Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
F-box protein 15
F-box protein 15 also known as Fbx15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FBXO15 gene.

# Function
Members of the F-box protein family, such as FBXO15, are characterized by an approximately 40-amino acid F-box motif. SCF complexes, formed by SKP1, cullin, and F-box proteins, act as protein-ubiquitin ligases. F-box proteins interact with SKP1 through the F box, and they interact with ubiquitination targets through other protein interaction domains.
Biochemically, Fbx15 is a substrate receptor of an ubiquitin ligase belonging to the family of the F-box proteins.  Differently from other F-box proteins, Fbx15 recognizes its substrate Kif1-Binding Protein (KBP) in an acetylation dependent manner.

# Importance in embryonic stem cells
Fbxo15 is a protein expressed in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells.
It is expressed during coexpression of Oct3/4, c-Myc, Klf4, and SOX2, four genes identified to be important in embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation repression.
In mice having a beta-galactosidase gene knocked into the Fbx15 locus, stain was detected in ES cells, early embryos (from two-cell to blastocyst stages), and testis tissue.
There is an enhancer site upstream of the Fbx15-encoding transcription gene that contains an octamer-like binding motif and a Sox-like binding motif. Reporter gene analyses demonstrated that the ES cell-specific expression required this 18-bp enhancer element located approximately 500 nucleotides upstream from the transcription initiation site. Deletion or point mutation of either motif abolished the enhancer activity. It became active in NIH 3T3 cells when Oct3/4 and Sox2 were coexpressed and cooperatively bind to the enhancer sequence.
Targeted deletion of the Fbx15 gene in mice does not result in embryonic lethality or gross developmental aberrations, despite the fact that Fbx15-/- mice are sub-fertile when compared to their wild-type counterparts.  This might be explained by the fact that Fbx15-/- embryonic stem cells display a proliferation defect - caused by the accumulation of the Fbx15 substrate KBP - generating a short-term bottleneck during the early stages of embryogenesis.  In fact, targeting of KBP is required to prevent an unscheduled mitochondrial biogenesis that, in naive pluripotent stem cells, causes increased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and production of reactive oxygen species.
The selective expression of Fbx15 and its dependency on the activity of the pluripotency core factors Oct3/4 and Sox2 promoted the use of the expression of Fbx15 as the first marker of reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells.
Hippocratic face
The Hippocratic face (facies Hippocratica in Latin) is the change produced in the countenance by death  or long sickness, excessive evacuations, excessive hunger, and the like.
The nose is pinched, the eyes are sunken, the temples hollow, the ears cold and retracted, the skin of the forehead tense and dry, the complexion livid, the lips pendent, relaxed, and cold.
The Hippocratic face is so called because it was first described by Hippocrates.
A related term is cachexia.
Facing the World

# Overview
Facing the World is a United Kingdom-based charity that offers surgery to children with facial disfigurements. All the children offered surgery are from poor countries where they would have no other access to surgery to help them overcome their disfigurements.

# History
Facing the World was set up in 2003 by Norman Waterhou and Martin Kelly, two craniofacial plastic surgeons at the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital. Both had formerly volunteered their time and skills to medical outreach charities abroad, but had been touched by cases of children that they were unable to help because of the limited facilities and lack of expertise in the countries in which they were working. With Facing the World they determined to bring children to the UK for surgery, rather than attempting to perform the operations with the limited infrastructure of the children's home countries. Bringing the children to the UK allowed them to draw on the skills of other like-minded UK medical professionals. Sarah Driver-Jowitt was hired to manage the charity and in 2004 an office was established close to the London hospitals where the majority of the surgeries are performed. The charity was launched publicly on 15 February 2003 at a charity fund-raising premiere of the film Solaris attended by George Clooney and his co-stars.

# Operation
The charity provides treatment for children from poor countries who have severe facial disfigurements that have significant functional challenges or are likely to cause them deep emotional and psychological trauma as a result of community stigma.
The children are assessed in their own country, so the doctors can ascertain whether the individual could be helped by surgery and what specialist care will be required. If the assessment is positive arrangements are made to fly the child to London for treatment. The medical team donate their services and the charity relies on fundraising and donations to fund the remaining medical costs, travel and accommodation for the child and a guardian.
Facing the World was featured in an hour-long Channel 4 documentary My New Face on  15 November 2006. The documentary covered the work of the charity over the period of a year, and featured the cases of Arianto from Jakarta, who suffered gigantism of one side of his face caused by neurofibromatosis; Ney, a Cambodian boy who was born with encephalocele (his brain protruded into his face through a defect in his skull); Zaynab, an eight-month old girl from Gaza who had a cleft palate and hare lip; and Eyerusalem from Addis Ababa, one of the charity's earliest patients who had a vascular malformation removed in 2003.
Factorial moment
In probability theory, the nth factorial moment of a probability distribution, also called the nth factorial moment of any random variable X with that probability distribution, is
where
is the falling factorial (confusingly, this same notation, the Pochhammer symbol (x)n, is used by some mathematicians, especially in the theory of special functions, to denote the rising factorial x(x + 1)(x + 2) ... (x + n  1); the present notation is used by combinatorialists).
For example, if X has a Poisson distribution with expected value , then the nth factorial moment of X is
Fallen lung sign

# Definition
Fallen lung sign is finding of a collapsed lung or lobe in the setting of bronchial injury, and indicates a fractured bronchus. It occurs following complete rupture of bronchial main stem.
Following the bronchial injury, peripheral and posterolateral parts of the lung are collapsed.
Large pneumothorax develops and fails to resolve despite tube drainage. The lung falls inferiorly and laterally to the base of the hemithorax. If partial bronchial rupture occurs, the lung collapses medially and inferiorly.

# Differential Diagnosis
None

# Diagnostic Findings
- Fallen lung sign. Image courtesy of Andetta Hunsaker MD
- Fallen lung sign. Image courtesy of Andetta Hunsaker MD

# Additional Resources
- Medcyclopaedia - Traumatic rupture, tracheobronchial tree
Farquhar Buzzard
Sir Edward Farquhar Buzzard, 1st Baronet KCVO, FRCP (20 December 1871 - 17 December 1945), was a prominent British physician and Regius Professor of Medicine at the University of Oxford (1928-1943).
Buzzard was the son of Thomas Buzzard and his wife Isabel Wass. During his eminent career he was Consultant Physician at St. Thomas' Hospital, London, Goulstonian Lecturer in 1907 at the Royal College of Physicians, London, a physician at the Belgrave Hospital for Children, the National Hospital for Paralysed and Epileptic, the Royal Free Hospital, London, a Fellow of Royal College of Physicians, Lettsomian Lecturer in 1926 at the Medical Society, London, and President of the British Medical Association between 1936 and 1937.
He gained the rank of Honorary Colonel in the service of the Royal Army Medical Corps and was made a Knight Commander, Royal Victorian Order (K.C.V.O.) in 1927. Two years later he was created a Baronet, of Munstead Grange in the Parish of Godalming in the County of Surrey. He was Physician-in-Ordinary to King George V of the United Kingdom between 1932 and 1936, and to Edward VIII in 1936. He was made Extra Physician to George VI of the United Kingdom in 1937.
Buzzard married May, daughter of Edward Bliss, on 21 March 1899. They had one son and four daughters. He died in December 1945, aged 73, and was succeeded in the baronetcy by his only son, Anthony, who became a Rear-Admiral in the Royal Navy. Lady Buzzard died in 1951.
Fear of the dark

# Overview
The fear of the dark is a common fear or phobia among children and, to a varying degree, of adults. Fear of the dark is usually not fear of darkness itself, but fear of possible or imagined dangers concealed by darkness. Some degree of fear of the dark is natural, especially as a phase of child development. Most observers report that fear of the dark seldom appears before the age of 2 years. When fear of the dark reaches a degree that is severe enough to be considered pathological, it is sometimes called achluophobia, nyctophobia (from Greek , "night"), scotophobia (from  - "darkness"), or lygophobia (from  - "twilight").
Some researchers, beginning with Sigmund Freud, consider the fear of the dark as a manifestation of separation anxiety disorder.
An alternate theory was posited in the 1960s, when scientists conducted experiments in a search for molecules responsible for memory. In one experiment, rats, normally nocturnal animals, were conditioned to fear the dark and a substance called "scotophobin" was supposedly extracted from the rats' brains; this substance was claimed to be responsible for remembering this fear. Subsequently, these findings were debunked.
Fecal-oral route
Many diseases can be passed when fecal particles from one host are introduced into the mouth of another potential host. This is referred to as  the fecal-oral route (or alternatively, the oral-fecal route or orofecal route).
There are, usually, intermediate steps, sometimes many of them. Amongst the more common causes are: Water that has come in contact with feces and poorly treated before drinking; food that has been handled with feces present; poor sewage treatment; poor or absent cleaning after handling feces or anything that has been in contact with feces.
Some sexual practice  such as anal-oral sex, coprophilia  can also spread disease by the fecal-oral route.
Some diseases that can be passed via the fecal-oral route:
- Giardiasis
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis E
- Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)
- Typhoid fever
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections
- Polio
- Cholera
Fellows workbook

