Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Cathepsin K
Cathepsin K, abbreviated CTSK, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CTSK  gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a lysosomal cysteine protease involved in bone remodeling and resorption. This protein, which is a member of the peptidase C1 protein family, is expressed predominantly in osteoclasts.
Cathepsin K is a protease, which is defined by its high specificity for kinins, that is involved in bone resorption. The enzyme's ability to catabolize elastin, collagen, and gelatin allows it to break down bone and cartilage. This catabolic activity is also partially responsible for the loss of lung elasticity and recoil in emphysema. Cathepsin K inhibitors show great potential in the treatment of osteoporosis. Cathepsin K is degraded by Cathepsin S, called Controlled Cathepsin Cannibalism.
Cathepsin K expression is stimulated by inflammatory cytokines that are released after tissue injury.

# Clinical significance
Cathepsin K is expressed in a significant fraction of human breast cancers, where it could contribute to tumor invasiveness.  Mutations in this gene are the cause of pycnodysostosis, an autosomal recessive disease characterized by osteosclerosis and short stature. Cathepsin K has also been found to be over-expressed in glioblastoma.
That the expression of cathepsin K is characteristic for some cancers and not others has been documented. Cathepsin K antibodies are marketed for research into expression of this enyzme by various cells.
Merck had a cathepsin K inhibitor, odanacatib, in Phase III clinical trials for osteoporosis. In September, 2016, Merck announced they were discontinuing development of odanacatib after their own assessment of adverse events and an independent assessment showed increased risk of stroke.  Other cathepsin K inhibitors are in various stages of development.  Medivir has a cathepsin K inhibitor, MIV-711 (L-006235), in Phase IIa clinical trial, as a disease modifying osteoarthritis  drug, as of October 2017.
Catumaxomab

# Overview
Catumaxomab (trade name Removab) is a rat-mouse hybrid monoclonal antibody which is used to treat malignant ascites, a condition occurring in patients with metastasizing cancer. It binds to antigens CD3 and EpCAM. It is in clinical trials in the United States currently and is used in Europe. It was developed by Fresenius Biotech and Trion Pharma (Germany).

# History
Catumaxomab was developed by Trion Pharma, based on preliminary work by the Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen. Fresenius Biotech conducted clinical trials and filed the drug for approval with the European Medicines Agency (EMA). It was approved in Europe on 20 April 2009.

# Indications
The drug is approved for the treatment of malignant ascites in patients with EpCAM-positive cancer if a standard therapy is not available. Ascites is an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

## Application
The usual treatment of malignant ascites is to puncture the peritoneum to let the accumulated fluid drain out. After the puncture, catumaxomab is given as an intraperitoneal infusion. The procedure is repeated four times within about eleven days. It has been shown that puncture free survival can be increased from 11 to 46 days with this treatment.

# Adverse effects
Common adverse effects include fever, nausea and vomiting. Fever and pain should be controlled by giving NSAIDs, analgetics or antipyretics before application of catumaxomab.

# Chemical structure
Catumaxomab consists of one "half" (one heavy chain and one light chain) of an anti-EpCAM antibody and one half of an anti-CD3 antibody, so that each molecule of catumaxomab can bind both EpCAM and CD3. In addition, the Fc-region can bind to an Fc receptor  on accessory cells like other antibodies, which has led to calling the drug a trifunctional antibody.

# Mechanism of action
Many types of cancer cells carry EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) on their surface. By binding to such a cell via one arm, to a T lymphocyte via the other arm and to an antigen-presenting cell like a macrophage, a natural killer cell or a dendritic cell via the heavy chains, an immunological reaction against the cancer cell is triggered. Removing cancer cells from the abdominal cavity reduces the tumour burden which is seen as the cause for ascites in cancer patients.
Cefamandole
Synonyms and keywords: Cephamandole

# Overview
Cefamandole is a second-generation broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic. The clinically used form of cefamandole is the formate ester cefamandole nafate, a prodrug which is administered parenterally.
Cefamandole is no longer available in the United States.

