Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Bazedoxifene
Bazedoxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), developed by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, undergoing clinical evaluation for the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. It is currently in the early phases of review by the United States' Food and Drug Administration. When approved, bazedoxifene is to be sold by Wyeth under the tradename ViviantTM. Bazedoxifene's combination with conjugated estrogens, AprelaTM, is currently undergoing Phase III studies.
Wyeth received an approvable letter for Bazedoxifene in late April 2007.  The FDA called for final safety and efficacy data from Phase III studies, and acceptable valuation of manufacturing and testing facilities where problems were found earlier in the year.  Wyeth is working with the FDA to resolve these issues, and expects an FDA action date at year end.

# CITATIONS
BROWN, EMILY. "Wyeth's osteoporosis drug cut risk of new fractures". Retrieved 2007-09-28..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
"Wyeth Receives Approvable Letter from FDA for Bazedoxifene for the Prevention of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis". Retrieved 2007-09-28.
Beau's lines

# Overview
Beau's lines are deep grooved lines that run from side to side on the fingernail. They may look like indentations or ridges in the nail plate that could be a sign of stress. Beau's lines are the result of a temporary cessation of cell division in the nail matrix, and they are associated with many serious conditions.

# Historical Perspective
This condition of the nail was named by a French physician, Joseph Honore Simon Beau (18061865), who first described it in 1846.

# Causes

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Aging
- Arthritis
- Chemotherapy particularly cytotoxic agents
- Coronary occlusion
- Delirium
- Depression
- Dermatologic disorders
- Diabetes
- Drugs
- Gout
- Hypocalcemia
- Infection
- Iron deficiency
- Malnutrition
- Reiter's Disease
- Severe infectious disease
- Shock
- Stress
- Surgery
- Toxins
- Trauma
- Traumatic damage to nail matrix

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination
Beau's lines should be distinguished from Muehrcke's lines of the fingernails.  While Beau's lines are actual ridges and indentations in the nail plate, Muehrcke's lines are areas of hypopigmentation without palpable ridges.

# Research
A researcher found Beau's lines in the fingernails of 6 divers following a deep saturation dive to a pressure equal to 335 meters of sea water, and in 2 of 6 divers following a similar dive to 305 meters.
Bemotrizinol
Bemotrizinol (USAN, Tinosorb S, INCI Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine) is an oil soluble chemical which is added to sunscreens to absorb UV rays. It's marketed by Ciba Specialty Chemicals. It is a broad spectrum UV absorber, absorbing UVB as well as UVA rays. Bemotrizinol is highly photostable. Even after 50 MED (minimal edemal dose) 98.4% remains intact. It helps prevent photodegradation of other sunscreen actives.
Bemotrizinol is not approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, but is approved in the European Union since the year 2000 and other parts of the world, including Australia.
Unlike some other organic sunscreen actives, it shows no estrogenic effects in vitro.
Benfotiamine

# Overview
Benfotiamine (rINN, or S-benzoylthiamine O-monophosphate) is a synthetic S-acyl derivative of thiamine  (vitamin B1).
It has been licensed for use in Germany since 1993 under the trade name Milgamma. (Combinations with pyridoxine or cyanocobalamin are also sold under this name.) It is prescribed there for treating sciatica and other painful nerve conditions.
It is marketed as a  medicine and/or dietary supplement, depending on the respective Regulatory Authority.

# Uses
Benfotiamine is primarily marketed as an antioxidant dietary supplement.  In a clinical study with six patients, benfotiamine lowered AGE by 40%.
Benfotiamine may be useful for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy however "Most of the effects attributed to benfotiamine are extrapolated from in vitro and animal studies. Unfortunately apparent evidences from human studies are scarce and especially endpoint studies are missing. Therefore additional clinical studies are mandatory to explore the therapeutic potential of benfotiamine in both diabetic and non-diabetic pathological conditions". It is thought that treatment with benfotiamine leads to increased intracellular thiamine diphosphate levels, a cofactor of transketolase. This enzyme directs advanced glycation and lipoxidation end products (AGE's, ALE's) substrates to the pentose phosphate pathway, thus reducing tissue AGEs.

# Pharmacology
After absorption, benfotiamine can be dephosphorylated by cells bearing an ecto-alkaline phosphatase to the lipid-soluble S-benzoylthiamine.  Benfotiamine should not be confused with allithiamine, a naturally occurring thiamine disulfide derivative with a distinct pharmacological profile.
Bernard Lown

# Overview
Bernard Lown, M.D. was the original developer of the defibrillator and is an internationally known peace activist.
Born in Lithuania, he emigrated at age 13 with his parents to the US, initially to Maine shortly before the outbreak of World War II, and subsequently studied to become a specialist in cardiology.

# Development of the defibrillator
Up until the late 1950's, fibrillation of the heart could be treated only by drug therapy. In 1956 American cardiologist Paul Zoll published a paper describing resuscitation of open-heart surgery patients by means of a 110 volt alternating current electric shock (derived from a wall socket) and conducted to the sides of the exposed heart by metal plate "paddles". While being an advance in emergency resuscitation, the technique was later to be shown to be both damaging to the heart muscle and of unpredictable effectiveness in reverting ventricular fibrillation.
In 1959, Lown, aware of the Zoll paper and of the complications resulting from the alternating current method, commenced animal research in an endeavour to define a less traumatic and more effective form of electric shock.
This work resulted in what became known as the "Lown waveform"; a single heavily damped sinusoidal waveform with a half cycle time of approximately 5 milliseconds.  The waveform was produced by charging a bank of capacitors to about 1000 volts, then discharging the capacitors through an inductor to deliver the waveform to the heart.
Following the research findings, Lown contacted engineer Barouh Berkovits of the American Optical Company, who produced a clinical prototype defibrillator (often referred to as a "cardioverter") which became the basis for further technological evolution. The original machine, weighing some 60 lb (27 kg), delivered the Lown waveform at energy levels up to 100 joules for exposed heart application, and 200400 joules for transthoracic application.

# Peace activist
In 1960 he was one of the founders of Physicians for Social Responsibility and later the co-founder of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. He also founded two organisations, SATELLIFE and ProCOR, which provide health information and assistance to developing countries.
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War was awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize.
Bernard Lown is currently Professor of Cardiology Emeritus at the Harvard School of Public Health.  He and his wife Louise have three children.
Bert Sakmann
Bert Sakmann (born June 12, 1942) is a German cell physiologist.  He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Erwin Neher in 1991 for their work on "the function of single ion channels in cells," and invention of the patch clamp.  Bert Sakmann was Professor at Heidelberg University and is an Emeritus Scientific Member of the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, Germany. Since 2008 he leads an emeritus research group at the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology.
Born in Stuttgart, Sakmann enrolled in Volksschule in Lindau, and completed the Wagenburg gymnasium in Stuttgart in 1961.  He studied medicine from 1967 onwards in Tubingen, Freiburg, Berlin, Paris and Munich.  After completing his medical exams at Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich, he became a medical assistant in 1968 at Munich University, while also working as a scientific assistant (Wissenschaftlicher Assistant) at Munich's Max-Planck-Institut fur Psychiatrie, in the Neurophysiology Department under Otto Detlev Creutzfeldt.  In 1971 he moved to University College London, where he worked in the Department of Biophysics under Bernard Katz.  In 1974 he completed his medical dissertation, under the title Elektrophysiologie der neuralen Helladaptation in der Katzenretina (Electrophysiology of Neural Light Adaption in the Cat Retina) in the Medical Faculty of Gottingen University.
Afterwards (still in 1974), Sakmann returned to the lab of Otto Creutzfeldt, who had meanwhile moved to the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Gottingen.  Sakmann joined the membrane biology group the in 1979.
In 1986, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Erwin Neher co-winner of 1991 Nobel prize for Physiology or Medicine.
In 1987, he received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, which is the highest honour awarded in German research.
In 1991 he received the Nobel prize for Physiology or Medicine together with Neher, with whom he had worked in Gottingen.
Sakmann is the founder of the Bert-Sakmann-Stiftung.
Betacellulin
Betacellulin  is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BTC gene located on chromosome 4 at locus 4q13-q21. Betacellulin is a member of the EGF family of growth factors. It is synthesized primarily as a transmembrane precursor, which is then processed to mature molecule by proteolytic events. This protein is a ligand for the EGF receptor.

# Structure
BTC  is a polymer of about 62-111 amino acid residues.
Secondary Structure: 6% helical (1 helices; 3 residues) 36% beta sheet (5 strands; 18 residues)
- BTC was originally identified as a growth-promoting factor in mouse pancreatic -cell carcinoma cell line and has since been identified in humans. Mouse BTC (mBTC) is expressed as a 178-amino acid precursor. The membrane-bound precursor is cleaved to yield mature secreted mBTC. BTC is synthesized in a wide range of adult tissues and in many cultured cells, including smooth muscle cells and epithelial cells. The amino acid sequence of mature mBTC is 82.5%, identical with that of human BTC (hBTC), and both exhibit significant overall similarity with other members of the EGF family.

# About the Image
- The structure for the small protein Betacellulin that is shown was determined by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The species that BTC was taken from was Homo sapiens.This particular molecule of BTC has a formula weight of 5916.9 and its sequence was determined to be RKGHFSRCPKQYKHYCIKGRCRFVVAEQTPSCVCDEGYIGARCERVDLFY (if you would like to see an image of what parts of the sequence code for the secondary structures observed in the image, click here). Also, a Ramachandran plot can be found here.
Biclustering
Biclustering, co-clustering, or two-mode clustering is a data mining technique that allows simultaneous clustering of the rows and columns of a matrix.
The term was first introduced by Mirkin (recently by Cheng and Church in gene expression analysis), although the technique was originally introduced much earlier  (i.e., by J.A. Hartigan).
Given a set of m rows in n columns (i.e., an mn matrix), the biclustering algorithm generates biclusters - a subset of rows that exhibit similar behavior across a subset of columns, or vice versa.

# Complexity
The complexity of the biclustering problem depends on the exact problem formulation, and particularly on the merit function used to evaluate the quality of a given bicluster. However most interesting variants of this problem are NP-complete requiring either large computational effort or the use of lossy heuristics to short-circuit the calculation.

# Type of Bicluster
Different biclustering algorithms have different definitions of bicluster.
They are:
- Bicluster with constant values (a),
- Bicluster with constant values on rows or columns (b, c),
- Bicluster with coherent values (d, e).
File:Bicluster.JPG

# Algorithms
There are many biclustering algorithm developed for bioinformatics, including: Block clustering, CTWC, ITWC, -bicluster, -pCluster, -pattern, FLOC, OPC, Plaid Model, OPSMs, Gibbs, SAMBA, Robust Biclustering Algorithm (RoBA), cMonkey, PRMs and DCC. Biclustering algorithms have also been proposed and used in other application fields under the names coclustering, biodimentional clustering, and subspace clustering.
Some recent algorithms have attempted to include additional support for biclustering rectangular matricies in the form of other datatypes. One such algorithm, cMonkey, has been recently developed and applied to several systems-biology datasets.
There is an ongoing debate about how to judge the results of these methods, as biclustering allows overlap between clusters and some algorithms allow the exclusion of hard to reconcile columns/conditions. Not all of the available algorithms are deterministic and you need to pay attention to the degree to which results represent stable minima. Because this is an unsupervised classification problem, the lack of gold standard makes it difficult to spot errors in the results. One approach is to utilize multiple biclustering algorithms, with majority or super-majority voting amongst them deciding the best result. Another way is to analyse the quality of shifting and scaling patterns in biclusters.
Macrocephaly
Synonyms and keywords:  Macrocephalus; megacephaly; megalocephaly; head enlarged; big head; large head; enlarged head

# Overview
Macrocephaly (from the Greek words , meaning "long", and , meaning "head"), is when thehead circumference is larger than average for the age and sex of the infant or child.

# Causes

## Common Causes
- Hydrocephalus
- Intraventricular hemorrhage
- Acromegaly
- Rickets
- Autism
- Hurler's syndrome
- Arnold-Chiari syndrome
- Cerebral arteriovenous malformation

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabeical Order

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
Increased pressure in the head (increased intracranial pressure) often occurs with increased head circumference. Symptoms of this condition include:
- Irritability
- Vomiting

## Physical Examination

### Head
Macrocephaly is customarily diagnosed if head circumference is greater than 2 standard deviations (SD) above the mean. Relative macrocephaly occurs if the measure is less than 2 SD above the mean but is disproportionately above that when ethnicity and stature are considered. In research, cranial height or brain imaging are also used to determine intracranial volume more accurately.

### Eyes
- Eyes moving downward

# Related Chapters
- Microcephaly
Bill Charman
Bill Charman is an Australian pharmaceutical scientist whose work has developed medical treatments in a range of areas, including a new drug for the treatment of malaria. He was also the founder and director of biomedical sciences company Acrux Ltd. He has published more than 320 scientific papers on his research and has received tens of millions of dollars in funding to further his work. Prior to embarking on a career in academic research, he worked for a number of pharmaceutical companies in the USA.
He has received numerous international awards for his work, including the Glaxo Wellcome International Achievement award in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain in 1999, the Drug Discovery Project of the Year award from the Medicines for Malaria Venture (Switzerland) in 2002, the Australasian Pharmaceutical Sciences Association Medal in 2005, the 2006 Controlled Release Society International Career Achievement in Oral Drug Delivery Award and the 2007 Research Achievement Award from the Pharmaceutical Sciences World Congress.
Currently, Charman is Dean of the Victorian College of Pharmacy at Monash University, where he holds a personal chair in pharmaceutics and is director of the Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation. He also works as an adviser to the World Health Organisation. He is a regular commentator on many areas of drug development in the Australian media.
Bioallethrin

# Overview
Bioallethrin is a brand name for an ectoparasiticide. It consists of two of the eight stereosiomers of allethrin I in an approximate ratio of 1:1. The name Bioallethrin is a registered trademark of Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.
Esbiothrin (CAS number 260359-57-5 ) is a mixture of the same two stereosiomers, but in an approximate ratio of R:S = 1:3.
Esbioallethrin or S-bioallethrin (CAS number 28434-00-6 ) is the pure S-form (that is, the wedge in the structure as shown in the box points down).
Biomphalaria
Biomphalaria is a genus of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails.
This genus of snails is medically important because the snails can carry a parasite which represents a serious disease risk to humans; 
the snails serve as an intermediate host (vector) for the human parasitic blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni.
The fluke, which is found primarily in tropical areas, infects mammals (including humans) via contact with water that contains schistosome larvae (cercariae) which have previously been released from the snail. Infection occurs via penetration of cercariae through the skin. In humans this fluke causes the debilitating disease schistosomiasis.
Other flukes which parasitize snails include Schistosoma japonicum, which parasitizes snails in the genus Oncomelania, and Schistosoma mekongi, which parasitizes snails in the genus Tricula.
Birth weight

# Overview
Birth weight is the weight of a baby at its birth. It has direct links with the gestational age at which the child was born and can be estimated during the pregnancy by measuring fundal height. A baby born within the normal range of weight for that gestational age is known as appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Those born above or below that range have often had an unusual rate of development  this often indicates complications with the pregnancy that may affect the baby or its mother. 
The incidence of birth weight being outside of the AGA is influenced by the parents in numerous ways, including:
- Genetics
- The health of the mother, particularly during the pregnancy
- Environmental factors
- Other factors, like multiple births, where each baby is likely to be outside the AGA, one more so than the other
There have been numerous studies that have attempted, with varying degrees of success, to show links between birth weight and later-life conditions, including diabetes, obesity, tobacco smoking and intelligence.

# Conditions
Associated conditions include:
- Large for gestational age
- Small for gestational age

# Influence on adult life
Studies have been conducted to investigate how a person's birth weight can influence aspects of their future life. This includes theorised links with obesity, diabetes and intelligence.

## Obesity
A baby born small or large for gestational age (either of the two extremes) is thought to have an increased risk of obesity in later life.

## Diabetes
Babies that have a low birth weight are thought to have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes in later life.

## Intelligence
Some studies have shown a direct link between an increased birth weight and an increased intelligence quotient.

# Effects on the mother
There is some evidence of a link between a child's birth weight and its mother's risk of cardiovascular disease.
Bishop score

# Overview
Bishop score, also Bishop's score, is a pre-labour scoring system to assist in predicting whether induction of labour will be required.

# Components
The total score is achieved by assessing the following five components on vaginal examination:
- Cervical dilatation
- Cervical effacement
- Cervical consistency
- Cervical position
- Fetal station
They can be remembered with the mnemonic: Call PEDS For Parturition = Cervical Postion, Effacement, Dilation, Softness; Fetal Station.

# Scoring
Each components is given a score of 0-2 or 0-3. The highest possible score is 13.

# Interpretation
A score of 5 or less suggests that labour is unlikely to start without induction. A score of 9 or more indicates that labour will most likely commence spontaneously.
A low Bishop's score often indicates that induction is unlikely to be successful. Some sources indicate that only a score of 8 or greater is reliably predictive of a successful induction.

# Modified Bishop score
According to the Modified Bishop's pre-induction cervical scoring system, effacement has been replaced by cervical length in cm, with scores as follows-
0>3cm, 1>2cm, 2>1cm, 3>0cm.
Bisoctrizole
Bisoctrizole (USAN, Tinosorb M, INCI Methylene Bis-Benzotriazolyl Tetramethylbutylphenol) is a chemical which is added to sunscreens to absorb UV rays. It's marketed by Ciba Specialty Chemicals.
Bisoctrizole is a broad spectrum ultraviolet radiation absorber, absorbing UVB as well as UVA rays. It also reflects and scatters UV. Bisoctrizole is a hybrid UV absorber. It's produced as small particles (< 200 nm), like microfine zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. And it is organic like most sunscreen actives. It is added to the water phase of a sunscreen as a 50% suspension, while mineral micropigments are usually added to the oil phase.
Bisoctrizole shows very little photodegradation and has a stabilizing effect on other UV absorbers, octyl methoxycinnamate (octinoxate) in particular.
Unlike some other organic sunscreen actives, it shows no estrogenic effects in vitro.
Bisoctrizole is not approved by the FDA, but is approved in the EU and other parts of the world.