Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Terence E. Carroll
He earned his B.A. in history from Wayne State University and an M.A. in history from Columbia University. Upon graduation from Columbia, he joined the Detroit Historical Museum as Curator of Industrial History. During his time with the Detroit Museum, he became interested in the history of public health.
In 1955, he became Assistant Managing Director of the Michigan Credit Union League. The Michigan Credit Union League acquired ownership of the League Life Insurance Company, Carroll became Executive Vice President and chief operating officer of the company.
He became Director of the National Institute on Rehabilitation and Health Services (NIRHS). He became founder and first editor of the journal Rehabilitation & Health while at the NIRHS. He was President of the District of Columbia Rehabilitation Association and President of the District of Columbia Public Health Association.
He also served as Executive Director of the Comprehensive Health Planning Council of Southeastern Michigan (CHPC-SEM). He became Treasurer the Ferndale Cooperative, the nation's largest consumer coop.
In 1973, he succeeded Milton Terris as the National Association for Public Health Policy's second President. He continues to hold that position.
Terminal burrowing
Terminal burrowing can be identified in reports of hypothermia deaths, but has only recently been given a name. It is a behavior pattern observed  in the last stages of hypothermia whereby the afflicted will enter small, enclosed spaces, such as wardrobes, cupboards, and closets.
Outdoors, the victim may burrow into piles of leaves, the crevices between rocks or fallen trees, or into culverts. Searchers must be aware of the possibility that the missing persons may be thoroughly hidden and too hypothermic to respond to their calls.
It is most often observed in moderately cold conditions, when the victim's body temperature falls slowly. These conditions would be found during power outages, or when someone is lost in chilly, but not freezing, weather.
Terminalia (plant)
Terminalia is a genus of large trees of the flowering plant family, Combretaceae, comprising around 100 species distributed in tropical regions of the world. This genus gets it name from Latin terminus, referring to the fact that the leaves appear at the very tips of the shoots.
Trees of this genus are known especially as a source of secondary metabolites, e.g. cyclic triterpenes and their derivatives, flavonoids, tannins, and other aromatics. Some of these substances have antifungal, antibacterial, anti-cancer and hepatoprotective indications.
- Terminalia alata (T. elliptica, T. tomentosa)  Indian Laurel
- Terminalia altissima (T. superba)  White afara
- Terminalia amazonia (T. hayesii, Chuncoa amazonia)  White Olive
- Terminalia angustifolia (T. bentzoe, T. bentzoin)
- Terminalia arborea (T. citrina)
- Terminalia arenicola
- Terminalia argentea
- Terminalia arjuna (Pentaptera arjuna, Pentaptera glabra)  Arjuna, Koha, White Marudah
- Terminalia australis  Palo amarillo, Tanimbu
- Terminalia bellirica (Myrobalanus bellirica)  beleric
- Terminalia bialata  Indian Silver Greywood, Silver Greywood
- Terminalia brachystemma
- Terminalia brassii
- Terminalia brownii
- Terminalia buceras (Bucida buceras)  Black olive
- Terminalia bursarina - Bendee
- Terminalia calamansanai
- Terminalia catappa  Indian almond, Tropical almond, Umbrella tree
- Terminalia chebula (T. reticulata)  Black Myrobalan, Chebulic Myrobalan, Inknut
- Terminalia cherrieri
- Terminalia ciliata
- Terminalia citrina
- Terminalia copelandii (T. procera)
- Terminalia corticosa (T. mucronata)
- Terminalia edulis (T. microcarpa)
- Terminalia elliptica - Indian-laurel (T. alata, T. tomentosa)
- Terminalia erythrophylla (T. erythrophyllum)
- Terminalia ferdinandiana  Kakadu plum
- Terminalia foetidissima (T. ovocarpa)
- Terminalia franchetii (T. triptera)
- Terminalia glabrescens
- Terminalia glaucifolia
- Terminalia hayesii
- Terminalia ivorensis  Idigbo, Black Afara, Blackbark, Brimstone Wood, Shingle Wood
- Terminalia kaernbachii (T. okari)  okari nut
- Terminalia macroptera
- Terminalia mantaly - Madagascar almond
- Terminalia molinetii (Bucida molinetii)
- Terminalia muelleri
- Terminalia myriocarpa
- Terminalia nitens
- Terminalia oblonga
- Terminalia oblongata
- Terminalia obovata
- Terminalia oliveri
- Terminalia paniculata
- Terminalia pellucida
- Terminalia phanerophlebia
- Terminalia phellocarpa
- Terminalia prunioides - Purple pod terminalia
- Terminalia pterocarpa
- Terminalia samoensis
- Terminalia schimperiana
- Terminalia sericea - Silver terminalia
- Terminalia seriocarpa - Damson
- Terminalia subspathulata
- Terminalia superba  Limba
- Terminalia tetrandra
- Terminalia triflora
- Terminalia trifoliata
- Terminalia tripteroides
- Terminalia volucris - Rosewood
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Testicular disease
Testicular diseases can be classified as endocrine disorders or as a disorders of the reproductive system.
The testicles are well-known to be very sensitive to impact and injury. Blue balls is a slang term for a temporary fluid congestion in the testicles and prostate region caused by prolonged sexual arousal.
The most prominent diseases of testicles are:
- testicular cancer and other neoplasms
- swelling of a testicle, caused by hydrocele testis
- inflammation of the testicles, called orchitis
- inflammation of the epididymis, called epididymitis
- retention cyst of a tubule of the rete testis or the head of the epididymis, called spermatocele
- spermatic cord torsion also called testicular torsion
- varicocele  swollen vein from the testes, usually affecting the left testicle
- Hydrocele - Collection of fluid around the testicle, like a water balloon. Completely harmless.
- anorchidism is the absence of one or both testicles.
The removal of one or both testicles is termed:
- Inguinal orchiectomy, in medicine (where orchiectomy and orchectomy are synonymous), and
- castration in general use, especially when done as punishment or torture, or as a catch-all term for orchidectomy in a veterinary context.
- Gelding in the specifically equine sense.
Testicular prostheses are available to mimic the appearance and feel of one or both testicles, when absent as from injury or as treatment for gender identity disorder.  There have also been some instances of their implanting in dogs.
Other testicular issues:
- Cryptorchidism or "undescended testicles", when the testicle does not descend into the scrotum of the infant boy.
- Retractile testicle, when the testicle occasionally moves up into the lower abdomen as the cremaster muscle contracts.
Thallium(I) iodide
Thallium(I) iodide (TlI) is a chemical compound of formula TlI.  It is unusual in being one of the few water-insoluble metal iodides, along with AgI, PbI2 and HgI2.
TlI can be formed in aqueous solution by metathesis of any soluble thallium salt with iodide ion.   It is also formed as a by-product in thallium-promoted iodination of phenols with thallium(I) acetate.
Attempts to oxidise TlI to thallium(III) iodide fail, since oxidation produces the thallium(I) triiodide, Tl+I3.
Yellow TlI has an orthorhombic structure which can be considered to be a distorted NaCl structure. The distorted structure is believed to be caused by favourable thallium-thallium interactions, the closest Tl-Tl distance is 383pm. At 175oC it transforms to a red CsCl form. Under high pressure, 160kbar, it becomes a metallic conductor.
Applications include:
- Added to mercury arc lamps to improve their performance  The light produced is mainly in the blue green part of the visible light spectrum  least absorbed by water, so these have been used for underwater lighting.
- Used in trace amounts with NaI or CsI to produce a scintillator used in radiation scintillation detectors.
Thallium(I) iodide is, like all thallium compounds, highly toxic.  Conditions/substances to avoid are: heat.
Thallium triiodide
Thallium triiodide is a chemical compound of thallium and iodine with formula TlI3. Unlike the other thallium trihalides, which contain thallium(III), TlI3 is a thallium(I) compound and contains the triiodide ion, I3.
An appreciation as to why Tl+ is not oxidised to Tl3+ in the reaction:
can be gained by considering the  standard reduction potentials  of the half cells which are:
The favoured reaction is therefore the reduction of Tl3+ (1.252 > 0.5355).
It should be noted that using standard electrode potentials in this way must be done with caution as factors such as complex formation and solvation may affect the reaction. TlI3 is no exception as it is possible to stabilise TlIII with excess I forming the TlI4 ion.

## Structure and preparation
TlI3 is formulated Tl+ I3, and has a similar structure to NH4I3, CsI3 and RbI3. The triiodide ion in TlI3 is nearly linear but is asymmetric with one iodineiodine bond longer than the other. For comparison the dimensions of the tri-iodide, IaIbIc, ions in the different compounds are shown below:
TlI3 can be prepared by the evaporation of stoichiometric quantities of TlI and I2 in  concentrated aqueous HI, or by reacting TlI with I2 in ethanol.

# General references
- WebElements
- Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw

# Footnotes
-   Die Kristallstrukturen von Rubidiumtriiodid und Thalliumtriiodid Tebbe K.F., Georgy U Acta Crystallographica,C (1986) 42, 1675  doi:10.1107/S0108270186090972
Thayer-Martin agar
Thayer-Martin agar (or Thayer-Martin medium) is a Mueller-Hinton agar with 5% chocolate sheep blood and antibiotics. It is used for culturing and primarily isolating Neisseria bacteria, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis, as the medium inhibits the growth of most other microorganisms. When growing Neisseria meningitidis, one usually starts with a normally sterile body fluid (blood or CSF), so a plain chocolate agar is used.
It usually contains the following combination of antibiotics called VCN inhibitor:
- Vancomycin, which is able to kill all Gram-positive organisms;
- Colistin, which is added to kill all Gram-negative organisms except Neisseria; and
- Nystatin, which can kill all fungi.
Therapeutic window
Therapeutic window (or pharmaceutical window) is an index for estimation of drug dosage which can treat disease effectively while staying within the safety range. In other words, it is the dosage of a medication between the amount that gives an effect (effective dose) and the amount that gives more adverse effects than desired effects. For instance, medication with a small pharmaceutical window must be administered with care and control, e.g. by frequently measuring blood concentration of the drug, since it easily loses effects or gives adverse effects.
More specifically, it is the range between the ED50 and the starting point of LD50 curve. It is believed that this index can help to avoid most of the potential side effects. 
This index is believed to be more reliable than that of therapeutic index since this index considers the biological variation among individuals to a larger extent.
Thermal ionization
In thermal ionization, also referred to as surface ionization, chemically-purified material loaded onto a filament which is then heated to cause some of the material to be ionized as it boils off the hot filament. Filaments are generally flat pieces of metal around 1-2mm wide, 0.1mm thick, bent into an upside-down U shape and welded to steel posts that supply a current.

# Saha-Langmuir equation
The likelihood of ionisation is a function of the filament temperature, the work function of the filament substrate and the ionization energy of the element.
This is summarised in the Saha-Langmuir equation:

# Thermal ionization mass spectrometry
One application of thermal ionization is thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). The ions being produced at the filament are directed into a mass spectrometer to analyze the elements or isotopes present in the sample.
Threonine aldolase
In enzymology, a threonine aldolase (EC 4.1.2.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, L-threonine, and two products, glycine and acetaldehyde.
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the aldehyde-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase (glycine-forming). This enzyme is also called L-threonine acetaldehyde-lyase. This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.

# Structural studies
As of late 2007, 5 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1JG8, 1LW4, 1LW5, 1M6S, and 1SVV.

# Presence in human and mouse
The enzyme is synthesized and functional in mice.
Humans also have the remnants of the gene, coding this enzyme (GLY1), however it is damaged by past mutations and inactive. Human gene contains two single nucleotide deletions causing frameshifts and premature stop codons. Also, the encoded protein would not be active anyway due mutations in other highly conserved regions. Human gene is no longer transcribed into RNA.
Thymidine kinase 1
Thymidine kinase 1, soluble (gene name TK1), is a human thymidine kinase.
Two forms of this protein have been identified in animal cells, one in cytosol and one in mitochondria. Activity of the cytosolic enzyme is high in proliferating cells and peaks during the S-phase of the cell cycle; it is very low in resting cells.

# Interactions
Thymidine kinase 1 has been shown to interact with P21.

# Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.
-  The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "FluoropyrimidineActivity_WP1601"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

# Thymidine Kinase 1 in Cancer
Thymidine kinase has been making a growing impact in the cancer research community. It has been found that elevated blood serum levels of TK-1 are associated the presence of many types of malignancy, furthermore, TK-1 has been found to be elevated in serum even before clinical symptoms appear.  This offers the potential for earlier therapy.  Elevations in serum TK-1 have been found to correlate with the return of breast and other forms of cancer TK-1 can be used to detect cancer earlier, determine what stage it is in, and detect recurrence. Thymidine Kinase 1 can be measured based on its enzyme activity or using immunoassay.
Thyroid ima artery
The thyroidea ima ascends in front of the trachea to the lower part of the thyroid gland, which it supplies.
It varies greatly in size, and appears to compensate for deficiency or absence of one of the other thyroid vessels.
It occasionally arises from the aorta, the right common carotid, the subclavian or the internal mammary.
Thyroid dysgenesis
Thyroid agenesis (or thyroid dysgenesis) is a cause of congenital hypothyroidism where the thyroid is missing, ectopic, or severely underdeveloped.
It should not be confused with iodine deficiency, or with other forms of congenital hypothyroidism where the thyroid is present but not functioning correctly.
Congenital hypothyroidism caused by thyroid dysgenesis can be associated with PAX8.

# Ectopic thyroid
An ectopic thyroid is a form of thyroid dysgenesis in which an entire or parts of the thyroid located in another part of the body than what is the usual case.
A completely ectopic thyroid gland may be located anywhere along the path of the descent of the thyroid during its embryological development, although it is most commonly located at the base of the tongue, just posterior to the foramen cecum of the tongue. In this location, an aberrant or ectopic thyroid gland is known as a lingual thyroid. If the thyroid fails to descend to even higher degree, then the resulting final resting point of the thyroid gland may be high in the neck, such as just below the hyoid bone.
Parts of ectopic thyroid tissue ("accessory thyroid tissue") can also occur, and arises from remnants of the thyroglossal duct, and may appear anywhere along its original length. Accessory thyroid tissue may be functional, but is generally insufficient for normal function if the main thyroid gland is entirely removed.
Thyroid peroxidase
Thyroid peroxidase, also called thyroperoxidase (TPO) or iodide peroxidase, is an enzyme expressed mainly in the thyroid where it is secreted into colloid. Thyroid peroxidase oxidizes iodide ions to form iodine atoms for addition onto tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin for the production of thyroxine (T4) or triiodothyronine (T3), the thyroid hormones. In humans, thyroperoxidase is encoded by the TPO gene.

# Catalyzed reaction
L-Tyrosin + I + H+ + H2O2  3-Iod-L-Tyrosin + 2 H2O
Iodide is oxidized to iodine radical which immediately reacts with tyrosine.
3-Iod-L-Tyrosin + I + H+ + H2O2  3,5-Diiod-L-Tyrosin + 2 H2O
The second iodine atom is added in similar manner to the reaction intermediate 3-iodotyrosine.

# Function
Inorganic iodine enters the body primarily as iodide, I. After entering the thyroid follicle (or thyroid follicular cell) via a Na+/I symporter (NIS) on the basolateral side, iodide is shuttled across the apical membrane into the colloid via pendrin, after which thyroid peroxidase oxidizes iodide to atomic iodine (I) or iodinium (I+). The "organification of iodine," the incorporation of iodine into thyroglobulin for the production of thyroid hormone, is nonspecific; that is, there is no TPO-bound intermediate, but iodination occurs via reactive iodine species released from TPO. The chemical reactions catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase occur on the outer apical membrane surface and are mediated by hydrogen peroxide.

# Stimulation and inhibition
TPO is stimulated by TSH, which upregulates gene expression.
TPO is inhibited by the thioamide drugs, such as propylthiouracil and methimazole.  In laboratory rats with insufficient iodine intake, genistein has demonstrated inhibition of TPO.

# Clinical significance
Thyroid peroxidase is a frequent epitope of autoantibodies in autoimmune thyroid disease, with such antibodies being called anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO antibodies). This is most commonly associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Thus, an antibody titer can be used to assess disease activity in patients that have developed such antibodies.

