Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Banting Lectures
The Banting Lectures is a yearly series of research presentations given by an expert in diabetes. The name of the lecture series refers to Frederick Banting, who was a seminal scientist, doctor and Nobel laureate for the co-discovery of insulin. The lectures are currently hosted by the American Diabetes Association.

# List of past Banting lectures
- 2006a: Cure, Optimal Care and Total Commitment: What if they happened tomorrow? Rizza, Robert 
- 2006b: Harmony and Discord in the Orchestration of Glucose Metabolism. Bergman, Richard 
- 2005: Critical conversations: fat, brain, and the regulation of energy balance. Flier JS
- 2004. The pathobiology of diabetic complications. A unifying mechanism. Brownlee M, PMID 15919781
- 2003. Autoimmune diabetes and the circle of tolerance. Rossini AA, 
- 2001: Dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism in the etiology of type 2 diabetes. McGarry JD, 
- 1997: Control of glucose uptake and release by the liver in vivo. Cherrington AD, PMID 10331429
- 1994?: Hypoglycemia: the limiting factor in the management of IDDM, Cryer PE, 
- 1989: Structure and function of insulin receptors, Rosen OM, 
- 1988: Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Reaven GM, PMID 9058458
- 1981: Macro- and micro-domains in the endocrine pancreas, Orci L
Barium carbonate
Barium carbonate (BaCO3), also known as witherite, is a chemical compound used in rat poison, bricks and cement.
Witherite crystallizes in the orthorhombic system. The crystals are invariably twinned together in groups of three, giving rise to pseudo-hexagonal forms somewhat resembling bipyramidal crystals of quartz, the faces are usually rough and striated horizontally.
The mineral is named after William Withering, who in 1784 recognized it to be chemically distinct from barytes. It occurs in veins of lead ore at Hexham in Northumberland, Alston in Cumbria, Anglezarke, near Chorley in Lancashire and a few other localities. Witherite is readily altered to barium sulfate by the action of water containing calcium sulfate in solution and crystals are therefore frequently encrusted with barytes. It is the chief source of barium salts and is mined in considerable amounts in Northumberland. It is used for the preparation of rat poison, in the manufacture of glass and porcelain, and formerly for refining sugar.  It is also used for controlling the chromate to sulfate ratio in chromium electroplating baths.

# Reactions
Barium carbonate reacts with many acids to soluble barium salts, for example barium chloride:
However the reaction with sulfuric acid is poor, because barium sulfate is highly insoluble.
Barium hydroxide
Barium hydroxide is the chemical compound with the formula Ba(OH)2.  Also known as baryta, it is one of the principal compounds of barium. The white granular monohydrate is the usual commercial form.

# Preparation
Barium hydroxide can be prepared by dissolving barium oxide (BaO) in water.
It crystallises as the octahydrate, which converts to the monohydrate upon heating in air.  At  100 C in a vacuum, the monohydrate gives BaO.

# Uses
Barium hydroxide is used in analytical chemistry for the titration of weak acids, particularly organic acids. Its clear aqueous solution is guaranteed to be free of carbonate, unlike those of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, as barium carbonate is insoluble in water. This allows the use of indicators such as phenolphthalein or thymolphthalein (with alkaline colour changes) without the risk of titration errors due to the presence of weakly basic carbonate ions.
Barium hydroxide is used in organic synthesis as a strong base, for example for the hydrolysis of esters and nitriles.
It has been used to hydrolyse one of the two equivalent ester groups in dimethyl hendecanedioate.
It is also used in the preparation of cyclopentanone, diacetone alcohol and D-Gulonic -lactone.
Barium hydroxide is used in a demonstration of endothermic reactions since, when mixed with an ammonium salt, the reaction becomes cold as heat is absorbed from the surroundings.

## Miscellaneous applications
- Under the name baryta it is used in homeopathic remedies.
- It is also used to clean up acid spills.
- Also under the name of baryta it is used in the production of photographic paper for printing.

# Safety
Barium hydroxide presents the same hazards as other strong bases and as other water-soluble barium compounds: it is corrosive and toxic.
Bartholin's cyst

# Overview
A Bartholin's cyst is formed when a Bartholin's gland is blocked, causing a cyst to develop. If infection sets in, the result is a Bartholin's abscess. If the infection is severe or repeated a surgical procedure known as marsupialization may be required to stop further recurrences. Most of the time, a Bartholin's cyst is not an infection, although it can be caused by an infection. The cysts that are infected, however, are called abscesses. A cyst can grow from the size of a penny to almost the size of a whole orange but most of them can only reach the size of a golf ball. Cysts can be sexually transmitted by the germs that are contained in the cysts.

# Diagnosis

## MRI
- Uniform hyperintensity on T2-weighted imaging
- May be heterogeneous when infected.
Bartholin's cyst
Bartholin's abscess

# Treatment
The treatment can depend on one or more of these factors: the size of the cyst, how painful it is, if it is infected and patient age. In some cases, a small cyst can simply be observed over time to see if it grows. In other cases, the doctor can perform a minor procedure in the office, in which a small tube, called a Word catheter, is inserted into the cyst and inflated to keep it in place. The catheter stays in place for 2 to 4 weeks, draining the fluid and causing a normal gland opening to form, after which the catheter is removed. The catheters do not generally impede normal activity, other than that sexual intercourse may be uncomfortable while the catheter is in place.
Cysts may also be opened permanently, a method called marsupialization, in reference to the bag-like appearance that remains after this procedure.
The cysts are not life-threatening, but can be quite painful and can even make walking difficult. New cysts cannot absolutely be prevented from forming; however, surgical or laser removal of a cyst makes it less likely that a new one will form at the same site. However, those with a cyst are more likely than someone else to get one in the future.  Some women suffer from them once every few years, while the more unlucky ones get them once a month or even more frequently.  There is not presently a generally agreed-upon explanation in the medical field for the cause of these cysts, nor agreement upon what one can do to help prevent them.  Many women who have marsupialization done find that the recurrences may slow, but do not actually stop, such as every few years as opposed to every few months prior to the surgery.
Basilar membrane
The basilar membrane within the cochlea of the inner ear is a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani (see figure).

# Function

## Endolymph/perilymph separation
The fluids in these two tubes, the endolymph and the perilymph are very different chemically, biochemically, and electrically. Therefore they have to be kept strictly separated. This separation is the main function of Reissner's membrane (between scala vestibuli and scala media), and is one of the functions of the basilar membrane in the hearing organ of all land vertebrates.

## A base for the sensory cells
The basilar membrane is also the base for the sensory cells of hearing, the hair cells (see figure). This function gave the basilar membrane its name, and it is again present in all land vertebrates. Due to its location, the basilar membrane places the hair cells in a position where they are adjacent to both the endolymph and the perilymph, which is a precondition of hair cell function.

## Frequency dispersion
A third, evolutionarily younger, function of the basilar membrane is strongly developed in the cochlea of most mammalian species and weakly developed in some bird species. It is the function of frequency dispersion of incoming sound waves. In brief, the membrane is tapered and it is stiffer at one end than at the other. The dispersion of fluid waves causes sound input of a certain frequency to vibrate some locations of the membrane more than other locations. As shown in experiments by Nobel Prize laureate Georg von Bekesy, high frequencies lead to maximum vibrations at the basal end of the cochlear coil (narrow, stiff membrane), and low frequencies lead to maximum vibrations at the apical end of the cochlear coil (wide, more compliant membrane). This "place-frequency map" can be described quantitatively by the Greenwood Function and its variants.

# Anatomy
The basilar membrane is a pseudo-resonant structure that, like strings on an instrument, varies in width and stiffness. The "string" of the basilar membrane is not a set of parallel strings, as in a guitar, but a long structure that has different properties (width, stiffness, mass, damping, and the dimensions of the ducts that it couples to) at different points along its length. The motion of the basilar membrane is generally described as a traveling wave.  The parameters of the membrane at a given point along its length determine its characteristic frequency (CF), the frequency at which it is most sensitive to sound vibrations. The Basilar membrane is widest (0.420.65 mm) and least taut at the apex of the cochlea, and narrowest (0.080.16 mm) and most taut at the base. High-frequency sounds localize near the base of the cochlea (near the round and oval windows), while low-frequency sounds localize near the apex.

# Additional images
- Diagrammatic longitudinal section of the cochlea.
- Floor of cochlear duct.
- Spiral limbus and basilar membrane.
- Section through the spiral organ of Corti (magnified)
- The reticular lamina and subjacent structures.
Bauxite fibrosis
Synonyms and keywords: Shaver's disease; corundum smelter's lung; bauxite lung; bauxite smelters' disease

# Overview
Bauxite pneumoconiosis is a progressive form of pneumoconiosis caused by exposure to bauxite fumes which contain aluminium and silica particulates.

# Historical Perspective
-  was first discovered by , a , in  during/following .
- In ,  mutations were first identified in the pathogenesis of .
- In , the first  was developed by  to treat/diagnose .

# Classification
-  may be classified according to  into  subtypes/groups:
- Other variants of  include , , and .

# Pathophysiology
- The pathogenesis of  is characterized by , , and .
- The  gene/Mutation in  has been associated with the development of , involving the  pathway.
- On gross pathology, , , and  are characteristic findings of .
- On microscopic histopathological analysis, , , and  are characteristic findings of .

# Causes
-  may be caused by either , , or .
-  is caused by a mutation in the , , or  gene.
- There are no established causes for .

# Differentiating  from other Diseases
-  must be differentiated from other diseases that cause , , and , such as:

# Epidemiology and Demographics
It is typically seen in workers involved in the smelting of bauxite to produce corundum.

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

## Natural History
Initially, the disease appears as alveolitis, and then progresses to emphysema.

## Complications
Patients may develop pneumothorax (collapsed lung).

## Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria
- The diagnosis of  is made when at least  of the following  diagnostic criteria are met:

## Symptoms
-  is usually asymptomatic.
- Symptoms of  may include the following:

## Physical Examination
- Patients with  usually appear .
- Physical examination may be remarkable for:

## Laboratory Findings
- There are no specific laboratory findings associated with .
- A    is diagnostic of .
- An  concentration of   is diagnostic of .
- Other laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of  include , , and .

## Imaging Findings
- There are no  findings associated with .
-  is the imaging modality of choice for .
- On ,  is characterized by , , and .
-  may demonstrate , , and .

## Other Diagnostic Studies
-  may also be diagnosed using .
- Findings on  include , , and .

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
- There is no treatment for ; the mainstay of therapy is supportive care.
- The mainstay of therapy for  is  and .
-  acts by .
- Response to  can be monitored with  every .

## Surgery
- Surgery is the mainstay of therapy for .
-  in conjunction with  is the most common approach to the treatment of .
-  can only be performed for patients with  .

## Prevention
- There are no primary preventive measures available for .
- Effective measures for the primary prevention of  include , , and .
- Once diagnosed and successfully treated, patients with  are followed-up every . Follow-up testing includes .
Bedford Hospital
Bedford Hospital is a District General Hospital located in the English town of Bedford, serving north and mid Bedfordshire.  It is run by Bedford Hospital NHS Trust.

# South Wing
Bedford Hospital is mainly situated at the so-called South Wing site, which is home to the Accident and Emergency department, theatres, pathology, inpatient wards, x-ray department, oncology services and the outpatients services.  South Wing houses BEDOC, Bedford Primary Care Trust's GP out-of-hours emergency service.
Recent developments on the South Wing site include:
- Cygnet Wing (1996), a paediatric, maternity and gynaecology building
- A new critical care complex (2002)
- The Macmillian Primrose Centre (2003), an oncology centre funded entirely by charitable donations from local people
- Beeden House (2005), which hosts a cardiology suite
- A new 7m pathology building(2005)
Wards at South Wing include:
- Gifford Nash - medical, for elderly female patients.
- John Bunyan - 16 beds, for elderly female patients.
- Meadowbank - 14 cots, special care baby unit (SCBU) at Cygnet Wing
- Pilgrim
- Reginald Hart - 14 beds female trauma and orthopaedic
- Richard Wells - medical respiratory ward
- Robertson - 16 beds, for female patients undergoing major gynaecological or breast surgery
- Shand - 34 beds, mixed surgical ward, specialising in vascular surgery
- Shuttleworth - 33 beds, mixed surgical, specialises in colorectal and gastrointestinal surgery
- Victoria - 16 beds, for stroke patients.

# North Wing
Some services are based at North Wing, two miles north of South Wing, including occupational therapy, physiotherapy and rehabilitation facilities, as well as a chest clinic and a drop-in dental service.  For many years, North Wing housed the hospital's maternity ward, but this was relocated to South Wing when Cygnet Wing was opened in 1996.

# Psychiatric services
Weller Wing, the main psychiatric hospital serving the area, is also based on the South Wing site, although it is run by a separate organisation, Bedfordshire and Luton Mental Health and Social Care Partnership NHS Trust.
Wards:
- Keats - 24 beds, acute adult psychiatry
- Bronte - 18 beds, acute adult psychiatry
- Chaucer - 15 beds, old-age psychiatry
- Milton - 15 beds, old-age psychiatry - dementia and other organic illnesses
- Sheridan Day Hospital - 15 places per day, for over 65s

# Mortuary scandal
In 2001, it was reported in a local newspaper (and later, in the national press) that bodies were being stored on the floor of the chapel of rest, as part of the hospital's mortuary was undergoing maintenance.  Photographs of the bodies were printed in newspapers and shown on TV, to the outrage of some relatives of the deceased.  An inquiry found the hospital's management at fault, and the Chief Executive subsequently resigned.
For several months, refrigerated trucks were used as temporary mortuaries to avoid further inappropriate storage of dead bodies.  The situation is now resolved, as the new pathology building houses a larger mortuary.
Cynodon dactylon
Cynodon dactylon (syn. Panicum dactylon, Capriola dactylon), also known as durva grass,  Bermuda Grass, Dog's Tooth Grass, Bahama Grass, Devil's Grass, Couch Grass, Indian Doab, Grama, and Scutch Grass, is a grass native to north Africa, Asia and  Australia and southern Europe. The name "Bermuda Grass" derives from its abundance as an invasive species on Bermuda; it does not occur naturally there.
The blades are a grey-green colour and are short, usually 4-15 cm long with rough edges. The erect stems can grow 1-30 cm (rarely to 90 cm) tall. The stems are slightly flattened, often tinged purple in color. The seed heads are produced in a cluster of 3-7 spikes (rarely 2) together at the top of the stem, each spike 3-6 cm long. It has a deep root system; in drought situations with penetrable soil, the root system can grow to over 2 m deep, though most of the root mass is less than 60 cm under the surface. The grass creeps along the ground and root wherever a node touches the ground, forming a dense mat. C. dactylon reproduces through seeds, through runners and rhizomes. Growth begins at temperatures above 15C, with optimum growth between 24C to 37C (75-99F); in winter the grass becomes dormant and turns brown.  Growth is promoted by full sun & retarded by full shade, eg, close to tree trunks.

## Cultivation and uses
C. dactylon is widely cultivated in warm climates all over the world between about 30 south and 30 north latitude, and that get between 625-1,750 mm (25-69 inches) of rainfall a year (or less, if irrigation is available). It is also found in the U.S. mostly in the southern half of the country and in warm climates. It is fast growing and tough, making it popular and useful for sports fields, as when damaged it will recover quickly. It is a highly desirable turf grass in warm temperate climates, particularly for those regions where its heat and drought tolerance enable it to survive where few other grasses do. It has a relatively coarse-bladed form with numerous cultivars selected for different turf requirements. It is also highly aggressive, crowding out most other grasses and invading other habitats, and has become an invasive species in some areas. This invasive nature leads some gardeners to give it the name of "devil grass".

# Medicinal values
C. dactylon is claimed to have medicinal properties although scientific evidence for such claims is lacking.
Bert M. Petersen

# Overview
Bert M. Petersen, Jr., M.D., F.A.C.S., is the Chief of Breast Surgery and Co-Chief of The Division of Breast Oncology at The Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center.
He also presides as an Associate Professor of Surgery at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School.

# Education and training
Dr. Petersen attended Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, graduating with his B.A. in 1983 and with his medical degree 1987. He then attended his surgical residency at George Washington University Medical Center in Washington, D.C., followed by a fellowship  at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, where he specialized in the field of surgical oncology.

# Career
Dr. Petersen has previously served as surgical oncologist and director of the Family Risk Program at New York City's Beth Israel Cancer Center. Having also completed a tenure at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, Dr. Petersen now serves as co-chief of the Division of Breast Oncology at the Hackensack University Medical Center Cancer Center.  
It is here that Dr. Petersens is currently conducting research on early cancer detection and breast cancer in African American and Hispanic women.
Dr. Petersen holds membership with various cancer related charities, notably sitting on the Board of Trustees for CancerCare, a "national non-profit organization that provides free professional support services to anyone affected by cancer: people with cancer, caregivers, children, loved ones, and the bereaved." ; as well as holding the position of chairman of the Board of Advisors for the Upper Manhattan office of The American Cancer Society.
Until 2003, Dr. Petersen was an acting medical correspondent for WCBS Channel 2 News in New York City.

# The Charlotte Kimelman Cancer Institute
In 2003, Dr. Petersen was designated "Physician Champion" for the Charlotte Kimelman Cancer Institute of the Schneider Regional Medical Center in St. Thomas, USVI , where he also contributed in the role of clinical medical advisor. The Cancer Institute is a 24,000 square foot center that integrates the services of radiation oncology, surgical consultations, clinical research and support services into a single facility. Dr. Petersen has been cited as a primary force behind the Institute.
Beryllium iodide
Beryllium iodide is the chemical compound with the formula BeI2. It is very hygroscopic and reacts violently with water, forming hydroiodic acid.

# Reactions
Beryllium iodide can be prepared by reacting beryllium metal with elemental iodine at temperatures of 500C to 700C:
Beryllium iodide is also formed when beryllium carbide with hydrogen iodide in the gas phase:
The iodine in beryllium iodide is easily replaced with the other halogens; it reacts with fluorine giving beryllium fluoride and fluorides of iodine, with chlorine giving beryllium fluoride, and with bromine giving beryllium bromide. The solid and vapor are both flammable in air.
Beta-glucosidase
Beta-glucosidase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bonds to terminal non-reducing residues in beta-D-glucosides and oligosaccharides, with release of glucose.
Synonyms, derivatives, and related enzymes include gentiobiase, cellobiase, emulsin, elaterase, aryl-beta-glucosidase, beta-D-glucosidase, beta-glucoside glucohydrolase, arbutinase, amygdalinase, p-nitrophenyl beta-glucosidase, primeverosidase, amygdalase, linamarase, salicilinase, and beta-1,6-glucosidase.
Cellulose is a polymer composed of beta-1,4-linked glucosyl residues. Cellulases (endoglucanases), cellobiosidases (exoglucanases), and beta-glucosidases are required by organisms (some fungi, bacteria) that can consume it.  These enzymes are powerful tools for degradation of plant cell walls by pathogens and other organisms consuming plant biomass.
Beta-secretase 2
Beta-secretase 2 (EC 3.4.23.45, also known as Memapsin-1) is an enzyme that cleaves Glu-Val-Asn-Leu!Asp-Ala-Glu-Phe in the Swedish variant of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein. BACE2 is a close homolog of BACE1.

# Function
Cerebral deposition of amyloid beta peptide is an early and critical feature of Alzheimer's disease and a frequent complication of Down syndrome. Amyloid beta peptide is generated by proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein by 2 proteases, one of which is the protein encoded by this gene. This gene localizes to the 'Down critical region' of chromosome 21. The encoded protein, a member of the peptidase A1 protein family, is a type I integral membrane glycoprotein and aspartic protease. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene.
It has been reported that BACE2 is the main protease that mediates the release of the amyloidogenic ectodomain of Pmel17 in melanocytes. 

# Interactions
BACE2 has been shown to interact with GGA1 and GGA2.