Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Sternum

# Overview
The sternum (from Greek , sternon, "chest" and hebrew pronounced "Shamokin" also meaning chest) or breastbone is a long, flat bone located in the center of the thorax (chest). It connects to the rib bones via cartilage, forming the rib cage with them, and thus helps to protect the lungs, heart and major blood vessels from physical trauma.
The sternum is sometimes cut open (a median sternotomy) to gain access to the thoracic contents when performing cardiothoracic surgery.
The sternum  is an elongated, flattened bone, forming the middle portion of the anterior wall of the thorax. Its upper end supports the clavicles (Collar bones), and its margins articulate with the cartilages of the first seven pairs of ribs. Its top is also connected to the Sternocleidomastoid muscle.  It consists of three parts, from above downward:
- Manubrium
- Body of sternum (gladiolus)
- Xiphoid process
In early life, the body of sternum consists of four segments or sternebr.
In its natural position, the inclination of the bone is oblique from above, downward and forward. It is slightly convex in front and concave behind; broad above, becoming narrowed at the point where the manubrium joins the body, after which it again widens a little to below the middle of the body, and then narrows to its lower extremity. Its average length in the adult is about 17 cm, and is rather longer in the male than in the female.

# Structure
The sternum is composed of highly vascular cancellous tissue, covered by a thin layer of compact bone which is thickest in the manubrium between the articular facets for the clavicles.

# Articulations
The sternum articulates on either side with the clavicle and upper seven costal cartilages.

# Fractures of the sternum
Fractures of the sternum are not common. However, they may result from trauma, such as when a driver's chest is forced into the steering column of a car in a car accident.  A fracture of the sternum is usually a comminuted fracture, meaning it is broken into pieces.  The most common site of sternal fractures is at the sternal angle.

# Additional images
- Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages.
Eyebrow
The eyebrow is an area of coarse skin hairs above the eye that follows the shape of the brow ridges.

# Functions
The main function of the eyebrows is to prevent moisture, mostly salty sweat and rain, from flowing into the eye, an organ critical to sight. The typical curved shape of the eyebrow (with a slant on the side) and the direction in which eyebrow hairs are pointed, make sure that moisture has a tendency to flow sideways around the eyes, along the side of the head and along the nose. The slightly protruding brow ridges of modern humans could also still play a supporting role in this process.  Together with the eyebrows, the brow ridges also shade the eyes from sunlight.
Eyebrows also prevent debris such as dandruff and other small objects from falling into the eyes, as well as providing a more sensitive sense for detecting objects being near the eye, like small insects.
Eyebrows also have an important facilitative function in communication, strengthening expressions like surprise or anger. In African cultures, raising and lowering the eyebrows is used as a confirmation sign (the equivalent of nodding).

# Eyebrow modification
It is common for people to pluck their eyebrows to maintain a clean and fashionable appearance with the use of tweezers and waxing. Threading eyebrows has also become a popular method because it does not pull at the skin. All of these methods can be painful for some seconds or minutes due to the sensitivity of the area around the eye but often this pain decreases over time as the individual becomes used to the sensation.
Some people also choose to pierce their eyebrow.
Bufagin
Bufagin is toxic steroid, C24H34O5, found as a component of bufotoxin.  It is obtained (in form of marinobufagin) from toad's milk, which refers to secretions from the Cane Toad (Bufo marinus), when it is injured, scared or provoked.
Its effects are similar to poisoning by digitalis, having an effect on the cardiac muscle, causing ventricular fibrillation. It has equally some local anesthetic action. The analgesic effect has also been proven (Wang, Sun et al. 1994), by acting as a Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor on the binding sites of the cell membrane. The anti-cancer properties in leukemia and  melanoma cells, and the inhibition of the proliferation of prostate cancer cells, have also been investigated.
There are several closely related bufagins, such as:
- The very toxic arenobufagin C25H34O6, obtained from the Argentine Toad (Bufo arenarum)
- Cinobufagin, from Chusan Island Toad (Bufo gargarizans)
- Gamabufagin, from the Japanese Toad (Bufo japonicus)
- Quercicobufagin, from Oak Toad (Bufo quercicus)
- Regularobufagin, from the Square-marked Toad (Bufo regularis)
- Vallicepobufagin, from the Gulf Coast Toad (Bufo valliceps)
- Viridibufagin, from the European Green Toad (Bufo viridis)
These bufagins, and especially cinobufagin, have given rise a large number of derivatives, such as  desacetylcinobufagin 16-O--D-glucoside, 3-epi-desacetylcinobufagin 16-O--D-glucoside, 3-oxo-desacetylcinobufagin 16-O--D-glucoside and cinobufagin 3-O--D-glucoside.
Burette
A burette (also buret) is a vertical cylindrical piece of laboratory glassware with a volumetric graduation on its full length and a precision tap, or stopcock, on the bottom. It is used to dispense known amounts of a liquid reagent in experiments for which such precision is necessary, such as a titration experiment. Burettes are extremely accurate: class A burettes are accurate to 0.05 cm3.