# Diagnostic use
In diagnostic immunohistochemistry, the expression of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is lost in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Tincture of iodine
Tincture of iodine is usually 10% elemental iodine in ethanol, although it is also available in 2%, 3%, and 7% mixtures.  It is an essential component of any emergency survival kit, used both to disinfect wounds and to sanitize surface water for drinking.
When alcohol solution is not desirable, Lugol's iodine, an aqueous solution of iodine in potassium iodide solution, or povidone-iodine (Betadine), a PVPI solution, can be used.
It can also be used to detect and treat iodine deficiency which can lead to hypothyroidism.
Iodine is toxic. Children and pregnant women, who are more sensitive to it, should avoid its use.  Human metabolism requires trace amount of Iodine, which is satisfied by iodised salt.
When using iodine to sanitize surface water, it should be left to sit for 30 minutes before drinking, allowing time for all viruses and bacteria to be killed. If the water temperature is less than 20 C (68 F), sitting time should be extended to several hours. To purify 1 L (34 oz) of water, 0.3 mL (0.01 oz) of 2% tincture should be used. Cold or cloudy water should be given 2.4 mL (0.08 oz) of 2% iodine, and should be left to sit for several hours.
Iodine used to sanitize water is also available in tablet or crystal form. One form or another should be available at health stores, and trip outfitters.
Tobacco BY-2 cells
Tobacco BY-2 cells is cell line of plant cells, which was established from a callus induced on a seedling of Nicotiana tabacum cv. BY-2 (cultivar Bright Yellow - 2 of the tobacco plant).

# Overview
Tobacco BY-2 cells are nongreen, fast growing plant cells which can multiply their numbers up to 100-fold within one week in adequate culture medium and good culture conditions. This cultivar of tobacco is kept as a cell culture and more specifically as cell suspension culture (a specialized population of cells raised by scientists in order to study a specific biological property of a cell). In cell suspension cultures, each of the cells is floating independently or at most only in short chains in a culture medium. Each of the cells has similar properties to the others. The model plant system is comparable to HeLa cells for human research. Because the organism is relatively simple and predictable it makes the study of biological processes easier, and can be an intermediate step towards understanding more complex organisms. They are used by plant physiologists and molecular biologists as a model organism.

# Significance
They are used as model systems for higher plants because of their exceptionally high homogeneity and high growth rate, featuring still general behaviour of plant cell. The diversity of cell types within any part of a naturally grown plant (in vivo) makes it very difficult to investigate and understand some general biochemical phenomena of living plant cells. The transport of a solute in or out of the cell, for example, is difficult to study because the specialized cells in a multicellular organism behave differently. Cell suspension cultures such as tobacco BY-2 provide good model systems for these studies at the level of a single cell and its compartments because tobacco BY-2 cells behave very similarly to one another. The influence of neighbouring cells behavior is in the suspension is not as important as it would be in an intact plant. As a result any changes observed after a stimulus is applied can be statistically collated and it could be decided if these changes are reactions to the stimulus or just merely coincidental. In this moment BY-2 cells are relatively well understood and often used in research. This model plant system is especially useful for studies of cell division, cytoskeletons, plant hormone signaling, intracellular trafficking, and organelle differentiation.
Tombusvirus 5' UTR
Tombusvirus 5' UTR is an important  cis-regulatory region of the  Tombus virus genome.
Tomato bushy stunt virus is the prototype member of the Tombusviridae family. The genome of this virus is positive sense single stranded RNA. Replication occurs via a negative strand RNA intermediate. In addition to viral proteins p33 and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase p92, and unknown host factors, conserved and structural regions within the 5'untranslated region (5'UTR) are important for regulating genome replication.
2 RNA domains in the 5' UTR have been reported,  a 5' T-shaped domain (TSD) followed by a stem-loop (SL5) and a downstream domain (DSD)  .  TSD-DSD interactions are proposed to be involved in the mediation of viral RNA replication .
An interesting feature of Tombusvirus is its ability to support the replication of defective interfering (DI) RNAs. These sub-viral replicons are small, non-coding, deletion mutants of the viral genome that maintain cis-acting RNA elements necessary for replication