Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Areola
In anatomy, the term areola, plural areolae, (diminutive of Latin area, "open place") is used to describe any small circular area such as the colored skin surrounding the nipple.  While it is most commonly used to describe the pigmented area around the human nipple (areola mammae), it can also be used to describe other small circular areas such as the inflamed region surrounding a pimple.
The Merriam-Webster dictionary notes two pronunciations for the term areola; aREola and areOla, with speaker icon pronunciations.
The reason the color of the areola differs from that of the rest of the breast is that the areola roughly delineates where the ducts of the mammary glands are. Careful inspection of a mature human female nipple will reveal several small openings arranged radially around the tip of the nipple (lactiferous ducts) from where milk is released during lactation. Other small openings in the areola are sebaceous glands known as Montgomery's glands (or glands of Montgomery) which provide lubrication to protect the area around the nipple and assist with suckling during lactation. These can be quite obvious and raised above the surface of the areola, giving the appearance of "goose-flesh".
Two polymers contribute to the color of the areola in humans - brown eumelanin and pheomelanin, a red pigment. The relative amount of these pigments determines the color of the areola, which can vary greatly, ranging from pale pink to dark brown, but generally tending to be paler among people with lighter skin tones and darker among people with darker skin tones.
An individual's areolae may also change color over time in response to hormonal changes caused by menstruation, certain medications, and ageing. Most notably, the areolae may darken substantially during pregnancy. Some regression to the original color may occur after the baby is born but, again, this varies from individual to individual.
The size and shape of areolae is also highly variable, with those of sexually mature women usually being larger than those of men and prepubescent girls. Human areolae are mostly circular in shape but many women and some men have areolae that are noticeably elliptical.
The areolae of most men is around 25 mm (1 in) in diameter while those of sexually-mature women may range up to 100 mm (4 in) or more in diameter, with average sizes around 30 mm (1 3/8 in). The areola of women who are lactating or who have particularly large breasts may be even larger.
Axilla

# Overview
The axilla (or armpit, underarm, or oxter) is the area on the human body directly under the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder.

# Boundaries
Anatomically, the boundaries are as follows:

# Underarm hair
Underarm hair usually grows in the underarms of both females and males, beginning in adolescence.
In modern Western culture, it is common for women to remove underarm hair for aesthetic reasons, while men tend to keep it.  Throughout the feminist movement, previously in the hippie culture, and in some areas of the punk rock scene, some women choose to keep their underarm hair for a variety of reasons, from subversion to egalitarianism to comfort.
Recently, many men in the U.S. and Europe have begun to remove underarm hair due to popularization by hairless male models and athletes, and thinking it is embarrassing if they show it when wearing a sleeveless shirt.

# Body odor
Body odor develops in the underarms due in part to the waste products of microorganisms that feed on sebum, the fatty secretions produced by apocrine glands.
A wide variety of deodorant and antiperspirant products are sold for the purpose of mitigating this odor.

# Cultural significance
The underarms are among the locations in the human body which are most vulnerable to tickling.
The sexual attraction to the underarms is called axillism.

# Terminology
The term oxter, pronounced 'ock-ster' is most often used in Scotland, northern England, and Ireland. Northern Ireland generally replaces all other names of underarm for oxter.
The term "underarm" only refers to the outer surface of the axilla. However, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably in casual contexts.
Colloquially, armpit refers to an object or place which is smelly, greasy or otherwise undesirable.

# Additional images
- Superficial muscles of the chest and front of the arm.
- Axillary artery and its branches - anterior view of right upper limb and thorax.
- The veins of the right axilla, viewed from in front.
- The right brachial plexus (infraclavicular portion) in the axillary fossa; viewed from below and in front.
- The left side of the thorax.
Plaque
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# Overview
Plaque or placque may refer to:
In biology:
- Dental plaque, a biofilm that builds up on teeth
- Atheromatous plaque, a buildup of fatty deposits within the wall of a blood vessel
- Mucoid plaque, a supposed thick coating of abnormal mucous material in the colon
- Viral plaque, a visible structure formed by virus propagation within a cell culture
- Senile plaques, an extracellular protein buildup implicated in various diseases like Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease
- Plaque, a (usually) small, disk-shaped growth, common in some forms of skin cancer
- Pleural plaque, pleural fibrosis, often caused by exposure to asbestos
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Atypia

