Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Olecranon bursitis

# Overview
Olecranon bursitis is a clinical condition characterized by pain, swelling and inflammation of the olecranon bursa. This bursa is located over the extensor aspect of the extreme proximal end of the ulna. In common with other bursae, it is in the normal state invisible and impalpable, and contains only a very small amount of fluid, but fulfills the function of all bursae in facilitating movement at a joint (in this case the elbow) by enabling anatomical structures to  glide more easily over each other. Also in common with other bursae, it can become inflamed, producing a condition called bursitis.

# Causes
Bursitis normally develops as a result either of a single injury to the elbow, or perhaps more commonly due to repeated minor injuries, such as may be caused by repeatedly leaning on the point of the elbow on a hard surface. As a reaction to injury, the lining of the bursa becomes inflamed. It then secretes a much greater than normal amount of fluid into the closed cavity of the bursa, from where it has nowhere to go. The bursa therefore inflates, producing a swelling over the proximal end of the ulna which is usually inflamed and tender.

# Differential diagnosis
Olecranon bursitis must be differentiated from other causes of bursitis

# Treatment
Ideal treatment consists of aspirating the excess with a syringe, and injecting into the bursa a hydrocortisone type medication which will relieve the inflammation and prevent further accumulation of fluid. The patient must also be instructed to avoid leaning on the elbow.
Olecranon fracture

# Overview
Olecranon fractures account for approximately 10% of all upper extremity fractures in adults. These fractures are commonly classified with the Mayo system which breaks fractures down into three types with the further sub-typing of fractures using "A" and "B" nomenclature in which "A" refers to non-comminuted fractures and
B" refers to the presence of communinution.
- Type I - Non-displaced
- Type II Displaced-Stable
- Type III Unstable or accompanying instability of the ulnohumeral joint
The most common type that is seen is the type II simple transverse fracture which accounts for greater than 85% of olecranon fractures. The incidence is 1.15 per 100,000 individuals.
The mean age of patients sustaining such fractures is in the 50's with men typically being injured at younger ages than women. Furthermore, the most common associated injury is fracture of the ipsilateral proximal radius.
Omega-6 fatty acid
Omega-6 fatty acids are fatty acids where the term "omega-6" signifies that the first double bond in the carbon backbone of the fatty acid, occurs in the omega minus 6 position; that is, the sixth carbon from the end of the fatty acid.  See essential fatty acids for more detail on the naming system.
The biological effects of the -6 fatty acids are largely mediated by their interactions with the -3 fatty acids, see Essential fatty acid interactions for detail.
Linoleic acid (18:2), the shortest chain omega-6 fatty acid is an essential fatty acid. Arachidonic acid (20:4) is a physiologically significant n-6 fatty acid and is the precursor for prostaglandins and other physiologically active molecules.
Dietary sources of omega-6 fatty acids include:
- nuts
- cereals
- whole-grain breads
- most vegetable oils
- eggs and poultry
- baked goods.
Modern Western diets typically have ratios of omega-6 to omega-3 in excess of 10 to 1, some as high as 30 to 1. The optimal ratio is thought to be 4 to 1 or lower. 

# List of omega-6 fatty acids

# Health effects
Some medical research has suggested that excessive levels of omega-6 acids, relative to Omega-3 fatty acids, may increase the probability of a number of diseases and depression. However, more recently, the Cochrane Collaboration reported only a decrease in myocardial infarction.
Omental infarction

# Overview
Omental infarction is a rare cause of acute abdomen. It typically simulates acute appendicitis, with clinical features that include abdominal pain of a few days duration, most often localized in the right lower or upper quadrant. Infarction of the omentum is less common than infarction of either the small or the large bowel because abundant collateral vessels perfuse the omentum.

# Causes
The most frequent cause of nontorsion-related omental infarction is venous insufficiency due to trauma or thrombosis of the omental veins.

# Risk Factors
Factors that predispose people to omental infarction include obesity, strenuous activity, congestive heart failure, digitalis administration, recent abdominal surgery, and abdominal trauma.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
The manifestation of right-sided pain may lead to clinical misdiagnosis of omental infarction as appendicitis or cholecystitis; thus, imaging is required to achieve an accurate diagnosis and to avoid unnecessary laparotomy and antibiotic therapy.

## CT
- Solitary large non enhancing omental mass with heterogeneous attenuation
- Most often located in the right lower quadrant, deep to the rectus abdominis muscle and either anterior to the transverse colon or anteromedial to the ascending colon.
- Although omental infarction may have a CT appearance that resembles that of acute epiploic appendagitis, it lacks the hyperattenuating ring that is seen in epiploic appendagitis. In addition, whereas the central focal lesion in acute epiploic appendagitis is most often less than 5 cm long and is located adjacent to the sigmoid colon, the lesion in omental infarction is larger and most commonly located next to the cecum or the ascending colon.
Open Source Center
Open Source Center (OSC) is a United States government agency that provides analysts of open-source materials, including gray literature, through OSC's domestic and overseas bureaus. Established November 1, 2005 under the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, OSC was tasked with improving the availability of open sources to intelligence officers and other government officials.  OSC provides material to the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) and other government officials through the online news service World News Connection.

# History
In the fall of 1992, Senator David Boren, then Chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, sponsored the National Security Act of 1992, attempting to achieve modest reform in the U.S. Intelligence Community.  His counterpart on the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence was Congressman McCurdy. The House version of the legislation included a separate Open Source Office, at the suggestion of Larry Prior, a Marine Reservist familiar with the MCIC experience and then serving on the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence staff.
The Aspin-Brown Commission stated in 1996 that US access to open sources was "severely deficient" and that this should be a "top priority" for both funding and DCI attention.
In issuing its July 2004 report, the 9/11 Commission recommended the creation of an open-source intelligence agency, but without further detail or comment. Subsequently, the WMD Commission (also known as the Robb-Silberman Commission) report in March 2005 recommended the creation of an Open Source Directorate at the CIA.
Following these recommendations, in November 2005 the Director of National Intelligence announced the creation of the DNI Open Source Center. The Center was established to collect information available from "the Internet, databases, press, radio, television, video, geospatial data, photos and commercial imagery." In addition to collecting openly available information, it would train analysts to make better use of this information. The Center absorbed the CIA's previously existing Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), originally established in 1941, with FBIS head Douglas Naquin named as director of the Center.
Optical absorption
In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is the process by which the energy of a photon is taken up by matter, typically the electrons of an atom. Thus, the electromagnetic energy is transformed to other form of energy, for example, to heat. The absorption of light during wave propagation is often called attenuation.

# Physical process
When a material is illuminated, photons can make the valence electrons of an atom transition to a higher electronic energy levels. The photon is destroyed in the process and the absorbed radiant energy is transformed to electric potential energy. Several things can happen then to the absorbed energy, as it may be re-emitted by the electron as radiant energy (in this case the overall effect is in fact a scattering of light), dissipated to the rest of the material (i.e. transformed into heat), or even the electron can be freed from the atom (as in the photoelectric and Compton effects).
For most substances, the amount of absorption varies with the wavelength of the light, since the energy of the incident photon must be similar to an allowed electronic transition. This leads to the appearance of colour in pigments that absorb some wavelengths but not others. For example, an object that absorbs blue, green and yellow light will appear red when viewed under white light.

# Quantitative measurements
The absorbance of an object quantifies how much of the incident light is absorbed by it (not all photons get absorbed, some are reflected or refracted instead). This may be related to other properties of the object through the Beer-Lambert law.
Precise measurements of the absorbance at many wavelengths allow the identification of a substance via absorption spectroscopy, where a sample is illuminated from one side, and the intensity of the light that exits from the sample in every direction is measured.

# Earth surface
The specific phenomena involving absorption of electromagnetic radiation at the Earth's surface have several important aspects.  These phenomena include regulating the temperature of the Earth's crust, surface waters and lower atmosphere.  Changes in the Earth's crust such as glaciation, deforestation, polar ice melting, will necessarily alter the quantity and wavelength selectivity of electromagnetic absorption at the Earth's surface; correspondingly, changes in climate such as global warming may accompany changes in electromagnetic absorption or its inverse, the albedo.  Regulation of the temperature of surface waters has been analyzed with respect to the influence of electromagnetic radiation absorption, indicating the effects of total solar insolation and the local albedo.
Orthopnea overview

# Overview
Orthopnea (Greek from ortho, straight + pnoia, breath) is dyspnea which occurs when lying flat, causing the person to have to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair. Orthopnoea is a symptom of heart failure. It can also occur in those with asthma and chronic bronchitis, as well as those with sleep apnea or panic disorder.
It is commonly measured according to the number of pillows needed to prop the patient up to enable breathing (Example: "3 pillow orthopnea").

# Pathophysiology
When a patient lies flat, pulmonary and venous pressure increases due to an increase in venous return to the lungs.

# Causes
The condition is often due to left ventricular failure and/or pulmonary edema.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Orthopnea is associated with congestive heart failure in 95% of cases.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
Patients with orthopnoea often complain of waking up suddenly during the night 'unable to breathe' if they have slipped down from their pillows into the supine position. They may run to the window to 'get some air'.

## Electrocardiogram
An EKG should be obtained to exclude myocardial infarction, right ventricular strain, left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy.

## Chest X Ray
A chest x ray should be obtained to assess extent of pulmonary edema.

## Echocardiography
Echocardiography can reveal structural problems of the heart and valves as well as LV function.
Orthorexia nervosa

# Overview
Orthorexia, or orthorexia nervosa is a term coined by Dr. Steven Bratman, a Colorado MD, to denote an eating disorder characterized by a fixation on eating what the sufferer considers to be healthful food, which can ultimately lead to early death.
Bratman coined the term in 1997 from the Greek orthos, "correct or right", and orexis for "appetite". Literally "correct appetite", the word is modeled on anorexia, "without appetite". Bratman describes orthorexia as an unhealthy obsession (as in obsessive-compulsive disorder) with what the sufferer considers to be healthy eating. The subject may avoid certain foods, such as those containing fats, preservatives, or animal products, and suffer malnutrition.  Dr. Bratman asserts that "emaciation is common among followers of health food diets."
According to the Macmillan English Dictionary, the word is entering the English lexicon., though the condition is not listed in the DSM-IV. Bratman's concept has been criticized by some medical professionals, who state that focusing on healthful diet is generally considered beneficial and does not indicate a psychological pathology.
However, the criticism is not universal in that  Orthorexia is used as a diagnosis by some practitioners who have documented the damaging results of the condition, as they have seen in their practices.

# Diagnostic criteria
As of January 2007, two peer-reviewed studies have been published on the condition.    In the studies, Donini et al define orthorexia nervosa as a "maniacal obsession for healthy foods" and propose several diagnostic criteria.  Sufferers of orthorexia often display symptoms consistent with obsessive-compulsive disorder and have an exaggerated concern with healthy eating patterns.  A diagnostic questionnaire has been developed for orthorexia sufferers, similar to questionnaires for other eating disorders.
Dr. Bratman proposes his own test:  "Do you care more about the virtue of what you eat than the pleasure you receive from eating it?"   Dietary and medical experts respond that eating for the pleasure one receives from food is known as emotional eating.

# Symptoms and their possible explanations
Symptoms of orthorexia nervosa may include obsession with healthy eating, emaciation, and death by starvation. Orthorexic subjects typically have specific feelings towards different types of food. Preserved products are described as "dangerous", industrially produced products as "artificial", and biological products as "healthy". Sufferers demonstrate a strong or uncontrollable desire to eat when feeling nervous, excited, happy or guilty.  Orthorexia nervosa has a higher prevalence in men and in those with a lower level of education.

# Biology of orthorexia nervosa
There has been no investigation into whether there may be a biological cause specific to orthorexia nervosa.  However, Donini et al link orthorexia to a food-centered manifestation of obsessive compulsive disorder, which is thought to have specific biological causes.
Ottawa ankle rules

# Overview
In medicine, the Ottawa ankle rules are a set of guidelines for doctors to aid them in deciding if a patient with foot or ankle pain should be offered X-rays to diagnose a possible bone fracture. Before the introduction of the rules most patients with ankle injuries would have been X-rayed. However only about 15% of X-rays were positive for fracture, other patients had sprains or other injuries. As a result many unnecessary X-rays were taken, which was costly, time consuming and a possible health risk.

# Historical Perspective
The Ottawa ankle rules were developed by a team at the department of emergency medicine in Ottawa, Canada.  Since the rules were formulated in Ottawa they were dubbed the Ottawa ankle rules by its creators a few years after their development, a title that has stuck.   In this respect, the naming of the rules is similar to a widely used assessment of mental status, the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), which also takes its name from the city in which it was created.

# The Ottawa Ankle Rules
X-rays are only required if there is bony pain in the malleolar or midfoot area, and any one of the following:
- Bone tenderness along the distal 6 cm of the posterior edge of the tibia or tip of the medial malleolus
- Bone tenderness along the distal 6 cm of the posterior edge of the fibula or tip of the lateral malleolus
- Bone tenderness at the base of the fifth metatarsal (for foot injuries).
- Bone tenderness at the navicular bone (for foot injuries).
- An inability to bear weight both immediately and in the emergency department for four steps.
Certain groups are excluded, in particular children (under the age of 18), pregnant women, and those with diminished ability to follow the test (for example due to head injury or intoxication).

# Utility of the Ottawa Rules
The rules have been found to have a very low rate of false negatives. In the original research reported that the test was 100% sensitive and reduced the number of ankle X-rays by about 35%. A second trial with a larger number of patients confirmed these findings.  Subsequently, a multi-center study was done that explored the feasibility of implementing the rules on a wider scale.

# Generalization to Other Joints
The original rules were developed for ankle and foot injuries only, but similar guidelines have been developed for other injuries such as the knees.
Oxycodone overdose

# Overdose topics
Manifestations
Deaths due to Oxycodone
Treatment

## Manifestations
Acute overdosage with oxycodone can be manifested by respiratory depression, somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, skeletal muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, constricted pupils, bradycardia, hypotension, and death. Return to top

## Deaths due to Oxycodone
Deaths due to overdose have been reported with abuse and misuse of OxyContin, by ingesting, inhaling, or injecting the crushed tablets. Review of case reports has indicated that the risk of fatal overdose is further increased when OxyContin is abused concurrently with alcohol or other CNS depressants, including other opioids. Return to top

## Treatment
In the treatment of oxycodone overdosage, primary attention should be given to the re-establishment of a patent airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation. Supportive measures (including oxygen and vasopressors) should be employed in the management of circulatory shock and pulmonary edema accompanying overdose as indicated. Cardiac arrest or arrhythmias may require cardiac massage or defibrillation. Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
PRECISE-DAPT score
Synonyms and keywords: PREdicting bleeding Complications In patients undergoing Stent implantation and subsEquent Dual Anti Platelet Therapy;

# Overview
PRECISE-DAPT score is a validated risk assessment tool designed to predict the risk of bleeding associated with dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin plus a P2Y12 inhibitor among patients who are treated with coronary stenting.

# PRECISE-DAPT score
PRECISE-DAPT score is a validated risk assessment tool designed to predict the risk of bleeding associated with dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin plus a P2Y12 inhibitor among patients who are treated with coronary stenting.
 was invented by (Author) et al in (year), and has been externally validated in (other populations/subsequent studies).(add references)
 is a (risk assessment tool/risk stratification scheme) designed to assess the (30-day/5-year) risk of (bleeding/ischemia/other end point) associated with (antiplatelet/antithrombotic/other treatment) among patients with (coronary heart disease/heart failure/other condition).
 is a (clinical prediction rule) devised to assess the severity of (acute pancreatitis/other disease) among (hospitalized patients/healthy individuals/other population) in the (outpatient/inpatient/surgical/medical/emergency room) setting.
 is a (decision tool) designed to assist the decision-making pertaining to the (risk/benefit) of (antiplatelet/antithrombotic/other treatment) for (acute coronary syndrome/other conditions) among (hospitalized patients/healthy individuals/other population).

#  Calculator
Shown below is the calculator for  (check all the boxes that apply):
(insert widget here)

# Interpretation
- Score < 25:
- Score  25: Higher risk of thrombotic-ischemic events and a significantly higher risk of death (particularly bleeding related), MI and major bleeding
PURSUIT risk score

# Definition and History
The PURSUIT (Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy) risk score was developed in a randomized clinical trial which recruited 9,461 patients and compared eptifibatide (Integrilin) to placebo in the management of Unstable Angina (UA) or Non-ST elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI).

# Function
- By using multivariate regression analysis, the investigators established seven risk predictors for death and myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
- Five of these risk factors were then combined into a scoring system:
Higher age
Sex
Worst Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) class of angina
Signs of heart failure
ST-segment depression on the index ECG
- Higher age
- Sex
- Worst Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) class of angina
- Signs of heart failure
- ST-segment depression on the index ECG
- Each of these elements is scored accordingly, resulting in a score ranging 1 - 18.

# Interpretation
- The PURSUIT score predicts the risk of death or death/MI at 30 days after admission.
- ACS patients are divided into low, intermediate, and high risk patients, with suggested therapies of early discharge, watchful waiting, and aggressive antiplatelet / early invasive strategies, respectively.
Paeonia lactiflora
Paeonia lactiflora, or Chinese Peony ( or  in Chinese; pinyin: shao or bai shao; bai meaning "white") is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the family Paeoniaceae, native to central and eastern Asia from eastern Tibet across northern China to eastern Siberia. It is about 60-100 cm tall with large compound leaves 20-40 cm long. The flower buds are large and round, opening into large flowers 8-16 cm diameter, with 5-10 white, pink, or crimson petals and yellow stamens.
It is used a medicinal herb in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is called  (pinyin: shao yao) or  (pinyin: bai shao yao). The root is used to reduce fever and pain, and on wounds to stop bleeding and prevent infection. An antispasmodic effect is also recorded in the Japanese pharmacopoeia.
It is also widely grown as an ornamental plant in gardens, with several hundred selected cultivars; many of the cultivars have double flowers, with the stamens modified into additional petals. In China, however, it is less highly valued as an ornamental plant than the cultivars of tree peony Paeonia rockii (tree peony, known as ziban mu dan in Chinese) and its hybrid Paeonia x suffruticosa, or mu dan ( ).
The cultivars could be arranged in three cultivar groups:
- Single-flowered. Petals in a single row, stamens fertile. Resembles the wild type, but usually larger.
- Japanese-flowered. Petals in a single or double row. Stamens transformed into sterile staminoides.
- Double-flowered. All or most of the stamens transformed into petals.
- Paeonia lactiflora 'White Wings' - single-flowered.
- Paeonia lactiflora 'Doreen' - japanese-flowered.
- Paeonia lactiflora 'Mons. Jules Elie' - double-flowered.
Synonyms for P. lactiflora include P. albiflora, P. chinensis, P. edulis, P. fragrans, P. lactea, P. reevesiana, and P. sinensis .
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