Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Disodium phosphate
Disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4) is a sodium salt of phosphoric acid.  It is a white powder that is highly hygroscopic and water soluble. It is therefore used commercially as an anti-caking additive in powdered products.  It is also known as disodium hydrogen orthophosphate, sodium hydrogen phosphate or sodium phosphate dibasic. It is commercially available in both the hydrated and anhydrous forms.

# Other uses
- Disodium phosphate can be used in cream of wheat to quicken cook time.
- Disodium phosphate is used in conjunction with trisodium phosphate in many steam boiler applications. It supplies the inventory of free phosphates to retard calcium scale formation.
Distal Trisomy 10q
Distal Trisomy 10q is a rare chromosomal disorder that causes slow postnatal growth and severe mental retardation.
Humans, like all sexually reproducing species, have somatic cells that are in diploid  state, meaning that N represent the number of chromosomes, and 2 the number of their copies. In humans, there are 23 chromosomes, but there are two sets of them, one from mother and one from father, totaling in 46, that are arranged according to their size, function and genes they carry. Each cell is supposed to have two of each, but sometimes due to mutations or malfunctions during cell division, mistakes are made that cause serious health problems. One such error is the cause of Distal trisomy 10q disorder.
Each chromosome has two arms, labeled p (for petite, or short) and q (for long). If both arms are equal in length, the chromosome is said to be metacentric. If arms' lengths are unequal, chromosome is said to be submetacentric, and if p arm is so short that is hard to observe, but still present, then the chromosome is acrocentric. In Distal Trisomy 10q disorder, end or distal portion of the q (long) arm of the chromosome number 10 appears to be present three times, rather than two times as it is suppose to be. This extra arm result in chromosome 10 trisomy, meaning that three arms are present. Depending on the length of the aberrant arm, the severity can vary from case to case. Often the source of this chromosomal error is a translocation in one of the parents.  Sometimes it occurs spontaneously, in which case it is termed de novo.
This syndrome has a large range of outcomes depending on how much chromosomal material is involved.  Outcomes include: very slow postnatal growth, hypotonia, lack of coordination skills and mild to severe cases of mental retardation, digestive issues, and heart and kidney problems. Individuals with this disorder can also be distinguished by their facial features. Number of support groups do exist in the United States, where affected families can meet and discuss problems they encounter, possible treatments and can find emotional support.
Distributive shock

# Overview
Distributive shock is, as in hypovolemic shock, caused by an insufficient intravascular volume of blood.  This form of relative hypovolemia is the result of blood vessel dilation.

# Classification
Examples of this form of shock are:
- Septic shock - This is caused by an overwhelming infection leading to vasodilation, such as by Gram negative bacteria i.e. Escherichia coli which releases an endotoxin which produces adverse biochemical, immunological and occasionally neural mechanisms which are harmful to the body. It is treated by antibiotics, fluid replacement, and vasoconstrictors.
- Anaphylactic shock - Caused by a severe anaphylactic reaction to an allergen, antigen, drug or foreign protein causing the release of histamine which causes widespread vasodilation.  Leading to hypotension and increase capillary permeability.
- Acute adrenal insufficiency: Acute adrenal insufficiency is not infrequently the result of discontinuing corticosteroid treatment without tapering the dosage.
- Neurogenic shock- Neurogenic shock is the rarest form of shock.  It is caused by trauma to the spinal cord resulting in the sudden loss of autonomic and motor reflexes below the injury level. Without stimulation by sympathetic nervous system the vessel walls relax uncontrolled, resulting in a sudden decrease in peripheral vascular resistance, leading to vasodilation and hypotension.
Division (biology)
Division is a taxonomic rank in biological classification.
In botany and mycology, division refers to a rank equivalent to phylum. The use of either term is allowed under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, and both are commonly used in scientific literature.
The main divisions of land plants, in the order in which they probably evolved, are the liverworts (Division Marchantiophyta), the hornworts (Division Anthocerophyta), the mosses (Division Bryophyta), the ferns (Division Filicophyta), the horsetails (Division Sphenophyta), the cycads (Division Cycadophyta), the ginkgo (Division Ginkgophyta), the conifers (Division Pinophyta), the gnetophytes (Division Gnetophyta), and the angiosperms (Division Magnoliophyta). Angiosperms are the flowering plants that now dominate terrestrial ecosystems, comprising 80% of vascular plant species.
In zoology, the term division is applied to an optional rank subordinate to the infraclass and superordinate to the cohort. A widely used classification (e.g. Carroll 1988) recognises teleost fishes as a Division Teleostei within Class Actinopterygii (the ray-finned fishes). Less commonly (as in Milner 1988), living tetrapods are ranked as Divisions Amphibia and Amniota within the clade of vertebrates with fleshy limbs (Sarcopterygii).
Donepezil overdose

