Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Claritin-D 24HR
Synonyms / Brand Names:

# Dosing and Administration
FDA Package Insert Resources
Indications, Contraindications, Side Effects, Drug Interactions, etc.
Calculate Creatine Clearance
On line calculator of your patients Cr Cl by a variety of formulas.
Convert pounds to Kilograms
On line calculator of your patients weight in pounds to Kg for dosing estimates.
 Publication Resources
Recent articles, WikiDoc State of the Art Review, Textbook Information
Trial Resources
Ongoing Trials, Trial Results
Guidelines & Evidence Based Medicine Resources
US National Guidelines, Cochrane Collaboration, etc.
Media Resources
Slides, Video, Images, MP3, Podcasts, etc.
Patient Resources
Discussion Groups, Handouts, Blogs, News, etc.
International Resources
en Espanol

# FDA Package Insert Resources
Indications
Contraindications
Side Effects
Drug Interactions
Precautions
Overdose
Instructions for Administration
How Supplied
Pharmacokinetics and Molecular Data
FDA label
FDA on Claritin-D 24HR
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# Publication Resources
Most Recent Articles on Claritin-D 24HR
Review Articles on Claritin-D 24HR
Articles on Claritin-D 24HR in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
WikiDoc State of the Art Review
Textbook Information on Claritin-D 24HR
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# Trial Resources
Ongoing Trials with Claritin-D 24HR at Clinical Trials.gov
Trial Results with Claritin-D 24HR
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# Guidelines & Evidence Based Medicine Resources
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Claritin-D 24HR
Cochrane Collaboration on Claritin-D 24HR
Cost Effectiveness of Claritin-D 24HR
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# Media Resources
Powerpoint Slides on Claritin-D 24HR
Images of Claritin-D 24HR
Podcasts & MP3s on Claritin-D 24HR
Videos on Claritin-D 24HR
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# Patient Resources
Patient Information from National Library of Medicine
Patient Resources on Claritin-D 24HR
Discussion Groups on Claritin-D 24HR
Patient Handouts on Claritin-D 24HR
Blogs on Claritin-D 24HR
Claritin-D 24HR in the News
Claritin-D 24HR in the Marketplace
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# International Resources
Claritin-D 24HR en Espanol
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Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Classical logic
Classical logic identifies a class of formal logics that have been most intensively studied and most widely used.  They are characterised by a number of properties; non-classical logics are those that lack one or more of these properties, which are:
- Law of the excluded middle and Double negative elimination;
- Law of noncontradiction;
- Monotonicity of entailment and Idempotency of entailment;
- Commutativity of conjunction;
- De Morgan duality: every logical operator is dual to another.
Classical logic is bivalent, i.e. it uses only Boolean-valued functions. And while not entailed by the preceding conditions, contemporary discussions of classical logic normally only include propositional and first-order logics.

# Examples of classical logics
- Aristotle's Organon introduces his theory of syllogisms, which is a logic with a restricted form of judgments: assertions take one of four forms, All Ps are Q, Some Ps are Q, No Ps are Q, and Some Ps are not Q.    These judgments find themselves if two pairs of two dual operators, and each operator is the negation of another, relationships that Aristotle summarised with his square of oppositions.  Aristotle explicitly formulated the law of the excluded middle and law of non-contradiction in justifying his system, although these laws cannot be expressed as judgments within the syllogistic framework.
- George Boole's algebraic reformulation of logic, his system of Boolean logic;
- The first-order logic found in Gottlob Frege's Begriffsschrift.

# Non-classical logics
- Computability logic is a semantically constructed formal theory of computability, as opposed to classical logic, which is a formal theory of truth; integrates and extends classical, linear and intuitionistic logics.
- Fuzzy logic rejects the law of the excluded middle and allows as a truth value any real number between 0 and 1.
- Intuitionistic logic rejects the law of the excluded middle, double negative elimination, and the De Morgan's laws;
- Linear logic rejects idempotency of entailment as well;
- Modal logic extends classical logic with non-truth-functional ("modal") operators.
- Paraconsistent logic (e.g., dialetheism and relevance logic) rejects the law of noncontradiction;
- Relevance logic, linear logic, and  non-monotonic logic reject monotonicity of entailment;
In Deviant Logic, Fuzzy Logic: Beyond the Formalism, Susan Haack divided non-classical logics into deviant, quasi-deviant, and extended logics.
Gracile nucleus

# Overview
Located in the medulla oblongata, the gracile nucleus is one of the dorsal column nuclei that participates in the sensation of fine touch and proprioception. It contains second-order neurons of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus system which receive inputs from sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia and send axons that synapse in the thalamus.
The neurons contained within the nucleus form a visible bump called the gracile tubercle on the posterior side of the closed medulla at the floor of the fourth ventricle.
The gracile nucleus and fasciculus carry epicritic, kinesthetic, and conscious proprioceptive information from the lower part of the body (below the level of T6 in the spinal cord).  The counterpart to the gracile nucleus and fasciculus is the cuneate nucleus and fasciculus, which carries the same type of information, but from the upper body (above T6, excepting the face and ear - the information from the face and ear is carried by the primary sensory trigeminal nucleus).

# Additional images
- Decussation of pyramids.
- Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
- Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
- Superior terminations of the posterior fasciculi of the medulla spinalis.
- Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the olive.
- Diagram showing the course of the arcuate fibers.
- The formatio reticularis of the medulla oblongata, shown by a transverse section passing through the middle of the olive.
- Scheme showing the course of the fibers of the lemniscus; medial lemniscus in blue, lateral in red.
- Transverse section passing through the sensory decussation.
- Deep dissection of cortex and brain-stem.
- The sensory tract.
Clavulanic acid
Clavulanic acid (rINN) (IPA: Template:IPA) is a beta-lactamase inhibitor (GlaxoSmithKline formerly Beecham) sometimes combined with penicillin group antibiotics to overcome certain types of antibiotic resistance. Specifically, it is used to overcome resistance in bacteria that secrete beta-lactamase enzymes, which otherwise inactivate most penicillins. Most commonly, the potassium salt potassium clavulanate is combined with amoxicillin (co-amoxiclav  or the veterinary formulation Synulox from Pfizer) or ticarcillin.
The name is derived from the Streptomyces clavuligerus microorganisms from which clavulanic acid is derived.  Clavulanic acid is biosynthetically generated from the amino acid arginine and the sugar glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.

# Mechanism of action
Clavulanic acid has negligible intrinsic antimicrobial activity, despite sharing the -lactam ring that is characteristic of beta-lactam antibiotics. However, the similarity in chemical structure allows the molecule to act as a competitive inhibitor of beta-lactamases secreted by certain bacteria to confer resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. This inhibition restores the antimicrobial activity of beta-lactam antibiotics against -lactamase-secreting resistant bacteria. Despite this, some bacterial strains have emerged that are resistant to even such combinations.

# Adverse effects
The use of clavulanic acid with penicillins has been associated with an increased incidence of cholestatic jaundice and acute hepatitis during therapy or shortly after, particularly in men and those aged over 65 years. The associated jaundice is usually self-limiting and very rarely fatal. (Joint Formulary Committee, 2004)
The UK Committee on Safety of Medicines (CSM) recommends that treatments such as amoxicillin/clavulanic acid preparations should be reserved for bacterial infections likely to be caused by amoxicillin-resistant -lactamase-producing strains, and that treatment should not normally exceed 14 days.
Cognitive model
A cognitive model is an approximation to animal cognitive processes (predominantly human) for the purposes of comprehension and prediction. Cognitive models can be developed within or without a cognitive architecture, though the two are not always easily distinguishable.
In contrast to cognitive architectures, cognitive models tend to be focused on a single cognitive phenomenon or process (e.g., list learning), how two or more processes interact (e.g., visual search and decision making), or to make behavioral predictions for a specific task or tool (e.g., how instituting a new software package will affect productivity). Cognitive architectures tend to be focused on the structural properties of the modeled system, and help constrain the development of cognitive models within the architecture. Likewise, model development helps to inform limitations and shortcomings of the architecture. Some of the most popular architectures for cognitive modeling include ACT-R and Soar.

# History
Cognitive modeling historically developed within cognitive psychology / cognitive science (including human factors), and has received contributions from the fields of machine learning and artificial intelligence to name a few.

# Diversity
There are many types of cognitive models, and they can range from box-and-arrow diagrams to a set of equations to software programs that interact with the same tools that humans use to complete tasks (e.g., computer mouse and keyboard).
Cognotechnology
Cognotechnology is an emerging field that is technology applied to the cognitive domain, and is the result of a convergence of nanotechnology, biotechnology and information technology, according to Gerald Yonas, vice president and principal scientist at Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico (United States Department of Energy).
While only a nascent field, the director of the prestigious US National Science Foundation, Rita Colwell, stated in 2003 that "the interface between nano, bio, info and cognotechnology is where the exciting discoveries are occurring."

# Potential applications
According to Yonas, nanotechnology makes it feasible to use brain implants to moderate behavior or brain functioning, allowing brains with disorders or brains that have been damaged to function normally.
Another developing field of cognotechnology focuses on remote sensing brain function.  Sensed brain function will include the intention to commit deception, and according to Yonas, is likely to be used for more efficient identifying of potential terrorists at, for example, airports.
Some fields of cognotechnology have the potential to be used in possibly controversial ways, such as modifying the behavior of criminals or pacifying enemy combatants.
Yonas gave an address on cognotechnology and these areas currently being researched at a 2001 daylong symposium sponsored by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the worlds largest general science organization and the publisher of the prestigious academic journal Science.
Ileocecal valve

# Overview
The ileocecal valve is a sphincter muscle situated at the junction of the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine. It regulates the flow of chyme into the bowels.
Functionally, roughly two litres of fluid enters the colon daily through the ileocecal valve.

# Histology
The histology of the ileocecal valve shows an abrupt change in the villous pattern which is found in small intestinal mucosa, to the glandular pattern found in colonic mucosa.
At the ileocecal valve, there is also thickening of the muscularis mucosa, which is the smooth muscle tissue found beneath the mucosal layer of the digestive tract.
There is also a variable amount of lymphatic tissue found at the valve.

# Clinical significance
During colonoscopy, the ileocecal valve is used, along with the appendiceal orifice, in the identification of the cecum.  This is important, as it indicates that a complete colonoscopy has been performed.  The ileocecal valve is typically located on the last fold before entry into the cecum, and can be located from the direction of curvature of the appendiceal orifice, in what is known as the bow and arrow sign.
Intubation of the ileocecal valve is typically performed in colonoscopy to evaluate the distal, or lowest part of the ileum.  Small bowel endoscopy can also be performed by double-balloon enteroscopy through intubation of the ileocecal valve.

# Pathology
Tumours of the ileocecal valve are rare, but have been reported in the literature.

# Etymology
It was discovered by the Dutch physician Nicolaes Tulp (1593-1674), and thus it is sometimes known as Tulp's valve.
Comet tail sign

# Overview
- The comet tail sign is a finding that can be seen on computed tomographic scans of the chest.
- It consists of a curvilinear opacity that extends from a subpleural "mass" toward the ipsilateral hilum.
- The comet tail sign is produced by the distortion of vessels and bronchi that lead to an adjacent area of round atelectasis, which is the mass. The bronchovascular bundles appear to be pulled into the mass and resemble a comet tail.

# Examples
Images shown in this section are courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted.
- CT: Round atelectasis
- CT: Round atelectasis
- CT: Round atelectasis
- CT: Round atelectasis
Ducts of Cuvier

# Overview
During development of the veins, the first indication of a parietal system consists in the appearance of two short transverse veins, the ducts of Cuvier (or common cardinal veins ), which open, one on either side, into the sinus venosus. Each of these ducts receives an ascending and descending vein. The ascending veins return the blood from the parietes of the trunk and from the Wolffian bodies, and are called cardinal veins.

# Additional images
- Figure obtained by combining several successive sections of a human embryo of about the fourth week.
- Upper part of celom of human embryo of 6.8 mm., seen from behind.
- Dorsal surface of heart of human embryo of thirty-five days.
Sodium chloride

# Overview
Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the formula NaCl.  Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of the ocean and of the extracellular fluid of many multicellular organisms. As the main ingredient in edible salt, it is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. In one gram of sodium chloride, there are approximately 0.3933 grams of sodium, and 0.6067 g of chlorine.

# Production and use
Salt is currently produced by evaporation of seawater or brine from other sources, such as brine wells and salt lakes, and by mining rock salt, called halite. In 2002, world production was estimated at 210 million metric tonnes, the top five producers being the United States (40.3 million tonnes), China (32.9), Germany (17.7), India (14.5), and Canada (12.3).
While most people are familiar with the many uses of salt in cooking, they might be unaware that salt is used in a plethora of applications, from manufacturing pulp and paper to setting dyes in textiles and fabric, to producing soaps and detergents. In most of Canada and the northern USA, large quantities of rock salt are used to help clear highways of ice during winter, although "Road Salt" loses its melting ability at temperatures below -15C to -20C (5F to -4F).

## Synthetic uses
Salt is also the raw material used to produce chlorine which itself is required for the production of many modern materials including PVC and pesticides. Industrially, elemental chlorine is usually produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride dissolved in water.  Along with chlorine, this chloralkali process yields hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide, according to the chemical equation
Sodium metal is produced commercially through the electrolysis of liquid sodium chloride. This is done in a Down's cell in which sodium chloride is mixed with calcium chloride to lower the melting point below 700 C. As calcium is more electropositive than sodium, no calcium will be formed at the cathode. This method is less expensive than the previous method of electrolyzing sodium hydroxide.
Sodium chloride is used in other chemical processes for the large-scale production of compounds containing sodium or chlorine. In the Solvay process, sodium chloride is used for producing sodium carbonate and calcium chloride. In the Mannheim process and in the Hargreaves process, it is used for the production of sodium sulfate and hydrochloric acid.

## Biological uses
Many microorganisms cannot live in an overly salty environment: water is drawn out of their cells by osmosis. For this reason salt is used to preserve some foods, such as smoked bacon or fish and can also be used to detach leeches that have attached themselves to feed. It has also been used to disinfect wounds. In medieval times salt would be rubbed into household surfaces as a cleansing agent.
Conus elasticus
The conus elasticus (or elastic cone) is the lateral portion of the cricothyroid ligament.
The lateral portions are thinner and lie close under the mucous membrane of the larynx; they extend from the superior border of the cricoid cartilage to the inferior margin of the vocal ligaments, with which they are continuous.
These ligaments may therefore be regarded as the free borders of the lateral portions of the conus elasticus, and extend from the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages to the angle of the thyroid cartilage about midway between its upper and lower borders.
Coprecipitation
In chemistry, coprecipitation (CPT) or co-precipitation is the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed. Analogously, in medicine, coprecipitation is specifically the precipitation of an unbound "antigen along with an antigen-antibody complex".
Coprecipitation is an important issue in chemical analysis, where it is often undesirable, but in some cases it can be exploited. In gravimetric analysis, which consists on precipitating the analyte and measuring its mass to determine its concentration or purity, coprecipitation is a problem because undesired impurities often coprecipitate with the analyte, resulting in excess mass. This problem can often be mitigated by "digestion" (waiting for the precipitate to equilibrate and form larger, purer particles) or by redissolving the sample and precipitating it again.
On the other hand, in the analysis of trace elements, as is often the case in radiochemistry, coprecipitation is often the only way of separating an element. Since the trace element is too dilute (sometimes less than a part per trillion) to precipitate by conventional means, it is typically coprecipitated with a carrier, a substance that has a similar crystalline structure that can incorporate the desired element. An example is the separation of francium from other radioactive elements by coprecipitating it with caesium salts such as caesium perchlorate. Otto Hahn is credited for promoting the use of coprecipitation in radiochemistry.
There are three main mechanisms of coprecipitation: inclusion, occlusion, and adsorption. An inclusion occurs when the impurity occupies a lattice site in the crystal structure of the carrier, resulting in a crystallographic defect; this can happen when the ionic radius and charge of the impurity are similar to those of the carrier. An adsorbate is an impurity that is weakly bound (adsorbed) to the surface of the precipitate. An occlusion occurs when an adsorbed impurity gets physically trapped inside the crystal as it grows.
Besides its applications in chemical analysis and in radiochemistry, coprecipitation is also "potentially important to many environmental issues closely related to water resources, including acid mine drainage, radionuclide migration in fouled waste repositories, metal contaminant transport at industrial and defense sites, metal concentrations in aquatic systems, and wastewater treatment technology"
Copyleft images

# National Library of Medicine
- MedPix
- Open-i

# Wikimedia Commons
- Wikimedia Commons

# Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Image Libraries
- Public Health Image Library (PHIL)
- Organized, universal electronic gateway to CDC's pictures
- DPDx by CDC's Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria (DPDM)
- Laboratory identification of parasitic diseases of public health concern

# National Institutes of Health (NIH) Image Libraries
- David G. Cogan Ophthalmic Pathology Collection
- Clinical ophthalmic cases and their pathology to aid in preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases of the eye and visual system
- National Cancer Institute (NCI) Visuals Online
- Biomedical, science, and patient-care related illustrations and images
- National Eye Institute (NEI) Photos and Images Catalog
- Photos and images provided by the National Eye Institute
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Image Library
- Searchable database of original full-color and black-and-white illustrations
- National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) Digital Media Database (DMD)
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Image Gallery
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) Image Gallery
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) National Toxicology Program (NTP) Nonneoplastic Lesion Atlas (Rodents)
- National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Image Library
- National Institute on Aging (NIA) Alzheimer's Disease Education and Referral (ADEAR) Center Scientific Images
Mammillary body

# Overview
The mammillary bodies are a pair of small round bodies, located on the undersurface of the brain, that form part of the limbic system.  They are located at the ends of the anterior arches of the fornix, and are named mammillary for their resemblance to two breasts.  They consist of two groups of nuclei, the medial mammillary nuclei and the lateral mammillary nuclei.Neuroanatomists have often categorized the mammillary bodies as part of the hypothalamus.

# Connections
They are connected to other parts of the brain (as shown in the schematic, below left), and act as a relay for impulses coming from the amygdalae and hippocampi, via the mamillo-thalamic tract to the thalamus.
This circuit, from amygdalae to mamillary bodies, and then on to the thalamus, is part of the larger 'Papez circuit'.

# Function
They are involved with the processing of recognition memory, along with the anterior and dorsomedial nuclei in the thalamus.

# Pathology
The mammillary bodies are parts of the brain known to be significantly damaged by alcohol intoxication, especially by chronic alcohol abuse and associated deficiency of thiamine.  Researchers, in 1998, also noted visible abnormalities in the mammillary bodies of individuals with autism.
Damage to the mammillary bodies due to thiamine deficiency is implied in pathogenesis of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.  Symptoms include impaired memory, also called anterograde amnesia, suggesting that the mammillary bodies may be important for memory.  Lesions of the medial dorsal and anterior nuclei of the thalami and lesions of the mammillary bodies are commonly involved in amnesic syndromes in humans.

# Additional images