Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Hemolysis
Hemolysis (or haemolysis)from the Latin Hemo-, Greek Template:Polytonic meaning blood, -lysis, meaning to break open is the breaking open of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding fluid (plasma, in vivo).

# In vivo hemolysis
In vivo hemolysis, which can be caused by a large number of conditions, can lead to anemia.
Anemias caused by in vivo hemolysis are collectively called hemolytic anemias.

# In vitro hemolysis
In vitro hemolysis can be an important unwanted effect in medical tests and can cause inaccurate results, because the contents of hemolysed red blood cells are included with the serum. The concentration of potassium inside red blood cells is much higher than in the serum and so an elevated potassium is usually found in biochemistry tests of hemolysed blood. If as little as 0.5% of the red blood cells are lysed the serum will have a visually obvious pinkish colour, due to hemoglobin.
In vitro hemolysis can occur in a blood sample owing prolonged storage or storage in incorrect conditions (ie too hot, too cold).  Hemolysis can also occur at the time of venipuncture, but it is uncommon when the venipuncture is straightforward and the phlebotomist is experienced.  Excessive suction can cause the red blood cells to be literally smashed on their way through the hypodermic needle owing to turbulence and physical forces.  Such hemolysis is more likely to occur when a patient's veins are difficult to find or when they collapse when blood is removed by a syringe or a modern vacuum tube.

# Hemolysis due to mechanical blood processing during surgery
In some surgical procedures (esp. some heart operations) where substantial blood loss is expected, machinery is used for intra-operative blood salvage.  A centrifuge process takes blood from the patient, washes the red blood cells with normal saline, and returns them to the patient's blood circulation. Hemolysis may occur if the centrifuge rotates too quickly (generally greater than 500 rpm)  essentially this is hemolysis occurring outside of the body.  Unfortunately, increased hemolysis occurs with massive amounts of sudden blood loss, because the process of returning patient's cells must be done at a correspondingly higher speed to prevent hypotension, pH imbalance, and a number of other hemodynamic & blood level factors.

# Hemolysis in microbiology
Hemolytic patterns of the various Gram positive cocci; Streptococci are differentiated by hemolysis of red blood cells on blood agar (BA) plates.
- Alpha hemolysis is shown by a greenish halo around the colony and is the result of hemoglobin reduction to methaemoglobin in red blood cells.
- Beta hemolysis is shown by a clear halo around the colony and is produced by complete hemolysis of the red blood cells.
- Gamma hemolysis is shown as no hemolysis or discoloration of the blood.
Halazepam

# Overview
Halazepam  is a benzodiazepine derivative that was marketed under the brand names Paxipam in the United States,  Alapryl in Spain, and Pacinone in Portugal.

# Medical uses
Halazepam was used for the treatment of anxiety.

# Adverse effects
Adverse effects include drowsiness, confusion, dizziness, and sedation.  Gastrointestinal side effects have also been reported including dry mouth and nausea.

# Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were listed in Current Psychotherapeutic Drugs published in June 15, 1998 as follows:

# Regulatory Information
Halazepam is classified as a schedule 4 controlled substance with a corresponding code 2762 by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).

# Commercial production
Halazepam was invented by Schlesinger Walter in the U.S. It was marketed as an anti-anxiety agent in 1981. However, Halazepam is not commercially available in the United States because it was withdrawn by its manufacturer for poor sales.
Halimeter
A Halimeter is an instrument for measurement of the level of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in the mouth.
Halimeter was introduced in the early 1990s as an adjunct method for determining halitosis (bad breath, oral malodor) levels, alongside human assessment of odor levels (the latter is considered the gold standard).  The instrument measures parts per billion levels of hydrogen sulfide and, to a lesser extent, methyl mercaptan, two gases which were previously shown to be associated with bad breath using gas chromatograph by Dr. Joseph Tonzetich in the late 1960s.
The Halimeter is manufactured by Interscan Corp. in California, and based on their earlier model 1170 portable sulfide monitor. This was the model used in the two original studies . These studies, conducted for the first time by Dr. Mel Rosenberg, showed a significant correlation between monitor levels and oral malodor scores. The small size, simplicity of use, and price (relative to gas chromatograph) of the Halimeter made it popular among dentists seeking to diagnose and treat bad breath, as well as scientific researchers. Much of the published research on bad breath over the past dozen years has employed this instrument. The electrochemical sensor is sensitive to alcohol vapors, and requires recalibration over time. The Halimeter has been the only VSC monitor for the diagnosis of halitosis for years, but now that its patent has expired, it faces competition from other sulfur monitors recently introduced into the marketplace.
Rauwolfia
Rauwolfia (also spelled Rauvolfia) is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs in the Apocynaceae family. The approximately 85 species in the genus can mainly be found in tropical regions.
Rauvolfia caffra is the South African quinine tree. Rauvolfia serpentina, or Indian Snakeroot or Sarpagandha, contains a number of bioactive chemicals, including ajmalicine, deserpidine, rescinnamine, serpentinine, and yohimbine. Reserpine is an alkaloid first isolated from R. serpentina which was widely used as an antihypertensive drug. It had drastic psychological side effects and has been now replaced by blood-pressure-lowering drugs that lack such adverse effects.
Other plants of this genus are also used medicinally, both in conventional western medicine and in Ayurveda, Unani, and folk medicine. Alkaloids in the plants reduce blood pressure, depress activity of central nervous system and act as hypnotics.

# Threat Status
The natural reserves of this plant are declining as a result of over-harvesting. IUCN has kept this plant under endangered status, and it is listed in CITES Appendix II.

# Precautions
People who are pregnant, may be pregnant, or plan pregnancy in the near future should not ingest Rauwolfia plants or preparations made from them. They may also be harmful for people with any chronic disease of the gastrointestinal tract, such as stomach or duodenal ulcers, esophageal reflux (reflux esophagitis), ulcerative colitis, spastic colitis, and diverticulosis. No "safe" dosage has been established.

## Selected species
- Rauwolfia caffra
- Rauwolfia canescens
- Rauwolfia micrantha
- Rauwolfia serpentina
- Rauwolfia tetraphylla
- Rauwolfia vomitoria
Heaf test

# Overview
The Heaf test is a diagnostic skin test performed in order to determine whether or not a child has been exposed to tuberculosis. Patients who exhibit a negative reaction to the test may be offered BCG vaccination. The test is named after F. R. G. Heaf.
Until 2005, the test was used in the United Kingdom to determine if the BCG vaccine was needed; the Mantoux test is now used instead.  The Heaf test was preferred in the UK, because it was felt that the Heaf test was easier to interpret, with less inter-observer variability, and that less training was required to administer and to read the test.  The test was withdrawn because manufacturers could not be found for tuberculin or for Heaf guns.
The Heaf test may be informally referred to as the six pricks, as it gives six individual injections.

# Procedure
A Heaf gun is used to inject multiple samples of testing serum under the skin at once. A Heaf gun with disposable single-use heads is recommended.
The gun injects purified protein derivative equivalent to 100,000 units per mL to the skin over the flexor surface of the left forearm in a circular pattern of six. The test is read between 2 and 7 days later. The injection must not be into sites containing superficial veins.
The reading of the Heaf test is defined by a scale:
- Negative - No induration, maybe 6 minute puncture scars
- Grade 1 - 4-6 papules (also considered negative)
- Grade 2 - Confluent papules form indurated ring (positive)
- Grade 3 - Central filling to form disc (positive)
- Grade 4 - Disc >10 mm with or without blistering (strongly positive)
Grades 1 and 2 may be the result of previous BCG or avian tuberculosis.
Children who have a grade 3 or 4 reaction require X-ray and follow-up.
For interpretation of the test, see tuberculosis diagnosis.

# Other Tests for Tuberculosis
The equivalent Mantoux test positive levels done with 10 TU (0.1 mL 100 TU/mL, 1:1000) are
- 0-4 mm induration (Heaf 0-1)
- 5-14 mm induration (Heaf 2)
- >15 mm induration (Heaf 3-4)
The Mantoux test is preferred in the United States for the diagnosis of tuberculosis; multiple puncture tests, such as the Heaf test and Tine test, are not recommended.
Health 21
Health 21 is the name given to the contents of the 1999 WHO European Region document Health 21 - Health for all in the 21st Century. This document was so-called because it dealt not only with health in the 21st century, but also laid out 21 principles and objectives for improving the health of Europeans.

# Health 21 Summary
The key message within Health 21 has been said to be that of equality. Actually, the document doesn't claim that it is possible to achieve equality directly, but rather strives to "close the gaps", i.e. to reduce inequality. Health 21 also covers specific health promotion "target groups" these are Children, Older People, reduction of transmission of communicable and infectious diseases and those who (ab)use tobacco, drugs or alcohol.

# Health 21 Targets
- Closing the health gap between countries;
- Closing the health gap within countries;
- A healthy start in life (supportive family policies);
- Health of young people (policies to reduce child abuse, accidents, drug use, unwanted pregnancies);
- Healthy ageing (policies to improve health, self esteem, and independence before dependence emerges);
- Improving mental health;
- Reducing communicable diseases;
- Reducing non-communicable diseases;
- Reducing injury from violence and accidents;
- A healthy and safe physical environment;
- Healthier living (fiscal, agricultural and retail policies that increase the availability of and access to and consumption of vegetables and fruits);
- Reducing harm from alcohol, drugs and tobacco;
- A settings approach to health action (homes should be designed and built in a manner conducive to sustainable health and the environment);
- Multi-sectoral responsibility for health;
- An integrated health sector and much stronger emphasis on primary care;
- Managing for quality of care using the European health for all indicators to focus on outcomes and compare the effectiveness of different inputs;
- Equitable and sustainable funding of health services;
- Developing human resources (educational programmes for providers and managers based on the principles of the health for all policy);
- Research and knowledge: health programmes based on scientific evidence;
- Mobilising partners for health (engaging the media/TV/Internet);
- Policies and strategies for health for all - national, targeted policies based on health for all
NHS Wales
NHS Wales is the official corporate style of the national health service for Wales; it was previously part of the same National Health Service (Welsh: Gwasanaeth Iechyd Genedlaethol) as England but is now devolved.
NHS Wales (Welsh: GIG Cymru) is operated and managed by the Health and Social Care Department of the Welsh Assembly Government. Most people in Wales will have access to a District General Hospital which provides a range of services on an outpatient, inpatient and day case basis. Some of these hospitals also provide specialist services such as burns and plastics and cardiac surgery. NHS Wales also provides community services which includes district nurses, health visitors, midwives and community based speech therapists, physiotherapists and occupational therapists.

# Health Boards
Local Health Boards (LHBs) were created in 2003 to replace Health Authorities in Wales  . A Welsh NHS Trust will typically administer all hospitals in a region, as well as all community care and mental health functions. 
There are 12 regional Trusts that cover groups of local authority areas, as well as one further Trust for the Welsh Ambulance Service and another, Velindre , for the operation of nationwide agencies and services.
Wales has one main teaching hospital, the University Hospital of Wales, based in Cardiff.

# Other NHS Wales bodies
Another important organisation in the structure is Health Commission Wales. This is an executive agency of the Welsh Assembly Government whose primary role is to centrally organise and fund all Tertiary care and other highly specialist services. It also provides advise and guidance about specialist services to other parts of NHS Wales.
NHS Direct is also available in Wales, with callers being given the option of talking in Welsh or English.
Hemiblock

# Overview
Hemiblocks are defined as impaired conduction in the electrical system of the heart that occurs below the AV node within the fascicles of the left bundle branch.

# Classification

## Left Anterior Hemiblock
Left anterior hemiblock is caused  by interruption of the anterior division of the left bundle branch. This fascicle is fragile, easily  exposed to damage, and has a single blood supply (the left anterior descending coronary artery).

## Left Posterior Hemiblock
Left posterior fascicular block is characterized by a mean frontal plane axis of >90 in the absence of other causes of right axis deviation. Left posterior hemiblock (left posterior fascicular block) is infrequent. Its seen either in the setting of either RCA or LAD related pathologies.
Hemimelia

# Overview
Fibular Hemimelia  or "Longitudinal fibular deficiency" is "the congenital absence of the fibula and it is the most common congenital absence of long bone of the extremities." It is the shortening of the fibula at birth, or the complete lack thereof. The disorder can be noted by ultrasound in utero, allowing for parents to decide on abortion or to prepare for amputation after birth or complex bone lengthening surgery. The amputation usually takes place at 6-months with removal of portions of the legs to retro fit them for prosthetic use. The other treatments which include repeated corrective osteotomies and leg-lengthening surgery are costly and associated with residual deformity.

# Common Facts
- It is among most frequent limb anomalies is partial or total absence of fibula;
- it is most common long bone deficiency and is the most common skeletal deformity in the leg;
- most often is unilateral;
- paraxial fibular hemimelia is the most common manifestation (only the postaxial portion of the limb is affected)
- commonly seen as complete terminal deficiency (lateral rays of the foot are affected as well);
- hemimelia can also be intercalary in which case the foot remain unaffected;
- it is prudent to remember that although congenital absence of fibula is evident, this condition is actually a total limb involvement;
- males are affected twice as often as females in most series;
Hemotoxin
Hemotoxins, haemotoxins or hematotoxins are toxins  that destroy red blood cells (that is, cause hemolysis), disrupt blood clotting, and/or cause organ degeneration and generalized tissue damage. The term hemotoxin is to some degree a misnomer since toxins that damage the blood also damage other tissues. An injury due to a hemotoxic agent is often very painful, and permanent damage, such as loss of an affected limb, is possible even with prompt treatment.
Hemotoxins are frequently employed by venomous animals, including pit vipers. Animal venoms contain enzymes and other proteins that are hemotoxic or neurotoxic or occasionally both (as in the Mojave Rattlesnake and similar species). In addition to killing the prey, part of the function of a hemotoxic venom for some animals is to aid digestion. The venom breaks down protein in the region of the bite, making prey easier to digest.
The process by which a hemotoxin causes death is much slower than that of a neurotoxin.  Snakes which envenomate a prey animal may have to track the prey as it runs (or otherwise moves) away.  Typically, a mammalian prey item will stop fleeing not because it is dead but because shock sets in due to trauma from the poison bite.  Dependent upon species, size, location of bite and the amount of venom injected, symptoms in humans such as nausea, disorientation, and headaches may be delayed for several hours.
Hemotoxins are used in diagnostic studies of the coagulation system. Lupus anticoagulans is detected by changes in the dilute Russell's viper venom time (DRVVT), which is a laboratory assay based onas its name indicatesvenom of the Russell's viper.
Hepoxilin
Hepoxilins (HxA3 and HxB3) are nonclassic eicosanoid hormones involved in inflammation.

# History
Hepoxilins were identified and named in Canada in 1984 by CR Pace-Asciak and JM Martin.

# Biochemistry
They derive from arachidonic acid via oxidation by the enzyme 12-lipoxygenase. Hepoxilins are differentiated from closely related eicosanoids, the leukotrienes and the lipoxins, in that hepoxilins have no conjugated double bonds. 
Corresponding trioxlins A4 and B4 are formed by the same pathway from EPA

