Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Interleukin 5
Interleukin 5 (IL5) is an interleukin produced by type-2 T helper cells and mast cells.

# Function
Through binding to the interleukin-5 receptor, interleukin 5 stimulates B cell growth and increases immunoglobulin secretion - primarily IgA. It is also a key mediator in eosinophil activation.

# Structure
IL-5 is a 115-amino acid (in human, 133 in the mouse) -long TH2 cytokine that is part of the hematopoietic family.  Unlike other members of this cytokine family (namely interleukin 3 and GM-CSF), this glycoprotein in its active form is a homodimer.

# Tissue expression
The IL-5 gene is located on chromosome 11 in the mouse, and chromosome 5 in humans, in close proximity to the genes encoding IL-3, IL-4, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which are often co-expressed in TH2 cells.  Interleukin-5 is also expressed by eosinophils and has been observed in the mast cells of asthmatic airways by immunohistochemistry. IL-5 expression is regulated by several transcription factors including GATA3.

# Clinical significance
Interleukin-5 has long been associated with the cause of several allergic diseases including allergic rhinitis and asthma, wherein a large increase in the number of circulating, airway tissue, and induced sputum eosinophils have been observed.  Given the high concordance of eosinophils and, in particular, allergic asthma pathology, it has been widely speculated that eosinophils have an important role in the pathology of this disease.
Drugs that target IL-5 are mepolizumab and reslizumab.

# Effect on eosinophils
Eosinophils are terminally differentiated granulocytes found in most mammals. The principal role of these cells, in a healthy host, is the elimination of antibody bound parasites through the release of cytotoxic granule proteins.  Given that eosinophils are the primary IL-5R-expressing cells, it is not surprising that this cell type responds to IL-5.  In fact, IL-5 was originally discovered as an eosinophil colony-stimulating factor, is a major regulator of eosinophil accumulation in tissues, and can modulate eosinophil behavior at every stage from maturation to survival. Mepolizumab is a monoclonal antibody against IL-5 which can reduce excessive eosinophilia.
In Hodgkin lymphoma, for instance, the typically-observed eosinophilia is thought to be attributable to an increased production of IL-5.

# Interactions
Interleukin 5 has been shown to interact with Interleukin 5 receptor alpha subunit.

# Receptors
The IL-5 receptor is composed of an  and a c chain. The  subunit is specific for the IL-5 molecule, whereas the c subunit also recognised by interleukin 3 (IL3) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Glycosylation of the Asn196 residue of the R subunit appears to be essential for binding of IL-5.
Immature ovum
An immature ovum is a cell that goes through the process of oogenesis to become an ovum. It can be either an oogonium, oocyte and an ootid. An oocyte, in turn, can be either primary or secondary, depending on how far it has come in its process of meiosis.

# Oogonium
Oogonia are the cells that turn into primary oocytes in oogenesis. They are diploid, i.e. containing both pairs of homologous chromosomes. There are 23 chromosome pairs. Thus there are 46 chromosomes. Each chromosome, however, hasn't yet duplicated itself. Thus, there are only one chromatid on each chromosome, making the total quantity of chromatids 46. This is twice the number of chromosome pairs (2N).

## Timeline
Oogonia are created in early embryonic life. All have turned into oogonia at late fetal age.

# Primary oocyte
The primary oocyte is defined by its process of ootidogenesis, which is meiosis. It has duplicated its DNA, so that each chromosome has two chomatids, i.e. 92 chromatids all in all (4N).
When meiosis I is completed, one secondary oocyte and one polar body is created.

## Timeline
Primary oocytes have been created in late fetal life. This is the stage where immature ova spend most of their lifetime, more specifically in prophase I of meiosis. The halt is called dictyate. Most degenerate by atresia, but a few go through ovulation, and that's the trigger to the next step. Thus, an immature ovum can spend up to ~55 years as a primary oocyte (the last ovulation before menopause).

