Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Biotinidase
Biotinidase (EC 3.5.1.12, amidohydrolase biotinidase, BTD) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the BTD gene.

# Function
This enzyme allows the body to use and to recycle the B vitamin biotin, sometimes called vitamin H. Biotinidase extracts biotin from food because the body needs biotin in its free, unattached form. This enzyme also recycles biotin from enzymes in the body that use it as a helper component in order to function. These enzymes, known as carboxylases, are important in the processing of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Biotin is attached to these carboxylase enzymes through an amino acid (the building material of proteins) called lysine, forming a complex called biocytin. Biotinidase removes biotin from biocytin and makes it available to be reused by other enzymes.

# Clinical significance
Biotin, sometimes called vitamin H, is an important water-soluble vitamin that aids in the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins.  The human body cannot produce biotin, but it can obtain it from the diet, internal recycling and at some extent from intestinal bacteria.  Biotin deficiency can result in behavioral disorders, lack of coordination, learning disabilities and seizure.
Unlike most vitamins, which are noncovalently bound to enzymes, biotin is chemically linked (covalently bound), and therefore cannot be easily removed from the enzyme denaturation.  Without biotinidase activity, the vitamin biotin cannot be separated from foods and therefore cannot be used by the body.  Biotinidase deficiency is an inherited disorder caused by mutations in the BTD gene.  When biotinidase activity is deficient, biotin can be neither recycled within the body nor removed from ingested food.  Nor can biotin be recycled from enzymes to which it is bound.  Deficient biotinidase activity causes specific  metabolic enzymes, called carboxylases, to be nonfunctional, inhibiting the proper processing of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.  Individuals lacking biotinidase activity can still have normal carboxylases if they ingest small amounts of biotin.
Approximately 1 in 60,000 newborns are affected by profound (less than 10 percent of normal enzyme activity) or partial (10-30 percent of normal enzyme activity) biotinidase deficiency.

# Genetics
The BTD gene is located on the short (p) arm of chromosome 3 at position 25, from base pair 15,618,326 to base pair 15,662,328.  Mutations in the BTD gene cause biotinidase deficiency.
Approximately 100 mutations in the BTD gene that lead to biotinidase deficiency have been discovered.  These mutations either prevent the enzyme from being made or cause the enzyme that is produced to be nonfunctional.
This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means two copies of the gene in each cell must be altered for a person to be affected by the disorder. Most often, the parents of a child with an autosomal recessive disorder are not affected but are carriers of one copy of the altered gene.

# Disease Database
BTD gene variant database
bZIP domain
The Basic Leucine Zipper Domain (bZIP domain) is found in many DNA binding eukaryotic proteins. One part of the domain contains a region that mediates sequence specific DNA binding properties and the leucine zipper that is required for the dimerization of two DNA binding regions. The DNA binding region comprises a number of basic aminoacids such as arginine and lysine.

# bZIP domain containing proteins
- AP-1 fos/jun heterodimer that forms a transcription factor
- Jun-B transcription factor
- CREB cAMP response element transcription factor
- OPAQUE2 (O2) transcription factor of the 22-kD zein gene that encodes a class of storage proteins in the endosperm of maize  (Zea Mays) kernels

# Human proteins containing this domain
ATF1;      ATF2;      ATF4;      ATF5;      ATF6;      ATF7;      BACH1;     BACH2;
BATF;      BATF2;     CREB1;     CREB3;     CREB3L1;   CREB3L2;   CREB3L3;   CREB3L4;
CREB5;     CREBL1;    CREM;      E4BP4;     FOSL1;     FOSL2;     JUN;       JUNB;      JUND;
NFE2;      NFE2L2;    NFE2L3;    SNFT;      CREM
Baby dearth
The baby dearth refers to the birth dearth in the statistical birthrate between 1954 and 1976. Persons born  during the various years in this period have been regarded as being members of the Babyboom generation, Generation Jones, Baby Busters, Generation X, MTV Generation or even Generation Y. However, it most closely corresponds to Generation Jones and the Baby Bust, beginning at the same time as both but ending later than either.
Starting in 1977, the birth rate started to dramatically rise, hence signaling the end of the baby dearth, and also perhaps that of bona fide Generation X.

# Sources
- ^ CDC report- Table 1-1. Live Births, Birth Rates, and Fertility Rates, by Race: United States,
- Klauke, A. (2000) Coping with Changing Demographics An analysis of the effect of changing demographic patterns on school enrollments and education.
- Meredith, G., Schewe, C., and Haim, A. (2002), Managing by defining moments: Innovative strategies for motivating 5 very different generational cohorts, Hungry Minds Inc., New York, 2002, ISBN 0-7645-5412-3
Bacteriuria

# Overview
In medicine, bacteriuria denotes the presence of bacteria in urine not due to contamination from urine sample collection.
Urine is normally a sterile bodily fluid when inside the bladder, but can pick up commensals and pathogens when exiting through the urethra. Bacteria in the urine, especially gram-negative rods, usually indicate a urinary tract infection (either cystitis or pyelonephritis), although bacteriuria can also occur in prostatitis. Escherichia coli is the most common bacterium isolated from urine samples.
Asymptomatic bacteriuria is bacteriuria without accompanying symptoms of a urinary tract infection (such as frequent urination, painful urination or fever). It is more common in women, in the elderly, in residents of long-term care facilities, and in patients with diabetes, bladder catheters and spinal cord injuries. Patients with a long-term Foley catheter uniformly show bacteriuria.

# Diagnosis
Bacteria can be detected with a urine dipstick test for urinary nitrite or by urinary microscopy, although bacterial culture remains the most specific and formal test (the golden standard). Bacteriuria can be confirmed if a single bacterial species is isolated in a concentration greater than 100,000 colony forming units per millilitre of urine in clean-catch midstream urine specimens (one for men, two consecutive specimens with the same bacterium for women). For urine collected via bladder catheterisation, the threshold is 100 colony forming units of a single species per millilitre. The threshold is also 100 colony forming units of a single species per millilitre for women displaying UTI symptoms.

# Treatment
The presence of simultaneous pyuria does not warrant treatment by itself.
- Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria with urine culture and treatment with antibiotics is recommended during pregnancy, because it significantly reduces symptomatic urinary tract infections, low birth weight, and preterm delivery.
- This has not been proven for older people or people with diabetes, bladder catheters or spinal cord injuries.
- Kidney transplant recipients, children with vesicoureteral reflux or others with structural abnormalities of the urinary tract, people with infected kidney stones and those who are having urological procedures might be more likely to benefit from treatment with antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria.
Barium meal

# Overview
A barium meal, also known as an upper gastrointestinal series is a procedure in which radiographs of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum are taken after barium sulfate is ingested by a patient.  Barium meals are useful in the diagnosis of structural and motility abnormalities of the foregut.
The gastrointestinal tract, like other soft-tissue structures, does not show clearly enough for diagnostic purposes on plain radiographs. Barium salts are radioopaque: they show clearly on a radiograph. If barium is swallowed before radiographs are taken, the barium within the esophagus, stomach or duodenum shows the shape of the lumina of these organs.
Liquid suspensions of barium compounds are non-toxic, apart from a small risk of producing a disturbance in bowel function for 48 hours after ingestion. They usually have a chalky taste that can be disguised by adding flavours.
A barium meal usually takes less than an hour. The patient ingests gas pellets and citric acid to expand the stomach. Barium sulfate is then ingested. The patient may move or roll over to coat the stomach and esophagus in barium. A needle may also be used to relax the muscle between the stomach and the duodenum. Following these preparations, an x-ray is taken.
There are two varieties of barium meal: single and double contrast meals. A single contrast meal uses only barium, a radioopaque (or positive) contrast medium, to image the upper gastrointestinal tract. A double contrast meal uses barium as well as a radiolucent (or negative) contrast medium such as air, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide.  The double contrast meal is more useful as a diagnostic test, demonstrating mucosal details and allowing the detection of small mucosal lesions such as diverticula or polyps.
The diagnostic usage of barium studies has declined in recent years with the increasing use of the practice of endoscopy, which allows direct visual inspection of suspicious areas within the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum.
Basic oxide
In chemistry, a basic oxide is an oxide that either
- reacts with water to have a proton transferred to it
- reacts with an acid to form a salt.
Examples include:
- Sodium oxide which reacts with water to produce Sodium hydroxide.
- Magnesium oxide which reacts with water to form Magnesium hydroxide.
- Copper(II) oxide which reacts with Nitric acid to form Copper nitrate and water.
- i.e. CuO  +  2HNO3    Cu(NO3)2  +  H2O
Basic oxides are oxides of metals.
Bavituximab

# Overview
Bavituximab is a chimeric Anti-PS monoclonal antibody analog which is used to potentially treat cancers and viral infections. It binds to phosphatidylserine and other exposed host cell lipids when induced by cellular stress. Additional analogs in the class include 3G4, 2aG4, 9d2 and Hu3g4.
Bavituximab binds to various aminophospholipids and is dependent on interaction with plasma protein beta2-glycoprotein 1 to mediate binding.
These target aminophospholipids, usually residing only on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane of cells are purportedly only exposed in virally infected, damaged or malignant cells.
The drugs binding to phospholipids, alerts the bodys immune system to attack the tumor endothelial cells, Thrombosing the tumors vascular network and/or attacking free floating virally infected and metastatic cells while potentially minimizing side effects in healthy tissues.

# Antibody-mediated targeting of "inside-out" anionic phospholipids in viral disease
Melina Soares, Sameer Syed, Gustavo Barbero and Philip E Thorpe 
Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 
2201 Inwood Road, NC7.304, MC 9041, Dallas, TX, 75390
J. Immunol., Apr 2007; 178: 47.21.

## Abstract
The anionic phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) is found exclusively in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane of resting mammalian cells. We hypothesized that certain events that occur during virus replication (eg cell activation or membrane rearrangement) would trigger the exposure of anionic phospholipids on the outer surface of virus- infected cells and subsequently on the enveloped viruses that bud out of these virus- infected cells. We further hypothesized that these exposed anionic phospholipids would serve as targets for anti-viral therapy. We demonstrate here that anionic phospholipids become exposed on the enveloped Pichinde Virus (a model virus for Lassa Fever virus, a potential bioterrorism agent) and on Pichinde virus-infected cells. To detect anionic phospholipids, we used a chimeric monoclonal antibody, bavituximab, that binds anionic phospholipids in a B2-glycoprotein I dependent manner. We show that bavituximab treatment is able to cure overt disease in guinea pigs lethally infected with Pichinde virus. Bavituximab treatment reduced the amounts of virus in multiple tissues and caused direct clearance of virus from the blood. Direct clearance of free virus and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of virus-infected cells appear to be the major mechanisms that contribute to the anti-viral effect of bavituximab. Bavituximab-treated survivors were immune to reinfection. Furthermore, the murine version of bavituximab, 3G4, shows therapeutic efficacy in a lethal murine model for human cytomegalovirus. Our study demonstrates the promise of anionic phospholipids as targets for new broad-spectrum anti-viral drugs.
Benzydamine

# Overview
Benzydamine, available as the hydrochloride, is a locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with local anaesthetic and analgesic properties providing both rapid and extended pain relief as well as a significant anti-inflammatory treatment for the painful inflammatory conditions of the mouth and throat.
It selectively binds to inflamed tissues (Prostaglandinsynthase-inhibitor) is virtually free of any adverse systemic effects.
It may be used alone or as an adjunct to other therapy giving the possibility of increased therapeutic effect with little risk of interaction.

# Availability
It is available in a mouth wash named Tantum Verde across Europe. In the UK it is sold by 3M under the trade name Difflam, as Difflam Spray, Difflam Oral Rinse and Difflam Cream. Its high cost (about 7 a bottle) makes it less attractive than the cheaper method of gargling aspirin. In Australia it is available from 3M as Difflam-C Alcohol & Colour Free Solution, Difflam 3% Gel, Difflam Extra Strength Gel 5%, Difflam-C Solution, Difflam Solution (including Difflam Throat Spray), Difflam Cream and Difflam Lozenges. It is sold in Poland with no prescription as Tantum Rosa - a vagina cleansing powder, containing 500 mg of benzydamine mixed with salt for 1 Euro. In Brazil it is sold by prescription under the name "Benflogin", with each box containing 20 pills (50mg each).
In Pakistan it is sold by prescription under the name" Tantum capsule" (50mg)

# Indications
Odontostomatology: gingivitis, stomatitis, glossitis, aphthous ulcers, dental surgery and oral ulceration due to radiation therapy.
Otorhinolaryngology: pharyngitis, tonsillitis, post-tonsillectomy, radiation or intubation mucositis.

# Contraindications
There are no contraindications to the use of Benzydamine except for known hypersensitivity.

# Side effects
Benzydamine is well tolerated. Occasionally oral tissue numbness or stinging sensations may occur. Benzydamine may be abused recreationally. In oral dosages of 750 mg to 3000 mg it is a deliriant and CNS stimulant, popular in Poland and Brazil. In Brazil it is very popular and many people use it for recreational purposes. A person in a benzydamine trip may experience a feeling of well-being, euphoria and in higher doses will hallucinate, paranoia, dry mouth and convulsions may also be experienced. The trip can last up to 8 hours, after that the user becomes tired and quiet, but sleeping is almost impossible. Abuse can cause ulcers, liver and kidney damage.

# Footnotes
-  Turnbull RS. Benzydamine Hydrochloride (Tantum) in the management of oral inflammatory conditions. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. 1995 Feb;61(2):127-34.
-  Material Safety Data Sheets for Difflam varieties sold in Australia
-  Anand JS, Glebocka ML, Korolkiewicz RP. Recreational abuse with benzydamine hydrochloride (tantum rosa). Clinical Toxicology (Philadelphia, Pa). 2007;45(2):198-9.
Beta-lactam
A beta-lactam ring (-lactam) or penam is a lactam with a heteroatomic ring structure, consisting of three carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. The beta-lactam ring is part of the structure of several antibiotic families, principally the penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and monobactams, which are therefore also called beta-lactam antibiotics. These antibiotics work by inhibiting the bacterial cell wall synthesis. This has a lethal effect on bacteria, especially on Gram-positive ones. Bacteria can become resistant against beta-lactam antibiotics by expressing beta-lactamase.

# Beta-lactam resistance
Because of the popularity of beta-lactam drugs, certain bacteria have been able to develop counter-measures to traditional drug therapies.  An enzyme called beta-lactamase is present in many different types of bacteria, which serves to 'break' the beta lactam ring, which effectively nullifies the antibiotic's effectiveness.

# Response to beta-lactam resistance
As a response to bacterial resistance to beta-lactam drugs, there are drugs, such as Augmentin, which are designed to disable the beta-lactamase enzyme.  Augmentin is made of amoxicillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic, and clavulanic acid, a beta-lactamase inhibitor.  The clavulanic acid is designed to overwhelm all beta-lactamase enzymes, bind irreversibly to them, and effectively serve as an antagonist so that the amoxicillin is not affected by the beta-lactamase enzymes.

# Secondary beta-lactam drug resistance
As a response to decreased efficacy of beta-lactamase, some bacteria have changed the proteins that beta-lactam antibiotics bind, the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs). Since the PBPs no longer recognize the beta-lactams, the antibiotics are essentially useless. This is the mechanism behind the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
Bezitramide

# Overview
Bezitramide is an opioid analgesic. Bezitramide itself is a prodrug which is readily hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract to its main metabolite, despropionyl-bezitramide. Bezitramide was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1961. It is most commonly marketed under the trade name Burgodin.
The drug was pulled from the shelves in the Netherlands in 2004 after fatal overdose cases, including one where a five-year-old child took one tablet from his mother's purse, ate it, and promptly died.
Bezitramide is regulated much the same as morphine in all known jurisdictions and is a Schedule II substance under the United States' Controlled Substances Act of 1970, with an ACSCN of 9800 and zero annual manufacturing quota. However, it has to this point never been marketed in the United States.
Bicarbonate

