General Principles of Software
Validation; Final Guidance for
Industry and FDA Staff
Document issued on:  January 11, 2002
This document supersedes the draft document, "General Principles of
Software Validation, Version 1.1, dated June 9, 1997.
U.S. Department Of Health and Human Services
Food and Drug Administration
Center for Devices and Radiological Health
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
Preface
Public Comment
Comments and suggestions may be submitted at any time for Agency consideration to Dockets
Management Branch, Division of Management Systems and Policy, Office of Human Resources and
Management Services, Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Room 1061, (HFA-305),
Rockville, MD, 20852.  When submitting comments, please refer to the exact title of this guidance
document.  Comments may not be acted upon by the Agency until the document is next revised or
updated.
For questions regarding the use or interpretation of this guidance which involve the Center for Devices
and Radiological Health (CDRH), contact John F. Murray at (301) 594-4659 or email
jfm@cdrh.fda.gov
For questions regarding the use or interpretation of this guidance which involve the Center for Biologics
Evaluation and Research (CBER) contact Jerome Davis at (301) 827-6220 or email
davis@cber.fda.gov.
Additional Copies
CDRH
Additional copies are available from the Internet at:  www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/
DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/UCM085281.htm.   
You may also send an e-mail request to dsmica@fda.hhs.gov to receive an electronic copy of the 
guidance or send a fax request to 301-847-8149 to receive a hard copy.  Please use the document 
number (938) to identify the guidance you are requesting.
CBER
Additional copies are available from the Internet at: http://www.fda.gov/cber/guidelines.htm,  by
writing to CBER,  Office of Communication, Training, and Manufacturers' Assistance (HFM-
40), 1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Maryland 20852-1448, or  by telephone request at 1-
800-835-5709 or 301-827-1800.
 Page ii Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
Table of Contents
SECTION 1.   PURPOSE..............................................................................................................1
   
SECTION 2.   SCOPE...................................................................................................................1
   
2.1.  Applicability........................................................................................................................2
2.2.  Audience.............................................................................................................................2
2.3. THE LEAST BURDENSOME APPROACH...................................................................2
2.4. Regulatory Requirements for Software Validation..........................................................3
2.4.  Quality System Regulation vs Pre-Market Submissions.................................................4
SECTION 3.   CONTEXT FOR SOFTWARE VALIDATION...................................................5
   
3.1.  Definitions and Terminology.............................................................................................5
3.1.1  Requirements and Specifications...................................................................................5
3.1.2  Verification and Validation...........................................................................................6
3.1.3  IQ/OQ/PQ......................................................................................................................7
3.2.  Software Development as Part of System Design............................................................7
3.3.  Software is Different from Hardware................................................................................8
3.4.  Benefits of Software Validation.........................................................................................9
3.5   Design Review...................................................................................................................9
SECTION 4.   PRINCIPLES OF SOFTWARE VALIDATION...............................................11
   
4.1.  Requirements...................................................................................................................11
4.2.  Defect Prevention............................................................................................................11
4.3.  Time and Effort................................................................................................................11
4.4.  Software Life Cycle..........................................................................................................11
4.5.  Plans..................................................................................................................................12
4.6. Procedures........................................................................................................................12
4.7.  Software Validation After a Change...............................................................................12
4.8.  Validation Coverage........................................................................................................12
4.9.  Independence of Review..................................................................................................12
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4.10.  Flexibility and Responsibility........................................................................................13
SECTION 5.   ACTIVITIES AND TASKS................................................................................14
   
5.1.  Software Life Cycle Activities.........................................................................................14
5.2.  Typical Tasks Supporting Validation..............................................................................14
5.2.1.  Quality Planning........................................................................................................15
5.2.2.  Requirements..............................................................................................................16
5.2.3.  Design.........................................................................................................................17
5.2.4.  Construction or Coding.............................................................................................20
5.2.5.  Testing by the Software Developer............................................................................21
5.2.6.  User Site Testing........................................................................................................27
5.2.7.  Maintenance and Software Changes.........................................................................28
SECTION 6.   VALIDATION OF AUTOMATED PROCESS EQUIPMENT AND QUALITY
SYSTEM SOFTWARE................................................................................................................30
 
6.1.  How Much Validation Evidence Is Needed?..................................................................31
6.2.  Defined User Requirements............................................................................................32
6.3.  Validation of Off-the-Shelf Software and Automated Equipment..................................33
APPENDIX A - REFERENCES.................................................................................................35
   
Food and Drug Administration References............................................................................35
Other Government References...............................................................................................36
International and National Consensus Standards..................................................................37
Production Process Software References...............................................................................38
General Software Quality References....................................................................................39
APPENDIX B - DEVELOPMENT TEAM................................................................................43
   
 Page iv Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
General Principles of Software Validation
This document is intended to provide guidance.  It represents the Agencys current
thinking on this topic.  It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and
does not operate to bind Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the public.  An
alternative approach may be used if such approach satisfies the requirements of the
applicable statutes and regulations.
SECTION 1.   PURPOSE
This guidance outlines general validation principles that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
considers to be applicable to the validation of medical device software or the validation of software
used to design, develop, or manufacture medical devices.  This final guidance document, Version 2.0,
supersedes the draft document, General Principles of Software Validation, Version 1.1, dated June
9, 1997.
SECTION 2.   SCOPE
This guidance describes how certain provisions of the medical device Quality System regulation apply to
software and the agencys current approach to evaluating a software validation system.  For example,
this document lists elements that are acceptable to the FDA for the validation of software; however, it
does not list all of the activities and tasks that must, in all instances, be used to comply with the law.
The scope of this guidance is somewhat broader than the scope of validation in the strictest definition of
that term.  Planning, verification, testing, traceability, configuration management, and many other aspects
of good software engineering discussed in this guidance are important activities that together help to
support a final conclusion that software is validated.
This guidance recommends an integration of software life cycle management and risk management
activities.  Based on the intended use and the safety risk associated with the software to be developed,
the software developer should determine the specific approach, the combination of techniques to be
used, and the level of effort to be applied.   While this guidance does not recommend any specific life
cycle model or any specific technique or method, it does recommend that software validation and
verification activities be conducted throughout the entire software life cycle.
Where the software is developed by someone other than the device manufacturer (e.g., off-the-shelf
software) the software developer may not be directly responsible for compliance with FDA regulations.
 Page 1 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
In that case, the party with regulatory responsibility (i.e., the device manufacturer) needs to assess the
adequacy of the off-the-shelf software developers activities and determine what additional efforts are
needed to establish that the software is validated for the device manufacturers intended use.
2.1.  APPLICABILITY
This guidance applies to:
  Software used as a component, part, or accessory of a medical device;
  Software that is itself a medical device (e.g., blood establishment software);
  Software used in the production of a device (e.g., programmable logic controllers in manufacturing
equipment); and
  Software used in implementation of the device manufacturer's quality system (e.g., software that
records and maintains the device history record).
This document is based on generally recognized software validation principles and, therefore, can be
applied to any software.  For FDA purposes, this guidance applies to any software related to a
regulated medical device, as defined by Section 201(h) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
(the Act) and by current FDA software and regulatory policy.  This document does not specifically
identify which software is or is not regulated.
2.2.  AUDIENCE
This guidance provides useful information and recommendations to the following individuals:
   Persons subject to the medical device Quality System regulation
   Persons responsible for the design, development, or production of medical device software
   Persons responsible for the design, development, production, or procurement of automated
tools used for the design, development, or manufacture of medical devices or software tools
used to implement the quality system itself
   FDA Investigators
   FDA Compliance Officers
   FDA Scientific Reviewers
2.3. THE LEAST BURDENSOME APPROACH
We believe we should consider the least burdensome approach in all areas of medical device regulation.
This guidance reflects our careful review of the relevant scientific and legal requirements and what we
believe is the least burdensome way for you to comply with those requirements.  However, if you
believe that an alternative approach would be less burdensome, please contact us so we can consider
 Page 2 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
your point of view.  You may send your written comments to the contact person listed in the preface to
this guidance or to the CDRH Ombudsman.  Comprehensive information on CDRHs Ombudsman,
including ways to contact him, can be found on the Internet at:
http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/resolvingdisputes/ombudsman.html.
2.4. REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR SOFTWARE VALIDATION
The FDAs analysis of 3140 medical device recalls conducted between 1992 and 1998 reveals that
242 of them (7.7%) are attributable to software failures.  Of those software related recalls, 192 (or
79%) were caused by software defects that were introduced when changes were made to the software
after its initial production and distribution.  Software validation and other related good software
engineering practices discussed in this guidance are a principal means of avoiding such defects and
resultant recalls.
Software validation is a requirement of the Quality System regulation, which was published in the
Federal Register on October 7, 1996 and took effect on June 1, 1997.  (See Title 21 Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR) Part 820, and 61 Federal Register (FR) 52602, respectively.)  Validation
requirements apply to software used as components in medical devices, to software that is itself a
medical device, and to software used in production of the device or in implementation of the device
manufacturer's quality system.
Unless specifically exempted in a classification regulation, any medical device software product
developed after June 1, 1997, regardless of its device class, is subject to applicable design control
provisions.  (See of 21 CFR 820.30.) This requirement includes the completion of current
development projects, all new development projects, and all changes made to existing medical device
software.  Specific requirements for validation of device software are found in
21 CFR 820.30(g).  Other design controls, such as planning, input, verification, and reviews, are
required for medical device software.  (See 21 CFR 820.30.)  The corresponding documented results
from these activities can provide additional support for a conclusion that medical device software is
validated.
Any software used to automate any part of the device production process or any part of the quality
system must be validated for its intended use, as required by 21 CFR 820.70(i).  This requirement
applies to any software used to automate device design, testing, component acceptance, manufacturing,
labeling, packaging, distribution, complaint handling, or to automate any other aspect of the quality
system.
In addition, computer systems used to create, modify, and maintain electronic records
and to manage electronic signatures are also subject to the validation requirements.
(See 21 CFR 11.10(a).) Such computer systems must be validated to ensure accuracy, reliability,
consistent intended performance, and the ability to discern invalid or altered records.
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Software for the above applications may be developed in-house or under contract.  However, software
is frequently purchased off-the-shelf for a particular intended use.  All production and/or quality system
software, even if purchased off-the-shelf, should have documented requirements that fully define its
intended use, and information against which testing results and other evidence can be compared, to
show that the software is validated for its intended use.
