Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Tronado Machine

# Overview
The Tronado Machine is a device which employs ultra high frequency or microwave radiation as a treatment for cancer. A man named Tronado designed the machine in the 1970s.
The device has been promoted by Dr John Holt of the Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia.  However, tests conducted on behalf of the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia have concluded that UHF Radiowave therapy produces no therapeutic benefit when used in conjunction with conventional cancer treatment.
Political motivation is suspected in this finding and in a subsequent government report into the Microwave treatment practiced by Dr Holt. Neither report analyzed the statistics obtained from Dr Holts patient files which cover a thirty year period.
Turcot syndrome

# Overview
Turcot syndrome is the association between familial adenomatous polyposis and brain tumors like medulloblastoma, malignant glioma. It was first reported by Canadian surgeon Jacques Turcot (1914- ) et al in 1959 and hence carries the first author's name.
The genetic basis of Turcot syndrome is uncertain.The gene most likely to be involved is APC gene in chromosome 5q.
However, the syndrome has been claimed to be linked to various mutations in a number of genes. For example, the mismatch repair genes MLH1 (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 120436) or PMS2 (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 600259).

# Synonyms
- Brain tumor-polyposis syndrome
- Glioma-polyposis syndrome
Tygerberg score

# Overview
The Tygerberg score is a clinical decision tool that allows the clinician to decide whether pericarditis is due to tuberculosis or not. It uses five variables such as weight loss, night sweats, fever, serum globulin, and blood leukocyte count. A total score of 6 or more is highly suggestive that tuberculosis is the cause of the pericarditis.

# Tygerberg Score Calculator

## Calculation of the Tygerberg Score for Pericarditis
Please check the boxes that apply to your patient:
function calcScore(){
var score = 0;
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 3;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 3;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 2;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
document.forms.value = score;
if(score < 6){document.forms.value = "Check other causes of pericarditis rather than tuberculosis";}
if(score >= 6){document.forms.value = "Highly suggestive that tuberculosis is the cause of the pericarditis ";}

## Interpretation of the Tygerberg Score for Pericarditis
- Score  6: Highly suggestive that tuberculosis is the cause of the pericarditis
Type I collagen
Type I collagen is the most abundant collagen of the human body which forms large, eosinophilic fibers known as collagen fibers. 
It is present in scar tissue, the end product when tissue heals by repair, as well as tendons, ligaments, the endomysium of myofibrils, the organic part of bone, the dermis, the dentin and organ capsules.

# Formation
The COL1A1 gene produces the pro-alpha1(I) chain. This chain combines with another pro-alpha1(I) chain and also with a pro-alpha2(I) chain (produced by the COL1A2 gene) to make a molecule of type I procollagen. These triple-stranded, rope-like procollagen molecules must be processed by enzymes outside the cell. Once these molecules are processed, they arrange themselves into long, thin fibrils that cross-link to one another in the spaces around cells. The cross-links result in the formation of very strong mature type I collagen fibers.

# Clinical significance
See Collagen, type I, alpha 1#Clinical significance
UCSF-SCOR trial

# Official Title
University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Arteriosclerosis Specialized Center of Research (SCOR) Intervention Trial

# Objective
The objective of this study is to assess the effect of the decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by diet and drug combinations on the regression of coronary lesions.

# Study Description

# Outcomes

## Primary Outcome
Within patient mean variation in percent area stenosis

# Publications
The decrease in LDL among patients with familial hypercholesterolemia may lead to the regression of atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries.
USMLE Step 2-CK

# Overview
The USMLE-Step 2-CK ("Clinical Knowledge") is the multiple-choice portion of the second part of the United States Medical Licensure Examination. Assesses clinical knowledge through a traditional, multiple-choice examination. In contrast to the USMLE Step 1, the focus is much more on clinical application of medical knowledge.  The USMLE Step 2 is generally taken during the 4th year of medical school by medical students.

# Format
The exam is a nine-hour single-day computer-based test composed of eight 46-question sets (368 multiple-choice questions in total). Each section is one hour long. The test taker is permitted 45 minutes, in total for the whole day, for the purpose of breaks that can only be taken between sections.  There is a 15 minute tutorial at the beginning of the exam, which the test-taker can choose to skip, and have the time added to the break time.  If the taker finishes any section before the alloted 1 hour time limit, the remainder of the time is added to break time. The test is administered at the Prometric testing sites around the world.
Scoring is reported in 2 digit and 3 digit scores. Student is required to get 75 and 184 scores to pass the exam in 2 digit and 3 digit scores respectively.

# Topics
- infectious and parasitic diseases
- neoplasms
- immunologic disorders
- diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs
- mental disorders
- diseases of the nervous system and special senses
- cardiovascular disorders
- diseases of the respiratory system
- nutritional and digestive disorders
- gynecologic disorders
- renal, urinary, and male reproductive systems
- disorders of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium
- disorders of the skin and subcutaneous tissues
- diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue
- endocrine and metabolic disorders
- congenital anomalies
- conditions originating in the perinatal period
- symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions
- injury and poisoning
Ulster Hospital
The Ulster Hospital (commonly known as Dundonald Hospital or "The Ulster") is a hospital in the outskirts of east Belfast, Northern Ireland.
The hospital provides acute services to 250,000 people in the North Down, Ards and Castlereagh council areas, as well as East Belfast. It is also one of four regional cancer units in Northern Ireland.

# History
The hospital was first founded as the Ulster Hospital for Women and Sick Children in 1872. It was initially located on Chichester Street in Belfast City Centre. It subsequently moved to Mountpottinger Road and then Templemore Avenue. While located in Mountpottinger the hospital was severely damaged in the 1941 Belfast Blitz. In 1962 it was relocated to Dundonald and renamed as the Ulster Hospital.
The hospital suffered from under-investment for several years, until a seven year 98m refurbishment programme was announced in 2001. Initially there were plans to build an entirely new hospital, but these were scrapped. The redevelopment has included an ungraded A&E department, a new maternity block, a critical care unit and a renal unit. In the redevelopment plans were revised in 2006, with the work being split into two phases with total investment increasing to over 340m by 2016. The new plans also include seven new operating theatres and a multi-storey car park. The car park was opened in 2007, helping to solve significant shortages in the past.
Umbilical veins
The umbilical vein is a blood vessel present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus.

# Circulation
Attached to the uterine lining, the placenta is the site of gas exchange between mother and fetus. The singular umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus, while two umbilical arteries return deoxygenated blood to the placenta. The three vessels coil around one another within the Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord and enter the abdomen at the umbilicus.
Inside the fetus, the vein courses alongside the falciform ligament and then to the liver's underside. At the transverse fissure, the vein divides into two vessels, one larger than the other. The larger of the two is joined by the portal vein, and together they enter the right lobe of the liver. The smaller vessel, now called the ductus venosus, diverges away from the liver and joins with the inferior vena cava.

# Closure
Within a week of birth, the infant's umbilical vein is completely obliterated and is replaced by a fibrous cord called the round ligament of the liver (also called the ligamentum teres hepatis, from the Latin meaning the same). It extends from the umbilicus to the transverse fissure, where it joins with the ligamentum venosum to separate the left and right lobes of the liver.
Closure of the umbilical vein usually occurs after the umbilical arteries have closed. This prolongs the communication between the placenta and fetal heart, allowing for a sort of autotransfusion of remaining blood from the placenta to the fetus.

# Recanalization
Under extreme pressure, the round ligament may reopen to allow the passage of blood. Such recanalization is common in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Patients with cirrhosis experience rapid growth of scar tissue in and around the liver, often functionally obstructing nearby vessels. Vessel occlusion increases vascular resistance and therefore leads to hypertension. In portal hypertension, the vessels surrounding the liver are subjected to abnormally high blood pressureso high, in fact, that the force of the blood pressing against the round ligament is sufficient to recanalize the structure.

# Catheterization
A newborn baby has a patent umbilical vein for at least a few months. This umbilical vein may be catheterised for ready intravenous access. It may be used as a site for regular transfusion in cases of erythroblastosis or hemolytic disease.

# Additional images
- Model of human embryo 1.3 mm. long.
- Scheme of placental circulation.
- Diagram of the vascular channels in a human embryo of the second week.
- Human embryo with heart and anterior body-wall removed to show the sinus venosus and its tributaries.
- Schematic figure of the bursa omentalis, etc. Human embryo of eight weeks.
- Liver with the septum transversum. Human embryo 3 mm. long.
- Tail end of human embryo twenty-five to twenty-nine days old.
Unprotected sex
Unprotected sex refers to any act of sexual intercourse in which the participants use no form of barrier contraception.

# Sexually transmitted infections
Specifically, unprotected sex usually refers to sexual activity in which the participants use no form of protection from sexually transmitted infections.  It can thus be contrasted with "safe sex".
Advocates of the practice believe that sustained direct friction between skin and mucous membranes, and commingling of fluids, results in increased stimulation, fuller intimacy, and more powerful orgasms for all participants.

# Birth control
Less commonly, unprotected sex is used to refer to sexual intercourse without the use of any form of contraception. The two meanings are different because there are forms of birth control that do not involve barrier protection such as hormonal contraception.  This meaning is commonly used in discussions of fertility awareness, where couples avoiding pregnancy can identify infertile portions of the menstrual cycle where unprotected sex carries a very low risk of pregnancy.

# Footnotes
-  "Fertility Awareness-Based Methods". Planned Parenthood. 2005-02-01. Retrieved 2007-05-24. Check date values in: |date= (help).mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
Lamprecht, Virginia (Fall 1996). "Opinion: Fertility Awareness and Natural Family Planning". Network. Family Health International. 17 (1). Retrieved 2007-05-24.
Upper back pain
Upper back pain, also called middle back pain or thoracic pain, is pain that is felt between the bottom of the neck and top of the lumbar spine.  The upper spine is very strong and stable to support the weight of the upper body, as well as to anchor the rib cage which provides a cavity to allow the heart and lungs to function and protect them.

# Anatomy of the upper back
The word thoracic means pertaining to the chest, and the thoracic spine comprises the upper portion of the spine that corresponds to the chest area.  The upper spine includes twelve vertebrae, and each of the upper nine vertebrae in this section attach to the a rib on either side of the spine. Each of the ribs then curves around the side of the body and attaches to the breastbone in front. This forms a sturdy structure (the throracic cage) that supports and protects the internal organs - the heart, lungs and liver.

