Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary artery
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The pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs. They are the only arteries (other than umbilical arteries in the fetus) that carry deoxygenated blood.
In the human heart, the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary artery or main pulmonary artery) begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide - approximately 5 cm (2 inches) in length and 3 cm (1.2 inches) in diameter. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right), which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung.

# Role in disease
Pulmonary hypertension occurs alone and as a consequence of a number of lung diseases. It can be a consequence of heart disease (Eisenmenger's syndrome) but equally a cause (right-ventricular heart failure); it also occurs as a consequence of pulmonary embolism and scleroderma. It is characterised by reduced exercise tolerance. Severe forms, generally, have a dismal prognosis.

# Additional images
- Bronchial anatomy
- Bronchi, bronchial tree, and lungs
- Pulmonary circuit
- Anatomy of lungs.
- Front view of heart and lungs.
- Transverse section of thorax, showing relations of pulmonary artery.
- Base and diaphragmatic surface of heart.
- The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind.
Dimethyl sulfide

# Overview
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) or methylthiomethane is a sulfur containing organic chemical compound with formula: (CH3)2S. Dimethyl sulfide in concentrated liquid form is flammable and insoluble with a boiling point of 37C and a disagreeable odor. In vapor form it is produced by cooking of certain vegetables, notably corn and cabbage, and seafoods. It is also an indication of bacterial infection in malt production and brewing. It is a breakdown product of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), and is also produced by the bacterial metabolism of methanethiol.

# Natural sources and link with climate
DMS is the most abundant biological sulfur compound emitted to the atmosphere. Emission occurs over the oceans by phytoplankton. While Andrew Johnston, of the University of East Anglia, has characterized DMS as being the "smell of the sea", it would be more accurate to say that  DMS is a component of the "smell of the sea," another being pheromones of algae called dictyopterenes. DMS is also produced naturally by bacterial transformation of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) waste that is disposed of into sewers, where it can cause environmental odor problems. .
DMS is oxidized in the marine atmosphere to various sulfur-containing compounds, such as sulfur dioxide, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl sulfone, methane sulfonic acid and sulfuric acid. 
Among these compounds, sulfuric acid has the potential to create new aerosols which act as cloud condensation nuclei. Through this interaction with cloud formation, the massive production of atmospheric DMS over the oceans may have a significant impact on the Earth's climate.
Recent research suggests that marine bacteria are reducing the amount of this important climate cooling gas given off from our seas.

# Industrial uses
In industry it is used in petroleum refining and in petrochemical production processes to control the formation of coke and carbon monoxide. In addition it is used to control dusting in steel mills. It is also used in a range of organic syntheses, also being a side product of Swern oxidation. It also has a use as a food flavoring component.  It can also be oxidized by natural or artificial means to dimethyl sulfoxide, (DMSO), which has several important solvent properties.
The largest single commercial producer of DMS in the world is Gaylord Chemical Corporation, which is a significant economic component of the paper industry of Bogalusa, Louisiana.

# Safety
Dimethyl sulfide is flammable and an irritant. Dimethyl sulfide has an unpleasant odor at even extremely low concentrations.
Diphenyl oxalate
Diphenyl oxalate (trademark name Cyalume) is a liquid ester whose oxidation products are responsible for the chemiluminescence in a glowstick. It can be synthesized by fully esterifying phenol with oxalic acid. The reaction with hydrogen peroxide that diphenyl oxalate undergoes to produce a photon of light is shown below:
The reaction rate is pH dependent, and slightly alkaline conditions achieved by adding a weak base, e.g. salicylic acid, will produce brighter light.
The 2,4,6-trichlorophenole ester of oxalic acid is a solid and thus easier to handle. Furthermore, since trichlorophenolate is the better leaving group, the reaction will proceed faster, again producing brighter light, as compared to the phenole ester.
The following colors can be produced by using different dyes:
Discoidin domain
Discoidin domain (also known as F5/8 type C domain,  or C2-like domain) is major domain of many blood coagulation factors.
Blood coagulation factors V and VIII contain a C-terminal, twice repeated, domain of about 150 amino acids, which is often called "C2-like domain" (that is unrelated to C2 domain). In the Dictyostelium discoideum (Slime mold) cell adhesion protein discoidin, a related domain, named discoidin I-like domain, DLD, or DS, has been found which shares a common C-terminal region of about 110 amino acids with the FA58C domain, but whose N-terminal 40 amino acids are much less conserved. Similar domains have been detected in other extracellular and membrane proteins In coagulation factors V and VIII the repeated domains compose part of a larger functional domain which promotes binding to anionic phospholipids on the surface of platelets and endothelial cells. The C-terminal domain of the second FA58C repeat (C2) of coagulation factor VIII has been shown to be responsible for phosphatidylserine-binding and essential for activity. It forms an amphipathic alpha-helix, which binds to the membrane. FA58C contains two conserved cysteines in most proteins, which link the extremities of the domain by a disulfide bond. A further disulfide bond is located near the C-terminal of the second FA58C domain in MFGM Q08431.

# Human proteins containing this domain
AEBP1;     BTBD9;   CASPR4;    CNTNAP1;   CNTNAP2;   CNTNAP3;   CNTNAP4; CNTNAP5;   CPXM1;     CPXM2;     DCBLD1;    DCBLD2;    DDR1;      DDR2;      EDIL3;
F5;        F8;        F8B;       MFGE8;     NRP1;      NRP2;      RS1;       SSPO;
Dopamine agonist

# Overview
A dopamine agonist is a compound that activates dopamine receptors, mimicking the effect of the neurotransmitter dopamine.

# Uses
Some medical drugs act as dopamine agonists; they are typically used for treating Parkinson's disease, and may be useful for restless legs syndrome (RLS).  Both Requip (Ropinirole) and Mirapex (Pramipexole) are FDA approved for the treatment of RLS.
There is also an ongoing clinical trial to test the effectiveness of Requip (Ropinirole), a dopamine agonist, in reversing the symptoms of SSRI induced sexual dysfunction.  

# Examples
Examples of dopamine agonists include:
- Parlodel (bromocriptine)
- Permax (Pergolide) - Removed from market March 29,2007.
- Mirapex (Pramipexole)
- Requip (Ropinirole)
- Apokyn (apomorphine)
Dorsum (biology)

# Overview
In anatomy, the dorsum is the upper side of animals that typically run, fly or swim in a horizontal position, and the back side of animals (like humans) that walk upright. In vertebrates the dorsum contains the backbone. The term dorsal refers to anatomical structures that are either situated toward or grow off that side of an animal. The opposite side of the animal is described with the terms ventrum and ventral.
In humans, the top of the foot and the top of the penis (in the erect position, while standing) are considered dorsal. The top of the foot is called the dorsum. It contains small extensor muscles and extensor tendons from the leg. It is supplied by the deep peroneal nerve.
Examples of anatomical terms that include "dorsal" are the dorsal fin of fish, dorsal root ganglion, dorsal root, dorsal nerve, dorsum sellae, dorsal arch, dorsalis pedis artery, dorsal ramus, dorsal scales of snakes, dorsal respiratory group, dorsal venous arch, and dorsiflexion among others.
In lepidoptera, the dorsum also refers to the trailing edge of the wing (the leading edge is called the costa).

# Human Neuroanatomy
In human neuroanatomy, once you reach the forebrain, dorsal is equivalent to superior and ventral is equivalent to inferior.
Nerve rootlets stemming from the spinal cord (CNS) form dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots before these unite to form the spinal nerve (PNS).
Pablo Rubinstein
During the 1980s, Pablo Rubinstein, M.D. pioneered the freezing of umbilical cord blood or placental blood cells to use for unrelated donors to treat diseases like Leukemia and genetic diseases such as Taysachs and Sickle Cell Anemia.  He pioneered and established an international cord blood banking system and has played a leading role in international cord blood transplantation.

# Medical Background
Earning his medical degree from the Universidad de Chile in 1962, Dr. Rubinstein completed a surgical residency at Hospital Clinico Jose Joaquin Aguiree in Chile and completed a fellowship at M.I. Bassett Hospital at Columbia University. He also finished an international fellowship at the National Institutes of Health at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York.  He also taught as a professor at Universidad de Chile for four years.

# History of Cord Blood Transplants
Following the first sibling-donor cord blood transplant in 1988, the National Institute of Health (NIH) awarded a grant to Dr. Rubinstein to develop the worlds first cord blood program at the New York Blood Center, in order to establish the inventory of stem cell units necessary to provide unrelated, matched grafts for patients.
In 1993, Dr. Joanne Kurtzberg, Duke University Medical Center, performed the first two successful unrelated donor cord blood transplants; one of which cured acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). As of 2006, more than 7,000 transplants from unrelated donors have been conducted on patients worldwide.

# National Cord Blood Program
Dr. Rubinstein is co-founder and director, of the National Cord Blood Program at the New York Blood Center.  Along with his wife and co-founder, Dr. Cladd Stevens, he and the program have enabled the inventory of umbilical cord blood units from ethnically diverse donors to grow, enabling it to serve the needs of patients across the world.

# Medical Focus
Dr. Rubinstein specializes in immunogenetics, which encompasses the structure and function of genes that regulate immune responses, control the acceptance or rejection of tissue and organ transplants, and affect susceptibility to certain diseases.
He began in as an investigator at the Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute at the NYBC, and serves as director of the Fred H. Allen Jr. Laboratory of Immunogenetics.
Dr. Rubinstein is also an adjunct clinical professor at Columbia University and is the author of more than 200 research papers on immunogenetics, cord blood banking and transplantation.

# Stem Cell Advocate
Dr. Rubinstein has testified to the Senate and Congress on the importance of expanding funding Stem Cell research, and writes articles and papers on similar topics .
Dulong-Petit law
The Dulong-Petit law, a chemical law proposed in 1819 by French physicists and chemists Pierre Louis Dulong and Alexis Therese Petit, states the classical expression for the specific heat capacity of a crystal due to its lattice vibrations.
The result is extremely simple; regardless of the nature of the crystal, the specific heat capacity (measured in joule per kelvin per kilogram) is equal to 3R/M, where R is the gas constant (measured in joule per kelvin per mole) and M is the molar mass (measured in kilogram per mole). In other words, the dimensionless heat capacity is equal to 3.
Despite its simplicity, Dulong-Petit law offers fairly good prediction for the specific heat capacity of solids with relatively simple crystal structure at high temperatures. It fails, however, in the low temperature region, where the quantum mechanical nature of the solid manifests itself. There, the Debye model works well.
Dust (Babylon 5)
In the Babylon 5 science fiction saga, Dust was an illegal drug designed to activate latent telepathy genes in mundanes, temporarily giving them the power of telepathy.
In the third season episode Dust to Dust, G'Kar uses Dust to mind-rape Londo Mollari and see into his memories, a crime for which he is jailed. 
It is revealed in the same episode that Dust was originally developed by the Psi Corps.
Dyschondroplasia
Dyschondroplasia is a rare genetic disorder characterized by abnormal bone development.
Etiology is unknown.

# Signs
- Genu valgum
- Unilateral joint deformity
- Knobby fingers

# Diagnosis

## Plain X-Ray
- Dilated bone cortex
- Rarefied shaft with streaks
- Translucent metaphysis
- Bones shortened

# Pathological Findings
Images courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission  PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology
- Dyschondroplasia: Gross whole body viewed anterior infant female with dyschondroplasia
- Dyschondroplasia: Gross whole body viewed from rear an infant with dyschondroplasia
Dyspnea overview
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# Overview
Dyspnea is perceived to be difficulty of breathing or painful breathing.  It is a common symptom of numerous medical disorders. Dyspnea on exertion (DOE or exertional dyspnea) indicates dyspnea that occurs (or worsens) during physical activity. Dyspnea is subjective, few people even if they do not have any health problem, get short of breath even with mild activity. Other people may have advanced lung disease but they will not have any symptoms.
mMRC breathlessness scale
Grade 0-no dyspnea except with strenuous exercise, 1-dyspnea when walking on a inclined land or hurrying on level, 2- walks slower than most on level land, stop after 15 minutes of walk on level land, 3-stop after few minutes of walking, 4-dyspnea with minimum activity like getting dressed, too dyspneic to leave the house.
EMT basic skills

# Overview
The following is a list of skills that the NHTSA / NREMT Emergency Medical Technician - Basic (EMT-B) is required to master.

# Curriculum

### CPR
- Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

### Airway Oxygen and Ventilation Skills - Upper Airway Adjuncts and Suction
- Oropharyngeal airway
- Suction
- Nasopharyngeal airway

### Bag-Valve-Mask - Apneic Patient
- Bag valve mask

### Bleeding Control/Shock Management
- Body substance isolation
- Emergency bleeding control
- Dressing wounds

### Cardiac arrest management / AED
- Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
- Automated external defibrillator

### Immobilization Skills - Joint Injury, Long Bone Injury, Traction Splinting
- Splinting

### Mouth to Mask with Supplemental Oxygen

### Oxygen Administration
- Oxygen therapy
- Bag valve mask
- Nasal cannula
- Non-rebreather mask
- Simple face mask

### Patient Assessment / Management-Medical
- Signs and Symptoms
- Allergies?
- Medications?
- Past pertinent history?
- Last oral intake?
- Event leading to present illness (rule out trauma)?
- Vitals
- Interventions?
- Transport?
- Detailed physical examination?
- Onset?
- Provokes?
- Quality?
- Radiates?
- Severity?
- Time?
- Interventions?
- Deformities?
- Contusions?
- Abrasions?
- Penetrations?
- Burns?
- Tenderness?
- Lacerations?
- Swelling?
- Description of the episode
- Onset?
- Duration?
- Associated Symptoms?
- Evidence of Trauma?
- Interventions?
- Seizures?
- Fever?
- History of Allergies
- What were you exposed to?
- How were you exposed?
- Effects?
- Progression?
- Interventions?
- Substance?
- When did you ingest / become exposed?
- How much did you ingest?
- Over what time period?
- Interventions?
- Estimated Weight?
- Source?
- Environment?
- Duration?
- Loss of Consciousness?
- Effects - general or local?
- Are you pregnant?
- How long have you been pregnant?
- Pain or contractions?
- Bleeding or discharge?
- Do you feel the need to push?
- Last menstrual period?
- How do you feel?
- Determine suicidal tendencies
- Is the patient a threat to self or others?
- Is there a medical problem?
- Interventions?

### Patient Assessment/Management-Trauma
- Airway
- Breathing
- Circulation
- Focused or Rapid Assessment
Edinburgh Masker

# Background
The Edinburgh Masker is a device historically used to control stuttering.  It is no longer manufactured.  It consisted of an apparatus strapped across the larynx and then attached to a stethoscope-like system; as a result, the stutterer cannot hear his or her own words.
The masker is an electronic aid to alleviating stammering. It generates a noise, random noise or white noise, which prevents the wearer from hearing the sound of his or her own voice. It is no longer made, and so is now only available second-hand. In contrast, an AAF (Altered Auditory Feedback) device may sometimes have the option to produce masking sound.
The Edinburgh Masker (U.S. Pat. No. 3,566,858 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,032) electronically remove the sounds added by nasal and oral cavities, providing only a sound similar to laryngeal vibration. This device reduces or eliminates stuttering in about 90% of users

# See Also
- Stuttering
- Delayed Auditory Feedback, or DAF
Willem Einthoven

# Overview
Willem Einthoven (Semarang, May 21, 1860  Leiden, September 29, 1927) was a Dutch doctor and physiologist. He invented the first practical electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) in 1903 and received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1924 for it.
Einthoven was born in Semarang on Java in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). His father, a medical doctor, died when Einthoven was a child. His mother returned to the Netherlands with her children in 1870 and settled in Utrecht. In 1885, Einthoven received a medical degree from the University of Utrecht. He became a professor at the University of Leiden in 1886.
Before Einthoven's time, it was known that the beating of the heart produced electrical currents, but the instruments of the time could not accurately measure this phenomenon without placing electrodes directly on the heart. Beginning in 1901, Einthoven completed a series of prototypes of a string galvanometer. This device used a very thin filament of conductive wire passing between very strong electromagnets. When a current passed through the filament, the electromagnetic field would cause the string to move. A light shining on the string would cast a shadow on a moving roll of photographic paper, thus forming a continuous curve showing the movement of the string. The original machine required water cooling for the powerful electromagnets, required 5 people to operate it and weighed some 600 lb. This device increased the sensitivity of the standard galvanometer so that the electrical activity of the heart could be measured despite the insulation of flesh and bones.
Although later technological advances brought about better and more portable EKG devices, much of the terminology used in describing an EKG originated with Einthoven. His assignment of the letters P, Q, R, S and T to the various deflections is still used. The term "Einthoven's triangle" is named for him. It refers to the imaginary inverted equilateral triangle centered on the chest and the points being the standard leads on the arms and leg.
After his development of the string galvanometer, Einthoven went on to describe the electrocardiographic features of a number of cardiovascular disorders. Later in life, Einthoven turned his attention to the study of acoustics.
He died in Leiden in the Netherlands and is buried in the graveyard of the Reformed Church at 6 Haarlemmerstraatweg in Oegstgeest.
Electron therapy

# Overview
Electron therapy or Electron Beam Therapy (EBT) is a kind of external beam radiotherapy where electrons are directed to a tumor site.

# Indications
Electron beam therapy is used in the treatment of superficial tumors and it may also be used to boost the radiation dose to cancer node sites. Electron therapy is used to treat superficial tumors because of the characteristics of electron dose deposition: When using electron beams the dose falls off rapidly below the tumor site, therefore sparing deeper healthy tissue.

# Equipment
Electron beam therapy is performed using a medical linear accelerator. This device can also be used to produce high energy photon beams. When electrons are required, the x-ray target is retracted out of the beam and the electron beam is collimated with a piece of apparatus known as an applicator.
Electron capture
Electron capture (sometimes called Inverse Beta Decay) is a decay mode for isotopes that will occur when there are too many protons in the nucleus of an atom and insufficient energy to emit a positron; however, it continues to be a viable decay mode for radioactive isotopes that can decay by positron emission. If the energy difference between the parent atom and the daughter atom is less than 1.022 MeV, positron emission is forbidden and electron capture is the sole decay mode. For example, Rubidium-83 will decay to Krypton-83 solely by electron capture (the energy difference is about 0.9 MeV).
In this case, one of the orbital electrons, usually from the K or L electron shell (K-electron capture, also K-capture, or L-electron capture, L-capture), is captured by a proton in the nucleus, forming a neutron and a neutrino. Since the proton is changed to a neutron, the number of neutrons increases by 1, the number of protons decreases by 1, and the atomic mass number remains unchanged. By changing the number of protons, electron capture transforms the nuclide into a new element. The atom moves into an excited state with the inner shell missing an electron. When transiting to the ground state, the atom will emit an X-ray photon (a type of electromagnetic radiation) and/or Auger electrons.

# Reaction Details
examples:
(Please note that it is one of the initial atom's own electrons that is captured, not a new, incoming electron as might be suggested by the way the above reactions are written.)  Radioactive isotopes which decay by pure electron capture can, in theory, be inhibited from radioactive decay if they are fully ionized ("stripped" is sometimes used to describe such ions). It is hypothesized that such elements, if formed by the r-process in exploding supernovae, are ejected fully ionized and so do not undergo radioactive decay as long as they do not encounter electrons in outer space. Anomalies in elemental distributions are thought to be partly a result of this effect on electron capture.
Chemical bonds can also affect the rate of electron capture to a small degree (generally less than 1%) depending on the proximity of electrons to the nucleus.
Around the elements in the middle of the periodic table, isotopes that are lighter than stable isotopes of the same element tend to decay through electron capture, while isotopes heavier than the stable ones decay by (negative) beta decay. A good example of this effect would be silver, as its light isotopes use electron capture and the heavier ones decay by negative beta emission.

# Common Examples
Some common radioisotopes that decay by electron capture include:
For a full list, see the Chart of the Nuclides.
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