Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Nocturnality
Lua error in Module:Redirect at line 65: could not parse redirect on page "Nocturnal".
As an animal behavior, nocturnality describes sleeping during the daytime and being active at night - the opposite of the diurnal human lifestyle, and that of those animals with which we are most familiar.  The intermediate crepuscular schedule (twilight activity) is also common. Some species are active both during the day and night. Living at night can be seen as a form of niche differentiation, where a species' niche is partitioned not by resources but by time itself, i.e. temporal division of the ecological niche. It can also be viewed as a form of crypsis, in other words an adaptation to avoid or enhance predation. There are other reasons for nocturnality as well, such as keeping out of the heat of the day. This is especially true in deserts, where many animals' nocturnal behavior prevents them from losing precious water during the hot, dry daytime. This is an adaptation that enhances osmoregulation.
Many species which are otherwise diurnal exhibit some nocturnal behaviour; for example, many seabirds and sea turtles attend breeding sites or colonies nocturnally to reduce the risk of predation (to themselves or their offspring) but are otherwise diurnal. Some animals are not really nocturnal and are instead crepuscular, being mostly active in twilight.
Nocturnal animals generally have highly developed senses of hearing and smell, and specially adapted eyesight. In zoos, nocturnal animals are usually kept in special night-illumination enclosures to reverse their normal sleep-wake cycle and to keep them active during the hours when visitors will be attempting to see them.
Some animals, such as cats, have eyes that can adapt to both night and day levels of illumination. Others, e.g. bushbabies and bats, can only function at night.
A person who exhibits nocturnal habits is referred to as a night owl; he or she is of the "eveningness" chronotype.
Norpethidine
Norpethidine (Normeperidine, Pethidine Intermediate B) is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is both a metabolite of and a precursor to pethidine (meperidine).
Norpethidine is a controlled drug because of its potential uses in manufacturing both pethidine itself and a range of N-substituted derivatives, but it has little opioid activity in its own right. Instead, norpethidine acts as a stimulant and causes convulsions.
Build up of norpethidine is a major complication when pethidine is used in medicine as an analgesic, as when pethidine is used in high doses or administered by intravenous infusion, norpethidine can accumulate in the body at a faster rate than it is being excreted, particularly in elderly patients or those with compromised liver or kidney function, resulting in a range of toxic effects, mainly convulsions, but also myoclonus and hyponatremia. These complications can be serious and have sometimes resulted in death.
Metabolism of pethidine to norpethidine is carried out mainly by CYP enzymes in the liver, and since the activity of these enzymes can vary between individuals, the rate and extent of norpethidine production can be difficult to predict.
Nuphar lutea
Nuphar lutea, the spatterdock, yellow water-lily, cow lily, or yellow pond-lily, is an aquatic plant of the family Nymphaeaceae, native to Eurasia.  It grows in eutrophic freshwater beds, with its roots fixed into the ground and its leaves floating on the water's surface.
The plant's inflorescence is a solitary, terminal hermaphrodite flower, pollinated by insects, which blooms from June to September in the Northern Hemisphere.  The flower is followed by achenes which are distributed by the water current.
Spatterdock was long used in traditional medicine, with the root applied to the skin and/or both the root and seeds eaten for a variety of conditions.  The seeds are edible, and can be ground into flour.  The root is edible too, but can prove to be incredibly bitter in some plants.
Possible botanical synonyms include Nuphar luteum (L.) Sibthorp & Sm. and Nuphar advena (Ait) Ait f.
O.H. Frazier
Dr. O. Howard Frazier (also known as Bud Frazier) is a distinguished heart surgeon.  He is the Director of the Cardiovascular Surgical Research program and the Chief of Cardiopulmonary Transplantation at the Texas Heart Institute (THI).  He is also the Chief of Transplant Services at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital and the Co-Director of the Cullen Cardiovascular Research Laboratories at THI.
In February 2006, the Houston Chronicle announced that Dr. Frazier and his team of transplant surgeons had completed their 1,000th heart transplant, perhaps more than any other surgeon in the world.
Dr. Frazier obtained his B.A. from the University of Texas at Austin in 1963 and his medical degree from Baylor College of Medicine at Houston in 1967.
He is certified by the American Board of Surgery and the American Board of Thoracic Surgery.  To date, he has authored or co-authored more than 490 scientific articles.

# External link
- Houston Chronicle Article
- The Mysterious Human Heart
- Surgical Associates of Texas
Obie Baizley
William Obadiah Baizley (May 25, 1917  May 3, 2000) was a politician in Manitoba, Canada.  He was a Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1959 to 1969, and served as a cabinet minister in the governments of Dufferin Roblin and Walter Weir.
Born in Montreal, Quebec, Baizley was educated at Glenlawn Collegiatein St. Vital, Manitoba and the Lincoln Chiropractic College in Indiana.  He returned to Manitoba in 1937 and worked as a chiropractor, also serving as president of the Manitoba Chiropractors' Association before entering political life.  During World War II, he was a member of the Royal Canadian Air Force.
He was first elected to the Manitoba legislature in the Manitoba general election, 1959, unexpectedly defeating Manitoba Cooperative Commonwealth Federation leader Lloyd Stinson by 326 votes in the south-central Winnipeg riding of Osborne (Manitoba riding).  He served as a backbench supporter of Roblin's government for the next four years.
Re-elected without difficulty in the Manitoba general election, 1962, Baizley was appointed to cabinet on February 27, 1963 as Minister of Labour (Manitoba).  He held this position until September 24, 1968, when he was named Minister of Municipal Affairs (Manitoba).  He endorsed Walter Weir to succeed Roblin as Progressive Conservative leader in 1967.
Baizley was re-elected easily in the Manitoba general election, 1966, but lost to Ian Turnbull (politician) of the Manitoba New Democratic Party by 623 votes in Manitoba general election, 1969.  He did not seek a return to office after this time.
During the 1970s, Baizley was chair of the Manitoba Labour Board.  He also served as president of Riverview United Church of Canada.
de:Obie Baizley
Ochratoxin A

# Overview
Ochratoxin A, a toxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium verrucosum, is one of the most abundant food-contaminating mycotoxins in the world. Human exposure occurs mainly through consumption of improperly stored food products, particularly contaminated grain and pork products, as well as coffee, wine grapes  and dried grapes. The toxin has been found in the tissues and organs of animals, including human blood and breast milk. Ochratoxin A toxicity has large species- and sex-specific differences.
Synonyms:
- (R)-N--L-phenylalanine
- (-)-N--3-phenylalanine

# Impact on human and animal health

## Carcinogenicity
Ochratoxin A is potentially carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). Ochratoxin A has been shown to be weakly mutagenic, possibly by induction of oxidative DNA damage.
There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of ochratoxin A. Ochratoxin A was tested for carcinogenicity by oral administration in mice and rats. It increased the incidence of hepato-cellular tumours in mice of each sex and produced renal-cell adenomas and carcinomas in male mice and in rats of each sex.

# Immuno suppression and immunotoxicity
Ochratoxin A can cause immunosuppression and immunotoxicity in animals. The toxin's immunosuppressant activity in animals may include depressed antibody responses, reduced size of immune organs (such as the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes), changes in immune cell number and function, and altered cytokine production. Immunotoxicity probably results from cell death following apoptosis and necrosis, in combination with slow replacement of affected immune cells due to inhibition of protein synthesis.

## Potential link to Balkan endemic nephropathy
A number of descriptive studies have suggested a correlation between exposure to ochratoxin A and Balkan endemic nephropathy, and have found a correlation between the geographical distribution of Balkan endemic nephropathy and a high incidence of, and mortality from, urothelial urinary tract tumours. However, there is currently insufficient information to conclusively link ochratoxin A to Balkan endemic nephropathy. The toxin may require synergistic interactions with predisposing genotypes or other environmental toxicants to induce Balkan endemic nephropathy.

## Food animal industry impact
Ochratoxin-contaminated feed has its major economic impact on the poultry industry. Chickens, turkeys and ducklings are susceptible to this toxin. Clinical signs of avian ochratoxicosis are similar to other toxins and generally involve reduction in weight gains, poor feed conversion, reduced egg production, poor egg shell quality and kidney poisoning.
Acute toxicity does not seem to constitute a problem in cattle.
Ohmefentanyl
Ohmefentanyl (-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl) is an extremely potent analgesic drug which selectively binds to the -opioid receptor.
Ohmefentanyl is one of the most potent -receptor agonists known, comparable to super-potent opioids such as carfentanil and etorphine which are used for tranquilizing large animals such as elephants in veterinary medicine. In mouse studies, the most active isomer 3R,4S,S-ohmefentanyl was 28 times more powerful as a painkiller than fentanyl, the chemical from which it is derived, and 6300 times more effective than morphine..  Ohmefentanyl has three stereogenic centers and so has eight stereoisomers, which are named F9201-F9208.  Researchers are studying the different pharmaceutical properties of these isomers..
The 4"-fluoro analogue of the 3R,4S,S isomer of ohmefentanyl is the most powerful opioid yet discovered, possessing an analgesic potency approximately 18,000-fold greater than morphine.
Ophioglossum
Ophioglossum (adder's-tongue) is a genus of about 25-30 species of Ophioglossales in the family Ophioglossaceae, with a cosmopolitan but primarily tropical and subtropical distribution. The name Ophioglossum comes from the Greek, and means "snake-tongue".
Adders-tongues are so-called because the spore-bearing stalk is thought to resemble a snake's tongue. Each plant typically sends up a small, undivided leaf blade with netted venation, and the spore stalk forks from the leaf stalk, terminating in sporangia which are partially concealed within a structure with slitted sides. The plant grows from a central, budding, fleshy structure with fleshy, radiating roots. When the leaf blade is present, there is not always a spore stalk present, and the plants do not always send up a leaf, sometimes going for a year to a period of years living only under the soil, nourished by association with soil fungi.
Ophioglossum has the highest chromosome count of any known living organism, with up to 1,400 chromosomes.
However, most species only have chromosomes in the 240-300+ range.
Opisthotonus

# Overview
Opisthotonus or opisthotonos, from Greek roots, opistho meaning "behind" and tonos meaning "tension", is a state of a severe hyperextension and spasticity in which an individual's head, neck and spinal column enter into a complete "bridging" or "arching" position.  This abnormal posturing is an extrapyramidal effect and is caused by spasm of the axial muscles along the spinal column. It is seen in some cases of severe cerebral palsy and traumatic brain injury or as a result of the severe muscular spasms associated with tetanus.

# Pathophysiology
Opisthotonus can be produced experimentally in animals by transection of the midbrain (between superior and inferior colliculus) which results in severing all the corticoreticular fibers.  Hyperextension occurs because facilitation of anterior reticulospinal tract due to removal of inhibitory corticoreticular fibers to the pons reticular formation.
Opisthotonus is more pronounced in infants.  Opisthotonus in the neonate may be a symptom of meningitis or tetanus. This marked extensor tone can cause infants to "rear backwards" and stiffen out as the mother or nurse attempts to hold or feed them. Opisthotonus can be induced by any attempt at movement such as smiling, feeding, vocalization, or by seizure activity. Individuals with opisthotonus are quite challenging to position, especially in wheelchairs and car seats.
It can some times be a side effect of anti-psychotic medication or mood stabilizer, i.e. lithium intoxication.

# Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Opisthotonus
In alphabetical order.  
- Airway obstruction
- Meningitis
- Encephalitis
- Cerebral malaria
- Athetosis
- Cerebral hemorrhage
- Brain tumor
- Neck injury
- Drugs
- Tetanus
- Rabies
- Tay-Sachs disease
- Cerebral palsy
- Severe head injury
- Seizures
- Glutaric aciduria type 1
- Kernicterus
- Meningoencephalitis
- Strychnine
- Arnold-Chiari malformation type 3
- Hereditary methemoglobinemia, recessive, type II
- Perinatal hypophosphatasia
- Phenothiazine, Perphenazine
- Antenatal infection
- Schinzel-Giedion syndrome

# Physical examination findings
Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission  PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology
- Opisthotonus: Meningitis, One Year Old Child: Pus in Subarachnoid Space causes Neck Muscle Spasms
- Opisthotonus: Perinatal Hypoxia; Note Spastic Quadriparesis,
Optic chiasm

# Overview
The optic chiasm (Greek , "crossing", from the Greek  'to mark with an X', after the Greek letter '', chi) is the part of the brain where the optic nerves partially cross.

# Pathways
Specifically, in the optic chiasm, the nerves connected to the right eye that attend to the right temporal visual field (located in the nasal portion of the right retina) cross to the left half of the brain, while the nerves from the left eye that attend to the left temporal visual field (located in the nasal portion of the left retina) cross to the right half of the brain.
This allows for parts of both eyes that attend to the right visual field to be processed in the left visual system in the brain, and vice versa.

# Optic chiasm in cats
In Siamese cats with certain genotypes of the albino gene, this wiring is disrupted, with less of the nerve-crossing than is normal, as a number of scholars have reported.  To compensate for lack of crossing in their brains, they cross their eyes (strabismus). 
This is also seen in albino tigers, as Guillery & Kaas report.

# Additional images
- Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane.
- Median sagittal section of brain.
- Scheme showing central connections of the optic nerves and optic tracts.
- Base of brain.
- Coronal section of brain through anterior commissure.
- The fornix and corpus callosum from below.
- Diagram showing the positions of the three principal subarachnoid cistern.
- The left optic nerve and the optic tracts.
- The hypophysis cerebri in position. Shown in sagittal section.
- Median sagittal through the hypophysis of an adult monkey. Semidiagrammatic.
- 3D schematic representation of optic tracts
Oral Surgery

# Overview
Oral Surgery is a recognised international specalist training course in Dentistry.
In many areas of the world it is separate from Oral and Maxillofacial surgery (OMS, OMFS, or "Maxfacs"), which is a unique specialty usually requiring both medical and dental qualifications.
In the United States however, Oral and Maxillofacial surgery is one of the 9 dental specialties recognized by the American Dental Association  and requires at least 4-6 years of training.
Oral surgery is a  specialty is defined within Europe under the dental Directive 2001/19/EC (Official Journal of the European Communities L 206, 31.07.2001). It requires 3 years of further  University training after a formal qualification in Dentistry.
The Directive 2001/19/EC also distinguishes Oral Surgery from other evidence of formal qualifications in specialised Medicine, such as Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, which requires both medical and dental training in the European Union.
In 2007  the United Kingdom's  General Dental Council  transferred dentists on the specialist list in Surgical Dentistry to a reconfigured Oral Surgery list. 
-  GDC
Rare disease

# Overview
A rare disease (sometimes known as an orphan disease) has such a low prevalence in a population that a doctor in a busy general practice would not expect to see more than one case a year. Rare diseases, including those of genetic origin, are life-threatening or chronically debilitating diseases which are of such low prevalence that special combined efforts are needed to address them.

# Prevalence
As a guide, low prevalence is taken as prevalence of less than 5 per 10,000 in the community .
The NIH's Office of Rare Diseases states that, "an orphan or rare disease is generally considered to have a prevalence of fewer than 200,000 affected individuals in the United States" .
Rare diseases can vary in prevalence between populations, so a disease that is rare in some populations may be common in others. This is especially true of genetic diseases and infectious diseases. An example is cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease:  it is rare in most parts of Asia but relatively common in Europe and in populations of European descent. Many infectious diseases are prevalent in a given geographic area but rare everywhere else. Other diseases, such as many rare forms of cancer, have no apparent pattern of distribution but are simply rare.
Eurordis (European Organisation for rare Diseases) estimates that there exist between 5,000 and 8,000 distinct rare diseases, affecting between 6% and 8% of the population.

# Characteristics
Rare diseases are usually chronic and life-threatening. This is so because, given its rarity, less severe illness are just not identified as such. Eurordis estimates that at least 80% of them have identified genetic origins. Other rare diseases are the result of infections and allergies or due to degenerative and proliferative causes. Symptoms of some rare diseases may appear at birth or in childhood, whereas others only appear once adulthood is reached.
Oyster plant

# Overview
Oyster plant is a common name used for various flowering plants, including:
- Acanthus mollis, (also called bear's breeches), native to the Mediterranean
- Mertensia maritima (also called oysterleaf), native to Europe and North America with leaves said to taste like oysters
- Scorzonera hispanica (also called black salsify), cultivated for its dark-skinned edible root
- Tragopogon porrifolius (also called purple salsify), cultivated for its light-skinned edible root
- Tradescantia spathacea (synonyms Tradescantia discolor, Rhoeo spathacea, Rhoeo discolor); (also called Oyster Herb, Daun Kepah, Nanas Kerang, Boatlily (Cay Le Ban, Lao Ban, So Huyet), Moses in a basket, Cradle Lily, Moses in His Cradle, Moses on a Raft, Moses in the Bulrushes, Men in a Boat, Moses-in-Cradle, (Chinese) )
P90x workout
Are you in search for the precise assistance for your health exercise? Are you interested with bodybuilding?
This article will help you together with all the instruction to achieve a toned yet healthy body. Some people tend to be paranoid when it comes to their weight. They are inclined to do different things such as starvation, diet cut, gym, aerobics, weights and many more in order to effectively handle their weight particularly the women. Most ladies desire to have a good, well-shaped body for different reasons.
The reason could be emotional and commercial. Do not just perform anything to shape your body. You must only believe the advice of the experts. If you will do all of these things on your own you may simply wind up facing terrible outcomes. You can shape your body only if you are adequately patient. Besides, it would be impossible to change somebody else's weight overtime. Choosing the shortcuts could be harmful as well. You would be able to notice the side effects sooner or later.
For individuals who deem bodybuilding to be very costly or merely created for the wealthier class of individuals, who could pay for the regular visit in a costly fitness center, you have to think through. With the use of p90x workout program
, bodybuilding can now be possible at the home. p90x workout is considered the most modern and most accurate workout program for people who are more apt to weight loss tactics and bodybuilding.
This program is so simple. It summarizes strict workout routines that are expected to give result within 90 days of habitual or everyday workouts. It makes a person to be more precise with the work out schedule. In short such program is completely nothing but a discipline manager of your exercises. This unique workout come with CDs or DVDs for easy home viewing and self-exercises trainings. If you wish to have that toned or well-shaped body in just 90 days, therefore you should start employing the p90x workout programs.
However, perhaps you know that nothing comes so simple in life. Thus, this means that you need to exert too much hard work in order to attain a well-shaped body in only 90 days. Obviously, the supplements of p90x can also help you. But many resolutions will be required on an individual level. Initially, you would need to make sure about your choice in using the p90x workout. You should be sure of your decision before using program.
The program may employ a lot of resources so you need to critically take it. However, the great thing about this is that it would be you investment permanently. You don't need to spend regular money periodically so as to achieve the help of a trainer. Through p90x workout programs you need to buy the DVDs and other devices or requirements for definite workout practices.
Polyhexanide

# Overview
Polyhexanide (polyhexamethylene biguanide, PHMB) is a polymer used as a disinfectant and antiseptic. In dermatological use it is spelled polihexanide (INN) and sold under names such as Lavasept, Serasept, and Omnicide. PHMB has been shown to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus (also the methicillin-resistant type, MRSA), Escherichia coli, Candida albicans (yeast), Aspergillus brasiliensis (mold), vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae).
Some products containing PHMB are used for inter-operative irrigation, pre- and post-surgery skin and mucous membrane disinfection, post-operative dressings, surgical and non-surgical wound dressings, surgical bath/hydrotherapy, chronic wounds like diabetic foot ulcer and burn wound management, routine antisepsis during minor incisions, catheterization, scopy, first aid, surface disinfection, and linen disinfection.
Branded as Baquacil, it also has an application as a swimming-pool and spa water sanitizer in place of chlorine- or bromine-based products.
PHMB is also used as an ingredient in some contact lens cleaning products, cosmetics, personal deodorants and some veterinary products.
The PHMB hydrochloride salt (solution) is used in the majority of formulations.