# Causes and solutions
The most common cause of upper back pain is muscular irritation or other soft tissue (e.g. ligament) problems. These can arise from lack of strength, poor posture, overuse injuries (such as repetitive motion), or a trauma (such as a car accident or sports injury).  Muscular strain in the upper back is usually treated by one or a combination of the following:
- Exercise/Active and passive physical therapy
- Chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation
- Deep massage or massage therapy
- Acupuncture
- Ice and/or heat therapy
- Pain medication, such as NSAIDs
If there is a specific tender spot, then trigger point massage or injections can be helpful.
Another cause of upper back pain is problems with the joints that connect the vertebrae and the ribs. Treatment for joint problems such as this usually includes:
- Manual manipulation (with an osteopathic physician or chiropractor)
- Exercise and physical therapy
- Pain medications, such as anti-inflammatory medications
A compression fracture of the vertebra can also cause acute and/or chronic pain in the upper back.  Especially for women over age 50 with complaints of upper back pain, a vertebral compression fracture due to osteoporosis should always be considered a possibility. A painful vertebral compression fracture may be treated with pain medication and rest, or with vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty surgery.
Other, less common causes of upper back pain include a spinal disc herniation, degenerative disc disease,  or some type of trauma (such as a fall) that may have fractured a vertebra in the thoracic spine.
Uranium carbide
Uranium carbide, a carbide of uranium, is a hard refractive ceramic material. It comes in several stoichiometries (Template:UraniumTemplate:Carbonx), such as uranium monocarbide (UC, CAS number 12070-09-6), uranium sesquicarbide (U2C3, CAS number 12076-62-9), and uranium dicarbide (UC2, CAS number 12071-33-9).
Like uranium dioxide and some other uranium compounds, uranium carbide can be used as a nuclear fuel for nuclear reactors, usually in the form of pellets or tablets. Uranium carbide fuel was used in late designs of nuclear thermal rockets.
Uranium carbide pellets are used as fuel kernels for the US version of pebble bed reactors; German version uses uranium dioxide instead.
As nuclear fuel, uranium carbide can be used either on its own, or mixed with plutonium carbide (PuC and Pu2C3). The mixture is also labeled as uranium-plutonium carbide (UPuC).
Uranium carbide is also a popular target material for particle accelerators.
Ammonia synthesis from nitrogen and hydrogen is sometimes accomplished in the presence of uranium carbide acting as a catalyst. (Hutchings, G. J., et al., AUranium-Oxide-Based Catalysts for the Destruction of Volatile Chloro-Organic compounds,@ Nature, 384, pp. 341B343, 1996.)

# Solid state chemistry
Uranium dicarbide was reported by A.L. Bowman, G.P. Arnold, W.G. Witteman, T.C. Wallace and N.G. Nereson, Acta Crystallographica, 1966, 21, 670-671.
Diuranium tricarbide was reported by A.E. Austin, Acta Crystallographica, 1959, 12, 159-161.
See also:
- Uranium dioxide
- Uranium boride
- Plutonium carbide
- Thorium carbide
Ureteral cancer

# Overview
Ureteral cancer is cancer of the ureters, muscular tubes that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.  It is also known as ureter cancer, renal pelvic cancer, and rarely ureteric cancer or uretal cancer. Cancer in this location is rare.
Ureteral cancer is usually transitional cell carcinoma.  Transitional cell carcinoma is "a common cause of ureter cancer and other urinary (renal pelvic) tract cancers."

# Epidemiology
Between 1988 and 2001 in the United States, cancer surveillance reports to Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results|SEER included 1,333 cases of ureteral cancer in adults: 808 male and 525 female, 1,158 White people|white and 42   "Five-year relative survival rates from cancers of the ureter were similar among males vs. females..."

# Symptoms
Symptoms of ureteral cancer may include "blood in the urine (hematuria); diminished urine stream and straining to void (caused by urethral stricture); frequent urination and increased nighttime urination (nocturia); hardening of tissue in the perineum, labia, or penis; itching; incontinence; pain during or after sexual intercourse (dyspareunia); painful urination (dysuria); recurrent urinary tract infection; urethral discharge and swelling".

# Risk factors
Tobacco smoking is associated with an increased risk of ureteral cancer.

# Diagnosis
Diagnosis may include a  fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test, computed tomography urography (CTU), magnetic resonance urography (MRU), intravenous pyelography (IVP) x-ray, ureteroscopy, or biopsy.

# Treatment
Treatment methods include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and medication.
VISTA (protein)
V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is a type I transmembrane protein that functions as an immune checkpoint and is encoded by the C10orf54 gene.

# Structure and function
VISTA is approximately 50kDa and belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and has one IgV domain.
VISTA is part of the B7 family, is primarily expressed in white blood cells and its transcription is partially controlled by p53. There is evidence that VISTA can act as both a ligand and a receptor on T cells to inhibit T cell effector function and maintain peripheral tolerance.

# Clinical significance
VISTA is produced at high levels in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells, and its blockade with an antibody results in delayed tumor growth in mouse models of melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma.
Monocytes from HIV-infected patients produce higher levels of VISTA compared to uninfected individuals. The increased VISTA levels correlated with an increase in immune activation and a decrease in CD4-positive T cells.

## As a drug target
There is an ongoing cancer immunotherapy clinical trial for a monoclonal antibody targeting VISTA in advanced cancer. Another ongoing clinical trial involves a small molecule that antagonizes the programmed death-ligands 1 and 2 (PD-L1 and PD-L2), and VISTA pathways in patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphomas.
Vale of Evesham
The Vale of Evesham is the name used for the flat and fertile area of southern Worcestershire, England,  along the valley of the River Avon, centred on the town of Evesham.

# Flat and Fertile Vale
The Vale of Evesham has little heavy or even light industry, land use being mostly agricultural and including fruit farms, livestock farming and market gardening on varying scales from small producers to very large concerns.

# Vegetable varieties
The sheltered climate beneath the escarpment of the Cotswolds, the light alluvial soils and the ready availability of river water for irrigation in dry weather has led to a great deal of vegetable production: spring onions, leeks, cabbages, brussel sprouts, runner beans but also rhubarb, lettuce, spinach, broccoli, beetroot, courgettes and pumpkins.

# Fruit Orchards
There are numerous orchards in the area, producing apples and plums. Plums are still grown here in traditional British varieties such as 'Pershore Purple' and 'Pershore Yellow Egg'.  Though orchard numbers have declined somewhat in recent decades, they still make a sufficient show of blossom in spring that they are touted as a minor tourist attraction. The plum trees blossom first in early spring with a delicate white blossom, even before the Sloe also known as the Blackthorn.

# Specialists
In the villages to the east of Evesham, such as Offenham and Badsey, there are growers specialising in asparagus production. Every year there are asparagus auctions, notably at the historic Fleece Inn in Bretforton, which is now owned by the National Trust.

# Trains to everywhere
The Vale is served by the 150-year-old Cotswold railway line, originally known as the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton, although this was satirised at the time of construction as the Old Worse and Worse, due to construction problems, including a riot at Mickleton on the edge of the Vale. The only surviving stations within the Vale are at Honeybourne  and Evesham, and these are served by trains from Worcester and London; other stations, such as Littleton (serving the Littletons) and Badsey, were closed by the Beeching Axe.
Vasogenic edema
Vasogenic edema is a specific form of edema in which increased extracellular fluid accumulates in the brain due to breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. It is generally more prominent in white matter than gray matter.
Vasogenic edema results from an increase in vessel permeability due to inflammatory process or neoplasm. The integrity of normal blood-brain barrier is disrupted; increased vascular permeability allows fluid to escape into intracellular spaces of the brain.

# Diagnostic Findings
Images courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission  PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology
- Choroid plexus papilloma (CPP). This 9 month old child presented with a history of lethargy. T1 weighted axial MRI reveals an intermediate signal mass in the lateral ventricle. T1 weighted axial MRI after gadolinium shows intense, homogeneous enhancement of the mass in the lateral ventricle.
- Choroid plexus papilloma: T2 weighted axial MRI shows intense surrounding vasogenic edema. Choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) are the most common tumor arising in the trigone of the lateral ventricle in children. They represent 2-5% of all primary brain tumors in children, with almost 90% occurring in children less than five years old. In children, they usually arise in the trigone of the lateral ventricle. In adults they commonly arise in the fourth ventricle. Less than 10% occur in the third ventricle or elsewhere. Patients usually present with hydrocephalus.
- Choroid plexus papilloma: T2 weighted axial MRI shows intense surrounding vasogenic edema. CPPs typically enhance dramatically following contrast administration on CT or MRI. Parenchymal invasion with edema may occur. Imaging findings are not reliable for distinguishing between CPP and choroid plexus carcinoma, which represent about 10% of choroid plexus neoplasms.