Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Lumbar plexus

# Overview
The lumbar plexus is a nervous plexus in the lumbar region of the body. It is formed by the loops of communication between the anterior divisions of the first three and the greater part of the fourth lumbar nerves; the first lumbar often receives a branch from the last thoracic nerve.
It is situated in the posterior part of the Psoas major, in front of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebr.
The mode in which the plexus is arranged varies in different subjects.

# Branches
The lumbar plexus differs from the brachial plexus in not forming an intricate interlacement, but the several nerves of distribution arise from one or more of the spinal nerves, in the following manner: the first lumbar nerve, frequently supplemented by a twig from the last thoracic, splits into an upper and lower branch; the upper and larger branch divides into the iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves; the lower and smaller branch unites with a branch of the second lumbar to form the genitofemoral nerve.
The remainder of the second lumbar nerve, and the third and fourth lumbar nerves, divide into ventral and dorsal divisions.
The ventral division of the second lumbar nerve unites with the ventral divisions of the third and fourth lumbar nerves to form the obturator nerve.
The dorsal divisions of the second and third nerves divide into two branches, a smaller branch from each uniting to form the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, and a larger branch from each joining with the dorsal division of the fourth nerve to form the femoral nerve.
The accessory obturator, when it exists, is formed by the union of two small branches given off from the third and fourth nerves.

## Mnemonic
One mnemonic used to remember this is "Interested in getting laid (or lunch) on Friday, Larry?"

# Additional images
- The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses.
Radiculopathy

# Overview
Radiculopathy is not a specific condition, but rather a description of a problem in which one or more nerves are affected and do not work properly (a neuropathy). The emphasis is on the nerve root ("radix" = "root"). This can result in pain (radicular pain), weakness, numbness, or difficulty controlling specific muscles.

# Causes
The nerve or nerves may be inflamed, "pinched," lack blood flow, or may be affected by a disease that is destroying it in part or totally.

# Polyradiculopathy
Polyradiculopathy is the name of the term for describing more than one spinal nerve roots are affected.

# Types
Forms of radiculopathy and related conditions:
- Cervical radiculopathy: Radiculopathy in the Cervical Spine
- Cauda equina syndrome
- Paraplegia
- Sciatica
- Quadraplegia
- Piriformis syndrome

# Video on Radiculopathy
- Radiculopathy Video
Lung agenesis

# Overview
Lung agenesis is defined as partial or complete failure of the lung to form with absence of the lung parenchyma, the bronchus and the pulmonary vessels.

# Classification
The condition can be unilateral (compatible with life) or bilateral (fatal).

# Pathophysiology

## Embryogenesis
The trachea begins to develop at about 4 weeks of gestation as an outpouching from the foregut.  Lung agenesis develops as a result of the bronchial analogue to develop into tow lung buds.
On the affected side, the pleural cavity is absent, and the healthy lung occupies the entire thorax. If a left lung develops, it is often trilobed.
Symptoms are due to due to tracheal compression and kinking of the trachea, shift of the mediastinal contents, posterior dislocation of the trachea as a result of a dislocated aortic arch and somtimes an associated truncus arteriosus.

## Associated Conditions
- Truncus arteriosus 
- Dextrocardia with situs solitus may be present among patients with agenesis or hypoplasia of the right lung 

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Lung agenesis is extremely rare and is observed in 1:15,000 autopsies.

## Gender
There is a slight female preponderance.

# Natural History, Complications, Prognosis

## Natural History
The natural history is variable.

## Complications
There can be kinking of the trachea and compression of the trachea by the aorta.

## Prognosis
Although 50% of patients may die before the age of 5, the remainder of the individuals may be asymptomatic throughout their lives.  Bilateral lung agenesis is a lethal anomaly.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
- Cough
- Cyanosis
- Repeated respiratory infections
- Respiratory distress
- Stridor
- Tachypnea
- Wheezing

# Treatment

## Symptomatic Patients
Symptoms are due to due to tracheal compression and kinking of the trachea, shift of the mediastinal contents, posterior dislocation of the trachea as a result of a dislocated aortic arch and somtimes an associated truncus arteriosus.
Indications for surgery include:
- Chronic unproductive cough
- Cyanosis
- Dyspnea
- Harsh breath sounds
- Tachypnea
The surgical procedure varies and includes aortopexy and diaphragmatic translocation which improve mediastinal shift and reduce heart rotation. Relief of tracheal compression is critical as is reduction in hyperinflation of the remaining lung.

## Asymptomatic Patients
Prophylactic surgery is not necessary.
MOMO syndrome
Synonyms and keywords: Macrosomia Obesity Macrocephaly Ocular abnormalities syndrome

# Overview
MOMO syndrome is an extremely rare genetic disorder which belongs to the overgrowth syndromes and has been diagnosed in only four cases around the world.  The name is an acronym of the four primary aspects of the disorder: Macrosomia (excessive birth weight), Obesity, Macrocephaly (excessive head size) and Ocular abnormalities.  It is unknown if it is a life-limiting condition.

# Historical Perspective
MOMO syndrome was first diagnosed in 1993 by Professor Celia Priszkulnik Koiffmann, a Brazilian researcher in the Genetic and Clinical Studies of neurodevelopmental disorders.

# Pathophysiology
Because MOMO is such a rare disorder, very few studies have been conducted into its causes.  Current research suggests that it is linked to a de novo (new) autosomal dominant mutation

# Epidemiology and Demographics
It has been diagnosed in only four cases around the world.

## Confirmed cases
Archie Thompson was born in 2002 in Icklesham, England and weighed 8 lb 4 oz (3740 g).  By 15 months his weight had increased to 4 stone (56 lb; 25 kg) and by 24 months it was up to 6 stone (84 pounds; 38 kg).  The condition placed a large strain on his heart and lungs.  The Thompson family were featured in a documentary for Five first shown on 3 October 2004.
Danielli Furton, from Sao Paulo, Brazil, is one of the oldest surviving sufferers of MOMO syndrome.  At age 17 she was featured in the Archie Thompson documentary as his mother traveled to visit her.  Furton attended school as normal, though her physical and mental conditions prevented her from progressing as well as the other students.
Two other cases have been diagnosed, one in Italy and a second in Brazil . There has also been an uncomfirmed case in Palm Beach, Florida.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
Along with the four aspects of the disorder that give it its name, there are also other common symptoms:
- A downward slant of the forehead
- Delayed bone maturation
- Mental retardation

## Physical Examination
The ocular abnormalities are generally retinal coloboma and nystagmus.
Macadamia oil
Macadamia oil (or Macadamia nut oil) is the non-volatile oil expressed from the nut meat of the macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) tree.  Macadamia oil is sometimes used in food as a frying or salad oil, and in cosmetic formulations as an emollient or fragrance fixative.

# Chemical structure
Macadamia oil contains approximately 60% oleic acid, 19% palmitoleic acid, 1-3% Linoleic acid and 1-2% Linolenic acid. Some varieties contain roughly equal omega-6 and omega-3. Although macadamia is cultivated in many different parts of the world, the oil's fatty acid profile is not greatly influenced by environmental factors.  The oil displays chemical properties typical of a vegetable triglyceride oil. It is also very stable due to its low polyunsaturated fat content.

# Physical properties
Macadamia oil is liquid at room temperature.  The refined oil is clear, lightly amber-colored with a slightly nutty odour.  It is possible to refine it to complete transparency, but the faint odour of macadamia nuts remains.

# Uses in Food
Macadamia oil is an excellent frying oil due to its high heat capacity.
Several properties of macadamia oil are particularly important for use as an edible oil:
- It contains up to 85% monounsaturated fats,
- has an unrefrigerated shelf life of one to two years, and
- a smoke point of 410F.

# Uses in Cosmetics
Macadamia oil's rich, cushiony skinfeel and high oxidative stability make it especially suitable for heavy creams and suncare formulations.  Derivatives of Macadamia oil in cosmetics include the light emollient Ethyl Macadamiate and water soluble PEG-16 Macadamia Glycerides.
Macadamia oil is an excellent botanical replacement for mink oil in most applications.
Macadamia oil's INCI name is Macadamia Integrifolia Seed Oil.
Macromolecule
The term macromolecule by definition implies "large molecule".  In the context of biochemistry, the term may be applied to the four conventional biopolymers (nucleotides, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids), as well as non-polymeric molecules with large molecular mass such as macrocycles.

# Usage
The term macromolecule was coined by Nobel laureate Hermann Staudinger in the 1920s. Usage of the term to describe different forms of large molecules varies among the disciplines. For example, while biology refers to macromolecules as the four large molecules living things are composed of, from the perspective of chemistry, the term may refer to aggregates of two or more macromolecules held together by intermolecular forces rather than covalent bonds but which do not readily dissociate.
According to the recommended IUPAC definition, the term macromolecule as used in polymer science refers only to a single molecule.  For example, a single polymeric molecule is appropriately described as a "macromolecule" or "polymer molecule" rather than a "polymer", which suggests a substance composed of macromolecules.
Because of their size, macromolecules are not conveniently described in terms of stoichiometry alone.  The structure of simple macromolecules, such as homopolymers, may be described in terms of the individual monomer subunit and total molecular mass.  Complicated biomacromolecules, on the other hand, require multi-faceted structural description such as the hierarchy of structures used to describe proteins.

# Properties
Substances that are composed of macromolecules often have unusual physical properties. The properties of liquid crystals and such elastomers as rubber are examples. Although too small to see, individual pieces of DNA in solution can be broken in two simply by suctioning the solution through an ordinary straw. This is not true of smaller molecules. The 1964 edition of Linus Pauling's College Chemistry asserted that DNA in nature is never longer than about 5000 base pairs. This is because biochemists were inadvertently and consistently breaking their samples into pieces. In fact, the DNA of chromosomes can be tens of millions of base pairs long.
Another common macromolecular property that does not characterize smaller molecules is the need for assistance in dissolving into solution. Many require salts or particular ions to dissolve in water. Proteins will denature if the solute concentration of their solution is too high or too low.
Malinas score

# Overview
The Malinas score is an evaluation that allows to determine whether a pregnant woman is about to give birth. It was invented by Yves Malinas (French physician, died 20 january 1997).

# Indications
It is mainly used in case of unexpected prehospital cases: the score indicates if it is possible to transport the pregnant woman or if it is best to let her give birth onsite. It is based on five criteria: how many times she has been pregnant, the duration of the labour so far, the duration of each contraction, the interval between two contractions, and whether or not her waters have broken.

# Interpretation
Each criterion is evaluated by a number between zero and two:
The score is the sum of these five criteria. When the score is less than five, it is possible to transport the pregnant woman to a maternity hospital or a medical structure. When the score is six or more, an imminent parturition (i.e. childbirth) is likely, especially if the woman feels a need to push.
Mammaglobin-A
Mammaglobin-A also known as secretoglobin family 2A member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SCGB2A2 gene.

# Function
SCGB2A2 is a member of the superfamily of  secretoglobins, a group of small dimeric secreted and sometimes glycosylated proteins. Expressed mainly in mucosa, secretoglobins seem to be involved in cell signalling, immune response, and chemotaxis, and may also serve as transporters for steroid hormones in humans.>

# Clinical significance
SCGB2A2 expression is highly specific of mammary tissue, and is increasingly used for identification and detection of disseminated breast cancer cells.
Mandelic acid

# Overview
Mandelic acid is an aromatic alpha hydroxy acid with the molecular formula C6H5CH(OH)CO2H.  It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water and polar organic solvents.  It is a useful precursor to various drugs. Since the molecule is chiral, it exists in either of two enantiomers as well as the racemic mixture, known as paramandelic acid.

# Isolation and synthesis
Mandelic acid was discovered while heating amygdalin, an extract of bitter almonds, with diluted hydrochloric acid. The name is derived from the German "Mandel" for "almond". Derivatives of mandelic acid are formed as a result of metabolism of adrenaline and noradrenaline by monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyl transferase.
Mandelic acid is usually prepared by the acid-catalysed hydrolysis of mandelonitrile, which is the cyanohydrin of benzaldehyde.  Mandelonitrile can also be prepared by reacting benzaldehyde with sodium bisulfite to give the corresponding adduct, forming mandelonitrile with sodium cyanide, which is hydrolyzed:
Alternatively, it arises by base hydrolysis of  phenylchloroacetic acid and dibromacetophenone. It also arises by heating phenylglyoxal with alkalis.

# Uses
Mandelic acid has a long history of use in the medical community as an antibacterial, particularly in the treatment of urinary tract infections. It has also been used as an oral antibiotic, and as a component of "chemical face peels", along with other alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs).
The drugs cyclandelate and homatropine are esters of mandelic acid.
Marbofloxacin

# Overview
Marbofloxacin is a carboxylic acid derivative third generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic. It is used in veterinary medicine under the trade names Marbocyl,Forcyl and Zeniquin. A formulation of marbofloxacin combined with clotrimazole and dexamethasone is available under the name Aurizon (CAS number 115550-35-1).

# Mechanism of action
Its mechanism of action is not thoroughly understood, but it is believed to be similar to the other fluoroquinolones by impairing the bacterial DNA gyrase which results in rapid bactericidal activity. The other proposed mechanisms include that it acts against nondividing bacteria and does not require protein and RNA synthesis, which block protein and RNA synthesis respectively.

# Activity
Marbofloxacin is a synthetic, broad spectrum bactericidal agent. The bactericidal activity of marbofloxacin is concentration dependent, with susceptible bacteria cell death occurring within 2030 minutes of exposure. Like other fluoroquinolones, marbofloxacin has demonstrated a significant post-antibiotic effect for both gramand + bacteria and is active in both stationary and growth phases of bacterial replication.
It has good activity against many gram-negative bacilli and cocci, is effective against:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Klebsiella spp
Escherichia coli
Enterobacter
Campylobacter
Shigella
Salmonella
Aeromonas
Haemophilus
Proteus
Yersinia
Serratia
Vibrio
Brucella
Chlamydia trachomatis
Staphylococci (including penicillinase-producing and methicillin-resistant strains)
Mycoplasma
Mycobacterium

# Application
Marbofloxacin can be used both orally and topically. It is particularly used for infections of the skin, respiratory system and mammary glands in dogs and cats, as well as with urinary tract infections. For dogs, a dose ranges from 2.75 - 5.5 mg/kg once a day. The duration of treatment is usually at least five days, longer if there is a concurrent fungal or yeast infection. Maximum duration of treatment is 30 days.

# Contraindications and side effects
Marbofloxacin should usually be avoided in young animals because of potential cartilage abnormalities. In rare occasion, it can cause CNS stimulation and should be used with caution in patients with seizure disorders. Under certain conditions it can cause discomfort such as cramps, treatable with diazepam. Other adverse effects are usually limited to GI distress (vomiting, anorexia, soft stools, diarrhoea) and decreased activity.
Maritime Pine
The Maritime Pine (Pinus pinaster) is a pine native to the western Mediterranean region.
The range extends from Portugal and Spain north to southern and western France, east to western Italy, and south to northern Morocco, with small outlying populations in Algeria and Malta (possibly introduced by man). It generally occurs at low to moderate altitudes, mostly from sea level to 600 m, but up to 2000 m in the south of its range in Morocco.
It is a medium-size tree, reaching 20-35 m tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 1.2 m, exceptionally 1.8 m.
The bark is orange-red, thick and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, somewhat thinner in the upper crown.
The leaves ('needles') are in pairs, very stout (2 mm broad), 12-22 cm long, and bluish-green to distinctly yellowish-green.
The cones are conic, 10-20 cm long and 4-6 cm broad at the base when closed, green at first, ripening glossy red-brown when 24 months old. They open slowly over the next few years, or after being heated by a forest fire, to release the seeds, opening to 8-12 cm broad.
The seeds are 8-10 mm long, with a 20-25 mm wing, and are wind-dispersed.
Maritime Pine is closely related to Turkish Pine, Canary Island Pine and Aleppo Pine, which all share many features with it. It is a relatively non-variable species, with constant morphology over the entire range.

