Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Primula elatior
Primula elatior, the oxlip (or True oxlip), is a flowering plant in the genus Primula, found in damp woods and meadows throughout Europe as far north as southern Sweden. In the British Isles, it is found only in the east, and mainly in East Anglia.
It is a low growing herbaceous perennial plant with a rosette of leaves 5-15 cm long and 2-6 cm broad. The deep yellow flowers are produced in the spring between April and May; they are in clusters of 10-30 together on a single stem 10-30 cm tall, each flower 9-15 mm broad.
It may be confused with the closely related Primula veris (cowslip) which has a similar general appearance although the oxlip has larger, pale yellow flowers more like a primrose, and a corolla tube without folds.
cs:Prvosenka vyssi
da:Fladkravet Kodriver
de:Hohe Schlusselblume
nl:Slanke sleutelbloem
sv:Lundviva
Prochlorococcus
Prochlorococcus is a genus of very small (0.6 m) marine cyanobacteria with an unusual pigmentation (chlorophyll b) belonging to photosynthetic picoplankton. It is probably the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth.

# Overview
Although there had been several earlier records of very small chlorophyll-b-containing cyanobacteria in the ocean, Prochlorococcus was actually discovered in 1986 by Sallie W. (Penny) Chisholm of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Robert J. Olson of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and other collaborators in the Sargasso Sea using flow cytometry. The first culture of Prochlorococcus was isolated in the Sargasso Sea in 1988 (strain SS120) and shortly another strain was obtained from the Mediterranean Sea (strain MED). The name Prochlorococcus originated from the fact it was originally assumed that Prochlorococcus was related to Prochloron and other chlorophyll b containing bacteria, called prochlorophytes, but it is now known that prochlorophytes form several separate phylogenetic groups within the cyanobacteria subgroup of the bacteria kingdom.
Marine cyanobacteria are to date the smallest known photosynthetic organisms: Prochlorococcus is the smallest at just 0.5 to 0.8 micrometres across. Possibly they are also the most plentiful species on Earth: a single millilitre of surface seawater may contain 100,000 cells or more. Worldwide, there are estimated to be 100 octillion individuals. Prochlorococcus is ubiquitous between 40N and 40S and dominates in the oligotrophic (nutrient poor) regions of the oceans.
The light harvesting pigment complement of Prochlorococcus is unique, consisting predominantly of divinyl derivatives of chlorophyll a (Chl a2) and b (Chl b2) and lacking monovinyl chlorophylls. Prochlorococcus occupies two distinct niches, leading to the nomenclature of the low light (LL) and high light (HL) groups , which vary in pigment ratios (LL possess a high ration of chlorophyll b2: a2 and HL low b2: a2), light requirements, nitrogen and phosphorus utilization, copper and virus sensitivity. These "ecotypes" can be differentiated on the basis of the sequence of their ribosomal RNA gene. Recently the genomes of several strains of Prochlorococcus have been sequenced .
Proctocolectomy
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# Overview
Proctocolectomy is the surgical removal of the rectum and all or part of the colon.
Proerythroblast
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# Overview
A proerythroblast (or rubriblast, or pronormoblast) is the earliest of four stages in development of the normoblast.

# Laboratory findings
In histology, it is very difficult to distinguish it from the other "blast" cells (lymphoblast, myeloblast, monoblast, and megakaryoblast.) The cytoplasm is blue in an H&E stain, indicating that it is basophilic.

# "Pronormoblast" vs. "proerythroblast"
Some sources consider the terms "pronormoblast" and "proerythroblast" to be synonyms. However, other sources consider "proerythroblast" to be a parent term, divided into the following two categories:
- "pronormoblast" - normal develoment
- "promegaloblast" - abnormal development

# Additional images
- Blood cell lineage
- Proerythroblasts
- Proerythroblasts
Project Insight
Project Insight (P.I.) is a division of the the San Francisco, California Recreation & Parks Department which provides recreational and learning activities for hearing-impaired and vision-impaired children, teenagers, young adults.
Founded circa 1990, Project Insight is based at Wawona Clubhouse  in the Sigmund Stern Recreation Grove, two miles south of San Francisco's Golden Gate Park.  Participants, staff and volunteers use American Sign Language.

