Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Cannabidiol

# Overview
Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, is an antipsychotic  cannabinoid found in the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. It is a major constituent of the plant, representing up to 40% in its extracts.
CBD alone is not intoxicating, but it appears to affect the euphoric effect of THC (which is an isomer of cannabidiol) and add a sedative quality. Some research, however, indicates that CBD can increase alertness.
It may decrease the rate of THC clearance from the body, perhaps by interfering with the metabolism of THC in the liver. CBD does not appear to affect either the CB1 or CB2 receptors.
Medically, it appears to relieve convulsion, inflammation, anxiety, and nausea, as well as inhibit cancer cell growth. Recent studies have shown cannabidiol to be as effective as atypical antipsychotics in treating schizophrenia.

# Medicinal use
In April 2005, Canadian authorities approved the marketing of Sativex, a mouth spray for multiple sclerosis to alleviate pain. Sativex contains tetrahydrocannabinol together with cannabidiol. It is marketed in Canada by GW Pharmaceuticals.
Cannabidiol has also been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth, with low potency in non-cancer cells. Although the inhibitory mechanism is not yet fully understood, Ligresti et al suggest that "cannabidiol exerts its effects on these cells through a combination of mechanisms that include either direct or indirect activation of CB2 and TRPV1 receptors, and induction of oxidative stress, all contributing to induce apoptosis."
Caprolactam

# Overview
Caprolactam is an organic compound which is a cyclic amide (or lactam).
The primary industrial use of caprolactam is as a monomer in the production of nylon.   Most of the caprolactam is synthesised from cyclohexanoxime by a Beckmann rearrangement.
Caprolactam is an irritant and is toxic by ingestion, inhalation, or absorption through the skin.
de:Caprolactam
it:Caprolattame
nl:Caprolactam
Carbimazole
Carbimazole is used to treat hyperthyroidism. Carbimazole is a pro-drug as after absorption it is converted to the active form, methimazole. Methimazole prevents the peroxidase enzyme from coupling and iodinating the tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, hence reducing the production of the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 (thyroxine).

# Clinical use
Therapy for hyperthyroidism generally starts at a high dose of 15 - 40mg continued until the patient has normal thyroid function, and then reduced to a maintenance dose of 5 - 15mg. Treatment is usually given for 12 - 18 months followed by a trial withdraw.
The onset of anti-thyroid effect is rapid but the onset of clinical effects on thyroid hormone levels in the blood is much slower. This is because the large store of pre-formed T3 and T4 in the thyroid gland has to be depleted before any beneficial clinical effect occurs.

# Side Effects
Whilst rashes and pruritus are common, these can often be treated with antihistamines without stopping the carbimazole. For those patients where sensitivity reactions can not be controlled, propylthiouracil may be used as an alternative.
Its most serious rare side effect is bone marrow suppression causing neutropenia and agranulocytosis. This may occur at any stage during treatment and without warning. Patients are advised to immediately report symptoms of infection, especially sore throats, so that a full blood count test may be arranged. If this confirms a low neutrophil count then the drug must be discontinued immediately, allowing for usually a prompt recovery. However failure to report suggestive symptoms or delays in  considering the possibility of immunosuppresion and its testing, can lead to fatalities.
Carbosulfan

# Overview
Carbosulfan is an organic compound adherent to the carbamate class. At normal conditions, it is brown viscose liquid. It is not very stable; it decomposes slowly at room temperature. Its solubility in water is low but it is miscible with xylene, hexane, chloroform, dichloromethane, methanol and acetone. Carbosulfan is used as an insecticide. The European Union banned use of carbosulfan in 2007.
Its oral LD50 for rats is 90 to 250 mg/kg bw, inhalation LC50 is 0.61 mg/L. Carbosulfan is only slightly absorbed through skin (LD50 >2000 mg/kg for rabbits). The mechanism of toxicity is based on reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (as for carbamates generally).
Carbosulfan has very low maximum residue limits for use in the EU and UK examples of this can be seen in apples and oranges, where it is 0.05 mg/kg.
Cardenolide
Cardenolides are a type of steroids. Many plants contain cardenolides in the form of cardenolide glycosides (i.e. cardenolides that contain structural groups derived from sugars; see Glycoside). Cardenolides are toxic (specifically, heart-arresting).

# Etymology
Supposedly, the term derives from Greek kardia, heart. It shouldn't be confused with cardanolides. Cardanolides are a class of steroids (or aglycones if viewed as cardiac glycoside constituents), and cardenolides are a subtype of this class (see MeSH D codes list).

# Structure
Cardenolides are C(23)-steroids with methyl groups at C-10 and C-13 and a five-membered lactone at C-17. They are aglycone constituents of cardiac glycosides and must have at least one double bond in the molecule. The class includes cardadienolides and cardatrienolides. Members include:
- digitoxin
- acetyldigitoxins
- digitoxigenin
- digoxin
- acetyldigoxins
- digoxigenin
- medigoxin
- strophanthins
- cymarine
- ouabain
- strophanthidin

# As defense mechanism
Some plant and animal species use cardenolides as a defense mechanism, most notably the monarch butterflies. Adult monarch butterflies store the cardenolides they have built-up as larvae feeding mostly on milkweeds (Asclepias). The cardenolide content in butterflies deters vertebrate predators, with some exceptions of cardenolide-tolerant predators like black-backed orioles (Icterus abeillei Lesson) and black headed grosbeaks (Pheucticus melanocephalus Swainson) that account for 60% of monarch butterfly mortalities in the overwintering sites in central Mexico.
Cardiolipin

# Overview
Cardiolipin (bisphosphatidyl glycerol) is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid.

# Function and structure
It is typically present in metabolically active cells of the heart and skeletal muscle, in the membranes of their mitochondria, mostly in the inner membrane, and consists roughly 20% of its lipids .  It has also been observed in certain bacterial membranes.
It serves as an insulator and stabilizes the activity of protein complexes important to the electron transport chain. It also "glues" them together.
Cardiolipin is a "double" phospholipid because it has four fatty acid tails, instead of the usual two.

# Clinical significance

## Barth syndrome
Barth syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that was recognised in the 1970's to cause infantile death. It has a mutation in the gene coding for tafazzin, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of cardiolipin. Girls heterozygous for the trait are unaffected.  Sufferers of this condition have mitochondria that are abnormal, and they cannot sustain adequate production of ATP. Cardiomyopathy and general weakness is common to these patients. Cardiolipin treats the symptoms of BTHS and prevents infections.

## Diabetes
Heart disease hits people with diabetes twice as often as people without diabetes. In those with diabetes, cardiovascular complications occur at an earlier age and often result in premature death, making heart disease the major killer of diabetic people. Cardiolipin has recently been found to be deficient in the heart at the earliest stages of diabetes, possibly due to a lipid-digesting enzyme that becomes more active in diabetic heart muscle.

## Antiphospholipid syndrome
Patients with anti-cardiolipin antibodies (Antiphospholipid syndrome) can have recurrent thrombotic events even early in their mid-late teen years.  These events can occur in vessels where thrombosis may be relatively uncommon, such as the hepatic or renal veins.  These antibodies are usually picked up in young women with recurrent spontaneous abortions.
In anti-cardiolipin mediated autoimmune disease there is a dependency on the apolipoprotein H for recognition.

## Syphilis
Cardiolipin from a cow heart is used as an antigen in the Wassermann test for syphilis.  Anti-cardiolipin antibodies can also be increased in numerous other conditions, including malaria and tuberculosis, so this test is not specific.
Carfentanil
Carfentanil or Carfentanyl (R33799) is an analogue of the popular synthetic opioid analgesic fentanyl, and is one of the most potent opioids known (also the most potent opioid used commercially). Carfentanil was discovered by Janssen Pharmaceutica. It has a quantitative potency approximately 10,000 times that of morphine and 100 times that of fentanyl, activity in humans starting at about 1 g. It is marketed under the trade name Wildnil as a tranquilizer for large animals. Carfentanil is intended for animal use only as its extreme potency makes it inappropriate for use in humans.
A good practical example of the drug in use in veterinary practice was shown in an episode of the Discovery Channel series, Animal Cops: Houston, where carfentanil was administered orally (dissolved in honey, specifically) to a full-grown brown bear to tranquilize it so that it could be safely relocated to the Houston Zoo from a south Texas animal abuser's property. A few tablespoons' worth of the anesthetic was sufficient to put the grizzly bear, weighing more than 1000 pounds, to sleep.

# Moscow theater hostage crisis
It is thought that in the 2002 Moscow theater hostage crisis, the Russian military made use of an aerosol form of either carfentanil or another similar drug such as 3-methylfentanyl to subdue Chechen hostage takers. Its short action, easy reversibility and therapeutic index (10600 vs. 300 for fentanyl) would make it a near-perfect agent for this purpose. Wax et al. surmise from the available evidence that the Moscow emergency services had not been informed of the use of the agent, and therefore did not have adequate supplies of naloxone or naltrexone (opioid antagonists) to prevent complications in many of the victims. Assuming that carfentanil was the only active constituent (which has not been verified by the Russian military), the primary acute toxic effect to the theatre victims would have been opioid-induced apnea; in this case mechanical ventilation and/or treatment with opioid antagonists would have been life-saving for many or all victims.
Karl Koller
Karl Koller (born December 3, 1857 in Schuttenhofen, Bohemia (now Susice, Czech Republic) died March 21, 1944 in New York, New York.) was an Austrian ophthalmologist who began his medical career as a surgeon at the Vienna General Hospital, and was a colleague of Sigmund Freud.
Koller introduced cocaine as a local anaesthetic for eye surgery. Prior to this discovery, he had tested solutions such as chloral hydrate and morphine as anaesthetics in the eyes of laboratory animals without success. Freud was fully aware of the pain-killing properties of cocaine, but Koller recognized its tissue-numbing capabilities, and in 1884 demonstrated its potential as a local anaesthetic to the medical community. Koller's findings were a medical breakthrough. Prior to his discovery, performing eye surgery was difficult because the involuntary reflex motions of the eye to respond to the slightest stimuli. Later, cocaine was also used as a local anaesthetic in other medical fields such as dentistry. In the 20th century, other agents such as Xylocaine have replaced cocaine as a local anaesthetic.
In 1888, Karl Kohler moved to the United States and practiced ophthalmology in New York. He received many distinctions in his career, including being honored by the American Ophthalmological Society as the first recipient of the "Lucien Howe Medal" in 1922. This award is given to physicians in recognition of outstanding achievements in ophthalmology. In 1930 he was also honored by the Medical Association of Vienna.
One of Koller's patients was a blind ten-year-old boy named Chauncey Leake. Leake recovered his sight and later discovered the anaesthetic divinyl ether.
Koller was reputedly nicknamed "Coca Koller" for his association with the drug and although he was implored to recognise his status as a public figure due to his discovery of local anaesthesia, he did not engage in autobiography.
Carotidynia

# Overview
Carotidynia is a syndrome characterized by unilateral (one-sided) soreness of the carotid artery, near the bifurcation.

# Historical Perspective
It was first described in 1927 by Temple Fay.  The most common cause of carotidynia may be migraine, and then it is usually self-correcting.

# Pathophysiology
Recent histological evidence has implicated an inflammatory component of carotidynia, but studies are limited.  Carotid arteritis is a much less common cause of carotidynia, but has much more serious consequences.  It is a form of giant cell arteritis, which is a condition that usually affects arteries in the head.  Due to this serious condition possibly causing carotidynia, and the possibility that neck pain is related to some other non-carotidynia and serious condition, the case should be investigated by a medical doctor.

# Diagnosis

## MRI
MRI and ultrasound studies may be useful in determining the underlying cause of carotidynia.

# Treatment
Common migraine treatments may help alleviate the carotidynia symptoms.
Carrier oil
Carrier oil, also known as base oil or vegetable oil, is used to dilute essential oils and absolutes before they are applied to the skin.  They are so named because they carry the essential oil onto the skin.  Carrier oils do not contain a concentrated aroma, unlike essential oils, nor do they evaporate like them.
There are a range of different carrier oils each with their own individual properties and suitability towards different treatments in aromatherapy.  Infused oils are a combination of a carrier oil and various herbs.
True carrier oils are generally cold-pressed vegetable oils taken, amongst others:
- Sweet almond
- Grape seed
- Avocado
- Olive oil
- Sesame
- Evening primrose
- Sunflower
- Jojoba oil
- Emu oil
- Nuts:
Walnut
Peanut
Pecan
Macadamia nut
Fractionated coconut oil
- Walnut
- Peanut
- Pecan
- Macadamia nut
- Fractionated coconut oil
Sweet almond oil and grapeseed oil are the most popular carrier oils.
Case report
In medicine, a case report is a detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports may contain a demographic profile of the patient, but usually they describe an unusual or novel occurrence.

# Types of case reports
Robert Iles notes that most case reports are on one of five topics:
- An unexpected association between diseases or symptoms.
- An unexpected event in the course of observing or treating a patient.
- Findings that shed new light on the possible pathogenesis of a disease or an adverse effect.
- Unique or rare features of a disease.
- Unique therapeutic approaches. (Iles 2004)

# Usefulness and validity
A case report is a type of anecdotal evidence. As such, it is less scientifically rigorous than controlled clinical data involving a larger sample size. Proponents argue they have value within scientific method:

# Famous scientific case reports
- Sigmund Freud reported on numerous cases, including Anna O., Dora, Little Hans, Rat Man, and Wolf Man
- Frederick Treves reported on "The Elephant Man"
- Paul Broca reported on language impairment following left hemisphere lesions in the 1860s.
- Joseph Jules Dejerine reported on a case of pure alexia.
- William MacIntyre reported on a case of multiple myeloma (described in the 1840s).

# Use of term outside science
The term is also used to describe non-scientific reports usually prepared for their educational value.
Case series
A case series (also known as a clinical series) is a medical research study that tracks patients with a known exposure given similar treatment or examines their medical records for exposure and outcome.
A case series can be retrospective or prospective and usually involves a smaller number of patients than more powerful case-control studies or randomized controlled trials.
A case series is a type of observational study. Case series may be consecutive or non-consecutive, depending on whether all cases presenting to the reporting authors over a period of time were included, or only a selection.
Case series may be confounded by selection bias, which limits statements on the causality of correlations observed.
Catabolysis
Catabolysis is a biological process in which the body will break down fat and muscle tissue in order to stay alive.  Catabolysis only occurs when there is no longer any source of protein, carbohydrate, or vitamin nourishment feeding all body systems and is the most severe type of malnutrition.

# Disease settings
Catabolysis is seen in starved and malnourished people.  According to the Food and Agriculture Organization in the United Nations, over 20,000 people die from starvation each day.  Also, the FAO estimates that over 800,000,000 people are "chronically undernourished" and that a child dies from starvation every five seconds.

# Mechanism
Due to the normal metabolic rate of humans (which requires going approximately 12 hours without food), catabolysis only becomes life-threatening after 12 months from the cessation of nutrition going into the body.  After this time, the damage to muscles and organs can be permanent and can also eventually cause death, if left untreated. Catabolysis is a last resort effort of the body to keep itselfparticularly the nervous systemalive.
The situation can become dire when one begins to lose muscle mass; this is a sign that the fat has been expended and the body is now metabolizing the muscle tissue. This results in muscle atrophy, a loss of strength and, ultimately, a depletion of muscular tissue completely.  Muscle weakness is not necessarily a symptom of catabolysis: the muscles will normally feel fatigued when they are not receiving enough energy or oxygen.
The body has a natural store of fat (also called adipose) that stores reserve energy, one can still stay alive while their body breaks down the fatty tissue (hence people wasting away from starvation).
The person may, during catabolysis, have large amounts of lipids, proteins and amino acids in their bloodstream, due to the muscle fibers and adipose tissue being broken down and sent to the nervous system and brain.  They may also exhibit a fever, since the body is working hard to transfer the nutrients in the muscles and fat to the blood.

# Treatment
While catabolysis can be deadly over time, if the person is given medical treatment early enough, the effects of catabolysis can be reversed.  However, the person may require intravenous nutrition, a blood transfusion, and/or oxygen replenishment.  After that, it may be a few weeks to a few months before the person's muscle mass and fat deposits can build themselves up again; there is a possibility that they may never build back up, depending on the severity of the condition.
Cathepsin A
Cathepsin A  is an enzyme that is classified both as a cathepsin and a carboxypeptidase. In humans, it is encoded by the CTSA gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a glycoprotein that associates with lysosomal enzymes beta-galactosidase and neuraminidase to form a complex of high-molecular-weight multimers.  The formation of this complex provides a protective role for stability and activity. It is protective for -galactosidase and neuraminidase.

# Clinical significance
Deficiencies in this gene are linked to multiple forms of galactosialidosis.

# Interactions
Cathepsin A has been shown to interact with NEU1.
Cathepsin C
Cathepsin C (CTSC) also known as dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPP-I) is a lysosomal exo-cysteine protease belonging to the peptidase C1 family. In humans, it is encoded by the CTSC gene.

# Function
Cathepsin C appears to be a central coordinator for activation of many serine proteases in immune/inflammatory cells.
Cathepsin C catalyses excision of dipeptides from the N-terminus of protein and peptide substrates, except if (i) the amino group of the N-terminus is blocked, (ii) the site of cleavage is on either side of a proline residue, (iii) the N-terminal residue is lysine or arginine, or (iv) the structure of the peptide or protein prevents further digestion from the N-terminus.

# Structure
The cDNAs encoding rat, human, murine, bovine, dog and two Schistosome cathepsin Cs have been cloned and sequenced and show that the enzyme is highly conserved. The human and rat cathepsin C cDNAs encode precursors (prepro-cathepsin C) comprising signal peptides of 24 residues, pro-regions of 205 (rat cathepsin C) or 206 (human cathepsin C) residues and catalytic domains of 233 residues which contain the catalytic residues and are 30-40% identical to the mature amino acid sequences of papain and a number of other cathepsins including cathepsins, B, H, K, L, and S.
The translated prepro-cathepsin C is processed into the mature form by at least four cleavages of the polypeptide chain. The signal peptide is removed during translocation or secretion of the pro-enzyme (pro-cathepsin C) and a large N-terminal proregion fragment (also known as the exclusion domain), which is retained in the mature enzyme, is separated from the catalytic domain by excision of a minor C-terminal part of the pro-region, called the activation peptide. A heavy chain of about 164 residues and a light chain of about 69 residues are generated by cleavage of the catalytic domain.
Unlike the other members of the papain family, mature cathepsin C consists of four subunits, each composed of the N-terminal proregion fragment, the heavy chain and the light chain. Both the pro-region fragment and the heavy chain are glycosylated.

# Clinical significance
Defects in the encoded protein have been shown to be a cause of Papillon-Lefevre disease, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by palmoplantar keratosis and periodontitis.
Cathepsin C functions as a key enzyme in the activation of granule serine peptidases in inflammatory cells, such as elastase and cathepsin G in neutrophils cells and chymase and tryptase in mast cells. In many inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), inflammatory bowel disease, asthma,  sepsis, and cystic fibrosis, a significant portion of the pathogenesis is caused by increased activity of some of these inflammatory proteases. Once activated by cathepsin C, the proteases are capable of degrading various extracellular matrix components, which can lead to tissue damage and chronic inflammation.