The use of off-the-shelf software in automated medical devices and in automated manufacturing and
quality system operations is increasing.  Off-the-shelf software may have many capabilities, only a few
of which are needed by the device manufacturer.  Device manufacturers are responsible for the
adequacy of the software used in their devices, and used to produce devices.  When device
manufacturers purchase "off-the-shelf'' software, they must ensure that it will perform as intended in their
chosen application.  For off-the-shelf software used in manufacturing or in the quality system, additional
guidance is included in Section 6.3 of this document.  For device software, additional useful information
may be found in FDAs Guidance for Industry, FDA Reviewers, and Compliance on Off-The-Shelf
Software Use in Medical Devices.
2.4.  QUALITY SYSTEM REGULATION VS PRE-MARKET SUBMISSIONS
This document addresses Quality System regulation issues that involve the implementation of software
validation.  It provides guidance for the management and control of the software validation process.
The management and control of the software validation process should not be confused with any other
validation requirements, such as process validation for an automated manufacturing process.
Device manufacturers may use the same procedures and records for compliance with quality system and
design control requirements, as well as for pre-market submissions to FDA.  This document does not
cover any specific safety or efficacy issues related to software validation.  Design issues and
documentation requirements for pre-market submissions of regulated software are not addressed by this
document.  Specific issues related to safety and efficacy, and the documentation required in pre-market
submissions, should be addressed to the Office of Device Evaluation (ODE), Center for Devices and
Radiological Health (CDRH) or to the Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics
Evaluation and Research (CBER).  See the references in Appendix A for applicable FDA guidance
documents for pre-market submissions.
 Page 4 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
SECTION 3.   CONTEXT FOR SOFTWARE VALIDATION
Many people have asked for specific guidance on what FDA expects them to do to ensure compliance
with the Quality System regulation with regard to software validation.  Information on software
validation presented in this document is not new.  Validation of software, using the principles and tasks
listed in Sections 4 and 5, has been conducted in many segments of the software industry for well over
20 years.
Due to the great variety of medical devices, processes, and manufacturing facilities, it is not possible to
state in one document all of the specific validation elements that are applicable.  However, a general
application of several broad concepts can be used successfully as guidance for software validation.
These broad concepts provide an acceptable framework for building a comprehensive approach to
software validation.  Additional specific information is available from many of the references listed in
Appendix A.
3.1.  DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
Unless defined in the Quality System regulation, or otherwise specified below, all other terms used in
this guidance are as defined in the current edition of the FDA Glossary of Computerized System and
Software Development Terminology.
The medical device Quality System regulation (21 CFR 820.3(k)) defines "establish" to mean "define,
document, and implement."  Where it appears in this guidance, the words "establish" and established
should be interpreted to have this same meaning.
Some definitions found in the medical device Quality System regulation can be confusing when
compared to commonly used terminology in the software industry.  Examples are requirements,
specification, verification, and validation.
3.1.1  Requirements and Specifications
While the Quality System regulation states that design input requirements must be documented, and that
specified requirements must be verified, the regulation does not further clarify the distinction between the
terms requirement and specification.  A requirement can be any need or expectation for a system
or for its software.  Requirements reflect the stated or implied needs of the customer, and may be
market-based, contractual, or statutory, as well as an organization's internal requirements.  There can be
many different kinds of requirements (e.g., design, functional, implementation, interface, performance, or
physical requirements).  Software requirements are typically derived from the system requirements for
those aspects of system functionality that have been allocated to software.  Software requirements are
typically stated in functional terms and are defined, refined, and updated as a development project
progresses.  Success in accurately and completely documenting software requirements is a crucial factor
in successful validation of the resulting software.
 Page 5 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
A specification is defined as a document that states requirements.  (See 21 CFR 820.3(y).)  It may
refer to or include drawings, patterns, or other relevant documents and usually indicates the means and
the criteria whereby conformity with the requirement can be checked.  There are many different kinds of
written specifications, e.g., system requirements specification, software requirements specification,
software design specification, software test specification, software integration specification, etc.  All of
these documents establish specified requirements and are design outputs for which various forms of
verification are necessary.
3.1.2  Verification and Validation
The Quality System regulation is harmonized with ISO 8402:1994, which treats verification and
validation as separate and distinct terms.  On the other hand, many software engineering journal
articles and textbooks use the terms "verification" and "validation" interchangeably, or in some cases
refer to software "verification, validation, and testing (VV&T)" as if it is a single concept, with no
distinction among the three terms.
Software verification provides objective evidence that the design outputs of a particular phase of the
software development life cycle meet all of the specified requirements for that phase.  Software
verification looks for consistency, completeness, and correctness of the software and its supporting
documentation, as it is being developed, and provides support for a subsequent conclusion that software
is validated.  Software testing is one of many verification activities intended to confirm that software
development output meets its input requirements.  Other verification activities include various static and
dynamic analyses, code and document inspections, walkthroughs, and other techniques.
Software validation is a part of the design validation for a finished device, but is not separately defined
in the Quality System regulation.  For purposes of this guidance, FDA considers software validation to
be confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence that software
specifications conform to user needs and intended uses, and that the particular requirements
implemented through software can be consistently fulfilled.  In practice, software validation
activities may occur both during, as well as at the end of the software development life cycle to ensure
that all requirements have been fulfilled.  Since software is usually part of a larger hardware system, the
validation of software typically includes evidence that all software requirements have been implemented
correctly and completely and are traceable to system requirements.  A conclusion that software is
validated is highly dependent upon comprehensive software testing, inspections, analyses, and other
verification tasks performed at each stage of the software development life cycle.  Testing of device
software functionality in a simulated use environment, and user site testing are typically included as
components of an overall design validation program for a software automated device.
Software verification and validation are difficult because a developer cannot test forever, and it is hard
to know how much evidence is enough.  In large measure, software validation is a matter of developing
a level of confidence that the device meets all requirements and user expectations for the software
automated functions and features of the device.  Measures such as defects found in specifications
documents, estimates of defects remaining, testing coverage, and other techniques are all used to
 Page 6 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
develop an acceptable level of confidence before shipping the product.  The level of confidence, and
therefore the level of software validation, verification, and testing effort needed, will vary depending
upon the safety risk (hazard) posed by the automated functions of the device.  Additional guidance
regarding safety risk management for software may be found in Section 4 of FDAs Guidance for the
Content of Pre-market Submissions for Software Contained in Medical Devices, and in the
international standards ISO/IEC 14971-1 and IEC 60601-1-4 referenced in Appendix A.
3.1.3  IQ/OQ/PQ
For many years, both FDA and regulated industry have attempted to understand and define software
validation within the context of process validation terminology.   For example, industry documents and
other FDA validation guidance sometimes describe user site software validation in terms of installation
qualification (IQ), operational qualification (OQ) and performance qualification (PQ).  Definitions of
these terms and additional information regarding IQ/OQ/PQ may be found in FDAs Guideline on
General Principles of Process Validation, dated May 11, 1987, and in FDAs Glossary of
Computerized System and Software Development Terminology, dated August 1995.
While IQ/OQ/PQ terminology has served its purpose well and is one of many legitimate ways to
organize software validation tasks at the user site, this terminology may not be well understood among
many software professionals, and it is not used elsewhere in this document.  However, both FDA
personnel and device manufacturers need to be aware of these differences in terminology as they ask for
and provide information regarding software validation.
3.2.  SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AS PART OF SYSTEM DESIGN
The decision to implement system functionality using software is one that is typically made during system
design.  Software requirements are typically derived from the overall system requirements and design for
those aspects in the system that are to be implemented using software.  There are user needs and
intended uses for a finished device, but users typically do not specify whether those requirements are to
be met by hardware, software, or some combination of both.  Therefore, software validation must be
considered within the context of the overall design validation for the system.
A documented requirements specification represents the user's needs and intended uses from which the
product is developed.  A primary goal of software validation is to then demonstrate that all completed
software products comply with all documented software and system requirements.  The correctness and
completeness of both the system requirements and the software requirements should be addressed as
part of the design validation process for the device.  Software validation includes confirmation of
conformance to all software specifications and confirmation that all software requirements are traceable
to the system specifications.  Confirmation is an important part of the overall design validation to ensure
that all aspects of the medical device conform to user needs and intended uses.
 Page 7 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
3.3.  SOFTWARE IS DIFFERENT FROM HARDWARE
While software shares many of the same engineering tasks as hardware, it has some very important
differences.  For example:
  The vast majority of software problems are traceable to errors made during the design and
development process.  While the quality of a hardware product is highly dependent on design,
development and manufacture, the quality of a software product is dependent primarily on
design and development with a minimum concern for software manufacture.  Software
manufacturing consists of reproduction that can be easily verified.  It is not difficult to
manufacture thousands of program copies that function exactly the same as the original; the
difficulty comes in getting the original program to meet all specifications.
  One of the most significant features of software is branching, i.e., the ability to execute
alternative series of commands, based on differing inputs.  This feature is a major contributing
factor for another characteristic of software  its complexity.  Even short programs can be very
complex and difficult to fully understand.
  Typically, testing alone cannot fully verify that software is complete and correct.  In addition to
testing, other verification techniques and a structured and documented development process
should be combined to ensure a comprehensive validation approach.
  Unlike hardware, software is not a physical entity and does not wear out.  In fact, software may
improve with age, as latent defects are discovered and removed.  However, as software is
constantly updated and changed, such improvements are sometimes countered by new defects
introduced into the software during the change.
  Unlike some hardware failures, software failures occur without advanced warning.  The
softwares branching that allows it to follow differing paths during execution, may hide some
latent defects until long after a software product has been introduced into the marketplace.
  Another related characteristic of software is the speed and ease with which it can be changed.
This factor can cause both software and non-software professionals to believe that software
problems can be corrected easily.  Combined with a lack of understanding of software, it can
lead managers to believe that tightly controlled engineering is not needed as much for software
as it is for hardware.  In fact, the opposite is true.  Because of its complexity, the
development process for software should be even more tightly controlled than for
hardware, in order to prevent problems that cannot be easily detected later in the
development process.
  Seemingly insignificant changes in software code can create unexpected and very significant
problems elsewhere in the software program.  The software development process should be
sufficiently well planned, controlled, and documented to detect and correct unexpected results
from software changes.
 Page 8 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
  Given the high demand for software professionals and the highly mobile workforce, the software
personnel who make maintenance changes to software may not have been involved in the
original software development.  Therefore, accurate and thorough documentation is essential.
  Historically, software components have not been as frequently standardized and interchangeable
as hardware components.  However, medical device software developers are beginning to use
component-based development tools and techniques.  Object-oriented methodologies and the
use of off-the-shelf software components hold promise for faster and less expensive software
development.  However, component-based approaches require very careful attention during
integration.  Prior to integration, time is needed to fully define and develop reusable software
code and to fully understand the behavior of off-the-shelf components.
For these and other reasons, software engineering needs an even greater level of managerial
scrutiny and control than does hardware engineering.
3.4.  BENEFITS OF SOFTWARE VALIDATION
Software validation is a critical tool used to assure the quality of device software and software
automated operations.  Software validation can increase the usability and reliability of the device,
resulting in decreased failure rates, fewer recalls and corrective actions, less risk to patients and users,
and reduced liability to device manufacturers.  Software validation can also reduce long term costs by
making it easier and less costly to reliably modify software and revalidate software changes.  Software
maintenance can represent a very large percentage of the total cost of software over its entire life cycle.
An established comprehensive software validation process helps to reduce the long-term cost of
software by reducing the cost of validation for each subsequent release of the software.
3.5   DESIGN REVIEW
Design reviews are documented, comprehensive, and systematic examinations of a design to evaluate
the adequacy of the design requirements, to evaluate the capability of the design to meet these
requirements, and to identify problems.  While there may be many informal technical reviews that occur
within the development team during a software project, a formal design review is more structured and
includes participation from others outside the development team.  Formal design reviews may reference
or include results from other formal and informal reviews.  Design reviews may be conducted separately
for the software, after the software is integrated with the hardware into the system, or both.  Design
reviews should include examination of development plans, requirements specifications, design
specifications, testing plans and procedures, all other documents and activities associated with the
project, verification results from each stage of the defined life cycle, and validation results for the overall
device.
Design review is a primary tool for managing and evaluating development projects.  For example, formal
design reviews allow management to confirm that all goals defined in the software validation plan have
 Page 9 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
been achieved.  The Quality System regulation requires that at least one formal design review be
conducted during the device design process.  However, it is recommended that multiple design reviews
be conducted (e.g., at the end of each software life cycle activity, in preparation for proceeding to the
next activity).  Formal design review is especially important at or near the end of the requirements
activity, before major resources have been committed to specific design solutions.  Problems found at
this point can be resolved more easily, save time and money, and reduce the likelihood of missing a
critical issue.
Answers to some key questions should be documented during formal design reviews.  These include:
  Have the appropriate tasks and expected results, outputs, or products been established for each
software life cycle activity?
  Do the tasks and expected results, outputs, or products of each software life cycle activity:
(cid:252)  Comply with the requirements of other software life cycle activities in terms of correctness,
completeness, consistency, and accuracy?
(cid:252)  Satisfy the standards, practices, and conventions of that activity?
(cid:252)  Establish a proper basis for initiating tasks for the next software life cycle activity?
 Page 10 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
SECTION 4.   PRINCIPLES OF SOFTWARE VALIDATION
This section lists the general principles that should be considered for the validation of software.
4.1.  REQUIREMENTS
A documented software requirements specification provides a baseline for both validation and
verification.  The software validation process cannot be completed without an established  software
requirements specification (Ref:  21 CFR 820.3(z) and (aa) and 820.30(f) and (g)).
4.2.  DEFECT PREVENTION
Software quality assurance needs to focus on preventing the introduction of defects into the software
development process and not on trying to test quality into the software code after it is written.
Software testing is very limited in its ability to surface all latent defects in software code.  For example,
the complexity of most software prevents it from being exhaustively tested.  Software testing is a
necessary activity.  However, in most cases software testing by itself is not sufficient to
establish confidence that the software is fit for its intended use.   In order to establish that
confidence, software developers should use a mixture of methods and techniques to prevent software
errors and to detect software errors that do occur.  The best mix of methods depends on many
factors including the development environment, application, size of project, language, and risk.
4.3.  TIME AND EFFORT
To build a case that the software is validated requires time and effort.  Preparation for software
validation should begin early, i.e., during design and development planning and design input.  The final
conclusion that the software is validated should be based on evidence collected from planned efforts
conducted throughout the software lifecycle.
4.4.  SOFTWARE LIFE CYCLE
Software validation takes place within the environment of an established software life cycle.  The
software life cycle contains software engineering tasks and documentation necessary to support the
software validation effort.  In addition, the software life cycle contains specific verification and validation
tasks that are appropriate for the intended use of the software.  This guidance does not recommend any
particular life cycle models  only that they should be selected and used for a software development
project.
 Page 11 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
4.5.  PLANS
The software validation process is defined and controlled through the use of a plan.  The software
validation plan defines what is to be accomplished through the software validation effort.  Software
validation plans are a significant quality system tool.  Software validation plans specify areas such as
scope, approach, resources, schedules and the types and extent of activities, tasks, and work items.
4.6. PROCEDURES
The software validation process is executed through the use of procedures.  These procedures establish
how to conduct the software validation effort.  The procedures should identify the specific actions or
sequence of actions that must be taken to complete individual validation activities, tasks, and work
items.
4.7.  SOFTWARE VALIDATION AFTER A CHANGE
Due to the complexity of software, a seemingly small local change may have a significant global system
impact.  When any change (even a small change) is made to the software, the validation status of the
software needs to be re-established.  Whenever software is changed, a validation analysis should
be conducted not just for validation of the individual change, but also to determine the extent
and impact of that change on the entire software system.  Based on this analysis, the software
developer should then conduct an appropriate level of software regression testing to show that
unchanged but vulnerable portions of the system have not been adversely affected.  Design controls and
appropriate regression testing provide the confidence that the software is validated after a software
change.
4.8.  VALIDATION COVERAGE
Validation coverage should be based on the softwares complexity and safety risk  not on firm size or
resource constraints.  The selection of validation activities, tasks, and work items should be
commensurate with the complexity of the software design and the risk associated with the use of the
software for the specified intended use.  For lower risk devices, only baseline validation activities may
be conducted.  As the risk increases additional validation activities should be added to cover the
additional risk.  Validation documentation should be sufficient to demonstrate that all software validation
plans and procedures have been completed successfully.
4.9.  INDEPENDENCE OF REVIEW
Validation activities should be conducted using the basic quality assurance precept of independence of
review.  Self-validation is extremely difficult.  When possible, an independent evaluation is always
better, especially for higher risk applications.  Some firms contract out for a third-party independent
 Page 12 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
verification and validation, but this solution may not always be feasible.  Another approach is to assign
internal staff members that are not involved in a particular design or its implementation, but who have
sufficient knowledge to evaluate the project and conduct the verification and validation activities. Smaller
firms may need to be creative in how tasks are organized and assigned in order to maintain internal
independence of review.
4.10.  FLEXIBILITY AND RESPONSIBILITY
Specific implementation of these software validation principles may be quite different from one
application to another.  The device manufacturer has flexibility in choosing how to apply these validation
principles, but retains ultimate responsibility for demonstrating that the software has been validated.
Software is designed, developed, validated, and regulated in a wide spectrum of environments, and for
a wide variety of devices with varying levels of risk.  FDA regulated medical device applications include
software that:
  Is a component, part, or accessory of a medical device;
  Is itself a medical device; or
  Is used in manufacturing, design and development, or other parts of the quality system.
In each environment, software components from many sources may be used to create the application
(e.g., in-house developed software, off-the-shelf software, contract software, shareware).  In addition,
software components come in many different forms (e.g., application software, operating systems,
compilers, debuggers, configuration management tools, and many more).  The validation of software in
these environments can be a complex undertaking; therefore, it is appropriate that all of these software
validation principles be considered when designing the software validation process.  The resultant
software validation process should be commensurate with the safety risk associated with the system,
device, or process.
Software validation activities and tasks may be dispersed, occurring at different locations and being
conducted by different organizations.  However, regardless of the distribution of tasks, contractual
relations, source of components, or the development environment, the device manufacturer or
specification developer retains ultimate responsibility for ensuring that the software is validated.
 Page 13 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
SECTION 5.   ACTIVITIES AND TASKS
Software validation is accomplished through a series of activities and tasks that are planned and
executed at various stages of the software development life cycle.  These tasks may be one time
occurrences or may be iterated many times, depending on the life cycle model used and the scope of
changes made as the software project progresses.
5.1.  SOFTWARE LIFE CYCLE ACTIVITIES
This guidance does not recommend the use of any specific software life cycle model.  Software
developers should establish a software life cycle model that is appropriate for their product and
organization.  The software life cycle model that is selected should cover the software from its birth to its
retirement.  Activities in a typical software life cycle model include the following:
  Quality Planning
  System Requirements Definition
  Detailed Software Requirements Specification
  Software Design Specification
  Construction or Coding
  Testing
  Installation
  Operation and Support
  Maintenance
  Retirement
Verification, testing, and other tasks that support software validation occur during each of these
activities.  A life cycle model organizes these software development activities in various ways and
provides a framework for monitoring and controlling the software development project.  Several
software life cycle models (e.g., waterfall, spiral, rapid prototyping, incremental development, etc.) are
defined in FDAs Glossary of Computerized System and Software Development Terminology,
dated August 1995.  These and many other life cycle models are described in various references listed
in Appendix A.
5.2.  TYPICAL TASKS SUPPORTING VALIDATION
For each of the software life cycle activities, there are certain typical tasks that support a conclusion
that the software is validated.  However, the specific tasks to be performed, their order of performance,
and the iteration and timing of their performance will be dictated by the specific software life cycle
model that is selected and the safety risk associated with the software application.  For very low risk
applications, certain tasks may not be needed at all.  However, the software developer should at least
consider each of these tasks and should define and document which tasks are or are not appropriate for
 Page 14 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
their specific application.  The following discussion is generic and is not intended to prescribe any
particular software life cycle model or any particular order in which tasks are to be performed.
5.2.1.  Quality Planning
Design and development planning should culminate in a plan that identifies necessary tasks, procedures
for anomaly reporting and resolution, necessary resources, and management review requirements,
including formal design reviews.  A software life cycle model and associated activities should be
identified, as well as those tasks necessary for each software life cycle activity.  The plan should include:
  The specific tasks for each life cycle activity;
  Enumeration of important quality factors (e.g., reliability, maintainability, and usability);
  Methods and procedures for each task;
  Task acceptance criteria;
  Criteria for defining and documenting outputs in terms that will allow evaluation of their
conformance to input requirements;
  Inputs for each task;
  Outputs from each task;
  Roles, resources, and responsibilities for each task;
  Risks and assumptions;  and
  Documentation of user needs.
Management must identify and provide the appropriate software development environment and
resources.  (See  21 CFR 820.20(b)(1) and (2).)  Typically, each task requires personnel as well as
physical resources.  The plan should identify the personnel, the facility and equipment resources for each
task, and the role that risk (hazard) management will play.  A configuration management plan should be
developed that will guide and control multiple parallel development activities and ensure proper
communications and documentation.  Controls are necessary to ensure positive and correct
correspondence among all approved versions of the specifications documents, source code, object
code, and test suites that comprise a software system.  The controls also should ensure accurate
identification of, and access to, the currently approved versions.
Procedures should be created for reporting and resolving software anomalies found through validation
or other activities.  Management should identify the reports and specify the contents, format, and
responsible organizational elements for each report.  Procedures also are necessary for the review and
approval of software development results, including the responsible organizational elements for such
reviews and approvals.
Typical Tasks  Quality Planning
  Risk (Hazard) Management Plan
  Configuration Management Plan
 Page 15 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
  Software Quality Assurance Plan
-   Software Verification and Validation Plan
q  Verification and Validation Tasks, and Acceptance Criteria
q  Schedule and Resource Allocation (for software verification and validation activities)
q  Reporting Requirements
-   Formal Design Review Requirements
-   Other Technical Review Requirements
  Problem Reporting and Resolution Procedures
  Other Support Activities
5.2.2.  Requirements
Requirements development includes the identification, analysis, and documentation of information about
the device and its intended use.  Areas of special importance include allocation of system functions to
hardware/software, operating conditions, user characteristics, potential hazards, and anticipated tasks.
In addition, the requirements should state clearly the intended use of the software.
The software requirements specification document should contain a written definition of the software
functions.  It is not possible to validate software without predetermined and documented software
requirements.  Typical software requirements specify the following:
  All software system inputs;
  All software system outputs;
  All functions that the software system will perform;
  All performance requirements that the software will meet, (e.g., data throughput, reliability, and
timing);
  The definition of all external and user interfaces, as well as any internal software-to-system
interfaces;
  How users will interact with the system;
  What constitutes an error and how errors should be handled;
  Required response times;
  The intended operating environment for the software, if this is a design constraint (e.g.,
hardware platform, operating system);
  All ranges, limits, defaults, and specific values that the software will accept; and
  All safety related requirements, specifications, features, or functions that will be implemented in
software.
Software safety requirements are derived from a technical risk management process that is closely
integrated with the system requirements development process.  Software requirement specifications
should identify clearly the potential hazards that can result from a software failure in the system as well
as any safety requirements to be implemented in software.  The consequences of software failure should
be evaluated, along with means of mitigating such failures (e.g., hardware mitigation, defensive
programming, etc.).  From this analysis, it should be possible to identify the most appropriate measures
necessary to prevent harm.
 Page 16 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
The Quality System regulation requires a mechanism for addressing incomplete, ambiguous, or
conflicting requirements.  (See 21 CFR 820.30(c).)  Each requirement (e.g., hardware, software, user,
operator interface, and safety) identified in the software requirements specification should be evaluated
for accuracy, completeness, consistency, testability, correctness, and clarity.  For example, software
requirements should be evaluated to verify that:
  There are no internal inconsistencies among requirements;
  All of the performance requirements for the system have been spelled out;
  Fault tolerance, safety, and security requirements are complete and correct;
  Allocation of software functions is accurate and complete;
  Software requirements are appropriate for the system hazards; and
  All requirements are expressed in terms that are measurable or objectively verifiable.
A software requirements traceability analysis should be conducted to trace software requirements to
(and from) system requirements and to risk analysis results.  In addition to any other analyses and
documentation used to verify software requirements, a formal design review is recommended to confirm
that requirements are fully specified and appropriate before extensive software design efforts begin.
Requirements can be approved and released incrementally, but care should be taken that interactions
and interfaces among software (and hardware) requirements are properly reviewed, analyzed, and
controlled.
Typical Tasks  Requirements
  Preliminary Risk Analysis
  Traceability Analysis
-   Software Requirements to System Requirements (and vice versa)
-   Software Requirements to Risk Analysis
  Description of  User Characteristics
  Listing of Characteristics and Limitations of Primary and Secondary Memory
  Software Requirements Evaluation
  Software User Interface Requirements Analysis
  System Test Plan Generation
  Acceptance Test Plan Generation
  Ambiguity Review or Analysis
5.2.3.  Design
In the design process, the software requirements specification is translated into a logical and physical
representation of the software to be implemented.  The software design specification is a description of
what the software should do and how it should do it.  Due to complexity of the project or to enable
 Page 17 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
persons with varying levels of technical responsibilities to clearly understand design information, the
design specification may contain both a high level summary of the design and detailed design
information.  The completed software design specification constrains the programmer/coder to stay
within the intent of the agreed upon requirements and design.  A complete software design specification
will relieve the programmer from the need to make ad hoc design decisions.
The software design needs to address human factors.  Use error caused by designs that are either
overly complex or contrary to users' intuitive expectations for operation is one of the most persistent and
critical problems encountered by FDA.  Frequently, the design of the software is a factor in such use
errors.  Human factors engineering should be woven into the entire design and development process,
including the device design requirements, analyses, and tests.  Device safety and usability issues should
be considered when developing flowcharts, state diagrams, prototyping tools, and test plans.  Also, task
and function analyses, risk analyses, prototype tests and reviews, and full usability tests should be
performed.  Participants from the user population should be included when applying these
methodologies.
The software design specification should include:
  Software requirements specification, including predetermined criteria for acceptance of the
software;
  Software risk analysis;
  Development procedures and coding guidelines (or other programming procedures);
  Systems documentation (e.g., a narrative or a context diagram) that describes the systems
context in which the program is intended to function, including the relationship of hardware,
software, and the physical environment;
  Hardware to be used;
  Parameters to be measured or recorded;
  Logical structure (including control logic) and logical processing steps (e.g., algorithms);
  Data structures and data flow diagrams;
  Definitions of variables (control and data) and description of where they are used;
  Error, alarm, and warning messages;
  Supporting software (e.g., operating systems, drivers, other application software);
  Communication links (links among internal modules of the software, links with the supporting
software, links with the hardware, and links with the user);
  Security measures (both physical and logical security); and
  Any additional constraints not identified in the above elements.
The first four of the elements noted above usually are separate pre-existing documents that are included
by reference in the software design specification.  Software requirements specification was discussed in
the preceding section, as was software risk analysis.  Written development procedures serve as a guide
to the organization, and written programming procedures serve as a guide to individual programmers.
As software cannot be validated without knowledge of the context in which it is intended to function,
systems documentation is referenced.  If some of the above elements are not included in the software, it
 Page 18 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
may be helpful to future reviewers and maintainers of the software if that is clearly stated (e.g., There are
no error messages in this program).
The activities that occur during software design have several purposes.  Software design evaluations are
conducted to determine if the design is complete, correct, consistent, unambiguous, feasible, and
maintainable.  Appropriate consideration of software architecture (e.g., modular structure) during design
can reduce the magnitude of future validation efforts when software changes are needed.  Software
design evaluations may include analyses of control flow, data flow, complexity, timing, sizing, memory
allocation, criticality analysis, and many other aspects of the design.  A traceability analysis should be
conducted to verify that the software design implements all of the software requirements.  As a
technique for identifying where requirements are not sufficient, the traceability analysis should also verify
that all aspects of the design are traceable to software requirements.  An analysis of communication links
should be conducted to evaluate the proposed design with respect to hardware, user, and related
software requirements.  The software risk analysis should be re-examined to determine whether any
additional hazards have been identified and whether any new hazards have been introduced by the
design.
At the end of the software design activity, a Formal Design Review should be conducted to verify that
the design is correct, consistent, complete, accurate, and testable, before moving to implement the
design.  Portions of the design can be approved and released incrementally for implementation; but care
should be taken that interactions and communication links among various elements are properly
reviewed, analyzed, and controlled.
Most software development models will be iterative.  This is likely to result in several versions of both
the software requirement specification and the software design specification.  All approved versions
should be archived and controlled in accordance with established configuration management
procedures.
Typical Tasks  Design
  Updated Software Risk Analysis
  Traceability Analysis - Design Specification to Software Requirements (and vice versa)
  Software Design Evaluation
  Design Communication Link Analysis
  Module Test Plan Generation
  Integration Test Plan Generation
  Test Design Generation (module, integration, system, and acceptance)
 Page 19 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
5.2.4.  Construction or Coding
Software may be constructed either by coding (i.e., programming) or by assembling together previously
coded software components (e.g., from code libraries, off-the-shelf software, etc.) for use in a new
application.  Coding is the software activity where the detailed design specification is implemented as
source code.  Coding is the lowest level of abstraction for the software development process.  It is the
last stage in decomposition of the software requirements where module specifications are translated into
a programming language.
Coding usually involves the use of a high-level programming language, but may also entail the use of
assembly language (or microcode) for time-critical operations.  The source code may be either
compiled or interpreted for use on a target hardware platform.  Decisions on the selection of
programming languages and software build tools (assemblers, linkers, and compilers) should include
consideration of the impact on subsequent quality evaluation tasks (e.g., availability of debugging and
testing tools for the chosen language).  Some compilers offer optional levels and commands for error
checking to assist in debugging the code.  Different levels of error checking may be used throughout the
coding process, and warnings or other messages from the compiler may or may not be recorded.
However, at the end of the coding and debugging process, the most rigorous level of error checking is
normally used to document what compilation errors still remain in the software.  If the most rigorous
level of error checking is not used for final translation of the source code, then justification for use of the
less rigorous translation error checking should be documented.  Also, for the final compilation, there
should be documentation of the compilation process and its outcome, including any warnings or other
messages from the compiler and their resolution, or justification for the decision to leave issues
unresolved.
Firms frequently adopt specific coding guidelines that establish quality policies and procedures related to
the software coding process.  Source code should be evaluated to verify its compliance with specified
coding guidelines.  Such guidelines should include coding conventions regarding clarity, style, complexity
management, and commenting.  Code comments should provide useful and descriptive information for a
module, including expected inputs and outputs, variables referenced, expected data types, and
operations to be performed.  Source code should also be evaluated to verify its compliance with the
corresponding detailed design specification.  Modules ready for integration and test should have
documentation of compliance with coding guidelines and any other applicable quality policies and
procedures.
Source code evaluations are often implemented as code inspections and code walkthroughs.  Such
static analyses provide a very effective means to detect errors before execution of the code.  They allow
for examination of each error in isolation and can also help in focusing later dynamic testing of the
software. Firms may use manual (desk) checking with appropriate controls to ensure consistency and
independence.  Source code evaluations should be extended to verification of internal linkages between
modules and layers (horizontal and vertical interfaces), and compliance with their design specifications.
Documentation of the procedures used and the results of source code evaluations should be maintained
as part of design verification.
 Page 20 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
A source code traceability analysis is an important tool to verify that all code is linked to established
specifications and established test procedures.  A source code traceability analysis should be conducted
and documented to verify that:
  Each element of the software design specification has been implemented in code;
  Modules and functions implemented in code can be traced back to an element in the software
design specification and to the risk analysis;
  Tests for modules and functions can be traced back to an element in the software design
specification and to the risk analysis; and
  Tests for modules and functions can be traced to source code for the same modules and
functions.
Typical Tasks  Construction or Coding
  Traceability Analyses
-   Source Code to Design Specification (and vice versa)
-   Test Cases to Source Code and to Design Specification
  Source Code and Source Code Documentation Evaluation
  Source Code Interface Analysis
  Test Procedure and Test Case Generation (module, integration, system, and
acceptance)
5.2.5.  Testing by the Software Developer
Software testing entails running software products under known conditions with defined inputs and
documented outcomes that can be compared to their predefined expectations.  It is a time consuming,
difficult, and imperfect activity.  As such, it requires early planning in order to be effective and efficient.
Test plans and test cases should be created as early in the software development process as feasible.
They should identify the schedules, environments, resources (personnel, tools, etc.), methodologies,
cases (inputs, procedures, outputs, expected results), documentation, and reporting criteria.  The
magnitude of effort to be applied throughout the testing process can be linked to complexity, criticality,
reliability, and/or safety issues (e.g., requiring functions or modules that produce critical outcomes to be
challenged with intensive testing of their fault tolerance features).  Descriptions of categories of software
and software testing effort appear in the literature, for example:
  NIST Special Publication 500-235, Structured Testing: A Testing Methodology Using the
Cyclomatic Complexity Metric;
  NUREG/CR-6293, Verification and Validation Guidelines for High Integrity Systems; and
  IEEE Computer Society Press, Handbook of Software Reliability Engineering.
 Page 21 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
Software test plans should identify the particular tasks to be conducted at each stage of development
and include justification of the level of effort represented by their corresponding completion criteria.
Software testing has limitations that must be recognized and considered when planning the testing of a
particular software product.  Except for the simplest of programs, software cannot be exhaustively
tested.  Generally it is not feasible to test a software product with all possible inputs, nor is it possible to
test all possible data processing paths that can occur during program execution.  There is no one type of
testing or testing methodology that can ensure a particular software product has been thoroughly tested.
Testing of all program functionality does not mean all of the program has been tested.  Testing of all of a
program's code does not mean all necessary functionality is present in the program.  Testing of all
program functionality and all program code does not mean the program is 100% correct!  Software
testing that finds no errors should not be interpreted to mean that errors do not exist in the software
product; it may mean the testing was superficial.
An essential element of a software test case is the expected result.  It is the key detail that permits
objective evaluation of the actual test result.  This necessary testing information is obtained from the
corresponding, predefined definition or specification.  A software specification document must identify
what, when, how, why, etc., is to be achieved with an engineering (i.e., measurable or objectively
verifiable) level of detail in order for it to be confirmed through testing.  The real effort of effective
software testing lies in the definition of what is to be tested rather than in the performance of the test.
A software testing process should be based on principles that foster effective examinations of a software
product.  Applicable software testing tenets include:
  The expected test outcome is predefined;
  A good test case has a high probability of exposing an error;
  A successful test is one that finds an error;
  There is independence from coding;
  Both application (user) and software (programming) expertise are employed;
  Testers use different tools from coders;
  Examining only the usual case is insufficient;
  Test documentation permits its reuse and an independent confirmation of the pass/fail status of a
test outcome during subsequent review.
Once the prerequisite tasks (e.g., code inspection) have been successfully completed, software testing
begins.  It starts with unit level testing and concludes with system level testing.  There may be a distinct
integration level of testing.  A software product should be challenged with test cases based on its internal
structure and with test cases based on its external specification.  These tests should provide a thorough
and rigorous examination of the software product's compliance with its functional, performance, and
interface definitions and requirements.
Code-based testing is also known as structural testing or "white-box" testing.  It identifies test cases
based on knowledge obtained from the source code, detailed design specification, and other
development documents.  These test cases challenge the control decisions made by the program; and
the program's data structures including configuration tables.  Structural testing can identify "dead" code
 Page 22 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
that is never executed when the program is run.  Structural testing is accomplished primarily with unit
(module) level testing, but can be extended to other levels of software testing.
The level of structural testing can be evaluated using metrics that are designed to show what percentage
of the software structure has been evaluated during structural testing.  These metrics are typically
referred to as coverage and are a measure of completeness with respect to test selection criteria.  The
amount of structural coverage should be commensurate with the level of risk posed by the software.
Use of the term coverage usually means 100% coverage.  For example, if a testing program has
achieved statement coverage, it means that 100% of the statements in the software have been
executed at least once.  Common structural coverage metrics include:
  Statement Coverage  This criteria requires sufficient test cases for each program statement
to be executed at least once; however, its achievement is insufficient to provide confidence in a
software product's behavior.
  Decision (Branch) Coverage  This criteria requires sufficient test cases for each program
decision or branch to be executed so that each possible outcome occurs at least once.  It is
considered to be a minimum level of coverage for most software products, but decision
coverage alone is insufficient for high-integrity applications.
  Condition Coverage  This criteria requires sufficient test cases for each condition in a
program decision to take on all possible outcomes at least once.  It differs from branch
coverage only when multiple conditions must be evaluated to reach a decision.
  Multi-Condition Coverage  This criteria requires sufficient test cases to exercise all possible
combinations of conditions in a program decision.
  Loop Coverage  This criteria requires sufficient test cases for all program loops to be
executed for zero, one, two, and many iterations covering initialization, typical running and
termination (boundary) conditions.
  Path Coverage  This criteria requires sufficient test cases for each feasible path, basis path,
etc., from start to exit of a defined program segment, to be executed at least once.  Because of
the very large number of possible paths through a software program, path coverage is generally
not achievable.  The amount of path coverage is normally established based on the risk or
criticality of the software under test.
  Data Flow Coverage  This criteria requires sufficient test cases for each feasible data flow to
be executed at least once.  A number of data flow testing strategies are available.
Definition-based or specification-based testing is also known as functional testing or "black-box" testing.
It identifies test cases based on the definition of what the software product (whether it be a unit
(module) or a complete program) is intended to do.  These test cases challenge the intended use or
functionality of a program, and the program's internal and external interfaces.  Functional testing can be
applied at all levels of software testing, from unit to system level testing.
 Page 23 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
The following types of functional software testing involve generally increasing levels of effort:
  Normal Case  Testing with usual inputs is necessary.  However, testing a software product
only with expected, valid inputs does not thoroughly test that software product.  By itself,
normal case testing cannot provide sufficient confidence in the dependability of the software
product.
  Output Forcing  Choosing test inputs to ensure that selected (or all) software outputs are
generated by testing.
  Robustness  Software testing should demonstrate that a software product behaves correctly
when given unexpected, invalid inputs.  Methods for identifying a sufficient set of such test cases
include Equivalence Class Partitioning, Boundary Value Analysis, and Special Case
Identification (Error Guessing).  While important and necessary, these techniques do not ensure
that all of the most appropriate challenges to a software product have been identified for testing.
  Combinations of Inputs  The functional testing methods identified above all emphasize
individual or single test inputs.  Most software products operate with multiple inputs under their
conditions of use.  Thorough software product testing should consider the combinations of
inputs a software unit or system may encounter during operation.  Error guessing can be
extended to identify combinations of inputs, but it is an ad hoc technique.  Cause-effect graphing
is one functional software testing technique that systematically identifies combinations of inputs
to a software product for inclusion in test cases.
Functional and structural software test case identification techniques provide specific inputs for testing,
rather than random test inputs.  One weakness of these techniques is the difficulty in linking structural
and functional test completion criteria to a software product's reliability.  Advanced software testing
methods, such as statistical testing, can be employed to provide further assurance that a software
product is dependable.  Statistical testing uses randomly generated test data from defined distributions
based on an operational profile (e.g., expected use, hazardous use, or malicious use of the software
product).  Large amounts of test data are generated and can be targeted to cover particular areas or
concerns, providing an increased possibility of identifying individual and multiple rare operating
conditions that were not anticipated by either the software product's designers or its testers.  Statistical
testing also provides high structural coverage.  It does require a stable software product.  Thus,
structural and functional testing are prerequisites for statistical testing of a software product.
Another aspect of software testing is the testing of software changes.  Changes occur frequently during
software development.  These changes are the result of 1) debugging that finds an error and it is
corrected, 2) new or changed requirements ("requirements creep"), and 3) modified designs as more
effective or efficient implementations are found.  Once a software product has been baselined
(approved), any change to that product should have its own mini life cycle, including testing.  Testing
of a changed software product requires additional effort.  Not only should it demonstrate that the
change was implemented correctly, testing should also demonstrate that the change did not adversely
impact other parts of the software product.  Regression analysis and testing are employed to provide
 Page 24 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
assurance that a change has not created problems elsewhere in the software product.  Regression
analysis is the determination of the impact of a change based on review of the relevant documentation
(e.g., software requirements specification, software design specification, source code, test plans, test
cases, test scripts, etc.) in order to identify the necessary regression tests to be run.  Regression testing
is the rerunning of test cases that a program has previously executed correctly and comparing the
current result to the previous result in order to detect unintended effects of a software change.
Regression analysis and regression testing should also be employed when using integration methods to
build a software product to ensure that newly integrated modules do not adversely impact the operation
of previously integrated modules.
In order to provide a thorough and rigorous examination of a software product, development testing is
typically organized into levels.  As an example, a software product's testing can be organized into unit,
integration, and system levels of testing.
1)  Unit (module or component) level testing focuses on the early examination of sub-program
functionality and ensures that functionality not visible at the system level is examined by testing.  Unit
testing ensures that quality software units are furnished for integration into the finished software
product.
2)  Integration level testing focuses on the transfer of data and control across a program's internal and
external interfaces.  External interfaces are those with other software (including operating system
software), system hardware, and the users and can be described as communications links.
3)  System level testing demonstrates that all specified functionality exists and that the software product
is trustworthy.  This testing verifies the as-built program's functionality and performance with respect
to the requirements for the software product as exhibited on the specified operating platform(s).
System level software testing addresses functional concerns and the following elements of a device's
software that are related to the intended use(s):
  Performance issues (e.g., response times, reliability measurements);
  Responses to stress conditions, e.g., behavior under maximum load, continuous use;
  Operation of internal and external security features;
  Effectiveness of recovery procedures, including disaster recovery;
  Usability;
  Compatibility with other software products;
  Behavior in each of the defined hardware configurations; and
  Accuracy of documentation.
Control measures (e.g., a traceability analysis) should be used to ensure that the intended coverage is
achieved.
System level testing also exhibits the software product's behavior in the intended operating environment.
The location of such testing is dependent upon the software developer's ability to produce the target
operating environment(s).  Depending upon the circumstances, simulation and/or testing at (potential)
customer locations may be utilized.  Test plans should identify the controls needed to ensure that the
 Page 25 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
intended coverage is achieved and that proper documentation is prepared when planned system level
testing is conducted at sites not directly controlled by the software developer.  Also, for a software
product that is a medical device or a component of a medical device that is to be used on humans prior
to FDA clearance, testing involving human subjects may require an Investigational Device Exemption
(IDE) or Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval.
Test procedures, test data, and test results should be documented in a manner permitting objective
pass/fail decisions to be reached.  They should also be suitable for review and objective decision
making subsequent to running the test, and they should be suitable for use in any subsequent regression
testing.  Errors detected during testing should be logged, classified, reviewed, and resolved prior to
release of the software.  Software error data that is collected and analyzed during a development life
cycle may be used to determine the suitability of the software product for release for commercial
distribution.  Test reports should comply with the requirements of the corresponding test plans.
Software products that perform useful functions in medical devices or their production are often
complex.  Software testing tools are frequently used to ensure consistency, thoroughness, and efficiency
in the testing of such software products and to fulfill the requirements of the planned testing activities.
These tools may include supporting software built in-house to facilitate unit (module) testing and
subsequent integration testing (e.g., drivers and stubs) as well as  commercial software testing tools.
Such tools should have a degree of quality no less than the software product they are used to develop.
Appropriate documentation providing evidence of the validation of these software tools for their
intended use should be maintained (see section 6 of this guidance).
Typical Tasks  Testing by the Software Developer
  Test Planning
  Structural Test Case Identification
  Functional Test Case Identification
  Traceability Analysis - Testing
-   Unit (Module) Tests to Detailed Design
-   Integration Tests to High Level Design
-   System Tests to Software Requirements
  Unit (Module) Test Execution
  Integration Test Execution
  Functional Test Execution
  System Test Execution
  Acceptance Test Execution
  Test Results Evaluation
  Error Evaluation/Resolution
  Final Test Report
 Page 26 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
5.2.6.  User Site Testing
Testing at the user site is an essential part of software validation.  The Quality System regulation requires
installation and inspection procedures (including testing where appropriate) as well as documentation of
inspection and testing to demonstrate proper installation.  (See 21 CFR 820.170.)  Likewise,
manufacturing equipment must meet specified requirements, and automated systems must be validated
for their intended use. (See 21 CFR 820.70(g) and 21 CFR 820.70(i) respectively.)
Terminology regarding user site testing can be confusing.  Terms such as beta test, site validation, user
acceptance test, installation verification, and installation testing have all been used to describe user site
testing.  For purposes of this guidance, the term user site testing encompasses all of these and any
other testing that takes place outside of the developers controlled environment.  This testing should take
place at a user's site with the actual hardware and software that will be part of the installed system
configuration.  The testing is accomplished through either actual or simulated use of the software being
tested within the context in which it is intended to function.
Guidance contained here is general in nature and is applicable to any user site testing.  However, in
some areas (e.g., blood establishment systems) there may be specific site validation issues that need to
be considered in the planning of user site testing.  Test planners should check with the FDA Center(s)
with the corresponding product jurisdiction to determine whether there are any additional regulatory
requirements for user site testing.
User site testing should follow a pre-defined written plan with a formal summary of testing and a record
of formal acceptance.  Documented evidence of all testing procedures, test input data, and test results
should be retained.
There should be evidence that hardware and software are installed and configured as specified.
Measures should ensure that all system components are exercised during the testing and that the
versions of these components are those specified.  The testing plan should specify testing throughout the
full range of operating conditions and should specify continuation for a sufficient time to allow the system
to encounter a wide spectrum of conditions and events in an effort to detect any latent faults that are not
apparent during more normal activities.
Some of the evaluations that have been performed earlier by the software developer at the developer's
site should be repeated at the site of actual use.  These may include tests for a high volume of data,
heavy loads or stresses, security, fault testing (avoidance, detection, tolerance, and recovery), error
messages, and implementation of safety requirements.  The developer may be able to furnish the user
with some of the test data sets to be used for this purpose.
In addition to an evaluation of the system's ability to properly perform its intended functions, there
should be an evaluation of the ability of the users of the system to understand and correctly interface
with it.  Operators should be able to perform the intended functions and respond in an appropriate and
timely manner to all alarms, warnings, and error messages.
 Page 27 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
During user site testing, records should be maintained of both proper system performance and any
system failures that are encountered.  The revision of the system to compensate for faults detected
during this user site testing should follow the same procedures and controls as for any other software
change.
The developers of the software may or may not be involved in the user site testing.  If the developers
are involved, they may seamlessly carry over to the user's site the last portions of design-level systems
testing.  If the developers are not involved, it is all the more important that the user have persons who
understand the importance of careful test planning, the definition of expected test results, and the
recording of all test outputs.
Typical Tasks  User Site Testing
  Acceptance Test Execution
  Test Results Evaluation
  Error Evaluation/Resolution
  Final Test Report
 5.2.7.  Maintenance and Software Changes
As applied to software, the term maintenance does not mean the same as when applied to hardware.
The operational maintenance of hardware and software are different because their failure/error
mechanisms are different.  Hardware maintenance typically includes preventive hardware maintenance
actions, component replacement, and corrective changes.  Software maintenance includes corrective,
perfective, and adaptive maintenance but does not include preventive maintenance actions or software
component replacement.
Changes made to correct errors and faults in the software are corrective maintenance.  Changes made
to the software to improve the performance, maintainability, or other attributes of the software system
are perfective maintenance.  Software changes to make the software system usable in a changed
environment are adaptive maintenance.
When changes are made to a software system, either during initial development or during post release
maintenance, sufficient regression analysis and testing should be conducted to demonstrate that portions
of the software not involved in the change were not adversely impacted.  This is in addition to testing
that evaluates the correctness of the implemented change(s).
The specific validation effort necessary for each software change is determined by the type of change,
the development products affected, and the impact of those products on the operation of the software.
Careful and complete documentation of the design structure and interrelationships of various modules,
interfaces, etc., can limit the validation effort needed when a change is made.  The level of effort needed
 Page 28 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
to fully validate a change is also dependent upon the degree to which validation of the original software
was documented and archived.  For example, test documentation, test cases, and results of previous
verification and validation testing need to be archived if they are to be available for performing
subsequent regression testing.  Failure to archive this information for later use can significantly increase
the level of effort and expense of revalidating the software after a change is made.
In addition to software verification and validation tasks that are part of the standard software
development process, the following additional maintenance tasks should be addressed:
  Software Validation Plan Revision - For software that was previously validated, the existing
software validation plan should be revised to support the validation of the revised software.  If
no previous software validation plan exists, such a plan should be established to support the
validation of the revised software.
  Anomaly Evaluation  Software organizations frequently maintain documentation, such as
software problem reports that describe software anomalies discovered and the specific
corrective action taken to fix each anomaly.  Too often, however, mistakes are repeated
because software developers do not take the next step to determine the root causes of
problems and make the process and procedural changes needed to avoid recurrence of the
problem.  Software anomalies should be evaluated in terms of their severity and their effects on
system operation and safety, but they should also be treated as symptoms of process
deficiencies in the quality system.  A root cause analysis of anomalies can identify specific quality
system deficiencies.  Where trends are identified (e.g., recurrence of similar software
anomalies), appropriate corrective and preventive actions must be implemented and
documented to avoid further recurrence of similar quality problems.  (See 21 CFR 820.100.)
  Problem Identification and Resolution Tracking - All problems discovered during
maintenance of the software should be documented.  The resolution of each problem should be
tracked to ensure it is fixed, for historical reference, and for trending.
  Proposed Change Assessment - All proposed modifications, enhancements, or additions
should be assessed to determine the effect each change would have on the system.  This
information should determine the extent to which verification and/or validation tasks need to be
iterated.
  Task Iteration - For approved software changes, all necessary verification and validation
tasks should be performed to ensure that planned changes are implemented correctly, all
documentation is complete and up to date, and no unacceptable changes have occurred in
software performance.
  Documentation Updating  Documentation should be carefully reviewed to determine which
documents have been impacted by a change.  All approved documents (e.g., specifications, test
procedures, user manuals, etc.) that have been affected should be updated in accordance with
configuration management procedures.  Specifications should be updated before any
maintenance and software changes are made.
 Page 29 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
SECTION 6.   VALIDATION OF AUTOMATED PROCESS
EQUIPMENT AND QUALITY SYSTEM SOFTWARE
The Quality System regulation requires that when computers or automated data processing systems are
used as part of production or the quality system, the [device] manufacturer shall validate computer
software for its intended use according to an established protocol. (See 21 CFR 820.70(i)).  This has
been a regulatory requirement of FDAs medical device Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)
regulations since 1978.
In addition to the above validation requirement, computer systems that implement part of a device
manufacturers production processes or quality system (or that are used to create and maintain records
required by any other FDA regulation) are subject to the Electronic Records; Electronic Signatures
regulation. (See 21 CFR Part 11.)  This regulation establishes additional security, data integrity, and
validation requirements when records are created or maintained electronically.  These additional Part 11
requirements should be carefully considered and included in system requirements and software
requirements for any automated record `keeping systems.  System validation and software validation
should demonstrate that all Part 11 requirements have been met.
Computers and automated equipment are used extensively throughout all aspects of medical device
design, laboratory testing and analysis, product inspection and acceptance, production and process
control, environmental controls, packaging, labeling, traceability, document control, complaint
management, and many other aspects of the quality system.  Increasingly, automated plant floor
operations can involve extensive use of embedded systems in:
  programmable logic controllers;
  digital function controllers;
  statistical process control;
  supervisory control and data acquisition;
  robotics;
  human-machine interfaces;
  input/output devices; and
  computer operating systems.
Software tools are frequently used to design, build, and test the software that goes into an automated
medical device.  Many other commercial software applications, such as word processors, spreadsheets,
databases, and flowcharting software are used to implement the quality system.  All of these applications
are subject to the requirement for software validation, but the validation approach used for each
application can vary widely.
Whether production or quality system software is developed in-house by the device manufacturer,
developed by a contractor, or purchased off-the-shelf, it should be developed using the basic principles
 Page 30 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
outlined elsewhere in this guidance.  The device manufacturer has latitude and flexibility in defining how
validation of that software will be accomplished, but validation should be a key consideration in deciding
how and by whom the software will be developed or from whom it will be purchased.  The software
developer defines a life cycle model.  Validation is typically supported by:
  verifications of the outputs from each stage of that software development life cycle; and
  checking for proper operation of the finished software in the device manufacturers intended use
environment.
6.1.  HOW MUCH VALIDATION EVIDENCE IS NEEDED?
The level of validation effort should be commensurate with the risk posed by the automated operation.
In addition to risk other factors, such as the complexity of the process software and the degree to which
the device manufacturer is dependent upon that automated process to produce a safe and effective
device, determine the nature and extent of testing needed as part of the validation effort.  Documented
requirements and risk analysis of the automated process help to define the scope of the evidence
needed to show that the software is validated for its intended use.  For example, an automated milling
machine may require very little testing if the device manufacturer can show that the output of the
operation is subsequently fully verified against the specification before release.  On the other hand,
extensive testing may be needed for:
  a plant-wide electronic record and electronic signature system;
  an automated controller for a sterilization cycle; or
  automated test equipment used for inspection and acceptance of finished circuit boards in a life-
sustaining / life-supporting device.
Numerous commercial software applications may be used as part of the quality system (e.g., a
spreadsheet or statistical package used for quality system calculations, a graphics package used for
trend analysis, or a commercial database used for recording device history records or for complaint
management).  The extent of validation evidence needed for such software depends on the device
manufacturers documented intended use of that software.  For example, a device manufacturer who
chooses not to use all the vendor-supplied capabilities of the software only needs to validate those
functions that will be used and for which the device manufacturer is dependent upon the software results
as part of production or the quality system.  However, high risk applications should not be running in the
same operating environment with non-validated software functions, even if those software functions are
not used.  Risk mitigation techniques such as memory partitioning or other approaches to resource
protection may need to be considered when high risk applications and lower risk applications are to be
used in the same operating environment.  When software is upgraded or any changes are made to the
software, the device manufacturer should consider how those changes may impact the used portions
of the software and must reconfirm the validation of those portions of the software that are used.  (See
21 CFR 820.70(i).)
 Page 31 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
6.2.  DEFINED USER REQUIREMENTS
A very important key to software validation is a documented user requirements specification that
defines:
  the intended use of the software or automated equipment; and
  the extent to which the device manufacturer is dependent upon that software or equipment for
production of a quality medical device.
The device manufacturer (user) needs to define the expected operating environment including any
required hardware and software configurations, software versions, utilities, etc.  The user also needs to:
  document requirements for system performance, quality, error handling, startup, shutdown,
security, etc.;
  identify any safety related functions or features, such as sensors, alarms, interlocks, logical
processing steps, or command sequences; and
  define objective criteria for determining acceptable performance.
The validation must be conducted in accordance with a documented protocol, and the validation results
must also be documented. (See  21 CFR 820.70(i).)  Test cases should be documented that will
exercise the system to challenge its performance against the pre-determined criteria, especially for its
most critical parameters.  Test cases should address error and alarm conditions, startup, shutdown, all
applicable user functions and operator controls, potential operator errors, maximum and minimum
ranges of allowed values, and stress conditions applicable to the intended use of the equipment.  The
test cases should be executed and the results should be recorded and evaluated to determine whether
the results support a conclusion that the software is validated for its intended use.
A device manufacturer may conduct a validation using their own personnel or may depend on a third
party such as the equipment/software vendor or a consultant.  In any case, the device manufacturer
retains the ultimate responsibility for ensuring that the production and quality system software:
  is validated according to a written procedure for the particular intended use; and
  will perform as intended in the chosen application.
The device manufacturer should have documentation including:
  defined user requirements;
  validation protocol used;
  acceptance criteria;
  test cases and results; and
  a validation summary
that objectively confirms that the software is validated for its intended use.
 Page 32 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
6.3.  VALIDATION OF OFF-THE-SHELF SOFTWARE AND AUTOMATED EQUIPMENT
Most of the automated equipment and systems used by device manufacturers are supplied by third-
party vendors and are purchased off-the-shelf (OTS).  The device manufacturer is responsible for
ensuring that the product development methodologies used by the OTS software developer are
appropriate and sufficient for the device manufacturers intended use of that OTS software.  For OTS
software and equipment, the device manufacturer may or may not have access to the vendors software
validation documentation.  If the vendor can provide information about their system requirements,
software requirements, validation process, and the results of their validation, the medical device
manufacturer can use that information as a beginning point for their required validation documentation.
The vendors life cycle documentation, such as testing protocols and results, source code, design
specification, and requirements specification, can be useful in establishing that the software has been
validated.  However, such documentation is frequently not available from commercial equipment
vendors, or the vendor may refuse to share their proprietary information.
Where possible and depending upon the device risk involved, the device manufacturer should consider
auditing the vendors design and development methodologies used in the construction of the OTS
software and should assess the development and validation documentation generated for the OTS
software.  Such audits can be conducted by the device manufacturer or by a qualified third party.  The
audit should demonstrate that the vendors procedures for and results of the verification and validation
activities performed the OTS software are appropriate and sufficient for the safety and effectiveness
requirements of the medical device to be produced using that software.
Some vendors who are not accustomed to operating in a regulated environment may not have a
documented life cycle process that can support the device manufacturers validation requirement.  Other
vendors may not permit an audit.  Where necessary validation information is not available from the
vendor, the device manufacturer will need to perform sufficient system level black box testing to
establish that the software meets their user needs and intended uses.  For many applications black box
testing alone is not sufficient.  Depending upon the risk of the device produced, the role of the OTS
software in the process, the ability to audit the vendor, and the sufficiency of vendor-supplied
information, the use of OTS software or equipment may or may not be appropriate, especially if there
are suitable alternatives available.  The device manufacturer should also consider the implications (if any)
for continued maintenance and support of the OTS software should the vendor terminate their support.
For some off-the-shelf software development tools, such as software compilers, linkers, editors, and
operating systems, exhaustive black-box testing by the device manufacturer may be impractical.
Without such testing  a key element of the validation effort  it may not be possible to validate these
software tools.  However, their proper operation may be satisfactorily inferred by other means.  For
example, compilers are frequently certified by independent third-party testing, and commercial software
products may have bug lists, system requirements and other operational information available from the
vendor that can be compared to the device manufacturers intended use to help focus the black-box
testing effort.  Off-the-shelf operating systems need not be validated as a separate program.  However,
system-level validation testing of the application software should address all the operating system
services used, including maximum loading conditions, file operations, handling of system error
 Page 33 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
conditions, and memory constraints that may be applicable to the intended use of the application
program.
For more detailed information, see the production and process software references in Appendix A.
 Page 34 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
APPENDIX A - REFERENCES
Food and Drug Administration References
Design Control Guidance for Medical Device Manufacturers, Center for Devices and Radiological
Health, Food and Drug Administration, March 1997.
Do It by Design, An Introduction to Human Factors in Medical Devices, Center for Devices and
Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, March 1997.
Electronic Records; Electronic Signatures Final Rule, 62 Federal Register 13430 (March 20,
1997).
Glossary of Computerized System and Software Development Terminology, Division of Field
Investigations, Office of Regional Operations, Office of Regulatory Affairs, Food and Drug
Administration, August 1995.
Guidance for the Content of Pre-market Submissions for Software Contained in Medical
Devices, Office of Device Evaluation, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug
Administration, May 1998.
Guidance for Industry, FDA Reviewers and Compliance on Off-the-Shelf Software Use in
Medical Devices, Office of Device Evaluation, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and
Drug Administration, September 1999.
Guideline on General Principles of Process Validation, Center for Drugs and Biologics, & Center
For Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, May 1987.
Medical Devices; Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMP) Final Rule; Quality System
Regulation , 61 Federal Register 52602 (October 7, 1996).
Reviewer Guidance for a Pre-Market Notification Submission for Blood Establishment Computer
Software, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, January 1997
Student Manual 1, Course INV545, Computer System Validation, Division of Human Resource
Development, Office of Regulatory Affairs, Food and Drug Administration, 1997.
Technical Report, Software Development Activities, Division of Field Investigations, Office of
Regional Operations, Office of Regulatory Affairs, Food and Drug Administration, July 1987.