# Using a burette
The precision of a burette makes careful measurement with a burette very important to avoid systematic error. When reading a burette, the viewer's eyes must be at the level of the graduation to avoid parallax error. Even the thickness of the lines printed on the burette matters; the bottom of the meniscus of the liquid should be touching the top of the line you wish to measure from. A common rule of thumb is to add 0.02 mL if the bottom of the meniscus is touching the bottom of the line. Due to the precision of the burette, even a single drop of liquid hanging from the bottom of a burette should be transferred to the receiving flask, usually by touching the drop to the side of the receiving flask and washing into the solution with the experimental solvent (usually water). Through careful control of the stopcock and rinsing, even partial drops of liquid can be added to the receiving flask.

# History
The history of the burette parallels the history of volumetric analysis. Francois Antoine Henri Descroizilles developed the first burette (which looked more like a graduated cylinder) in 1791. Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac developed an improved version of the burette that included a side arm, and coined the terms "pipette" and "burette" in an 1824 paper on the standarization of indigo solutions. A major breakthrough in the methodology and popularization of volumetric analysis was achieved by Karl Friedrich Mohr, who redesigned the burette by placing a clamp and a tip at the bottom.
C11orf1
Chromosome 11 open reading frame one, also known as C11orf1, is a protein-coding gene. It has been found by yeast two hybrid screen to bind to SETDB1 a histone protein methyltranferase enzyme. SETDB1 has been implicated in Huntington's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder.
C11orf1 is a nuclear protein with unknown function but has been shown to show preferential expression in some disease states in microarray data.

# Species distribution
C11orf1 shows conservation through mammals and orthologs can be found in sea squirts and sea anemone. The below table shows some orthologs found using BLAST.

# Gene
C11orf1 is located on chromosome 11 and is neighbored by:
- FDXACB1-201
- ALG9-201
- ALG9-202
- AP001781.5-201

# Protein

## Structure
This protein is part of the UPF0686 superfamily. This family is characterized by the presence of a domain of unknown function (DUF)1143 shared by the family.  This family DUF1143 has a domain that includes almost all,149, of the  150 amino acids in the human ortholog. C11orf1 has six spicesomal variants and one unspliced variant.

## Predicted properties
The following properties of C11orf1 were predicted using bioinformatic analysis:
- Molecular Weight: 17.76 KDal
- Isoelectric point: 7.28
- Post-translational modification: twelve possible post-translational modifications are predicted:
Two O-(N-acetylaminogalactosyl)-L-threonine Glycosylations at position 138 and 142 on the protein sequence
Two O-phospho-L-serine Phosphorylation sites at 112 and 141.
Four O-phospho-L-threonine Phosphorylation sites at 59, 99, 113, and 138.
Four O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine Phosphorylation sites at 64, 101, 105 and 143.
- Two O-(N-acetylaminogalactosyl)-L-threonine Glycosylations at position 138 and 142 on the protein sequence
- Two O-phospho-L-serine Phosphorylation sites at 112 and 141.
- Four O-phospho-L-threonine Phosphorylation sites at 59, 99, 113, and 138.
- Four O4'-phospho-L-tyrosine Phosphorylation sites at 64, 101, 105 and 143.

