Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Cefsulodin

# Overview
Cefsulodin is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with specific activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It has no significant activity against other Gram-negative bacteria and very limited activity against Gram-positive bacteria and anaerobic bacteria. Cefsulodin was first synthesized and patented by the Takeda Pharmaceutical Company in 1977. In 2002, Takeda stopped production of cefsulodin. Many years of low-stability cefsulodin production has led to a widespread reduction of laboratory and research uses. Current attempts (i.e. IDEXX Laboratories) of increasing purity and stability of cefsulodin center around recrystallization. Typically, the process entails: Cefsulodin is dissolved in an organic solvent, sodium ions, water, or any mixture thereof, then subsequently recrystallized through separation of the unwanted fraction. Recently, TOKU-E has found the main cause of cefsulodin instability stems from one key impurity in 7-aminocephalosporanic acid, a raw material used in the synthesis of cefsulodin. To produce high-purity, high-stability cefsulodin, TOKU-E uses industrial HPLC to remove significant quantities of this impurity in 7-ACA and thus produces ultrapure, ultrastable, and ultrapotent cefsulodin.

# General use
Cefuslodin is most commonly used in cefsulodin-irgasan-novobiocin agar to select for Yersinia microorganisms. This agar is most often used in water and beverage testing.

# Susceptibility data
The following represents MIC susceptibility data for various P. aeruginosa strains.
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA13 (resistant strain): 32 g/ml
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa (wild-type, susceptible): 4 - 8 g/ml
Centimetre
A centimetre (American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one hundredth of a metre, which is the current SI base unit of length. Centi is the SI prefix for a factor of 10^{-2}. Hence a centimetre can be written as 1010^{-3} m (engineering notation) or 1 E-2 m (scientific E notation)  meaning 10  1 mm or 1 m / 100 respectively. The centimetre is the base unit of length in the now deprecated centimetre-gram-second system of units.
Though for many physical quantities, SI prefixes for factors of 103 - like milli and kilo - are often preferred by technicians, the centimetre remains a practical unit of length for many everyday measurements. A centimetre is approximately the width of the fingernail of an adult person.

# Equivalence to other units of length
1 centimetre is equal to:
- 0.01 metres, which can be represented by 1.00 E-2 m (1 metre is equal to 100 centimeters)
- about 0.393700787401575 inches (1 inch is equal to 2.54 centimetres exactly) 
1 cubic centimetre is equal to 1 millilitre, under the current SI system of units.

# Uses of centimetre
In addition to its use in the measurement of length, the centimeter is used:
- sometimes, to report the level of rainfall as measured by a rain gauge 
- in the CGS system, the centimetre is used to measure capacitance, where 1 cm of capacitance = 1.11310^{-12} Farad 
- in Canadian maps, centimetres are used to make conversions from map scale to real world scale (kilometers)

# Unicode symbols
For the purposes of compatibility with Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK) characters, Unicode has symbols for: 
- centimetre (cm) - code 339D
- square centimetre (cm2) - code 33A0
- cubic centimetre (cm3) - code 33A4
They are useful only with East Asian fixed-width CJK fonts, because they are equal in size to one Chinese character.
Cephradine

# Overview
Cefradine (INN) (formerly cephradine BAN) is a first generation  cephalosporin antibiotic.

# Indications
It has similar spectrum of activity to cefalexin.
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS (e.g., tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and lobar pneumonia) caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci and S. pneumoniae (formerly D. pneumonia).
(Penicillin is the usual drug of choice in the treatment and prevention of streptococcal infections, including the prophylaxis of rheumatic fever. Velosef is generally effective in the eradication of streptococci from the nasopharynx; substantial data establishing the efficacy of Velosef in the subsequent prevention of rheumatic fever are not available at present.)
OTITIS MEDIA caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, S. pneumoniae (formerly D. pneumoniae), H. influenzae, and staphylococci.
SKIN AND SKIN STRUCTURE INFECTIONS caused by staphylococci (penicillin-susceptible and penicillin-resistant) and beta-hemolytic streptococci.
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS, including prostatitis, caused by E. coli, P. mirabilis, Klebsiella species, and enterococci (S. faecalis). The high concentrations of cephradine achievable in the urinary tract will be effective against many strains of enterococci for which disc susceptibility studies indicate relative resistance. It is to be noted that among beta-lactam antibiotics, ampicillin is the drug of choice for enterococcal urinary tract (E. faecalis) infection.

