Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Pediculus pubis
Synonyms and keywords: Crab; Phthirus pubis; Pthirus inguinalis

# Overview
The pubic or crab louse (Phthirus pubis) is a parasitic insect which spends its entire life on human hair and feeds exclusively on blood. Humans are the only known host of this parasite. Humans can also be infested with body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus) and with head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis)

# Morphology
The dorso-ventrally flattened body of the louse is divided into head, thorax and abdomen. A pair of eyes and a pair of antenna are clearly visible on the head. The mouthparts are adapted to piercing the skin and sucking blood. The second and third pair of legs, with their terminal claws are adapted to holding the hair-shaft, while the first pair of leg holds the skin during feeding. Abdominal protuberances on the side of the body are characteristic of this species. Males are slightly smaller than females. The eggs are oval-shaped and ca. 0.8 mm in length. Immediately after oviposition they are shiny, round, and transparent. Pubic lice are 1-2- mm in size, varying according to the stage of their development. They are usually whitish-grayish in color they become reddish-brown for some time after blood-meal.

# Biology
Pubic lice are insect parasites, spending their entire life on the host's hair and skin and feeding exclusively on blood, 4-5 times daily. The life-cycle from egg to adult is 22-27 days. The egg hatches producing the first nymphal stage, which after three moltings develops to nymph 2, nymph 3 and subsequently to either a male or female louse. The incubation period of the egg is 7-8 days, while the rest of the cycle is taken up with the development of nymphal stages. The average adult female lives for 17 and the male for 22 days. 

# Evolutionary theory of origin
The most recent genetic research indicates that crab lice are related to the louse endemic to gorillas, Pthirus gorillae, having spread to early hominids from the ancestors of gorillas several millions of years ago, rather than having diverged from human head lice as was previously generally thought.
Phosphocreatine

# Overview
Phosphocreatine, also known as creatine phosphate (CP) or PCr (Pcr), is a phosphorylated creatine molecule that serves as a rapidly mobilizable reserve of high-energy phosphates in skeletal muscle and the brain.

# Chemistry
Phosphocreatine is formed from parts of three amino acids: arginine (Arg), glycine (Gly), and methionine (Met). It can be synthesized by formation of guanidinoacetate from Arg and Gly (in kidney) followed by methylation (S-adenosyl methionine is required) to creatine (in liver), and phosphorylation by creatine kinase (ATP is required) to phosphocreatine (in muscle); catabolism: dehydration to form the cyclic Schiff base creatinine. Phosphocreatine is synthesized in the liver and transported to the muscle cells, via the bloodstream, for storage.
The creatine phosphate shuttle facilitates transport of high energy phosphate from mitochondria.

# Function
Phosphocreatine can anaerobically donate a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP during the first 2 to 7 seconds following an intense muscular or neuronal effort. Conversely, excess ATP can be used during a period of low effort to convert creatine to phosphocreatine. The reversible phosphorylation of creatine (i.e., both the forward and backward reaction) is catalyzed by several creatine kinases. The presence of creatine kinase (CK-MB, MB for muscle/brain) in blood plasma is indicative of tissue damage and is used in the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. The cell's ability to generate phosphocreatine from excess ATP during rest, as well as its use of phosphocreatine for quick regeneration of ATP during intense activity, provides a spatial and temporal buffer of ATP concentration. In other words, phosphocreatine acts as high-energy reserve in a coupled reaction; the energy given off from donating the phosphate group is used to regenerate the other compound - in this case, ATP. Phosphocreatine plays a particularly important role in tissues that have high, fluctuating energy demands such as muscle and brain.

# History
The discovery of phosphocreatine was reported by Grace and Philip Eggleton of the University of Cambridge and separately by Cyrus Fiske and Yellapragada Subbarow of the Harvard Medical School  in 1927. A few years later David Nachmansohn, working under Meyerhof at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Dahlem, Berlin, contributed to the understanding of the phosphocreatine's role in the cell.
Criollo tobacco
Criollo is a type of tobacco, primarily used in the making of cigars. It was, by most accounts, one of the original Cuban tobaccos that emerged around the time of Columbus. The term means native seed, and thus a tobacco variety using the term, such as Dominican Criollo, may or may not have anything to do with the original Cuban seed nor the recent hybrid, Criollo '98.

