Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Trifoliate orange

# Overview
Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata, synonym Citrus trifoliata), is a member of the family Rutaceae, closely related to Citrus, and sometimes included in that genus, being sufficiently closely related to allow it to be used as a rootstock for Citrus and to readily hybridize with all Citrus species.
It differs from Citrus in having deciduous, compound leaves, and pubescent (downy) fruit.
It is native to northern China and Korea, and is also known as the Chinese Bitter Orange or Hardy Orange.
The plant is a fairly cold-hardy citrus (USDA zone 6) and will tolerate moderate frost and snow, making a large shrub or small tree 48 m tall. Because of the relative hardiness of Poncirus, citrus grafted onto it are usually hardier than when grown on their own roots.

# Description
Poncirus trifoliata is recognizable by the large thorns on the shoots, and its deciduous leaves with three (or rarely, five) leaflets, typically with the middle leaflet long, and the two side leaflets long. The flowers are white, with pink stamens, in diameter, larger than those of true citrus but otherwise closely resembling them, except that the scent is much less pronounced than with true citrus. As with true citrus, the leaves give off a spicy smell when crushed.
The fruits are green, ripening to yellow, and in diameter, resembling a small orange, but with a finely downy surface.

# Uses

## Cultivation
The cultivar "Flying Dragon" is dwarfed in size and has highly twisted, contorted stems.  It makes an excellent barrier hedge due to its density and strong curved thorns.  Such a hedge had been grown for over 50 years at Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, and is highly student-proof. The plant is also highly deer resistant

## As food
The fruits are very bitter and most people consider them inedible fresh, but they can be made into marmalade.  When dried and powdered, they can be used as a condiment.

## Medicine

### Traditional medicine
The fruits of Poncirus trifoliata  are widely used in Oriental medicine as a treatment for allergic inflammation, although there is no evidence such treatments are effective.
Tullio phenomenon
Tullio phenomenon, sound-induced vertigo, dizziness, nausea and/or eye movements (nystagmus) was first described in 1929 by the Italian biologist Prof. Pietro Tullio. (1881-1941) During his experiments on pigeons, Tullio discovered that by drilling tiny holes in the semicircular canals of his subjects, he could subsequently cause them balance problems when exposed to sound.
The cause is usually a fistula in the middle or inner ear, allowing abnormal sound-synchronized pressure changes in the balance organs. (semicircular canals) Such an opening may be caused by a barotrauma (e.g. incurred when diving or flying), or may be a side effect of fenestration surgery, syphilis or Lyme disease.
Patients with this disorder may also experience vertigo, imbalance and eye movements set off by changes in pressure, e.g when nose-blowing, swallowing or when lifting heavy objects.
Tullio phenomenon is also one of the common symptoms of superior canal dehiscence syndrome (SCDS), first diagnosed in 1998 by Dr. Lloyd Minor, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA.
Tung Wah Hospital
Tung Wah Hospital (Chinese: ) is a hospital in Hong Kong under the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals.  Located above Possession Point in Sheung Wan, it is the first hospital established in Colonial Hong Kong for the general public in the 1870s.

# History
The hospital was declared for construction in March 26, 1870 under the "Tung Wah Hospital Incorporation Ordinance".  The push for the construction of the facility began when the British Colony's Registrar General saw an indiscriminate mix of the dead and dying cuddled together in a temple.  The large number of deaths were in part due to the arrival of the upcoming Third Pandemic of bubonic plague from China.  Though it was not declared an official establishment until 1872.  The hospital was subsidized by the government at a price of HKD $45,000 along with HKD $15,000 in land grant.  The grand opening on February 14, 1872 was considered the grandest ever witnessed in Colonial Hong Kong. A lot of cultural prejudice did exist at the time, such as Chinese citizens not trusting western medicine and other practices such as surgery.  Many Chinese would rather die than be submitted into a western clinic.  The government subsequently enacted Ordinance No. 38 known as "1911 Expansion of Tung Wah Hospital Ordinance" in 1911 to deal with the population growth of Kowloon and the New Territories in conjunction with Kwong Wah Hospital.

# Background
With 633 beds, including 494 for in-patients, 93 for day patients and 46 rehabilitation day places, it is the second largest general hospital in Hong Kong West Cluster. The Main Block of Tung Wah Hospital is graded as Grade III historic building.  It is affliated with the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, while the University of Hong Kong provide clinical attachment opportunities for its medical students.
Tympanostomy tube
A Tympanostomy tube (also known as a grommet") is a small tube inserted into the eardrum in order to keep the middle ear aerated for a prolonged period of time, and to prevent the accumulation of mucus in the middle ear.  The operation to insert the tube involves a myringotomy. The tube itself is made in a variety of designs.  The most commonly used type is shaped like a grommet.  When it is necessary to keep the middle ear ventilated for a very long period, a "T"-shaped tube may be used.  Materials used to construct the tube are most often plastics such as silicone or Teflon.  Stainless steel tubes exist, but are no longer in frequent use.
Although myringotomy with tube insertion can be performed under local anesthesia during a regular doctor's appointment in co-operative adults, patients requiring tube insertion are very often young children.  Since damage to the ear is possible unless the patient stays quite still while being manipulated, for any patient who may have difficulty laying still during the procedure, myringotomy and tube insertion is performed under a brief general anesthesia.
The insertion of tympanostomy tubes is one of the most common surgical procedures performed on children. In the USA, it is the most common reason for a child to undergo a general anaesthetic (Vaile L. Williamson T. Waddell A. Taylor G. Interventions for ear discharge associated with grommets (ventilation tubes).
Tympanostomy tubes generally remain in the eardrum for some period of time, ranging from several months to several years, before spontaneously falling out of the eardrum.  The eardrum usually (but not always) closes without a residual hole at the tube site.  Occasionally tubes remain in the eardrum longer than expected and must be removed by the surgeon.
Urachal anomalies

# Overview
The urachus connects the dome of the bladder to the umbilicus duct during fetal life. The urachus is located behind the abdominal wall and anterior to the peritoneum in the space of Retzius. Before birth, the urachus is obliterated and becomes a vestigial structure known as the medial umbilical ligament. In the absence of complete obliteration, the urachus persists as either a patent urachus, urachal cyst, urachal sinus, or urachal diverticulum.

# Classification

## Patent urachus
- Patent urachus represents the failure of the entire course of the urachus to close resulting in an open channel between the bladder and the umbilicus.
- A patent urachus is usually diagnosed in the neonate when urine is noted leaking from the umbilicus.

## Urachal cyst
- Urachal cyst forms when both the umbilical and vesical ends of the urachal lumen close while an intervening portion remains patent and fluid filled.
- Urachal cysts usually remain obscure until complicated by infection or bleeding.

## Urachal sinus
- Urachal sinus is a noncommunicating dilatation of the urachus at the umbilical end.

## Urachal diverticulum
- Deformity that communicates with the anterosuperior aspect of the bladder as a result of failure of the urachus to close at the bladder.
- A urachal diverticulum frequently coexists with congenital obstruction of the lower urinary tract.

# Diagnosis

## Patent urachus
- Demonstrated by retrograde injection of contrast material into the orifice of the channel at the umbilical end or during VCUG in the lateral projection.
- Patent urachus manifests at longitudinal US as a tubular connection between the anterosuperior aspect of the bladder and the umbilicus.
- Occasionally, patency of the urachus can be demonstrated at CT.

## Urachal cyst
- At radiology, an uncomplicated urachal cyst appears as a collection of simple fluid localized in the midline of the anterior abdominal wall, between the umbilicus and the pubis and often contiguous with the bladder dome.
- Differential diagnosis includes bladder diverticulum, vitelline cyst,  mesenteric cyst,  Meckel diverticulum, and  umbilical hernia].

## Urachal sinus
- An umbilical-urachal sinus manifests at US as a thickened tubular structure along the midline below the umbilicus.

## Urachal diverticulum
- This anomaly is identified as a urine-filled anterosuperior extension from the bladder dome at VCUG, US, CT, or MR imaging.
Urethral syndrome
For patient information page click here
Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.

# Overview
Urethral syndrome is defined as 'symptoms suggestive of a lower tract urinary infection but in the absence of significant bacteruria with a conventional pathogen. There are other non-infective causes that should be considered such as trauma, allergies, and anatomical features like diverticula and post surgical scarring.

# Presentation
Most women will give a history of chronic recurrent UTIs but the cultures seem to not show any conventional bacterial growth, and pyuria (more than 5 WBC per HPF) is absent. There may also be a history of these episodes often being related to sexual intercourse.
It is not fair to say that urethral syndrome is not due to infection because many physicians believe that it is due to a low grade infection of the Skene's glands on the sides and bottom of the urethra. At least symptoms often respond to antibiotics. The Skene's glands are embryologically related to the prostate gland in the male, thus urethral syndrome may almost be a type of chronic prostatitis in a woman.

# Treatment
Treatment of acute urethral syndrome is antibiotics just the same as treatment for a UTI. For chronic urethral syndrome a long term, low dose antibiotic treatment is given on a continuous basis or after intercourse each time if that seems to be prominent in relationship to symptoms occurring.
Urocanic aciduria
Urocanic aciduria, also called urocanate hydratase deficiency or urocanase deficiency, is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme urocanase. It is a secondary disorder of histidine metabolism.

# Pathophysiology
The amino acid histidine, when catalyzed by the enzyme histidase, forms urocanic acid. Disruptions in this pathway, caused by a deficiency of histidase, is the underlying cause of histidinemia. This results in reduced levels of skin and serum urocanic acid, the primary indicator of insufficient histidase activity.
In urocanic aciduria, increased urocanic acid in the urine indicates a deficiency of the enzyme urocanase. This enzyme breaks down urocanic acid, forming formininoglutamic acid, and also forms imidazolonepropionic acid from trans-urocanic acid.
With normal to only slightly elevated levels of histidine present in the liver during urocanic aciduria, the only true metabolic indicator of the disorder can be found in the urine.

# Symptoms
Urocanic aciduria is thought to be relatively benign. Although aggressive behavior and mental retardation have been reported with the disorder, no definitive neurometabolic connection has yet been established.

# Genetics
Urocanic aciduria has an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, which means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and two copies of the gene - one copy inherited from each parent - are required in order to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene, but are usually not affected by the disorder.
Vascular Medicine
Vascular medicine is a rapidly advancing discipline that is concerned with the study of the the blood vessels and their diseases. It encompasses the evaluation and treatment of the following disease states:
- Arterial disease, such as carotid, renal, mesenteric and other peripheral (limb) arterial abnormalities, including acute and chronic syndromes as well as long-term complications.
- Diseases of the veins, such as varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, venous thromboembolic disease (DVT and PE) and its long-term sequelae.
- Diseases of the lymphatics, such as lymphedema.
- Associated medical disorders, such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes.
- Nonatherosclerotic vascular disease, such as vasculitidis, thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease), fibromuscular dysplasia, pernio, atheromatous embolization, HIV and other vasculopathies.
- The appropriate use of noninvasive and invasive assessment and management of these problems

# Arterial Diseases

## Occlusive Disease

### Peripheral Arterial Disease of the Lower Extremities

### Peripheral Arterial Disease of the Upper Extremities

### Extracranial Carotid Artery Stenosis

### Renal Artery Stenosis

### Mesenteric Artery Stenosis

## Aneurysmal Disease

### Aortic Aneurysms

### Iliac and Popliteal Aneurysms

## Diseases of the Aorta

### Aortic Aneurysms

### Acute Aortic Syndromes

### Aortitis

### Occlusive Aortic Disease

## Nonatherosclerotic Vascular Syndromes

### Vasculitidis

### Buerger's Disease

### Fibromuscular dysplasia

### Cold-Induced Vasculopathies

### Atheromatous embolization

### Other Arteriopathies

## Complications of Vascular Access

### Pseudoaneurysms

### Arterial-Venous Fistula

### Retroperitoneal Hematomas

# Venous Disease

## Venous Thromboembolic Disease

### Acute Deep Venous Thrombosis

### Post-Phlebetic Syndrome

### Acute Pulmonary Embolism

### Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension

### Varicose Veins

# Lymphatic Disease

## Lymphedema

# The Vascular Laborartory

## Introduction to Vascular Ultrasounds Physics

## Criteria for Carotid Stenosis

## Criteria for Renal Stenosis

## Criteria for Mesenteric Stenosis

## Ankle Brachial Index and Segmental Blood Pressure Measurement

## Arterial Duplex of the Peripheral Arteries

## Graft Surveillance

## Venous Ultrasounds

# Thrombosis

## Thrombophilic States

### Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
Ventral mesentery

# Overview
Ventral mesentery is the part of the peritoneum closest to the navel.

# Development
The cephalic portion of the septum transversum takes part in the formation of the diaphragm, while the caudal portion into which the liver grows forms the ventral mesentery (or ventral mesogastrium, when referring to the portion at the stomach).
The lesser omentum is formed, by a thinning of the mesoderm or ventral mesogastrium, which attaches the stomach and duodenum to the anterior abdominal wall. By the subsequent growth of the liver this leaf of mesoderm is divided into two parts, viz., the lesser omentum between the stomach and liver, and the falciform and coronary ligaments between the liver and the abdominal wall and diaphragm.
Ventral tegmentum

# Overview
The ventral tegmentum or the ventral tegmental area (VTA) (tegmentum, Latin for covering) is part of the midbrain, lying close to the substantia nigra and the red nucleus.

# Pathways
The VTA consists of dopamine, GABA, and glutamate neurons, and is part of two major dopamine pathways:
- the mesolimbic pathway, which connects the VTA to the nucleus accumbens
- the mesocortical pathway, which connects the VTA to cortical areas in the frontal lobes.

# Functions
The ventral tegmentum is considered to be part of the pleasure system, or reward circuit, one of the major sources of incentive and behavioural motivation. Activities that produce pleasure tend to activate the ventral tegmentum, and psychostimulant drugs (such as cocaine) directly target this area. Hence, it is widely implicated in neurobiological theories of addiction.
It is also shown to process various types of emotion and security motivation, where it may also play a role in avoidance and fear-conditioning.

# Presence of Gap Junctions
The VTA has been shown have have a large network of GABA neurons that are interconnected via Gap junctions.
Vincent T. DeVita

# Overview
Vincent T. DeVita, Jr., MD is an internationally recognized pioneer physician in the field of oncology.
DeVita earned his Bachelor of Science degree from the College of William and Mary in 1957. He was awarded his MD degree with distinction from the George Washington University School of Medicine in 1961.
DeVita spent the early part of his career at the National Cancer Institute (NCI). In 1980, the president of the United States appointed him as director of the NCI and the National Cancer Program, a position he held until 1988. While at the NCI, he was instrumental in developing combination chemotherapy programs that ultimately led to an effective regimen of curative chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease and diffuse large cell lymphomas. Along with colleagues at the NCI, he developed the four-drug combination, known by the acronym MOPP, which increased the cure rate for patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease from nearly zero to over 70%.
In addition, in collaboration with Dr. George Canellos, DeVita developed the combination chemotherapy CMF, which still remains a useful therapy for breast cancer.
DeVita was the Director of Yale Cancer Center 19932003. He is currently the chair of the Yale Cancer Center advisory board and is professor of internal medicine and of epidemiology and public health at Yale's medical school.
DeVita currently serves on the editorial boards of numerous scientific journals and is the author or co-author of more than 450 scientific articles. He is one of the three editors of Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology and serves as the editor-in-chief of The Cancer Journal.
Vincent DeVita diagnosed his son Ted as a child with aplastic anemia. Ted thereafter was placed in a sterile environment for his safety. Ted's situation, and that of David Vetter, inspired the 1976 TV movie The Boy in the Plastic Bubble starring John Travolta.
WikiDoc Licensing
As of February 18, 2014, 9:00 PM EST, with the exception of Board Review content, WikiDoc is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC-BY-SA) 3.0.  All rights reserved on Board Review content.
Any discussion on the change should be carried out on the talk page.
As of July 20, 2009, 5:00 PM EST, WikiDoc is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC-BY-SA) 3.0
Any discussion on the change should be carried out on the talk page.

# License by GFDL 1.2
WikiDoc was licensed by GFDL 1.2 from 2005-2009.

# License by GFDL 1.2 or any later version
At 5:00 PM EST on July 17, 2009 WikiDoc switched over to license by "GFDL 1.2 or any later version" in order to facilitate the transition to the newly adopted CC-BY-SA 3.0 license.

# License by CC-BY-SA 3.0
Shortly after switching to license by GFDL 1.2 or any later version, WikiDoc switched over to license by CC-by-sa 3.0 in accordance with the change made by Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Projects.
William Broadbent
Sir William Henry Broadbent, 1st Baronet (January 23, 1835 - July 10, 1907) was an English neurologist who was born in Lindley, West Yorkshire. He studied medicine at Owens College and the Royal School of Medicine in Manchester. For most of his career he was associated with St Mary's Hospital, London (1859-1896), and also the London Fever Hospital (1860-1879).
Broadbent was a leading British authority in the field of cardiology as well as neurology. He also performed research involving diseases such as tuberculosis and cancer. In 1876 he was the first to describe a type of stroke caused by a cerebral hemorrhage into the ventricular system, that was later to be named Broadbent apoplexy.
Broadbent was a Physician in Ordinary to Queen Victoria and King Edward VII, and was created a baronet in 1893.
Associated eponyms:
- Broadbent sign: Recession of the intercostal spaces (near the eleventh and twelfth ribs on the left side of the back) as a sign of adherent pericardium.
- Broadbent inverted sign: Pulsations synchronizing with ventricular systole on the posterior lateral wall of the chest in gross dilatation of the left atrium.
- Broadbent law: Medical law that states "lesions of the upper segment of the motor tract cause less marked paralysis of muscles that habitually produce bilateral movements than of those that commonly act independently of the opposite side".

# Selected writings
- Cancer: A New Method of Treatment (London, 1866)
- The Practice of Medicine, (revised by Sir William Broadbent; 7th ed., London 1875)
- The Pulse (largely a reproduction of the Croonian Lectures, 1887), (London, 1890)
- Heart Disease, With Special Reference to Prognosis and Treatment, (with John Francis Harpin Broadbent), (London, 1897)
William H. Tucker
William H. Tucker is a professor of psychology at Rutgers University and the author of several books critical of race science.
Tucker received his bachelor's degree from Bates College in 1967, and his master's and doctorate from Princeton University. He joined the faculty at Rutgers University in 1970 and has been there since.
Tucker was a Psychometric Fellow for three years at Princeton, a position subsidized by Educational Testing Service. The majority of Tucker's scholarship has been about psychometrics, not in it. He currently sits on the advisory board of the Institute for the Study of Academic Racism. 
He has written critical commentaries on several hereditarian psychologists known for their controversial work on race and intelligence. He has received awards for his research on Cyril Burt and the Pioneer Fund. 
According to his website, "My research interests concern the useor more properly the misuseof social science to support oppressive social policies, especially in the area of race.  I seek to explore how scientists in general, and psychologists in particular, have become involved with such issues and what effect their participation has produced."

# Publications
- Tucker WH (1994a). Fact and Fiction in the Discovery of Sir Cyril Burt's Flaws. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 30, 335-347.
- Tucker WH (1994b). The Science and Politics of Racial Research. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02099-5
- Tucker WH (1997). Re-reconsidering Burt: Beyond a reasonable doubt. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 33, 145-162.
- Tucker WH (2002). The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wycliff Draper and the Pioneer Fund. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02762-0
- Tucker WH (2005). The Intelligence Controversy: A Guide to the Debates. ABC-Clio, Inc. ISBN 1-85109-409-1
William Sands Cox
William Sands Cox was a surgeon in Birmingham, England. He founded Birmingham's first medical school in 1828 as a residential Anglican-based college in Temple Row, where a blue plaque commemorates him on the House of Fraser department store, and in Brittle Street (now obliterated by Snow Hill Station). Cox went on to found the Queen's Hospital in Bath Row (Drury & Bateman, opened 1841) as a practical resource for his medical students.
The 1828 Medical School became the Birmingham Royal School of Medicine in 1836 and then the Queen's College in 1843 by Royal Charter. Cox's ambition was for the college to teach arts, law, engineering, architecture and general science as well as medicine, surgery and theology. However, after a major split in the organisation, the non-theological departments moved off into Mason Science College which later became the University of Birmingham leaving the name Queen's College as a theological institution.
The University of Birmingham Special Collections department holds some of Cox's personal papers.