# Overdosage topics
General
Manifestations
Treatment recommendations
Signs of toxicity in animals

## General
Because strategies for the management of overdose are continually evolving, it is advisable to contact a Poison Control Center to determine the latest recommendations for the management of an overdose of any drug.
As in any case of overdose, general supportive measures should be utilized. Return to top

## Manifestations
Overdosage with cholinesterase inhibitors can result in cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea, vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression, collapse and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Return to top

## Treatment recommendations
Tertiary anticholinergics such as atropine may be used as an antidote for Aricept overdosage. Intravenous atropine sulfate titrated to effect is recommended: an initial dose of 1.0 to 2.0 mg IV with subsequent doses based upon clinical response. Atypical responses in blood pressure and heart rate have been reported with other cholinomimetics when co-administered with quaternary anticholinergics such as glycopyrrolate. It is not known whether Aricept and/or its metabolites can be removed by dialysis (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or hemofiltration). Return to top

## Signs of toxicity in animals
Dose-related signs of toxicity in animals included reduced spontaneous movement, prone position, staggering gait, lacrimation, clonic convulsions, depressed respiration, salivation, miosis, tremors, fasciculation and lower body surface temperature. Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Dose-ranging study
A dose-ranging study is a clinical trial where different doses of an agent (e.g. a drug) are tested against each other to establish which dose works best and/or is least harmful.
Dose-ranging is usually a phase I or early phase II clinical trial. Typically a dose ranging study will include a placebo group of subjects, and a few groups that receive different doses of the test drug. For instance, a typical rose ranging study may include four groups: a placebo group, low-dose group, medium-dose group and a high-dose group. The maximum tolerable dose (MTD) information is necessary to be able to design such groups and therefore dose-ranging studies are usually designed after the availability of MTD information. 
The main goal of a dose-ranging study is to estimate the response vs. dose given, so as to analyze the efficacy and safety of the drug. Although such a response will nevertheless be available from phase III or phase IV trials, it is important to carry out dose-ranging studies in the earlier phase I or phase II stages. The main reasons for this is to avoid trials in the later phases using doses that are significantly different from those that will subsequently be recommended for clinical use and also to avoid the need for modification of dosing schedules at later stages where a large amount of data has already been accumulated for a different dose range.
Rectouterine pouch
The rectouterine pouch (or rectouterine  excavation, or rectovaginal) is the extension of the peritoneal cavity between the rectum and back wall of the uterus in the female human body.
In women it is the deepest point of the peritoneal cavity, posterior to (behind) the uterus and anterior to (in front of) rectum.  (The pouch on the other side of the uterus is the vesicouterine excavation.)
It is near the posterior fornix of the vagina.
In men, the region corresponding to the rectouterine pouch is the Rectovesical excavation, which lies between the urinary bladder and rectum. (There is no equivalent to the vesicouterine excavation.)

# Pathology
The rectouterine pouch, being the lowest part of the peritoneal cavity in a woman who is standing, is a common site for the spread of pathology such as ascites, tumour, endometriosis, pus, etc.