# Secondary oocyte
The secondary oocyte is the cell that is formed by meiosis I in oogenesis. Thus, it has only one of each pair of homologous chromosomes. In other words, it is haploid. However, each chromosome still has two chromatids, making a total of 46 chromatids (2N). The secondary oocyte continues the second stage of meiosis (meiosis II), and the daughter cells are one ootid and one polar body.

## Timeline
Secondary oocytes are the immature ovum shortly after ovulation, to fertilization, where it turns into an ootid. Thus, the time as a secondary oocyte is measured in days.

## Size
The secondary oocyte is the largest cell in the body, and in humans is just visible to the naked eye.

# Ootid
An ootid is the haploid result of ootidogenesis. In oogenesis, it deosn't really have any significance in itself, since it is very similar to the ovum. However, it fills the purpose as the female counterpart of the male spermatid in spermatogenesis.
Each chromosome is split between the two ootids, leaving only one chromatid per chromosome. Thus, there are 23 chromatids in total (1N).

## Timeline
In other words, the ootid is the immature ovum from shortly after fertilization, but before complete maturation into an ovum. Thus, the time spent as an ootid is measured in minutes.

# Ovum
The ootid matures into an ovum.
Incidentalome

# Overview
The incidentalome is the phenomenon of all possible incidental findings.The term was coined as an extension of incidentaloma which refers to the incidental, often radiographic findings of masses or tumors whose significance and prognosis is therefore poorly understood. In the genomic era, the lack of prior probabilities regarding the clinical import of each genetic variant creates the likelihood of a large proportion of false positives, if genetic testing is not placed on a systematic quantitative basis.
"If practitioners pursue unexpected genomic findings without thought, there may be untoward  consequences.  Specifically, physicians will be overwhelmed by the complexity of pursuing  unexpected genomic measurements, patients will be subject to unnecessary follow-up tests,  causing additional morbidity, and the cost of genomic medicine will increase substantially with  little benefit to patients or physicians, thus casting into question the benefit of genomic-based medicine."
The incidentalome raises a challenge for both the FDA approval of panels (e.g. SNP chips)  of genetic tests as well as the substance of medical education in the genomic era.
Interleukin 3
Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL3 gene.

# Function
Interleukin 3 is an interleukin, a type of biological signal (cytokine) that can improve the body's natural response to disease as part of the immune system. It acts by binding to the interleukin-3 receptor.
Interleukin 3 stimulates the differentiation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells  into myeloid progenitor cells or, with the addition of IL-7, into lymphoid progenitor cells. In addition, IL-3 stimulates proliferation of all cells in the myeloid lineage (granulocytes, monocytes, and dendritic cells), in conjunction with other cytokines, e.g., Erythropoietin (EPO), Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IL-6. It is secreted by basophils and activated T cells to support growth and differentiation of T cells from the bone marrow in an immune response. Activated T cells can either induce their own proliferation and differentiation (autocrine signalling), or that of other T cells (paracrine signalling)  both involve IL-2 binding to the IL-2 receptor on T cells (upregulated upon cell activation, under the induction of macrophage-secreted IL-1). The human IL-3 gene encodes a protein 152 amino acids long, and the naturally occurring IL-3 is glycosylated. The human IL-3 gene is located on chromosome 5, only 9 kilobases from the GM-CSF gene, and its function is quite similar to GM-CSF.

# Discovery
Interleukin 3 originally was discovered by JN Ihle in mice. He found a T cell derived factor that induced the synthesis of 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in hematopoietic cells and termed it interleukin-3.

