Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Sugarman syndrome
Sugarman syndrome is the common name of oral-facial-digital syndrome type III, one of ten distinct genetic disorders that involve developmental defects to the mouth.
Alternative names for this condition include: Brachydactyly of the hands and feet with duplication of the first toes, Sugarman brachydactyly and Brachydactyly with major proximal phalangeal shortening.

# Footnotes
-  "Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome". National Organization for Rare Disorders. 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-02..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  Office of Rare Diseases (July 19, 2006). "Sugerman Syndrome". National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
Sulfur dichloride
Sulfur dichloride is the chemical compound with the formula SCl2.  This cherry-red liquid is the simplest sulfur chloride and one of the most common.  It is used as a precursor to organosulfur compounds.

# Chlorination of sulfur
SCl2 is produced by the chlorination of either elemental sulfur.  The process occurs in a series of steps, some of which are:
The addition of Cl2 to  S2Cl2 has been proposed to proceed via a mixed valence intermediate Cl3S-SCl.  SCl2 undergoes even further chlorination to give SCl4, but this species is unstable at near room temperature.  It is likely that several SxCl2 exist where x > 2.
Disulfur dichloride, S2Cl2, is the most common impurity in SCl2.  Separation of SCl2 from S2Cl2 is possible via distillation with PCl3 to form an azeotrope of 99% purity

# Use of SCl2 in chemical synthesis
- SCl2 is used in organic synthesis.  It adds to alkenes to give chloride-substituted thioethers.  Illustrative applications are its addition to 1,5-cyclooctadiene to give a bicyclic thioether and ethylene to give sulfur mustard S(CH2CH2Cl)2.
SCl2 is also a precursor to several inorganic sulfur compounds.  Treatment with fluoride salts gives  SF4.  Reaction with ammonia affords sulfur nitrides related to S4N4.  With H2S, SCl2 reacts to give "higher" sulfanes such as S3H2.

# Safety considerations
SCl2 hydrolyzes with release of HCl.  Old samples contain Cl2.
Sumatran fleabane

# Sumatran Fleabane (Conyza sumatrensis)
It is common on waste ground, railways and disturbed ground.  It is known by the floral bracts which are distinctly hairy (in contrast to C. canadensis and C. bilbaoana) and by the leaf margin hairs (which are bent forward rather than spreading at right angles as in C. canadensis). It flowers in August and September and has dirty white or rust coloured pappus hairs. Although an abundant alien, it is not invasive in any natural or semi-natural habitats.
Originating in the American continent, this is an introduced weed in the UK, which in certain countries has started to exhibit resistance to herbicides.
In Britain, of the alien British Conyza species, this is the second most abundant (after C. canadensis) and is typically found in London and the South East of England.
It is also found in countries such as: Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, Australia.

# Plant Details
Superdiamagnetism

# Overview
Superdiamagnetism (or perfect diamagnetism) is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials at low temperatures, characterised by the complete absence of magnetic permeability (i.e. a magnetic susceptibility \ \chi_{v} = 1) and the exclusion of the interior magnetic field. Superdiamagnetism is a feature of superconductivity. It was identified in 1933, by Walter Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld (the Meissner effect).
Superdiamagnetism established that the superconductivity of a material was a stage of phase transition. Superconducting magnetic levitation is due to superdiamagnetism, which repels a permanent magnet, and flux pinning, which prevents the magnet floating away.

# Theory
Fritz London and Heinz London developed the theory that the exclusion of magnetic flux is brought about by electrical "screening currents" that flow at the surface of the superconducting material (ie: metal) and which generate a magnetic field that exactly cancels the externally applied field inside the superconductor.  These screening currents are generated whenever a superconducting material is brought inside a magnetic field.  This can be understood by the fact that a superconductor has zero electrical resistance, so that "eddy currents", induced by the motion of the material inside a magnetic field, will not decay.  Fritz, at the Royal Society in 1935, stated that the thermodynamic state would be described by a single wave function.
"Screening currents" also appear in a situation wherein an initially normal, conducting metal is placed inside a magnetic field.  As soon as the metal is cooled below the appropriate transition temperature, it becomes superconducting.  This expulsion of magnetic field upon the cooling of the metal cannot be explained any longer by merely assuming zero resistance and is called the Meissner effect. It shows that the superconducting state does not depend on the history of preparation, only upon the present values of temperature, pressure and magnetic field, and therefore is a true thermodynamic state.
Supraorbital vein
The supraorbital vein begins on the forehead where it communicates with the frontal branch of the superficial temporal vein.
It runs downward superficial to the Frontalis muscle, and joins the frontal vein at the medial angle of the orbit to form the angular vein.
Previous to its junction with the frontal vein, it sends through the supraorbital notch into the orbit a branch which communicates with the ophthalmic vein; as this vessel passes through the notch, it receives the frontal diploic vein through a foramen at the bottom of the notch.
The areas drained by this vessel are the forehead, eyebrow and upper eyelid.

# Additional images
- Bloodvessels of the eyelids, front view.
Survivor syndrome

# Background
Survivor syndrome and concentration camp syndrome ( K-Z syndrome) are terms which has been used to describe the  reactions and behaviors of people who have survived  massive and adverse events, such as the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and the bombing of Hiroshima.  They were described as having a pattern of  characteristic symptoms including anxiety and depression, social withdrawal. sleep disturbance and nightmares, physical complaints and emotional lability with loss of drive .  Commonly such survivors feel guilty that they have survived the trauma and others - such as family, friends, and colleagues - did not.
Both conditions, along with other descriptive syndromes covering a range of traumatic events are now subsumed under posttraumatic stress disorder . 
References
1.  Raphael Beverley, (1986).  When disaster strikes.  PP 90-91. Century Hutchinson, London.
2.  Wilson JP, & Raphael B Editors.  Theoretical and Conceptual Foundations of Traumatic Stress Syndromes.  The International

# References in popular culture
In Kurt Vonnegut's novel Bluebeard, the protagonist Rabo Karabekian's father had survivor syndrome from witnessing the Armenian genocide. Ironically, he only witnessed a small part of the event; simply hiding in a deserted village was traumatic enough. His wife actually witnessed the killings, and pretended to be dead while hiding under corpses, yet she did not develop survivor syndrome.  In the book, the character Circe Berman talks about survivor syndrome, saying that it has a hereditary nature.
In the episode My Lunch of the tv show Scrubs, Dr. Cox has survivor syndrome after 3 transplant patients of his die of rabies after receiving it from the donated organs which all came from the same donor. Even though there was no way he could have known that the donor had rabies, he still feels personally responsible for their deaths and walks out of the hospital midshift.

# In the workplace
The term is also sometimes used to describe the impact on the emotions and behaviours of employees who remain in organizations where large-scale reductions in the workforce have recently occurred.
Symptoms include:
- lower motivation and morale
- reduced loyalty to the organization
- lower trust and increased skepticism
- feelings of guilt
- flashbacks
After effects include:
- lower productivity levels
- increased absences
- higher labor turnover
TIMI flow grade 0
Synonyms and keywords: TIMI 0, TIMI 0 flow, TIMI 0 flow grade, TFG 0, TFG0

# Overview
TIMI Grade 0 flow is defined as no perfusion. There is no antegrade flow beyond the point of occlusion.  

# Example
Shown below are an animated image and a static image depicting TIMI flow grade 0 in the RCA.  Outlined in blue in the second image is the flow of the dye which completely stops at the level of the stenosis.  Outlined with a yellow dashed line is the pathway that the dye would have filled in case the stenosis was absent.

# Additional Examples
TIMI flow grade 1
Synonyms and keywords: TIMI 1, TIMI 1 flow, TIMI 1 flow grade, TFG 1, TFG1

# Overview
TIMI grade 1 flow is defined as penetration without perfusion. Contrast material passes beyond the area of obstruction but fails to opacify the entire coronary bed distal to the obstruction for the duration of the cineangiographic filming sequence.  
This category is subdivided into:
- 1.0: dye minimally leaks past the area of obstruction.
- 1.5: dye leaks well past the area of obstruction but fails to opacify the entire coronary bed prior to the end of cinefilming.  Had cinefilming continued longer, dye may have reached the landmark.

# Example
TIMI Flow Grade 1 - Left Anterior Descending Artery
TIMI Flow Grade 1.5 - Left Anterior Descending Artery

# Additional Examples
TIMI flow grade 2
Synonyms and keywords: TIMI 2, TIMI 2 flow, TIMI 2 flow grade, TFG 2, TFG2

# Overview
TIMI Grade 2 Flow is defined as partial perfusion. Contrast material passes across the obstruction and opacifies the coronary bed distal to the obstruction. However, the rate of entry of contrast material into the vessel distal to the obstruction or its rate of clearance from the distal bed (or both) are perceptibly slower than its flow into or clearance from comparable areas not perfused by the previously occluded vessel (i.e. opposite coronary artery or the coronary bed proximal to the obstruction).  
This category is subdivided into:
- 2.0: TIMI 2 slow flow, dye markedly delayed in opacifying distal vasculature.
- 2.5: TIMI 2 fast flow, dye minimally delayed in opacifying distal vasculature.

# Examples
- TIMI Flow Grade 2 - Left Anterior Descending Artery

# Additional Examples
TIMI flow grade 3
Synonyms and keywords: TIMI 3, TIMI 3 flow, TIMI 3 flow grade, TFG 3, TFG3

# Overview
TIMI grade 3 flow is defined as complete perfusion. Antegrade flow into the bed distal to the obstruction occurs as promptly as antegrade flow into the bed proximal to the obstruction, and clearance of contrast material from the involved bed is as rapid as clearance from an uninvolved bed in the same vessel or the opposite artery.  

# Example
Shown below is a coronary angiogram demonstrating TIMI flow grade 3 in the RCA.

# Additional Examples
TGF beta receptor
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF) receptors are single pass serine/threonine kinase receptors that belong to TGF receptor family. They exist in several different isoforms that can be homo- or heterodimeric. The number of characterized ligands in the TGF superfamily far exceeds the number of known receptors, suggesting the promiscuity that exists between the ligand and receptor interactions.
TGF is a growth factor and cytokine involved in paracrine signalling and can be found in many different tissue types, including brain, heart, kidney, liver, bone, and testes. Over-expression of TGF can induce renal fibrosis, causing kidney disease, as well as diabetes, and ultimately end-stage renal disease. Recent developments have found that, using certain types of protein antagonists against TGF receptors, can halt and in some cases reverse the effects of renal fibrosis.
Three TGF superfamily receptors specific for TGF, the TGF receptors, can be distinguished by their structural and functional properties. TGFR1 (ALK5) and TGFR2 have similar ligand-binding affinities and can be distinguished from each other only by peptide mapping. Both TGFR1 and TGFR2 have a high affinity for TGF1 and low affinity for TGF2. TGFR3 (-glycan) has a high affinity for both homodimeric TGF1 and TGF2 and in addition the heterodimer TGF-1.2. The TGF receptors also bind TGF3.
Taenia (tapeworm)
Taenia is a genus of tapeworm that includes some important parasites of livestock. All members of this genus have an "armed" scolex, meaning that there are hooks on the "head" region.
Proglottids have central ovary, with a vitellarium (yolk gland) posterior to it. As in all cyclophyllid cestodes, the genital pore on the side of the proglottid. Eggs are released when proglottid deteriorates, and so a uterine pore is unnecessary.
Important species include:
- Taenia saginata, which is also known as the beef tapeworm, though it also infects humans, and can only reproduce while in the human gut.
- Taenia solium, which is known as the pork tapeworm. Like Taenia saginata humans serve as its primary host, and it can only reproduce by the dispersal of proglottids while in the gut. These reinfect pigs when human faeces is improperly disposed of. This infection is most common in parts of Africa.
- Taenia pisiformis, which is common in wild dogs and in rabbits, who serve as intermediate hosts.
- Taenia crassiceps
- Taenia gonyamai, parasite of antelope (larval-) and lions (adult forms).

# Differential diagnosis
Taenia infection must be differentiated from other causes of viral, bacterial, and parasitic gastroentritis.
8Small bowel diarrhea: watery, voluminous with less than 5 WBC/high power field
Large bowel diarrhea: Mucousy and/or bloody with less volume and more than 10 WBC/high power field
 It could be as high as 1000 based on patient's immunity system.
The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate inflammatory causes of chronic diarrhea
Takai olefination
Takai olefination in organic chemistry describes the organic reaction of an aldehyde with a diorganochromium compound to form an alkene. In the original 1986 publication  the aldehyde is benzaldehyde and the organochromium species is generated from iodoform or bromoform and an excess of chromium(II) chloride. The reaction product is a vinyl halide. The main selling point is the E-configuration of the double bond. According to the principal investigator Kazuhiko Takai, existing alternatives such as the Wittig reaction only yield mixtures.
In the reaction mechanism proposed by Takai, chromium(II) is oxidized to chromium(III) when replacing  both halogen atoms. The geminal carbodianion complex thus formed reacts with the aldehyde in a 1,2-addition along one of the carbon to chromium bonds and in the next step both chromium bearing groups engage in an elimination reaction. In newman projection it can be seen how the steric bulks of chromium groups and the steric bulks of the alkyl and halogen groups drive this reaction towards anti elimination .
In a second publication the scope of the reaction was extended to diorganochromium intermediates bearing alkyl groups instead of halogens :
Tanning activator
Tanning activators are chemicals that increase the effect of UV-radiation on the human skin. Since sunburn and suntan are induced by the same mechanism (direct DNA damage) these substances increase the likelihood for sunburn as well. The best known tanning activator is psoralen which is an ingredient of bergamot oil. Psoralen has been present in sunscreens in order to allow suntanning despite the reduced UV-intensity that acts on the deeper layers of the skin. In Switzerland a ban was imposed on psoralen containing sunscreens in 1987 but it was loosely enforced for several years. In other countries these substances have been present in sunscreens until the first epidemiological results have shown that users have a four-fold risk of developing melanoma. They were finally banned in 1996. This happened more than 15 years after the photocarcinogenic potential of psoralen had been demonstrated.
After the evidence for the photocarcinogenic potential of psoralen emerged, sunscreens which combined UVB filters and psoralen were introduced onto the market. These products were accompanied by campaigns to convince the public and the regulatory authorities that these products were safe or even better than usual sunscreens. These sunscreens were especially recommended to poor tanners.
Psoralen tanning lotions were available in France Belgium and Greece.

# Mechanism of tanning activators
The increased production of melanin is the reaction of the skin to UVB-induced direct DNA damage. Several substances are known to increase the amount of direct DNA damage (thymine dimers). In order to produce this action they have to penetrate into the skin, and this is in contrast to the assumptions which are made by those who endorse sunscreen use (see sunscreen controversy).
The tanning activator coumarin is known to induce thymine dimers (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers).
Other Web sites state correctly that: "Coumarins produce photosensitivity therefore advise the patient to avoid direct sunlight after treatment. ]
Tatuaje Havana VI
Tatuaje Havana VI is a brand of hand-made premium cigar owned by Tatuaje Cigars, Inc..  It was created by Jose "Pepin" Garcia in consultation with Pete Johnson (owner of Tatuaje Cigars) and is manufactured at Tabacalera Cubana in Esteli, Nicaragua.  The brand consists of two ranges.
The name Havana VI was chosen because there are six models in the original range, all made in the tradional Havana style, including a triple cap.

# Tatuaje Havana VI

## History & Background
This was the first range in the Havana VI line, and was introduced in 2006 as a less-expensive alternative to the Tatuaje.

## Description
A Nicaraguan puro, the filler is a blend of Nicagaraguan tobaccos (the Havana VI blend), the binder is from Nicagaragua and the wrapper is Nicaraguan Corojo 99.  It is a medium- to full-bodied cigar.  It was released in October of 2006 in a range of 6 models.  The cigars have a simple red band with white print.