# Naming/Etymology
It is also known by the names Douglas pouch, Douglas space, Douglas cul-de-sac.
It is named after the Scottish anatomist Dr James Douglas (16751742) who extensively explored this region of the female body. Three other nearby anatomical structures are also named for him - the Douglas fold, the Douglas line and the Douglas septum.

# Additional images
- The epiploic foramen, greater sac or general cavity (red) and lesser sac, or omental bursa (blue).
- Illu female pelvis
Dry Powder Inhaler
Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are devices that deliver medications to the lungs to treat respiratory diseases. These include asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, COPD, diabetes mellitus, and others.
DPIs are an alternative to the aerosol based inhalers commonly called metered-dose inhaler (or MDI).  The DPIs may require some procedure to allow a measured dose of powder to be ready for the patient to take. The medication is commonly held either in a capsule for manual loading or a proprietary form from inside the inhaler. Once loaded or actuated, the operator puts the mouthpiece of the inhaler into their mouth and takes a deep inhalation, holding their breath for 5-10 seconds. There are a variety of such devices. The dose that can be delivered is typically less than a few tens of milligrams in a single breath since larger powder doses may lead to provocation of cough.
Most DPIs rely on the force of patient inhalation to entrain powder from the device and subsequently break-up the powder into aerosol particles that are small enough to reach the lungs. For this reason, insufficient patient inhalation flow rates may lead to reduced dose delivery and incomplete deaggregation of the powder, leading to unsatisfactory device performance. Thus, most DPIs have a minimum inspiratory effort that is needed for proper use and it is for this reason that such DPIs are normally used only in older children and adults.

# Lactose
Some powder inhalers use lactose as bulking agent and to aid in powder uptake from the device during inhalation. While some have suggested that such lactose may be harmful to lactose intolerant people.  the lactose dose delivered by dry powder inhalers is typically less than a few milligrams and such doses do not lead to clinically relevant concerns of adverse effects in lactose intolerant patients.

# Storage
DPI medication must be stored in a dry place or sealed packaging, since exposure of the powder to moisture degrades the ability of the device to disperse its medication as an aerosol upon inhalation.
Dry powder inhaler
The Dry Powder Inhaler is generally a proprietary device to deliver medications for the treatment or maintenance management of respiratory diseases and conditions. These conditions or diseases may include Asthma, Bronchitis, Emphysema, COPD and Diabetes. They are often referred to as DPI or DPIs in the medical community.
DPIs are an alternative to the aerosol based inhalers commonly called Metered-dose inhaler (or MDIs).  The DPIs may require some procedure to allow a measured dose of powder ready for the patient to take. The medication is commonly held either in a capsule for manual loading or a proprietary form from inside the inhaler. Once loaded or actuated, the operator puts the mouthpiece of the inhaler into his mouth and takes a deep inhalation, holding their breath for 5-10 seconds. There are a variety of such devices which some patients find easier to use, but others complain that powder devices provokes them to cough.
Another DPI device, Exubera, is now being used for the management of Diabetes.

# Lactose
Some powder inhalers use lactose as bulking agent and can be harmful to lactose intolerant people .

# Storage
DPI medication must be stored in a dry place or sealed packaging.

# Sources
Dysdiadochokinesia
Dysdiadochokinesia, dysdiadochokinesis, or DDK (from Greek dys "bad", dia "across", docho "receive", kinesia "movement") is the medical term for an inability to perform rapid, alternating movements.
The diadochi (Greek for "successors") succeeded Alexander the Great. Their priests performed ritualistic hand movements which were the movements all medical students are taught to perform to illicit cerebellar disease in the upper limbs.

# Causes
It is a feature of cerebellar ataxia, and is the result of lesions to the posterior lobe of the cerebellum. It is thought to be caused by the inability to switch on and switch off antagonizing muscle groups.  
Dysdiadochokinesia is also seen in multiple sclerosis, as a cerebellar symptom (including ataxia, intentional tremor & dysarthria).

# Presentation
It is commonly demonstrated by asking the patient to tap the palm of one hand with the fingers of the other, then rapidly turn over the fingers and tap the palm with the back of them, repeatedly. This movement is known as a pronation/supination test of the upper extremity. A simpler method using this same concept is to ask the patient to demonstrate the movement of trying a door knob or screwing in a lightbulb.
Another method of testing for this condition is called the heel to shin test. This is performed by having the patient in a supine or sitting position. The heel of one foot is rubbed up and down the shin of the opposite leg in a rapid movement. A positive sign of this condition would be that the patient was not able to perform this movement quickly or steadily, instead showing slow and wobbly movements.
Neural tube defect
A neural tube defect will occur in human embryos if there is an interference with the closure of the neural tube occurs around the 28th day after fertilization.  The incidence of neural tube defects is 2.6 in 1,000 worldwide.

# Causes
Pregnant women taking medication for epilepsy have a higher chance of having a child with a neural tube defect. Research has shown that women with folic acid deficiencies also have a higher chance of having a child with a neural tube defect, but this is only one factor. Taking folic acid does not completely negate the risk of neural tube problems, but it does significantly reduce the risk.

# Prevention
In Canada, mandatory fortification of selected foods with folic acid has been shown to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects by 46%.
Women who are or could become pregnant are advised to take daily supplements of folic acid, unless their dietary intake of this nutrient is normally high.

# Detection
Neural tube defects may be detected by a variety of methods, including some prenatal screening tests and medical imaging.  Often, these defects are apparent at birth, but occult defects may be not diagnosed until much later in life.

# Types of neural tube defects
- Anencephaly
- Encephalocele
- Spina bifida including myelomeningocele and others
Echinacea purpurea
Echinacea purpurea (Eastern purple coneflower; syn. Brauneria purpurea (L.) Britt., Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench var. arkansana Steyermark, Rudbeckia purpurea L.) is a species of flowering plant in the genus Echinacea.  Recognizable by its purple cone-shaped flowers, it is native to eastern North America and present to some extent in the wild in much of the eastern, southeastern and midwest United States.  and often known as the purple coneflower.
Echinacea purpurea is also grown as an ornamental plant, and numerous cultivars have been developed for flower quality and plant form.

# Physical characteristics
This perennial flowering plant is 1.2m tall and 0.5m wide at maturity. Depending on the climate, it begins to bloom in late May or early July, before losing its flowers in August. Its flowers are hermaphroditic, having both male and female organs on each flower. It is pollinated by insects. Its habitats include dry open woods, prairies and barrens, as well as cultivated beds. Although the plant prefers loamy or sandy, well-drained soils,  it is little affected by the soil's ph. Unable to grow in the shade, Echinacea purpurea thrives in either dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought, once established.

# Propagation
In order to facilitate germination of this flower's seeds, they should be sown in early spring in a greenhouse and barely covered with soil. Daily temperature changes are also effective in helping them sprout. With an average temperature of 25c, the seeds will usually germinate in 10-21 days. Once the seedlings have grown large enough to be safely handled, it is recommended that they be potted individually and allowed to spend their first summer in the greenhouse. They should be planted the following spring or summer; at this point it is important to protect them from slugs. Clumps of echinacea purpurea can be divided, or broken into smaller bunches in the spring or autumn, for replanting. While large clumps may be planted directly, smaller ones require more care. These should be planted in pots which are to be placed into a cold frame until they take root. These potted clumps should then be planted in the spring.

