Lichen nitidus

# Overview
Lichen nitidus is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology, characterized by 1-2mm, discrete and uniform, shiny, flat-topped, pale flesh-colored or reddish-brown papules that may be hypopigmented in blacks, and, occasionally, minimal scaling is present or can be induced by rubbing the surface, a disease process that usually affects children and young adults, and is painless and nonpruritic, though protracted pruritus may be occur.

# Presentation
Linear arrangements of these papules is common (referred to as a Koebner Phenomenon), especially on the forearms, but may occasionally be grouped, though not confluent, on flexural areas.  Generally, the initial lesions are localized, and remain so, to the chest, abdomen, glans penis, and flexor aspects of the upper extremities; however, less commonly, the disease process can (1) be strictly isolated to the palms and soles, presenting with many hyperkeratotic, yellow papules that may coalesce into plaques that fissure or ...sometimes a non-specific keratoderma resembling chronic eczema, or (2) become more widespread, with papules widely distributed on the bodythe extensor surfaces of the elbows, wrists, and hands, folds of the neck, submammary region in females, groin, thighs, ankles, and feetand fusing into erythematous, minimally scaled plaques, with reddness that develops tints of violet, brown, and yellow.

# Pathology
The histology of lichen nitidus is significant for a "...localized granulomatous lymphohistiocytic infiltrate in an expanded dermal papilla with thinning of overlying epidermis and downward extension of the rete ridges at the lateral margin of the infiltrate, producing a typical 'claw clutching a ball' picture...."

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination

### Skin
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Lichen nitidus. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

# Treatment
Generally, lichen nitidus is asymptomatic and self-limited; therefore, no treatment is required.  However, if persistent pruritus is present, or the appearance ...interferes with daily activities or outlook... topical glucocorticoids may be tried.  If the disease processes is symptomatic, generalized and extensive, oral glucocorticoids may be indicated.  Other reported treatments include PUVA, UVA/UVB phototherapy, astemizole, acitretin, and etretinate.

# Footnotes
-  Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Al-Mutairi, N., et al. "Generalized lichen nitidus." Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22(2):158-60. PMID 15804308.
-  Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Odom, Richard, et al. Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. 
W.B. Saunders Company. Pages 277-280. ISBN 0721658326.
-  Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Freedberg, Irwin, et al. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing. Pages 577-581. ISBN 0079129382.
-  Jump up to: 4.0 4.1 Soroush, V., et al. "Generalized lichen nitidus: case report and literature review." Cutis. 1999;64(2):135-6. PMID 10467510.
-  Jump up to: 5.0 5.1 Maeda, M. "A case of generalized lichen nitidus with Koebner's phenomenon." J Dermatol. 1994;21(4):273-7.
-  Jump up to: 6.0 6.1 Do, M.O., et al. "Generalized lichen nitidus successfully treated with narrow-band UVB phototherapy: two cases report." J Korean Med Sci. 2007;22(1):163-6. PMID 17297274.
-  Jump up to: 7.0 7.1 7.2 Thibaudeau, A., et al. "Palmoplantar lichen nitidus: a rare cause of palmoplantar hyperkeratosis." Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2004;131(8-9):822-4. PMID 15505553.
-  Jump up to: 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.29 8.30 8.31 8.32 8.33 8.34 8.35 8.36 8.37 8.38 8.39 8.40 8.41 "Dermatology Atlas"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}