# Interactions
Interleukin 3 has been shown to interact with IL3RA.
Intracellular

# Overview
In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word intracellular means "inside the cell".
It is used in contrast to extracellular (outside the cell). The cell membrane (and, in plants, the cell wall) is the barrier between the two, and chemical composition of intra- and extracellular milieu can be radically different. In most organisms, for example, a Na+/K+ ATPase maintains a high potassium level inside cells while keeping sodium low, leading to chemical excitability.
note: do not get confused between intracellular and intercellular, the latter meaning "between cells".
Introspection
Introspection is the mental self-observation reporting of conscious inner thoughts,  desires and sensations. It is a conscious mental and usually purposive process relying on thinking, reasoning, and examining one's own thoughts feelings, and, in more spiritual cases, one's soul. It can also be called contemplation of one's self, and is contrasted with extrospection, the observation of things external to one's self. Introspection may be used synonymously with self-reflection and used in a similar way.
Behaviorists claimed that introspection was unreliable and that the subject matter of scientific psychology should be strictly operationalized in an objective and measurable way. This then led psychology to focus on measurable behavior rather than consciousness or sensation. Cognitive psychology accepts the use of the scientific method, but rejects introspection as a valid method of investigation for this reason. It should be noted that Herbert Simon and Allen Newell identified the 'thinking-aloud' protocol, in which investigators view a subject engaged in introspection, and who speaks his thoughts aloud, thus allowing study of his introspection.
On the other hand, introspection can be considered a valid tool for the development of scientific hypotheses and theoretical models, in particular, in cognitive sciences and engineering. In practice, functional (goal-oriented) computational modeling and computer simulation design of meta-reasoning and metacognition are closely connected with the introspective experiences of researchers and engineers.
Introspection was used by German physiologist Wilhelm Wundt in the experimental psychology laboratory he had founded in Leipzig in 1879.  Wundt believed that by using introspection in his experiments he would gather information into how the subjects' minds were working, thus he wanted to examine the mind into its basic elements.  Wundt did not invent this way of looking into an individual's mind through their experiences; rather, it can date to Socrates. Wundt's distinctive contribution was to take this method into the experimental arena and thus into the newly formed field of psychology.

# In fiction
Introspection (also referred to as internal dialogue, interior monologue, self-talk) is the fiction-writing  mode used to convey a character's thoughts.  As explained by Renni Browne and Dave King, "One of the great gifts of literature is that it allows for the expression of unexpressed thoughts..." Template:Harvard citation.  According to Nancy Kress, a character's thoughts can greatly enhance a story: deepening characterization, increasing tension, and widening the scope of a story Template:Harvard citation.  As outlined by Jack M. Bickham, thought plays a critical role in both scene and sequel Template:Harvard citation.  Among authors and writing coaches, there appears to be little consensus regarding the importance of introspection  and how it is best presented.
Iridocyclitis

# Overview
Iridocyclitis a type of anterior uveitis, is a condition in which the uvea has an acute inflammation.

# Pathophysiology & Etiology
Iridocyclitis is usually caused by direct exposure of the eyes to chemicals, particularly lacrimators, but can also be caused by ocular viral infection such as herpes zoster (i.e. herpetic iridocyclitis).
There are six classifications of iridocyclitis.
Acute or Chronic
- Acute: sudden symptomatic onset, lasting no more than six weeks.
- Chronic: Persisting for more than six weeks, possibly asymptomatic. Chronic iridocyclitis is usually associated with systemic disorders including ankylosing spondylitis, Behcet's syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, sarcoidosis, syphilis, tuberculosis, and Lyme disease.
Exogenous or Endogenous
- Exogenous: related to external damage to the uvea or invasion of external microorganisms.
- Endogenous: related to internal microbes.
Granulomatous or Non-granulomatous
- Granulomatous: accompanied by large keratotic precipitates.
- Non-granulomatous: accompanied by smaller keratotic precipitates.

# History and Symptoms
- photophobia
- redness
- watering of the eyes
- lacrimation
- miosis, constriction of the pupil
- blurred vision
- Synechia

# Treatment

# Pharmacotherapy
It can be effectively treated with tropane alkaloids or steroids.
To immobilize the iris and decrease pain, one may find tropane alkaloids effective, particularly scopolamine and atropine in 0.25% and 1% concentrations respectively. Topical steroids may be used to decrease inflammation, particularly prednisolone and dexamethasone.
Iridodialysis

# Overview
Iridodialysis, sometimes known as a coredialysis, is a localized separation or tearing away of the iris from its attachment to the ciliary body.

# Causes
Iridodialyses are usually caused by blunt trauma to the eye, but may also be caused by penetrating eye injuries. An iridodialysis may be an iatrogenic complication of any intraocular surgery and at one time they were created intentionally as part of intracapsular cataract extraction.
Iridodialyses have been reported to have occurred from boxing, airbag deployments, high-pressure water jets, elastic bungee cords, bottle caps opened under pressure, water balloons, fireworks, and various types of balls.

# Symptoms and signs
Those with small iridodialyses may be asymptomatic and require no treatment, but those with larger dialyses may have corectopia or polycoria and experience monocular diplopia, glare, or photophobia. Iridodialyses often accompany angle recession and may cause glaucoma or hyphema. Hypotony may also occur.

# Treatment and management
Iridodialysis causing an associated hyphema has to be carefully managed, and recurrent bleeds should be prevented by strict avoidance of all sporting activities. Management typically involves observation and bed rest. Red blood cells may decrease the outflow of aqueous humor, therefore the eye should be kept soft by giving oral acetazolamide. Accidental trauma during sleep should be prevented by patching with an eye shield during night time. Avoid giving aspirin, heparin/warfarin and observe daily for resolution or progression. A large hyphema may require careful anterior chamber washout. Rebleeds may require additional intervention and therapy.
Later, surgical repair may be considered for larger avulsions causing significant double vision, cosmesis or glare symptoms. Surgical repair is usually done by 10-0 prolene suture taking the base of iris avulsion and suturing it to the scleral spur and ciliary body junction.

# Complications
Those with traumatic iridodialyses (particularly by blunt eye trauma) are at high risk for angle recession, thereby causing increased intraocular pressure (IOP). This is typically seen about 100 days or three months after the injury, and is thereby called 100 day Glaucoma. Medical or surgical treatment to control the IOP may be required if glaucoma is present. Soft opaque contact lenses may be used to improve cosmesis and reduce the perception of double vision.
Isomerisation
In chemistry, isomerization or isomerisation is the transformation of a molecule into a different isomer . In some molecules and under some conditions, isomerisation occurs spontaneously. Many isomers are equal or roughly equal in bond energy, and so they interconvert relatively freely. When the isomerisation occurs intramolecularly it is considered a rearrangement reaction.

# Instances of Isomerization
- Isomerisations in hydrocarbon cracking. This is usually employed in organic chemistry, where fuels, such as pentane, a straight-chain isomer, are heated in the presence of a platinum catalyst (see image). The resulting mixture of straight- and branched-chain isomers then have to be separated. An industrial process is also the isomerisation of n-butane into isobutane.
Nota Bene: the first product should be 2-methylbutane, rather than 2-methylpentane.
- Trans-cis isomerism. In certain compounds an interconversion of cis and trans isomers can be observed, for instance, with maleic acid and with azobenzene often by photoisomerization. An example is the photochemical conversion of the trans isomer to the cis isomer of resveratrol :
- Aldose-ketose isomerism in biochemistry.
- Isomerisations between conformational isomers. These take place without an actual rearrangement for instance inconversion of two cyclohexane conformations
- Fluxional molecules display rapid interconversion of isomers.
The energy difference between two isomers is called isomerisation energy. Isomerisations with low energy difference both experimental and computational (in parentheses) are endothermic trans-cis isomerisation of 2-butene with 2.6 (1.2) kcal/mol, cracking of isopentane to n-pentane with 3.6 (4.0) kcal/mol or conversion of trans-2-butene to 1-butene with 2.6 (2.4) kcal/mol.
Isoproscaline
Isoproscaline (or 4-(i)-propyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) is an analogue of mescaline.  It is closely related to proscaline and was first synthesized by David E. Nichols.  It produces hallucinogenic, psychedelic, and entheogenic effects.

# Chemistry
Isoproscaline is in a class of compounds commonly known as phenethylamines, and the full chemical name is 2-(4-isopropoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine.

# Effects
Little is known about the psychopharmacological effects of isoproscaline.  Shulgin lists a psychedelic dosage as being 40-80 mg, with effects lasting 12-18 hours.

# Pharmacology
The mechanism that produces the hallucinogenic and entheogenic effects of isoproscaline is most likely to result from action as a 5-HT2A serotonin receptor agonist in the brain, a mechanism of action shared by all of the hallucinogenic tryptamines and phenethylamines.

# Dangers
The toxicity of isoproscaline is not known.

# Legality
Isoproscaline is unscheduled and unregulated in the United States, however because of its close similarity in structure and effects to mescaline, possession and sale of isoproscaline may be subject to prosecution under the Federal Analog Act.
Jasmonic acid
Jasmonic acid (JA) is a member of the jasmonate class of plant hormones.  It is biosynthesized from linolenic acid by the octadecanoid pathway.
The major functions of JA in regulating plant growth include growth inhibition, senescence, and leaf abscission.  It is also responsible for tuber formation in potatoes, yams, and onions. It has an important role in response to wounding of plants and systemic resistance.
Jasmonic acid is also converted to a variety of derives including esters such as methyl jasmonate; it may also be conjugated to amino acids.
Jovenes, Inc.
Founded in 1989,  Jovenes, Inc. is a non-profit organization in Los Angeles whose mission has been to assist homeless and displaced young adults in  primarily, but not exclusively Pico-Union/Westlake, Echo Park, South Central, East Los Angeles, Long Beach and Hollywood. It was founded by Fr. Richard Estrada, CMF originally an outreach to underage immigrants
Jovenes is Spanish for youth, and the agency focuses its efforts on helping disenfranchised youth its outreach efforts, social services, and housing. Its new facility, the Lloyd Monserratt Pleasant House opened in May 2006.

# Major programs
- Art  to develop high quality visual public art projects that reflects the diversity of life perspectives in the urban environment.
- Social advocacy provide direct services to homeless youth, provide advocacy for the provision of emergency services to this population, and to educate the public of the plight of at-risk homeless youth
Junior doctor
Junior doctors in the United Kingdom are those in postgraduate training, starting at graduation with a medical degree and culminating in a post as a Consultant, a General Practitioner, or some other non-training post, such as a Staff grade or Associate Specialist post. The term junior doctor might be considered misleading. It includes skilled doctors with years of National Health Service experience of treating patients. 
The ways in which these doctors work and train is undergoing significant changes in the UK. Average hours worked per week are falling as a result of pressures from junior doctors themselves and concerns about fatigue resulting in medical mistakes.  In 1991 the government, the NHS and the British Medical Association agreed a package of measures on working hours, pay and conditions which was called the New Deal for Junior Doctors.  This restricted these doctors' hours to a maximum average of 56 hours actual work and 72 hours on call duty per week, although it was not enforced until December 1st 2000.  The European Working Time Directive requires the average working week to fall to 48 hours or less by 2009.
The shortening of junior doctors' working hours means that the quantity of experience they can gain during training is less, although the quality is higher as to lower fatigue levels enable superior mental retention of skills and experiences.
New and extended roles in other clinical professions are blurring demarcation between what a doctor and, for example, some nurses can do. Shorter duty shifts demand closer teamwork across professions and effective handovers.  Medicine is becoming more specialised, but more cross-cover between specialties at night is needed to preserve doctors' working time during days and evenings, when most patient care and learning under supervision takes place.
The number of years of postgraduate training is set to reduce under the plans for Modernising Medical Careers, which will require doctors to decide which specialty to follow sooner after graduation.
The interaction with health care managers (who are not usually doctors in the UK) has changed during recent years to involve doctors in the running of hospital specialty groups and community-based practice. More developed leadership and financial training is required to equip doctors with the skills to manage budgets and responsibilities.

# Salary
The average starting salary for a medical graduate is 32,086 . In the first year of training a junior doctor earns a base salary of 20,741, rising to 25,882 in the second year. This base is increased 20% to 80% by bonuses based on working more than 40 hours a week, work load, and anti-social hours. A graduate starting specialist training will earn between 29,000 and 44,000.
After 5 years the average junior doctor will have advanced to specialist registrar grade, earning an average salary of 48,000.