Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Spirapril

# Overview
Spirapril hydrochloride (Renormax) is an ACE inhibitor antihypertensive drug used to treat hypertension.
It belongs to dicarboxy group of ace inhibitor.
Like many ACE inhibitors, this is a prodrug which is converted to the active metabolite spiraprilat following oral administration. Unlike other members of the group, it is eliminated both by renal and hepatic routes which may allow for greater use in patients with renal impairment.
However data on its effect upon the renal function is conflicting.
It is produced synthetically by combining the following two pharmaceutical intermediates:
(S)-1,4-Dithia-7-azaspiro(4,4)-nonane-8-carboxylic acid hydrobromide 
CAS 75776-79-3
and
N-

# Footnotes
-  Shohat J, Wittenberg C, Erman A, Rosenfeld J, Boner G (1999). "Acute and chronic effects of spirapril, alone or in combination with isradipine on kidney function and blood pressure in patients with reduced kidney function and hypertension". Scand J Urol Nephrol. 33 (1): 57&ndash, 62. doi:10.1080/003655999750016294. PMID 10100366.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  Noble S, Sorkin E (1995). "Spirapril. A preliminary review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of hypertension". Drugs. 49 (5): 750&ndash, 66. doi:10.2165/00003495-199549050-00008. PMID 7601014.
Spirurida
Spirurida is an order of spirurian nematodes. Like all their relatives, they have neither a circulatory a or respiratory system.
The Camallanida are sometimes included herein as a suborder, and the Drilonematida are sometimes placed here as a superfamily.
Some Spirurida, like the genus Gongylonema, can cause disease in humans.
Stability
Stability can refer to:
- Aircraft flight Stability (aircraft)
- Atmospheric stability, a measure of the turbulence in the ambient atmosphere
- BIBO stability (Bounded Input, Bounded Output stability), in signal processing and control theory, part of electrical engineering
- Directional stability, and the tendency for a body moving with respect to a medium to point in the direction of motion.  In the context of arrows, darts, rockets and missiles this is also known as 'weathercock stability'.
- Chemical stability, occurring when a substance is in a dynamic chemical equilibrium with its environment
- Ecological stability, measure of the probability of a population returning quickly to a previous state, or not going extinct
- Economic stability
- Numerical stability, a property of numerical algorithms which describes how errors in the input data propagate through the algorithm
- Plasma stability, a measure of how likely a perturbation in a plasma is to be damped out
- Relaxed stability, the property of inherently unstable aircraft
- Stability conditions of waterborne vessels.
- Stability (probability), a property of probability distributions
- Stability radius, a property of continuous polynomial functions
- Stability theory, the study of the stability of solutions to differential equations and dynamical systems
Lyapunov stability
Structural stability
- Lyapunov stability
- Structural stability
- Stability (computer software), the degree to which software can be run over periods of time without crashing or otherwise malfunctioning.
- The Stability E.P., a 2002 three song EP by Death Cab for Cutie
- Network stability, the tendency of maximum delay and backlog in a network to grow indefinitely over time or to stay bounded
See also:
- Stable (disambiguation)
- Homeostasis
- Equilibrium (disambiguation)
- Balance
- Instability
- Fault-tolerant system
- Bicycle and motorcycle dynamics
ar: 
cs:Stabilita
de:Stabilitat
nl:Stabiliteit
Stomodeum

# Overview
The stomodeum, also called stomatodeum, is a depression between the brain and the pericardium in an embryo, and is the precursor of the mouth and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

# Structure
The stomodeum is lined by ectoderm, and is separated from the anterior end of the fore-gut by the buccopharyngeal membrane.
This membrane is devoid of mesoderm, being formed by the apposition of the stomodeal ectoderm with the fore-gut endoderm; at the end of the third week it disappears, and thus a communication is established between the mouth and the future pharynx.

# Development
The mouth is developed partly from the stomodeum, and partly from the floor of the anterior portion of the fore-gut.
By the growth of the head end of the embryo, and the formation of the cephalic flexure, the pericardial area and the buccopharyngeal membrane come to lie on the ventral surface of the embryo.
With the further expansion of the brain, and the forward bulging of the pericardium, the buccopharyngeal membrane is depressed between these two prominences. This depression constitutes the stomodeum.
No trace of the membrane is found in the adult; and the communication just mentioned must not be confused with the permanent isthmus faucium.
The lips, teeth, and gums are formed from the walls of the stomodeum, but the tongue is developed in the floor of the pharynx.

# Additional images
- Embryo between eighteen and twenty-one days.
- Under surface of the head of a human embryo about twenty-nine days old.
- Head end of human embryo of about thirty to thirty-one days.
Striation
Striations means a series of ridges, furrows or linear marks, and are used in several ways
- Glacial striation
- Striation (geology), a striation as a result of a geological fault
- In medicine, striated muscle
- Striations can be found in certain glasses. These have been caused by turbulent flow during teeming (pouring) of the glass.
Stripping
Synonyms and keywords: Air Rotor Stripping, ARS

# Overview
Despite of its application difficulties in adult population air-rotor stripping (ARS) is a commonly used method to alleviate crowding in the permanent dentition.    Stripping can be performed
using numerous kinds of rotating instruments, as diamond burs, diamond coated discs and polishing discs.  

# Historical Background
Air Rotor Stripping (ARS) is described in 1985 by Sheridan, and based on reduction of mesiodistal interproximal surfaces of posterior teeth to provide required amount of space in dental arch.

# Examples
Images shown below are courtesy of Oral Sokucu DDS and copylefted.
- Before Orthodontic treatment  (Frontal view)
- After Orthodontic treatment  (Frontal view)
- Before Orthodontic treatment  (Lateral view)
- After Orthodontic treatment  (Lateral view)
- Before Orthodontic treatment  (Intraoral view)
- After Orthodontic treatment  (Intraoral view)
Submucosa

# Overview
In the gastrointestinal tract, the submucosa is the layer of loose connective tissue that supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of underlying smooth muscle (fibers running circularly within layer of longitudinal muscle).

# Contents
Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves (all supplying the mucosa) will run through here.
Tiny parasympathetic ganglia are scattered around forming the submucosal plexus (or "Meissner's plexus") where preganglionic parasympathetic neurons synapse with postganglionic nerve fibers that supply the muscularis mucosae.

# The submucosa in endoscopy
Identification of the submucosa plays an important role in diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy, where special fibre-optic cameras are used to perform procedures on the gastrointestinal tract.  Abnormalities of the submucosa, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors, usually show integrity of the mucosal surface.
The submucosa is also identified in endoscopic ultrasound to identify the depth of tumours and to identify other abnormalities.  An injection of dye, saline, or epinephrine into the submucosa is imperative in the safe removal of certain polyps.
Endoscopic mucosal resection involves removal of the mucosal layer, and in order to be done safely, a submucosal injection of dye is performed to ensure integrity at the beginning of the procedure.
Subphylum
In life, a subphylum is a taxonomic rank intermediate between  phylum and superclass. The rank of subdivision in plants and fungi is equivalent to subphylum.
Not all phyla are divided into subphyla. Those that are include:
- Arthropoda: divided into subphyla Trilobitomorpha, Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Hexapoda and Crustacea,
- Brachiopoda: divided into subphyla Linguliformea, Craniformea and Rhychonelliformea,
- Chordata: divided into Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and its largest subphylum Vertebrata.
ca:Subfilum
cs:Podkmen
cy:Is-ffylwm
it:Subphylum
lt:Potipis
hu:Altorzs (rendszertan)
nl:Onderstam (biologie)
fi:Alajakso
th:
Substrate
Substrate may mean:
- Substrate (biochemistry), a molecule that is acted upon by an enzyme
- Substrate (biology), the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the surface or medium on which an organism grows or is attached
- Substrate (chemistry), the catalytic material upon which chemical species react
Substrate may also refer to:
- Wafer (electronics), material upon which semiconductor devices are fabricated
- Printed circuit board (electronics), or the electrically insulating portion of a PCB structure
Sulfatase
Sulfatases EC 3.1.6. are esterase enzymes which remove sulfate from a variety of substrates by hydrolyzing various sulphate esters.
The following sulphatases were shown to be structurally related based on their sequence homology,,
- cerebroside-sulfatase
- steryl-sulfatase
- arylsulphatase A EC 3.1.6.8 (ASA), a lysosomal enzyme which hydrolyzes cerebroside sulphate;
- arylsulphatase B EC 3.1.6.12 (ASB) which hydrolyzes the sulphate ester group from N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulphate residues of dermatan sulphate;
- arylsulphatase C (ASD) and E (ASE); steryl-sulphatase EC 3.1.6.2 (STS), a membrane bound enzyme which hydrolyzes 3-beta-hydroxy steroid sulphates;
- iduronate 2-sulphatase EC 3.1.6.13 (IDS), a lysosomal enzyme that hydrolyzes the 2-sulphate groups from iduronic acids in dermatan sulphate and heparan sulphate;
- N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulphatase EC 3.1.6.4, which hydrolyzes the 6-sulphate groups of the N-acetyl-D-galactosamine of chondroitin sulphate and D-galactose 6-sulphate units of keratan sulphate;
- N-sulphoglucosamine sulphohydrolase EC 3.10.1.1, the lysosomal enzyme that hydrolyses N-sulpho-D-glucosamine into glucosamine and sulphate;
- glucosamine-6-sulphatase EC 3.1.6.14 (G6S), which hydrolyzes the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulphate units of heparan sulphate and keratan sulphate;
- N-sulphoglucosamine sulphohydrolase EC 3.10.1.1, the lysosomal enzyme that hydrolyses N-sulpho-D-glucosamine into glucosamine and sulphate;
- sea urchin embryo arylsulphatase EC 3.1.6.1;
- green algae arylsulphatase EC 3.1.6.1, which plays a role in the mineralization of sulphates; and
- arylsulphatase EC 3.1.6.1 from Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

# Human proteins containing this domain
ARSA;      ARSB;      ARSD;      ARSE;      ARSF;      ARSG;      ARSH;      ARSI;
ARSJ;      ARSK;      GALNS;     GNS;       IDS;       PIGG;      SGSH;      STS;
SULF1;     SULF2;
Superbase
- Acid-base extraction
- Acid-base reaction
- Acid-base physiology
- Acid-base homeostasis
- Dissociation constant
- Acidity function
- Buffer solutions
- pH
- Proton affinity
- Self-ionization of water
- Acids:
Lewis acids
Mineral acids
Organic acids
Strong acids
Superacids
Weak acids
- Lewis acids
- Mineral acids
- Organic acids
- Strong acids
- Superacids
- Weak acids
- Bases:
Lewis bases
Organic bases
Strong bases
Superbases
Non-nucleophilic bases
Weak bases
- Lewis bases
- Organic bases
- Strong bases
- Superbases
- Non-nucleophilic bases
- Weak bases
In chemistry, a superbase is an extremely strong base. There is no commonly accepted definition for what qualifies as a superbase, but most chemists would accept sodium hydroxide as a 'benchmark' base just as sulfuric acid is a 'benchmark' acid (see superacid). The hydroxide ion is a good benchmark because it is the strongest base that can exist in a water solution. Stronger bases are neutralized by water acting as an acid, to produce a corresponding hydroxide (and protonated superbase). Another use that can define superbase is stoichiometric -deprotonation of a carbonyl compound into an enolate, something that cannot be done by "regular bases". Despite this, the term still doesn't have a standard chemical definition, so for example Proton Sponge may be called "superbase".
There are three main classes of superbases: organic, organometallic, and inorganic.
Organometallic compounds of reactive metals are usually superbases, for example organolithium and organomagnesiums (Grignard reagents). Another type of organic superbase has a reactive metal exchanged for a hydrogen on a heteroatom, such as oxygen (unstabilized alkoxides) or nitrogen (lithium diisopropylamide).
Reactions involving superbases are usually water-sensitive, conducted under an inert atmosphere and at a low temperature. A desirable property in many cases is low nucleophilic reactivity, i.e. a non-nucleophilic base. Unhindered alkyllithiums, for example, cannot be used with electrophiles such as carbonyl groups, because they attack the electrophiles as nucleophiles.
In organic synthesis, the Schlosser base (or Lochmann-Schlosser base), i.e. the combination of n-butyllithium and potassium tert-butoxide, is a commonly used superbase. Butyllithium exists as four-, or six-membered clusters, which are kinetically slow to react. The tertiary alcoholate  (butoxide) serves to complex the lithium ion, which breaks the butyllithium clusters. This makes the butyllithium kinetically more reactive.
Inorganic superbases are typically salts with highly charged, small negative ions, e.g. lithium nitride, which has extreme negative charge density and so is highly attracted to acids, like the aqueous hydronium ion. Alkali and earth alkali metal hydrides (sodium hydride, calcium hydride) are superbases.
SureSmile

# Overview
SureSmile is an orthodontic technique that allows the orthodontist to treat cases using traditional orthodontic braces and roboticly created wires. The orthodontist submits records including precise orthodontic models and scans of the patient's teeth with braces in place. The scans can be produced on a light scanner or by cone beam computerized tomography, a radiographic study similar to a CAT scan. The records are processed and made available online to the orthodontist to produce a virtual treatment objective, the teeth as they should look and work when the case is complete.
The orthodontist then specifies a wire of particular dimension and strength. A wire is roboticly produced to be placed by the orthodontist in the patient's mouth. The orthodontist then monitors the changes over time. A new wire can then be designed, changing the size, strength and shape of the wire to refine the results.
The technique is reported to reduce the time required to complete orthodontic treatment and increase the precision of the results. The negatives include increased costs, the time for taken for the scans, and the x-ray exposure when using the cone beam scans. The advantages include shorter treatment times, more precise results.
Sybr Safe
Sybr Safe can replace the toxic Ethidium Bromide as a nucleic acid stain for gel electrophoresis.
See the product page for more information.
Syber Safe excitation and emission spectra (does not show the lower absorption peak).

# Notes
- BC 14:11, 4 May 2007 (EDT): Users of SynGene gel imagers should be able to detect DNA stained with SybrSafe using the transilluminator, the short band pass emission filter and a counting time of 1s.  (Tested on 1g of NEB 2-Log DNA Ladder).
Syncoilin
Syncoilin is a muscle-specific intermediate filament, first isolated as a binding partner to -dystrobrevin, as determined by a yeast two-hybrid assay.
Later, a yeast two-hybrid method was used to demonstrate that syncoilin is a binding partner of desmin.  These binding partners suggest that syncoilin acts as a mechanical "linker" between the sarcomere Z-disk (where desmin is localized) and the dystrophin-associated protein complex (where -dystrobrevin is localized). However, the specific in vivo functions of syncoilin have not yet been determined.
Abnormally high levels of syncoilin have been shown to be a characteristic of neuromuscular wasting diseases such as desminopathy and muscular dystrophy. Therefore, syncoilin is being explored as a promising marker of neuromuscular disease.
Syndecans
Syndecans are single transmembrane domain proteins that are thought to act as coreceptors, especially for G protein-coupled receptors. These core proteins carry three to five heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate chains which allow for interaction with a large variety of ligands including fibroblast growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, fibronectin and antithrombin-1. Interactions between fibronectin and some syndecans can be modulated by the extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C.

# Family members
The syndecan protein family is comprised of four members. Syndecans 1 and 3 and syndecans 2 and 4 making up separate subfamilies having arisen by gene duplication and divergent evolution from a single ancestral gene. 
The syndecan numbers reflect the order in which the cDNAs for each family member were cloned. All syndecans have an N-terminal signal peptide, an ectodomain, a single hydrophobic transmembrane domain, and a short C-terminal cytoplasmic domain.
The ectodomains show the least amount of amino acid sequence conservation, not more than 10-20%, in contrast the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains share around 60-70% amino acid sequence identity.
The transmembrane domains contain an unusual alanine/glycine sequence motif while the cytoplasmic domain is essentially composed of two regions of conserved amino acid sequence (C1 and C2), separated by a central variable sequence of amino acids that is distinct for each family member (V).
Synovitis
Synonyms and keywords: Synovial inflammation

# Overview
Synovitis is the medical term for inflammation of a synovial membrane, which line those joints which possess cavities, namely synovial joints. The condition is usually painful, particularly when the joint is moved. The  joint usually swells due to fluid collection.
Synovitis is present in several forms of arthritis as well as lupus, gout, and other conditions. The long term presence of synovitis can result in degeneration of the joint.

# Causes

## In Alphabetical Order
- Chondrocalcinosis
- Haemophilia type A
- Lupus
- Pigmented villonodular synovitis
- Polymyalgia Rheumatica
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- SAPHO syndrome
- Systemic sclerosis

# Treatment
Symptoms of synovitis can be treated by a doctor with anti-inflammatory drugs such as NSAIDs.  Specific treatment depends on the determining cause of the synovitis.

# Related Chapters
- Tenosynovitis
Thyroxine

# Overview
Thyroxine, or 3:5,3':5' tetraiodothyronine (often abbreviated as T4) is the major hormone secreted by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.
T4 is transported in blood, with 99.95% of the secreted T4 being protein bound, principally to thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) and to a lesser extent to transthyretin and serum albumin.
T4 is involved in controlling the rate of metabolic processes in the body and influencing physical development.
Note: Thyroxine is a prohormone and a reservoir for the active thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3), T4 being converted as required in the tissues by deiodinases.
Type II deiodinase converts T4 into T3.
The "D" isomer is called "Dextrothyroxine" and is used as a lipid modifying agent.
The half life of thyroxine once released into the blood circulatory system is about 1 week

# Reactions
TNFAIP8L2
TNF alpha induced protein 8 like 2 (TNFAIP8L2), also known as TIPE2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFAIP8L2 gene. It is preferentially expressed in human myeloid cell types and serves as an immune checkpoint regulator of inflammation and metabolism.

# Function
TNFAIP8L2 is a member of the TNFAIP8 (tumor necrosis factor--induced protein 8, or TIPE) family that function as transfer proteins for the second messenger lipids PIP2 and PIP3.  The other three family members are TNFAIP8, TNFAIP8L1 and TNFAIP8L3.

# Structure
The crystal structure of TIPE2 reveals that it contains a large, hydrophobic central cavity that is poised for cofactor binding.

# Clinical significance
TIPE2 acts as a negative regulator of the immune system.  It is down-regulated in patients with infectious and autoimmune diseases and also acts as a tumor suppressor in several types of cancer. Its knockout leads to leukocytosis and systemic inflammatory disorders in mice.
TNT Trial

# Objective
To compare the efficacy of 10 mg and 80 mg daily dose of atorvastatin in patients with stable CAD and baseline LDL-C between 130 mg/dL and 250 mg/dL.

# Methods
The Treating to New Targets (TNT) trial was a randomized trial that enrolled 10,001 patients with stable coronary artery disease to treatment with atorvastatin, 80 or 10 mg/dL, and followed them up for a median period of 4.9 years. The primary end point was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, resuscitated cardiac arrest, and stroke.

# Results
Compared to low dose, high dose atorvastatin was associated with:
- A significantly lower mean serum LDL-C concentration (77 vs 101 mg/dL)
- Significant reductions in the rate of the primary end point (8.7 vs 10.9 percent)
- No reduction in all-cause mortality. Higher doses of atorvastatin, although reduced mortality due to cardiac events, were associated with higher mortality rate due to noncardiovascular events.

# Conclusion
Wider use of the 80-mg dose of atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease is safe, cost-effective, and provides an incremental reduction in coronary events.