# Category
Cephalosporin, Second-Generation

# US Brand Names
MANDOL (DISCONTINUED)

# FDA Package Insert
Description

# Spectrum of Bacterial Susceptibility
Cefamandole has a broad spectrum of activity and can be used to treat bacterial infections of the skin, bones and joints, urinary tract, and lower respiratory tract. The following represents cefamandole MIC susceptibility data for a few medically significant microorganisms.
- Escherichia coli: 0.12 g/mL - 400 g/mL
- Haemophilus influenzae: 0.06 g/mL - >16 g/mL
- Staphylococcus aureus: 0.1 g/mL - 12.5 g/mL

# Adverse Reactions
The chemical structure of cefamandole, like that of several other cephalosporins, contains an N-methylthiotetrazole (NMTT or 1-MTT) side chain. As the antibiotic is broken down in the body, it releases free NMTT, which can cause hypoprothrombinemia (likely due to inhibition of the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase)(vitamin K supplement is recommended during therapy) and a reaction with ethanol similar to that produced by disulfiram (Antabuse), due to inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase.

# Report
CO2 is generated during the normal constitution of cefamandole & ceftazidim resulting in explosive like reaction in syringe.

# Mechanism of Action
Cefamandole, as a second-generation cephalosporin, binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Cefmetazole

# Overview
Cefmetazole is a cephamycin antibiotic, usually grouped with the second-generation cephalosporins.

# Adverse effects
The chemical structure of cefmetazole, like that of several other cephalosporins, contains an N-methylthiotetrazole (NMTT or 1-MTT) side chain. As the antibiotic is broken down in the body, it releases free NMTT, which can cause hypoprothrombinemia (likely due to inhibition of the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase) and a reaction with ethanol similar to that produced by disulfiram (Antabuse), due to inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase.

# Spectrum of bacterial susceptibility
Cefmetazole is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antimicrobial and has been effective in treating bacteria responsible for causing urinary tract and skin infections. The following represents MIC susceptibility data for a few medically significant microorganisms.
- Bacteroides fragilis: 0.06 - >256 g/ml
- Clostridium difficile: 8 - >128 g/ml
- Staphylococcus aureus: 0.5 - 256 g/ml (includes MRSA)
Chemophobia

# Overview
Chemophobia literally means "fear of chemicals" and may be used in various ways. It is most often used to describe the assumption that 'chemicals' are bad and that 'natural' things are good.

# Definition
The most usual use of the term 'chemophobia' is analogous to 'homophobia' - a prejudice against something rather than an irrational fear. See Non-clinical uses of 'phobia' and Prejudices described as phobias. In this sense, chemophobia is akin to technophobia.

## Other uses of the term
Some define 'chemophobia' as a full-blown psychological phobia - a 'specific phobia' - but most mainstream sources such as the Oxford Dictionary of Psychology do not recognise chemophobia as a psychological condition. Websites which use the specific phobia definition (such as this) typically sell cures for a very wide range of specific phobias, and seem to include 'chemophobia' simply to enlarge the range of conditions they claim to treat. The National Institute of Health does not list chemophobia as a rare condition.
Another definition of 'chemophobia' is that it is a concern about learning chemistry as an academic subject.

# Characteristics
Research shows that people are primarily afraid that 'chemicals' will cause cancer and that they are reassured when they learn how rigorously pesticides are tested and the unfeasibly high levels of pesticides a human would need to accumulate before coming to harm.

