Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Panniculitis
Panniculitis is a group of diseases whose hallmark is inflammation of subcutaneous fatty and muscle tissue. Symptoms include tender skin nodules, and systemic signs such as weight loss and fatigue.

# Classification

## Histological
It can occur in any fatty tissue (cutaneous or visceral) and is often diagnosed on the basis of a deep skin biopsy, and can be further classified by histological characteristics based on the location of the inflammatory cells (within fatty lobules or in the septa which separate them) and on the presence or absence of vasculitis.
There are thus four main histological subtypes:
- lobular panniculitis without vasculitis (acute panniculitis, previously termed Weber-Christian disease , systemic nodular panniculitis)
- lobular panniculitis with vasculitis
- septal panniculitis without vasculitis
- septal panniculitis with vasculitis

## Symptomatic
Panniculitis can also be classified based on the presence or absence of systemic symptoms:
- Panniculitis without systemic disease can be a result of trauma or cold ;
- Panniculitis with systemic disease can be caused...
by connective tissue disorders such as lupus erythematosus or scleroderma;
by lymphoproliferative disease such as lymphoma or histiocytosis;
by pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer;
and by many other causes.
- by connective tissue disorders such as lupus erythematosus or scleroderma;
- by lymphoproliferative disease such as lymphoma or histiocytosis;
- by pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer;
- and by many other causes.

# Associated conditions
Lipoatrophy (the loss of subcutaneous tissue) can occur in any of these conditions.
Parechovirus

# Overview
Parechovirus is a viral genus in the family Picornaviridae. The genus is composed of two species: Human parechovirus and Ljungan virus.
Six types of human parechovirus have been identified: human parechovirus 1 (formerly echovirus 22), human parechovirus 2 (formerly echovirus 23), and human parechoviruses 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively. Human parechoviruses cause mild, gastrointestinal or respiratory illness, but have been implicated in cases of myocarditis and encephalitis. Human parechoviruses are commonly spread and more than 95% of humans are infected by human parechoviruses early in life, within two to five years of age.
The Ljungan virus was first isolated from bank voles (Myodes glareolus, formerly Clethrionomys glareolus). Ljungan virus has been proposed as a zoonotic virus, associated with diabetes and intrauterine fetal death in human. However, the data regarding these features is currently limited and needs to be confirmed.
Parietal eye
A parietal eye, also known as a parietal organ or third-eye is a part of the epithalamus present in some animal species. The eye may be photoreceptive and is usually associated with the pineal gland, regulating circadian rhythmicity and hormone production for thermoregulation.

# Function
The lizard-like reptile tuatara has a "well-developed parietal eye, with small lens and retina". Parietal eyes are also found in lizards, frogs and lampreys, as well as some species of fish, such as tuna and pelagic sharks, where it is visible as a light-sensitive spot on top of their head. A poorly developed version, often called the parapineal gland, occurs in salamanders. In birds and mammals the parietal organ (but not the pineal gland) is absent.

# Physiology
The parietal eye is a part of the epithalamus, which can be divided into two major parts; the epiphysis (the pineal organ, or pineal gland if mostly endocrine) and the parietal organ, often called the parietal eye, or third eye, if photoreceptive. It arises as an anterior evagination of the pineal organ or as a separate outgrowth of the roof of the diencephalon.  In some species, it protrudes through the skull.  The parietal eye uses a different biochemical method of detecting light than rod cells or cone cells in a normal eye.
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis is the mechanism by which a certain etiological factor causes disease (pathos = disease, genesis = development).
The term can also be used to describe the development of the disease, whether it is acute, chronic, recurrent etc.
Some forms of pathogenesis are:
- Inflammation
- Malignancy
- Tissue breakdown
In most diseases, there are multiple pathogenetical processes at work. For example, certain cancers arise from dysfunction of the immune system (skin tumors and lymphoma after a renal transplant - which requires immunosuppression).
Often, a potential etiology is identified by epidemiological observations before a pathological link can be drawn between the cause and the disease.
Peginesatide

# Overview
Peginesatide(INN/USAN, trade name Omontys, formerly Hematide), developed by Affymax and Takeda, is an erythropoietic agent, a functional analog of erythropoietin.
It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment of anemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adult patients on dialysis. On February 23, 2013, Affymax and Takeda issued a press release indicating that they were recalling all batches of peginesatide from the market.
Two randomized controlled trials published in 2013 found that the effectiveness of peginesatide was not inferior to epoetin for patients receiving dialysis (the EMERALD study), or to darbepoetin for patients with chronic kidney disease who were not receiving dialysis (the PEARL study). However, the safety endpoint of cardiovascular events and death was worse for peginesatide than for darbepoetin in the PEARL study.

# Medical uses
The FDA approved the use of peginesatide for the treatment of anemia due to chronic kidney disease in adult patients on dialysis.

# Chemistry and mechanism of action
Peginesatide is a synthetic peptide, attached to polyethylene glycol ("PEGylated"). It mimics the structure of erythropoietin, the human glycoprotein which promotes red blood cell development.

# Related drugs
The erythropoietin analogs currently used to treat anemia in the United States are epoetin alfa (sold under the names Procrit and Epogen) and darbepoetin alfa (which is a more glycosylated form of epoetin, sold under the name Aranesp).  There are similar biologic agents, such as Mircera(a monoPEGylated erythropoietin-beta), sold by Roche in Europe, however United States patent law currently forbids their sale.
Pepto-Bismol
Pepto-Bismol is an over-the-counter medication produced by the Procter and Gamble company used to treat minor digestive system upset.  Its active ingredient is bismuth subsalicylate. The primary symptoms aided by Pepto-Bismol are nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea, and other temporary discomforts of the stomach and gastrointestinal tract.
Pepto-Bismol are made in chewable tablets and swallowable caplets, but is best known for its original formula which is a thick liquid. This original formula is a medium pink color with a strong wintergreen flavor. These traits have become generally associated with the medicine to the degree that something may be described as "Pepto-Bismol pink" or as tasting like "Pepto-Bismol". These are generally considered uncomplimentary traits, because of the unpleasant associations with the medication and the general malaise associated with stomach problems. Also, the drug is commonly referred to as "pink stuff'.

# History
Pepto-Bismol was originally sold as a remedy for infant diarrhea by Norwich Pharmaceutical Company under the name Bismosal: Mixture Cholera Infantum, changing to Pepto-Bismol in 1919, and transferring to Procter and Gamble with their 1982 acquisition of Norwich Eaton Pharmaceuticals.
Periodontist
Periodontology, or Periodontics, is the branch of dentistry which studies supporting structures of teeth, and diseases and conditions that affect them.
The supporting tissues are known as the periodontium, which includes the gingiva (gums), alveolar bone, cementum, and the periodontal ligament. The word comes from the Greek words peri meaning around and odons meaning tooth.  Literally taken, it means study of that which is "around the tooth".

# Periodontal disease
Periodontal diseases take on many different forms, but are usually a result of a coalescence of bacterial plaque biofilm accumulation of the gingiva and teeth, combined with host immuno-inflammatory mechanisms and other risk factors which lead to destruction of the supporting bone around natural teeth. Untreated, these diseases lead to alveolar bone loss and tooth loss, and to date continue to be the leading cause of tooth loss in adults.

# Periodontists
A Periodontist is a dentist who specializes in the diagnosis and surgical and non-surgical treatment of diseases and conditions of the periodontium.  Periodontists are experts in the management of patients with periodontal diseases including gingivitis, periodontitis and gingival recession (gum recession).

## United States
Periodontics is one of the nine American Dental Association recognized specialties of dentistry.  Periodontists complete 3 years of additional formal training beyond dental school in an accredited residency training program.
The American Academy of Periodontology is the recognized governing academy for periodontics in the USA.
Periodontists may also earn Board Certification by the American Board of Periodontology' after completion of an American Dental Association accredited residency training program in Periodontics.  Board certified periodontists are awarded the title "Diplomate of the American Board of Periodontology".

# India ( Bharath )
Periodontics is offered as specialisation field in dentistry programme in India.This is offered at Master of Dental Surgery ( M.D.S ) course conducted by dental colleges affilated to different universities in India.The minimum qualification required for M.D.S is Bachelor of Dental Surgery ( B.D.S ). Dental council of India is regulating body for dentists in India.
Venous blood
In the circulatory system, venous blood is blood returning to the heart. With one exception (the pulmonary vein) this blood is deoxygenated and high in carbon dioxide, having released oxygen and absorbed CO2 in the tissues. It is also typically warmer than arterial blood, has a lower pH, has lower concentrations of glucose and other nutrients, and has higher concentrations of urea and other waste products.
Venous blood can be obtained by venipuncture (also called phlebotomy), or in small quantities by fingerprick. Most medical laboratory tests are conducted on venous blood, with the exception of arterial blood gases.
Venous blood is often depicted as blue in color in medical diagrams, and veins sometimes look blue when seen through the skin. However, venous blood is actually a dark red color (but looks purple through the opaque skin), while arterial blood is bright red. The appearance of veins as dark blue is a wavelength phenomenon of light, having to do with the reflection of blue light away from the outside of venous tissue if the vein is @ 0.02in deep or more.  This is due to the difference in color between deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin; the red color ultimately originates from the iron atom in heme. If blood is drawn for a medical test, the dark red color can be seen; however, if it is exposed to oxygen in the air, it will turn bright red like arterial blood.
Peripherin 2
Peripherin-2 is a protein, that in humans is encoded by the PRPH2 gene. Peripherin-2 is found in the rod and cone cells of the retina of the eye. Defects in this protein result in one form of retinitis pigmentosa, an incurable blindness.
Mutations in the PRPH2 gene are associated with Vitelliform macular dystrophy.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily, also known as the tetraspanin family. Most of these members are cell-surface proteins that are characterized by the presence of four transmembrane helices. Tetraspanins mediate signal transduction events that play a role in the regulation of cell development, activation, growth and motility.
Peripherin 2 (sometimes referred to as peripherin/RDS or simply RDS) is a cell surface glycoprotein found in the outer segment of both rod and cone photoreceptor cells. It is located in the rim regions of the flattened disks that contain rhodopsin, which is the protein that is responsible for initiation of visual phototransduction upon reception of light. Peripherin 2 may function as an adhesion molecule involved in stabilization and compaction of outer segment disks or in the maintenance of the curvature of the rim. This protein is essential for disk morphogenesis.

# Clinical significance
Defects in this gene are associated with both central and peripheral retinal degenerations. Some of the various phenotypically different disorders are autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, progressive macular degeneration, macular dystrophy and retinitis pigmentosa digenic.
Peter Griess
Johann Peter Griess (18291888), industrial chemist  and an early pioneer of organic chemistry.

# Life
After a finished an agricultural private school he joined the Hessian cavalry, but left the military shortly after. He started his studies at the University of Jena in 1850, but changed to the University of Marburg in 1851. During his student life he was several times sentenced for Karzer and was also banned from the city for one year, in which he listened to lectures of Justus Liebig at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich. After most of the family possession were spent he had to start working at the chemical factory of Oehler in Offenbach am Main in 1856. This was only possible after the recommendation of Hermann Kolbe, who was head of the chemistry department in Marburg. The devastating fire of 1857 ended the production of chemicals at the factory and a changed Peter Griess rejoined Hermann Kolbe at the University of Marburg. His new enthusiasm for chemistry yielded the discovery of diazonium salts in 1858. The discovery of a new class of chemicals convinced August Wilhelm von Hofmann to offer Peter Griess to join him at his new position at Royal College of Chemistry. During his time at the Royal College he studied the reactions of nitrogen rich organic molecules. It took him quite long to accustom to his new home in England but the fact that he married in 1869 and founded a family made clear that he would not return to Germany, even though he was offered a position at the BASF.
He left and started a position at the Samuel Allsopp & Sons brewery in 1862 where he worked until his retirement.
His wife died after a long severe illness in 1886, he survived her for two years and died August 30. 1888. He is buried in Burton upon Trent.

# Work
In 1858 he described the Griess diazotization reaction which would form the basis for the Griess test for detection of Nitrite. Most of his work related to brewing remained confidential, but his additional work on organic chemistry was published by him in several articles.
Peter Kerley
Sir Peter Kerley , born 1900, died 1978 was a radiologist from Dundalk, Ireland and a graduate of University College Dublin (1923). He spent a year training in radiology in Vienna. He obtained his M.D. from the University of Ireland, in 1939. He was Director of Radiology at the Westminster Hospital and was also affiliated with the Royal Chest Hospital, London. He had a ready wit, enjoyed life outdoors and had a flair for diagnosing the unusual. In 1959 he became a member of honour of the Chicago Radiological Society, and in 1962 he was made a Fellow of Honour of the Faculty of Radiologists, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin. The Sir Peter Kerley Lecture of the Royal College of Radiologists is named for him.
He discovered several of the medical signs used in interpreting radiographs. Kerley B lines are a finding of congestive heart failure. These are short parallel lines perpendicular to the lateral lung surface, indicative of increased opacity in the pulmonary septa. Kerley A lines and Kerley C lines are related findings.
He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in the 1970s in recognition of his services to Radiology and as Radiologist to the Royal Family.
Phantom pain
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# Overview
Phantom pain, also called  deafferentation pain, anesthesia dolorosa, or denervation pain, is pain that is felt in a part of the body (usually an extremity) that either no longer exists due to amputation or is insensate as a result of nerve severance. It is often described as a burning sensation, though individual accounts vary. This pain does not originate from the limb itself, as such would be impossible in these cases, but is instead the result of the brain receiving messages from the spinal cord which it interprets as pain coming from the affected limb. 

# Physiology
Pain usually begins when nerve endings relay information to nerves, which in turn relay it to ganglia just outside the spinal vertebrae, which send it to nociceptive (pain-sensing) neurons inside the spinal cord, which finally send the information to the brain. If the nociceptive neurons cease to receive information to pass on, they will instead send the neurological equivalent of white noise, which the brain then interprets as pain. 
In cases in which a traumatic event causes nerve severance and also detaches the nociceptive neurons from the rest of the spinal cord, phantom pain will not develop. Some patients who do not receive adequate relief from nerve blocks, narcotic painkillers, or other methods of pain management may undergo a procedure called dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesioning. DREZ lesioning is a form of neurosurgery in which the wayward nociceptive neurons are destroyed.
Phellandrene
Phellandrene is the name for a pair of organic compounds that have a similar molecular structure and similar chemical properties.  -Phellandrene and -phellandrene are cyclic monoterpenes and are double bond isomers.  In -phellandrene both double bonds are endocyclic and in -phellandrene one of them is exocyclic.  Both are insoluble in water, but miscible with ether.
-Phellandrene is a constituent of the essential oils of Eucalyptus dives and of Eucalyptus phellandra (hence the name).  -Phellandrene has been isolated from the oil of water fennel and Canada balsam oil.
The phellandrenes are used in fragrances because of their pleasing aromas.  The odor of -phellandrene has been described as peppery-minty and slightly citrusy.
Phosphamidon

# Overview
Phosphamidon is an organophosphate insecticide first reported in 1960. It acts as a cholinesterase inhibitor.
The commercial product typically exists as a mixture of 70% (Z)-isomer and 30% (E)-isomer.

# Toxicity and regulation
Phosphamidon is very highly toxic to mammals and is listed as WHO Hazard Class Ia. A harvester developed symptoms of moderately severe poisoning after working in a field that had been sprayed with the chemical 2 weeks earlier. He collapsed and exhibited significant depression of serum cholinesterase, but recovered completely within 2 days after successful treatment with atropine. International trade of phosphamidon is covered by the Rotterdam Convention.
Phospho soda
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Phospho soda is an over the counter saline laxative. It is often taken to prepare for colonoscopy.
An amount of Phospho soda (normally 1.5 fluid ounce or 45 ml ) is usually mixed with water other clear liquids such as ginger ale.  This preparation usually results in a bowel movement anywhere from 30 minutes to 6 hours after it is taken. Phospho soda is also available in flavors to make it more palatable.
When Phospho-Soda is taken for colonoscopy prep the dose is usually 1.5 fluid ounces, twice in one day (3 oz total) usually 6 hours apart & is to be mixed with equal parts water (or other clear liquid) and then followed by 8 oz water. It will create very loose, {liquid} stool within 1/2 hour to 6 hours, usually about one hour.
Phospho-Soda can be used for a general laxative, but is not recommended. The dosage then is best cut in half & used only once instead of twice.
Phospho-Soda works by drawing liquid from the body into the colon, therefore it can cause severe dehydration if not used properly, and sometimes can even then. Use with your doctors knowledge & consent for best results.
Further info can be found on the {Fleet} website.
Phospholipid
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# Overview
Phospholipids are a class of lipids, and a major component of all biological membranes, along with glycolipids, cholesterol and proteins.  Understanding of the aggregation properties of these molecules is known as lipid polymorphism and forms part of current academic research.

# Amphipathic character
Due to its polar nature, the head of a phospholipid is hydrophilic (attracted to water); the lipophilic (or often known as hydrophobic) tails are not attracted to water.  When placed in water, phospholipids form one of a number of lipid phases.  In biological systems this is restricted to bilayers, in which the lipophilic tails line up against one another, forming a membrane with hydrophilic heads on both sides facing the water.  This allows it to form liposomes spontaneously, or small lipid vesicles, which can then be used to transport materials into living organisms and study diffusion rates into or out of a cell membrane.
This membrane is partially permeable, capable of elastic movement, and has fluid properties, in which embedded proteins (integral or peripheral proteins) and phospholipid molecules are able to move laterally.  Such movement can be described by the Fluid Mosaic Model, that describes the membrane as a mosaic of lipid molecules that act as a solvent for all the substances and proteins within it, so proteins and lipid molecules are then free to diffuse laterally through the lipid matrix and migrate over the membrane. Cholesterol contributes to membrane fluidity by hindering the packing together of phospholipids.  However, this model has now been superseded, as through the study of lipid polymorphism it is now known that the behaviour of lipids under physiological (and other) conditions is not simple.
Phrygian cap

# Overview
Phrygian cap is the transverse congenital septum in the fundus of the gallbladder. The original term referred to simple folding of the fundus, suggesting a septum radiographically. A causal relationship to the segmental form ofadenomyomatosis has been suggested but remains doubtful

# Historical Perspective
- Phrygia was an ancient country of Asia Minor, in what is now Turkey.
- The Phrygian cap was adopted by freed slaves in Roman times, and thus this cap became a symbol of liberty.
- This headgear made its last appearance in the 18th century during the French Revolution.
- It can be found atop a sword on the US Seal Of The Department Of The Army.
- Phygian caps are worn by smurfs.

# Diagnosis
On imaging, a transverse septum extends across the fundus of the gallbladder is seen.