Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
William DeVries
William C. DeVries (December 19, 1943 - ) is an American cardiothoracic surgeon, who performed the first successful permanent artificial heart implantation (on Barney Clark), using the Jarvik-7 model.
DeVries was the son of a Dutch immigrant father who served as a surgeon in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He was born at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. His father, Henry DeVries, died in combat in 1944 aboard the destroyer USS Kalk during the Battle of Hollandia. DeVries became an Eagle Scout in his youth and a brother of the Sigma Chi Fraternity in college. DeVries was on the cover of Time magazine on December 10, 1984. He obtained his Bachelor's and MD degrees from the University of Utah, and then took an internship and became a resident at Duke University Medical Center.
In 2000, he joined the United States Army Reserve as a lieutenant colonel, becoming at age 57 one of the oldest people to enter and complete the Officer Basic Course. After completion of that course, he was stationed at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington D.C. teaching surgical residents there and medical students from the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the George Washington University School of Medicine.
Zhang Zhongjing
Zhang Zhongjing (Template:Zh-stpw), formal name Zhang Ji (Template:Zh-stp, 150 - 219), was an Eastern Han physician and one of the most eminent Chinese physicians during the later years of the Eastern Han. He established medication principles and summed up the medicinal experience up until that time, thus making a great contribution to the development of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

# Biography
Though extremely well known in modern Chinese medicine and considered one of the finest Chinese physicians in history very little is known of his life. According to later sources he was born in  Nanyang, held an official position in Changsha and lived from approximately 150 to 219CE. Exact dates regarding his birth, death and works vary; an upper limit of 220CD is generally accepted.
During his time, with warlords fighting for their own territories, many people were infected with febrile disease. Zhang's family was no exception. He learned medicine by studying from his townsfellow Zhang Bozu, assimilating from previous medicinal literature, and collecting many prescriptions elsewhere, finally writing the medical masterpiece Shanghan Zabing Lun' (Template:Zh-tp, lit. "Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases"). Shortly after its publication the book was lost during wartime. Due to Zhang's contribution to Traditional Chinese medicine he is often regarded as the sage of Chinese medicine.
Zhang's masterpiece, Shanghan Zabing Lun, was collected by later people and compiled into two books, namely the Shang Han Lun (, lit. "On Cold Damage"), which was a discourse on how to treat epidemic infectious diseases causing fevers prevalent during his era, and the other, highly influential doctrine Jinkui Yaolue (, lit. "Essential Prescriptions of the Golden Coffer"), a compendium of his clinical experiences. These two texts have been heavily reconstructed several times up to the modern era.  Revered for authoring the Shang Han Za Bing Lun, Zhang Zhongjing is considered to have founded the Cold Damage or "Cold Disease" school of Chinese medicine and is widely considered the seminal expert to this day.
2-Bromopropane

# Overview
2-Bromopropane, also known as isopropyl bromide is the halogenated hydrocarbon with the formula CH3CHBrCH3. It is a colorless liquid. It is used for introducing the isopropyl functional group in organic synthesis.

# Reactions
The bromine atom is at the secondary position, which allows the molecule to undergo dehydrohalogenation easily to give propene, which escapes as a gas. Consequently, this reagent is used in conjunction with mild bases such as potassium carbonate, vs strong ones.

# Safety
Alkylating agents are often carcinogenic.

# Further reading
- M G. Gergel Excuse Me Sir, Would You Like to Buy a Kilo of Isopropyl Bromide? Pierce Chemical Co. (1979). (story of start-up chemical company).
2-Ethylhexanol

# Overview
2-Ethylhexanol, or isooctanol, is a fatty alcohol, an organic compound used in the manufacture of a variety of products.  It is a branched, eight-carbon alcohol.  It is a clear, colorless liquid that is nearly insoluble in water, but well soluble in most organic solvents.
2-Ethylhexanol can be readily converted into esters that have a variety of uses.  The primary use of 2-ethylhexanol is in the manufacture of the diester bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer. Because it is a fatty alcohol, esters of 2-ethylhexanol tend to have emollient properties.  For example, the sunscreen octocrylene contains a 2-ethylhexyl ester for this purpose.  It is also commonly used as a low volatility solvent.
2-Ethylhexanol is a combustible liquid above 60C. It is a marine polutant and it irritates skin, eyes and respiratory tract. It can also cause nausea and headache after inhalation, and diarrhea and vomiting after ingestion. Long-term or repeated exposure can result in defatting of the skin.
Note that isooctanol and 2-ethylhexanol are not synonymns under all systems of chemical nomnclature.  According to the Chemical Abstracts Service, isooctanol (CAS# 26952-21-6) officially refers to a different octanol isomer, 6-methylheptan-1-ol.
2-Nitropropane
2-Nitropropane (2-NP) is a solvent.  It is a colorless liquid and is classified as a nitro compound.

# Uses
2-NP is used primarily as a solvent and chemical intermediate.  It is used in inks, paints, adhesives, varnishes, polymers, resins, and coatings.
2-NP is also used as a feedstock for other industrial chemicals.

# Safety
Based on studies in animals, 2-NP is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen and it is listed as an IARC Group 2B carcinogen.
-  Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Template:GESTIS
2-Phenylphenol
2-Phenylphenol, or o-phenylphenol, is an organic compound that consists of two linked benzene rings and a phenolic hydroxyl group.  It is a white or buff-colored, flaky crystalline solid with a melting point of about 57 C.  It is a biocide used as a preservative under the trade names Dowicide, Torsite, Preventol, Nipacide and many others.

# Uses
The primary use of 2-phenylphenol is as an agricultural fungicide.  It is generally applied post-harvest.  It is a fungicide used for waxing citrus fruits. As a food additive, it has E number E231.
It is also used for disinfection of seed boxes. It is a general surface disinfectant, used in households, hospitals, nursing homes, farms, laundries, barber shops, and food processing plants. It can be used on fibers and other materials. It is used to sterilize hospital and veterinary equipment. Other uses are in rubber industry and as a laboratory reagent.  It is also used in the manufacture of other fungicides, dye stuffs, resins and rubber chemicals.
2-Phenylphenol is found in low concentrations in some household products such as spray disinfectants and aerosol or spray underarm deodorants.
Eye contact can cause severe irritation and burns with possible eye damage. For some individuals, 2-phenylphenol can also irritate the skin.  It is one of the chemicals that the Hyperactive Children's Support Group recommends be eliminated from the diet of children.
The sodium salt of orthophenyl phenol, sodium orthophenyl phenol, is a preservative, used to treat the surface of citrus fruits to prolong shelf life. As a food additive, it has the E number E232.
Holter monitor

# Holter monitor
In medicine, a Holter monitor (also called an ambulatory electrocardiography device), named after its inventor, Dr. Norman J. Holter, is a portable device for continuously monitoring the electrical activity of the heart for 24 hours or more. Its extended recording period is sometime useful for observing occasional cardiac arrhythmias that would be difficult to identify in a shorter period of time.  For patients having more transient symptoms, a cardiac event monitor which can be worn for a month or more can be used.
Much like standard electrocardiography (ECG), the Holter monitor records electrical signals from the heart via a series of electrodes attached to the chest. The number and position of electrodes varies by model, but most Holter monitors employ from three to eight. These electrodes are connected to a small piece of equipment that is attached to the patient's belt, and is responsible for keeping a log of the heart's electrical activity throughout the recording period.
Old devices used to use  reel to reel or a standard C60 or C90 audio cassette and ran at a very slow speed to record the data. More modern units record onto digital flash memory devices. The data are uploaded into a computer which then automatically analyzes the input, counting ECG complexes, calculating summary statistics such as average heart rate, minimum and maximum heart rate, and finding candidate areas in the recording worthy of further study by the technician.
Electrodes should be placed over bones to minimize artifacts from muscular activity.
Both 24 hr and 30 day event recorders are available.

# Event diary
In addition to wearing the device, most patients are asked to keep a diary of activities such as running and sleeping, symptoms, and times that their symptoms occur. This information is used by doctors and technicians to rapidly pinpoint problem areas in the vast amount of data recorded during the monitoring period.

# Gallery

# Resources
- Holter monitor - MedLine Plus
- Holter monitor - Texas Heart Institute
- Holter Monitor information from Children's Hospital Heart Center, Seattle.
de:Langzeit-EKG
sk:Holterovo monitorovanie
Barth syndrome

# Overview
Barth syndrome (BTHS), also known as 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type II and Cardiomyopathy-neutropenia syndrome is a rare genetic disorder classified by many signs and symptoms, including metabolism distortion, delayed motor skills, stamina deficiency, hypotonia, chronic fatigue, delayed growth, cardiomyopathy, and compromised immune system.

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

# Causes
Mutations in the BTHS gene are associated with cardiolipin molecules in the electron transport chain and the mitochondrial membrane structure. The gene is 6,234 bases in length, mRNA of 879 nucleotides, 11 exons/10 introns, and amino acid sequence of 292 with a weight of 33.5 kDa. It is located at Xq28; the long arm of the X chromosome. Barth Syndrome is caused by 60% frameshift, stop, or splice-site alterations and 30% change in protein's charge.

# Differentiating Barth syndrome from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics
It affects at least one hundred families worldwide.  Family members of the Barth Syndrome Foundation and its affiliates live in the US, Canada, the UK, Europe, Japan, South Africa, Kuwait, Australia.  The syndrome is believed to be severely under-diagnosed and estimated to occur in 1 out of approximately 200,000 births.
The Syndrome was named after Dr. Peter Barth in the Netherlands for his research and discovery in 1983. He described a pedigree chart, showing that this is an inherited trait.

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# AHA Scientific Statement: Management of Cardiac Involvement Associated With Neuromuscular Diseases

### Cardiac Evaluation in Barth syndrome (BTHS)

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Prevention

# Barth Syndrome Foundation
The Barth Syndrome Foundation in the US sponsors International Conferences for affected families attending physicians and scientists every two years.  The next BSF Conference is presently in the planning stages for summer or fall of 2008.  For more information contact the Barth Syndrome Foundation, Inc. at .

# See slso
- 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria
- noncompaction cardiomyopathy: mutations to the affected genes in Barth syndrome are also present here.
4-Acetoxy-DIPT
4-Acetoxy-DIPT (Also known as 4-Ace or 4-acetoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine) is a hallucinogenic tryptamine.
- General
4-Acetoxy-DIPT is a synthetic psychedelic tryptamine. It is relatively uncommon and has only a short history of human use. It is found as a slightly off-white powder and is usually taken orally.
- Chemistry
4-Acetoxy-DIPT is a psychedelic tryptamine structurally similar to 4-Hydroxy-DIPT.
- Dosage
- Onset: 20-60 minutes (depending on stomach contents)
- Duration: 2-4 hours
- Normal After Effects: 1-4 hours
- Legal Status
4-Acetoxy-DIPT is an unscheduled substance in the United States.
- Effects
4-Acetoxy-DIPT has been compared in its effects to 2C-B and Psilocybin mushrooms, including open and closed-eye visual hallucinations.
4-Nitroaniline

# Overview
4-Nitroaniline, p-nitroaniline or 1-amino-4-nitrobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H6N2O2.  It is an organic chemical compound, consisting of a phenyl group attached to an amino group which is para to a nitro group. The chemical structure of p-nitroaniline is shown at the right. This chemical is commonly used as an intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, antioxidants, pharmaceuticals and gasoline, in gum inhibitors, poultry medicines, and as a corrosion inhibitor.

# Synthesis
Below is an example synthesis of p-nitroaniline from aniline. The key step in this reaction sequence is an electrophilic aromatic substitution to install the nitro group para to the amino group. After this reaction, a separation must be performed to remove 2-nitroaniline, which is also formed in a small amount during the reaction.
File:P-nitroanilinesynthesis.png

# Applications
4-Nitroaniline is a starting material for the synthesis of Para Red, the first azo dye:

# Toxicity
The compound is toxic by way of inhalation, ingestion, and absorption, and should be handled with care. Its LD50 in rats is 750 mg/kg when administered orally. p-Nitroaniline is particularly harmful to all aquatic organisms, and can cause long-term damage to the environment if released as a pollutant.
5-HT4 receptor
5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HTR4 gene.

# Function
This gene is a member of the family of human serotonin receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors that stimulate cAMP production in response to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). The gene product is a glycosylated transmembrane protein that functions in both the peripheral and central nervous system to modulate the release of various neurotransmitters. Multiple transcript variants encoding proteins with distinct C-terminal sequences have been described, but the full-length nature of some transcript variants has not been determined.

# Location
The receptor is located in the alimentary tract, urinary bladder, heart and adrenal gland as well as the central nervous system (CNS).
In the CNS the receptor appears in the putamen, caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra, and to a lesser extent in the neocortex, raphe, pontine nuclei, and some areas of the thalamus.
It has not been found in the cerebellum.

# Isoforms
Internalization is isoform-specific.

# Ligands
Several drugs that act as 5-HT4 selective agonists have recently been introduced into use in both scientific research and clinical medicine. Some drugs that act as 5-HT4 agonists are also active as 5-HT3 antagonists, such as mosapride, metoclopramide, renzapride, and zacopride, and so these compounds cannot be considered highly selective. Research in this area is ongoing.
SB-207,145 radiolabeled with carbon-11 is used as a radioligand for 5-HT4 in positron emission tomography pig
and human
studies.

## Agonists
- BIMU-8
- Cisapride
- CJ-033,466 - partial agonist
- ML-10302
- Mosapride
- Prucalopride
- Renzapride
- RS-67506
- RS-67333 - partial agonist
- SL65.0155 - partial agonist
- Tegaserod
- Zacopride
- Metoclopramide
- Sulpiride

## Antagonists
- Piboserod
- GR-113,808 (1-methyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid, ethyl]-4-piperidinyl]methyl ester)
- GR-125,487
- RS-39604 (1--3-piperidin-4-yl]propan-1-one)
- SB-203,186
- SB-204,070
- (1-butylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl 4-amino-3-methoxybenzoate
- Chamomile (ethanol extract)
ACTIVE A Trial

# Overview
ACTIVE A is a randomized controlled trial of Clopidogrel vs ASA vs Placebo + ASA in the management of atrial fibrillation. 11% were previously on oral anticoagulants, but to enter the trial the patient could not remains on an anticoagulant during the trial.

# Inclusion criteria
Documented atrial fibrillation
Risk factor for stroke (similar to CHADS score)

# Exclusion
Requirement for clopidogrel
Risk factors for bleeding

# Design
Randomized controlled trial. 
Clopidogrel vs ASA vs Placebo + ASA

# Sample size
N=7,554

# Primary Endpoints

## Efficacy Endpoint
Endpoints are being adjudicated

### Stroke: Clinical definition, adjudicated

### Vascular death:

### MI:

### Systemic embolism: Documented with non invasive study

## Safety Endpoint
Major hemorrhage: 2 unit transfusion, death, 5 g/dl drop in Hb.

# Planned date of presentation
ACC 2009
Physicians could elect to enroll patients in this trial, or in ACTIVE W.
Angiopoietin 1
Angiopoietin 1 is a type of angiopoietin and is encoded by the gene ANGPT1.
Angiopoietins are proteins with important roles in vascular development and angiogenesis. All angiopoietins bind with similar affinity to an endothelial cell-specific tyrosine-protein kinase receptor. The protein encoded by this gene is a secreted glycoprotein that activates the receptor by inducing its tyrosine phosphorylation. It plays a critical role in mediating reciprocal interactions between the endothelium and surrounding matrix and mesenchyme. The protein also contributes to blood vessel maturation and stability, and may be involved in early development of the heart. During pregnancy, angiopoietins act complimentary to the VEGF system and contribute to endothelial cell survival and the remodeling of vessels. Few studies have examined the role of angiopoietins in human pregnancy complications like preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).
A knockout model of ANGPT1 was introduced in mice embryos. Results showed that embryos began to appear abnormal by day 11 and were dead by day 12.5 of pregnancy. The embryos showed prominent defects in endocardial and myocardial development as well as a less complex vascular network.

# Interactions
Angiopoietin 1 has been shown to interact with TEK tyrosine kinase.

# Placental Malaria
Recently, studies in malaria-endemic areas suggest that placental malaria (PM) may be associated with a dysregulation in angiopoietins. Increased levels of angiopoietin-1 appear to be associated with a decrease in placental weight and placental barrier thickness in women infected with Plasmodium (the causative agent of malaria). In a mouse model of PM, Plasmodium infection of pregnant mice led to decreased angiopoietin-1, increased angiopoietin-2, and an elevated ratio of angiopoietin-2/angiopoietin-1 in the placenta. This suggests that angiopoietin levels could be clinically significant biomarkers to identify mothers infected with PM.
ASTEROID Trial

# ASTEROID Trial

## Objective
To assess if an extensive lipid lowering therapy with statins could regress coronary atherosclerosis as determined by IVUS imaging.

## Methods
A Study to Evaluate the Effect of Rosuvastatin on Intravascular Ultrasound-Derived Coronary Atheroma Burden (ASTEROID) was a prospective open-label blinded end-points trial wherein 507 patients, who had a baseline IVUS examination, received at least 1 dose of the study drug rosuvastatin 40 mg/dL and were followed up for 24 months. At the end of 24 months 349 patients had evaluable serial IVUS examinations.

## Results
Mean baseline LDL-C reduced by 53.2% and mean HDL-C improved by 14.7%. Also mean atheroma volume for the entire vessel, as assessed by intravascular ultrasound, reduced by 0.98%.

## Conclusion
The study showed that treatment with very high intensity statin therapy using rosuvastatin 40 mg/dL reduced LDL-C and improved HDL-C levels significantly resulting in regression of coronary atherosclerosis as measured by IVUS.
ATP hydrolysis

# Overview
ATP hydrolysis is the reaction by which chemical energy that has been stored and transported in the high-energy phosphoanhydridic bonds in ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is released, for example in the muscles, to produce work. The product is ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) and an inorganic phosphate, orthophosphate (Pi). ADP can be further hydrolyzed to give energy, AMP (Adenosine monophosphate),  and another orthophosphate (Pi). ATP hydrolysis is the final link between the energy derived from food or sunlight and useful work such as muscle contraction, the establishment of ion gradients across membranes, and biosynthetic processes necessary to maintain life.
Hydrolysis of the phosphate groups in ATP is especially exergonic, because the resulting orthophosphate group is greatly stabilized by multiple resonance structures, making the products (ADP and Pi) much lower in energy than the reactant (ATP). The high negative charge density associated with the three adjacent phosphate units of ATP also destabilizes the molecule, making it higher in energy. Hydrolysis relieves some of these electrostatic repulsions as well, liberating useful energy in the process.
Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphoanhydridic bond is a highly exergonic process, producing -30.5 kJ mol-1 energy. This reaction can then be coupled with thermodynamically unfavorable reactions to give an overall negative (spontaneous) G for the reaction sequence. The actual value of G for ATP hydrolysis varies, primarily depending on Mg2+ concentration, and under normal physiologic conditions is actually closer to -50 kJ mol-1.
In humans, approximately 60% of the energy released from the hydrolysis of one mole of ATP produces metabolic heat rather than fuel the actual reactions taking place.
Source: A biochemistry test at medical university Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 2005.
SHORT syndrome
SHORT syndrome is a medical condition in which affected individuals have multiple birth defects in different organ systems.
SHORT is an acronym for short stature, hyperextensibility of joints and/or inguinal hernia, ocular depression, rieger anomaly and teething delay.
Other characteristics common in SHORT syndrome are a triangular face, small chin with a dimple, a loss of fat under the skin (lipodystrophy), abnormal position of the ears, hearing loss and delayed speech.
Abdominal wall

# Overview
The abdominal wall represents the boundaries of the abdominal cavity. The abdominal wall is split into the posterior (back), lateral (sides) and anterior (front) walls.
There is a common set of layers covering and forming all the walls: the deepest being the extraperitoneal fat, the parietal peritoneum, and a layer of fascia which has different names over where it covers (eg transversalis, psoas fascia).
Superficial to these, but not present in the posterior wall are the three layers of muscle, the transversus abdominis (tranvserse abdominal muscle), the internal (obliquus internus) and the external oblique (obliquus externus).

# Layers of anterior abdominal wall
In human anatomy, the layers of the abdominal wall are (from superficial to deep):
- Skin
- Fascia
Camper's fascia - fatty superficial layer
Scarpa's fascia - deep fibrous layer
- Camper's fascia - fatty superficial layer
- Scarpa's fascia - deep fibrous layer
- Muscle
External oblique muscle
Internal oblique muscle
Transverse abdominal muscle
- External oblique muscle
- Internal oblique muscle
- Transverse abdominal muscle
- Deep fascia or subserous fascia

# Inner surface
The surface contains several ligaments separated by fossae: