Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Integrin alpha 3
Integrin alpha-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGA3 gene.
ITGA3 is an integrin alpha subunit. Together with beta-1 subunit, it makes up half of the 31 integrin duplex that plays a role in neural migration and corticogenesis, acted upon by such factors as netrin-1 and reelin.
ITGA3 encodes the integrin alpha 3 chain. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. Alpha chain 3 undergoes post-translational cleavage in the extracellular domain to yield disulfide-linked light and heavy chains that join with beta 1 to form an integrin that interacts with many extracellular matrix proteins.

# Alternative names
The alpha 3 beta 1 integrin is known variously as: very late (activation) antigen 3 ('VLA-3'), very common antigen 2 ('VCA-2'), extracellular matrix receptor 1 ('ECMR1'), and galactoprotein b3 ('GAPB3').

# Interactions
CD49c has been shown to interact with:
- CD9
- FHL2,
- LGALS8,  and
- TSPAN4.
Integrin alpha 9
Integrin alpha-9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGA9 gene. Cytogenetic location: 3p22.2 

# Function
This gene encodes an alpha integrin. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane glycoproteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain that mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. The protein encoded by this gene, when bound to the beta 1 chain, forms an integrin that is a receptor for tenascin-C, VCAM1 and osteopontin. Expression of this gene has been found to be upregulated in small cell lung cancers.

# Interactions
The 9 subunit forms a heterodimeric complex with a 1 subunit to form the 91 integrin. This integrin participates in cell adhesion with various ligands in the extracellular matrix (ECM), including extra domain A (EDA) fibronectin, tenascin-C, ADAMs, EMELIN1, osteopontin, and VEGF. 91 binding is independent of the RGD peptide sequence.
Integrin alpha L
Integrin, alpha L (antigen CD11A (p180), lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1; alpha polypeptide), also known as ITGAL, is a human gene which functions in the immune system. It is involved in cellular adhesion and costimulatory signaling. It is the target of the drug efalizumab.

# Function
ITGAL encodes the integrin alpha L chain. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This I-domain containing alpha integrin combines with the beta 2 chain (ITGB2) to form the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), which is expressed on all leukocytes. LFA-1 plays a central role in leukocyte intercellular adhesion through interactions with its ligands, ICAMs 1-3 (intercellular adhesion molecules 1 through 3), and also functions in lymphocyte costimulatory signaling.
CD11a is one of the two components, along with CD18, which form lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1.
Efalizumab acts as an immunosuppressant by binding to CD11a but was withdrawn in 2009 because it was associated with severe side effects.

# Interactions
CD11a has been shown to interact with ICAM-1.
Integrin alpha V
Integrin alpha-V is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGAV gene.

# Function
ITGAV encodes integrin alpha chain V. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. Alpha V undergoes post-translational cleavage to yield disulfide-linked heavy and light chains, that combine with multiple integrin beta chains to form different integrins. Among the known associating beta chains (beta chains 1,3,5,6, and 8; 'ITGB1', 'ITGB3', 'ITGB5', 'ITGB6', and 'ITGB8'), each can interact with extracellular matrix ligands; the alpha V beta 3 integrin, perhaps the most studied of these, is referred to as the Vitronectin receptor (VNR). In addition to adhesion, many integrins are known to facilitate signal transduction.

# Alpha V class integrins
In mammals the integrins that include alpha-V are :

# Clinical significance
Overexpression of the ITGAV gene is associated with progression and spread of colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer.

# As a drug target
The mAbs intetumumab, and abituzumab target this protein which is found on some tumour cells.
Integrin alpha X
CD11c, also known as Integrin, alpha X (complement component 3 receptor 4 subunit) (ITGAX), is a gene that encodes for CD11c  .
CD11c is an integrin alpha X chain protein. Integrins are heterodimeric integral membrane proteins composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. This protein combines with the beta 2 chain (ITGB2) to form a leukocyte-specific integrin referred to as inactivated-C3b (iC3b) receptor 4 (CR4). The alpha X beta 2 complex seems to overlap the properties of the alpha M beta 2 integrin in the adherence of neutrophils and monocytes to stimulated endothelium cells, and in the phagocytosis of complement coated particles.
CD11c is a type I transmembrane protein found at high levels on most human dendritic cells, but also on monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and some B cells that induces cellular activation and helps trigger neutrophil respiratory burst; expressed in hairy cell leukemias, acute nonlymphocytic leukemias, and some B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias.
Maxillary artery
The maxillary artery (or internal maxillary artery in older texts) is an artery that supplies deep structures of the face.

# Structure
The maxillary artery, the larger of the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery, arises behind the neck of the mandible, and is at first imbedded in the substance of the parotid gland; it passes forward between the ramus of the mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament, and then runs, either superficial or deep to the lateral pterygoid muscle, to the pterygopalatine fossa.
It supplies the deep structures of the face, and may be divided into mandibular, pterygoid, and pterygopalatine portions.

## First portion
The first or mandibular portion passes horizontally forward, between the ramus of the mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament, where it lies parallel to and a little below the auriculotemporal nerve; it crosses the inferior alveolar nerve, and runs along the lower border of the lateral pterygoid muscle.
Branches include:
- Deep auricular artery
- Anterior tympanic artery
- Middle meningeal artery
- Inferior alveolar artery
- Accessory meningeal artery

## Second portion
The second or pterygoid portion runs obliquely forward and upward under cover of the ramus of the mandible and insertion of the temporalis, on the superficial (very frequently on the deep) surface of the lateral pterygoid muscle; it then passes between the two heads of origin of this muscle and enters the fossa.
Branches include:
- Masseteric artery
- Pterygoid branches
- Deep temporal arteries (anterior and posterior)
- Buccal artery

## Third portion
The third or pterygopalatine portion lies in the pterygopalatine fossa in relation with the pterygopalatine ganglion.
Branches include:
- Sphenopalatine artery, terminal branch
- Descending palatine artery
- Infraorbital artery
- Posterior superior alveolar artery
- Pharyngeal artery
- Artery of pterygoid canal

# Nomenclature
- Formerly, the term "external maxillary artery" was used to describe what is now known as the facial artery (per Terminologia anatomica.) Currently, the term "external maxillary artery" is less commonly used, and the terms "internal maxillary artery" and "maxillary artery" are equivalent.

# Additional images
- Mandible. Outer surface. Side view.
Intestinal juice

# Overview
Intestinal juice (succus entericus) refers to the clear to pale yellow watery secretions from the glands lining the small intestine walls. Secretion is stimulated by the mechanical pressure of partly digested food in the intestine.
Its function is to complete the process begun by pancreatic juice; the enzyme trypsin exists in pancreatic juice in the inactive form trypsinogen, it is activated by the intestinal enterokinase in intestinal juice. Trypsin can then activate other protease enzymes and catalyze the reaction pro-colipase --> colipase.  Colipase is necessary, along with Bile Salts, to enable Lipase function.
Intestinal juice also contains hormones, digestive enzymes, mucus, substances to neutralize hydrochloric acid coming from the stomach and erepsin which further digests polypeptides into amino acids, completing protein digestion.
Iodine pentoxide
Iodine pentoxide is the chemical compound with the formula I2O5.  This iodine oxide is the anhydride of iodic acid.  It is produced by dehydrating iodic acid at 200 C in a stream of dry air:

# Structure
I2O5 is bent with an I-O-I angle of 139.2, but the molecule has no mirror plane so its symmetry is not C2v. The terminal I-O distances are around 1.80 A and the bridging I-O distances are around 1.95 A.

# Reactions
Iodine pentoxide easily oxidises carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide at room temperature:
This reaction can be used to analyse the concentration of CO in a gaseous sample.
I2O5 forms iodyl salts, , with SO3 and S2O6F2, but iodosyl salts, , with concentrated sulfuric acid.
Ipomoea purpurea
Ipomoea purpurea, the Purple or Common Morning Glory, is a species in the genus Ipomoea, native to Mexico and Central America. Like all morning glories the plant entwines itself around structures with its viny stems, growing to a height of 2-3 m tall. The leaves are heart-shaped and the stems are covered with brown hairs. The flowers are trumpet-shaped, predominantly blue to purple or white, 3-6 cm diameter. 
The habitats of morning glories are landscapes, fences and crops. The plant is predisposed to moist and rich soil, but can be found growing in a wide array of soil types. It is naturalized throughout warm temperate and subtropical regions of the world. Although it is often considered a noxious weed, Ipomoea purpurea is also grown for its beautiful purple and white flowers and has many cultivars. Common cultivars include I. purpurea 'Crimson Rambler' (red-violet blossoms with white throats); 'Grandpa Ott's,' 'Kniola's Black Knight,' and 'Star of Yelta' (blossoms in varying shades of deep purple with white or pale pink throats); and 'Milky Way' (white blossoms with mauve accents).
The triangular seeds have some history of use as a psychedelic; they, like Ipomoea tricolor contain LSA. It must be noted that the seeds contain several toxins, so any use should be done with caution. Effects are reported to be almost identical to LSD.

# Notes
-  Germplasm Resources Information Network: Ipomoea purpurea
-  Richard H. Uva, Joseph C. Neal and Joseph M. Ditomaso, Weeds of The Northeast, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), Pp. 214-217
-  Richard H. Uva, Joseph C. Neal and Joseph M. Ditomaso, Weeds of The Northeast, (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997), Pp. 214-217
-  Charles Savage, Willis W. Harman and James Fadiman, Ipomoea purpurea: A Naturally Occurring Psychedelic
- Light blue Ipomoea purpurea
Light blue Ipomoea purpurea
- The same flower up close
The same flower up close
- Pink Ipomoea purpurea
Pink Ipomoea purpurea
- Pink Ipomoea purpurea close-up
Pink Ipomoea purpurea close-up
- Ipomoea purpurea in Loganville, Georgia
Ipomoea purpurea in Loganville, Georgia
- Pink Ipomoea purpurea
Pink Ipomoea purpurea
- Purple Ipomoea purpurea close-up
Purple Ipomoea purpurea close-up
- Purple Ipomoea purpurea close-up
Purple Ipomoea purpurea close-up
- Purple Ipomoea purpurea close-up
Purple Ipomoea purpurea close-up
- Scanning electron micrograph of Ipomoea purpurea pollen.
Scanning electron micrograph of Ipomoea purpurea pollen.
fi:Aitoelamanlanka
[[fr:Volubilis (plante)}}
Ipomoea tricolor
Ipomoea tricolor is a species of morning glory native to the New World tropics, and widely cultivated and naturalised elsewhere. It is a herbaceous annual or perennial twining liana growing to 2-4 m tall. The leaves are spirally arranged, 3-7 cm long with a 1.5-6 cm long petiole. The flowers are trumpet-shaped, 4-9 cm diameter, most commonly blue with a white to golden yellow centre.

# Cultivation and uses
In cultivation, the species is very commonly grown mis-named as Ipomoea violacea, actually a different though related species.

## Horticulture
Numerous cultivars of I. tricolor with different flower colours have been selected for use as ornamental plants; widely-grown examples include 'Blue Star', 'Flying Saucers', 'Heavenly Blue', 'Heavenly Blue Improved', 'Pearly Gates', 'Rainbow Flash', 'Summer Skies' and 'Wedding Bells'.
In some areas it is considered by certain people to be an invasive weed due to its fast rate of growth and its prodigious seed production.

## Hallucinogenic use
The seeds contain ergoline alkaloids, and have been used for centuries by many Mexican Native American cultures as a hallucinogen; they were known to the Aztecs as tlitliltzin, the Nahuatl word for "black" with a reverential suffix. In South America, the seeds are also known as badoh negro.
Their traditional use was first discovered by Richard Schultes in 1941 described Mexican Native American use, in a short report documenting the use going back to Aztec times cited in TiHKAL by Alexander Shulgin. Further research was published in 1960, when Don Thomes MacDougall reported that the seeds of Ipomoea tricolor were used as sacraments by certain Zapotecs, sometimes in conjunction with the seeds of Rivea corymbosa, another species which has a similar chemical composition, with lysergol instead of ergometrine. 
This more widespread knowledge has led to a rise in recreational use by people other than Native Americans.
The hallucinogenic properties of the seeds are usually attributed to ergine (also known as d-lysergic acid amide, or LSA), although the validity of the attribution remains disputed. While ergine is listed as a Schedule III substance in the United States, parts of the plant itself are not controlled, and seeds and plants are still sold by many nurseries and garden suppliers.
The seeds also contain glycosides, and these compounds are the likely cause of nausea reported by those who have eaten the seeds, although most experienced users attribute the effect to the commercial treatment of the seeds, as the nausea is a lot less common when the seeds are home-grown without any pesticides. However, minor to medium-level cramps and a mild headache is common in inexperienced users, due to, as was mentioned before, the glycosides the seeds contain.
Iris pseudacorus
Iris pseudacorus is a species of Iris, native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa. Common names include yellow iris and yellow flag. Its specific epithet, meaning "false acorus," refers to the similarity of its leaves to those of Acorus calamus, as they have a prominently veined mid-rib and sword-like shape.
It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1-1.5 m (or a rare 2 m) tall, with erect leaves up to 90 cm long and 3 cm broad. The flowers are bright yellow, 7-10 cm across, with the typical iris form. The fruit is a dry capsule 4-7 cm long, containing numerous pale brown seeds.
Iris pseudacorus grows best in very wet conditions, and is often common in wetlands, where it tolerates submersion, low pH, and anoxic soils. The plant spreads quickly, by both rhizome and water-dispersed seed. It fills a similar niche to that of Typha and often grows with it, though usually in less deep water. While it is primarily an aquatic plant, the rhizomes can survive prolonged dry conditions. Yellow iris has been used as a form of water treatment since it has the ability to take up heavy metals through its roots.
Large iris stands in western Scotland form a very important feeding and breeding habitat for the endangered Corn Crake.
I. pseudacorus is one of two Iris species native to Britain, the other being Stinking Iris (Iris foetidissima).

# Cultivation and uses
The rhizome has historically been used as a herbal remedy, most often as an emetic. When applied to the skin or inhaled, the tannin-rich juices can be acrid and irritating.
It has been planted nearly worldwide as an ornamental plant, with several cultivars selected for bog garden planting.
In some regions it has escaped from cultivation to establish itself as an invasive aquatic plant which can create dense, monotypic stands that outcompete other plants in the ecosystem. Where it is invasive, it is tough to remove on a large scale. Even ploughing the rhizomes is often ineffective, and its eradication is highly unlikely. It has been banned in some areas but is still widely sold in others for use in gardens, and it will continue to be planted by gardeners unaware of or unconcerned with its invasive potential.
- Closeup
Closeup
- Iris pseudacorus
Iris pseudacorus
- Iris pseudacorus
Iris pseudacorus
- Iris pseudacorus
Iris pseudacorus
- Fruit
Fruit
Iron(II) sulfide
Iron(II) sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula FeS.  In practice, iron sulfides are often non-stoichiometric. Powdered iron sulfide is pyrophoric.
FeS can be obtained by reacting iron and sulfur.

# Forms of iron sulfide
"Iron sulfide" exists in several distinct forms which differ in the stoichiometry and properties:
- Pyrrhotite,  Fe1-xS, a  mineral as well as the waste product of the Desulfovibrio bacteria, pyrrhotite displays ferrimagnetism.
- Troilite, FeS, which has similar material to pyrrhotite, but does not possess ferromagnetic properties.
- Mackinawite, Fe1+xS, the least stable from of iron sulfide, mackinawite has a layered structure.
- Pyrite, mineral form of FeS2 with a gold-like appearance, making it also known as "fool's gold."

# Pedagogical uses
Certain chemical principles are nicely illustrated using the chemistry of iron sulfides.
The methods of chemical composition can be shown by the production of iron(II) sulfide from iron and sulfur (see equation above).
- This reaction is exothermic as more energy is given out than taken in.
- Iron shows ferromagnetism; iron sulfides do not.
- Iron sulfide with hydrochloric acid (HCl), the acidic properties of hydrochloric acid and the pungent fume of hydrogen sulfide can both be demonstrated:

# Biological and biochemical uses
The presence of ferrous sulfide as a visible black precipitate in the growth medium peptone iron agar can be used to distinguish between microorganisms that produce the cysteine metabolizing enzyme cysteine desulfhydrase and those that do not. Peptone iron agar contains the amino acid cysteine and a chemical indicator, ferric citrate. The catalysis of cysteine releases hydrogen sulfide gas that reacts with the ferric citrate to produce ferrous sulfide.
Isaac's syndrome
Isaac's syndrome (also known as neuromyotonia, Isaac-Mertens syndrome, continuous muscle fiber activity syndrome, and quantal squander syndrome) is a rare neuromuscular disorder caused by continuous signaling of the end regions of peripheral nerve fibers that activate muscle fibers (motor neurons). Symptoms, which include progressive muscle stiffness, continuous vibrating or twitching muscles, cramping, increased sweating, and delayed muscle relaxation, occur even during sleep or when patients are under general anesthesia. Many patients develop weakened reflexes and muscle pain, but numbness is relatively uncommon. Although symptoms can be limited to cranial muscles, in most patients stiffness is most prominent in limb and trunk muscles. Speech and breathing may be affected if pharyngeal or laryngeal muscles are involved. Age of onset is between ages 15 and 60, with most patients experiencing symptoms before age 40. There are hereditary and acquired forms of the disorder. The acquired form may develop in association with peripheral neuropathies or as an autoimmune condition.

# Treatment
Anticonvulsants, including phenytoin and carbamazepine, usually provide significant relief from the stiffness, muscle spasms, and pain associated with Isaac's syndrome. Plasma exchange may provide short-term relief for patients with some forms of the acquired disorder.
What is the prognosis?
There is no cure for Isaac's syndrome. The long-term prognosis for individuals with the disorder is uncertain.
Isobaric process
An isobaric process is a thermodynamic process in which the pressure stays constant: \Delta p = 0   The term derives from the Greek isos, "equal," and barus, "heavy."  The heat transferred to the system does work but also changes the internal energy of the system:
According to the first law of thermodynamics, where W is work done by the system, U is internal energy, and Q is heat.  Pressure-volume work (by the system) is defined as: ( means change over the whole process, it doesn't mean differential)
but since pressure is constant, this means that
Applying the ideal gas law, this becomes
assuming that the quantity of gas stays constant (e.g. no phase change during a chemical reaction). Since it is generally true that
then substituting the last two equations into the first equation produces:
The quantity in parentheses is equivalent to the molar specific heat for constant pressure:
and if the gas involved in the isobaric process is monatomic then c_V = \frac{3}{2}R and c_p = \frac{5}{2}R.
An isobaric process is shown on a P-V diagram as a straight horizontal line, connecting the initial and final thermostatic states. If the process moves towards the right, then it is an expansion. If the process moves towards the left, then it is a compression.

# Defining Enthalpy
An isochoric process is described by the equation  Q = \Delta U .  It would be convenient to have a similar equation for isobaric processes. Substituting the second equation into the first yields
The quantity U + p V is a state function so that it can be given a name. It is called enthalpy, and is denoted as H.  Therefore an isobaric process can be more succinctly described as

# Variable density viewpoint
A given quantity (mass M) of gas in a changing volume produces a change in density . In this context the ideal gas law is written
where T is thermodynamic temperature above absolute zero.
When R and M are taken as constant, then pressure P can stay constant as the density-tempertature quadrant (,T ) undergoes a squeeze mapping. It is this context that explains Peter Olver's use of the term isobaric group when referring to the group of squeeze mappings on page 217 of his book Classical Invariant Theory (1999).
Isoelectronicity
Two or more molecular entities (atoms, molecules, ions) are described as being isoelectronic with each other  if they have the same number of valence electrons and the same structure (number and connectivity of atoms), regardless of the nature of the elements involved.

# Examples
The N atom and the O+ radical ion are isoelectronic because each has 5 electrons in the outer electronic shell.  Similarly, the cations K+, Ca2+, and Sc3+, the anions Cl, S2, and P3 are all isolectronic with the Ar atom.  In such monatomic cases, there is a clear trend in the sizes of such species, with atomic radius decreasing as charge increases.
CO, N2 and NO+ are isoelectronic because each have 2 nuclei and 10 valence electrons (4+6, 5+5, and 5+5, respectively).
The uncharged H2C=C=O molecule and the zwitterionic CH2=N+=N- molecule are isoelectronic.
CH3COCH3 and CH3N2CH3 are not isoelectronic. They do have the same number of nuclei and the same number of valence electrons, but the atoms' connectivity is different: the first one has both methyl (CH3) groups attached to carbonyl's (CO's) carbon atom, forming a trigonal planar structure: H3C-C(=O)-CH3; the second molecule's structure is linear: H3C-N=N-CH3 and its methyl groups are not connected to the same nitrogen atom.