# List of Projects
- Board Review Project
- Crowdiagnosis: AKA Operation Zebra, ZebraMed
- Critical Pathways Project
- Guidelines Project
- Microchapters Project
- New Pages
- Prevalence Project
- Resident Survival Guide Project
- WikiDoc in Other Languages
- WikiPatient

# Crowdiagnosis: AKA Operation Zebra, ZebraMed

## Resources
- This is the link to high priority signs and symptoms which are to be worked on first:
- This is the link on how to arrange / create a topic in structurally organized way:
This page serves as the skeleton of your microchapters. It contains standardized language to unify the textbook. Follow these as you write your pages. Click on the respective links to find individual language for each specific microchapter.
- This is a link on guidelines for content:
:General_guidelines_on_creating_chapters_and_microchapters
This page serves to give you an idea of what the goal of each microchapter is and what content is appropriate for each microchapter.
- This is a link on checklist for the causes page:

## Plan
The plan of action for the Differential diagnosis project is find out all the possible causes of a symptom or disease and arrange them systematically into three categories - most common causes, causes by organ systems and causes in alphabetical order.  Go to the page Differential diagnosis project and there you will find all the instructions on how to proceed with the project.  Once we are done with the symptom or disease it has to be listed in the completed signs and symptoms page to make sure no other research fellow will work on the completed topics again.

### Secondary Task
All the "Causes" listed on the page should be "BLUE".  It means internal links exist for all the causes. We should go through each and every cause and see if that page is arranged according to the structured guidelines. If not try to arrange it perfectly.  Please follow theMicrochapter template and guidelines templates and arrange the chapters accordingly.

## Feedback from CMG
Where you can collect all of the error messages.

## Common Errors
Ferric hydroxide

# Overview
A number of chemicals are dubbed iron(III) oxide-hydroxide. These chemicals are oxide-hydroxides of iron, and may occur in anhydrous (Template:IronTemplate:Oxygen(Template:Hydroxide)) or hydrated (Template:IronTemplate:Oxygen(Template:Hydroxide)nH2O) forms. The monohydrate
(Template:IronTemplate:Oxygen(Template:Hydroxide)H2O) might otherwise be described as iron(III) hydroxide (Template:Iron(Template:Hydroxide)3), and is also known as hydrated iron oxide or yellow iron oxide.

# Natural occurrences
Iron(III) oxide-hydroxide occurs naturally as four minerals, the polymorphs denoted by the Greek letters , ,  and : Goethite, -FeO(OH), has been used a pigment since prehistoric times. Akaganeite is the  polymorph, formed by weathering and noted for its presence in some meteorites and the lunar surface. The  polymorph lepidocrocite is commonly encountered as rust on the inside of steel water pipes and tanks. Feroxyhyte () is formed under the high pressure conditions of sea and ocean floors, being thermodynamically unstable with respect to the  polymorph (goethite) at surface conditions. It also occurs as siderogel - a colloid - and limonite, which is a commonly found mixture of mainly goethite, lepidocrocite, quartz and clay minerals. Goethite and lepidocrocite, both crystallizing in orthorhombic system, are the most common forms of iron(III) oxide-hydroxide and the most important mineral carriers of iron in soils. The mineral ferrihydrite, also a soil constituent, is a related compound.

# Uses
Yellow iron oxide (CAS Template:CASREF) is used as a pigment, e.g. Pigment Yellow 42  or C.I. 77492. Pigment Yellow 42 is Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for use in cosmetics and is used in some tattoo inks. Solid material color ranges from yellow through dark-brown to black. Iron oxide-hydroxide is also used in aquarium water treatment as a phosphate binder.
also recently, two form of Iron oxide-hydroxides nanoparticles are identified as very good adsorbents for lead removal from aquatic media.

# Chemistry
In a solution containing both iron(II) and iron(III), ferric hydroxide precipitates between pH 2 to 4:
Ferrous hydroxide precipitates between pH 7 to 9:
This property of iron cations is exploited for the fractional precipitation of the two hydroxides in chemical analysis.

# Production
It is obtained by reacting ferric chloride with sodium hydroxide:
Alternately iron(II) may be oxidized to iron(III) by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of an acid:
Overall equation:

# Safety
The risk and safety phrases for iron oxides are Template:R36, Template:R37, Template:R38, Template:S26, and Template:S36.
Ferrous chloride
Iron(II) chloride, also known as ferrous chloride, is the chemical compound of formula FeCl2.  It is a paramagnetic solid with a high melting point, and is usually obtained as an off-white solid.  FeCl2 crystallizes from water as the greenish tetrahydrate, which is the form that is most commonly encountered in commerce and the laboratory. There is also a dihydrate. The compound is also soluble in water; aqueous solutions of FeCl2 are yellow.

# Production
Hydrated forms of ferrous chloride are generated by treatment of wastes from steel production with hydrochloric acid.  Such solutions are designated "spent acid," especially when the hydrochloric acid is not completely consumed:
The spent acid requires treatment before its disposal. It is also byproduct from titanium production, since some titanium ores contain iron.

# Laboratory preparation
Ferrous chloride is conveniently prepared by addition of iron powder to a solution of methanol and concentrated hydrochloric acid under an inert atmosphere. This reaction gives the methanol solvate, which upon heating in a vacuum at about 160 C gives anhydrous FeCl2.  FeBr2 and FeI2 can be prepared analogously.
An alternative laboratory synthesis of FeCl2 entails the reaction of FeCl3 with chlorobenzene:
FeCl2 exhibits convenient solubility in tetrahydrofuran (THF), a common solvent for chemical reactions.  In one of two classic syntheses of ferrocene, Wilkinson generated FeCl2 by heating FeCl3 with iron powder in THF.  Ferric chloride decomposes to ferrous chloride at high temperatures.

# Reactions
FeCl2 forms complexes with many ligands. It reacts with two molar equivalents of Cl to give the salt 2.  Related compounds that can be prepared similarly include the 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, and 2 salts.

# Applications
Ferrous chloride has a variety of niche applications, but the related compounds ferrous sulfate and ferric chloride enjoy more applications.  Aside from use in the laboratory synthesis of iron complexes, ferrous chloride serves as a reducing flocculating agent in wastewater treatment, especially for wastes containing chromate.  It is the precursor to hydrated iron(III) oxides that are magnetic pigments.  Ferrous chloride is employed as a reducing agent in many organic synthesis reactions.
Ferrous tartrate

# Overview
Ferrous tartrate is a chemical compound and the iron(II) salt of tartaric acid.

# Historical uses
Ferrous tartrate has been used as a steel medicine. It was generally prescribed during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It is usually prepared by digesting for 30 days, 2 ounces (880 gr)) tartarated iron in a pint of sherry. It can be difficult to prepare.
Historically, it was used as a stomachic and tonic, at a dose of 2 tbsp.  It was also used to treat anemia, dose 1 to 2 fl. dr.
Fertility factor
The Fertility factor (also known as F factor or sex factor) is a bacterial DNA sequence that allows a bacterium to produce a sex pilus necessary for conjugation.  It contains 20 tra (for "transfer") genes and a number of other genetic sequences responsible for incompatibility, replication, and other functions. The F factor is an episome and can exist as an independent plasmid or integrate into the bacterial cell's genome. There are several names for the possible states:
- Hfr bacteria possess F factor integrated into the bacterial genome.
- F+ bacteria possess F factor as a plasmid independent of the bacterial genome. The F plasmid contains only F factor DNA and no DNA from the bacterial genome.
- F' (F-prime) bacteria possess an F plasmid that also includes some DNA taken from the bacterial genome.
- F- bacteria do not contain F factor.
When an F+ cell conjugates with an F cell, the result is two F+ cells, both capable of transmitting the plasmid further by conjugation. In the case of Hfr, the result is one Hfr and one F cell because there is no F plasmid free to be replicated and transferred to the F cell. When F-prime plasmids are transferred to a recipient bacterial cell, they carry pieces of the donor's DNA that can become important in recombination. Bioengineers have created F plasmids that can contain inserted foreign DNA; this is called a fosmid.
de:F-Plasmid
Fiber disk laser
A fiber disk laser is a fiber laser with transverse delivery of the pump light. They are characterized by the pump beam not being parallel to the active core of the optical fiber (as in a double-clad fiber), but is directed to the coil of the fiber
with some angle (usually, between 10 and 40 degrees). This allows use of the specific shape of the pump beam emitted by the laser diode providing the efficient use of pump.
Fiber disk lasers should not be confused with the laser disks (disk-shaped devices for storage and reading of information with laser beam) nor the disk laser or "active mirror", which is a laser with a thin active layer where the heat sink is realized in the direction opposite to the direction of propagation of the output beam.

# Realizations of fiber disk lasers
First disk lasers were developed in the Institute for Laser Science, Japan.
Several realizations of the fiber disk lasers were reported
. The fiber in the fiber disk laser is coiled into a disk (see figure), hence the name. Typically, no special feedback for the laser frequency is required, the small reflection at end of the fiber is sufficient to provide the efficient operation. In this case, both ends of the coiled fiber can be used as output.

# Application and power scaling
Fiber disk lasers are used for cutting of metal (up to few mm thick, welding and folding. 
The disk-shaped configuration allows the efficient heat sink (usually, the disks are cooled with flowing water)); allowing the power scaling. When the increase of the length of the fiber becomes limited by the processes of stimulated scattering, additional power scaling can be realized by combining several fiber disk lasers into a stack.
The spiral-coiled configuration is not the only possible; any other scheme of stacking of optical fibers with lateral delivery of pump also can be called fiber disk laser, even if the resulting shape of the device is not circular at all.
(Similar situation takes place with disk lasers; they also have no need to be disk shaped.) In such a way, the 
fiber disk laser is rather concept of lateral delivery of pump to the active optical fiber that a disk-shaped device. The optimal shape of the fiber disk laser may depend on the properties of the beam of pump available, as well as on the specific application.
Field desorption
Field desorption (FD)/field ionization (FI) refers to an ion source for mass spectrometry first reported by Beckey in 1969.  In field ionization, a high-potential electric field is applied to an emitter with a sharp surface, such as a razor blade, or more commonly, a filament from which tiny "whiskers" have formed.  This results in a very high electric field which can result in ionization of gaseous molecules of the analyte.  Mass spectra produced by FI have little or no fragmentation.  They are dominated by molecular radical cations M+. and less often, protonated molecules ^+\,.
In FD, the analyte is applied as a thin film directly to the emitter, or small crystals of solid materials are placed onto the emitter.  Slow heating of the emitter then begins, by passing a high current through the emitter, which is maintained at a high potential (e.g. 5 kilovolts).  As heating of the emitter continues, low-vapor-pressure materials get desorbed and ionized by alkali metal cation attachment.
Many earlier applications of FD/FI to analysis of polar and nonvolatile analytes such as polymers and biological molecules have largely been supplanted by newer ionization techniques.  However, FD/FI remains one of the only ionization techniques that can produce simple mass spectra with molecular information from hydrocarbons and other particular analytes.  The most commonly encountered application of FD/FI at the present time is the analysis of complex mixtures of hydrocarbons such as that found in petroleum fractions.
The recently developed liquid injection FD ionization (LIFDI)  technique "presents a major breakthrough for FD-MS of reactive analytes" : Transition metal complexes are neutral and due to their reactivity, do not undergo protonation or ion attachment.  They benefit from both: the soft FD ionization and the safe and simple LIFDI transfer of air/moisture sensitive analyte solution.  This transfer occurs from the Schlenk flask to the FD emitter in the ion source through a fused silica capillary without breaking the vacuum.