus
During the primary oocyte stage of oogenesis, the nucleus is called a germinal vesicle
The only normal type of secondary oocyte has sex chromosomes 23,X (where sperm can be 23,X or 23,Y).

## Nest
The space wherein an ovum or immature ovum is located is the cell-nest.

# Abnormalities
- nondisjunction -- a failure of proper homolog separation in meiosis I, or sister chromatid separation in meiosis II can lead to aneuploidy, in which the oocyte has the wrong number of chromosomes, for example 22,X or 24,X. This is the cause of conditions like Down syndrome and Edwards syndrome. It is more likely with advance maternal age.
- Some oocytes have multiple nuclei, although it is thought they never mature.
Cgk733
CGK733 is a synthetic substance whose molecular structure is shown in the diagram.
It is a complex thiourea derivative which has remarkable properties in reversing cell senescence (aging).
Experiments have shown that it can extend the lifetime of cultured cells by approximately 20 divisions, or roughly 25%, specifically in mammalian cells. Current research is investigating its potential uses in wound healing, antiaging cosmetics and tissue engineering.
Tae Kook Kim and several associates at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology discovered its properties as a result of screening twenty thousand synthetic molecules for their effects on aging cells.
It is an inhibitor of ATM/ATR kinases, which are involved in DNA damage repair.
Cicuta
Cicuta (Water Hemlock or Cowbane) is a small genus of four species of highly poisonous flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, mainly North America. They are perennial herbaceous plants which grow up to 2 m tall. The species grow in wet meadows, along streambanks and other wet and marshy areas.
Although water hemlock bears a superficial resemblance to poison hemlock (Conium genus)--and is a member of the same family--the species are distinct.

# Appearance
The stems are smooth, branching, swollen at the base, purple-striped, or mottled (C. malculata only), and hollow except for partitions at the junction of the leaves and stem. The leaves are alternate, tripinnate, only coarsely toothed, unlike the ferny, lacy leaves found in many other members of the Apiaceae. The flowers are small, white and clustered in the umbrella shape so familiar to this family. An oily, yellow liquid oozes from cuts to the stems and roots. This liquid has a rank smell resembling that of parsnips, carrots or mice.

# Toxicity
The plant is occasionally mistaken for parsnips, due to its clusters of white tuberous roots; this is an often fatal error, as the Cicuta is extremely poisonous.  Indeed, some consider water hemlock to be North America's most toxic plant. Cicuta is fatal when swallowed, causing  violent and painful convulsions. Though a number of people have died from water hemlock poisoning over the centuries, livestock have long been the worst affected (hence the name "cowbane"), causing death in as little as 15 minutes. ,
The chief poison is cicutoxin, an unsaturated aliphatic alcohol that is most concentrated in the roots.  Upon human consumption, nausea, vomiting, and tremors occur within 30-60 minutes, followed by severe cramps, projectile vomiting, and convulsions.  There are occasional long-term effects, like retrograde amnesia.
- Cicuta bulbifera - Bulblet-bearing Water Hemlock. Northern North America.
- Cicuta douglasii - Western Water Hemlock. Western North America.
- Cicuta maculata - Spotted Water Hemlock. North America (widespread).
- Cicuta virosa - Cowbane or Northern Water Hemlock. Northern Europe and Asia, also Alaska.
Citral
Citral, or 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal or lemonal, is either of a pair of terpenoids with the molecular formula C10H16O.  The two compounds are double bond isomers.   The trans isomer is known as geranial or citral A.  The cis isomer is known as neral or citral B.
Geranial has a strong lemon odor.  Neral has a lemon odor that is less intense, but sweeter.  Citral is therefore an aroma compound used in perfumery for its citrus effect.  Citral is also used as a flavor and for fortifying lemon oil. It also has strong anti-microbial qualities, and pheromonal effects in insects.
Citral is used in the synthesis of vitamin A, ionone, and methylionone.
Citral is present in the oils of several plants, including lemon myrtle (90-95%), Litsea cubeba (70-85%), lemongrass (65-85%), Lemon verbena (30-35%), lemon balm, lemon and orange.

# Health & Safety information
Citral should be avoided by people with perfume allergy.
Citrin
Citrin also known as solute carrier family 25, member 13 (citrin) or SLC25A13 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SLC25A13 gene.
Citrin is associated with type II citrullinemia and neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency (NICCD).
The term Citrin when referring to Vitamin-P was the most active Bio-flavonoid in lemons, it was found to be Eriodictyol (but a more active form constituent was found there decades later).
Clalit
Clalit (Template:Lang-he, lit. General) is one of Israel's leading HMOs. It was founded in 1911 by a group of 150 immigrants desiring a mutual aid health care association. When the State of Israel was founded in 1948, Clalit helped in the restructuring of Israel's health care system to provide for the huge wave of new immigrants. Nowadays there are Clalit clinics in almost every neighborhood in the country.

# Currently
In January, 1995 Israel's national health insurance law went into effect, creating a compulsory health care system based on four service providers; Clalit, Leumit, Maccabi, and Meuhedet. Clalit is the largest of the four with around 3.8 million insured members, 60% of the Israeli population.
Clalit runs its own network of hospitals throughout Israel. It has a total of 14 hospitals, including psychiatric hospitals, and a rehabilitation hospital, all of which are university-affiliated. It also runs 1,200 primary and specialized clinics and has a network of pharmacies and dental clinics.

## Clalit-run hospitals
- Rabin Medical Center  Beilinson Campus (founded in 1938) in Petah Tikva. Among its specialities are open-heart surgery and neurosurgery, as well as heart, liver and kidney transplants.
- Rabin Medical Center  Golda Campus (founded in 1942) in Petah Tikva.  Among its specialities are total joint replacement, home dialysis, vascular surgery, and hematology research using electromicroscopic techniques.
- Lady Davis Hospital (founded in 1967) in Haifa. It is part of the modern Carmel Medical Center. and provides comprehensive healthcare to the heterogeneous inhabitants of Haifa, its suburbs and points north. Among its specialities are its Cardiology, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Departments, as well as its Community and Medicine Epidemiology Department.
- HaEmek Hospital (founded in 1930)in Afula. It is part of the HaEmek Valley Medical Center. It specializes in the treatment of fertility and reproductive problems.
- Meir Hospital (founded in 1960) in Kfar Saba. It is part of the Sapir Medical Center.  It specializes in its treatment of pulmonary diseases and spinal surgery.
- Kaplan Medical Center (founded in 1953) in Rehovot. It is known for its expertise in hand surgery.
- Soroka Hospital (founded in 1960) in Beersheba, the major hospital in the Negev region.
- Yoseftal Hospital (founded in 1968) in Eilat. It is part of the Yoseftal Medical Center.  It is Israels southernmost hospital. 

# Criticism of Clalit-run hospitals
In March 2007, Prof. Gabi Barabash, director of Tel Aviv's Ichilov Hospital criticised the Israeli Health Ministry for allowing Clalit to run private hospitals. He claims that it would be a disaster for the public hospitalization system. Ruth Ralbag, a senior official in the Health Ministry's budget department, argues that the incentives for opening private hospitals lead to a decline in the public health system and the division of health consumers into rich and poor.
Coccus

# Overview
Cocci (singular - coccus, from the Latin coccinus (scarlet) and derived from the Greek kokkos (berry) ) are any microorganism (usually bacteria) whose overall shape is spherical or nearly spherical.
Aggregations of coccoid bacteria often occur and these forms have specific names as well; listed here are the basic forms as well as representative bacterial genera:
- pairs, or diplococci (Neisseria)
- groups of four or eight known as tetrads or sarcina (Micrococci)
- bead-like chains, or streptococci (Streptococcus)
- grapelike clusters, or staphylococci (Staphylococcus)
Important human pathogens caused by coccoid bacteria include staphylococci infections, some types of food poisoning, 
some urinary tract infections, toxic shock syndrome, gonorrhea, as well as some forms of meningitis, throat infections, pneumonias, and sinusitis.