# Causes
" reputation with the general public, once extremely high, has fallen to an all-time low as a result of accidents such as Bhopal and Seveso, and health scares fed by campaigns by environmental groups, and encouraged by a sometimes gullible media.
"But where does this lack of trust  originate? According to Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent, ...the present situation originated in the 'fabulous fiction' of Rachel Carsons book, Silent Spring, which portrayed chemistry as a blind and brutal enemy of birds and other living creatures."
A contributory factor to chemophobia is due to increasing sensitivity of analytical techniques which can now detect extremely low levels of chemicals. The levels are so low as to be harmless, but the media report the fact that the chemical can be detected in such-and-such a place, and that it is harmful. What is unreported is the levels which cause harm and the levels at which it was detected.
"Away from the high doses of occupational exposure a whole host of unwanted chemicals finds their way into our bodies all the time,  chemical baggage we carry is
very small. It is only because of the great advances in analytical chemistry that we are able to detect its there at all." 
"you cannot lead a chemical-free life, because everything is made of chemicals."
"we can detect some chemicals in the body in parts per billion. A part per billion is equivalent to one grain of sugar in an Olympic swimming pool; or one blade of grass on a football pitch."
"To understand whether the presence of a chemical is a problem, we need to know how much of it is present and to look at what kind of effect, if any, it is having."
Chigoe flea
The chigoe flea (Tunga penetrans) is a parasitic arthropod found in tropical climates, especially South America and the West Indies. At 1 mm long, the chigoe flea is the smallest known flea. Breeding female chigoes burrow into exposed skin and lay eggs, causing intense irritation. After this point, the skin lesion looks like a 5 to 10 mm white spot with a central black dot, which are the flea's exposed hind legs, respiratory spiracles and reproductive organs.
If the flea is left within the skin, infection and/or other dangerous complications may ensue.
The free-living flea is a poor jumper and can only reach a height of around 20 cm; therefore the use of closed shoes (as opposed to sandals or slippers) is an effective way of preventing infection.
The parasitic flea lives in soil and sand, and feeds intermittently on warm-blooded hosts such as humans, cattle, sheep, dogs, mice, and other animals.  In order to reproduce, the female flea burrows head-first into the hosts' skin, often leaving the caudal tip of its abdomen visible through an orifice in a skin lesion.  This orifice allows the chigoe flea to breathe while feeding on blood vessels in the cutaneous and subcutaneous dermal layer. In the next two weeks, the flea releases about 100 eggs through the orifice, which fall to the ground.  The flea then dies and is sloughed by the host's skin. Within the next three to four days, the eggs hatch and mature into adult fleas within three to four weeks.

# Synonyms
- Sarcopsylla penetrans
- Pulex penetrans
The chigoe is sometimes called a "chigger," a term also used for the harvest mite in North America.
Chloroprene

# Overview
Chloroprene is the common name for the organic compound 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, which has the chemical formula C4H5Cl.  The chemical structure is shown at right.  It is used as monomer for the production of the polymer polychloroprene, a type of synthetic rubber.  Polychloroprene is better known to the public as Neoprene, the trade name DuPont gave it when the company first developed it and currently used by DuPont Dow.

# Production of chloroprene
The acetylene process was used to produce chloroprene until the 1960s.  In this process, acetylene and hydrogen chloride were used as shown here:
This process had disadvantages in that it was very energy-intensive and had high investment costs.
The modern chloroprene process which is currently used by nearly all makers uses butadiene differently. 1,3-Butadiene undergoes addition of chlorine across one of its double bonds in its molecule to give 3,4-dichloro-1-butene.  Then this compound undergoes an elimination of a hydrogen atom in the #3 position and the chlorine atom in the #4 position as HCl forming a double bond between the #3 and #4 carbon atoms in the molecule, yielding chloroprene.
Chlorotoxin

# Overview
Chlorotoxin is a 36-amino acid peptide found in the venom of the deathstalker scorpion (Leiurus quinquestriatus). A synthetically modified version, 131I-chlorotoxin or TM-601, is under investigation for the treatment of gliomas, because it specifically binds to glial tumor cells, but not normal cells.
Researchers at Seattle Childrens Hospital Research Institute and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center have recently used Chlorotoxin in combination with fluorescent material named,  Cy5.5 to first ever demarcate cancer cells from surrounding normal cells. Chlorotoxin:Cy5.5 is a fluorescent molecular material emitting photons in the near infrared spectrum and hence, can be visualized in operating room with the aid of infrared glasses. This illumination gives surgeons a better chance of removing all of the cancerous cells during surgery without injuring surrounding healthy tissue. Team has conducted pre-clinical study in mouse models where they showed positive results in brain tumors. To note, approximately 80% of malignant cancers of brain recur at the edges of the surgical site. Current technology (such as MRI with contrast agent) can distinguish tumors from healthy tissue only if more than 1 million cancer cells are present. But Cy5.5 can identify tumors with as few as 2000 cancer cells, making it 500 times more sensitive than MRI. Chlorotoxin:Cy5.5 could be used in operating rooms in as little as 18 months as team is planning to conduct clinical trial in coming months. Original article can be found in July 15, 2007 issue of Cancer Research

