Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Emetophilia

# Overview
Emetophilia is a sexual fetish in which an individual is aroused by vomiting or observing others vomit. When emetophiles put emetophilia into practice by actually vomiting, especially on a partner, it is called a Roman shower, after the supposed frequent induction of vomiting at Roman feasts.
Some emetophiles find the act of vomiting arousing; for them, the sequence of "spasm, ejaculation, relief" in vomiting is erotically charged. Other emetophiles are aroused by seeing and/or hearing others vomit. Some desire a partner who will vomit on them, while others wish to induce vomiting in a partner, or even force them to vomit. (Wanting to be vomited on may be related to a desire to be dominated, while wanting to make someone else vomit may stem from a desire to dominate the partner - see erotic humiliation.) Of course, most emetophiles have more than one of these desires, in various combinations.
An online site theorizes, "vomiting was probably something either arousing or frightening to emetophiles at some point ... it aroused powerful emotions, and the emetophile called upon these emotions for the purpose of sexual gratification."  (Frequently Asked Questions about Vomiting) Often emetophobia can, paradoxically, lead to emetophilia, or even a mixture of the two in which a person is afraid to vomit, but aroused by witnessing someone else vomiting.
In some cases, emetophilia is directly related to vorarephilia. The emetophile fantasizes that he or she is consumed by the person who is vomiting, and imagines him/herself as covered by the contents of the person's stomach while within the stomach of the person who is the target of their fantasy.
Emetophobia

# Overview
Emetophobia is the irrational fear of vomiting, being around others who are vomiting, and/or the vomit itself.
In worst case scenarios, people with the phobia tend to avoid eating out, socializing and going to parties. They may hardly eat at all and that's why many are often diagnosed as anorexic, but not bulimic as this illness involves the induction of vomiting. Emetophobes will go to extraordinary lengths to avoid becoming violently sick, or seeing someone else becoming sick.
The phobia is extremely life encompassing for many; the phobia is not only felt when the person is ill, but an ongoing, constant fear that they will vomit. It can affect them day in and day out, with many sufferers reporting feelings of sickness between 5 times a month up to 30, which will induce a panic attack for many as they will believe they will actually vomit. Many emetophobes fear others vomiting too. They will constantly worry that someone near them feels sick and that they will be sick.
Emetophobics will often go into panic attacks. Symptoms of a panic attack include:
- sweating
- shivering
- clammy hands
- whimpering / even shouting
- a feeling of unreality
- a feeling of losing control
Most emetophobics will hate and/or avoid public restrooms. Also, they may feel mutual to the aspect of public transportation. This sometimes leads to social withdrawal, for fear of anyone getting sick or themselves catching a virus.
Not much research has been done on emetophobia and can be hard to treat for the patient that fears themselves vomiting. However, possible treatment options include Exposure Therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy.
This phobia can easily take over the sufferers life and some women have been known to terminate a pregnancy, even though they desperately want a child, as the fear of morning sickness or the child being ill is too much. People have also been known to refuse cancer treatment in case the drugs induce sickness.
Enamel knot
In tooth development, the enamel knot is a localization of cells on an enamel organ that appear thickened in the center of the inner enamel epithelium. The enamel knot is frequently associated with an enamel cord.

# The enamel knot as signaling center
The enamel knot is a signalling center of the tooth that provides positional information for tooth morphogenesis and regulates the growth of tooth cusps. The enamel knot produces a range of molecular signals from all the major signaling families, such as Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGF), Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), Hedgehog (Hh) and Wnt signals. These molecular signals direct the growth of the surrounding epithelium and mesenchyme.

# Primary and secondary enamel knots
The primary enamel knot forms at the tip of the bud during the bud stage of tooth development. This primary enamel knot is removed by apoptosis. Later secondary enamel knots appear that regulate the formation of the future cusps of the teeth.
Endocardium

# Overview
In the heart, the endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart. Its cells, embryologically and biologically, are similar to the endothelial cells that line blood vessels.
The endocardium overlies the much more voluminous myocardium, the muscular tissue responsible for the contraction of the heart. The outer layer of the heart is termed epicardium and the heart is surrounded by a small amount of fluid enclosed by a fibrous sac called the pericardium.

# Function
Recently, it has become evident that the endocardium, which is primarily made up of endothelial cells, controls myocardial function. This modulating role is separate from the homeometric and heterometric regulatory mechanisms that control myocardial contractility. Moreover, the endothelium of the myocardial (heart muscle) capillaries, which is also closely appositioned to the cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells) are involved in this modulatory role. Thus, the cardiac endothelium (both the endocardial endothelium and the endothelium of the myocardial capillaries) controls the development of the heart in the embryo as well as in the adult, for example during hypertrophy. Additionally, the contractility and electrophysiological environment of the cardiomyocyte are regulated by the cardiac endothelium.
The endocardial endothelium may also act as a kind of blood-heart barrier (analogous to the blood-brain barrier), thus controlling the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid in which the cardiomyocytes bathe.

# Role in disease
In infective endocarditis, the endocardium (especially the endocardium lining the heart valves) may be affected by bacteria.
Endodontics

# Overview
Endodontics is a specialty of dentistry, that deals with the tooth pulp and tissues surrounding the root of a tooth. The pulp (containing nerves, arterioles and venules as well as lymphatic tissue and fibrous tissue) can become diseased or injured and thus is unable to repair itself. The pulp then dies and endodontic treatment is required. The word comes from the Greek words endo meaning inside and odons meaning tooth. Literally taken, it means study of that which is "inside the tooth".
Endodontists are dentists who have specialized in this field. Typically they have completed an additional 2-3 years of training following dental school. Many endodontic residents do original research and earn a Master's degree as well as a specialty certificate. They specialize and limit their practice to root canal therapy and root canal surgery.  Patients requiring root canal therapy are either referred by their general dentists to the endodontist or are self referred. Root canal therapy is also a standard procedure for general dentists.
The most common procedure done in endodontics is root-canal therapy. This procedure aims to save a tooth that would otherwise be extracted (pulled) due to infection caused by decay (a cavity in the tooth), a large filling, or trauma to the tooth. Root canal therapy involves the removal of diseased pulp tissue inside the tooth (the area inside the tooth that becomes infected due to the aforementioned reasons). The aim of treatment is to remove irreversibly inflamed, or necrotic pulp tissue before infection sets in (or after it has already set in). When the pulp tissue becomes infected, caused by bacteria from inside the tooth, the infection can leak out of the tooth's root and make the surrounding bone ill and painful or cause an abscess to form.  Once the diseased pulp tissues are removed, the body's defense system can then repair the damage created by disease. Usually, this will require 2-3 visits to your dentist. The dentist will use a local anesthetic to make the procedure pain-free. In most places, it is considered a standard of care to use a rubber dam in order to isolate the tooth and provide a clean environment. An opening is made on the top of the tooth. Then the pulp chamber and root canals are cleaned and shaped for filling and sealing. Often, an intra-pulpal medicament to inhibit bacterial growth is placed and the tooth is filled with a temporary restoration until the second appointment, where the temporary restoration and medicament are removed and the canal(s) are sealed with gutta-percha--thus completing the procedure.  Increasingly, however, endodontic treatment is being performed in one appointment as clinicians are finding fewer incidents of infection and pain with one-appointment vs. two appointment treatment.
Other procedures practiced in endodontics include incision for drainage and periradicular surgery.  These treatments are needed in cases of abscesses, root fractures, and problematic tooth anatomy.
Endothelium
The endothelium is the thin layer of cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall.  Endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system, from the heart to the smallest capillary. These cells reduce friction of the flow of blood allowing the fluid to be pumped further.
Endothelial tissue is a specialized type of epithelium tissue (one of the four types of biological tissue in animals). More specifically, it is simple squamous epithelium.
Endothelium of the interior surfaces of the heart chambers are called endocardium. Both blood and lymphatic capillaries are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells.

# Function
Endothelial cells are involved in many aspects of vascular biology, including:
- vasoconstriction and vasodilation, and hence the control of blood pressure
- blood clotting (thrombosis & fibrinolysis)
- atherosclerosis
- formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
- inflammation and swelling (oedema)
Endothelial cells also control the passage of materials  and the transit of white blood cells  into and out of the bloodstream.
In some organs, there are highly differentiated endothelial cells to perform specialized 'filtering' functions.  Examples of such unique endothelial structures include the renal glomerulus and the blood-brain barrier.

# Pathology
Endothelial dysfunction, or the loss of proper endothelial function, is a hallmark for vascular diseases, and often leads to atherosclerosis.  This is very common in patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension or other chronic pathophysiological conditions.  One of the main mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction is the diminishing of nitric oxide, often due to high levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine, which interfere with the normal L-arginine-stimulated nitric oxide synthesis.
Endothermic
In thermodynamics, the word endothermic "within heating" describes a process or reaction that absorbs energy in the form of heat.  Its etymology stems from the Greek prefix endo-, meaning inside and the Greek suffix thermic, meaning to heat. The opposite of an endothermic process is an exothermic process, one that releases energy in the form of heat. The term endothermic was coined by Marcellin Berthelot.
The concept is frequently applied in physical sciences to e.g. chemical reactions, where chemical bond energy is converted to thermal energy (heat).

# Overview
Endothermic, also known as endergonic, refers to a transformation in which a system receives heat from the surroundings:
When the transformation occurs at constant pressure:
and constant volume:
If the surroundings do not supply heat (e.g., when the system is adiabatic), an endothermic transformation leads to a decrease in the temperature of the system.

## Endothermic processes
Some examples of endothermic processes are:
- Melting of ice
- Depressurising a pressure can

# Implications for chemical reactions
Chemical endothermic reactions need heat to be performed.  In a thermochemical reaction that is endothermic, the heat is placed on the reactants side (heat is necessary for and absorbed during the reaction).

# Applications of endothermic processes

## Endothermic materials in passive fire protection
Endothermic substances, both natural, e.g. gypsum, and synthetic, e.g. resin-based intumescents, are popular for use in heatshielding, ablation, materials in space physics, fireproofing, e.g. fire-resistive coatings for LPG vessels, and compartmentalisation of fire in buildings, which is the cornerstone of passive fire protection. Typically, the technological basis is the conversion of hydrates, or chemically bound water into vapour, or steam.
Energy form
In the context of physical sciences, several forms of energy have been defined. These include:
- Thermal energy popularly known as heat
- Chemical energy
- Electrical energy
- Radiant energy commonly known as light energy
- Nuclear energy
- Magnetic energy
- Elastic energy
- Sound Energy
- Gravitational energy
- Renewable energy
- Non-renewable energy
Some basic textbooks group all these forms of energy into two broad categories: kinetic energy and potential energy. However, some forms of energy resist such easy classification, as is the case with light energy. Other familiar types of energy (such as heat in most circumstances) are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy.
However, the above set of the possible forms of energy is not a closed set. Whenever physical scientists discover that certain phenomenon appears to violate the law of energy conservation, new forms can be added, as is the case with dark energy.

# Notes and references
-  A Glossary of Frequently Misused or Misunderstood Physics Terms and Concepts
sl:Oblike energije
Enterotoxin

# Overview
An enterotoxin is a protein toxin released by a micro-organism in the lower intestine. Enterotoxins are frequently cytotoxic and kill cells by altering the permeability of the epithelial cells of the intestinal wall. They are mostly pore forming toxins, secreted by bacteria,  that assemble to form pores in cell membranes. This causes the cells to die.
The death of cells that form the barrier between the intestinal lumen and the surrounding tissue causes interstitial fluid, composed of water and electrolytes to leak into the intestinal tract, causing diarrhea.

# Organisms secreting enterotoxins
Examples of organisms secreting enterotoxins are: Escherichia coli O157:H7, Clostridium perfringens, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus, Rotavirus and Yersinia enterocolitica. These toxins have A and B subunits. The A subunit is responsible for the loss of permeability of the intestinal endothelial cells. The B subunit acts as a syringe, injecting the A subunit into the cytoplasm.
Enzyme unit
The enzyme unit (U) is a unit for the amount of a particular enzyme.
One U is defined as that amount of the enzyme  that catalyzes the conversion of 1 micro mole of substrate per minute. The conditions also have to be specified: one usually takes a temperature of 30C and the pH value and substrate concentration that yield the maximal substrate conversion rate.
The enzyme unit was adopted by the International Union of Biochemistry in 1964. Since the minute is not an SI unit, the enzyme unit is discouraged in favour of the katal, the unit recommended by the General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1978 and officially adopted in 1999. One katal is the amount of enzyme that converts 1 mole of substrate per second, so
The enzyme unit should not be confused with the International Unit (IU), an unrelated measure of biologically active substances.
Epiboxidine
Epiboxidine is a chemical compound which acts as a partial agonist at neural nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, binding to both the 34 and the 42 subtypes. It was developed as a less toxic analogue of the potent frog-derived alkaloid epibatidine, which is around 200 times stronger than morphine as an analgesic but produces extremely dangerous toxic side effects.
Epiboxidine is around ten times less potent than epibatidine as an 42 agonist, but has around the same potency as an 34 agonist. It has only one-tenth of the analgesic power of epibatidine, but is also much less toxic.

# Uses
Despite its decreased potency and toxicity compared to epibatidine, epiboxidine itself is still too toxic to be developed as a drug for use in humans. It is used in scientific research and as a parent compound to derive newer analogues which may be safer and have greater potential for clinical development.
Erythrulose
D-Erythrulose (also known as erythrulose) is a tetrose carbohydrate with the chemical formula C4H8O4. It has one ketone group and so is part of the ketose family. It is used in some self-tanning cosmetics, generally combined with dihydroxyacetone (DHA).
Erythrulose is a natural based keto-sugar which reacts with the amino acids in the keratin protein on the outer or dead surface layer of the skin. (the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis) This non-toxic reaction produces a temporary browning effect similar to the Maillard reaction. This is not a stain or dye, but rather a chemical reaction that produces a color change on all treated skin. The reaction is similar to the browning effect seen when a cut apple slice is exposed to oxygen.
The brown color is comparable to the appearance of a UV based suntan. Because the skin continually exfoliates itself, losing thousands of dead surface skin cells each day, the tan hue is temporary. The tan appearance typically lasts from 2 to 10 days depending on application type, and skin condition.
Erythrulose is a clear to pale yellowish liquid, which naturally occurs in red raspberries. According to the manufacturing company Centerchem, inc.  Erythrulose is manufactured from the aerobic fermentation of the bacterium Gluconobacter followed by extensive multi-step purification.
Erythrulose and dihydroxyacetone (DHA) are very similar in composition, and both react much the same way on the skin surface. Erythrulose produces a lighter and slower developing tan, taking 24 to 48 hours to complete development. When used alone, it fades faster than a DHA based sunless tan. Some people feel the final tone of erythrulose is slightly redder, and less bronze, than the DHA based tan. It may be less drying to the skin surface, helping provide a smoother fading tint. When combined with DHA, the resulting sunless tan is said to last longer, fade better, and provide a more cosmetically pleasing color tone. In sunless tanning products, it is incorporated at 1% to 3% levels.
Not all users develop a tan coloration from erythrulose, some may find that their fading is more uneven and blotchy, when this ingredient is used. Because of the added cost associated with this ingredient, some manufacturers feel it is an inefficient additive to the sunless tanning product line.
Individuals, who are sensitive to DHA, may be able to use erythrulose as a skin safe self-tanning replacement. Erythrulose is more expensive, and difficult to obtain. Because DHA and erythrulose are very similar in composition, it is not unusual for someone to be reactive to both DHA and erythrulose.
Erythrulose reacts on the skin's surface and does not seem to penetrate beyond the dead surface skin layers. Side effects are limited to occasional contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals. In many suspected cases of sensitivity, the reaction is related to other ingredients in the self-tanning product such as preservatives, dyes, fragrances or plant based additives and extracts.
Though erythrulose appears safe for use by all indications, it is not currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a self tanning agent.
Escharotomy
An escharotomy is a surgical procedure used to treat full thickness (third-degree) circumferential burns.  Since full thickness burns are characterized by tough, leathery eschar, an escharotomy is used primarily to combat compartment syndrome.  Following a full thickness burn, as the underlying tissues are re hydrated, they become constricted due to the eschar's loss of elasticity, leading to impaired circulation distal to the wound.
An escharotomy is performed by making an incision through the eschar to expose the fatty tissue below.  Due to the residual pressure, the incision will often widen substantially.
Physiotherapy input - move limb when bleeding ceases and aim to maximise breathing mechanics.
Ethanethiol
Ethanethiol, commonly known as ethyl mercaptan is the organic compound with the formula CH3CH2SH. It consists of an ethyl group, CH3CH2, attached to a thiol group, SH. The compound is structurally similar to ethanol by replacement of O by S. This change leads to many different properties, the most infamous of which is the strong odour of EtSH. Ethanethiol is also more volatile than ethanol due to its diminished ability to engage in hydrogen bonding. Ethanethiol is toxic. It occurs naturally as a minor component of petroleum, and may be added to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to warn of a gas leak. At these concentrations, ethanethiol is not harmful.

# Odour
Ethanethiol has a strongly disagreeable odour that humans can detect in minute concentrations. The threshold for human detection is as low as one part in 2.8 billion parts of air. Its odour resembles that of leeks. Ethanethiol is intentionally added to butane and propane (see: LPG) to impart an easily noticed smell to these odourless fuels, that otherwise pose the threat of fire and explosion.
According to the 2000 edition of the Guinness Book Of World Records, ethanethiol is the "smelliest substance" in existence. Other more specialized chemicals were probably not examined, however. Most volatile thiols are comparably offensive. Thiols can be oxidized, and thus de-odourized, using bleach or related oxidants.

# Reactions
Ethanethiol is a valued reagent in organic synthesis. In the presence of sodium hydroxide, it forms the powerful nucleophile NaSEt. The salt can also be generated quantitatively by reaction with sodium hydride.
Oxidation of EtSH gives the disulfide, diethyl disulfide:
Like other thiols, it behaves comparably to hydrogen sulfide. For example, it binds, concomitant with deprotonation to "soft" transition metal cations, such a Hg2+, Cu+, and Ni2+ to give polymeric thiolato complexes, Hg(SEt)2, CuSEt, and Ni(SEt)2, respectively.