Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Cilansetron

# Overview
Cilansetron is a drug that is a 5HT-3 antagonist currently under trial phase in the EU and US it is manufactured by Solvay Pharmaceuticals INC.
5HT-3 receptors are responsible for causing many things from nausea to excess bowel movements. It is thought in conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) the receptors have become faulty or oversensitive. 5HT-3 antagonists work by blocking the nervous and chemical signals from reaching these receptors.
Studies have shown that the drug can greatly improve quality of life in men and women with diahorrea predominant IBS (1) Cilansetron is the first 5HT antagonist specifically designed for IBS that is effective in men as well as women.(1)
Solvay has had considerable difficulty with the medicines regulators in the UK, EU and USA with regards to licensing the drug. This could possibly be due to the problems discovered after licensing with the drug Lotronex. At time of writing; Solvay had recently withdrawn its application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) but was continuing its talks with the MHRA in the UK and EU regulators. (2)
It is not currently known what sort of timeframe the public are looking at to be able to obtain the drug. This matter is not helped by the lack of information about cilansetron and its trials in the public domain. The regulators have also stated this in their responses.
There is no information about future trials currently available.
Some people have tried the Anti-emetic ondansetron HCl (Zofran) as a substitute for the time being, results are mixed but noted effect has been shown in some males and females (3)
However; due to its license in the UK it is usually only prescribable at consultant level. Since the licensing of a generic version it is more likely an NHS prescription will be accepted as the branded version is very expensive (Official NHS pricing.) In the USA and Canada: availability often depends on insurance and the doctors personal opinion on off-label prescribing.
Cilnidipine

# Overview
Cilnidipine (INN) is a calcium channel blocker.  
Clinidipine  is the novel calcium antagonist accompanied with L-type and N-type calcium channel blocking function. It was jointly developed by Fuji Viscera Pharmaceutical Company, Japan and Ajinomoto, Japan and approved to come into market for the first time and used for high blood pressure treatment in 1995. Compared with other calcium antagonists, clinidipine   can act on the N-type calcium-channel that existing sympathetic nerve end besides acting on L-type calcium-channel that similar to most of the calcium antagonists.

# Medical Uses
CILNIDIPINE due to its blocking action at N-type calcium channel dilates both arteriole & venules as a result the pressure in the capillary bed is reduces. It is used for hypertension management.

# Lack of Supporting Data
- Cilnidipine is not approved by US FDA.
- Cilnidipine is backed by only 51 studies, compared  to 1000s on other CCBs
- Cilnidipine has only 197 studies ever done on it.
- Patient count is very low for Cilnidipine.
- Most of Cilnidipine data is based on Animal Testing.

# Clinical Benifits
Cilnidipine controls hypertension for 24 hours with once daily dose. Cilnidipine has enhanced lipophilicity leading to prolonged antihypertensive effect correlated with occupancy of the binding site. In 24 hour clinical assessment, once-daily administration of cilnidipine (520 mg) produced BP reduction for 24 hour period. This indicates that once-daily cilnidipine exerts a sufficient and prolonged reduction of BP. Cilnidipine has 50 times higher selectivity for N-type of calcium channels than amlodipine. The inhibitory effect on the N-type Ca2+channel may bestow an additional clinical advantage for the treatment of hypertension, such as suppression of reflex tachycardia.
As catecholamines induce platelet activation via alpha 2-receptors on platelet membrane, decrease in norepinephrine level by cilnidipine  causes attenuation of platelet activation.
Cinolazepam

# Overview
Cinolazepam (marketed under the brand name Gerodorm) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.
Due to its strong sedative properties, it is primarily used as an hypnotic.
Cinolazepam is not approved for sale in the United States or Canada.
Citronellal
Citronellal or rhodinal or  3,7-dimethyloct-6-en-1-al (C10H18O) is a monoterpenoid, the main component in the mixture of terpenoid chemical compounds that give citronella oil its distinctive lemon scent.
Citronellal is a major isolate in distilled oils from the plants Cymbopogon, lemon-scented gum, and lemon-scented teatree.
Citronellal has insect repellent properties, and research shows high repellent effectiveness against misquitoes. Research shows that citronellal has strong antifungal qualities.
Citronellol
Citronellol, or dihydrogeraniol, is a natural acyclic monoterpenoid.  Both enantiomers occur in nature.  (+)-Citronellol, which is found citronella oils, including Cymbopogon nardus (50%), is the more common isomer.  ()-Citronellol is found in the oils of rose (18-55%) and geranium.
Citronellol is used in perfumes and insect repellents, and as a mite attractant.

# Health & Safety information
The United States FDA considers citronellol as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe for food use). Citronellol should be avoided by people with perfume allergy.
Clenbuterol
Clenbuterol is a drug prescribed to sufferers of breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator. People with chronic breathing disorders like asthma use this as a bronchodilator to make breathing easier. It is most commonly available in salt form as Clenbuterol hydrochloride.  Clenbuterol is often mistaken for a steroid because of its illicit use in athletics.

# Effects and Dosage
Clenbuterol is a 2 adrenergic agonist with some similarities to ephedrine, but its effects are more potent and longer-lasting as a stimulant and thermogenic drug. It causes an increase in aerobic capacity, CNS stimulation, and an increase in blood pressure and oxygen transportation. It increases the rate at which fat and protein is used up in the body at the same time as slowing down the storage of glycogen. It is commonly used for smooth muscle relaxant properties. This means that it is a bronchodilator and tocolytic. It is usually used in dosages anywhere from 20-60 micrograms a day when prescribed. A dose of about 150 g should never be exceeded in a day. It is also prescribed for treatment of horses, however, equestrian usage is usually the liquid form of clenbuterol.

# Human use
Recently clenbuterol has been touted as a weight loss drug and in some countries is prescribed as a bronchodilator for asthma patients. Human use can lead to side-effects.

# Veterinary use
Clenbuterol is used worldwide for the treatment of allergic respiratory disease in horses as it is a bronchodilator. A common trade name is Ventipulmin. It can be used both orally and intravenously.
It is also a non-steroidal anabolic and metabolism accelerator, through a mechanism not well understood. Its ability to induce weight gain and a greater proportion of muscle to fat makes its illegal use in livestock popular.

# Food contamination
In September 2006 over 330 people in Shanghai were reported to have been poisoned by eating pork contaminated by Clenbuterol that had been fed to the animals to keep their meat lean.

# Legal status
As of fall, 2006, Clenbuterol is not an ingredient of any therapeutic drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, but is still used as an unproven slimming aid, and is now banned for IOC-tested athletes. Jason Grimsley, former Major League baseball pitcher, admitted to using this drug. The tennis player Mariano Puerta was once penalized for use of clenbuterol. Australian wrestler Mitchil Mann was also suspended for testing positive for the drug.
Clobenzorex

# Overview
Clobenzorex (also known under the brand names Asenlix, Finedal, or Rexigen; or the US slang "greenies") is a stimulant drug used as an anorectic (that is, a medication that suppresses appetite).  The drug is legally distributed in Mexico under the trade name Asenlix by the Aventis pharmaceutical corporation.
Chemically, clobenzorex is an N-substituted amphetamine analog that is converted to (d) amphetamine soon after ingestion.  In commercial production, clobenzorex is supplied in 30mg doses as the hydrochloride salt in green-tinted capsules.  The drug gained use as a prescription anorectic in the 1970s; however, adverse reactions were eventually observed, which led to the prohibition of clobenzorex in the US and certain other countries.
In the United States of America, clobenzorex tablets (among other varieties of stimulants, such as amphetamine) have been used by athletes who ingest the drug to reduce fatigue, increase attention, and improve reaction times during athletic activities.  The green-tinted Asenlix capsules (generic forms can be seen as half light green, half dark green capsules marked "IFA") are known as "greenies" among US baseball players, a slang term that in current use has expanded to generically refer to any amphetamine-class stimulant.
Clobetasone

# Overview
Clobetasone (INN) is a corticosteroid used in dermatology, for treating such skin inflammation as seen in eczema, psoriasis and other forms of dermatitis, and ophthalmology.  Topical clobetasone butyrate has shown minimal suppression of the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
It is available as clobetasone butyrate under the brand names Eumosone or Eumovate both manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline.
Trimovate also contains Oxytetracycline, an antibiotic, and nystatin, an antifungal.

# Uses
In dermatology, topical clobestasone butyrate helps to reduce the itchiness and erythema associated with eczema and dermatitis.
In ophthalmology, clobetasone butyrate 0.1% eye drops have been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of dry eyes in Sjogren's Syndrome. Sjogren's Syndrome is an autoimmune disorder that affects the moisture producing glands of the body causing many symptoms including dry eyes. When compared to other corticosteroid eye drops; clobetasone butyrate showed only minimal rises in intraocular pressure. Increased pressure within the eye can lead to glaucoma.

# Adverse effects
Side effects associated with clobetasone cream and ointment include: burning, irritation, itching, thinning of the skin, and changes in skin color.
Clofazimine

# Overview
Clofazimine is a fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used in combination with rifampicin and dapsone as multidrug therapy (MDT) for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL).

# Category
Antimycobacterial

# US Brand Names
LAMPRENE (DISCONTINUED)

# Historical Perspective
Clofazimine, initially known as B663, was first synthesised in 1954 by a team led by Dr Vincent Barry at Trinity College, Dublin as an anti-tuberculosis drug. The drug proved ineffective against tuberculosis but in 1959 a researcher named Chang identified its effectiveness against leprosy. After clinical trials in Nigeria and elsewhere during the 1960s, some sponsored by the Swiss pharmaceutical company Geigy (today member of the Novartis group of drug producers), the product was launched in 1969 as Lamprene.
The U.S. government named Clofazimine an orphan drug in June 1986. Geigy gained FDA approval for the drug in December 1986.

# Supply
Clofazimine is marketed under the trade name Lamprene by Novartis. One of the only suppliers of Clofazimine Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient in the world is Sangrose Laboratories, located at Mavelikara in the southern Indian state of Kerala.

# Metabolism
Clofazimine has a very long half life of about 70 days.    Clofazimine produces pink to brownish skin pigmentation in 75-100% of patients within a few weeks.

# Mechanism of Action
Clofazimine exerts a slow bactericidal effect on Mycobacterium leprae. It inhibits mycobacterial growth and binds preferentially to mycobacterial DNA. It also exerts anti-inflammatory properties in controlling erythema nodosum leprosum reactions. However, its precise mechanisms of action are unknown.
Clostridium

# Overview
Clostridium is a large genus of Gram-positive bacteria, belonging to the Firmicutes.  They are obligate anaerobes capable of producing endospores. Individual cells are rod-shaped, which gives them their name, from the Greek kloster or spindle. These characteristics traditionally defined the genus, but they are not phylogenetically significant; many species originally classified as Clostridium have been reclassified in other genera.

# Pathology
Clostridium includes common free-living bacteria as well as important pathogens. There are four main species responsible for disease in humans:
- C. botulinum, an organism producing a toxin in food that causes botulism.
- C. difficile, which can overgrow other bacteria in the gut during antibiotic therapy, can cause pseudomembranous colitis.
- C. perfringens, causes a wide range of symptoms, from food poisoning to gas gangrene.  Also responsible for enterotoxemia (also known as "overeating disease" or "pulpy kidney disease") in sheep and goats.
- C. tetani, the causative organism of tetanus (lockjaw).
Honey sometimes contains Clostridium bacteria which may cause infant botulism in humans one year old and under.  Infant botulism causes the infant to produce botulinium toxin, which eventually paralyzes the breathing muscles. C. sordellii has been linked to the deaths of more than a dozen women after childbirth.

# Commercial uses
C. thermocellum can utilize lignocellulosic waste and generate ethanol, thus making it a possible candidate for use in ethanol production. It also has no oxygen requirement and is thermophilic, reducing cooling cost. C. acetobutylicum, also known as the Weizmann organism, which was first used by Chaim Weizmann to produce acetone and biobutanol from starch in 1916 for the production of gunpowder and TNT.
The anaerobic bacterium C. ljungdahlii, recently discovered in commercial chicken wastes, can produce ethanol from single-carbon sources including synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen that can be generated from the partial combustion of either fossil fuels or biomass.  Use of these bacteria to produce ethanol from synthesis gas has progressed to the pilot plant stage at the BRI Energy facility in Fayetteville, Arkansas.
Clotiazepam

# Overview
Clotiazepam (marketed under brand name Clozan, Distensan, Trecalmo, Rize, Rizen and Veratran) is a thienodiazepine drug which is a benzodiazepine analog. The clotiazepam molecule differs from most other benzodiazepines in that the benzene ring has been replaced by a thiophene ring. It possesses anxiolytic, skeletal muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant, sedative properties. Stage 2 NREM sleep is significantly increased by clotiazepam.

# Indications
Clotiazepam has been trialed and found to be effective in the short-term management of anxiety. Clotiazepam is also used as a premedicant in minor surgery in France and Japan, where the drug is commercially available under the brand names Veratran and Rize, respectively.

# Pharmacokinetics
A cross-over study in six healthy volunteers (median age 28 years) was conducted using single-dose pharmacokinetics of 5 mg clotiazepam drops, oral tablets, and sublingual tablets. The formulations had similar systemic availability. Compared with oral tablets, the sublingual route gave a lower peak concentration and a delayed peak time, while drops gave a greater maximum concentration with a similar peak time. The use of drops is suggested for a more marked initial effect and the sublingual route for easier administration, especially in the elderly.

# Pharmacology
Similar to other benzodiazepines clotiazepam has anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, amnesic, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant pharmacological properties. Clotiazepam binds to the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor where it acts as a full agonist; this action results in an enhanced GABA inhibitory effect at the GABAA receptor which results in the pharmacological effects of clotiazepam.
Clotiazepam has a relatively short elimination half-life and is less prone to accumulation after repeated dosing compared to longer-acting benzodiazepine agents. It is metabolised via oxidation. Clotiazepam is metabolised to hydroxy-clotiazepam and desmethyl-clotiazepam. After oral ingestion of a single 5 mg dose of clotiazepam by three healthy volunteers the drug was rapidly absorbed. The elimination half-life of the drug and its metabolites range from 6.5 hours to 18 hours. Clotiazepam is 99 percent bound to plasma protein. In elderly men the elimination half-life is longer and in elderly women the volume of distribution is increased. Individuals with liver impairment have a reduced volume of distribution as well as a reduced total clearance of clotiazepam; renal impairment does not affect the kinetics of clotiazepam.

# Side effects
Drowsiness and asthenia are common side effects. There has been a report of hepatitis caused by clotiazepam.

# Abuse
Clotiazepam is a recognised drug of abuse.
Cloxacillin
Cloxacillin is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. It is semisynthetic and in the same class as penicillin.
Cloxacillin is used against staphylococci that produce beta-lactamase, due to its large R chain, which does not allow the beta-lactamases to bind. This drug has a weaker antibacterial activity than benzylpenicillin, and is devoid of serious toxicity except for allergic reactions.
Cloxacillin was discovered and developed by Beecham. It is sold under a number of trade names, including Cloxapen, Cloxacap, Tegopen and Orbenin. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system.
Co-dydramol
Co-dydramol (BAN) is a non-proprietary name used to denote a combination of dihydrocodeine tartrate and paracetamol. Co-dydramol tablets are used for the relief of moderate pain.  Co-dydramol is in fact part of a series of combination drugs available in the UK and other countries including Co-codaprin (aspirin and codeine), Co-codamol (dihydrocodeine and paracetamol) and Co-proxamol (dextropropoxyphene and paracetamol).

# Formulation
All formulations contain 500 mg of paracetamol per tablet and may only be sold at a pharmacy as an over-the-counter item without prescription if containing less than 7.5 mg of dihydrocodeine per tablet. Higher strengths are prescription only medicines. Four strengths of dihydrocodeine tartrate in each tablet are available:
- 7.46 mg dihydrocodeine in the brand Paramol.
- 10 mg dihydrocodeine, BAN of Co-dydramol 10/500, this is also the preparation to be dispensed if no strength is specified on a prescription.
- 20 mg dihydrocodeine, BAN of Co-dydramol 20/500 (branded product Remedeine).
- 30 mg dihydrocodeine, BAN of Co-dydramol 30/500 (branded product Remedeine forte).
Co-dydramol is one of a number of drugs using its particular method of deriving a proprietary and/or common name beginning with "co" and a hyphen.  In fact, the "co" is for "combination", and in the British National Formulary there are many combination drugs with names using this naming convention, including antibiotics, gastrointestinal perparations, drugs to lower blood pressure, diuretics, anti-Parkinsonism agents and others.  This list includes other agents for combating migrane headaches, such as Co-dergocrine, Co-careldopa, and others.  The other commonly-encountered opioid combination is the anti-diarrhoeal, non-analgesic mixture of diphenoxylate and atropine, Co-phenotrope (a.k.a. Lomotil)
Co-tenidone
Co-tenidone (BAN) is a non-proprietary name used to denote a combination of atenolol and chlortalidone. Co-tenidone is used in the treatment of hypertension. The use of -blockers in hypertension was downgraded in June 2006 in the United Kingdom to fourth-line as they perform less well than other drugs, and that atenolol, the most frequently used -blocker, at usual doses carries an unacceptable risk of provoking type 2 diabetes.

# Formulation
Two strengths of co-amilozide is currently available in the UK:
- 50 mg atenolol and 12.5 mg chlortalidone , BAN of Co-tenidone 50/12.5
- 100 mg atenolol and 25 mg chlortalidone , BAN of Co-tenidone 100/25
Cobaltocene

# Overview
Cobaltocene, Co(C5H5)2, is known as bis(cyclopentadienyl)cobalt(II) or even "bis Cp cobalt."  This dark purple compound is solid at room temperature that sublimes at 40 C in a good vacuum, ca. 0.1 mm.  Cobaltocene was discovered shortly after ferrocene, the first "metallocene."  The compound must be handled and stored in the absence of air due to the ease with which it reacts with O2.
Cobaltocene is prepared by the reaction of sodium cyclopentadienide, NaC5H5, with anhydrous CoCl2 in THF solution.  Sodium chloride is generated, and the organometallic product is usually purified by vacuum sublimation.

# Structure and bonding
Co(C5H5)2 belongs to a group of organometallic compounds called metallocenes that consist of a metal atom sandwiched between two cyclopentadienyl (Cp) rings.  Thus, metallocenes are sometimes referred as sandwich compounds.
Cobaltocene has 19 valence electrons, one more than usually found in organotransition metal complexes, such as its very stable relative ferrocene.  This additional electron occupies an orbital that is antibonding with respect to the Co-C bonds.  Consequently, the Co-C distances are slightly longer than the Fe-C bonds in ferrocene.  Many chemical reactions of Co(C5H5)2 are characterized by its tendency lose this "extra" electron, yielding 18-electron cation known as cobaltocenium:

# Redox properties
Co(C5H5)2 is a common one-electron reducing agent in the laboratory.  In fact, the reversibility of the Co(C5H5)2 redox couple is so well behaved that Co(C5H5)2 may be used in cyclic voltammetry as an internal standard.
One of its analogues called decamethylcobaltocene Co(C5Me5)2 is an especially powerful reducing agent, due to inductive donation of electron density from the 10 methyl groups, prompting the cobalt to give up its "extra" electron even more so.  These two compounds are rare examples of reductants that dissolve in non-polar organic solvents.  The reduction potentials of these compounds follow, using the ferrocene-ferrocenium couple as the reference:
We can see from this data that the decamethyl compounds are ca. 600 mV more reducing than the parent metallocenes.  This substituent effect is, however, overshadowed by the influence of the metal: changing from Fe to Co renders the reduction more favorable by over 1.3 volts.

# Other reactions
Treatment of Co(C5H5)2 with carbon monoxide gives the cobalt(I) derivative Co(C5H5)(CO)2, concomitant with loss of one Cp ligand.  This air-stable, distillable liquid has "two-legged piano-stool" structure.