Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Enilconazole

# Overview
Enilconazole (synonyms imazalil, chloramizole) is a fungicide widely used in agriculture, particularly in the growing of citrus fruits. Trade names include Freshgard, Fungaflor, and Nuzone.
Enilconazole is also used in veterinary medicine as a topical antimycotic.

# History
In 1983, enilconazole was first introduced by Janssen Pharmaceutica and it has since consistently been registered as an antifungal postharvest agent.  Shortly after its introduction, enilconazole was used for seed treatment in 1984 and later used in chicken hatcheries in 1990.  Like any fungicide, it was used to protect crops from becoming diseased and unable to yield a profitable harvest.  Today, it continues to be utilized as an agricultural aid for its contribution to maintaining crop integrity and production output.

# Use on crops
Enilconazole is found on a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, but it is primarily used on tubers for storage.  Common fungi that are attracted to tubers are Fusarium spp, Phoma spp, and Helminthosporum solani which depreciate the crop quality.  In 1984, when enilconazole was initially used for seed treatment, barley was a main target to mitigate crop loss due to disease.
In addition, the antifungal agent is commonly used on citrus fruits.

# Hazards
In 1999, based on studies in rodents, enilconazole was identified as "likely to be carcinogenic in humans" under The Environmental Protection Agency's Draft Guidelines for Carcinogenic Assessment.  However, because pesticide residues are well below the concentrations associated with risk, the lifetime cancer risk estimate associated with citrus fruit contamination was valued as insignificant.
The EPA has established an equivalent toxicity level for human exposure at 6.1 x 102 mg/kg/day.  This level placed it in Category I, II, and IV for oral, dermal, and inhalation toxicity.  Category I is classified as highly irritating to the eyes, but not to the skin.  As for oral toxicity, when the fungicide is transferred via food into the body, it must be metabolized before it can do any damage.
Under California's Proposition 65, enilconazole is listed as "known to the State to cause cancer".
The EPA determined there is no substantial risk to toxic levels when considering food and water exposure.  Enilconazole has a very minute degree of mobility, so its level of drinking water contamination is quite low.  The estimated environmental concentration (EEC) found the levels to be 0.072 ppb for surface water and 500 ppb for drinking water.  These values are quite negligible, which is why the Agency does not see them as a concern.
Enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic sold by the Bayer Corporation under the trade name Baytril. Enrofloxacin is currently approved by the FDA for the treatment of individual pets and domestic animals in the United States. In September 2005, the FDA withdrew approval of Baytril for use in water to treat flocks of poultry, as this practice was noted to promote the evolution of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of the bacterium Campylobacter, a human pathogen.
It is a bactericidal agent. The bactericidal activity of enrofloxacin is concentration-dependent, with susceptible bacteria cell death occurring within 2030 minutes of exposure. Enrofloxacin has demonstrated a significant post-antibiotic effect for both Gram-negative  and Gram-positive bacteria and is active in both stationary and growth phases of bacterial replication.

# Activity and susceptibility data
Enrofloxacin is a synthetic antibacterial agent from the class of the fluoroquinolone carboxylic acid derivatives. It has antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Its mechanism of action is not thoroughly understood, but it is believed to act by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase (a type-II topoisomerase), thereby preventing DNA supercoiling and DNA synthesis. It is effective against:
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Klebsiella
- Escherichia coli
- Enterobacter
- Campylobacter
- Shigella
- Salmonella
- Aeromonas
- Haemophilus
- Proteus
- Yersinia
- Serratia
- Vibrio
- Brucella
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Staphylococcus (including penicillinase-producing and methicillin-resistant strains)
- Mycoplasma
- Mycobacterium
Variable activity against:
- Streptococcus
Ineffective against:
- Anaerobes
The following data represent minimum inhibitory concentration ranges for a few medically significant bacterial pathogens:
- Escherichia coli - 0.004 - 512 g/ml
- Staphylococcus aureus - 0.0925 - 64 g/ml
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa - 0.05 g/ml 

# Contraindications/precautions
Usage in poultry.

# Adverse effects/warnings
Enrofloxacin was banned for poultry use in 2005.  Baytril should not be used in rapidly growing animals (for example dogs under 12 months - 18 months in large breeds, or kittens under 8 weeks) as it causes abnormalities in the development of articular cartilage.