# Formulations
Capsules containing 250 mg or 500 mg, Syrup containing 250 mg/5 ml, or vials for injection containing 500 mg or 1 g.

# Brand Names
International Brands Velocef, Infexin (by Merck Pvt, Ltd) Intracef (by Beximco Pharma) SEFRIL(The ACME laboratories Ltd., Bangladesh), REOCEF(Rephco Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bangladesh). Lebac (by Square pharmaceuticals Ltd., Bangladesh)
Miracidium
A miracidium is a small free-living larval stage of parasitic flatworms in the class Trematoda. It is released from eggs which are usually shed in the faeces of its vertebrate host. When an egg is immersed in water, its operculum liberates the miracidium, which swims using cilia to find the first host in its life cycle, a mollusc. Miracidia are transmission stages that do not feed and, if they do not find a molluscan host, do not survive much beyond 24 hours. It goes through various stages in its mollusc host; the details vary with species:-
- Miracidium: settles in the mollusc and becomes a sporocyst.
- Sporocyst: produces either more sporocysts, or rediae.
- Redia: produces either more rediae, or cercariae.
- Cercaria: This is somewhat like a small adult, but has a large swimming tail somewhat like a tadpole's (but without a notochord or backbone, as it is not a chordate). It finds and settles in a host, and becomes an adult, or a mesocercaria, or a metacercaria, according to species.
- Mesocercaria: A cercaria little modified but resting.
- Metacercaria: A cercaria encysted and resting.
- Adult.
With some species of Trematoda the cercaria develops into an adult in that host.
With other species of Trematoda (for example Ribeiroia) the cercaria encysts, and waits until the host is eaten by a third host, in whose gut it emerges and develops into an adult.
In its final host, it eventually lays eggs which are discharged in its host's faeces. From there the eggs hatch in the presence of free water and the miracidium stage of life is reached again.
Certoparin
Certoparin (Sandoparin, Embolex, Novartis) is a low molecular weight heparin, primarily active against factor Xa.  Like other low molecular weight heparins, it is used to prevent deep venous thrombosis.
Mechanism of action:
Certoparin is a low molecular weight heparin. Heparin and certoparin (anticoagulants) work by interfering with the body's natural blood clotting mechanism. This mechanism involves a series of complex pathways. Heparin and certoparin inactivate a compound in this pathway called thrombin, which plays an important role in blood clot formation. Therefore, heparin and certoparin prevent the formation of blood clots in the body and breakdown pre-existing blood clots. Certoparin has many advantages over normal heparin. These include a more effective anticoagulant effect and reduced risk of bleeding. Certoparin is given by injection under the skin, and is used for the treatment of blood clots in conditions such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and the prevention of blood clots following surgery.
Side effects:
Medicines and their possible side effects can affect individual people in different ways. The following are some of the side effects that are known to be associated with this medicine. Because a side effect is stated here, it does not mean that all people using this medicine will experience that or any side effect.
Allergy to active ingredients (hypersensitivity) 
Alteration in results of liver function tests 
Thinning of the bones (osteoporosis) with long term use 
Decrease in the number of platelets in the blood (thrombocytopenia) 
Bleeding at injection site 
The side effects listed above may not include all of the side effects reported by the drug's manufacturer. For more information about any other possible risks associated with this medicine, please read the information provided with the medicine or consult your doctor or pharmacist.
Ceruletide

# Overview
Ceruletide (INN), also known as cerulein or caerulein, is a ten amino acid oligopeptide that stimulates smooth muscle and increases digestive secretions.  Ceruletide is similar in action and composition to cholecystokinin. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.  It is used to induce pancreatitis in experimental animal models.
Ceruletide was discovered and its structure elucidated in 1967 by Australian and Italian scientists from dried skins of the Australian green tree frog (Litoria caerulea, formerly Hyla caerulea).  Its amino acid sequence is Pglu-Gln-Asp-Tyr-Thr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2.

# Induction of pancreatitis
Ceruletide upregulates pancreatic acinar cell intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) proteins through intracellular upregulation of NF-B.  Surface ICAM-1 in turn promotes neutrophil adhesion onto acinar cells enhancing pancreatic inflammation.  In addition to promoting the inflammatory cell reaction to acinar cells, ceruletide induces pancreatitis through dysregulation of digestive enzyme production and cytoplasmic vacuolization, leading to acinar cell death and pancreatic edema.  Ceruletide also activates NADPH oxidase, a source of reactive oxygen species contributing to inflammation, as well as the Janus kinase/signal transducer, another inflammation inducer.
Chemotroph
Chemotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donating molecules in their environments. These molecules can be organic (organotrophs) or inorganic (lithotrophs). The chemotroph designation is in contrast to phototrophs which utilize solar energy. Chemotrophs can be either autotrophic or heterotrophic.
- Chemoautotrophs (or chemotrophic autotroph), in addition to deriving energy from chemical reactions, synthesize all necessary organic compounds from carbon dioxide. Chemoautotrophs generally only use inorganic energy sources. Most are bacteria or archaea that live in hostile environments such as deep sea vents and are the primary producers in such ecosystems. Evolutionary scientists believe that the first organisms to inhabit Earth were chemoautotrophs that produced oxygen as a by-product and later evolved into both aerobic, animal-like organisms and photosynthetic, plant-like organisms. Chemoautotrophs generally fall into several groups: methanogens, halophiles, sulfur reducers, nitrifiers, anammoxbacteria and thermoacidophiles.
- Chemoheterotrophs (or chemotrophic heterotrophs) must ingest organic building blocks that they are incapable of creating on their own. Most chemoheterotrophs derive energy from organic molecules like glucose.
The names of these primary nutritional groups are built from Greek roots. "Chemo" means "chemical" and "troph" means "nourishment". "Auto" means "self" and "hetero" means "other".
Chlorobium
Chlorobium is a genus of green sulfur bacteria. They are photolithotrophic oxidizers of sulfur and most notably utilise a noncyclic electron transport chain to reduce NAD+.  Hydrogen sulfide is used as an electron source and carbon dioxide its carbon source.
Chlorobium species exhibit a dark green color; in a Winogradsky column, the green layer often observed is composed of Chlorobium.  This genus lives in strictly anaerobic conditions below the surface of a body of water, commonly the anaerobic zone of a eutrophic lake.
The complete C. tepidum genome, which consists of 2.15 megabases (Mb), has recently been published. It synthesizes chlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) a and c, of which the model organism has been used to ellucidate the biosynthesis of BChl c. Several of its carotenoid metabolic pathways (including a novel lycopene cyclase) have similar counterparts in cyanobacteria.
Chlorodyne
Chlorodyne was the name for one of the most famous patent medicines sold in the British Isles. It was invented in the 19th century by a Dr. J. Collis Browne, a doctor in the British Indian Army; its original purpose was in the treatment of cholera. Browne sold his formula to a pharmacist named Davenport, who advertised it widely, as a treatment for cholera, diarrhea, insomnia, neuralgia, migraines, etc. As its principal ingredients were a mixture of laudanum (an alcoholic solution of opium), tincture of cannabis, and chloroform, it readily lived up to its claims of relieving pain, as a sedative, and for the treatment of diarrhea.

# Imitations
Chlorodyne  sold extremely well for many years; as its active ingredients were well known, local chemists' shops would also make up cheaper generic versions for sale to their customers. Here is an example of such a generic formulation, from Materia Medica by William Hale-White & A.H. Douthwaite, 21st edition (1932):
"Tinctura Chloroformi et Morphin Composita intended to be an imitation of the proprietary medicine called chlorodyne.  Mix chloroform 75, tincture of capsicum 25, tincture of Indian hemp 100, oil of peppermint 2 and glycerin 250 with alcohol (20 per cent) 450. Dissolve morphine hydrochloride 10 in the mixture. Add to it diluted hydrocyanic acid 50 and enough alcohol (90 per cent) to make 1000.  Strength. 1 millilitre contains chloroform 7.5 centimils; morphine hydrochloride 1 centigram; acidum hydrocyanicum dilutum 5 centimils.
Dose 5 to 15 minims - 0.2 to 1ml
Besides the generics, a number of rival sellers marketed their own branded versions of the formula, brands such as "Freeman's", "Teasdale's", and "Towle's".  It can be seen from the illustrations that the authenticity of these rival brands was hotly contested.

# Decline
Though the drug was effective in many ways, its high opiate content also made it very addictive, and deaths from overdoses, either accidental or deliberate, became a frequent occurrence. A common feature of the coroner's report in such cases would be the description of the deceased's body being found in a flat or bedsit littered with empty Chlorodyne bottles. Over the decades of the twentieth century, the cannabis was removed from the formulation, and the amount of opiates in the medicine were progressively reduced.  The name of Collis Browne lives on in Britain in a mixture sold under the trade name "J Collis Browne's Mixture" for the relief of coughs and diarrhea.  This modern formulation contains morphine and peppermint oil.
Chloroxine

# Overview
Chloroxine (trade name Capitrol; Kloroxin, Dichlorchinolinol, chlorquinol, halquinol(s)); Latin cloroxinum, dichlorchinolinolum) is an antibacterial drug. Oral formulations (under trade name such as Endiaron) are used in infectious diarrhea, disorders of the intestinal microflora (e.g. after antibiotic treatment), giardiasis, inflammatory bowel disease. It is also useful for dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis., as used in shampoos (Capitrol) and dermal creams like (Valpeda, Triaderm).

# Mechanism of action
Chloroxine has bacteriostatic, fungistatic and antiprotozoal properties. It is effective against Streptococci, Staphylococci, Candida, Candida albicans, Shigella and Trichomonads.
The pharma reference also says that it does not adversely affects the natural intestinal microflora, however this claim is unsourced.

# Adverse effects
Rarely occurs, but may cause nausea and vomiting associated with oral administration. It may also cause skin irritation.

# Pregnancy and lactation
The FDA lists chloroxine in Pregnancy Category C (risk cannot be ruled out) because no pregnancy studies on the medication have been performed with animals or humans. For this reason, use of chloroxine oral or topical during pregnancy or when breast-feeding is not recommended.

# History
First prepared in 1888 by A. Hebebrand.
Chrysiasis
Chrysiasis is a dermatological condition caused by the prolonged ingestion of gold.
Similar to silver, a gold preparation used parenterally for a long period may rarely produce a permanent skin pigmentation - especially if the skin is exposed to sunlight or artificial ultraviolet radiation.
The skin's pigmentation has been described as uniformly gray, grayish purple, slate gray, or grayish blue, and is usually limited to exposed portions of the body. It may involve the conjunctivae over the scleras but usually not the oral mucosa. Location of pigment predominantly in the upper dermis leads to the blue component of skin color through the scattering phenomenon. It is much less likely to be deposited in the nails and hair.
Chrysiasis was said to have been much more common when medicines containing traces of gold were used for treatment of tuberculosis (commonplace forms of treatment nearly fifty years ago). Treatments containing gold traces were also used to treat cases of rheumatoid arthritis - but because the dose used for tuberculosis was higher than for arthritis, it has not afflicted many subscribing to such treatments. Gold can be identified in the skin chemically by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and spectroscopy. There is no treatment or way to reverse chrysiasis.
Cinchonism
Cinchonism or quinism is a pathological condition in humans caused by an overdose of quinine or its natural source, cinchona bark.  Quinine is used to treat resistant malaria, nocturnal muscle cramps and can also act as an abortifacient.  In much smaller amounts, quinine is an ingredient of tonic drinks, acting as a bittering agent.  Cinchonism can occur from therapeutic doses of quinine, either from one or several large doses, or from small doses over a longer period of time, not from the amounts used in tonic drinks, but possibly from ingestion of tonic water as a beverage over a lengthy period of time. Quinidine (Class 1A anti-arrhythmic) can also cause cinchonism.

# Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of mild cinchonism (which may occur from standard therapeutic doses of quinine) include flushed and sweaty skin, ringing of the ears (tinnitus), blurred vision, impaired hearing, confusion, reversible high-frequency hearing loss, headache, abdominal pain, rashes, lichenoid photosensitivity , vertigo, dizziness, dysphoria (feeling uneasy), nausea and vomiting, and diarrhea.
Large doses of quinine may lead to severe symptoms of cinchonism: skin rashes, deafness, somnolence, diminished visual acuity or blindness, anaphylactic shock, and disturbances in cardiac rhythm or conduction, death from cardiotoxicity. Quinine overdose can also result in a rare form of hypersensitivity reaction termed blackwater fever that results in massive hemolysis, hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria, and renal failure.
Patients treated with quinine may also suffer from hypoglycemia (especially if administered intravenously) and hypotension (low blood pressure).  In very high doses (higher than those used to treat malaria) during the first trimester of pregnancy quinine may act as an abortifacient, or cause birth defects, especially deafness.
Most symptoms of cinchonism (except in severe cases) are reversible and disappear once quinine is withdrawn.
Cis-acting
In the field of molecular biology, cis-acting generally means "acting from the same molecule".  It may be considered the opposite of trans-acting which generally means "acting from a different molecule".
In the context of transcription regulation, cis-acting elements are usually considered to be DNA sequences that, via transcription factors or other trans-acting elements or factors, regulate the expression of genes on the same chromosome.
The "operator" in the lac operon is an example of a cis-acting regulatory sequence.  This DNA sequence is bound by the lac repressor which in turn prevents transcription of the adjacent genes on the same DNA molecule.  The lac operator is thus considered to "act in cis" on the regulation of the nearby genes.  The operator itself doesn't code for any protein or RNA.
Prilocaine

# Overview
Prilocaine /pralken/ is a local anesthetic of the amino amide type first prepared by Claes Tegner and Nils Lofgren.  In its injectable form (trade name Citanest), it is often used in dentistry.  It is also often combined with lidocaine as a preparation for dermal anesthesia (lidocaine/prilocaine or EMLA), for treatment of conditions like paresthesia.  As it has low cardiac toxicity, it is commonly used for intravenous regional anaesthesia (IVRA).
In some patients, ortho-toluidine, a metabolite of prilocaine may cause methemoglobinemia, which may be treated with methylene blue.
Maximum dosage for dental use: 8.0 mg/kg (2.7 mg/lb), with a maximum dose of 500 mg.
It is given as a combination with the vasoconstrictor epinephrine under the trade name Citanest Forte.

# Synthesis
Prilocaine can be synthesized from o-toluidine, 2-bromopropionyl bromide, and n-butylamine.

# Compendial status
- United States Pharmacopeia 31 

# Notes
-  Template:Cite doi
-  The United States Pharmacopeial Convention. "Revision Bulletin: Lidocaine and Prilocaine CreamRevision to Related Compounds Test". Retrieved 10 July 2009..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}