# Overview
In inorganic chemistry, a bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid.

# Chemical properties
The bicarbonate ion (hydrogen carbonate) is an anion with the empirical formula HCO3 and a molecular mass of 61.01 daltons; it consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement, with a hydrogen atom attached to one of the oxygens. The bicarbonate ion carries a negative one formal charge and is the conjugate base of carbonic acid, H2CO3; it is the conjugate acid of CO32, the carbonate ion as shown by these equilibrium reactions.
CO32- +2  H2O  HCO31- + H2O + OH1-  H2CO3 +2  OH1-
H2CO3 +2  H2O  HCO31- + H3O1+ + H2O  CO32- +2  H3O1+
A bicarbonate salt forms when a positively charged ion attaches to the negatively charged oxygen atoms of the ion, forming an ionic compound. Many bicarbonates are soluble in water at standard temperature and pressure, particularly sodium bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate; both of these substances contribute to total dissolved solids, a common parameter for assessing water quality.

# Physiological role
Bicarbonate is a crucial component of the pH buffering system of the body (maintaining homeostasis). 86%-90% of CO2 in the body is converted into carbonic acid (H2CO3), which can quickly turn into bicarbonate (HCO3-).
With carbonic acid as the central intermediate species, bicarbonate, in conjunction with water, hydrogen ions, and carbon dioxide forms this buffering system which is maintained at the volatile equilibrium required to provide prompt resistance to drastic pH changes in both the acidic and basic directions. This is especially important for protecting tissues of the central nervous system, where pH changes too far outside of the normal range in either direction could prove disastrous. (See acidosis, or alkalosis.)

# Other uses
The most common salt of the bicarbonate ion is sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, which is used as baking soda. When exposed to an acid such as acetic acid (vinegar), bicarbonates release carbon dioxide. This is used as a leavening agent in baking.
The flow of bicarbonate ions from rocks weathered by the carbonic acid in rainwater is an important part of the carbon cycle.
Bicarbonate also serves in the digestive system.  It raises the internal pH of the stomach, after highly acidic digestive juices have finished in their digestion of food.

# Bicarbonate Compounds
- Sodium bicarbonate
- Potassium bicarbonate
- Calcium bicarbonate
- Ammonium bicarbonate
- Carbonic anhydrase
Big Tobacco
Big Tobacco is a pejorative term often applied to the tobacco industry in general, or more particularly to the "big three" tobacco corporations in the United States. The phrase is often used in TheTruth.com, the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, and other anti-smoking ad campaigns funded by the Master Settlement Agreement. The term usually refers to tobacco companies  Philip Morris (Altria),R. J. Reynolds (RJR) and British American Tobacco, but can also include other companies with a major stake in tobacco consumption, such as Lorillard or Brown & Williamson.

# Other uses
One of the villains in the comic movie Mystery Men, the cigar-chomping leader of a business-themed gang, uses the pseudonym 'Big Tobacco'.
In addition, Big Tobacco is featured in the movie Thank You for Smoking. Nick Naylor (Aaron Eckhart) plays a lobbyist for Big Tobacco.
"Big Tobacco didn't spend billions of dollars making it impossible to quit smoking so that anyone with a hammer, an ice pick, and good aim could make it any easier." Stephen Colbert
Bioisostere
In medicinal chemistry,  bioisosteres are substituents or groups with similar physical or chemical properties that impart similar biological properties to a chemical compound.  In drug design, the purpose of exchanging one bioisostere for another is to enhance the desired biological or physical properties of a compound without making significant changes in chemical structure.
For example, the replacement of a hydrogen atom with a fluorine atom at a site of metabolic oxidation in a drug candidate may prevent such metabolism from taking place.  Because the fluorine atom is similar in size to the hydrogen atom the overall topology of the molecule is not significantly affected, leaving the desired biological activity unaffected.  However, with a blocked pathway for metabolism, the drug candidate may have a longer half-life.
There are many examples of bioisosteres, which may be equivalent in some instances but not in others depending on what factors are important in binding (electronegativity, size, polarity etc). So for instance a chlorine -Cl group may often be replaced by a trifluoromethyl -CF3 group, or by a cyano -CN group, but depending on the particular molecule used the substitution may result in little change in activity, or either increase or decrease affinity or efficacy depending on what factors are important for target binding. Another example is aromatic rings, a phenyl -C6H5 ring can often be replaced by a different aromatic ring such as thiophene or naphthalene which may either improve efficacy or change specificity of binding.