## Models/Vitolas

# Trivia
- The first initials of the models as shown above spell the name of one of Pete Johnson's dogs, Havana.

# Tatuaje Havana VI Exclusivo Verocu
This is a new addition to the Havana VI lineup.

## History and Background
This limited production range was created by Pete Johnson and is manufactured at TACUBA, Esteli, Nicaragua. It was announced in the Spring of 2007 and released in July of that year.

## Description
Pete Johnson has described it as a Havana VI on sterioids, as the blend is the essentially the same as the Havana VI but with these changes: The wrapper is a Cafe Rosado Oscuro as opposed to a Cafe Rosado and the filler blend has ligero added to it.
The cigars are packed uncelloed in cedar cabinets of 50.  In addition to the red Havana VI band, there is a secondary band that specifies the frontmark.

## Models/Vitolas
The initial release consisted of only two models, each for a specific market.
- Exclusivo Lado Occidental, Verocu No. 1 (6.25" x 52) is the West Coast release.
- Exclusivo Zona Del Este, Verocu No.2 (5.5" x 54) is the East Coast release.

## Notes
-  Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 1.2 Savona, David.  Cigar Insider, Vol. 12, No. 9, 8 May 2007, p. 5.
Tectospinal tract

# Overview
In humans, the tectospinal tract (also known as colliculospinal tract) is a nerve pathway which coordinates head and eye movements. It is part of the indirect extrapyramidal tract. Specifically, the tectospinal tract connects the midbrain tectum and the spinal cord.
It is responsible for motor impulses that arise from one side of the midbrain to muscles on the opposite side of the body.
The portion of the midbrain from where this tract originates is the superior colliculus, which receives afferents from the visual nuclei (primarily the oculomotor nuclei complex), then projects to the contralateral portion of the spinal cord.
The tract descends to the cervical spinal cord to terminate in Rexed laminae VI, VII, and VIII to coordinate head, neck, and eye movements, primarily in response to visual stimuli.
Tellurium dioxide
Tellurium dioxide (TeO2) is a solid oxide of tellurium. It is encountered in two different forms, the yellow orthorhombic mineral tellurite,-TeO2, and the synthetic, colourless tetragonal (paratellurite), -TeO2.  Most of the information regarding reaction chemistry has been obtained in studies involving paratellurite,  -TeO2.

# Preparation
Paratellurite,-TeO2, is produced by reacting tellurium with O2:
An alternative preparation is to dehydrate tellurous acid, H2TeO3, or to thermally decompose basic tellurium nitrate,Te2O4.HNO3 above 400C.

# Chemical properties
TeO2 is highly insoluble in water and completely insoluble in concentrated sulfuric acid.
It is also incompatible with strong acids and strong oxidizing agents. It is an amphoteric substance and therefore can act both as an acid or as a base depending on the solution it is in.

# Structure
Paratellurite,-TeO2, converts at high pressure into the -, tellurite form. Both the -, (paratellurite) and - (tellurite forms) contain four coordinate Te with the oxygen atoms at four of the corners of a trigonal bipyramid. In paratellurite all vertices are shared to give a rutile-like structure, where the O-Te-O bond angle is 140.-TeO2 In tellurite pairs of trigonal pyramidal, TeO4 units, sharing an edge, share vertices to then form a layer. The shortest Te-Te distance in tellurite is 317 pm, compared to 374 pm in paratellurite. Similar Te2O6 units are found in the mineral denningite.

# Uses
It is used as an acousto-optic material.
Tellurium dioxide is also a conditional glass former, which means it will form a glass with small molar% additions of a second compound such as an oxide or halide. TeO2 glasses have high refractive indices and transmit into the mid-infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, therefore they are of technological interest for optical waveguides. Tellurite glasses have also been shown to exhibit Raman gain up to 30 times that of silica, useful in optical fibre amplification.

# Safety information
TeO2 is a possible teratogen.
It produces a garlic-like odour on the breath.