Secretin human

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# Overview
Secretin human is an endocrine-metabolic agent that is FDA approved for the treatment of stimulation of pancreatic secretions to aid in the diagnosis of exocrine pancreas dysfunction, simulation of gastrin secretion to aid in the diagnosis of gastrinoma, facilitation of identification of the ampulla of Vater and the accessory papilla during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).   Common adverse reactions include nausea, flushing, abdominal pain, and vomiting.

# Adult Indications and Dosage

## FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

### Stimulation of pancreatic secretions, including bicarbonate to aid in the diagnosis of exocrine pancreas dysfunction
- Dosage: 0.2 mcg/kg body weight by intravenous injection over 1 minute.
A radiopaque, double-lumen tube is passed through the mouth following a 12-15 hour fast. Under fluoroscopic control, the opening of the proximal lumen of the tube is placed in the gastric antrum and the opening of the distal lumen just beyond the papilla of Vater. The positioning of the tube must be confirmed and the tube secured prior to synthetic human secretin testing. Intermittent negative pressure of 25-40 mmHg is applied to both lumens and maintained throughout the test. When duodenal contents have a pH of  6, a baseline sample of duodenal fluids is collected for a 10 minute period. A test dose of secretin human 0.2 mcg if using the 16 mcg vial (0.1 mL) or 0.4 mcg if using the 40 mcg vial (0.1 mL) is injected intravenously to test for possible allergies. After one minute, if there are no signs of allergic reaction, secretin human at a dose of 0.2 mcg/kg of body weight is injected intravenously over 1 minute. Duodenal fluid is collected for 60 minutes thereafter. The aspirate is divided into four collection periods of fifteen minutes each. The duodenal lumen of the tube is cleared with an injection of air after collection of each sample. Wide variation in volume of the aspirate is indicative of incomplete aspiration. Each sample of duodenal fluid is to be chilled and subsequently analyzed for volume and bicarbonate concentration. Exocrine pancreas dysfunction typically associated with chronic pancreatitis is indicated if the peak bicarbonate concentration for any sample  80 mEq/L.
After assessment of patients for sedation and analgesia, a test dose of secretin human 0.2 mcg if using the 16 mcg vial (0.1 mL) or 0.4 mcg if using the 40 mcg vial (0.1 mL) is injected intravenously to test for possible allergies. After one minute, if there are no signs of allergic reaction, secretin human at a dose of 0.2 mcg/kg of body weight is injected intravenously over 1 minute. An upper endoscopy is performed with conscious sedation, after topical anesthetic. All gastric fluid is aspirated through the endoscope and discarded. After small bowel intubation to the junction of the second and third portion of the duodenum, fluid is aspirated for 1 to 3 minutes and collected in 5 separate specimen traps at baseline (0), 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after secretin injection. The patients remain intubated with the upper endoscope for one hour in the left lateral decubitus position. Boluses of meperidine and midazolam in a 25:1 mg ratio are administered to maintain analgesia and sedation during the 1-hour procedure. Each sample of duodenal fluid is to be chilled and subsequently analyzed for volume and bicarbonate concentration. Exocrine pancreas dysfunction typically associated with chronic pancreatitis is indicated if the peak bicarbonate concentration for any sample  80 mEq/L.

### Stimulation of gastrin secretion to aid in the diagnosis of gastrinoma
- Dosage: 0.4 mcg/kg body weight by intravenous injection over 1 minute.
- The patient should fast for at least 12 hours prior to beginning the test. Prior to injection of secretin human, two blood samples are drawn for determination of fasting serum gastrin levels (baseline values). Subsequently, a test dose of secretin human 0.2 mcg if using the 16 mcg vial (0.1 mL) or 0.4 mcg if using the 40 mcg vial (0.1 mL) is injected intravenously to test for possible allergies. If there are no signs of allergic reaction, secretin human at a dose of 0.4 mcg/kg of body weight is injected intravenously over 1 minute; post-injection blood samples are collected after 1, 2, 5, 10, and 30 minutes for determination of serum gastrin concentrations.
- Gastrinoma is strongly indicated in patients who show an increase in serum gastrin concentrations of 110 pg/mL over basal level on any of the post injection samples.

### Facilitation of identification of the ampulla of Vater and the accessory papilla during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
- Dosage: 0.2 mcg/kg body weight by intravenous injection over 1 minute.
- Administration of secretin human may be given when difficulty is encountered by the endoscopist in identifying the ampulla of Vater for various reasons including: anatomic deformity secondary to prior surgery, radiation therapy, peptic ulcer disease, tumors, etc. or in identifying the accessory papilla in patients with pancreas divisum. A test dose of secretin human 0.2 mcg if using the 16 mcg vial (0.1 mL) or 0.4 mcg if using the 40 mcg vial (0.1 mL) is injected intravenously to test for possible allergies. If there are no signs of allergic reaction, a dose of 0.2 mcg/kg of body weight intravenously over 1 minute may be administered and will result in visible excretion of pancreatic fluid from the orifices of these papillae enabling their identification and facilitating their cannulation.

## Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

### Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Secretin human in adult patients.

### NonGuideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label NonGuideline-Supported Use of Secretin human in adult patients.

# Pediatric Indications and Dosage

## FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
There is limited information regarding Secretin human FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.

## Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

### Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Secretin human in pediatric patients.

### NonGuideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label NonGuideline-Supported Use of Secretin human in pediatric patients.

# Contraindications
Patients suffering from acute pancreatitis should not receive secretin human until the acute episode has subsided.

# Warnings

### Allergic Reactions
- Because of a potential allergic reaction to secretin human patients should receive an intravenous test dose of 0.1 mL of the respective reconstituted vial.
- If no signs of allergic reaction are noted after one minute, the recommended dose may be injected slowly over 1 minute.
- A test dose is especially important in patients with a history of atopic allergy and/or asthma. Appropriate measures for the treatment of acute hypersensitivity reactions should be immediately available. No allergic reactions were observed after the test dose or full dose of synthetic human secretin in 584 patients and volunteers.

### Vagotomy or Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Patients who have undergone vagotomy or who have inflammatory bowel disease may be hyporesponsive to secretin stimulation. This response does not indicate pancreatic disease, and results of secretin stimulation tests in these patients should be interpreted with caution.

### Alcoholic or Other Liver Disease
- A greater than normal volume response to secretin stimulation, which may mask coexisting pancreatic disease, is occasionally encountered in patients with alcoholic or other liver disease. Results of secretin stimulation tests in these patients should thus be interpreted with caution.

# Adverse Reactions

## Clinical Trials Experience
Mild to moderate adverse reactions have been noted for synthetic human secretin in clinical studies in 533 patients and 51 healthy volunteers. Two severe adverse reactions, nausea and abdominal pain, occurred in one patient. Table 1 details the type and number of patients with adverse reactions.
Of the 584 patients and healthy volunteers treated with secretin human, a total of 29 patients (5%) had at least one adverse reaction.

## Postmarketing Experience
There is limited information regarding Secretin human Postmarketing Experience in the drug label.

# Drug Interactions
The concomitant use of anticholinergic agents may make patients hyporesponsive to secretin stimulation and may produce a false result. Any results of secretin stimulation tests in these patients should thus be interpreted with caution.

# Use in Specific Populations

### Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category (FDA): C
Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with synthetic human secretin. It is also not known whether synthetic human secretin can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. Synthetic human secretin should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.
Pregnancy Category (AUS): 
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Secretin human in women who are pregnant.

### Labor and Delivery
There is no FDA guidance on use of Secretin human during labor and delivery.

### Nursing Mothers
It is not known whether synthetic human secretin is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when synthetic human secretin is administered to a nursing woman.

### Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

### Geriatic Use
Among the 533 patients who have received secretin human in clinical trials 18% were 65 years of age or older and 6% were 75 years of age or older. Dosing was the same as that for the overall population of patients. No overall differences in safety, pharmacologic response, or diagnostic effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and the younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals to secretin human cannot be ruled out.

### Gender
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Secretin human with respect to specific gender populations.

### Race
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Secretin human with respect to specific racial populations.

### Renal Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Secretin human in patients with renal impairment.

### Hepatic Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Secretin human in patients with hepatic impairment.

### Females of Reproductive Potential and Males
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Secretin human in women of reproductive potentials and males.

### Immunocompromised Patients
There is no FDA guidance one the use of Secretin human in patients who are immunocompromised.

# Administration and Monitoring

### Administration
Intravenous

### Monitoring
There is limited information regarding Secretin human Monitoring in the drug label.

# IV Compatibility
There is limited information regarding the compatibility of Secretin human and IV administrations.

# Overdosage
There is limited information regarding Secretin human overdosage.  If you suspect drug poisoning or overdose, please contact the National Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) immediately.

# Pharmacology
There is limited information regarding Secretin human Pharmacology in the drug label.

## Mechanism of Action
Secretin is a hormone that is normally released from the duodenum upon exposure of the proximal intestinal lumen to gastric acid, fatty acids and amino acids. Secretin is released from enterochromaffin cells in the intestinal mucosa. Secretin receptors have been identified in the pancreas, stomach, liver, colon and other tissues. When secretin binds to secretin receptors on pancreatic duct cells it opens cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channels, leading to secretion of bicarbonate-rich-pancreatic fluid. Secretin may also work through vagal-vagal neural pathways since stimulation of the efferent vagus nerve stimulates bicarbonate secretion and atropine blocks secretin-stimulated pancreatic secretion.

## Structure
Synthetic human secretin is chemically defined as follows:
- Molecular Weight 3039.44
- Empirical Formula: C130H220N44O39
- Structural Formula:
His-Ser-Asp-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Glu-Leu-Ser-Arg-Leu-Arg-Glu-Gly-Ala-Arg-Leu-Gln-Arg-Leu-Leu-Gln-Gly-Leu-Val-NH2

## Pharmacodynamics
The primary action of secretin human is to increase the volume and bicarbonate content of secreted pancreatic juices.

## Pharmacokinetics
The PK profile for synthetic human secretin was evaluated in 12 normal subjects. After intravenous bolus administration of 0.4 mcg/kg, synthetic human secretin concentration rapidly declines to baseline secretin levels within 90 to 120 minutes. The elimination half-life of synthetic human secretin is 45 minutes. The clearance of synthetic human secretin is 580.9  51.3 mL/min and the volume of distribution is 2.7 L.

## Nonclinical Toxicology

### Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of synthetic human secretin. Studies to evaluate the potential for impairment of fertility or mutagenicity of synthetic human secretin have not been performed.

### Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology
A single intravenous dose of synthetic human secretin at 20 mcg/kg was not lethal to mice or rabbits.

# Clinical Studies

### Stimulation of pancreatic secretions, including bicarbonate to aid in the diagnosis of Exocrine Pancreas Dysfunction
secretin human administered intravenously stimulates the exocrine pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice, which can assist in the diagnosis of exocrine pancreas dysfunction. Normal ranges for pancreatic secretory response to intravenous secretin in patients with defined pancreatic disease have been shown to vary. One source of variation is related to the inter-investigator differences in operative technique.
In two crossover studies, a total of 18 patients with a documented history of chronic pancreatitis were given sHS, sPS and bPS. The results appear in Figures 1 and 2. In another study, 35 normal volunteers were given sHS. The results appear in Figures 1 and 2.
The values obtained for Figures 1 and 2 were performed by investigators skilled in performing secretin stimulation testing and are to be taken only as guidelines. These results should not be generalized to results of secretin stimulation testing conducted in other laboratories. However, a volume response of less than 2 mL/kg/hr, bicarbonate concentration of less than 80 mEq/L, and a bicarbonate output of less than 0.2 mEq/kg/hr are consistent with impaired pancreatic function.
A physician or institution planning to perform secretin stimulation testing as an aid to the diagnosis of pancreatic disease should begin by assessing enough normal subjects (>5) to develop proficiency in proper techniques and to generate normal response ranges for the commonly assessed parameters for pancreatic exocrine response to secretin human.
In three crossover studies (CRC 98-1, CRC 98-2, and CRC 99-9) evaluating 21 different patients with a documented history of chronic pancreatitis, synthetic human secretin (sHS) was compared to synthetic porcine secretin (sPS) and biologically derived secretin (bPS). All of the patients treated with these drugs had peak bicarbonate concentrations of < 80 mEq/L.
Pancreatic secretory response to intravenous synthetic human secretin in 35 normal healthy subjects demonstrated a mean peak bicarbonate concentration of 100 mEq/L and a mean total volume over one hour of 260.7 mL. All 35 subjects had peak bicarbonate concentrations  80 mEq/L.

### Stimulation of gastrin secretion to aid in the diagnosis of gastrinoma
secretin human administered intravenously stimulates gastrin release in patients with gastrinoma (Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome), whereas no or only small changes in serum gastrin concentrations occur in normal subjects and in patients with duodenal ulcer disease. Deveney, et al. established the high sensitivity and specificity of the secretin stimulation test to aid in the diagnosis of gastrinoma and found using discriminant analysis that an increase from baseline of  110 pg/mL was the optimal point separating positive and negative tests.(8) This gastrin response is the basis for the use of synthetic human secretin as a provocative test in the evaluation of patients in whom gastrinoma is a diagnostic consideration.
In a three way crossover study of 6 patients with tissue diagnosed gastrinoma, there was agreement among synthetic human secretin, synthetic porcine secretin and biologically derived porcine secretin regarding gastrin levels. Serum gastrin levels were reported to be >110 pg/mL for all secretin products tested after stimulation with 0.4 mcg/kg secretin. Testing of secretin human in 12 healthy volunteers demonstrated completely negative results for gastrinoma.

### Facilitation of identification of the ampulla of Vater and the accessory papilla during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to assist in cannulation of the pancreatic ducts
In a randomized, placebo controlled crossover study in 24 patients with pancreas divisum undergoing ERCP, synthetic human secretin administration at a dose of 0.2 mcg/kg resulted in 16 of 24 successful cannulations of the minor duct compared to 2 of 24 for placebo.

# How Supplied
- As a lyophilized sterile powder in vials containing 16 mcg of human secretin.
- As a lyophilized sterile powder in vials containing 40 mcg of human secretin.

## Storage
- The unreconstituted product should be stored at -20C (freezer).
- Protect from light.

# Images

## Drug Images

## Package and Label Display Panel

# Patient Counseling Information
Since there is no data on pregnant or nursing mothers, physicians should discuss these matters with the patient before using this product.

# Precautions with Alcohol
Alcohol-Secretin human interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

# Brand Names
- Chirhostim 

# Look-Alike Drug Names
There is limited information regarding Secretin human Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

# Drug Shortage Status

# Price