# Purpose and activities
Because disabled youth are often isolated from their hearing peer group and excluded from recreational and group social experiences, Project Insight:
- Strives to integrate young people with disabilities into the general community, while supporting their individuality, independence, dignity, and cultural diversity
- Promotes learning and development, focusing on self-expression, teamwork, education and building cognitive, social and motor skills
- Provides a variety of recreation, outdoor adventure and cultural activities, including:
- After school homework clubs, arts and crafts, cultural events, parties, etc.
- Golf
- Hiking  (Yosemite National Park is a favourite destination)
- Rock climbing
- Skiing
- Taiko drumming
- White water Rafting
Propentofylline

# Overview
Propentofylline (HWA 285) is a xanthine derivative with purported neuroprotective effects.

# Pharmacology
It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
It also acts as an adenosine reuptake inhibitor.

# Uses
It was studied as a possible treatment for Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia.
Propentofylline has also been studied, to a lesser extent, as a possible adjunct in the treatment of ischemic stroke, due to its vasodilating properties.
Propentofylline is in use in veterinary medicine as a geriatric preparation for old dogs.
Pseudoathetosis

# Overview
Pseudoathetosis is abnormal writhing movements, usually of the fingers, caused by a failure of joint position sense (proprioception) and indicates disruption of the proprioceptive pathway, from peripheral nerve to parietal cortex.

# Disorders that Pseudoathetosis Should be Differentiated From
Pseudoathetosis may be mistaken for choreoathetosis.  In patients with choreoathetosis, the abnormal movements are relatively constant irrespective of whether the eyes are open or closed and occur in the absence of proprioceptive loss.
Hemipseudaoathetosis refers to pseudoathetosis on one side of the body ,usually the upper limb and is most commonly caused by a lesion affecting the cuneate tract or cuneate nucleus in the cervical spine or lower brainstem (medulla) respectively.

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination

### Neurologic Examination
Analogous to Romberg's sign, the abnormal posturing is most pronounced when the eyes are closed as visual inputs are unavailable to guide corrective movements. Paradoxically, eye closure may decrease the amount of movement as the visual cues probably trigger corrective movements which return the limb to the desired "baseline" allowing a new phase of involuntary drift before a subsequent corrective phase occurs.
[ Hemipseudoathetosis video clip
Pseudodysphagia
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Pseudodysphagia (fear of choking) is the irrational fear of swallowing or choking.  The symptoms are psychosomatic in nature.  The act of swallowing becomes mentally linked with choking, or with undercapacity of the esophageal opening.  This can induce panic reactions prior to or during the act of swallowing.  The sensation of difficult swallowing feels authentic to the affected individual, although it is based on nothing in reality.  It is important that dysphagia (difficult or painful swallowing) be ruled out before a diagnosis of psuedodysphagia is made.
Fear of choking is associated with anxiety, depression, panic attacks, hypochondriasis, and weight loss.  The condition can occur in both children and adults, and is equally common among males and females.  Quality of life can be severely affected.  Avoidance of restaurants or social settings is also common, since sometimes food can only be taken in small bites or with liquid.
Psycho-oncology

# Overview
Psycho-oncology is a field of medical study and practice at the intersection of psychology and oncology. It is concerned with aspects of cancer that go beyond medical treatment and include psychological and psychosocial aspects of cancer. Sometimes it is also referred to as psycosocial oncology or behavioral oncology because it deals with psychosocial and behavioral topics. The field is concerned both with the effects of cancer on a person's psychological health as well as the social and behavioral factors that may affect the disease process of cancer.
Psycho-Oncology is also the name of a journal published by Wiley. The journal contains articles related to research in the field of psycho-oncology.
There is an international society, The International Psycho-Oncology Society, that is "dedicated to fostering the science of psychosocial and behavioral oncology and improving the care of cancer patients and their families throughout the world."
Psychopathology

# Overview
Psychopathology is a term which refers to either the study of mental illness or mental distress, or the manifestation of behaviours and experiences which may be indicative of mental illness or psychological impairment.
It is also the name of an academic journal that specialises in the understanding and classification of mental illness in clinical psychiatry.

# Psychopathology as the study of mental illness
Many different professions may be involved in studying mental illness or distress. Most notably, psychiatrists and clinical psychologists are particularly interested in this area and may either be involved in clinical treatment of mental illness, or research into the origin, development and manifestations of such states, or often, both. More widely, many different specialties may be involved in the study of psychopathology. For example, a neuroscientist may focus on brain changes related to mental illness. Therefore, someone who is referred to as a psychopathologist, may be one of any number of professions who have specialized in studying this area.
Psychiatrists in particular are interested in descriptive psychopathology, which has the aim of describing the symptoms and syndromes of mental illness. This is both for the diagnosis of individual patients (to see whether the patient's experience fits any pre-existing classification), or for the creation of diagnostic systems (such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) which define exactly which signs and symptoms should make up a diagnosis, and how experiences and behaviours should be grouped in particular diagnoses (e.g. clinical depression, schizophrenia).
Psychopathology should not be confused with psychopathy, which is a type of personality disorder.

# Psychopathology as a descriptive term
The term psychopathology may also be used to denote behaviours or experiences which are indicative of mental illness, even if they do not constitute a formal diagnosis. For example, the presence of a hallucination may be considered as a psychopathological sign, even if there are not enough symptoms present to fulfill the criteria for one of the disorders listed in the DSM.
In a more general sense, any behaviour or experience which causes impairment, distress or disability, particularly if it is thought to arise from a functional breakdown in either the cognitive and neurocognitive systems in the brain, may be classified as psychopathology.

# The academic journal Psychopathology
Originally founded in 1897 and named Psychiatria Clinica, the journal changed its name to Psychopathology in 1984. It bills itself as the 'International journal of experimental psychopathology, phenomenology and psychiatric diagnosis' and aims to 'elucidate the complex interrelationships of biology, subjective experience, behavior and therapies'.
Psychostimulant
A psychostimulant is a substance that enhances locomotor behavior. Examples of psychostimulants include amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, methylphenidate, and arecoline, the most widely used psychostimulant.
Nicotine and caffeine are not considered psychostimulants because they do not enhance locomotor behavior in rodents.
Psychostimulants are often potent modulators of dopamine signaling, often affecting the activity of monoamine transporters such as the dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporters.
Psychosynthesis
Psychosynthesis is an approach to psychology developed by Roberto Assagioli, M.D.

# Aims of Psychosynthesis
In Psychosomatic Medicine and Bio-psychosynthesis Roberto Assagioli states that the principle aims and tasks of psychosynthesis are:
- The elimination of the conflicts and obstacles, conscious and unconscious, that block :
- The use of active techniques to stimulate the psychic functions still weak and immature.

# Selected works
- Psychosynthesis: A Collection of Basic Writings by Roberto Assagioli ISBN 0-9678570-0-7
- The Act of Will by Roberto Assagioli ISBN 0-670-10309-8
- What We May Be: Techniques for Psychological and Spiritual Growth Through Psychosynthesis by Piero Ferrucci ISBN 0-87477-262-1
- Unfolding Self: The Practice Of Psychosynthesis by Molly Young Brown ISBN 1-58115-383-X
- Psychosynthesis: A Psychology of the Spirit by John Firman and Ann Gila ISBN 0-7914-5534-3
Purkinje fibers

# Overview
Purkinje fibers (or Purkyne tissue) are located in the inner ventricular walls of the heart, just beneath the endocardium.  These fibers are specialized myocardial fibers that conduct an electrical stimulus or impulse that enables the heart to contract in a coordinated fashion.

# Histology
Because of their specializations to rapidly conduct impulses (numerous sodium ion channels and mitochondria, fewer myofibrils than the surrounding muscle tissue), Purkinje fibers take up stain differently than the surrounding muscles cells, and on a slide, they often appear lighter and larger than their neighbors.

# Function
Purkinje fibers work with the sinoatrial node (SA node) and the atrioventricular node (AV node) to control the heart rate.
During the ventricular contraction portion of the cardiac cycle, the Purkinje fibers carry the contraction impulse from the left and right bundle branches to the myocardium of the ventricles. This causes the muscle tissue of the ventricles to contract and force blood out of the heart  either to the pulmonary circulation (from the right ventricle) or to the systemic circulation (from the left ventricle).
The impulse through the Purkinje fibers is associated with the QRS complex.
Purkinje fibers also have the ability of automaticity - they generate action potentials, but at a slower rate than sinoatrial node and other atrial ectopic pacemakers. Thus they serve as the last resort when other pacemakers fail.

# Historical Perspective
They were discovered in 1839 by Jan Evangelista Purkinje, who gave them his name.
Quality of life

# Measuring health-related quality of life (HRQoL)
The measures often used in the study of health care are 'quality-adjusted life years' (QALYs) and the related 'disability-adjusted life years' (DALYs); both equal 1 for each year of full-health life, and less than 1 for various degrees of illness or disability. Thus the cost-effectiveness of a treatment can be assessed by the cost per QALY or DALY it produces; for example, a cancer treatment which costs $1 million and on average gives the patient 2 extra years of full health costs $500,000 per QALY. Assessing treatments in this way avoids the much greater problems associated with putting a monetary value on life, as required in other areas of economics; saying that a treatment costs $5000 per QALY (i.e. per year of life) does not say or assume anything about the monetary value of a year of life or about the real quality of that life.
Another method of measuring quality of life is by subtracting the "standard of living", according to the technical definition of the term.  For example, people in rural areas and small towns are generally reluctant to move to cities, even if it would mean a substantial increase in their standard of living.  One can thus see that the quality of life of living in a rural area is of enough value to offset a higher standard of living.  Similarly people must be paid more to accept jobs that will lower their quality of life. Night jobs or ones with extensive travel all pay more, and the difference in salaries can also give a measure of the value of quality of life.
There is a growing field of research concerned with developing, evaluating and applying quality of life measures within health related research (e.g. within randomised controlled trials), especially Health Services Research.  Many of these focus on the measurement of health related quality of life (HRQoL), rather than a more global conceptualisation of quality of life.  They also focus on measuring HRQoL from the perspective of the patient and thus take the form of self completed questionnaires. The International Society for Quality of Life was founded in response to this research and is a useful source of information on this topic.
A number of groups and agencies around the world have tried to develop ways of assessing quality of life - See the External Links and See Also sections of this page.
RICE (medicine)

# Overview
RICE is a treatment method for soft tissue injury which is an abbreviation for Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation. When used appropriately, recovery time is usually shortened and discomfort minimized.
RICE is for soft tissue strains and is considered more a first-aid treatment than an end-all cure. The aim is to reduce the internal bleeding.

# Primary four terms

## Rest
Rest is a key part of repair. Without rest, continual strain is placed on the area, leading to increased inflammation, pain, and possible further injury. Without rest, most soft tissue injuries will take far longer to heal. There is also a risk of abnormal repair or chronic inflammation resulting from a failure to rest. In general, the rest should be until the patient is able to use the limb with the majority of function restored and pain essentially gone.

## Ice
Ice is excellent at reducing the inflammatory response and the pain from heat generated. Proper usage of ice can reduce the destruction over-response which can result from inflammation. A good method is ice 20 minutes of each hour, for a 24-48 hour period. To prevent localised ischemia to the skin, it is recommended that the ice be placed within a towel before wrapping around the area.
It should be noted that exceeding the recommended time for ice application may be detrimental, as blood flow will be too reduced to allow nutrient delivery and waste removal.

## Compression
Compression aims to reduce the edematous swelling that results from the inflammatory process. Although some swelling is inevitable, over swelling results in significant loss of function, excessive pain and eventual slowing of blood flow through vessel restriction.
An elastic bandage, rather than a firm plastic bandage (such as zinc-oxide tape) is required. Usage of a tight, non-elastic bandage will result in reduction of adequate blood flow, potentially seeing ischemia. The fit should be snug so as to not move freely, but still allow expansion for when muscles contract and fill with blood.

## Elevation
Elevation aims to reduce swelling by increasing venous return of blood to the systemic circulation. This will not only result in less oedema, but also aid in waste product removal from the area.

# Variations
Variations of the acronym are sometimes used, to emphasize additional steps that should be taken. These include:
- "HI-RICE" - Hydration, Ibuprofen, Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation
- "PRICE" - Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation
- "PRICES" - Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation and Support
- "PRINCE" - Protection, Rest, Ice, NSAIDs, Compression, and Elevation
Right ventricle

# Overview
The right ventricle is one of four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) in the human heart. It receives de-oxygenated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve, and pumps it into the pulmonary artery via the pulmonary valve.
It is triangular in form, and extends from the right atrium to near the apex of the heart.

# Boundaries
Its anterosuperior surface is rounded and convex, and forms the larger part of the sternocostal surface of the heart.
Its under surface is flattened, rests upon the diaphragm, and forms a small part of the diaphragmatic surface of the heart.
Its posterior wall is formed by the ventricular septum, which bulges into the right ventricle, so that a transverse section of the cavity presents a semilunar outline.
Its upper and left angle forms a conical pouch, the conus arteriosus, from which the pulmonary artery arises.
A tendinous band, which may be named the tendon of the conus arteriosus, extends upward from the right atrioventricular fibrous ring and connects the posterior surface of the conus arteriosus to the aorta.
The wall of the right ventricle is thinner than that of the left, the proportion between them being as 1 to 3; it is thickest at the base, and gradually becomes thinner toward the apex.
The cavity equals in size that of the left ventricle, and is capable of containing about 85 c.c.

# Components
Its interior presents the following parts for examination:
- right atrioventricular orifice
- opening of the pulmonary artery
- tricuspid valve
- pulmonary valve
- trabecul carne
- chord tendine

# Additional images
- Front view of heart and lungs.