Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Anabasine
Anabasine is a pyridine alkaloid found in the stem of the (Nicotiana glauca) plant, a close relative of (Nicotiana tabacum) the common tobacco plant.

# Effects
Anabasine is present in trace amounts in tobacco smoke. In larger amounts it is thought to be teratogenic in swine. 

# Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics:
Anabasine is a nicotinic receptor agonist toxin and cholinesterase inhibitor which acts upon the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. 
Anabasine is a minor tobacco alkaloid which can be used as an indicator of a person's exposure to tobacco smoke.
In high doses, anabasine will cause a depolarizing block of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, which can cause death by asystolia and toxicity.
As such, its principal industrial use is as an insecticide.
Anabasine was also extensively investigated by the US Navy as part of Project CHATTER as a potential truth drug. 

# Toxicology
As anabasine lacks the imine double bond of anabaseine, which significantly more toxic in mouse bioassay than S-anabasine (27-fold) and R-anabasine (18-fold).
The relative agonistic potencies of the three alkaloids on human fetal nicotinic neuromuscular receptors were of the same rank order: anabaseine >> S-anabasine > R-anabasine. 
A mouse bioassay was used to determine the relative lethalities of S- and R-enriched anabasine enantiomers. The intravenous LD50 of the (+)-R-anabasine rich fraction was 111.0 mg/kg and that of the (-)-S-anabasine-rich fraction was 161.0 mg/kg. The LD50 of anabaseine was 0.580.05 mg/kg. Anabaseine was significantly more toxic in the mouse bioassay than S-anabasine (27-fold) and R-anabasine (18-fold). The relative agonistic potencies of the three alkaloids on human fetal nicotinic neuromuscular receptors were of the same rank order: anabaseine >> S-anabasine > R-anabasine.
Anabolism
Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units.  These reactions require energy. One way of categorizing metabolic processes, whether at the cellular, organ or organism level is as 'anabolic' or 'catabolic', which is the opposite. Anabolism is powered by catabolism, where large molecules are broken down into smaller parts and then used up in respiration. Many anabolic processes are powered by adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Anabolic processes tend toward "building up" organs and tissues. These processes produce growth and differentiation of cells and increase in body size, a process that involves synthesis of complex molecules. Examples of anabolic processes include growth and mineralization of bone and increase of muscle mass.
Endocrinologists have traditionally classified hormones as anabolic or catabolic, depending on which part of metabolism they stimulate. The classic anabolic hormones are the anabolic steroids, which stimulate protein synthesis and muscle growth.

# Classic anabolic hormones
- Growth hormone
- IGF1 and other insulin-like growth factors
- Insulin
- Testosterone
- Oestrogen
Newer hormones associated with the balance of the catabolic and anabolic states include
- Orexin and Hypocretin (a hormone pair)
- Melatonin
Anaplasia

# Overview
Anaplasia (from ancient Greek:  ana, "on" +  plasis, "formation") is a noun referring to a condition whereby cells lose the morphological characteristics of mature cells and their orientation with respect to each other and to endothelial cells. The term also refers to a group of morphological changes in a cell (nuclear pleomorphism, altered nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, presence of nucleoli, high proliferation index) that point to a possible malignant transformation. 
Loss of structural differentiation, especially as seen in most, but not all, malignant neoplasms. Sometimes, the term also includes an increased capacity for multiplication. Lack of differentiation is considered a hallmark of aggressive malignancies (ie. differentiates leiomyosarcomas from leiomyomas). The term anaplasia literally means "to form backward". It implies dedifferentiation, or loss of structural and functional differentiation of normal cells. It is now known, however, that at least some cancers arise from stem cells in tissues; in these tumors failure of differentiation, rather than dedifferentiation of specialized cells, account for undifferentiated tumors.
Anaplastic cells display marked pleomorphism. The nuclei are characteristically extremely hyperchromatic (darkly stained) and large. The nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio may approach 1:1 instead of the normal 1:4 or 1:6. Giant cells that are considerably larger than their neighbors may be formed and possess either one enormous nucleus or several nuclei (syncytia). Anaplastic nuclei are variable and bizarre in size and shape. The chromatin is coarse and clumped, and nucleoli may be of astounding size. More important, mitoses are often numerous and distinctly atypical; anarchic multiple spindles may be seen and sometimes appear as tripolar or quadripolar forms. Also, anaplastic cells usually fail to develop recognizable patterns of orientation to one another (i.e. they lose normal polarity). They may grow in sheets, with total loss of communal structures, such as gland formation or stratified squamous architecture. Anaplasia is the most extreme disturbance in cell growth encountered in the spectrum of cellular proliferations.
Andrology
Andrology (from Greek: , andro, "man"; and , logos, "knowledge") is the medical specialty that deals with male health, particularly relating to the problems of the male reproductive system and urological problems that are unique to men. It is the counterpart to gynaecology, which deals with medical issues which are specific to women. Andrology has only been studied as a distinct specialty since the late 1960s: the first specialist journal on the subject was the German periodical Andrologie (now called Andrologia), published from 1969 onwards .
Men are more susceptible to heart disease than women, and tend to have a slightly shorter natural average life span. However, men are more resistant to many conditions that adversely affect women, such as osteoporosis.
Male-specific medical and surgical procedures include vasectomy and vasovasostomy (one of the vasectomy reversal procedures) as well as intervention to deal with male genitourinary disorders such as:
- balanitis
- cryptorchidism
- ectopia testis
- epispadias
- epididymitis
- frenulum breve
- hydrocele
- hypospadias
- impotence (also known more correctly as erectile dysfunction)
- infertility
- micropenis
- orchitis
- paraphimosis
- penile cancer
- penile fracture
- Peyronie's disease
- phimosis
- prostatitis
- prostate cancer
- spermatocele
- testicular cancer
- testicular torsion
- varicocele

# Notes
-  Social Studies of Science (1990) 20, p. 32
Androtomy
Androtomy is the dissection of the human body. The first recorded dissection of the human body in the Western world took place in ancient Alexandria by Herophilus and Erasistratus.  Though none of their writings have come down to us, other medical writers recorded what they had discovered.
One such writer was Celsus who wrote in On Medicine I Proem 23, "Herophilus and Erasistratus proceeded in by far the best way: they cut open living men - criminals they obtained out of prison from the kings and they observed, while their subjects still breathed, parts that nature had previously hidden, their position, color, shape , size, arrangement, hardness, softness, smoothness, points of contact, and finally the processes and recesses of each and whether any part is inserted into another or receives the part of another into itself."
Galen was another such writer who was familiar with the studies of the famous Alexandrians, Herophilus and Erasistratus.
Angiology
Angiology (from Greek: , angio, "vessel"; and , logos, "knowledge") is the medical specialty which studies the diseases of circulatory system and of the lymphatic system, i.e., arteries, veins and lymphatic vases, and its diseases.
Arterial diseases include the aorta (aneurysms/dissection) and arteries supplying the legs hands, kidneys, brain, intestines.  It also covers arterial thrombosis and embolism; vasculitides; and vasospastic disorders.  Venous diseases include venous thrombosis, chronic venous insufficiency, and varicose veins.  Lymphatic diseases include primary and secondary forms of lymphedema.  It also involves modification of risk factors for vascular disease like high cholesterol, high blood pressure.
High blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart attack, stroke and venous blood clots all fall under the specialty of vascular medicine. Hence a vascular medicine specialist should be able to address most of the major diseases in our age in a comprehensive manner, using a unique perspective.
Currently there is a shortage of practitioners in this field, mainly due to lack of training programs and lack of awareness in patients and physicians of this as a distinct medical specialty. With an increasing burden of vascular diseases in our aging population, the establishment of a critical mass of physicians with interest in vascular diseases is paramount.
In 2005, the first vascular medicine boards were administered by the American Board of Vascular Medicine.
Annoyance

# Overview
Annoyance is an unpleasant mental state that is characterized by such effects as irritation and distraction from one's conscious thinking. It can lead to emotions such as frustration and anger.

# Etymology
"Annoy" (like the French ennui, a word traced by etymologists to a Latin phrase, in odio esse, to be "in hatred" or hateful of someone), to vex or affect with irritation. In the sense of "nuisance," the noun "annoyance" is found in the English "Jury of Annoyance" appointed by an act of 1754 to report upon obstructions in the highways.

# Psychology
Various reasons exist for why one finds particular stimuli annoying.
Measurement of annoyance is highly subjective. As an attempt at measurement, psychological studies on annoyance often rely on their subjects' own ratings of levels of annoyance on a scale.
Many stimuli that one is at first neutral to, or even finds pleasant, can turn into annoyances from repeated continued exposure.  One can often encounter this phenomenon with such media as popular music, commercials, and advertising jingles, which by their very nature are continually repeated over a period of weeks or months.
A study published in the International Journal of Conflict Management found that one's response to an annoyance, at least when the perceived cause is another person, escalate to more extreme levels as they go unresolved. It also found that one was more likely to blame the party who was causing the annoyance in the study, rather than one's self, for the annoyance as it escalated.
Psychological warfare can involve creating annoyances to distract and wear down the resistance of the target. For example, in 1993 the FBI played music "specifically selected for its irritation ability" on loudspeakers outside the Branch Davidian church in Waco, Texas in an attempt to bring about the surrender of David Koresh and his followers.