# Physiological effect
In the skin, Hx are pro-inflammatory, but in neutrophils they are anti-inflammatory.
Hx are potent insulin secretagogues.
One hepoxilin, HepA3, mediates neutrophil migration across the intestines.
Hepoxilins are also produced in the brain.
Cells under oxidative stress secrete HX3, which in turn upregulates peroxidase, decreasing oxidative stress.  
This is proposed to
constitute a compensatory defense response to protect the vitality and functionality of the cell.
Herbalist
An herbalist is:
- A person whose life is dedicated to the economic or medicinal uses of plants.
- One skilled in the harvesting and collection of medicinal plants (see wildcrafter).
- Traditional Chinese herbalist: one who is trained or skilled in the dispensing of herbal prescriptions; traditional Chinese herb doctor.  Similarly, Traditional Ayurvedic herbalist: one who is trained or skilled in the dispensing of herbal prescriptions in the Ayurvedic tradition.
- One trained or skilled in the therapeutic use of medicinal plants.
An herbalist is a professional trained in herbalism, the use of herbs (also called botanical or crude medicine) to treat others.  Professional herbal designations include
- American Herbalists Guild Registered Herbalist (AHG)
- the  NCCAOM Diplomate in Oriental Medicine from the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine
- the MNHAA signifying Full Member of the National Herbalists Association of Australia (NHAA)
- the FNHAA signifying Fellow of the NHAA, awarded only to Full Members with a minimum of 10 years Full Membership and clinical practice as a herbalist, plus meritorious service to the profession and/or Association.
- the MNIMH of the National Institute of Medical Herbalists or the MIIMH of The Irish Institute of Medical Herbalists.
Education of herbalists varies considerably in different areas of the world. Lay herbalists and traditional indigenous medicine people generally rely upon apprenticeship and recognition from their communities in lieu of formal schooling. In some countries formalised training and minimum education standards exist, although these are not necessarily uniform within or between countries. For example, in Australia the currently self-regulated status of the profession (as of April 2008) results in different associations setting different educational standards, and subsequently recognising an educational institution or course of training. Qualifications levels vary from Diploma to Masters degree, with Advanced Diploma level being regulated to some degree by the national Health Training Packages issued by the Australian National Training Authority. The Course Accreditation System Version 2 of the National Herbalists Association of Australia / is generally recognised as the most rigorous and professional standard within Australia.
Herbalists may engage in wildcrafting or cultivation of herbs, as well as diagnosis and treatment of conditions or dispensing herbal medication.  Most herbal traditions depend upon constitutional analysis of the client, treating the patient instead of the disease.
Histidine
Histidine (abbreviated as His or H) is one of the 20 most common natural amino acids present in proteins. In the nutritional sense, in humans, histidine is considered an essential amino acid, but mostly only in children. Its codons are CAU and CAC.
Histidine was first isolated by German physician Albrecht Kossel in 1896.

# Chemical properties
The imidazole side chains and the relatively neutral pKa of histidine (ca 6.0) mean that relatively small shifts in cellular pH will change its charge. For this reason, this amino acid side chain finds its way into considerable use as a coordinating ligand in metalloproteins, and also as a catalytic site in certain enzymes. The imidazole side chain has two nitrogens with different properties: One is bound to hydrogen and donates its lone pair to the aromatic ring and as such is slightly acidic, whereas the other one donates only one electron pair to the ring so it has a free lone pair and is basic. These properties are exploited in different ways in proteins. In catalytic triads, the basic nitrogen of histidine is used to abstract a proton from serine, threonine or cysteine to activate it as a nucleophile. In a histidine proton shuttle, histidine is used to quickly shuttle protons, it can do this by abstracting a proton with its basic nitrogen to make a positively-charged intermediate and then use another molecule, a buffer, to extract the proton from its acidic nitrogen. In carbonic anhydrases, a histidine proton shuttle is utilized to rapidly shuttle protons away from a zinc-bound water molecule to quickly regenerate the active form of the enzyme.
Because of histidine's affinity for metal ions, researchers will often add a polyhistidine-tag to a protein of interest. The metal affinity can then be used to purify, detect, or immobilize the protein to be studied.

# Metabolism
The amino acid is a precursor for histamine and carnosine biosynthesis.
The enzyme histidine ammonia-lyase converts histidine into ammonia and urocanic acid. A deficiency in this enzyme is present in the rare metabolic disorder histidinemia.

# Additional images
- Histidine
Histidine
- The histidine bound heme group of succinate dehydrogenase, an electron carrier in the mitochondrial electron transfer chain. The large semi-transparent sphere indicates the location of the iron ion. From PDB: 1YQ3.
Holocrine
Holocrine is a classification of exocrine glands in the study of Histology.
Holocrine secretions are produced within the cell followed by the rupture of the plasma membrane, thus releasing the cellular contents into the lumen.
Examples of holocrine glands include the sebaceous glands of the skin and the meibomian glands of the eyelid.
The sebaceous gland is an example of a holocrine gland, because its product of secretion (sebum) is released with remnants of dead cells.