# Overdosage/acute toxicity
It is unlikely that an acute overdose of either compound would result in symptoms more serious than either anorexia or vomiting, but the adverse effects noted above could occur. Dogs receiving 10 times the labeled dosage rate of enrofloxacin for at least 14 days developed only vomiting and anorexia. Death did occur in some dogs when fed 25 times the labeled rate for 11 days, however.
- Oral Template:LD50: greater than 5000 mg/kg
- Dermal LD50: greater than 2000 mg/kg
- Inhalation LD50: greater than 3547 mg/m3 (4-hour exposure)
- Eye effects: irritant; reversible in less than 7 days.  In cats, it can produce sudden onset blindness when administered by injection, as

# Degradation
The brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum striatum can degrade the fluoroquinolone enrofloxacin using hydroxyl radicals.
Enterobacter
Enterobacter is a genus of common Gram-negative, facultatively-anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Several strains of the these bacteria are pathogenic and cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised (usually hospitalized) hosts. The urinary and respiratory tract are the most common sites of infection.  Enterobacter can be distinguished from other GNR by virtue of being a 'fast fermenter' of lactose (as are Escherichia coli and Klebsiella).
Two clinically-important species from this genus are E. aerogenes and E. cloacae.

# Antimicrobial therapy
- Enterobacter species including E. aerogenes and E. cloacae
- 1. Empiric antimicrobial therapy pending in vitro susceptibility
- 1.1 Nonlife-threatening infections or MDR-GNB prevalence < 20%
- Preferred regimen: Piperacillin-Tazobactam 3.375 g IV q6h  Aminoglycosides
- Alternative regimen: Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q812h
- 1.2 Life-threatening infections or MDR-GNB prevalence > 20%
- Preferred regimen: Meropenem 0.51 g IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (1): Colistin AND Meropenem 0.51 g IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (2): Colistin AND Imipenem 500 mg IV q6h
- Alternative regimen (3): Colistin AND Doripenem 500 mg IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (4): Colistin AND Ertapenem 1 g IV q24h
- Alternative regimen (5): Colistin AND Fosfomycin 6 g IV q6h
- 2. In vitro susceptibility available
- 2.1 Susceptible to all tested agents
- Preferred regimen: Piperacillin-Tazobactam 3.375 g IV q6h
- Alternative regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q812h
- Alternative regimen (2): Cefepime 2 g IV q8h (if MIC  1 g/mL)
- 2.2 Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacter spp.
- Preferred regimen: Meropenem 0.51 g IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (1): Imipenem 500 mg IV q6h
- Alternative regimen (2): Doripenem 500 mg IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (3): Ertapenem 1 g IV q24h
- Alternative regimen (4): Cefepime 2 g IV q8h (if MIC  1 g/mL)
- 2.3 Resistant to all tested agents
- Preferred regimen: Colistin AND Meropenem 0.51 g IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (1): Colistin AND Imipenem 500 mg IV q6h
- Alternative regimen (2): Colistin AND Doripenem 500 mg IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (3): Colistin AND Ertapenem 1 g IV q24h
- Alternative regimen (4): Colistin AND Minocycline 100 mg IV q12h
Eosinophilic

# Overview
Eosinophilic means "loves eosin", and refers to the staining of certain tissues, cells, or organelles after they been washed with eosin, a dye.
Eosin is an acidic dye, thus the structure being stained is basic.
Eosinophilic describes the appearance of cells and structures seen in histological sections which take up the staining dye, eosin. This is a bright pink dye that stains the cytoplasm of cells as well as extracellular proteins such as collagen.
Such eosinophilic structures are generally composed of protein.
The stain eosin is usually combined with a stain called haematoxylin to produce a haematoxylin and eosin stained section (also called an H&E, HE or H+E section). This is the most widely used histological stain in medical diagnosis - for example when a pathologist looks at a biopsy of a suspected cancer they will have the section stained with H&E.
Some structures seen inside cells are described as being eosinophilic, for example Lewy bodies, Mallory bodies.

# Related Chapters
- basophilic (affinity to hematoxylln)
- Eosinophilia
Spermatocele
Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.

# Overview
Spermatocele is a retention cyst of a tubule of the rete testis or the head of the epididymis distended with a milky fluid that contains spermatozoa. Spermatoceles are the most common cystic condition encountered within the scrotum. They vary in size from several millimeters to many centimeters. Spermatoceles are generally not painful. However, some men may experience discomfort from larger spermatoceles.

# Epidemiology
- Spermatoceles can originate as diverticulum from the tubules found in the head of the epididymis.  Sperm formation gradually causes the diverticulum to increase in size, causing a spermatocele.  They are due to continuity between the epididymis and tunica vaginalis.
- They are also believed to result from epididymitis or physical trauma. Scarring, of any part of the epididymis, can cause it to become obstructed and may form a spermatocele.

# Diagnosis
Spermatoceles can be discovered as incidental scrotal masses found on physical examination by a physician. They may also be discovered by self-inspection of the scrotum and testicles.
Finding a painless, cystic mass at the head of the epididymis, that transilluminates and can be clearly differentiated from the testicle, is generally sufficient. If uncertainty exists, ultrasonography of the scrotum can confirm if it is spermatocele.
Consult a urologist.

# Treatment
Small cysts are best left alone, as are larger cysts that are asymptomatic.  Only when the cysts are causing discomfort and are enlarging in size, or the patient wants the spermatocele removed, should a spermatocelectomy be considered.  Pain may persist even after removal.
Spermatocelectomy can be performed on an outpatient basis, with the use of local or general anesthesia.
Note: A spermatocelectomy will not improve fertility.
Equifinality
Equifinality is the principle that in open systems a given end state can be reached by many potential means.
In closed systems, a direct cause-and-effect relationship exists between the initial condition and the final state of the system: When a computer's 'on' switch is pushed, the system powers up.  Open systems (such as biological and social systems), however, operate quite differently.  The idea of equifinality suggests that similar results may be achieved with different initial conditions and in many different ways.  
In psychology, equifinality refers to how different early experiences in life (e.g., parental divorce, physical abuse, parental substance abuse) can lead to similar outcomes (e.g., childhood depression). In other words, there are many different early experiences that can lead to the same psychological disorder.
In archaeology, equifinality refers to how different historical processes may lead to a similar outcome or social formation.  For example, the development of agriculture or the bow and arrow occurred independently in many different areas of the world, yet for different reasons and through different historical trajectories.  Highlights that generalizations based on cross-cultural comparisons cannot uncritically be made.
In geomorphology, the term equifinality indicates that similar landforms might arise as a result of quite different sets of processes.
In environmental modeling studies, and especially in hydrological modeling, two models are equifinal if they lead to an equally acceptable or behavioral representation of the observed natural processes. It is a key concept to assess how uncertain hydrological predictions are.
Equinophobia

# Background
Equinophobia is a psychological fear of horses, derived from the Phobos for fear and Equus for horse.
Sufferers of Equinophobia usually experience an anxiety of approaching horses.
Equinophobics usually begin such feelings at a young age, either:
- Falling off a horse while riding
- Being bitten by a horse at a young age
- Meeting a horse for the first time that turns out to be aggressiveTemplate:Facts
Even in cases where horses are relatively tame, Equinophobics will avoid any form of contact with horses or stables.
Another less common word for Equinophobia is Hippophobia.
Ethmoid bone

# Overview
The ethmoid bone (from Greek ethmos, "sieve") is a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. As such, it is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction.

# Parts
The ethmoid bone consists of four parts:
- the horizontal Cribriform plate (lamina cribrosa), part of the cranial base
- the vertical Perpendicular plate (lamina perpendicularis), which is part of the nasal septum
- the two lateral masses or labyrinths.

# Articulations
The ethmoid articulates with fifteen bones:
- four of the craniumthe frontal, the sphenoid, and the two sphenoidal conchae
- eleven of the facethe two nasals, two maxillae, two lacrimals, two palatines, two inferior nasal conchae, and the vomer

# Injuries
The ethmoid bone is very delicate and is easily injured by a sharp upward blow to the nose, such as a person might suffer by striking an automobile dashboard in a collision.  The force of a blow can drive bone fragments through the cribiform plate into the meninges or brain tissue.  Such injuries are often evidenced by leakage of cerebrospinal fluid into the nasal cavity, and may be followed from the nasal cavity to the brain.
Blows to the head can also shear off the olfactory nerves that pass though the ethmoid bone and cause anosmia, an irreversible loss of the sense of smell and a great reduction in the sense of taste (most of which depends on smell).  This not only deprives life of some of its pleasures, but can also be dangerous, as when a person fails to smell smoke, gas, or spoiled food.
Fracture of the lamina papyracea, the lateral plate of the ethmoid labyrinth bone, permits communication between the nasal cavity and the ipsilateral orbit through the inferomedial orbital wall, resulting in orbital emphysema.  Increased pressure within the nasal cavity, as seen during sneezing, for example, leads to temporary exophthalmos.

# Role in magnetoception
Some birds and other migratory animals have deposits of biological magnetite in their ethmoid bones which allow them to sense the direction of the Earth's magnetic field. Humans have a similar magnetite deposit, but it is believed to be vestigial. 

# Additional images
- Ethmoid bone from above.
- Perpendicular plate of ethmoid.
- Ethmoid bone (frontal view).
- Ethmoid bone from the right side.
- Sphenoid bone visible center right.
- Side view of the skull.
- The skull from the front.
- Medial wall of left orbit.
- Base of the skull. Upper surface.
- Medial wall of left nasal fossa.
- Roof, floor, and lateral wall of left nasal cavity.
- Lateral wall of nasal cavity, showing ethmoid bone in position.
Ethoxylation
Ethoxylation is a chemical process in which ethylene oxide (IUPAC name: 1,2-epoxyethane) is added to fatty acids in order to make them more soluble in water.  An example is the ethoxylation of sodium dodecyl sulfate to form sodium laureth sulfate, which is used as a foaming agent in shampoos and toothpastes, and as an industrial detergent.
In an industrial ethoxylation plant, the raw material is preheated and fed to a stainless steel chemical reactor, where it is mixed with ethylene oxide and potassium hydroxide (KOH), which acts as the catalyst.  The reactor is pressurised with nitrogen to 5 bar and heated to 150C.
Many types of "substrate" chemicals may undergo ethoxylation: for example, alcohols, fatty acids, amines and phenols.
nl:Ethoxyleren
Evolutionism
In the creation-evolution controversy, those who accept the scientific theory of biological evolution by natural selection or genetic drift are often called "evolutionists", and the theory of evolution itself is referred to as "evolutionism" by creationists. This label is used to suggest that evolution is an ideology such as creationism and other "-isms". In this way, creationists bolster their claim that the scientific theory of evolution is in its basics a belief, dogma, ideology or even a religion, rather than a scientific theory. The terms "evolutionism" and "evolutionist" are rarely used in the scientific community as self-descriptive terms.
"Evolutionism", is defined by the OED as "he theory of evolution, evolutionary assumptions or principles".  Creationists tend to use the term evolutionism in order to suggest that evolution and creationism are equal in a philosophical debate.

# Development of usage
Anthropologists and biologists refer to "evolutionists" in the 19th century as those who believed that the cultures or life forms being studied are evolving to a particular form (see Platonic form). Very few scientists today, if any, believe that evolution in culture or biology works that way, and serious discussions generally take caution to distance themselves from that perspective.
Evolutionary biology explains biotic changes in terms of internal processes and gradual development as a natural progression of previously existing lifeforms.  Evolution neither denies nor requires a role for divine intervention. Before the 19th century there were a number of hypotheses regarding the evolution of all material phenomena: suns, moons, planets, earth, life, civilization, and society. The number of hypotheses being propounded increased dramatically in the middle of the 19th century.
In modern times, the term evolution is widely used, but the terms evolutionism and evolutionist are rarely used in scientific circles to refer to the biological discipline.  The term evolution was popularised during the 19th century by Herbert Spencer to mean cultural evolution; i.e. the increasing complexity of cultures (see History of the theory of cultural evolution)  it was only later that it acquired its biological meaning.  Advocacy of such theory was called evolutionism.
Most scientists object to the terms evolutionism and evolutionist because the -ism and -ist suffixes accentuate belief rather than scientific study. Conversely, creationists use those same two terms partly because the terms accentuate belief, and partly perhaps because they provide a way to package their opposition into one group, seemingly atheist and materialist, designations which are considered to be irrelevant to natural science.
Evolvability
Evolvability is a concept within the Darwinian understanding of biological evolution.  Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection requires that plants, animals, and other organisms be able to produce offspring that are sometimes better adapted to the circumstances of life than the parents are.  It is these offspring that survive and reproduce, and the adaptive traits thus increase in number if they are passed down to the offspring.  If the only changes to be found in offspring were deleterious, adaptive evolution could not occur.  So, the ability to produce enough advantageous variation to allow adaptive evolution to occur is what is called "evolvability".
Wagner (2005) describes two definitions of evolvability which have two main meanings. The first one is: 
A biological system is evolvable
- if its properties show heritable genetic variation,
and
- if natural selection can thus change these properties.
The second one is:
A biological system is evolvable
- if it can acquire novel functions through genetic change, functions that help the organism survive and reproduce.
These definitions can be applied on all levels of biological organisation, from macromolecules to mammals. 
The two meanings are not synonymous. Not all systems that are evolvable in the first sense are evolvable in the second sense. An example is given by Wagner (2005).

# Example
Consider an enzyme-coding gene that undergoes different mutations in different individuals of a population. Because of the mutations, the activity of the enzyme fluctuates among different individuals. If this mutation is heritable and influences fitness than natural selection can act on the enzymes activity. The enzymes activity is thus evolvable in the first sense. However, after millions of years, no mutation might give this enzyme a trait which might permit survival in a new environment.
Thus, although the enzymes activity is evolvable in the first sense, that does not mean it is evolvable in the second sense. The opposite, does not work. Every innovative, evolvable system can evolve by natural selection.
Organisms are incredibly complex, yet also highly robust to genetic change on all levels of organization. This robustness is one of a few aspects that can affect evolvability in the first and the second sense.

# Robustness and evolvability
Robustness will not increase evolvability in the first sense. In organisms with a high level of robustness, mutations will have smaller phenotypic effects than in organisms with a low level of robustness. Thus, robustness reduces the amount of heritable genetic variation on which selection can act. 
One can see this conclusion in two ways:
The first way is that robustness causes mutations to be neutral and therefore no innovation will occur.  
The second way gives neutral mutations an important function in innovation. Although many neutral mutations do not change primary functions, they can change other system features for future evolution.  
So, robustness can facilitate exaptation. From this point of view, robustness implies that many mutations are neutral and such neutrality promotes innovation.