# Uses
Originally, Criollo had multiple uses in the construction of the Cuban cigar.  After the development of Corojo, Criollo was increasingly relegated to use as filler, and the Corojo, which was better suited for use as a wrapper, replaced it.
It was then discovered that when Criollo is grown under cover, as opposed to growing it in the sun as was traditionally done, it can make a very suitable wrapper leaf, given the proper care and conditions.  Some of the first Criollo seed grown for wrapper was grown in the Jalapa Valley of Nicaragua, and was introduced to the non-Cuban market in 2001 as the wrapper for the Cupido Criollo brand.
The hybrid variety, Criollo 98, is Blue Mold resistant, and was developed in Cuba to replace the earlier Corojo hybrid, Habana 2000, which was loosing favor due to its increasingly apparent short-comings.

# Reference=
The basis for summary article is Bernardo, Mark. A Tale of Two Seeds, Smoke Magazine, part 2, Spring, 2004 issue (vol. 9, issue 2).
Cross-fostering
Cross-fostering is a technique used in selective breeding, genetic and nature versus nurture studies, and conservation, whereby offspring are removed from their biological parents at birth and raised by surrogates. This can also occasionally occur in nature.

# In research
Cross-Fostering can be used to study the impact of genetics and environment on behaviors. If cross-fostered offspring show a behavioral trait similar to their biological parents and dissimilar from their foster parents, a behavior can be shown to have a genetic basis. Similarly if the offspring develops traits dissimilar to their biological parents and similar to their foster parents environmental factors are shown to be dominant. In many cases there is a blend of the two, which shows both genes and environment play a part.
In selective livestock breeding this can be used to combine desirable genetic qualities such as weight, fat distribution or appearance with environmentally influenced ones such as temperament.
In humans, studies of children in foster care have shown that alcoholism is both genetic and environmental: early onset alcoholism can be linked to biological parentage, whereas adult onset alcoholism is often influenced by the alcohol abuse by foster parents.

# In conservation
Cross fostering has been used in conservation biology such as the rearing of Black Robin chicks by other species. In this instance the species was so close to extinction, with literally a handful of surviving individuals and a single mother, there was little chance of raising many offspring. In this case a related species were used to raise the eggs, with their own eggs being replaced by conservation workers with those of the robin. In this case imprinting is one of the concerns, as species raised in a different environment may not be able to recognize their own species.

# In nature
Cross fostering may occasionally occur in natural situations. In Australia, the closely related species from the cockatoo family, Eolophus roseicapilla (the galah) and Cacatua leadbeateri (the pink cockatoo), have overlapping ranges, and compete for nesting holes. However, two pairs of birds may both share the same nest for a time, as they do not become aggressive until several eggs have been laid and incubation begins. When they do, the pink cockatoos are always the victors, evicting the galahs in what is termed interference competition. They are not consciously aware that some of the eggs in the nest were laid by the other bird however, and thus raise offspring of both species. These natural experiments have been used by Australian ornithologists Graeme Chapman and Ian Rowley to investigate the relative importance of genes and environment. For example, they discovered that the galah chicks gave normal begging calls and alarm calls, but their contact calls (used to maintain social cohesion) were more like those of the pink cockatoos with which they lived.
Cross-tolerance
Cross-tolerance refers to a pharmacological phenomenon, in which a patient being treated with a drug exhibits a physiological resistance to that medication as a result of tolerance to a pharmacologically similar drug.  In other words, there is a decrease in response to one drug due to exposure to another drug.  It is observed in treatment with antivirals, antibiotics, analgesics and many other medications.
Cross-tolerance is particularly frequent amongst users of illicit drugs.  For example, users with a high tolerance to the stimulant amphetamine may also exhibit a high tolerance to the structurally similar methamphetamine or other amphetamine-like stimulants, such as methylphenidate (though one should not assume this to avoid overdose).  The phenomenon is also observed in cigarette smokers, in whom there is a demonstrably lessened sensitivity to the effects of caffeine. Cross-tolerance is also frequent in response to use of hallucinogens.  General tolerance to the effects of tryptamines such as psilocybin, may be dramatic in response to repeated use, and this often translates into a tolerance to effects of other drugs such as LSD or DMT.
Dendritic cells can take up self antigens from other cells and cross-present them to autoreactive T cells. These are then eliminated from the T cell repertoire by apoptosis. This mechanism was proposed to silence autoreactive T cells that have escaped negative selection in the thymus.
de:Kreuztoleranz
Cryoprecipitate

# Overview
Cryoprecipitate is a blood product prepared from plasma. Each 15 mL unit contains about 100 U of factor VIII, 250- mg of fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, factor XIII, and fibronectin.
- NOTE: - Standards state that there has to be a minimum of 150 mg of fibrinogen per bag of cryo, however most bags have around 250 mg (the number used in many calculations).
- There has to be a minimum of 80 IU of factor VIII.
Indications for giving cryoprecipitate include:
- Haemophilia- Used for emergency back up when factor concentrates are not available.
- von Willebrands's disease
- hypofibrinogenaemia (low fibrinogen levels), as can occur with massive transfusions
- bleeding from excessive anticoagulation- Plasma contains most of the coagulation factors, and is a much better choice when anticoagulation has to be quickly reversed.
- massive haemorrhage- RBCs and volume expanders are much better choices for this.
- disseminated intravascular coagulation
Cuneate nucleus

# Overview
One of the dorsal column nuclei, the cuneate nucleus is a wedge-shaped nucleus in the closed part of the medulla oblongata. It contains cells that give rise to the cuneate tubercle, visible on the posterior aspect of the medulla. It lies laterally to the gracile nucleus and medial to the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the medulla.

# Function
The cuneate nucleus is part of dorsal column-medial lemniscus system, carrying fine touch and proprioceptive information to the thalamus and cerebellum.

# Pathology
It may be affected by vitamin E deficiency exhibiting neuroaxonal swelling.
Cure Autism Now
Cure Autism Now (CAN) describes itself as an organization of parents, clinicians and leading scientists committed to accelerating the pace of biomedical research in autism through raising money for research projects, education and outreach. Founded by Jonathan Shestack and Portia Iversen -- parents of a child with autism -- in 1995, the organization has grown from a kitchen-table effort to a provider of support for autism research and scientific resources. The organization's primary focus is to fund essential research through a variety of programs designed to encourage innovative approaches toward identifying the causes, prevention, treatment and a cure for autism and related disorders.
Since its founding, Cure Autism Now has committed more than $39 million in research, the establishment and ongoing support of the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE), and numerous outreach and awareness activities aimed at families, physicians, governmental officials and the general public.
On Feb. 1, 2007, CAN announced that it is combining operations with Autism Speaks. It is expected to take a year for the full integration of the two organizations to be completed.

# Criticism from autistic self-advocates
A wide variety of autistic self-advocates find a "cure" extremely insulting and hurtful .  Many people on the autism spectrum as well as parents find autism as more of a way of being than something inherently wrong, and believes that seeking a cure is not the best way to help autistic people today.
The main criticism of Cure Autism Now is that the organization have spread very negative images of the condition which many people have felt insulting. The organization has also been criticized for not listening to the experiences of autistic adults.
Dr. Tony Attwood, author of Asperger's Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals, has described the most pervasive problem among autistic adults as being a feeling that their families have rejected them and what they are. Some autistic people and the professionals who work with them feel that Cure Autism Now exacerbates this feeling of rejection.
The goal of the organisation has also been questioned. While the aggressive marketing seem to promote curing of autism, alot of their finances go to the development of a prenetal tests. While spokespeople of the organisation has claimed that the prenetal test will be used for earlier diagnosis many people fear the it will cause widespread abortion of potentially autistic fetuses.
Curling's ulcer
Curling's ulcer is an acute peptic ulcer of the duodenum resulting as a complication from severe burns when reduced plasma volume leads to sloughing of the gastric mucosa.  The condition was first described in 1823 and named for a doctor, Thomas Blizard Curling, who observed ten such patients in 1842.
These stress ulcers were once a common complication of serious burns, presenting in over 10% of cases, and especially common in child burn victims.  They result in perforation and hemorrhage more often than other forms of intestinal ulceration and had correspondingly high mortality rates.  While emergency surgery was once the only treatment, combination therapies including enteral feeding with powerful antacids such as H2-receptor antagonists or, more recently, proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole have made Curling's ulcer a rare complication.
A similar condition involving elevated intracranial pressure is known as Cushing ulcer.
Cushing's triad
Cushing's triad is the triad of hypertension, bradycardia and irregular respirations. It is sign of increased intracranial pressure. Other sources state that the triad is hypertention, bradycardia and widening pulse pressure (an increase in the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure over time).

# Significance
Identification of the triad is important in emergency medicine because it suggests a cerebral hemorrhage in the setting of trauma or an enlarging space occupying lesion (e.g. brain tumor) and a possible impending herniation of the brain, which can be rapidly fatal.

# Eponym
It is named after Harvey Williams Cushing (1869-1939), an American neurosurgeon.
Cutis marmorata

# Overview
When a newborn infant is exposed to low environmental temperatures, an evanescent, lacy, reticulated red and/or blue cutaneous vascular pattern appears over most of the body surface. This vascular change represents an accentuated physiologic vasomotor response that disappears with increasing age, although it is sometimes discernible even in older children.
Persistent and pronounced cutis marmorata occurs in Menkes disease, familial dysautonomia, cornelia de Lange, trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 syndromes.
Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita is clinically similar, but the lesions are more intense, may be segmental, are persistent, and may be associated with loss of dermal tissue, epidermal atrophy and ulceration.
Cytochrome b559

# Overview
Cytochrome b559 is an important component of Photosystem II.
PSII is a multisubunit protein-pigment complex containing polypeptides both intrinsic and extrinsic to the photosynthetic membrane. Within the core of the complex, the chlorophyll and beta-carotene pigments are mainly bound to the antenna proteins CP43 (PsbC) and CP47 (PsbB), which pass the excitation energy on to the reaction centre proteins D1 (Qb, PsbA) and D2 (Qa, PsbD) that bind all the redox-active cofactors involved in the energy conversion process. The PSII oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) oxidises water to provide protons for use by PSI, and consists of OEE1 (PsbO), OEE2 (PsbP) and OEE3 (PsbQ). The remaining subunits in PSII are of low molecular weight (less than 10 kDa), and are involved in PSII assembly, stabilisation, dimerisation, and photo-protection.
Cytochrome b559, which forms part of the reaction centre core of PSII is a heterodimer composed of one alpha subunit (PsbE), one beta (PsbF) subunit, and a haem cofactor. Two histidine residues from each subunit coordinate the haem. Although cytochrome b559 is a redox-active protein, it is unlikely to be involved in the primary electron transport in PSII due to its very slow photo-oxidation and photo-reduction kinetics. Instead, cytochrome b559 could participate in a secondary electron transport pathway that helps protect PSII from photo-damage. Cytochrome b559 is essential for PSII assembly.
This domain occurs in both the alpha and beta subunits of cytochrome B559. In the alpha sbunit it occurs together with a lumenal domain (InterPro: IPR013082), while in the beta subunit it occurs on its own.
Glucuronic acid
Glucuronic acid (from Greek  - "sweet") is a carboxylic acid. Its structure is similar to that of glucose. However, glucuronic acid's sixth carbon is oxidized to a carboxylic acid. Its formula is C6H10O7.
The salts of glucuronic acid are known as glucuronates; the anion C6H9O7 is the glucuronate ion.
Glucuronic acid should not be confused with gluconic acid, a linear carboxylic acid resulting from the oxidation of a different carbon of glucose.  Both Glucuronic Acid and Gluconic Acid are reported to be found in the fermented drink known as Kombucha. Glucuronic acid has been attributed with the mildly-alcoholic effect that drinking the tea has for some.