## Tissue distribution
C11orf1 appears to be ubiquitously expressed at low levels but particularly high expression in the parathyroid. Expression data indicate expression in most tissues. This gene has also been found in one experiment to be under expressed in Huntington's disease patients while SETDB1 is over-expressed.

## Binding partners
The human protein SET domain bifurcated 1, was found to be a binding partner for C11orf1 by Yeast Two Hybrid.
C19orf2
Unconventional prefoldin RPB5 interactor, also called URI1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C19orf2 gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene binds to RNA polymerase II subunit 5 (RPB5) and negatively modulates transcription through its binding to RPB5. The encoded protein seems to have inhibitory effects on various types of activated transcription, but it requires the RPB5-binding region. This protein acts as a corepressor. It is suggested that it may require signaling processes for its function or that it negatively modulates genes in the chromatin structure. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene.

# Interactions
C19orf2 has been shown to interact with DMAP1 and STAP1.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of URI1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Uri1tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed:  - In-depth immunological phenotyping
C1GALT1
Core 1 synthase, glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase, 1, also known as C1GALT1, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the C1GALT1 gene.

# Function
The common core 1 O-glycan structure Gal-beta-1-3GalNAc-R is a precursor for many extended mucin-type O-glycan structures in animal cell surface and secreted glycoproteins. Core 1 is synthesized by the transfer of Gal from UDP-Gal to GalNAc-alpha-1-R by core 1 beta-3-galactosyltransferase (C1GALT1).
C1GALT1 is associated with the T-Tn antigen system.

# Clinical significance
There is some evidence that mutations in the C1GALT1 gene may be associated with kidney disease.
C1QTNF5
C1q and tumor necrosis factor related protein 5, also known as C1QTNF5, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the C1QTNF5 gene . The C1QTNF5 gene secreted and membrane-linked to a protein which is strongly expressed in retinal pigment epithelium cells(RPE).

# Function
The CTRP5 protein is a member of the C1q / tumor necrosis factor superfamily, which shows diverse functions including cell adhesion and as components of the basement membrane.

# Clinical significance
A mutation in the C1QTNF5 gene causes late-onset retinal degeneration.
More specifically, a single missense mutation (S163R) in the encoded C1QTNF5 protein causes the Late-onset retinal degeneration disease(L-ORD).

# Structure
The structure of C1q and Tumor Necrosis Factor Related Protein 5 (C1QTNF5) which is also called CTRP5 has three essential domains. The first domain is a single peptide which is located in N-terminal,  the second domain is a collage domain and the third domain is a globular complementment 1q (gC1q) that exists in the C-terminal domain. The single mutation S163R is found in the gC1q domain which is the main reason for Late-onset retinal degeneration disease(L-ORD).C1QTNF5 is a part of the C1q family. However, there is a unique feature of the structure of C1QTNF5 that it does not own a Ca 2+ binding site as other members of the C1q family.

# Crystal structure
Crystal structure of C1QTNF5 has been taken by  Xiongying and Krzysztof and it has two characteristics. One is that the structure of C1QTNF5 seems not to have a Ca 2+ binding site in order to its stability. Also, it is necessary for the function of the members of the C1q family. Another feature is having an unusual sequence which is (F181, F182, G183, G184, W185, P186) that generate a hydrophobic field.  In this area, S163 and F182 build H bond, However, the mutation S163 will make a disruption to the H bond.
C1orf74
UPF0739 protein C1orf74 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C1orf74 gene.

# Gene
The gene C1orf74 is a protein-encoding gene on chromosome 1 in humans.  It is also known as URLC4 in humans. The locus of this gene is 1q32.2. C1orf74 is 2229 base pairs long. The gene contains two exons.
C1orf74 is downstream of the gene interferon regulatory factor 6 or IRF6 in humans.

# Transcript
C1orf74 is transcribed into an mRNA that is 1642 nucleotides long in humans.  The transcript contains two exons and one upstream in-frame stop codon. The 5' UTR of this transcript is 343 nucleotides long and the 3' UTR is 570 nucleotides long.
Both exons are usually transcribed. A few cases exist where only the second exon was transcribed. A fusion transcript containing IRF6 and the first exon of C1orf74 has also been found, but this transcript results in a short polypeptide.

# Protein
The protein that is encoded by C1orf74 in humans is most commonly known as UPF0739 protein C1orf74. The human version of UPF0739 contains 269 amino acids and weighs 29430 Da. Amino acids 19 to 269 are part of a domain of unknown function known as DUF4504. Within this DUF, there are two conserved sequence motifs LLGYP and SFS.
The translational start site of C1orf74 is after the exon-exon junction, which means the protein is made only by translating the second exon.

# Expression
C1orf74 is ubiquitously expressed in most tissues in humans during embryonic development and through adulthood. This gene is expressed throughout the nervous system, mammary and salivary glands, skin, and most internal organs.

# Function
One suggestion of C1orf74's function in humans comes from data that has been published only in NCBI from a paper that will come out later this year by Daigo and Nakamura. The authors found that C1orf74 is up-regulated in lung cancer and they have added the alias URLC4 to this protein (BAQ19750).
C1orf74's locus, 1q32.2, has been associated with schizophrenia. This means that C1orf74, or its neighbors, contribute to the risk of schizophrenia. A mutation in IRF6, C1orf74's upstream neighbor, results in cleft palate and Van der Woude syndrome.  Mutations in regions upstream and downstream of IRF6, such as C1orf74, may also result in Van der Woude syndrome or these mutations may work with a mutation in IRF6 to result in the disease.

# Evolution
The human gene C1orf74 does not have any known paralogs, but it has many orthologs that contain the same DUF. It has orthologs in most vertebrates and some invertebrates, like worms, leeches and sea snails.  Some of C1orf74's orthologs include mouse, hedgehog, chicken, zebrafish, alligator, and leech. C1orf74 has a distant ortholog in white rust (Albugo candida), which is a type of oomycete and not a true fungus. No orthologs were found in plants, fungi, or bacteria.
C2orf18
Transmembrane protein C2orf18 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C2orf18 gene. The orthologue in mice is 4930471M23Rik.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of C2orf18 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called 4930471M23Riktm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists  at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty two tests were carried out on mutant mice, but no significant abnormalities were observed.
C2orf73
Uncharacterized protein C2orf73 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C2orf73 gene. The protein is predicted to be localized to the nucleus.

# Gene
The full gene spans a total of 53,712 base pairs and contains nine exons. The gene's location in the Human genome is on chromosome 2 at position 2p16.2 and is flanked by the genes ACYP2 and SPTBN1. There are no aliases for this gene.

# mRNA
The primary mRNA produced by the C2or73 gene is 1921 nucleotides long. There are six other mRNA isoforms produced by alternative splicing and variation in exon length.

# Protein
The protein has a molecular mass of 32,142 Daltons. There are four protein isoforms. The primary isoform (X1) is 287 amino acids long.
C2orf73 contains a short sequence motif, GDWWSH (This motif does not yet have any known function). The protein is lysine rich and leucine poor compared to the content of the average Human gene and has a predicted isoelectric point of 9.305.

# Structure
A 3D structure for C2orf73 has not yet been determined experimentally. A computational prediction made by I-TASSER is presented to the right.
The PELE tool on Biology Workbench predicts three likely -helices and one -strand in the protein.

# Post translational modifications
The GPS, NetPhos, MyHits and SUMOsp tools on ExPASy predict potential post-translational modifications for the protein. Six potential phosphorylation sites and one sumoylation site are predicted.

# Subcellular localization
PSORT II predicts C2orf73 to be localized to the nucleus. This is supported by the predicted presence of a sumoylation site, which is involved in nuclear cytoplasmic transport.

# Expression
GEO profiles from NCBI show that C2orf73 is weakly expressed in the following tissues in Humans: bone marrow, liver, heart, lung, brain, spinal cord, skeletal muscle, thymus, and epithelium.

# Regulation of expression
The Genomatix El Dorado tool predicts many transcription factors to have a high binding affinity in the 1100 base pairs upstream of C2orf73. Many of the transcription factors normally regulate processes such as cell development and differentiation, cell death, and the cell cycle.

# Interacting Proteins
Three proteins have been experimentally determined to interact with C2orf73 through Yeast Two-Hybrid experiments.
- FCH and Double SH3 Domains 2 (FCHSD2) - Function has not yet been defined
- Heat Shock Protein Family B Member 1 (HSPB1) - Aids cell's resistance to stress
- SH3 Domain Binding Protein 4 (SH3BP4) - Involved in endocytosis of specific cell surface receptors

# Function
The function of C2orf73 is currently not well understood by the scientific community or anyone else.

# Homology
There are no paralogs of C2orf73 in the Human genome. Orthologs are found throughout, but are limited to, the phylum Chordata (with a few exceptions in other phyla of the kingdom Animalia, like the Octopus bimaculoides).
C3orf14
The human gene Chromosome 3 open reading frame 14 is a gene of uncertain function located at 3p14.2 near fragile site FRBA3which falls between this gene and the centromere. Its protein is expected to localize to the nucleus and bind DNA. Orthologs have been identified in all of the major animal groups, minus amphibians and insects, tracing as far back as the sea anemone; indicating an origin of over 1000 mya, highlighting its importance in the animal genome.

# Gene aliases
C3orf14 is also known by the aliases LOC57415, FLJ94553 and FLJ17473. Gene orthologs found in other organisms are usually known by the name c3orf14-like, though some are known as LOC57415-like or HT021-like (protein name).

# Structure
The mRNA is composed of 6 exons, and encodes a 15007.84 kD protein known as HT021. This protein has a pre-modification isoelectric point of 5.57 and alpha helices span most of its length. Four sites of possible phosphorylation have been identified, and at least two sites of phosphorylation are conserved in all orthologs, as are two alpha helices. This protein is also predicted as a DNA binding protein. The protein may assume a tertiary structure of a coiled coil.

# Homology
Orthologs of this gene has been identified in most animal groups: mammals, monotremes, aves, reptiles, fish and invertebrates. Transcripts have not been identified in amphibians or insects; however only model organisms have been sequenced from these groups.  Very recently the first ortholog in reptiles was identified in Anolis carolinensis.  The amino acid structure is highly conserved through mammals, and the secondary and tertiary structure is highly conserved in all orthologs, dating as far back as 1000 mya in the sea anemone. No orthologs have been found in plants or bacteria.  Below is a phylogenetic tree generated in SDSC Biology Workbench showing protein similarity among species in which C3orf14 has been identified.

# Expression
This gene was first identified in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis). The GEO and EST profiles in NCBI, indicate that its expression level varies from tissue to tissue; however its reported expression is 1.2 times that of the average gene. It has highest expression in the pancreas and nervous tissue (in humans). It is underexpressed in many cancer cell lines, however this may be due to its close proximity to the tumor suppressor gene FHIT, and the chromosomal fragile site FRBA3. Breakage at this site inactivates FHIT and can lead to the loss of C3orf14.

# Function
Because C3orf14 is not ubiquitously expressed, it most likely is not a housekeeping gene. Instead, it more likely plays a role in the function of specific tissues. It seems likely then, that this gene is a transcription factor, which regulates the expression of other genes important for the function of tissues where this gene is expressed highest.