# Overview
Atypia is a clinical term for abnormality in a cell. The term is medical jargon for an atypical cell. It may or may not be a precancerous indication associated with later malignancy, but the level of appropriate concern is highly dependent on the context with which it is diagnosed.
Atypia can be caused by an infection or irritation if diagnosed in a Pap smear, for example. In the uterus it is more likely to be precancerous.
The term atypia is also used dermatoligically and can be a precursor to melanoma.
A dermatological pathology report may show normal (junctional, compound, or intradermal) nevi, various levels of atypia (slight, moderate, severe), or melanoma. Atypia in this context is a precursor to melanoma, but is not yet melanoma.
If a mole shows slight or moderate atypia and margins are clear, no further treatment is typically needed. It would be wise to re-examine if pigmentation recurs after excision. If a mole shows slight or moderate atypia and margins are not clear, it is typical to re-excise or re-shave to get around the lesion.
If a mole shows marked or severe atypia or any degree of pathologist's concern for melanoma, it would be wise to seek professionals for further evaluation.
Avidin

# Overview
Avidin is a glycoprotein found in the egg white and tissues of birds, reptiles and amphibians. It contains four identical subunits having a combined mass of 67,000-68,000 daltons. Each subunit consists of 128 amino acids and binds one molecule of biotin. The extent of glycosylation is very high. Carbohydrate accounts for about 10% of the total mass of avidin. Avidin has a basic isoelectric point (pI) of 10-10.5 and is stable over a wide range of pH and temperature. Extensive chemical modification has little effect on the activity of avidin, making it especially useful for protein purification. Because of its carbohydrate content and basic pI, avidin has relatively high nonspecific binding.

# Relationship between avidin and biotin
Avidin has a very strong affinity for biotin with a KD (dissociation constant) of approximately 10-15 M-1, the highest known affinity between any protein and its ligand, and, as such, prevents biotin absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. In biochemical applications, streptavidin or NeutrAvidin, which also bind very tightly to Biotin, are often used in place of avidin.
Avidin's affinity for biotin is exploited in wide ranging biochemical assays, including western blot, ELISA, ELISPOT and pull-down assays. Avidin immobilized onto solid supports is also used as purification media to capture biotin-labelled protein or nucleic acid molecules. For example, cell surface proteins can be specifically labelled with membrane impermeable biotin reagent, then specifically captured using an avidin-based support.
Axenic
In biology, axenic describes a culture of a particular organism that is entirely free of all other "contaminating" organisms.  The earliest axenic cultures were  of bacteria or unicellular eukaryotes, but axenic cultures of many multicellular organisms are also possible.  Axenic cultures are useful because all of the organisms present within them are identical or share the same gene pool.  Consequently they will generally respond in a more uniform and reproducible fashion, simplifying the interpretation of experiments.
Axenic cultures of microorganisms are typically prepared using a dilution series of an existing mixed culture.  This culture is successively diluted to the point where subsamples of it contain only a few individual organisms, ideally only a single individual (in the case of an asexual species).  These subcultures are allowed to grow until the identity of their constituent organisms can be ascertained.  Selection of only those cultures consisting of the desired type of organism produces the axenic culture.  Subcultures that originate from a single organism or cell without genetic change are considered clones.
Axenic cultures are usually checked routinely to ensure that they remain axenic.  One standard approach with microorganisms is to spread a sample of the culture onto an agar plate, and to incubate this for a fixed period of time.  The agar should be an enriched medium that will support the growth of common "contaminating" organisms.  Such "contaminating" organisms will grow on the plate during this period, identifying cultures that are no longer axenic.
B3GAT1
Galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase 1 (B3GAT1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the B3GAT1 gene, whose enzymatic activity creates the CD57 epitope on other cell surface proteins. In immunology, the CD57 antigen (CD stands for cluster of differentiation) is also known as HNK1 (human natural killer-1) or LEU7. It is expressed as a carbohydrate epitope that contains a sulfoglucuronyl residue in several adhesion molecules of the nervous system.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the glucuronyltransferase gene family. These enzymes exhibit strict acceptor specificity, recognizing nonreducing terminal sugars and their anomeric linkages. This gene product functions as the key enzyme in a glucuronyl transfer reaction during the biosynthesis of the carbohydrate epitope HNK-1 (human natural killer-1, also known as CD57 and LEU7). Alternate transcriptional splice variants have been characterized.

# Immunohistochemistry
In anatomical pathology, CD57 (immunostaining) is similar to CD56 for use in differentiating neuroendocrine tumors from others. Using immunohistochemistry, CD57 molecule can be demonstrated in around 10 to 20% of lymphocytes, as well as in some epithelial, neural, and chromaffin cells. Among lymphocytes, CD57 positive cells are typically either T cells or NK cells, and are most commonly found within the germinal centres of lymph nodes, tonsils, and the spleen.
There is an increase in the number of circulating CD57 positive cells in the blood of patients who have recently undergone organ or tissue transplants, especially of the bone marrow, and in patients with HIV. Increased CD57+ counts have also been reported in rheumatoid arthritis and Felty's syndrome, among other conditions.
Neoplastic CD57 positive cells are seen in conditions as varied as large granular lymphocytic leukaemia, small-cell carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, and neural and carcinoid tumours. Although the antigen is particularly common in carcinoid tumours, it is found in such a wide range of other conditions that it is of less use in distinguishing these tumours from others than more specific markers such as chromogranin and NSE.
B3GAT2
Galactosylgalactosylxylosylprotein 3-beta-glucuronosyltransferase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the B3GAT2 gene.
The product of this gene is a transmembrane protein belonging to the glucuronyltransferase family, and catalyzes the transfer of a beta-1,3 linked glucuronic acid to a terminal galactose in different glycoproteins or glycolipids containing a Gal-beta-1-4GlcNAc or Gal-beta-1-3GlcNAc residue. The encoded protein is involved in the synthesis of the human natural killer-1 (HNK-1) carbohydrate epitope, a sulfated trisaccharide implicated in cellular migration and adhesion in the nervous system.

# Use of HNK-1 Antibody for Neural Crest Research
Antibodies raised against the HNK-1 epitope have played a large role in studies of the neural crest, especially in the avian embryo.  The first antibody raised against this epitope was NC-1, which permitted much easier analyses of neural crest migration pathways.  In avians, and especially in other vertebrates, the results of HNK-1 staining should be interpreted with caution as the epitope is not unique to the neural crest.
B3GNT1
N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the B3GNT1 gene.

# -1,4-glucuronyltransferase
The B3GNT1 gene encodes a -1,4-glucuronyltransferase, designated B4GAT1, that transfers glucuronic acid towards both - and -anomers of xylose. B4GAT1 is the priming enzyme for LARGE, a dual-activity glycosyltransferase that is capable of extending products of B4GAT1. Thus, B4GAT1 is involved in the initiation of the LARGE-dependent repeating disaccharide that is necessary for extracellular matrix protein binding to O-mannosylated -dystroglycan that is lacking in secondary dystroglycanopathies.

# Misidentification
The B3GNT1 gene was first reported to encode a member of the beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase family and thought to be responsible for the synthesis of poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a determinant for the blood group i antigen. Thus, it was also known as iGNT.
BAIAP3
BAI1-associated protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAIAP3 gene.
BAIAP3 was identified as a protein-binding partner of BAI1. BAI1 is a p53-target gene that encodes a brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor. The protein is a seven-span transmembrane protein and a member of the secretin receptor family. BAIAP3 interacts with the cytoplasmic region of brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1. BAIAP3 also contains two C2 domains, which are often found in proteins involved in signal transduction or membrane trafficking. Its expression pattern and similarity to other proteins suggest that it may be involved in synaptic functions.

# Interactions
BAIAP3 has been shown to interact with Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1.
BALB/c
BALB/c is an albino strain of laboratory mouse from which a number of common substrains are derived. Now over 200 generations from their origin in New York in 1920, BALB/c mice are distributed globally, and among the most widely used inbred strains used in animal experimentation. 

# History
The founding animals of the strain were obtained by Halsey J. Bagg of Memorial Hospital, New York, from a mouse dealer in Ohio in 1913. From 1920, the progeny of the original colony were systematically inbred, sibling to sibling, for 26 generations over 15 years. During this time, the colony passed through the care of a number of scientists, including C.C. Little and E.C. MacDowell at the Carnegie Institution of Washington and H.J. Muller at the University of Texas.  By 1935 the animals were in the possession of Muller's student, George Davis Snell, who moved them to The Jackson Laboratory. This stock provided the basis of all the BALB/c substrains that are now in use around the world. 
Snell provided some animals from this stock to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to maintain. In 1961 D. W. Bailey used some of these to generate a substrain at the University of California, San Francisco. In 1974, now 136 generations from the original breeding pair, these animals were returned to The Jackson Laboratory and were named BALB/cByJ.  On 16 November, 2005, The Jackson Laboratory reported this substrain had reached its 235th generation. 
Snell also provided a colleague, J. Paul Scott, with some BALB/c breeding stock in 1938 or 1939.   When a fire destroyed the main Jackson Laboratory buildings in 1947,  all of Snell's original breeding stock perished, but Scott's mice were in a different building and survived. Scott donated stock back, at generation 41, to repopulate the colony. The progeny of these are now termed BALB/cJ and, as of 14 December, 2006, were 221 generations from the founding stock.  Other less popular substrains, such as BALB/cWt, are maintained at the Jackson Laboratory, while the BALB/cN substrain is maintained by the NIH. 

# Characteristics
BALB/c mice are useful for research into both cancer and immunology. According to Michael Festing's Inbred Strains of Mice,  BALB/c substrains are "particularly well known for the production of plasmacytomas on injection with mineral oil,"  an important process for the production of monoclonal antibodies. They are also reported as having a "low mammary tumour incidence,  but do develop other types of cancers in later life, most commonly reticular neoplasms,  lung tumours, and renal tumours.   Most substrains have a "long reproductive life-span" , are noted for displaying high levels of anxiety and for being relatively resistant to diet-induced atherosclerosis, making them a useful model for cardiovascular research.  
There are noted differences between different BALB/c substrains, though these are thought to be due to mutation rather than genetic contamination.  For example, male BALB/c mice are aggressive and will fight other males if housed together. However, the BALB/Lac substrain is much more docile.  The BALB/cWt is also unusual in that 3% of progeny display true hermaphroditism.
BASDAI

# Overview
The BASDAI is important because it is a validated diagnostic test which allows a physician (usually a rheumatologist) to determine the effectiveness of a current drug therapy, or the need to institute a new drug therapy for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. The BASDAI consists of a one through 10 scale (one being no problem and 10 being the worst problem) in response to 6 questions pertaining to the 5 major symptoms of AS:
- Fatigue
- Spinal pain
- Joint pain / swelling
- Areas of localized tenderness (also called enthesitis, or inflammation of tendons and ligaments)
- Morning stiffness duration
- Morning stiffness severity
To give each symptom equal weighting, the average of the two scores relating to morning stiffness is taken. The resulting 0 to 50 score is divided by 5 to give a final 0  10 BASDAI score. Scores of 4 or greater suggest suboptimal control of disease, and patients with scores of 4 or greater are usually good candidates for either a change in their medical therapy, eligible for treatment with powerful biologic therapies such as etanercept, infliximab and adalimumab, or may be eligible for enrollment in clinical trials evaluating new drug therapies directed at Ankylosing Spondylitis.

# History
Garrett and coworkers writing in the Journal of Rheumatology in December 1994 described a self-administered 6-question measurement tool which was to become the gold standard for measuring and evaluating disease activity in Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS).  This validated tool is the BASDAI, or the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. A research team consisting of rheumatologists, physiotherapists, and research associates with a special interest in AS developed the index in Bath, England, hence the reason for "Bath" in the name.

# Validation
BASDAI is a quick and simple index (taking between 30 secs and 2 mins to complete) 
BASDAI demonstrated statistically significant (p<0.001) reliability. 
BASDAI encorporates a reasonable scale. The individual symptoms and the index as a whole demonstrated good score distribution, using 95% of the scale. 
BASDAI demonstrates a sensitivity to change within a short period of time. Following a 3 week physiotherapy course, the BASDAI showed a significant (p=0.009) 16.4% score improvement.

# Tools and references
- BASDAI automated calculation tool
BCL11A
B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCL11A gene.

# Function
The BCL11A gene encodes for a regulatory C2H2 type zinc-finger protein, that can bind to the DNA. Five alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene, which encode distinct isoforms, have been reported. The protein associates with the SWI/SNF complex, that regulates gene expression via chromatin remodelling.
BCL11A is highly expressed in several hematopoietic lineages, and plays a role in the switch from - to -globin expression during the fetal to adult erythropoiesis transition.
Furthermore, BCL11A is expressed in the brain, where it forms a protein complex with CASK to regulate axon outgrowth and branching. In the neocortex, BCL11A binds to the TBR1 regulatory region and inhibits the expression of TBR1.

# Clinical significance
The corresponding Bcl11a mouse gene is a common site of retroviral integration in myeloid leukemia, and may function as a leukemia disease gene, in part, through its interaction with BCL6. During hematopoietic cell differentiation, this gene is down-regulated. It is possibly involved in lymphoma pathogenesis since translocations associated with B-cell malignancies also deregulates its expression. In addition, BCL11A has been found to play a role in the suppression of fetal hemoglobin production. Therapeutic strategies aimed at increasing fetal globin production in diseases such as beta thalassemia and sickle cell anemia by inhibiting BCL11A are currently being explored.
Furthermore, heterozygous de novo mutations in BCL11A have been identified in an intellectual disability disorder, accompanied with global developmental delay and autism spectrum disorder. These mutations disrupt BCL11A homodimerization and transcriptional regulation.

# Interactions
BCL11A has been shown to interact with a number of proteins. BCL11A was initially discovered as a COUP-TFI interacting protein. In the nucleus, BCL11A forms paraspeckles that co-localize with NONO. In neurons, BCL11A interacts with CASK to regulate target genes. Furthermore, BCL11A interacts with the neuron-specific protein TBR1, which is also implicated in intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder.
BCL11B
B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCL11B gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a C2H2-type zinc finger protein and is closely related to BCL11A, a gene whose translocation may be associated with B-cell malignancies. The specific function of this gene has not yet been determined, but it could also be involved in some malignancies. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants, which encode distinct isoforms, have been reported.
Recent research suggests that BCL11B is crucial for ameloblasts (the cells that produce tooth enamel) to form and work properly.

# Interactions
BCL11B has been shown to interact with COUP-TFI.