Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Flu season
Flu season is a term used to describe the regular outbreak in flu cases during the cold half of the year. Flu activity can sometimes be predicted and even tracked geographically. While the beginning of major flu activity in each season varies by location, in any specific location these minor epidemics usually take about 3 weeks to peak and another 3 weeks to significantly diminish. Individual cases of the flu however, usually only last a few days. In some countries such as Japan and China, infected persons sometimes wear a surgical mask out of respect for others.

# Cost
The annual flu (also called "seasonal flu" or "human flu")
in the U.S. "results in approximately 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations each year. In addition to this human toll, influenza is annually responsible for a total cost of over $10 billion in the U.S." 

# Cause
The garden variety flu that comes around every year is caused by Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B, or Influenzavirus C and are also known as human flu virus strains which is to say it has made genetic changes to adapt to its human hosts. It passes from human to human all year round and never goes away completely. When it is cold, infection from "human flu" increases roughly tenfold or more. Different strains of flu virus circulate in different years as it is constantly mutating. The influenza vaccine for the 2005 - 2006 flu season contains proteins from the coat of two subtypes of species A and from species B. Species B and C don't have subtypes.
It remains unclear why outbreaks of the flu occur seasonally rather than uniformly throughout the year. One possible explanation is that, because people are indoors more often during the winter, they are in close contact more often, and this promotes transmission from person to person.  Another is that cold temperatures lead to drier air, which may dehydrate mucus, preventing the body from effectively expelling virus particles.  The virus may also linger longer on exposed surfaces (doorknobs, countertops, etc.) in colder temperatures.  Increased travel and visitation due to the holiday season may also play a role.

# Flu vaccinations
Flu vaccinations have been used to diminish the effects of the flu season. Since the Northern and Southern Hemisphere have winter at different times of the year, there are actually two flu seasons each year.  Therefore, the World Health Organization (assisted by the National Influenza Centers) makes two vaccine formulations every year; one for the Northern, and one for the Southern Hemisphere.
According to the U.S. Department of Health, a growing number of large companies provide their employees with seasonal flu shots, either at a small cost to the employee or as a free service.
The annually updated trivalent influenza vaccine consists of hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein components from influenza H3N2, H1N1, and B influenza viruses. The dominant strain in January 2006 is H3N2. Measured resistance to the standard antiviral drugs amantadine and rimantadine in H3N2 has increased from 1% in 1994 to 12% in 2003 to 91% in 2005.
Fluacizine
Fluacizine (INN) is an antidepressant with sedative properties derived from phenothiazine.
Fluacizine possesses strong central and peripheral anticholinergic activity.

# Uses

## Approved
Fluacizine is indicated in bipolar depression, the emotional problems accompanying schizophrenia, anxiety accompanying depression, and for the depressive and extrapyramidal symptoms resulting from neuroleptic therapy. It is not effective for atypical depression or late-onset depression (once known as involutional melancholia).

# Side effects
Side effects of fluacizine include feeling of weakness, nausea, and dry mouth.

# Contraindications
Fluacizine is contraindicated in patients with liver or kidney impairment, enlarged prostate, peptic ulcer or who have taken MAOIs less than 14 days before starting therapy.
la:Fluacizinum
Fomivirsen

# Overview
Fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene) is an antiviral drug. It is used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV) in immunocompromised patients, including those with AIDS. It was licenced by the FDA for CMV in Aug 1998.
It is a synthetic 21 member oligonucleotide with phosphorothioate linkages (which are resistant to degradation by nucleases) and has the sequence:
- 5'-GCG TTT GCT CTT CTT CTT GCG-3'

# Mechanism
It is an oligonucleotide that blocks translation of viral mRNA by binding to the complementary sequence of the mRNA transcribed from the coding segment of a key CMV gene. It was the first antisense antiviral approved by the FDA.

# Administration
It is available as an intraocular injection in a concentration of 6.6 mg/mL.
Forgetting

# Overview
Forgetting (retention loss) is a spontaneous or gradual process in which old memories are unable to be recalled from memory storage. It is subject to delicately balanced optimization that ensures that relevant memories are recalled. Forgetting can be reduced by repetition and/or more elaborate cognitive processing of information. Reviewing information in ways that involve active retrieval seems to slow the rate of forgetting.
Forgetting functions (amount remembered as a function of time since an event was first experienced) have been extensively analyzed. The most recent evidence suggests that a power function provides the closest mathematical fit to the forgetting function. 

# History
One of the first people to study the mechanisms of forgetting was German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus. Using himself as the sole subject in his experiment, he memorized lists of three letter nonsense syllable wordstwo consonants and one vowel in the middle. He then measured his own capacity to relearn a given list of words after a variety of given time period. He found that forgetting occurs in a systematic manner, beginning rapidly and then leveling off. Although his methods were primitive, his basic premises have held true today and have been reaffirmed by more methodologically sound methods.

# Definitions and Controversy
Forgetting can have very different causes than simply removal of stored content. Forgetting can mean access problems, availability problems, or can have other reasons such as amnesia caused by an accident.
A debatable yet popular concept is "trace decay", which can occur in both short and long-term memory. This theory, applicable mostly to short-term memory, is supposedly contradicted by the fact that one is able to ride a bike even after not having done so for decades. "Flashbulb memories" are another piece of seemingly contradicting evidence. It is believed that certain memories "trace decay" while others don't. Sleep is believed to play a key role in halting trace decay, although the exact mechanism of this is unknown.
Formestane

# Overview
Formestane (Lentaron) is a type I, steroidal aromatase inhibitor.  It is used in the treatment of estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer in post-menopausal women.  It is available as an intramuscular depot injection.
Formestane is often used to suppress estrogen production from anabolic steroids or prohormones.  It also acts as a prohormone to 4-hydroxytestosterone, an active steroid which displays weak androgenic activity in addition to acting as a mild aromatase inhibitor.
Formestane has poor oral bioavailability and as such is no longer popular as many orally active aromatase inhibitors have been identified.
It is selective.
FreeSurfer
FreeSurfer is an MRI brain imaging software package developed by the Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging at Massachusetts General Hospital with support from CorTechs Labs, Inc, La Jolla, CA. It is an important tool in functional brain mapping and facilitates the visualization of the functional regions of the highly-folded cerebral cortex. It contains both volume based and surface based analysis, which primarily use the white matter surface . FreeSurfer includes tools for the reconstruction of topologically correct and geometrically accurate models of both the gray/white and pial surfaces, for measuring cortical thickness, surface area and folding, and for computing inter-subject registration based on the pattern of cortical folds. In addition, an automated labeling of 35 non-cortical regions is included in the package.

# Usage
The project's central process stream is called recon-all, which organizes raw MRI images into formats easily usable for morphometric and functional MRI statistical analysis with the FsFast package.  Freesurfer uses a morphed spherical method to average across subjects for a GLM group analysis with the QDEC tool. Tkmedit and Tksurfer are the editing and visualization tools included in the package, but they will be replaced by Scuba when it is completed.  The project also automatically segments the volume and parcellates the surface into standardized regions of interest (ROIs) that the Center for Morphometric Analysis has developed.  The package has a broad spectrum of other uses, including retinotopy and cortical thickness analysis.

# Interoperation
FreeSurfer interoperates easily with the FMRIB Software Library (FSL), which is a comprehensive library for image analysis, written by the Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB) group at Oxford, UK. The functional activation results obtained using either the FreeSurfer Functional Analysis Stream (FS-FAST) or the FSL tools can be overlayed onto inflated, sphered or flattened cortical surfaces using FreeSurfer.  FreeSurfer also uses toolkits from MNI MINC, VXL, Tcl/Tk/Tix/BLT and  Qt, which are all available with the distribution. Other  neuroimaging programs like Caret and 3D Slicer can also import data processed by FreeSurfer.

# Download
FreeSurfer runs on Mac OS and Linux.  Free registration and installation are available. Documentation can be found on the FreeSurfer Wiki and free support is available from the developers and community through the FreeSurfer mailing list.
Frenectomy
A frenectomy (also known as a frenulectomy or frenotomy) is the removal of a frenulum, a small fold of tissue that prevents an organ in the body from moving too far. It can refer to frenulums in several places on the human body. It is related to frenuloplasty, a surgical alteration in a frenulum.

# Oral frenectomy
There are several different frenulums in the mouth and they can attach to the inside of the lip, inside of the cheek or to the bottom of the tongue. When any of these frenulums are much shorter than normal, they can limit the movement of the tissues they attach to.

## Lingual frenectomy
The removal of the lingual frenulum under the tongue can be accomplished with either frenectomy or frenuloplasty. This is used to treat a tongue tied patient. Immediately after this minor oral surgery, the tongue can often dramatically extend out of the mouth which it could not do before. This can allow breastfeeding, help improve speech and promote proper tooth arch development in growing children.
Frenectomy has become popular in South Korea in order to lengthen normal children's tongues by about 1 mm so they can better speak English. Critics regard the surgery as unnecessary, as Koreans born in the United States have no trouble distinguishing r and l.

## Labial frenectomy
The labial frenulum often attaches to the center of the upper lip and between the upper two front teeth. This can cause a large gap and gum recession by pulling the gums off of the bone. A labial frenectomy removes the labial frenulum. Orthodontic patients often have this procedure done to assist with closing a front tooth gap. When a denture patient's lips move, the frenulum pulls and loosens the denture which can be quite upsetting. This surgery is often done to help dentures fit better.

# Penile frenectomy
A frenectomy can be performed to remove the frenulum from the penis.  The frenulum may be cut when a male is circumcised. This may also reduce the size of the frenular delta.  The frenulum was cut in 26.7%, 20%, and 33.33% of circumcised patients. The frenulum is often cut to relieve frenulum breve or frenular chordee during circumcision.

# Notes
-  Domenico Marceri, "English in France? Mais Oui!" Seoul Times, 2005.
-  Demick, Barbara. "A snip of the tongue and English is yours!" Los Angeles Times, April 8 2002.
Freshwater
A term that refers to bodies of water such as ponds, lakes, rivers and streams containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids.  Freshwater is an  important renewable resource, necessary for the survival of most terrestrial organisms, and is required by humans for drinking and agriculture, among many other uses. The UN estimates that about 1.2 billion people (18 percent of the world's population) lack access to safe drinking water.

# Numerical definition
Freshwater is defined as water with less than 0.5 parts per thousand dissolved salts. Freshwater bodies include lakes and ponds, rivers, some bodies of underground water and many kinds of man-made freshwater bodies, such as canals, ditches and reservoirs. The ultimate source of freshwater is the precipitation of atmosphere in the form of rain and snow.

# Water distribution
Access to unpolluted freshwater is a critical issue for the survival of many species, including humans, who must drink freshwater in order to survive. Only three percent of the water on Earth is freshwater in nature, and about two-thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. Most of the rest is underground and only 0.3 percent is surface water. Freshwater lakes, most notably Lake Baikal in Russia and the Great Lakes in North America, contain seven-eighths of this fresh surface water. Swamps have most of the balance with only a small amount in rivers, most notably the Amazon River. The atmosphere contains 0.04% water.   In areas with no freshwater on the ground surface, freshwater derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density, overlie saline ground water in lenses or layers.

# Aquatic organisms
Freshwater creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms, whose cell membranes will burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protists accomplish this using Contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney. Although most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance and therefore can only live within a narrow range of salinity, diadromous fish have the ability to migrate between freshwater and saline water bodies. During these migrations they undergo changes to adapt to the surroundings of the changed salinities; these processes are hormonally controlled. The eel (Anguilla anguilla) uses the hormone prolactin, while in salmon (Salmo salar) the hormone cortisol plays a key role during this process.
Fumagillin

# Overview
Fumagillin is a complex biomolecule and used as an antimicrobial agent. It was isolated in 1949 from the microbial organism Aspergillus fumigatus.

# Uses

## In animals
It was originally used against microsporidial parasites Nosema apis infections in honey bees.
Some studies found it to be effective against some myxozoan parasites, including Myxobolus cerebralis, an important parasite of fish; however, in the more rigorous tests required for U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval, it was ineffective.
There are reports that fumagillin controls Nosema ceranae, which has recently been hypothesized as a possible cause of colony collapse disorder.
The latest report, however, has shown it to be ineffective against N. ceranae. 
Fumagillin is also investigated as an inhibitor of malaria parasite growth.

## In humans
Fumagillin has been used in the treatment of microsporidiosis. It is also an amebicide.
Fumagillin can block blood vessel formation by binding to an enzyme methionine aminopeptidase 2 and for this reason, the compound, together with semisynthetic derivatives, are investigated as an angiogenesis inhibitor  in the treatment of cancer.
Preliminary clinical trials are being conducted by Zafgen into using the fumagillin analog beloranib for weight loss.
According to Zbidah and coworkers from Germany fumagillin is toxic to erythrocytes in vitro.

# Total synthesis
Fumagillin and the related fumagillol (the hydrolysis product) have been a target in total synthesis, with several reported successful strategies, racemic, asymmetric and formal.
GADD45GIP1
Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible proteins-interacting protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GADD45GIP1 gene.
GADD45GIP1, also known as CRIF1 is newly identified de novo components in large subunit of mitoribosome. It is essential for the translation of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) polypeptides in mammalian mitochondria. CRIF1 interacts with low-sulfur (LSU) proteins, some of which surround the exit tunnel of the mitoribosome, and also interacts with nascent OXPHOS polypeptides and the mitochondrial-specific chaperone Tid1. The essential role of CRIF1 in mitochondrial synthesis and membrane integration of OXPHOS polypeptides was shown in brain-specific CRIF1-deficient mice, which exhibited profound OXPHOS failure and marked neurodegeneration.

# Interactions
GADD45GIP1 has been shown to interact with GADD45G, GADD45B and GADD45A.
GLA domain
Vitamin K-dependent carboxylation/gamma-carboxyglutamic (GLA) domain 
is a protein domain that contains post-translational modifications of
many glutamate residues by vitamin K-dependent carboxylation 
to form gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla). The Gla residues are responsible for the high-affinity binding of calcium ions .
The GLA domain is responsible for the high-affinity binding of calcium ions. It starts at the N-terminal extremity of the mature form of proteins and ends with a conserved aromatic residue; a conserved Gla-x(3)-Gla-x-Cys motif is found in the middle of the domain which seems to be important for substrate recognition by the carboxylase.
The 3D structures of several Gla domains have been solved. Calcium ions induce conformational changes in the Gla domain and are necessary for the Gla domain to fold properly. A common structural feature of functional Gla domains is the clustering of N-terminal hydrophobic residues into a hydrophobic patch that mediates interaction with the cell surface membrane.

# Subfamilies
- Coagulation factor, Gla region InterPro: IPR002383

# Human proteins containing this domain
BGLAP;     F10;       F2;        F7;        F9;        GAS6;      MGP;       PROC;
PROS1;     PROZ;      PRRG1;     PRRG2;     PRRG3;     PRRG4;
Galectin-1
Galectin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGALS1 gene.

# Gene and protein
LGALS1 contains four exons. The galectin-1 protein is 135 amino acids in length and highly conserved across species. It can be found in the nucleus, the cytoplasm, the cell surface and in the extracellular space. Galectins in general lack a traditional signal sequence, but are still secreted across the plasma membrane. This non-traditional secretion requires a functional glycan binding site. Galectin 1 contains a single carbohydrate recognition domain through which it can bind glycans both as a monomer and as a homodimer. Dimers are non-covalently bound and will spontaneously disassociate in low concentration. Galectin 1 does not bind glycans when oxidized. Having 6 cysteine residues, the oxidation state has a significant effect on the protein structure. The oxidized form is reported to have alternative functions not involving carbohydrate binding.

# Function
The galectins are a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins implicated in modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Galectin-1 may act as an autocrine negative growth factor that regulates cell proliferation. Galectin-1 expression in Hodgkin Lymphoma has also been shown to mediate immunosuppression of CD8+ T-cells.

# Role in pregnancy
Galectin-1 is thought to play a role in creating immune tolerance in pregnancy. Galectin-1 is expressed by the endometrial stromal cells throughout the menstrual cycle, however significantly increases during implantation. Galectin-1 induces the differentiation of Dendritic cells towards a phenotype which dampens T helper 1 cells and T helper 17 cells and dampens inflammation via interleukin-10 and interleukin-27. It also plays a role in the formation and expression of HLA-G in the syncytium.

# Interactions
LGALS1 has been shown to interact with GEMIN4 HRAS.
Galectin-8
Galectin-8 is a protein of the galectin family that in humans is encoded by the LGALS8 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of the galectin family. Galectins are beta-galactoside-binding animal lectins with conserved carbohydrate recognition domains. The galectins have been implicated in many essential functions including development, differentiation, cell-cell adhesion, cell-matrix interaction, growth regulation, apoptosis, and RNA splicing. This gene is widely expressed in tumoral tissues and seems to be involved in integrin-like cell interactions. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.

# Role in cellular defence
Galectin-8 has recently been shown to have a role in cellular defence, against both bacterial cytosolic infection and vacuolar damage. Many intracellular bacteria, such as S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and S. flexneri prefer to replicate inside and outside  of the vacuole safety respectively, yet these vacoles may become damaged, exposing bacteria to the host cell cytoplasm. It has been shown that the binding of galectin-8 to the damaged vacuole can recruit autophagy adaptors such as NDP52 leading to the formation of an autophagosome and subsequent bacterial destruction. As knockout experiments of galectin-8 leads to more successful cytosolic replication by S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, it is thought that galectin-8 acts as a danger receptor in defence against intracellular pathogens.

# Interactions
Galectin-8 has been shown to interact with CD49d, CD29 and CD49c.
Galectin-9
Galectin-9 was first time isolated from mouse embryonic kidney in 1997 as a 36 kDa beta-galactoside lectin protein. Human galectin-9 is encoded by the LGALS9 gene.

# Function
The protein has N- and C- terminal carbohydrate-binding domains connected by a link peptide. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.
Galectin-9 is one of the most studied ligand for HAVCR2 (TIM-3) and is expressed on various tumor cells. However, it can also interact with other proteins (CLEC7A, CD137, CD40). For example, an interaction with CD40 on T-cells induced their proliferation inhibition and cell death.

# Clinical significance
The expression of galectin-9 has been detected on various hematological malignancies, such as CLL, MDS, Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, AML or solid tumors, such as lung cancer, breast cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
HAVCR2/ galectin-9 interaction attenuated T-cell expansion and effectors function in tumor microenviroment and chronic infections. Moreover, galectin-9 contributed to tumorigenesis by tumor cell transformation, cell-cycle regulation, angiogenesis, and cell adhesion. The correlative studies analyzing the expression of galectin-9 and malignant clinical features showed controversial results. This can be explained as that galectin-9 can promote tumor immune escape as well as inhibit metastasis by promoting endothelial adhesion. Therefore many factors such as tumor type, stage, and the involvement of different galectins should be take into consideration when correlating the expression level and the malignancy.
Gametocyte

# Overview
A gametocyte is a eukaryotic germ cell that divides by mitosis into other gametocytes or by meiosis into gametids during gametogenesis. Male gametocytes are called spermatocytes, and female gametocytes are called oocytes.
The term gametocyte is also used, for example, when talking about gametocytes of species of the genus Plasmodium which transmit malaria.

# Development
The development of gametogonia to primary gametocytes is called gametocytogenesis. The further development of primary gametocytes to secondary gametocytes is a part of gametidogenesis.
th: