Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
TRIL (gene)
KIAA0644, also known as TRIL or TLR4 interactor with leucine rich repeats, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIAA0644 gene.

# Function
The exact function of KIAA0644 is not known.  It is, however, a member of the leucine-rich repeat family of proteins, which are known to be involved in protein-protein interactions. This protein is known to interact with the TLR4 protein.
TRIL is a component of the TLR4 complex and is induced in a number of cell types by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

# Protein sequence
The main isoform of the human protein is 811 amino long and is composed primarily of leucine (17%), alanine and arginine (~10%), and glycine (~ 8.5%) residues. The protein sequence is predicted to consists mostly of -helices and a few -sheet

# Homology
KIAA0644 is conserved well among mammals but can be found in all chordates with lower sequence identities.

# Gene neighborhood
The KIAA0644 gene is neighbors to mRNA-cAMP responsive element binding gene downstream and mRNA carboxypeptidase and serine carboxypeptidase gene upstream
Tak Wah Mak

# Overview
Tak Wah Mak, (born 1946 in China) is an award-winning Canadian researcher who has worked in a variety of areas including biochemistry, immunology, and cancergenetics.  He first became widely known for his pioneering work in the genetics of immunology.
Born in southern China in 1946 and raised in Hong Kong, Mak studied biochemistry and biophysics at the University of Wisconsin. In the early 1970s, he earned his PhD in biochemistry from the University of Alberta, in Edmonton. After he obtained his degree, Dr. Mak moved to Toronto and became a Canadian citizen.
In 1984, Dr. Mak published his work on the cloning of T-cell receptor genes; as of 2005, that article has been cited nearly 1200 times.  Dr. Maks role in advancing the use of genetically-altered mice in scientific study has led to important breakthroughs in immunology and understanding cancer at the cellular level. The basic research in breast cancer.conducted by Dr. Mak has been published in top international scientific journals and he has given several keynote addresses at breast cancer symposia across Canada and the United States.
In spite of offers from prestigious institutions around the world, Dr. Mak remained committed to Canadas scientific community. In 1993, Dr. Mak received support to establish the AMGEN Research Institute in Toronto. As of 2005, AMGEN-produced papers have been cited more than 40,000 times.
Dr. Mak holds Honorary Doctoral Degrees from numerous universities in North America and Europe. He is an Officer of the Order of Canada and has been elected a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) as well as a Fellow of the Royal Society of London (UK.) He has won international recognition in the forms of the Emil von Behring Prize, the King Faisal Prize for Medicine, the Gairdner Foundation International Award, the Sloan Prize of the General Motors Cancer Foundation, the Paul Ehrlich Prize and the Novartis Prize in Immunology.
In 2004 Mak became the director of the Advanced Medical Discovery Institute and the Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research. He is also the senior scientist, division of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Advanced Medical Discovery Institute/Ontario Cancer Institute. Since 1984, he has been a Professor in the Departments of Medical Biophysics and Immunology at the University of Toronto.

# Honours
- 1986, elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
- 1989, awarded the Gairdner Foundation International Award
- 1990, awarded the Royal Society of Canada's McLaughlin Medal
- 1994, made a Fellow of the Royal Society
- 1996, awarded the Robert L. Noble Prize by the National Cancer Institute of Canada
- 2000, made an Officer of the Order of Canada
- 2002, elected as a foreign associate to the National Academy of Sciences in the discipline of immunology
- 2003, awarded the Killam Prize by the Canada Council for the Arts.
Taoist diet
While there are many different historical and modern schools of Taoism, with different teachings on the subject, it is safe to say that many Taoists regard their diet as extremely important to their physical, mental and spiritual health in one way or another, especially where the amount of qi in the food is concerned.

# History
Early Taoist diets were very different from present-day ones. While present-day Taoist diets call for eating lots of grains, ancient diets called for the eating of no grains at all. This was because early Taoists believed the rotting of the grains in the intestines attracted demonic creatures known as the 'three worms.' These demons loved eating decaying matter in the intestines in the hope that they could kill the person and devour his corpse. In fact, early Taoists advocated eliminating most foods from their diet. An early Taoist text, the Taipingjing, suggests that people "live on air", and that is best to be satiated without eating solid food. In effect, it suggests that people eat non-corporeal food such as qi.

# Present Day

## Basic Guidelines
A Taoist diet could focus on:

### Increase intake of the following:
- Whole grains and products made with them
- Vegetables (ideally organic and seasonal)
- Fruit (not tropical; dried fruit is very good, and only what is in season)
- Seeds and nuts
- Tofu and soy
- Herbs (although herbal usage is normally carefully prescribed)
- Tea

### Decrease intake of the following:
- Red meat (which can be difficult to digest)
- Refined products (such as white sugar, flour, and bread)
- Artificial additives/preservatives of any kind
- Dairy products (such as cheese, yogurt and cream, with the exception of the milk of running animals, in the winter)
- Cold drinks and foods (outside consumption in the summer months)

## Everyday Meals
For regular eating Taoists believe in eating a frugal diet that is based primarily on cereals. Meals are served in order of seniority, with the elders being served first, and the youngest last. Every three, five, ten or fifteen days, some families will also observe a periodic vegetarian feast.

## Festivals
The regular diet is enhanced by the frequency of festivals which take place at least every ten to fifteen days. Each festival was associated with a certain kind of food. For example, the New Years festivals special food is rice cake. During the Dragon Boat festival, it is steamed dumplings and glutinous rice packed in bamboo leaves, and during the Mid-Autumn Festival the special food is mooncakes. These festivals also give Taoists the opportunity to eat far more than their diet usually proscribes. Rich food such as meat and wine is also a part of these festivals.

## Herbs
Some Taoists practice herbalism in their diets.  Taoists believe that using different herbs in their food can help increase the positive energy in their bodies, and that by mixing two herbs with opposite effects they can decrease the negative energy and increase the positive energy (see Yin and Yang).
Target cell
Target cell is a term given to one of three different concepts in medicine.
- In hematology, target cells are abnormal red blood cells, that have a bullseye appearance. (See main article: codocyte)
- In endocrinology, target cells can refer to the cells where hormones have their effect. Target cells are capable of responding to hormones because they bear receptors to which the hormone can bind.  Hormones will float along the bloodstream until they find an appropriate target cell.
- In immunology, target cells are the direct recipient of a T cell's effector functions, and are therefore targeted for cytotoxic destruction.

# Diagnosis

## Pathology
Taribavirin
Taribavirin (rINN; also known as viramidine, codenamed ICN 3142) is an antiviral drug in Phase III human trials, but not yet approved for pharmaceutical use. It is a prodrug of ribavirin, active against a number of DNA and RNA viruses. Taribavirin has better liver-targeting than ribavirin, and has a shorter life in the body due to less penetration and storage in red blood cells. It is expected eventually to be the drug of choice for viral hepatitis syndromes in which ribavirin is active. These include hepatitis C and perhaps also hepatitis B and yellow fever.
Taribavirin is as active against influenza as ribavirin in animal models, with slightly less toxicity, so it may also eventually replace ribavirin as an anti-influenza agent.
Taribavirin is being developed by Valeant Pharmaceuticals International, the parent company of Ribapharm, the company which first reported synthesis and testing of the drug in 1973. Valeant is testing the drug as a treatment for chronic hepatitis C.
Note on formulas: The carboxamidine group of this molecule is somewhat basic, and therefore this drug is also known and administered as the hydrochloride salt (with a corresponding .HCl chemical formula and different ChemID / PubChem number). At physiologic pH, the positive charge on the molecule from partial protonation of the carboximide group contributes to the relative slowness with which the drug crosses cell membranes (such as in red blood cells) until it has been metabolized into ribavirin. In the liver, however, the transformation from carboxamidine to carboxamide happens on first-pass metabolism and contributes to the higher levels of ribavirin found in liver cells and bile when viramidine is administered.
Th-stopping

# Background
Th-stopping is the realization of the dental fricatives Template:IPA as stops, which occurs in several dialects of English. In some accents, such as Hiberno-English, some varieties of Newfoundland English, some varieties of New York-New Jersey English, and Indian English, they are realized as the dental stops Template:IPA and as such do not merge with the alveolar stops Template:IPA. Thus pairs like tin/thin and den/then are not homophonous (Wells 1982: 42829, 498, 500, 515). In other accents, such as Caribbean English and Liberian English, such pairs are merged (Wells 1982: 56566, 635).
For some New Yorkers, the fricatives Template:IPA and Template:IPA are pronounced as affricatives or stops, rather than as fricatives. Usually they remain dental, so that the oppositions Template:IPA and Template:IPA are not lost. Thus thanks may be pronounced Template:IPA, Template:IPA or Template:IPA in decreasing order of statusfulness, all are distinct from tanks. The Template:IPA variant has a weakish articulation. the Template:IPA opposition may be lost, exceptionally in the environment of a following Template:IPA (making three homophonous with tree), and in the case of the word with, (so that with a may rhyme with the nonrhotic pronunciation of "bitter-bidder"; with you may be Template:IPA, following the same yod-coalescence rule as hit you. These pronunciation are all stigmatized.
The Template:IPA opposition seems to be lost more readily, though not as readily as the Brooklynese stereotype might lead one to believe. As in many other places, initial Template:IPA is subject to assimilation or deletion in a range of environments in relatively informal and/or popular speech, e.g. who's there Template:IPA; as in many other places, it is also subject to stopping there Template:IPA. This option extends to one or two words in which the Template:IPA is not initial, e.g. other, which can thus become a homonym of utter-udder. But it would not be usual for southern to be pronounced identically with sudden or breathe with breed.
In African American Vernacular English, in the words with and nothing, Template:IPA may occur corresponding to standard Template:IPA, thus Template:IPA for with and Template:IPA for nothing. (Wolfram 1969:83) Th-stopping is also reported for some other non-initial Template:IPAs, apparently particularly when preceded by a nasal and followed by a plosive, as keep your mout closed (Wolfram 1969:90). In initial position, Template:IPA occurs in AAVE just as in standard accents: thin is Template:IPA, without the stopping of West Indian accents. (Wolfram 1969:130, does however mention the use of 'a lenis Template:IPA' as a rare variant.) Stopping of initial Template:IPA, however, is frequent making then homophonous with den.
See also
- List of Th-stopping homophones
- Speech sound disorder
TheraSphere

# Overview
TheraSphere is a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment therapy that consists of millions of microscopic, radioactive glass microspheres (20-30 micrometres in diameter) being infused into the arteries that feed liver tumors, bathing the malignancy in high levels of 90Y radiation.  It is currently approved for patients as a neoadjuvant to surgery or transplantation by the US FDA and is being used at a number of clinical centers in the United States.

# Description
TheraSphere consists of insoluble glass microspheres where Yttrium-90 is an integral constituent of the glass. Each milligram contains between 22,000 and 73,000 microspheres.  Yttrium-90 is a pure beta emitter and decays to stable zirconium-90 with a physical half-life of 64.2 hours (2.67 days). The average energy of the beta emissions from yttrium-90 is 0.9367 MeV.
Following embolization of the yttrium-90 glass microspheres in tumorous liver tissue, the beta radiation emitted provides a therapeutic effect. The microspheres are delivered into the liver tumor through a catheter placed into the hepatic artery that supplies blood to the tumor(This is usually performed in a hospital's radiology suite and patients remain conscious throughout the procedure). The microspheres are unable to pass through the vasculature of the liver due to arteriolar capillary blockade and are trapped in the tumor. There they exert a local radiotherapeutic effect with some damage to surrounding normal liver tissue.

# Efficacy
Low-risk patients with unresectable liver cancer appear to gain control over their malignancies for at least 2 years when treated with TheraSphere.  They survived a median of 800 days compared with a median of 258 days for high risk patients (P <.0001) in a study of 140 patients (106 male).  The patients underwent 238 administrations of the particles.  Approximately 34% of patients responded to the treatment according to evaluation by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), meaning their overall tumor burden decreased by 50% or more.
In a separate study based on follow-up data from 43 treated patients, 20 patients (47%) had an objective tumor response based on percent reduction in tumor size and 34 patients (79%) had a tumor response when percent reduction and/or tumor necrosis were used as a composite measure of tumor response.
Thermogenin
Thermogenin (called uncoupling protein by its discoverers and now known as uncoupling protein 1, or UCP1) is an uncoupling protein found in the mitochondria of brown adipose tissue (BAT). It is used to generate heat by non-shivering thermogenesis, and makes a quantitatively important contribution to countering heat loss in babies which would otherwise occur due to their high surface area-volume ratio.

# Mechanism
UCPs are transmembrane proteins that decrease the proton gradient generated in oxidative phosphorylation. They do this by increasing the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane, allowing protons that have been pumped into the intermembrane space to return to the mitochondrial matrix. UCP1-mediated heat generation in brown fat uncouples the respiratory chain, allowing for fast substrate oxidation with a low rate of ATP production. UCP1 is related to other mitochondrial metabolite transporters such as the adenine nucleotide translocator, a proton channel in the mitochondrial inner membrane that permits the translocation of protons from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. UCP1 is restricted to brown adipose tissue, where it provides a mechanism for the enormous heat-generating capacity of the tissue.
UCP1 is activated in the brown fat cell by fatty acids and inhibited by nucleotides. Fatty acids cause the following signaling cascade: Sympathetic nervous system terminals release Norepinephrine onto a Beta-3 adrenergic receptor on the plasma membrane. This activates adenylyl cyclase, which catalyses the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP activates protein kinase A, causing its active C subunits to be freed from its regulatory R subunits. Active protein kinase A, in turn, phosphorylates triacylglycerol lipase, thereby activating it. The lipase converts triacylglycerols into free fatty acids, which activate UCP1, overriding the inhibition caused by purine nucleotides (GDP and ADP). During the termination of thermogenesis, thermogenin is inactivated and residual fatty acids are disposed of through oxidation, allowing the cell to resume its normal energy-conserving state.

# History
Uncoupling protein 1 was discovered in 1978 and was first cloned in 1988.
Uncoupling protein two (UCP2), a homolog of UCP1, was identified in 1997. UCP2 localizes to a wide variety of tissues, and is thought to be involved in regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the past decade, three additional homologs of UCP1 have been identified, including UCP3, UCP4, and BMCP1 (also known as UCP5).

# Clinical relevance
Methods of delivering UCP1 to cells by gene transfer therapy or methods of its upregulation have been an important line of enquiry in research into the treatment of obesity, due to their ability to dissipate excess metabolic stores.
Thiambutene
The Thiambutenes are a family of opioid analgesic drugs. The parent compound thiambutene has no analgesic effects, but several compounds from this group are analgesics with around the same potency as morphine.
Notable compounds include dimethylthiambutene, diethylthiambutene, ethylmethylthiambutene, pyrrolidinylthiambutene and piperidylthiambutene. Of these, ethylmethylthiambutene is the most potent, with 1.3x the potency of morphine, pyrrolidinylthiambutene is the least potent at 0.7x, and the rest are all around the same potency as morphine. Diethylthiambutene has been the most widely used, mainly in veterinary medicine.
All of these compounds produced anticholinergic and antihistamine side effects, except for two of the weaker compounds diallylthiambutene and morpholinylthiambutene. They also all have a chiral centre around the alpha carbon (where the R1 group is attached) and so have two stereoisomers, with the dextro isomer being the more potent in all cases, although both isomers are active.
Three of these compounds are explicitly listed as illegal drugs under UN convention, diethylthiambutene, dimethylthiambutene and ethylmethylthiambutene, and so are illegal throughout the world, but the rest will only be illegal in countries such as the USA, Australia and New Zealand that have laws equivalent to the Federal Analog Act.
File:Thiambutene general.png
Thoracotomy
Thoracotomy is an incision into the chest. It is performed by a surgeon, and, rarely, by emergency physicians and paramedics, to gain access to the thoracic organs,  most commonly the heart, the lungs, the esophagus or thoracic aorta, or for access to the anterior spine such as is necessary for access to tumors in the spine.
Thoracotomy is a major surgical maneuverthe first step in cardiothoracic surgery, which involves major procedures such as coronary artery bypass surgery and lobectomy or pneumonectomy for lung cancerand as such requires general anesthesia with endotracheal tube insertion and mechanical ventilation.

# Approaches
There probably are many different approaches to thoracotomy. The most common modalities of thoracotomy follow.
Median sternotomy provides wide access to the mediastinum and is the incision of choice for most open-heart surgery and access to the anterior mediastinum.
Posterolateral thoracotomy is a very common approach for operations on the lung or posterior mediastinum, including the esophagus. When performed over the 5th intercostal space, it allows optimal access to the pulmonary hilum (pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein) and therefore is considered the approach of choice for pulmonary resection (pneumonectomy and  lobectomy).
Anterolateral thoracotomy is performed upon the anterior chest wall; left anterolateral thoracotomy is the incision of choice for open chest massage, a critical maneuver in the management of traumatic cardiac arrest. Anterolateral thoracotomy, like most surgical incisions, requires the use of tissue retractorsin this case, a "rib spreader" such as the Tuffier retractor.
Bilateral anterolateral thoracotomy combined with transverse sternotomy results in the "clamshell" incision, the largest incision commonly used in thoracic surgery.
Upon completion of the surgical procedure, the chest is closed. One or more chest tubeswith one end inside the opened pleural cavity and the other submerged under saline solution inside a sealed container, forming an airtight drainage systemare necessary to remove air and fluid from the pleural cavity, preventing the development of pneumothorax or hemothorax.

# Complications
In addition to pneumothorax, complications from thoracotomy include air leaks, infection, bleeding and respiratory failure. Postoperative pain is universal and intense, generally requiring opioids, and does interfere with the recovery of respiratory function.

# VATS
Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) is a less invasive alternative to thoracotomy in selected cases, much like laparoscopic surgery. Like laparoscopic surgery, its applications are rapidly expanding. Robotic surgery is a new but rarely used innovation with questionable advantages.
de:Thorakotomie
no:Thoracotomi
Thromboxane

# Overview
Thromboxane is a member of the family of lipids known as eicosanoids. The two major thromboxanes are thromboxane A2 and thromboxane B2.
Thromboxane is named for its role in clot formation (thrombosis).

# Production
It is produced in platelets by thromboxane-A synthase from the endoperoxides produced by the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme from arachidonic acid.

# Mechanism
Thromboxane acts by binding to any of the thromboxane receptors, G-protein coupled receptors coupled to the G protein Gq.

# Functions
Thromboxane is a vasoconstrictor and a potent hypertensive agent, and it facilitates platelet aggregation.
It is in homeostatic balance in the circulatory system with prostacyclin, a related compound.
The mechanism of secretion of thromboxanes from platelets is still unclear.

# Role of A2 in platelet aggregation
Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), produced by activated platelets, has prothrombotic properties, stimulating activation of new platelets as well as increasing platelet aggregation.
Platelet aggregation is achieved by mediating expression of the glycoprotein complex GP IIb/IIIa in the cell membrane of platelets. Circulating fibrinogen binds these receptors on adjacent platelets, further strengthening the clot.

# Pathology
It is believed that the vasoconstriction caused by thromboxanes plays a role in Prinzmetal's angina.

# Suppression
The widely used drug aspirin acts by inhibiting the ability of the COX enzyme to synthesize the precursors of thromboxane within platelets.
It inhibits the COX enzyme both non-competitively and irreversibly.
The side effect of this is that people who regularly take aspirin will suffer from excessive bleeding whenever the skin is perforated.