# Reference
-  "Tumor painting revolutionizes fight against cancer (Researchers develop Chlorotoxin:Cy5.5 enabling surgeons to see cancer cells 500 times better than an MRI)" (Press release). Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center of Seattle at EurekAlert!. 2007-07-12. Retrieved 2006-07-15. Check date values in: |date= (help).mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
Chokecherry
The Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana) is a species of bird cherry (Prunus subgenus Padus) native to North America, where it is found almost throughout the continent except for the deep south and the far north. It is a suckering shrub or small tree growing to 5 m tall. The leaves are oval, 3-10 cm long, with a coarsely serrated margin. The flowers are produced in racemes of 15-30 in late spring (well after leaf emergence). The fruit are about 1 cm diameter, bright red, with a very astringent, sour taste.  Like chokeberries, chokecherries are very high in antioxidant pigment compounds, like anthocyanins.
There are two varieties:
- Common Chokecherry Prunus virginiana var. virginiana. Eastern North America. Leaves hairless underneath or downy only in the vein axils.
- Western Chokecherry Prunus virginiana var. demissa. Western North America. Leaves downy underneath.
The wild Chokecherry is often considered a pest, as it is a host for the tent caterpillar, a threat to other fruit plants. However, there are more appreciated cultivars of the chokecherry, such as 'Goertz', which has a non-astringent, and therefore palatable, fruit. Research is being done at the University of Saskatchewan to find and create new cultivars to increase production and processing .
Chokecherry is closely related to the Black Cherry (Prunus serotina) of eastern North America; it is most readily distinguished from that by its smaller size (Black Cherry can reach 30 m tall), smaller leaves, and red (not black) ripe fruit.
The name chokecherry has also been used (as 'Amur Chokecherry') for the related Manchurian Cherry or Amur Cherry (Prunus maackii).
Chokecherry is toxic to horses, especially after the leaves have wilted (such as after a frost or after branches have been broken) because wilting releases cyanide and makes the plant sweet. About 5-10 kg of foliage can be fatal. Symptoms of a horse that has been poisoned include heavy breathing, agitation, and weakness. The leaves of the chokecherry serve as food for caterpillars of various Lepidoptera. See List of Lepidoptera which feed on Prunus.
The chokeberries, genus Aronia, are often mistakenly called chokecherries . This naming confusion is easy to understand considering there is a cultivar of the chokecherry Prunus virginiana 'Melanocarpa' , , and a species of chokeberry named Aronia melanocarpa .

# Sources
- [ Michigan State University Extension Information Management Progam
Cholinergic

# Overview
A synapse is cholinergic if it uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter.
Cholinergic means "related to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine," and is typically used in a neurological perspective.  The parasympathetic nervous system is entirely cholinergic. Neuromuscular junctions, preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system, the basal forebrain, and brain stem complexes are also cholinergic.
A substance is cholinergic if it is capable of producing, altering, or releasing acetylcholine ("indirect-acting") or mimicking its behaviour at one or more of the body's acetylcholine receptor types ("direct-acting").

# Cholinergic drug
A cholinergic drug, also known as a cholinergic agent or a parasympathomimetic drug, is any drug that functions to enhance the effects mediated by acetylcholine in the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, or both. These include acetylcholine's  precursors and cofactors, acetylcholine receptor agonists and cholinergic enzymes:
- acetylcholine receptor agonists
muscarine (muscarinic receptors)
pilocarpine (M3 receptors)
nicotine (nicotinic receptors)
suxamethonium (muscle type receptors)
- muscarine (muscarinic receptors)
- pilocarpine (M3 receptors)
- nicotine (nicotinic receptors)
- suxamethonium (muscle type receptors)
- cholinesterase inhibitors
physostigmine
neostigmine
- physostigmine
- neostigmine
Chromogenic
Chromogenic refers to color photographic processes in which a traditional silver image is first formed, and then later replaced with a colored dye image.
Chromogenic film or paper contains one or many layers of silver halide emulsion, along with dye couplers which are capable of forming visible dyes in combination with processing chemistry. In processing, the silver image of each layer is first developed. In concert with the dye couplers in each layer, the process subsequently forms dyes only in those areas where silver is present.
In full-color chromogenic materials, multiple layers of emulsion are sensitized to different wavelengths of light. Three layers are usually present, generally sensitive to red, green, and blue colored light. Cyan-colored dye is formed on the red-sensitive layer, magenta-colored dye is formed on the green-sensitive layer, and yellow-colored dye is formed on the blue-sensitive layer, following generally the CMY color model.
Some chromogenic black-and-white negative films also exist, mainly to exploit the wide availability of C-41 processing. These films have softer grain and less contrast than traditional silver halide films. In these films, a single emulsion layer has panchromatic sensitivity. The dye image is typically slightly blue because of the choice of dye couplers, and this tends to produce a dark sepia tone when printed on full-color chromogenic paper.
Each microscopic point of chromogenic dye formation is called a dye cloud. After the formation of dyes is complete, the silver image is removed in processing by a specialty photographic fixer called bleach fix or blix. A processing variation called skip bleach, most popular in motion picture negative processing, allows the silver image to be left partially or completely intact, yielding a type of contrast enhancement.
The most common chromogenic processes are C-41 for color and black-and-white negative film, RA-4 for color negative paper (see Type C print), and E-6 for slide film.
A great deal of research effort has been placed by manufacturers, most notably Fujifilm, Ilford, and Kodak, into controlling the color and tonal characteristics of their chromogenic film and paper. The sensitization of the silver halide emulsions, the composition and mixture of the dye couplers, and the chemical interactions of layers upon one another during processing (called interlayer effects), are the subjects of numerous patents. Fujifilm is apparently unique in its use of a fourth (cyan-sensitive) color layer in certain of its negative films.
Like the traditional silver halide process, the main hazardous waste product of chromogenic processing consists of silver compounds dissolved in the photographic fixer.
Chromophobe
The term chromophobe refers to histological structures which do not take up colored dye readily, and thus appear more relatively pale under the microscope -- hence their "fear" ("phobia") of "color" ("chrome").

# Pituitary
The term is most commonly associated with the anterior pituitary, where approximately half of the cells are considered chromophobes. (Of the remaining cells, about a third are basophils, and the other two thirds acidophils.) The chromophobe cells do not actually appear clear, but rather a light blue (in contrast to the deep blue of the basophils.)

# Cancer
"Chromophobe" also refers to a type of renal cell carcinoma (distinct from "clear cell").
Chymopapain

# Overview
Chymopapain (EC 3.4.22.6, chymopapain A, chymopapain B, chymopapain S, brand name Chymodiactin) is a proteolytic enzyme isolated from the latex of papaya (Carica papaya).  It is a medication used to treat herniated lower lumbar discs in the spine. Chymopapain injections are normally given under local, rather than general, anaesthesia. The dose for a single intervertebral disc is 2 to 4 nanokatals, with a maximum dose per patient of 8 nanokatals. The procedure is referred to as chemonucleolysis.
The sale and distribution of chymopapain was discontinued in the United States on January 27, 2003 after the company producing it decided to stop selling worldwide.

# Side effects
Serious side effects from the use of chymopapain include anaphylaxis, paralysis of the legs, or death.