# Predators
Slugs eat this plant.
- closeup of E. purpura flower centre
closeup of E. purpura flower centre
- A stand of Echinacea purpurea
A stand of Echinacea purpurea
Efferent arteriole
The efferent arterioles are  blood vessels that are part of the urinary system of many  animals. The efferent arterioles form from a convergence of the capillaries of the  glomerulus.  They play an important role in maintaining the glomerular filtration rate despite fluctuations in blood pressure.
In the mammalian kidney they follow two markedly different courses, depending on the location of the glomeruli from which they arise.
In the mammalian kidney about 15% of glomeruli lie close to the boundary between the renal cortex and renal medulla and are known as juxtamedullary glomeruli. The rest are simply undifferentiated cortical glomeruli.

# In undifferentiated cortical glomeruli
The efferent arterioles of the undifferentiated cortical glomeruli are the simplest.
Promptly on leaving the glomerulus they break up into capillaries and become part of a rich plexus of vessels surrounding the cortical portions of the renal tubules.
Their chief function is to receive the resorbate from these tubules and return it to the general circulation.

# In juxtamedullary glomeruli
The efferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary glomeruli are much different.  They do break up, but they form bundles of vessels (arteriolae recti) that cross the outer zone of the medulla to perfuse the inner zone.
Vessels returning from the inner medulla (venulae recti) intersperse themselves in a highly regular fashion among the descending arteriolae recti to form a well organized rete mirabile.
This rete is responsible for the osmotic isolation of the inner medulla from the rest of the kidney and so permits the excretion of a hypertonic urine when circumstances require.
Interestingly, since the rete also isolates the inner medulla from gaseous exchange, any metabolism in this area is anaerobic, and red cells, which would serve no purpose there, are ordinarily shunted from the arteriolae recti by an unknown mechanism into the capillary plexus surrounding the tubules of the outer zone of the medulla.
Blood in this plexus and returning from the inner medulla finds its way to the renal vein and the general circulation by pathways similar to those providing drainage for the rest of the cortex.

# Regulation of glomerular filtration rate
When angiotensin levels are increased due to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, most of the arteries in the body experience vasoconstriction, in order to maintain adequate blood pressure.  However, this reduces blood flow to the kidneys.  To compensate, the efferent arterioles constrict to a greater degree than the other arteries, in response to increased levels of angiontensin.  Pressure in glomerular capillaries is therefore maintained and glomerular filtration rate remains adequate.
Ego (spirituality)
In spirituality, and especially nondual, mystical and eastern meditative traditions, the human being is often conceived as being in the illusion of individual existence, and separated from other aspects of creation. This "sense of doership" or sense of individual existence is that part which believes it is the human being, and believes it must fight for itself in the world, is ultimately unaware and unconscious of its own true nature. The ego is often associated with mind and the sense of time, which compulsively thinks in order to be assured of its future existence, rather than simply knowing its own self and the present.
The spiritual goal of many traditions involves the dissolving of the ego, allowing self-knowledge of one's own true nature to become experienced and enacted in the world. This is variously known as Enlightenment, Nirvana, Presence, and the "Here and Now".
Eckhart Tolle comments that, to the extent that the ego is present in an individual, that individual is somewhat insane psychologically, in reference to the ego's nature as compulsively hyper-active and compulsively (and pathologically) self-centered. However, since this is the norm, it goes unrecognised as the source of much that could be classified as insane behavior in everyday life. In South Asian traditions, the state of being trapped in the illusory belief that one is the ego is known as maya or samsara.

# Descriptions of the ego
Many writers, from the Buddha onwards, have written about the ego from a spiritual viewpoint. Eckhart Tolle's book on the subject, A New Earth, looks at this too:
The Armenian mystic G.I. Gurdjieff, as well as the self-described Gnostic writer and teacher of occultism Samael Aun Weor, posits that the ego is inherently constituted by many "I's":
Weor used the terms "Being" (equivalent in meaning to Atman in Hinduism) and "ego", drawing the distinction that the two states possible are that of Being, which is "transparent, crystal-clear, impersonal, real and true", and that of the 'I', which is "a collective of psychic Aggregates that personify Defects, whose only reason to exist is ignorance". He characterized this distinction: