Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
MD2 International
MD2 (pronounced "MD Squared") opened in Seattle in 1996, pioneering a new way of delivering healthcare that would later be called concierge medicine. Dr. Howard Maron, former physician to the Seattle Supersonics, opened his office with co-founder Dr. Scott Hall. Dr. Maron appreciated the high level of care and attention he provided to the Sonics, and wondered why people who were not star athletes could not also have a personal physician.
At MD2, there are two physicians per office, with each physician caring for just 50 families. The physicians are described as the most distinguished leaders in the medical community and in the city in which they live. Each physician has over 20 years experience.  Dr. Maron prefers to call the services provided highly attentive medicine, rather than concierge medicine, with MD2 providing care that is geared toward lifestyles like those led by busy executives, citing preventative care, service and confidentiality as a few of the primary benefits. Each MD2 office has a private entrance and no waiting room. Patients have immediate access to their personal physician at all times.
Today, there are offices in Seattle and Bellevue, Washington, Portland, Oregon and San Francisco. The company plans to expand to other major cities in order to continue growing their network of physicians and specialists. MD2 is privately owned.

# Notes
-  The Highly Attentive Approach, Worth magazine, July 2005.
-  Boutique Medicine: When wealth buys health, CNN.com, October 19th, 2006.
Madelung constant
The Madelung constant is used in determining the energy of a single ion in a crystal. It is named after Erwin Madelung, a German physicist.
Because the anions and cations in an ionic solid are attracted to each other by virtue of their opposing charges, separating the ions requires a certain amount of energy. This energy must be given to the system in order to break the anion-cation bonds. The energy required to break these bonds for one mole of an ionic solid under standard conditions is the lattice energy.
The lattice energy describes the amount of energy for a whole crystal but it doesn't describe the energy contribution of a single ion in the crystal. The energy of a specific ion would depend on how close it was to other ions, how many had the same charge, and how many had the opposite charge.
Since charges in ions are based on the electric energy of an electron, we can use the energy of the electron and then modify it to see how close the other electrons are.
where
The Madelung's constant depends on the geometric arrangement of the constituent ions in the crystal structure.
where
For example, for the ionic crystal NaCl:
the prime indicating that the term i=j=k=0 is to be left out. Since this sum is conditionally convergent it is not suitable as definition of Madelung's constant unless the order of summation is also specified. There are two "obvious" methods of summing this series, by expanding cubes or expanding spheres. The latter, though devoid of a meaningful physical interpretation (there are no spherical crystals) is rather popular because of its simplicity. Thus, the following expansion is often found in the literature:
However, this is wrong as this series diverges as was shown by Emersleben in 1951. The summation over expanding cubes converges to the correct value. An unambiguous mathematical definition is given by Borwein, Borwein and Taylor by means of analytic continuation of an absolutely convergent series.
There are many practical methods for calculating Madelung's constant using either direct summation (for example, the Evjen method) or integral transforms, which are used in the Ewald method.

# Links
- Mathworld article
- Decimal expansion of Madelung constant (negated) for simple cubic lattice
Maffucci syndrome

# Overview
Mafucci syndrome is presented by multiple enchondromas, which are also associated with multiple cavernous soft tissue hemangiomas. Patients are normal at birth and the syndrome manifests during childhood and puberty.  Common pathological fractures can arise in metaphyses and diaphses of the long bones.
Patients with this disease show no lack of intelligence.

# Historical Perspective
It is named for Angelo Maffucci.

# Diagnosis
The imaging findings are
- Radiographs, particularly of the hands and feet, are often pathognomonic in Maffucci syndrome.
- The radiolucent skeletal lesions are well demarcated and show expansile remodeling of the affected bone with predominant thinning of the cortex and endosteal scalloping.
- Matrix mineralization in the osseous lesions is frequent and shows the typical arc-and-ring appearance of chondroid lesions.
- Deformities of the extremities may be caused by interrupted skeletal growth during development.
- In the soft tissues, phlebolithswhich are typical of cavernous hemangiomasand soft-tissue calcifications may be seen.
Right femoral enchondroma is a patient with Maffucci syndrome. Please note the Throckmorton's sign
Magnesium nitride
Magnesium nitride, Mg3N2, is an inorganic compound of magnesium and nitrogen. At room temperature and pressure it is a greenish yellow powder. It reacts with water to produce ammonia gas, as do many metal nitrides.
Mg3N2 + 6H2O  3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3
Magnesium Nitride can be produced by burning magnesium metal in a pure nitrogen atmosphere.
3Mg + N2  Mg3N2
In fact, when magnesium is burned in air, some magnesium nitride is formed in addition to the principal product, magnesium oxide.

# Uses
Magnesium nitride was the catalyst in the first practical synthesis of borazon (cubic boron nitride).
Robert H. Wentorf, Jr. was trying to convert the hexagonal form of boron nitride into the cubic form by a combination of heat, pressure, and a catalyst. He had already tried all the logical catalysts (for instance, those that catalyze the synthesis of diamond), but with no success.
Out of desperation and curiosity (he called it the "make the maximum number of mistakes" approach), he added some magnesium wire to the hexagonal boron nitride and gave it the same pressure and heat treatment. When he examined the wire under a microscope, he found tiny dark lumps clinging to it. These lumps could scratch a polished block of boron carbide, something only diamond was known to do.
From the smell of ammonia, caused by the reaction of magnesium nitride with the moisture in the air, he deduced that the magnesium metal had reacted with the boron nitride to form magnesium nitride, which was the true catalyst.
Magnesium sulfide
Magnesium sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula MgS. It is a colorless crystalline material but often is encountered in an impure form that is brown and non-crystalline powder.

# Preparation
MgS forms by the reaction of sulfur or hydrogen sulfide with magnesium.
In the BOS steelmaking process, sulphur must be removed, and is the first element to be. Sulphur is removed from the impure blast furnace iron by the addition of several hundred kilograms of magnesium powder by a lance. The magnesium reduces the sulphur to form magnesium sulphide (MgS). The ionic equations are:
Mg --> Mg2+  + 2e-
S + 2e- --> S2-

# General properties
MgS crystallizes in the rock salt structure, although the zinc blende structure might be anticipated.  The chemical properties of MgS resemble those of related ionic sulfides such as those of Na, Ba, Ca:
1) MgS reacts readily with oxygen to form the corresponding sulfate, magnesium sulfate.
2) MgS reacts with water to give hydrogen sulfide and magnesium hydroxide.

# Applications
- MgS is a wide band-gap direct semiconductor of interest as a blue-green emitter, a property that has been known since the early 1900's.
- During the purification of iron, sulfur must be extracted. To achieve this, a "lance" is introduced into the molten metal, and powdered magnesium is poured in. In a violent exothermic reaction ensues, resulting in MgS, which is then raked off as a component of the slag.
- MgS is claimed to slow labor (childbirth).

# Safety
MgS evolves hydrogen sulfide upon contact with moisture.
Mandibular canine
The mandibular canine is the tooth located distally (away from the midline of the face) from both mandibular lateral incisors of the mouth but mesially (toward the midline of the face) from both mandibular first premolars.  Both the maxillary and mandibular canines are called the "cornerstone" of the mouth because they are all located three teeth away from the midline, and separate the premolars from the incisors.  The location of the canines reflect their dual function as they complement both the premolars and incisors during mastication, commonly known as chewing.  Nonetheless, the most common action of the canines is tearing of food.  There is a single cusp on canines, and they resemble the prehensile teeth found in carnivorous animals.  Though relatively the same, there are some minor differences between the deciduous (baby) mandibular canine and that of the permanent mandibular canine.
In the universal system of notation, the deciduous mandibular canines are designated by a letter written in uppercase.  The right deciduous mandibular canine is known as "R", and the left one is known as "M".  The international notation has a different system of notation.  Thus, the right deciduous mandibular canine is known as "83", and the left one is known as "73".
In the universal system of notation, the permanent mandibular canines are designated by a number.  The right permanent mandibular canine known as "27", and the left one is known as "22".  In the Palmer notation, a number is used in conjunction with a symbol designating in which quadrant the tooth is found.  For this tooth, the left and right canines would have the same number, "3", but the right one would have the symbol, "", over it, while the left one would have, "".  The international notation has a different numbering system than the previous two, and the right permanent mandibular canine is known as "43", and the left one is known as "33".
Manganese dioxide

# Overview
Manganese(IV) oxide is the chemical compound MnO2, commonly called manganese dioxide. This blackish or brown solid occurs naturally as the mineral pyrolusite, which is the main ore of manganese. It is also present in manganese nodules. The principal use for MnO2 is for dry-cell batteries, such as the alkaline battery and the zinc-carbon battery. In 1976 this application accounted for 500,000 tonnes of pyrolusite. MnO2 is also used for production of MnO4.  It is used extensively as an oxidising agent in organic synthesis, for example, for the oxidation of allylic alcohols.

# MnO2 in organic synthesis
Manganese dioxide is used as an oxidant in organic synthesis. The effectiveness of the reagent depends on the method of preparation, a problem that is typical for other heterogeneous reagents where surface area, among other variables, is a significant. The mineral pyrolusite makes a poor reagent. Usually, however, the reagent is generated by treatment of an aqueous solution KMnO4 with a Mn(II) salt, typically the sulfate at various pHs.
The predominant application of MnO2 is for the oxidation of allylic alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes:
The configuration of the double bond is conserved in the reaction. The corresponding acetylenic alcohols are also suitable substrates, although the resulting propargylic aldehydes can be quite reactive. Benzylic and even unactivated alcohols are also good substrates. 1,2-Diols are cleaved by MnO2 to dialdehydes or diketones. Otherwise, the applications of MnO2 are numerous, being applicable to many kinds of reactions including amine oxidation, aromatization, oxidative coupling, and thiol oxidation.

# Miscellaneous
MnO2 has found many applications and investigations inside and beyond the laboratory. The examples below illustrate some:
- MnO2 is used as a catalyst in the laboratory preparation of oxygen from potassium chlorate, a classical experiment of elementary chemistry classes. The procedure consists of heating a mixture potassium chlorate and manganese dioxide in a hard glass container and collecting the gas over water. Manganese dioxide also catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water.
- Eighteenth-century British chemists referred to MnO2 simply as manganese. Elemental manganese was known as regulus of manganese.
- Ancient cave painters used MnO2 as a black or brown pigment.
- The MnO2 was used for production of chlorine in the eighteenth century, before being displaced by eletrolytic methods. Manganese was recovered from such production by the so-called Weldon process.
- Earliest glassmakers used manganese to remove the natural bluish-green tint of glass or to add a pinkish or purplish color.

# Other oxides of manganese
The green salt potassium manganate is obtained in minutes when a solution of MnO2 in molten KOH or NaOH is treated with oxidizing agents such as potassium nitrate KNO3), potassium perchlorate (KClO4), or even oxygen gas:
Potassium manganate converts into purple potassium permanganate in aqueous acidic solution:
3 MnO42 + 4 H+  2 MnO4 + MnO2(s) + 2 H2O
Mansour F. Armaly
Mansour F. Armaly (February 25, 1927-August 19,2005) was a physician who was globally recognized as a pioneering researcher in the modern medical treatment of glaucoma.
Armaly was born in Shefa Amr, Palestine, prior to the establishment of the state of Israel. He received his B.A. (1947) and M.D. (1951) from the American University of Beirut in Lebanon. After completing his residency in Beirut at the American University Hospital, he left in 1955 to attend the University of Iowa, from which he received the M.Sc. in 1957. Armaly became an American citizen and joined the university's faculty, remaining for thirteen years.
Armaly's perception that glaucoma was in need of more extensive research led him to devote himself to its study, and under him the University of Iowa developed one of the premier programs in glaucoma research in the United States. One of his most important early studies proved that the incidence of glaucoma was increased fivefold in those with family histories of the disease, a pattern that facilitated subsequent clinical diagnosis of glaucoma, which can lead to blindness.
In 1970, he accepted a position as professor and chairman of the Department of Ophthalmology at the George Washington University Medical Center, in Washington, D.C., serving in that role for 27 years, until 1996. He published more than one hundred scientific articles, received multiple grants from the National Institutes of Health, and was the recipient of numerous prestigious professional honors, including the Order of the Cedars for Scientific Achievements awarded by the Lebanese Government, the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Award of Merit, an Achievement Award from the International Glaucoma Congress, and the Sir Stewart Duke Elder Gold Medal. From 1980 to 1987, Armaly served as President of the Pan-American Glaucoma Society. He died of cancer at the hospital where he had long worked at the age of 78.
He was survived by his wife of 55 years, Aida Armaly, and his two children, Fareed Armaly, an artist in Berlin, and Raya Armaly Harrison, an ophthalmologist in Columbia, Maryland.
Marcus Gunn pupil

# Overview
Marcus Gunn pupil describes the finding during the swinging-flashlight test whereupon the patient's pupils appear to dilate instead of constrict when the light swings from the unaffected "good" eye to the affected "bad" eye.
It is important to remember that there is no anisocoria in this case. The pupils remain the same size as each other at all times.
Upon shining the light into the "good" eye, both pupils will constrict. However, when the light moves to the "bad" eye, the full strength of the light will not be perceived and both pupils will appear to dilate.
The Marcus Gunn phenomenon is a relative afferent pupillary defect.  That is to say, the "bad eye" can still perceive light and respond to it, but not as much as the "good eye"; the bad eye is relatively less responsive than the good eye, but both eyes are still responsive to light.  If you shine the light in the bad eye, both pupils will constrict (due to the still-intact consensual light response).  However, if you shine the light in the "good eye", the pupils will constrict even more.  It is as if you are shining a light of lesser intensity at the bad eye.
In context of the swinging flashlight test, you first shine the light in the good eye, causing full pupillary contraction in both eyes.  Then you move the light to the bad eye.  The bad eye perceives this same light as if were not as bright, and thus causes the pupils to constrict less.  This gives the illusion that both pupils are now dilating as a response to the light.  They are actually still constricting in response to the light, but constricting less than when the light was shining at the good eye, because the bad eye perceives a dimmer light.  But relative to the previous maximal dilation from shining the light at the good eye, the pupils now dilate.  Had you started with the light shining on the bad eye first, you'd see both eyes constrict slightly.  This distinguishes the Marcus Gunn Pupil from a total CN II lesion, in which the bad eye perceivs no light.  In that case, shining the light at the bad eye produces no effect. In any case the patient themselves should report that they are totally blind in the unreactive eye.
Although the commonest lesion site is the optic nerve, severe retinal disease may also yield a Marcus Gunn pupil and this sign should be taken as indication of a "pre-chiasmatic" visual defect.

# Eponym
It is named for Robert Marcus Gunn.
Marrubium vulgare
Marrubium vulgare (White Horehound or Common Horehound) is a flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, native to Europe, northern Africa and Asia.
It is a greyish-leaved herbaceous perennial plant, somewhat resembling mint in appearance, which grows to 25-45 cm tall. The leaves are 2-5 cm long with a densely crinkled surface, and downy-hairy. The flowers are white, borne in clusters on the upper part of the main stem. Like other members of Lamiaceae, horehound has a square stem.
White Horehound was traditionally used in the manufacture of cough remedies and hard candy.
Marrubium vulgare is also used as a natural grasshopper repellant in agriculture.

# Gallery
- flowers
flowers
- foliage of young plants
foliage of young plants
- Horehound bug, a common insect that feeds on White Horehound
Horehound bug, a common insect that feeds on White Horehound
Meclofenamic acid

# Overview
Meclofenamic acid (brand Meclomen) is a drug used for joint, muscular pain, arthritis and dysmenorrhea.
It is a member of the NSAID class of drugs and was approved by the FDA in 1980. It inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins.

# Use in horses
Meclofenamic acid is sold under the trade name "Arquel" for use in horses, and is administered as an oral granual form at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg/day. It has a relatively slow onset of action, taking 36-48 hours for full effect, and is most useful for treatment of chronic musculoskeletal disease. It has been found to be beneficial for the treatment of navicular syndrome, laminitis, and osteoarthritis, in some cases having a more profound effect than the commonly-used NSAID phenylbutazone. However, due to cost, it is not routinely used in practice. Toxicity due to excessive dosage is similar to that of phenylbutazone, including depression, anorexia, weight loss, edema, diarrhea, oral ulceration, and decreased hematocrit.
Med Id Page Maker
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Ramus intermedius
Synonyms and keywords: Median ramus; ramus; MR

# Overview
If an artery arises from the left main coronary artery between the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and the left circumflex artery (LCX), it is known as the ramus intermedius.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
The ramus intermedius occurs in 37% of the general population, and is considered a normal variant.

# Additional Images
Shown below are an animated image and a static image depicting the median ramus (MR).
LAD = Left anterior descending artery; LCx = Left circumflex artery; LM = Left main artery; MR = Median ramus.