# Functions

## Glucuronidation
Glucuronic acid is highly soluble in water. In the animal body, glucuronic acid is often linked to substances such as drugs, pollutants, bilirubin, androgens, estrogens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, fatty acid derivatives, retinoids, and bile acids. These linkages involve O-glycosidic bonds, and this linkage process is known as glucuronidation. 
Glucuronidation occurs mainly in the liver, although the enzyme responsible for its catalysis, UDP-glucuronyltransferase, has been found in all major body organs, e.g., heart, kidneys, adrenal gland, spleen, and thymus. UDP-glucuronic acid (glucuronic acid linked via a glycosidic bond to uridine diphosphate) is an intermediate in the process and is formed in the liver.
The substances resulting from glucuronidation are known as glucuronides (or glucuronosides) and are typically much more water-soluble than the non-glucuronic acid-containing substance from which they were originally synthesised. The human body uses glucuronidation to make a large variety of substances more water-soluble, and, in this way, allow for their subsequent elimination from the body upon urination. Hormones may also be glucuronidated to allow for easier transport around the body. Pharmacists also commonly link drugs to glucuronic acid to allow for easier drug delivery.

### Acyl glucuronidation
Acyl glucuronidation is an important metabolic pathway for fluoroquinolone
antibiotics.

### N-glucuronidation

# Conformation
Unlike its C5 epimer iduronic acid, which may occur in a number of conformations, glucuronic acid occurs in predominantly the 4C1 conformation.

# Glucuronidases
Glucuronidases are those enzymes that hydrolyze the glycosidic bond between glucuronic acid and some other compound.
DNA glycosylase

# Overview
DNA glycosylases are a family of enzymes involved in base excision repair, classified under EC number EC 3.2.2. Base excision repair is the mechanism by which nucleotide residues in DNA with chemically altered nitrogen bases can be removed and replaced.
DNA glycosylase generates an apurinic or apyrimidinic site by removing the nitrogen base while leaving the sugar-phosphate backbone intact. These AP sites are recognised by AP endonuclease enzymes which complete the rest of the repair.
Some examples of DNA glycosylases:
- Ogg1 (yeast) or hOgg1 (humans) which removes 8-oxo-guanine, a type of modified nucleotide typically found after DNA is exposed to oxidative mutagens. See also OGG1.
- uracil-DNA glycosylase, found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which removes uracil from DNA.
Daigremontianin
Daigremontianin is a bufadienolide. Bufadienolides are steroids and cardiac glycoside aglycones (meaning that they bind with carbohydrates to form cardiac glycosides) that are similar to cardenolides, differing only in the structure of the C-17 substituent on the D ring. This chemical has been found to be toxic in experiments on mice (Wagner et al. 1985).
It is one of five bufadienolides that have been isolated from Kalanchoe daigremontiana.

# Toxicity
Crassulaceans are one of the prime sources of bufadienolide cardiac glycosides (including daigremontianin) responsible for an estimated 33% of cattle mortalities related to plant poisoning in South Africa. Crassulacean bufadienolides cause cardiac poisoning, but repeated small doses cause a condition called cotyledonosis an intoxication affecting nervous and muscular systems of small animals, particularly, sheep in the Karoo area of South Africa.

# Traditional medicine
In traditional medicine Kalanchoe species are used to treat several ailments, e.g. infections, rheumatism and inflammation. Kalanchoe sp. extracts have immonosuppressive effects. Two of the five Kalanchoe daigremontiana glycosides - daigremontianin and bersaldegenin 1,3,5-orthoacetate have shown to have sedative effect and with an increase in the dose an increasing effect on the central nervous system besides having strong positive inotropic effect associated with cardiac glycosides.