# Effects
Annoyance can cause stress, leading to high blood pressure.

# Annoyance in United States law
The Communications Decency Act (CDA) of 1996 made the communication of anything "indecent with the intent to annoy" a felony punishable by a fine and up to two-year imprisonment. President Bill Clinton signed the CDA into law after it was passed by Congress in February 1996.

# Software
Annoyances are used to measure how well a software program conforms to (or competes against) user expectations about how a particular feature or package should work. Individual annoyances are routinely archived and catalogued by users and reviewers. Such archives often include "annoyance busters" or "workarounds" that can be used to resolve or ameliorate the irritating effects. For top-selling software titles, archives of annoyances and workarounds are often published.
Anorectic

# Overview
Anorectics, anorexigenics or appetite suppressants are drugs that reduce the appetite ("anorectic", from the Greek an- = "not" and oreg- = "extend, reach").

# History and initial uses
Used on a short term basis clinically to treat obesity, some appetite suppressants are also available over the counter. Drugs of this class are frequently stimulants of the phenethylamine family, related to amphetamine (speed).
The German military experimented with issuing amphetamines to soldiers in 1945, when food supplies were very short in Germany. Following the Second World War, amphetamines were re-directed for use on the civilian market. Indeed, amphetamine itself was sold commercially as an appetite suppressant until it was outlawed in most parts of the world in the late 1950s due to increased recreational use. Many amphetamines produce side effects including addiction, tachycardia and hypertension, making prolonged unsupervised use dangerous.
Many people who obtain these drugs are more interested in the amphetamine-like stimulant effects than weight loss. In those cases, it is important to make sure to keep forcing oneself to eat even when it is undesirable.

# Public health concerns
Epidemics of fatal pulmonary hypertension and heart valve damage associated with anorectic agents have led to the withdrawal of products from the market. This was the case with aminorex in the 1960s, and again in the 1990s with fenfluramine (see: Fen-phen). Likewise, association of the related appetite suppressant phenylpropanolamine with hemorrhagic stroke led the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to request its withdrawal from the market in the United States in 2000, and similar concerns regarding ephedrine resulted in an FDA ban on its inclusion in dietary supplements, in 2004 (a Federal judge later overturned this ban in 2005 during a challenge by supplement maker Nutraceuticals.)

# Currently marketed appetite suppressants
In spite of these precedents, numerous compounds are marketed today as appetite suppressants.
The following are listed as "centrally acting antiobesity preparations" by ATC:
- Phentermine (Fastin, Adipex, Ionamin and others)
- Diethylpropion (Tenuate)
- Sibutramine (Meridia, Reductil)
- Rimonabant (Acomplia)
The following are listed as appetite depressants by MeSH.
- benfluorex
- butenolide
- diethylpropion
- FG 7142
- norpseudoephedrine
- phenmetrazine
- phentermine
- phenylpropanolamine
- pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine
- sibutramine
Other compounds marked as appetite suppressants include:
- Phendimetrazine (Prelu-2, Bontril)
- Benzphetamine (Didrex)
- Oxyntomodulin
- Methylphenidate (Concerta) (Ritalin)
- Phenylethylamine (Trimspa)
Anosmin-1
Anosmin-1 is a secreted, EM associated glycoprotein found in humans and other organisms responsible for normal development, which is expressed in the brain, spinal cord and kidney. Absence or damage to the protein results in Kallmann syndrome in humans, which is characterized by loss of olfactory bulbs and GnRH secretion leading to anosmia and hypothalamic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Anosmin-1 is coded by the KAL-1 gene, which is found on the X chromosome. Anosmin-1 is 100 kilodaltons and is expressed on the outside of cells. Because of this and because of its contribution to normal migration of nerve cells, a role in the extracellular matrix has been postulated.
During neural crest cell development, anosmin-1 plays a role in cranial neural cell formation by spatiotemporal regulation.
Secreated anosmin-1 enhances FGF activity by promoting FGF8-FGFR1 complex formation, whereas inhibits both BMP5 and WNT3A activities. 
As a results, orchestrated regulation of FGF, BMP, and WNT by anosmin-1 control EMT and MET during neural crest cell development. 
In human retinal pigment epithelial cell(RPE), the expression of anosmin-1 is regulated by TGF- which remain to be investigated.
Anosmin-1 is encoded by a gene ANOS1 (earlier called ADMLX, KAL, KAL1, KALIG1). In human it is located on the X chromosome at Xp22.3 and is affected in some male individuals with Kallmann syndrome. This gene codes for a protein of the extracellular matrix named anosmin-1, which is involved in the migration of certain nerve cell precursors (neuroendocrine GnRH cells) during embryogenesis. Deletion or mutation of this gene results in loss of the functional protein and affects the proper development of the olfactory nerves and olfactory bulbs. In addition, neural cells that produce GnRH fail to migrate to the hypothalamus.
Clinically, mutation results in the X-linked form of Kallmann syndrome. Individuals with Kallmann syndrome experience anosmia (lack of smell) and do not go through puberty (hypothalamic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism).
ANOS1 is made of 14 exons and spans 120-200 kilobases. Mutations of ANOS1 may account for 14% of the cases of familial Kallmann syndrome and 11% of male sporadic cases.
Ant chalk
Ant chalk, also known as Chinese chalk or 'Miraculous Insecticide Chalk', is an insecticide in the form of normal looking chalk. It contains the pesticides deltamethrin and cypermethrin.
While these pesticides are legal in the United States, the chalk is no longer legal due to a number of reasons including the large number of child poisionings reported while the chalk was legal, the poisonous lead packaging in which the product is sold and the improper labeling on the packaging. The product is referred to as Chinese chalk because, despite its illegal status, is still imported from China and sold in Chinatowns in the United States.

# Notes
-  Fagerlund, Richard (2004). ""Ant chalk could harm people more than ants"". Sfgate.com. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2006-12-09..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  ""Building Maintenance - Structural Integrated Pest Management"". Dgs.ca.gov. California Department of General Services. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
Phenazone
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# Overview
Phenazone, or phenazon, is an analgesic. It is formed by reducing diortho-dinitrodiphenyl with sodium amalgam and methyl alcohol, or by heating diphenylene-ortho-dihydrazine with hydrochloric acid to 150 C. It crystallizes in needles which melt at 156 C. Potassium permanganate oxidizes it to pyridazine tetracarboxylic acid.

# Synonyms
Analgesine, Antipyrine, Dimethyloxyquinazine, Oxydimethylquinazine, Oxydimethylquinizine, Pyrazoline
Antisense
Antisense molecules interact with complementary strands of nucleic acids, modifying expression of genes.
Some regions within a double strand of DNA code for genes, which are usually instructions specifying the order of amino acids in a protein along with regulatory sequences, splicing sites, noncoding introns and other complicating details.  For a cell to use this information, one strand of the DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA.  The template DNA strand is called the transcribed strand with antisense sequence and the mRNA transcript is said to be sense sequence (the complement of antisense).  Because the DNA is double-stranded, the strand complementary to the antisense sequence is called non-transcribed strand and has the same sense sequence as the mRNA transcript (though T bases in DNA are substituted with U bases in RNA).
DNA strand 1: sense strand
DNA strand 2: antisense strand  (copied to) RNA strand (sense)
Many forms of antisense have been developed and can be broadly categorized into enzyme-dependent antisense or steric blocking antisense.
Enzyme-dependent antisense includes forms dependent on RNase H activity to degrade target mRNA, including single-stranded DNA, RNA, and phosphorothioate antisense. The R1 plasmid hok/sok system is an example of mRNA antisense regulation process, through enzymatic degradation of the resulting RNA duplex. Double stranded RNA acts as enzyme-dependent antisense through the RNAi/siRNA pathway, involving target mRNA recognition through sense-antisense strand pairing followed by target mRNA degradation by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).
Steric blocking antisense (RNase-H independent antisense)  interferes with gene expression or other mRNA-dependent cellular processes by binding to a target sequence of mRNA and getting in the way of other processes. Steric blocking antisense  includes 2'-O alkyl (usually in chimeras with RNase-H dependent antisense), peptide nucleic acid (PNA), locked nucleic acid (LNA) and Morpholino antisense.
Antisense nucleic acid molecules have been used experimentally to bind to mRNA and prevent expression of specific genes.  Antisense therapies are also in development; in the USA, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a phosphorothioate antisense oligo, fomivirsen (Vitravene), for human therapeutic use.
Cells can produce antisense RNA molecules naturally, which interact with complementary mRNA molecules and inhibit their expression.