 Page 35 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
Other Government References
W.  Richards Adrion, Martha A.  Branstad, John C. Cherniavsky.  NBS Special Publication 500-75,
Validation, Verification, and Testing of Computer Software, Center for Programming Science and
Technology, Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, National Bureau of Standards, U.S.
Department of Commerce, February 1981.
Martha A.  Branstad, John C Cherniavsky, W.  Richards Adrion, NBS Special Publication 500-56,
Validation, Verification, and Testing for the Individual Programmer, Center for Programming
Science and Technology, Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, National Bureau of
Standards, U.S.  Department of Commerce, February 1980.
J.L.  Bryant, N.P.  Wilburn, Handbook of Software Quality Assurance Techniques Applicable to
the Nuclear Industry, NUREG/CR-4640, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1987.
H.  Hecht, et.al., Verification and Validation Guidelines for High Integrity Systems.  NUREG/CR-
6293.  Prepared for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1995.
H.  Hecht, et.al., Review Guidelines on Software Languages for Use in Nuclear Power Plant
Safety Systems, Final Report.  NUREG/CR-6463.  Prepared for U.S.  Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, 1996.
J.D.  Lawrence, W.L.  Persons, Survey of Industry Methods for Producing Highly Reliable
Software, NUREG/CR-6278, U.S.  Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1994.
J.D.  Lawrence, G.G.  Preckshot, Design Factors for Safety-Critical Software, NUREG/CR-6294,
U.S.  Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1994.
Patricia B.  Powell, Editor.  NBS Special Publication 500-98, Planning for Software Validation,
Verification, and Testing, Center for Programming Science and Technology, Institute for  Computer
Sciences and Technology, National Bureau of Standards, U.S.  Department of Commerce, November
1982.
Patricia B.  Powell, Editor.  NBS Special Publication 500-93, Software Validation, Verification,
and Testing Technique and Tool Reference Guide, Center for Programming Science and
Technology, Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, National Bureau of Standards, U.S.
Department of Commerce, September 1982.
Delores R.  Wallace, Roger U.  Fujii, NIST Special Publication 500-165, Software Verification and
Validation: Its Role in Computer Assurance and Its Relationship with Software Project
Management Standards, National Computer Systems Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and
Technology, U.S.  Department of Commerce, September 1995.
Delores R.  Wallace, Laura M.  Ippolito, D.  Richard Kuhn, NIST Special Publication 500-204, High
Integrity Software, Standards and Guidelines, Computer Systems Laboratory, National Institute of
 Page 36 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
Standards and Technology, U.S.  Department of Commerce, September 1992.
Delores R.  Wallace, et.al.  NIST Special Publication 500-234, Reference Information for the
Software Verification and Validation Process.  Computer Systems Laboratory, National Institute of
Standards and Technology, U.S.  Department of Commerce, March 1996.
Delores R.  Wallace, Editor.  NIST Special Publication 500-235, Structured Testing: A Testing
Methodology Using the Cyclomatic Complexity Metric.  Computer Systems Laboratory, National
Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S.  Department of Commerce, August 1996.
International and National Consensus Standards
ANSI / ANS-10.4-1987, Guidelines for the Verification and Validation of Scientific and
Engineering Computer Programs for the Nuclear Industry, American National Standards Institute,
1987.
ANSI / ASQC Standard D1160-1995, Formal Design Reviews, American Society for Quality
Control, 1995.
ANSI / UL 1998:1998, Standard for Safety for Software in Programmable Components,
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., 1998.
AS 3563.1-1991, Software Quality Management System, Part 1: Requirements.  Published by
Standards Australia [Standards Association of Australia], 1 The Crescent, Homebush, NSW 2140.
AS 3563.2-1991, Software Quality Management System, Part 2: Implementation Guide.
Published by Standards Australia [Standards Association of Australia], 1 The Crescent, Homebush,
NSW 2140.
IEC 60601-1-4:1996, Medical electrical equipment, Part 1:  General requirements for safety, 4.
Collateral Standard:  Programmable electrical medical systems.  International Electrotechnical
Commission, 1996.
IEC 61506:1997, Industrial process measurement and control  Documentation of application
software.  International Electrotechnical Commission, 1997.
IEC 61508:1998, Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-
related systems.  International Electrotechnical Commission, 1998.
IEEE Std 1012-1986, Software Verification and Validation Plans, Institute for Electrical and
Electronics Engineers, 1986.
 Page 37 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
IEEE Standards Collection, Software Engineering, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
Inc., 1994.  ISBN 1-55937-442-X.
ISO 8402:1994, Quality management and quality assurance  Vocabulary.  International
Organization for Standardization, 1994.
ISO 9000-3:1997, Quality management and quality assurance standards - Part 3:  Guidelines for
the application of ISO 9001:1994 to the development, supply, installation and maintenance of
computer software.  International Organization for Standardization, 1997.
ISO 9001:1994, Quality systems  Model for quality assurance in design, development,
production, installation, and servicing.  International Organization for Standardization, 1994.
ISO 13485:1996, Quality systems  Medical devices  Particular requirements for the application
of ISO 9001.  International Organization for Standardization, 1996.
ISO/IEC 12119:1994, Information technology  Software packages  Quality requirements and
testing, Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, International Organization for Standardization and
International Electrotechnical Commission, 1994.
ISO/IEC 12207:1995, Information technology  Software life cycle processes, Joint Technical
Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Subcommittee SC 7, International Organization for Standardization and
International Electrotechnical Commission, 1995.
ISO/IEC 14598:1999, Information technology  Software product evaluation, Joint Technical
Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Subcommittee SC 7, International Organization for Standardization and
International Electrotechnical Commission, 1999.
ISO 14971-1:1998, Medical Devices  Risk Management  Part 1:  Application of Risk Analysis.
International Organization for Standardization, 1998.
Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification.  Special Committee
167 of RTCA.  RTCA Inc., Washington, D.C.  Tel: 202-833-9339.  Document No.  RTCA/DO-
178B, December 1992.
Production Process Software References
The Application of the Principles of  GLP to Computerized Systems, Environmental Monograph
#116, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 1995.
George J.  Grigonis, Jr., Edward J.  Subak, Jr., and Michael Wyrick, Validation Key Practices for
Computer Systems Used in Regulated Operations, Pharmaceutical Technology, June 1997.
Guide to Inspection of Computerized Systems in Drug Processing, Reference Materials and
 Page 38 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
Training Aids for Investigators, Division of Drug Quality Compliance, Associate Director for
Compliance, Office of Drugs, National Center for Drugs and Biologics, & Division of Field
Investigations, Associate Director for Field Support, Executive Director of Regional Operations, Food
and Drug Administration, February 1983.
Daniel P.  Olivier, Validating Process Software,  FDA Investigator Course:  Medical Device
Process Validation, Food and Drug Administration.
GAMP Guide For Validation of Automated Systems in Pharmaceutical Manufacture,Version
V3.0, Good Automated Manufacturing Practice (GAMP) Forum, March 1998:
Volume 1, Part 1: User Guide
     Part 2: Supplier Guide
Volume 2: Best Practice for User and Suppliers.
Technical Report No.  18, Validation of Computer-Related Systems.  PDA Committee on
Validation of Computer-Related Systems.  PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology,
Volume 49, Number 1, January-February 1995 Supplement.
Validation Compliance Annual 1995, International Validation Forum, Inc.
General Software Quality References
Boris Beizer, Black Box Testing, Techniques for Functional Testing of Software and Systems, John
Wiley & Sons, 1995.  ISBN 0-471-12094-4.
Boris Beizer, Software System Testing and Quality Assurance, International Thomson Computer
Press, 1996.  ISBN 1-85032-821-8.
Boris Beizer, Software Testing Techniques, Second Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1990.  ISBN 0-
442-20672-0.
Richard Bender, Writing Testable Requirements, Version 1.0, Bender & Associates, Inc., Larkspur,
CA 94777, 1996.
Frederick P.  Brooks, Jr., The Mythical Man-Month, Essays on Software Engineering, Addison-
Wesley Longman, Anniversary Edition, 1995.  ISBN 0-201-83595-9.
Silvana Castano, et.al., Database Security, ACM Press, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1995.
ISBN 0-201-59375-0.
Computerized Data Systems for Nonclinical Safety Assessment, Current Concepts and Quality
Assurance, Drug Information Association, Maple Glen, PA, September 1988.
 Page 39 Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff General Principles of Software Validation
M.  S.  Deutsch, Software Verification and Validation, Realistic Project Approaches, Prentice Hall,
1982.
Robert H.  Dunn and Richard S.  Ullman, TQM for Computer Software, Second Edition, McGraw-
Hill, Inc., 1994.  ISBN 0-07-018314-7.
Elfriede Dustin, Jeff Rashka, and John Paul, Automated Software Testing  Introduction,
Management and Performance, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., 1999.  ISBN 0-201-43287-0.
Robert G.  Ebenau and Susan H.  Strauss, Software Inspection Process, McGraw-Hill, 1994.
ISBN 0-07-062166-7.
Richard E.  Fairley, Software Engineering Concepts, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1985.
ISBN 0-07-019902-7.
Michael A.  Friedman and Jeffrey M.  Voas, Software Assessment - Reliability, Safety, Testability,
Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1995.  ISBN 0-471-01009-X.
Tom Gilb, Dorothy Graham, Software Inspection, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1993.
ISBN 0-201-63181-4.
Robert B.  Grady, Practical Software Metrics for Project Management and Process
Improvement, PTR Prentice-Hall Inc., 1992.  ISBN 0-13-720384-5.
Les Hatton, Safer C:  Developing Software for High-integrity and Safety-critical Systems,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1994.  ISBN 0-07-707640-0.
Janis V.  Halvorsen, A Software Requirements Specification Document Model for the Medical
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APPENDIX B - DEVELOPMENT TEAM
Center for Devices and Radiological Health
Office of Compliance  Stewart Crumpler
Office of Device Evaluation  James Cheng, Donna-Bea Tillman
Office of Health and Industry Programs Bryan Benesch, Dick Sawyer
Office of Science and Technology  John Murray
Office of Surveillance and Biometrics Howard Press
Center  for Drug Evaluation and Research
Office of Medical Policy  Charles Snipes
Center for  Biologics Evaluation and Research
Office of Compliance and Biologics Quality Alice Godziemski
Office of Regulatory Affairs
Office of Regional Operations David Bergeson, Joan Loreng
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