Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
MakeBot

# Overview
MakeBot is an extension which allows bureaucrats to grant and revoke bot status from user accounts. It was written by Rob Church for use on Wikimedia wikis, and was taken live on 22nd April 2006.

# Use

# Restrictions
Bot flags can not be placed on accounts that have sysop or bureaucrat flags already set.

# Logs
A log of all bot status changes is maintained at Special:Log/makebot.

# Licencing and downloads
The extension is available under the GNU General Public Licence 2.0 or later, and can be from SVN downloaded from Subversion, or accessed via the web-based viewer.
The software is provided as-is. Updates will be made according to the needs of Wikimedia wikis; or where critical vulnerabilities are discovered.
Malleus

# Overview
The malleus or hammer is a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum. The word is Latin for hammer.
It transmits the sound vibrations from the eardrum to the incus.
The malleus is unique to mammals, and evolved from a lower jaw bone in basal amniotes called the articular, which still forms part of the jaw joint in reptiles.

# Additional images
- Head and neck of a human embryo eighteen weeks old, with Meckels cartilage and hyoid bar exposed.
- External and middle ear, opened from the front. Right side.
- Chain of ossicles and their ligaments, seen from the front in a vertical, transverse section of the tympanum.
Mannose
Mannose is a sugar monomer of the hexose series of carbohydrates.

# Metabolism
Mannose enters the carbohydrate metabolism stream in two steps:
- First it undergoes phosphorylation to mannose-6-phosphate by hexokinase.
- Then, it is converted to fructose-6-phosphate by mannose phosphate isomerase.

# Formation
Mannose can be formed by the oxidation of mannitol.
It can also be formed from D-glucose in the Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation

# Etymology
The root of both "mannose" and "manitol" is manna, which the Bible records as the food supplied to the Israelites during their journey through the Sinai Peninsula.  Manna is a sweet secretion of several trees and shrubs, such as Fraxinus ornus.

# Cranberry juice
D-Mannose, which appears in some fruits including cranberry, has been shown to prevent the adhesion of bacteria to tissues of the urinary tract and bladder.

# Configuration
The fact that D-mannose has the same configuration at its penultimate carbon as D-glyceraldehyde is unsurprising as that is what defines the dextro classification. However, mannose differs from D-glucose by inversion of the C2 chiral centre. This apparently simple change leads to the drastically different chemistry of the two hexoses, as it does the remaining six hexoses.

# Mnemonic
The hexoses can be remembered conveniently by the following phrase:
Maxilla

# Overview
The maxilla (plural: maxillae) is a fusion of two bones along the palatal fissure that form the upper jaw.  This is similar to the mandible, which is also a fusion of two halves at the mental symphysis.

# Function
The alveolar process of the maxilla holds the upper teeth, and is referred to as the maxillary arch. The maxilla attaches laterally to the zygomatic bones (cheek bones).
The maxilla assists in forming the boundaries of three cavities:
- the roof of the mouth
- the floor and lateral wall of the nasal antrum
- the floor of the orbit
The maxilla also enters into the formation of two fossae: the infratemporal and pterygopalatine, and two fissures, the inferior orbital and pterygomaxillary.

# Components
Each half of the fused maxilla consists of:
- The body of the maxilla
- Four processes
The zygomatic process
The frontal process
The alveolar process
The palatine process
- The zygomatic process
- The frontal process
- The alveolar process
- The palatine process
- Infraorbital foramen

# Articulations
The maxilla articulates with nine bones:
- two of the cranium: the frontal and ethmoid
- seven of the face: the nasal, zygomatic, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine, vomer, and the adjacent fused maxillary bone.
Sometimes it articulates with the orbital surface, and sometimes with the lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid.

# Additional images
- The seven bones which articulate to form the orbit.
- Facial bones.
- Left maxilla. Outer surface.
- Left maxilla. Nasal surface.
- Left maxillary sinus opened from the exterior.
- The bony palate and alveolar arch.
- Sphenoid bone visible center right.
- Articulation of left palatine bone with maxilla.
- Side view of the teeth and jaws.
Mebicar

# Overview
Mebicar (mebicarum) is an anxiolytic medication produced by Latvian pharmaceutical company Olainfarm and sold in the Russian Federation under the brand name Adaptol. It is not approved for use in the United States or European Union.
Mebicar has an effect on the structure of limbic-reticular activity, particularly on hypothalamus emotional zone, as well as on all 4 basic neuromediator systems   aminobutyric acid (GABA), choline, serotonin and adrenergic activity. Mebicar decreases the brain noradrenaline level, exerts no effect on the dopaminergic systems, increases the brain serotonin level, and does not elicit cholinolytic action.
Mebicar purportedly has anti-anxiety (anxiolytic) properties.
It is also used to aid smoking cessation. In addition Mebicar may be useful in the treatment of ADHD symptoms. In contrast with typical anxiolytic medication like benzodiazepines Mebicar is non-habit forming, non-sedating and does not impair motor function.
Therapy

# Overview
Therapy (in Greek: ) is the attempted remediation of a health problem, usually following a diagnosis.  In the medical field, it is synonomous with the word "treatment".
A supportive therapy is one that does not treat or improve the underlying condition, but instead increases the patient's comfort.  Supportive treatment may be palliative care.

# Therapeutic effects
A therapeutic effect is a consequence of a medical treatment, of any kind, the results of which are judged to be desirable and beneficial. This is true whether the result was expected, unexpected, or even an unintended consequence of the treatment.
What constitutes a therapeutic effect vs. a side effect is a matter of both the nature of the situation in which a treatment is used and the goals of treatment.

# Adverse effects
In addition to (or in place of) the intended therapeutic effect of a treatment, a therapy may cause undesired (adverse) effects as well.  When an adverse effect is weaker than the therapeutic effect, it is commonly referred to as a "side effect".  An adverse effect may result from an unsuitable or incorrect dosage or procedure (which could be due to medical error). Some adverse effects occur only when starting, increasing or discontinuing a treatment. Using a drug or other medical intervention which is contraindicated may increase the risk of adverse effects.  Patients sometimes quit a therapy because of its adverse effects.  The severity of adverse effects ranges from nausea to death.
Common adverse effects include alteration in body weight, change in enzyme levels, loss of function, or pathological change detected at the microscopic, macroscopic or physiological level.
Adverse effects may cause a reversible or irreversible change, including an increase or decrease in the susceptibility of the individual to other chemicals, foods, or procedures (e.g. drug interaction).
Medipix
Medipix is a family of photon counting pixel detector developed by an international collaboration, hosted by CERN.
Detectors in the Medipix family include:
- Medipix 1
- Medipix 2
- Medipix MXR
- Timepix
- Medipix 3 (currently at the prototype development phase)

# Design
The detectors are hybrid detectors. This means that a sensor material, typically silicon, is bonded on to an electronics layer. The sensor layer is a semiconductor in which the incident radiation makes and electron/hole pair. The charge is then collected, via bump bonds, and processed by a CMOS electronics layer. The electronics count the number of events in each pixel. Discriminators are used so that the electronics only count events within a selected energy range.
Medipix-2, Timepix, and Medipix-3 are all 256x256 pixels, each 0.055mm square.
Timepix allows for recording time information regarding when events occur relative to when the shutter opens. In addition Time over Threshold (ToT) mode allows for recording the duration an event is above a threshold.
Medipix-3 has better energy resolution through real time correction of charge sharing. It also has multiple counters per pixel that can be used in several different modes. This allows for continuous readout and up to eight energy thresholds.

# Applications
- Astronomy
- High Energy Physics
- Medical Imaging

# History
- Medipix-1: Early 90s.
- Medipix-2: Late 90s.
- Medipix-3: Collaboration formed 2006.
Melting
Melting is a process that results in the phase change of a substance from a solid to a liquid. The internal energy of a solid substance is increased (typically by the application of heat) to a specific temperature (called the melting point) at which it changes to the liquid phase. An object that has melted completely is molten.
The melting point of a substance is a characteristic property.  The melting point may not be equal to the freezing point. This is evident in the phenomenon known as supercooling.  In the case of water, ice crystals typically require a seed on which to begin formation.  Water on a very clean glass surface will often supercool several degrees below the melting point without freezing.  Fine emulsions of pure water have been cooled to -38 degrees celsius without the nucleation of ice taking place.  For this reason, melting point is a characteristic property of a substance while freezing point is not.

# Molecular vibrations
When the internal energy of a gas is increased by the application of an external energy source, the molecular vibrations of the substance increases. As these vibrations increase, the substance becomes more and more ordered. Fusion is also another term used for this.

# Constant temperature
Substances melt at a constant temperature, the melting point. Further increases in temperature (even with continued application of energy) do not occur until the substance is molten.

# The thermodynamics of melting
From a thermodynamics point of view, at the melting point the change in Gibbs free energy (\Delta G) of the Material is zero, because the enthalpy (H) and the entropy (S) of the material are increasing (\Delta H, \Delta S > 0). Melting phenomenon happens when the Gibbs free energy of the liquid becomes lower than the solid for that material. At various pressures this happens at a specific temperature. It can also be shown that:
\Delta S = \frac {\Delta H} {T}
The "T","\Delta S", and "\Delta H" in the above are respectively the temperature at the melting point, change of entropy of melting, and the change of enthalpy of melting.

# Books
- Kleinert, Hagen, Gauge Fields in Condensed Matter, Vol. II,  "STRESSES AND DEFECTS; Differential Geometry, Crystal Melting", pp. 743-1456,  World Scientific (Singapore, 1989);  Paperback ISBN 9971-5-0210-0  (readable online here)

# Other meanings
In genetics, melting DNA means to separate the double-stranded DNA into two single strands by heating or the use of chemicals.which means that your dna is made of two different parts
miR-134
miR-134 is a family of microRNA precursors found in mammals, including humans. MicroRNAs are typically transcribed as ~70 nucleotide precursors and subsequently processed by the Dicer enzyme to give a ~22 nucleotide product. The excised region or, mature product, of the miR-134 precursor is the microRNA mir-134.
miR-134 was one of a number of microRNAs found to be increasingly expressed in schizophrenia.

# Functions
miR-134 is a brain-specific microRNA; in rats it is localised specifically in hippocampal neurons and may indirectly regulate synaptic development through antisense pairing with LIMK1 mRNA. In the human brain, SIRT1 is thought to mediate CREB protein through miR-134, giving the microRNA a role in higher brain functions such a memory formation.
miR-134 has also been reported to function in mouse embryonic stem cells as part of a complex network regulating their differentiation.

# Applications
miR-134 levels in circulating blood could potentially be used as a peripheral biomarker for bipolar disorder.
miR-138
miR-138 is a family of microRNA precursors found in animals, including humans. MicroRNAs are typically transcribed as ~70 nucleotide precursors and subsequently processed by the Dicer enzyme to give a ~22 nucleotide product. The excised region or, mature product, of the miR-138 precursor is the microRNA mir-138.
miR-138 has been used as an example of the post-transcriptional regulation of miRNA, due to the finding that while the precursor is expressed ubiquitously, the mature product is found only in specific cell types.

# Species distribution
The presence of miR-138 has been detected experimentally in humans (Homo sapiens) and in different animals including house mouse (Mus musculus), brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), Carolina anole(Anolis carolinensis), cattle (Bos taurus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), dog (Canis familiaris), Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus), zebrafish (Danio rerio), red junglefowl (Gallus gallus), western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla), gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica), Oryzias latipes, sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata).
It is also predicted computationally that the miR-138 gene exists in the genome of other animals including horse (Equus caballus), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), takifugu rubripes (Fugu rubripes), Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), Tetraodon nigroviridis and western clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalis).

# Genomic location
In human genome, there are two miR-138 associated genes and they are not located in any cluster. More precisely, the miR-138-1 gene is in region 5 at 3p21.3 and miR-138-2 is located on chromosome 16 (16q13).

# Pattern of expression
In adult mice, miR-138 is only expressed in brain tissue. Its expression is not uniform throughout the brain but restricted to distinct neuronal populations. On the contrary, its precursor, pre-miR-138-2, is ubiquitously expressed throughout all tissues, which suggests that the expression of miRNAs can be regulated at the post-transcription level.
In the zebrafish, miR-138 is expressed in specific domains in the heart and is required to establish appropriate chamber-specific gene expression patterns.

# Targets and function
Since the identification of miR-138, a number of targets have been found and some of them have been verified experimentally. It has been proven that miR-138 is involved in different pathways. Furthermore, it is in relation with various types of cancer.
miR-144
miR-144 is a family of microRNA precursors found in mammals, including humans. The ~22 nucleotide mature miRNA sequence is excised from the precursor hairpin by the enzyme Dicer. In humans, miR-144 has been characterised as a "common miRNA signature" of a number of different tumours.
GATA4 is thought to activate transcription of the miR-144 microRNA precursor.

# Function
miR-144 functions in a cluster with miR-451. This locus regulates the expression of a number of genes whose products are involved in erythropoiesis. One of the identified targets of miR-144 is insulin receptor substrate 1.

# Applications
miR-144 has been identified as one of a number of potential miRNA targets which could be used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. It has also been suggested as a potential therapeutic tool to treat ischemic heart disease.
miR-146
miR-146 is a family of microRNA precursors found in mammals, including humans. The ~22 nucleotide mature miRNA sequence is excised from the precursor hairpin by the enzyme Dicer. This sequence then associates with RISC which effects RNA interference.
miR-146 is primarily involved in the regulation of inflammation and other process that function in the innate immune system. Loss of functional miR-146 (and mir-145) could predispose an individual to suffer from chromosome 5q deletion syndrome. miR-146 has also been reported to be highly upregulated in osteoarthritis cartilage, and could be involved in its pathogenesis. mir-146 expression is associated with survival in triple negative breast cancer.

# Function
miR-146 is thought to be a mediator of inflammation along with another microRNA, mir-155. The expression of miR-146 is upregulated by inflammatory factors such as interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. miR-146 dysregulates a number of targets which are mostly involved in toll-like receptor pathways that bring about a cytokine response as part of the innate immune system. miR-146 operates in a feedback system or "negative regulatory loop" to finely tune inflammatory responses.

# Applications
miR-146 could be used as a biomarker for sepsis. In addition it was found to be absent from the exosomes of prion infected cells suggesting it could be used as a biomarker for prion infection. miR-146a could be targeted therapeutically as its depletion has implication in the hyperactive response to infection.
miR-150
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miR-150 is a family of microRNA precursors found in mammals, including humans. The ~22 nucleotide mature miRNA sequence is excised from the precursor hairpin by the enzyme Dicer. This sequence then associates with RISC which effects RNA interference.
miR-150 functions in hematopoiesis; it regulates genes whose downstream products encourage differentiating stem cells towards becoming megakaryocytes rather than erythrocytes. It is also thought to control B and T cell differentiation, alongside mir-155.

# Role in cancer
miR-150 has been linked with a number of cancers. It is thought to promote cancer cell proliferation in gastric cancer and has also been found to be more than 50x overexpressed in osteosarcoma.

# Applications
miR-150 levels in blood plasma can be indicative of early sepsis; it could have a future use therapeutically in treating the condition. In addition, miR-150 is one of a number of microRNAs whose expression profile could be used as a biomarker of hepatocellular carcinoma.
miR-191
miR-191 is a family of microRNA precursors found in mammals, including humans. The ~22 nucleotide mature miRNA sequence is excised from the precursor hairpin by the enzyme Dicer. This sequence then associates with RISC which effects RNA interference.
miR-191 has been found to be dysregulated in a large number of different types of human tumour, including those of colorectal, breast and prostate cancers. Despite these cancer links, target genes of the mature miRNA have not been characterised, and it is not known which factors lead to its dysregulation in certain tumour cells.
The expression profile of miR-191 could be implemented in prognosis of acute myeloid leukaemia, with higher than average levels of miR-191 suggesting a lower survival probability.
miR-208
miR-208 is a family of microRNA precursors found in animals, including humans. The ~22 nucleotide mature miRNA sequence is excised from the precursor hairpin by the enzyme Dicer. This sequence then associates with RISC which effects RNA interference.
In humans, the gene for miR-208 is located in an intron of MYH7.

# Function
miR-208 has been deemed a "myomiR" as it is specifically expressed, or found at much higher levels, in cardiac tissue. Other myomiRs include miR-1 and miR-133. miR-208 is thought to be dysregulated in various cardiovascular diseases.
miR-208 functions in cardiomyocytes regulating the production of the myosin heavy chain during development. It also responds to stress and forms part of a hormonal signalling cascade in cardiac cells.

# Applications
A preliminary study has shown a potential use in the prognosis of dilated cardiomyopathy. Another application has been suggested as using plasma concentration of miR-208 as a biomarker of damaged cardiac muscle cells.
miR-214
miR-214 is a vertebrate-specific family of microRNA precursors. The ~22 nucleotide mature miRNA sequence is excised from the precursor hairpin by the enzyme Dicer. This sequence then associates with RISC which effects RNA interference.

# Origin and evolution of miR-214
miR-214 is a vertebrate-specific miR family that possesses one member in non-teleost vertebrates and two members in teleost fish. miR-214 is likely to have emerged within the Dnm3 gene after the divergence of jawed and jawless vertebrates and is located on the opposite strand of an intron of Dnm3 and is associated in an expression cluster with miR-199.

# Function
miR-214 is a "melano-miR", so-called because it is thought to encourage the metastasis of melanoma. Specifically, the mature microRNA excised from miR-214 is predicted to target two activating protein 2 transcription factors, bringing about downstream effects on a number of genes regulating vital cell cycle processes, such as apoptosis, proliferation and angiogenesis.
miR-214 is also thought to regulate type-I collagen.

# Role in cancer
miR-214 has been found to be downregulated in human cervical cancer; when miR-214 was upregulated in HeLa cancer cells, it was found to significantly reduce cell growth. Two mRNA targets were identified as those encoding the proteins MAP2K3 and MAPK8.
The increased expression of miR-214 in pancreatic cancer could bring about increased resistance to chemotherapy.
In human glioma cell line T98G expression of miR-214 has been shown to suppress expression of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 9 (UBC9) and reduces tumour cell proliferation.  The protein UBC9 is involved in the sumoylation pathway, and is up-regulated in many cancers.

# Implication of miR-214 in skeletogenesis
miR-214, along with its cluster mate miR-199, has been shown to be implicated in skeleton formation. miR-214 has been shown to inhibit bone formation in human cell lines both by targeting ATF4, a gene encoding one of the maintranscription factors required for osteoblast function and by suppressing osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblast cells by targeting Sp7, an osteoblast-specific transcription factor. Also, Twist-1, which is a major actor in skeleton formation, regulates miR-199 and miR-214 cluster expression in mouse. Furthermore, miR199-214 cluster deletion in mouse lead to skeletal development abnormalities including craniofacial defects, neural arch and spinous processes malformations, and osteopenia. In zebrafish, miR-214 expression is mainly observed around developing skeletal elements.
miR-224
miR-224 is a family of microRNA precursors found in mammals, including humans. The ~22 nucleotide mature miRNA sequence is excised from the precursor hairpin by the enzyme Dicer.

# Function
miR-224, being located on the X-chromosome, is thought to be active in mammalian ovaries, and possibly responds to TGF beta 1. A target of miR-224 has been predicted to be SMAD4. Experimental evidence has shown that while the SMAD4 mRNA level is unchanged, increased miR-224 expression decreases concentration of SMDA4 protein in murine granulosa cells. This is consistent with post-transcriptional miRNA regulation.

# Role in cancer
miR-224 has been noted as the most upregulated microRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma. The same study identified a target of mir-224 as apoptosis-inhibitor 5 (API-5).
miR-224 has also been linked with pancreatic ductal carcinoma, where it is thought to repress CD40 expression in cancer cells.