# Uses
It is widely planted for timber in its native area, being one of the most important trees in forestry in France, Spain and Portugal; the largest man-made forest in the world, at Les Landes in southwest France, is composed of this species. It is also a popular ornamental tree, often planted in parks and gardens in areas with warm temperate climates. It has become naturalised in parts of southern England, South Africa and Australia. It is a serious pest in parts of South Africa, where it is called the cluster pine (Stirton, 1978). It is also used as a source of proanthocyanidins, notably in the patented extract "pycnogenol". The patents for pycnogenol refer to Pinus maritima, an obsolete synonym for Pinus pinaster.
Masson's Pine
Masson's Pine (Pinus massoniana; also known as Chinese Red Pine or Horsetail Pine) is a species of pine, native to a wide area of central and southern China, including Hong Kong and Taiwan, and northern Vietnam, growing at low to moderate altitudes, mostly below 1,500 m but rarely up to 2,000 m altitude.
It is an evergreen tree reaching 25-45 m in height, with a broad, rounded crown of long branches. The bark is thick, greyish-brown, and scaly plated at the base of the trunk, and orange-red, thin, and flaking higher on the trunk. The leaves are needle-like, dark green, with two per fascicle, 12-20 cm long and 0.8-1 mm wide, the persistent fascicle sheath 1.5-2 cm long. The cones are ovoid, 4-7 cm long, chestnut-brown, opening when mature in late winter to 4-6 cm broad. The seeds are winged, 4-6 mm long with a 10-15 mm wing. Pollination is in mid spring, with the cones maturing 18-20 months after.

# Cultivation and uses
The species is a common trees in plantation forestry for replacing or compensating of the loss of the natural forest in southern China.. Chinese rosin is obtained mainly from the turpentine of this Pine (Pinus massoniana) and Slash Pine (P. elliottii).
Logs are mainly used to make pulp for paper industry.
Leaves are used to give special smoke flavor to a local black tea, such as Lapsang souchong of Fujian province.

# Pests
The Pinewood Nematode from North America and Pine-needle Scale Insect from Taiwan, have together virtually eliminated the native Pinus massoniana in Hong Kong in the 1970s and 80s.

# References and external links
-  Mirov, N. T. (1967). The Genus Pinus. Ronald Press.
-  Farjon, A. (2005). Pines, ed. 2. Brill, Leiden. ISBN 90-04-13916-8.
-  Richardson, D. M. (1998). Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-55176-5.
-  Gymnosperm Database: Pinus massoniana
-  Ecosystem services of various types of artificial forest in South China  a provisional summary
-  Porcupine! 23 - Hong Kong's Bad Biodviersity
- Template:IUCN2006
- Pinus massoniana - Plants For A Future database report
Maud Hospital
Maud Hospital is a small hospital in Peterhead, Scotland, providing psychogeriatric services.
It was previously known as Buchan Combination Poorhouse and Maud Home and was founded in 1867.

# Possible closure
In August 2005 Aberdeenshire Community Health Partnership issued a consultation document on Older Peoples Services, Maternity Services and Diagnostic and Treatment Services which includes several proposals for reorganisation of services in these areas.
McGuire twins
The McGuire twins were born Billy Leon and Benny Loyd McCrary on December 7, 1946.  The twins were listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the "World's Heaviest Twins" (328 and 338 kg, correspondingly).  The famous Guinness photo depicts the twins riding their Honda motorcycles.

# Stage career
Using the stage name McGuire, the twins gained popularity as tag-team wrestlers and in carnival stunt shows.

# Death
Billy McCrary died on July 14, 1979 at the age of 32, following a motorcycle accident during a stunt at Niagara Falls.  Benny lived for 21 more years, until his death at age 54 on March 14, 2001.

# Cultural references
- In the Family Guy episode titled Blind Ambition, two characters are depicted as "the world's fattest twins".  In this episode, one twin says he is trying the Atkins diet, a high-protein diet used for weight loss. The other twin comments that Atkins is 'not good for you', highlighting a common criticism of the diet.
- The twins have appeared a number of times on The Simpsons, including as surprise witnesses for Lionel Hutz and in mannequin form in a large men's clothing store in the episode "King-Size Homer". They are always portrayed riding their motorcycles.