Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Highland Spring
Highland Spring is the second-largest supplier of bottled water in the United Kingdom. It produces still and sparkling water at its factory in Blackford, Perth and Kinross, Scotland, although despite the name this area is not actually within the Scottish Highlands. Highland Spring was the highest-selling sparkling water in the UK in 2005. There are actually two sources of the water, which are named "HS1" and "HS2" by the company. The mineral analysis and pH levels of the water at these two sources differ slightly.
Highland Spring achieved its designation as Natural Mineral Water in 1985.  Water is drawn from a protected underground source in the Ochil Hills where no farming, agricultural spraying, building or habitation is permitted within the 2,000 acre (about 8 km2) catchment area.  The land has been kept free from pesticides and pollution for over 20 years, enabling it to become the first British brand of Natural Mineral Water to achieve organic status for its catchment area.
Highland Spring is owned by billionaire UAE businessman Mahdi Al Tajir.
Rhombencephalon

# Overview
The rhombencephalon (or hindbrain) is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates.
The rhombencephalon can be subdivided in a variable number of transversal swellings called rhombomeres. In the human embryo we can distinguish eight rhombomeres, from caudal to rostral: Rh7-Rh1 and the  isthmus (the most rostral rhombomere).
A rare disease of the rhomencephalon, "rhombencephalosynapsis" is characterized by a missing vermis resulting in a fused cerebellum. Patients generally present with cerebellar ataxia.

# Myelencephalon
Rhombomeres Rh7-Rh4 form the myelencephalon.
The myelencephalon forms the medulla oblongata in the adult brain; it contains:
- a portion of the fourth ventricle,
- the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX),
- vagus nerve (CN X),
- accessory nerve (CN XI),
- hypoglossal nerve (CN XII),
- and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).

# Metencephalon
Rhombomeres Rh3-Rh1 form the metencephalon.
The metencephalon is composed of the pons and the cerebellum; it contains:
- a portion of the fourth ventricle,
- the trigeminal nerve (CN V),
- abducens nerve (CN VI),
- facial nerve (CN VII),
- and a portion of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII).

# Additional images
- Chick embryo of thirty-three hours incubation, viewed from the dorsal aspect. X 30.
- Embryo between eighteen and twenty-one days.
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Hip precautions
Hip precautions refer to certain things that one should not do after having a hip replacement. Since the hip joint is very weak from surgery, doing any of these three things can greatly increase the risk of hip dislocation.
The three hip precautions are:
- Bend
- Cross
- Twist
One should not bend the hip past an angle of 90 degrees (L-shaped).  This is especially difficult when sitting on toilet seats, which tend to be low.  Therefore, an occupational therapist will educate patients in techniques on sitting on low toilet seats, as well as telling them to obtain raised toilet seats.
Crossing refers to any time one leg crosses the other.  Since it is difficult not to cross your legs when sleeping, many doctors will recommend that a patient sleep with abductor pillows, which keep the legs separated.
Twisting refers to putting a lot of weight on one leg and twisting to retrieve an object.  For example, if one is cooking a light meal, they should not twist their bodies to retrieve a pot from a high shelf, rather, they should shuffle over sideways, retrieve the pot, and then shuffle back to the starting point.
Medicinal leech

# Overview
Medicinal leeches are any of a group of several species of leeches but most commonly Hirudo medicinalis or the European Medical Leech. General morphology follows that of most other leeches. Fully mature adults can be up to 20cm in length and are green, brown or greenish brown with a darker tone on the dorsal side and a lighter ventral side, the dorsal side also has a thin red stripe. Their range extends over almost the whole of Europe and into Asia as far as Kazahkstan and Uzbekistan. The preferred habitat for this species is muddy freshwater pools and ditches with plentiful weed growth. They feed by attaching to vertebrates via the suckers at either end, piercing the skin and injecting anti-coagulants (Hirudin) and anaesthetics before sucking out blood. Large adults can consume up to 15 grams of blood in a single meal. Medicinal leeches are hermaphrodites and reproduce by sexual mating, laying eggs in clutches of up to 50 near (but not under) water, and in shaded, humid places.

# Range & Distribution
Over-exploitation in the 19th Century has left only scattered populations and reduction in natural habitat though drainage has also contributed to their decline. Another factor has been the replacement of horses in farming (horses were medicinal leeches' preferred food source) and provision of artificial water supplies for cattle. As a result this species is now considered vulnerable by the IUCN and European Medicinal Leeches are legally protected through nearly all of their natural range. They are particularly sparsely distributed in France and Belgium, and in the UK there may be as few as 20 remaining isolated populations (all widely scattered), the largest (at Lydd) is estimated to contain several thousand individuals, 12 of these areas have been designated Sites of Special Scientific Interest. There are small transplanted populations in several countries outside their natural range including the USA.

# Medicinal Use
In medieval and early modern medicine, the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis and its congeners Hirudo verbana, Hirudo troctina and Hirudo orientalis) was used to remove blood from a patient as part of a process to "balance" the "humors" that, according to Hippocrates, must be kept in balance in order for the human body to function properly. (The four humors of ancient medical philosophy were blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile.) Any sickness that caused the subject's skin to become red (e.g. fever and inflammation), so the theory went, must have arisen from too much blood in the body. Similarly, any person whose behavior was strident and "sanguine" was thought to be suffering from an excess of blood.
Modern medicine again has a use for medicinal leeches. They provide an effective means to reduce blood coagulation, relieve pressure from pooling blood, especially after plastic surgery, and stimulate circulation in reattachment operations for organs with critical blood flow, such as eye lids, fingers, and ears.
Devices called "mechanical leeches" have been developed which dispense herapin and perform the same function as medicinal leeches, but they are not yet commercially available.
Hiyama coupling
In organic chemistry, a Hiyama coupling is a palladium or nickel-catalyzed cross coupling reaction of organosilanes with organic halides or triflates. Hiyama couplings were first reported by Yasuo Hatanaka and Tamejiro Hiyama in 1988 .
Typically, the Hiyama coupling reaction is promoted by activation of the organosilane with fluorides. The reaction possesses many advantages such as low environmental impact, high atom efficiency, and safe handling compared with the coupling reactions of organoboron, organozinc, or organotin compounds.
In the original 1988 publication 1-iodonaphtalene was reacted with trimethylvinylsilane to 1-vinylnaphtalene with catalyst the allylpalladium chloride dimer dissolved in HMPA and TASF reagent as fluorine source.
The reaction proceeds through the usual oxidative addition , transmetalation, trans-cis isomerization and reductive elimination sequence. The purpose of the fluorine is to activate the silicon compound RSiR'3 to a RSi-R'3F intermediate which is more amiable to transmetalation. Without the added fluorine the organosilicon compound is simply too stable.
In one extension the alkenylsilane is prepared in situ from a terminal alkyne and tetramethyldisiloxane  or hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane .
In another extension the reaction is assisted by nickel chloride, LiHMDS and norephedrine with caesium fluoride as fluorine donor :
Hoffmann's sign
The Hoffmann's sign, named after the German neurologist, Johann Hoffmann (born 1857, Rheinhesse; died 1919, Heidelberg), is a finding elicited by a reflex test which verifies the presence or absence of problems in the corticospinal tract.  It is also known as the finger flexor reflex.
The test involves tapping the nail or flicking the terminal phalanx of the third or fourth finger. A positive response is seen with flexion of the terminal phalanx of the thumb.

# Relation to Babinski sign
Hoffmann's sign is often considered the upper limb equivalent of the Babinski's sign because it, like the Babinski sign, indicates upper motor neuron dysfunction.  Mechanistically, it differs considerably from the Babinski or plantar reflex; Hoffmann's sign involves a monosynaptic reflex pathway in Rexed lamina IX of the spinal cord, normally fully inhibited by descending input. The pathways involved in the plantar reflex are more complicated, and different sorts of lesions may interrupt them.  This fact has led some neurologists to reject strongly any analogies between the finger flexor reflex and the plantar response.
Holistic health
Holistic health refers to a philosophy of medical care that views physical and mental aspects of life as closely interconnected and equally important approaches to treatment. While frequently associated with alternative medicine, it is also increasingly used in mainstream medical practice as part of a broad view of patient care.  Many primary care providers and integrative medicine specialists today utilize a holistic approach to patient care.

# History
Holism as a health concept has existed for ages outside of academic circles, but only relatively recently has the modern medical establishment begun to integrate it into the mainstream health care system. In the United States, the first National Conference on Holistic Health was conducted by the Health Optimizing Institute with the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine in June 1975.

# Philosophy
Holism refers to the idea that an entity is greater than the sum of its parts. In the case of health, the entity in question is the human body. Holistic concepts of health and fitness view achieving and maintaining good health as involving more than just taking care of all the various components that make up the physical bodyattention must be paid to aspects such as emotional and spiritual well-being as well. The goal is a wellness that encompasses the entire person, rather than just the lack of physical pain or disease. Some practices refer to this as "reducing total load", the total number of things that do not allow you to get well.
Holistic health is not itself a method of treatment, but instead an approach to how treatment should be applied. Traditional medical philosophy treats physical symptoms, using standardized methods such as the prescription of drugs or the undertaking of surgery, while the patient is only passively involved. Practices emphasizing holistic health, on the other hand believe that they are treating the whole person. Practitioners of holistic medicine believe that attitudes affect the present condition, and the patient may play an active role in the healing process.
Some medical practices have embraced a Holistic Model  but have not always referred to it as such. For example Sherry Rogers,MD popularized a concept of Reducing Total Load, the total number of things that interfere with someone getting well.  While reducing total load is a holistic concept since it is based inside of a medical model it is not as frequently associated with holism. .

# Criticism
Some holistic health advocates subscribe to alternative medical practices which conventional medicine does not support. Some common practices such as acupuncture and chiropractic have not received total acceptance by supporters of evidence-based medicine, who require rigorous scientific testing before incorporating them in to a course of treatment. While health care is in evolution, as some of these alternative treatments lack experimental, double blinded evidence, they have not received widespread acceptance in the physician community.
Hospital police
Hospital police are specialized police agencies in the United States that provide law enforcement services and security to hospitals.
As a result of the increase violence in the healthcare field, mental health patients, and a wide range of civil disturbances found across the nation, hospital security often proved insufficient. This occasionally resulted in injury to both the hospital staff and the security officers. These hospital security officers were often poorly trained, ineffectively led, and unprepared to respond to these turbulent and unanticipated events.  Tramua centers treat patients of assaults, stabbings, and shootings which brings upset family and friends.  Hospitals have the potential for violence on a daily basis.
Creation of hospital police departments began in the 1970s across the United States. Statutory laws were passed and necessary regulations were enacted to provide these security officers with the necessary statutory authority to perform their expanded roles as police officers. Hospital police officers were required to meet higher training and educational standards by attending the police academy. Further training was given to these police officers to deal with hospital-specific issues, including non-violent crisis management.
The United States Department of Veterans Affairs, along with many state and municipal owned hospitals, have full service law enforcement agencies, while private non-profit hospitals usually have special police or constables. Today's hospital police officers are better equipped to deal with hospital specific issues, and have detailed understanding of law enforcement within a healthcare environment.
Human cognition

# Overview
Human cognition is the study of how the human brain thinks. As a subject of study, human cognition tends to be more than only theoretical in that its theories lead to working models that demonstrate behavior similar to human thought. The extent to which these models can be measured as similar to, or indistinguishable from, human thought is the measure of the accuracy of the human cognition model.  The terms cognitive modeling, and Cognitive architecture are sometimes used as synonyms of human cognition. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is often defined with reference to human cognition. The study of natural language understanding is the subfield of human cognition that seeks to model the way the human brain processes and understands spoken human languages, such as English language speech.

# Background and history
One could argue that human cognition began with the mathematical musings of the ancient world that attempted to mathematically codify logic.  Modus ponens is a simple statement from that era that says, "If one knows that A implies B (written as: A  B) is a true statement, then one knows that if A is true, then B is true."  Successive application of the modus ponens principle can yield logical "reasonable" conclusions that may not be as apparent to the casual observer.  For example, given the set of the following four statements: C  D, B  C, D  E, and A  B, and also given that you know that A is true, one can conclude that E is true.  Is that as easily apparent as seeing that B is true?
Modus ponens is the basis of the human cognition model that elicits the human-like deductive reasoning in modern rule-based expert systems.
The English mathematician Alan Turing gave us the Turing Theorem, which is the theoretical basis for John von Neumann's Von Neumann machine which, in turn, became the theoretical basis of the modern digital computer.  The Turing Theorem is the statement and proof that shows that all problems that can be solved, can be solved by first building a theoretical state-space of all possible state transitions and then traversing this state space until the problem solution is found.  Turing was personally interested in creating a machine that could reason like a human, and his theorem was a significant contribution toward that end.  We now know that human brains are not very similar at all to modern digital computers, but Turing's and Von Neumann's work gave us the tools to get started in building computer models of human cognition.
Hydranencephaly

# Overview
Hydranencephaly is a type of cephalic disorder. This is a rare condition in which the cerebral hemispheres are absent and replaced by sacs filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
In "hemihydranencephaly", only half of the brain is filled with fluid.

# Presentation
Usually the cerebellum and brainstem are formed normally. An infant with hydranencephaly may appear normal at birth. The infant's head size and spontaneous reflexes such as sucking, swallowing, crying, and moving the arms and legs may all seem normal. However, after a few weeks the infant usually becomes irritable and has increased muscle tone (hypertonia). After several months of life, seizures and hydrocephalus may develop. Other symptoms may include visual impairment, lack of growth, deafness, blindness, spastic quadriparesis (paralysis), and intellectual deficits.
Some infants may have additional abnormalities at birth including seizures, myoclonus (involuntary sudden, rapid jerks), and respiratory problems.

# Causes
Hydranencephaly is an extreme form of porencephaly, which is characterized by a cyst or cavity in the cerebral hemispheres, and may be caused by vascular insult or injuries, infections, or traumatic disorders after the 12th week of pregnancy.

# Diagnosis
Diagnosis may be delayed for several months because the infant's early behavior appears to be relatively normal. Transillumination, an examination in which light is passed through body tissues, usually confirms the diagnosis.

# Prognosis
There is no standard treatment for hydranencephaly. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive. Hydrocephalus may be treated with a shunt.
The prognosis for children with Hydranencephaly is generally quite poor.  Death usually occurs in the first year of life.
In a survey completed by 88 families of children with Hydranencephaly from 2006-2007, 69% of the children who had died, did so after their first birthday. The oldest of the children who had died was in their 20s. 62% of the children represented in the survey were over the age of 1 at the time it was filled out. The first year is the hardest for children with Hydranencephaly but survival is possible.
In 2003, the oldest known survivor was 20 1/2 years old.
Noncortical responses to auditory stimuli have been observed in some patients.
Hydroxamic acid
A hydroxamic acid is a class of chemical compounds sharing the same functional group in which an amine is inserted into an carboxylic acid. Its general structure is R-CO-NH-OH, with in R as an organic residue, a CO as a carbonyl group, and a hydroxylamine as NH2-OH. They are used as metal chelators.
Hydroxamic acids can be synthesized from aldehydes via the Angeli-Rimini reaction. A well-known hydroxamic acid reaction is the Lossen rearrangement.
Hydroxamates are essential growth factors, or vitamins, for some microbes. They function as iron-binding compounds (siderophores) that solubilise iron and transport it into the cell.
Iron is a key component of cytochromes and iron-sulphur proteins (involved in electron transport) and is thus important in cellular respiration. In an environment, absent from oxygen (anoxic); iron will be present in the ferrous +2 oxidation state (Fe2+), which is water-soluble. Under oxic conditions; iron will be in the ferric +3 oxidation state (Fe3+), in insoluble mineral form. The powerful chelating properties of hydroxamic acid and its derivatives is exploited by bacteria to obtain ferric iron. Once the iron-hydroxamate complex has entered the cell, the iron is liberated and the hydroxamic acid can be excreted and reused for iron transport.
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Hyperprolinemia
Hypeprolinemia, also referred to as prolinemia or prolinuria, is a condition which occurs when the amino acid proline is not broken down properly by the enzymes proline oxidase or pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogense, causing a build up of proline in the body.

# Types

## Hyperprolinemia type I
It is difficult to determine the prevalence of hyperprolinemia type I, as many people with the condition are asymptomatic.
People with hyperprolinemia type I have proline levels in their blood between 3 and 10 times the normal level. Some individuals with type I exhibit seizures, mental retardation or other neurological problems.

## Hyperprolinemia type II
Hyperprolinemia type II results in proline levels in the blood between 10 and 15 times higher than normal, and high levels of a related compound called pyrroline-5-carboxylate. This rare form of the disorder may appear benign at times, but often involves seizures, convulsions, and mental retardation.
Hyperprolinemia can also occur with other conditions, such as malnutrition or liver disease. In particular, individuals with conditions that cause elevated levels of lactic acid in the blood, such as lactic acidemia, are likely to have elevated proline levels, because lactic acid inhibits the breakdown of proline.

# Genetics
Mutations in the ALDH4A1 and PRODH genes cause hyperprolinemia.
Hyperprolinemia type I is caused by a mutation in the PRODH gene, which codes for the enzyme proline oxidase. This enzyme begins the process of degrading proline by starting the reaction that converts it to pyrroline-5-carboxylate.
Hyperprolinemia type II is caused by a mutation in the ALDH4A1 gene, for the enzyme pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase. This enzyme helps to break down the pyrroline-5-carboxylate produced in the previous reaction, converting it to the amino acid glutamine. The conversion between proline and glutamine, and the reverse reaction controlled by different enzymes, are important factors required to maintain proper metabolism and protein production.
A deficiency of either proline oxidase or pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase results in a buildup of proline in the body. A deficiency of the latter enzyme leads to higher levels of proline and a buildup of the intermediate breakdown product pyrroline-5-carboxylate, causing the signs and symptoms of hyperprolinemia type II.
Hyperprolinemia is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means two copies of the gene in each cell are altered. Most often, the parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder are heterozygous carriers, having only one copy of the altered gene, without having signs and symptoms of the disorder.
In about one-third of cases of hyperprolinemia, individuals carrying one copy of an altered PRODH gene have moderately elevated levels of proline in their blood, but these levels do not cause any health problems. Individuals with one altered ALDH4A1 gene have normal levels of proline in their blood.

# Research
A 2005 study on rats suggested that hyperprolininemia causes cognitive dysfunction.