Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Oxidoreductase

# Overview
Oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule (the reductant, also called the hydrogen acceptor or electron donor) to another (the oxidant, also called the hydrogen donor or electron acceptor). For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be an oxidoreductase:
In this example, A is the reductant (electron donor) and B is the oxidant (electron acceptor).
In biochemical reactions, the redox reactions are sometimes more difficult to see, such as this reaction from glycolysis:
In this reaction, NAD+ is the oxidant (electron acceptor), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is the reductant (electron donor).

# Nomenclature
Proper names of oxidoreductases are formed as "donor:acceptor oxidoreductase." However, other names are much more common. The common name is "donor dehydrogenase" when possible, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase for the second reaction above. Common names are also sometimes formed as "acceptor reductase", such as NAD+ reductase. "Donor oxidase" is a special case where O2 is the acceptor.

# Classification
Oxidoreductases are classified as EC 1 in the EC number classification of enzymes. Oxidoreductases can be further classified into 22 subclasses:
- EC 1.1 includes oxidoreductases that act on the CH-OH group of donors (alcohol oxidoreductases)
- EC 1.2 includes oxidoreductases that act on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors
- EC 1.3 includes oxidoreductases that act on the CH-CH group of donors (CH-CH oxidoreductases)
- EC 1.4 includes oxidoreductases that act on the CH-NH2 group of donors (Amino acid oxidoreductases, Monoamine oxidase)
- EC 1.5 includes oxidoreductases that act on CH-NH group of donors
- EC 1.6 includes oxidoreductases that act on NADH or NADPH
- EC 1.7 includes oxidoreductases that act on other nitrogenous compounds as donors
- EC 1.8 includes oxidoreductases that act on a sulfur group of donors
- EC 1.9 includes oxidoreductases that act on a heme group of donors
- EC 1.10 includes oxidoreductases that act on diphenols and related substances as donors
- EC 1.11 includes oxidoreductases that act on peroxide as an acceptor (peroxidases)
- EC 1.12 includes oxidoreductases that act on hydrogen as donors
- EC 1.13 includes oxidoreductases that act on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)
- EC 1.14 includes oxidoreductases that act on paired donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen
- EC 1.15 includes oxidoreductases that act on superoxide radicals as acceptors
- EC 1.16 includes oxidoreductases that oxidize metal ions
- EC 1.17 includes oxidoreductases that act on CH or CH2 groups
- EC 1.18 includes oxidoreductases that act on iron-sulfur proteins as donors
- EC 1.19 includes oxidoreductases that act on reduced flavodoxin as a donor
- EC 1.20 includes oxidoreductases that act on phosphorus or arsenic in donors
- EC 1.21 includes oxidoreductases that act on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond
- EC 1.97 includes other oxidoreductases
PARSIFAL study
In 2006, the PARSIFAL multicenter study (Prevention of AllergyRisk Factors for Sensitization Related to Farming and Anthroposophic Lifestyle) was conducted, and is the largest and most coherent study conducted among Steiner school children to date, covering five European countries, and the diversity of the anthroposophic lifestyle between the countries. The main objectives of the PARSIFAL study were 1) to investigate whether differences in atopic disease prevalences between farm children or children from anthroposophic families and respective references, as observed previously, could be confirmed in a large population of children from 5 European countries and 2) to explore factors which might explain the lower prevalence of atopic diseases in these children.
Families following an "anthroposophic lifestyle" were defined as those who use antibiotics restrictively, have few vaccinations, and their diet usually contains live lactobacilli, which may affect the intestinal microflora. "Anthroposophical doctors restrict the use of antibiotics, antipyretics, and vaccinations. Most children are vaccinated only against tetanus and polio, and most vaccinations are given later than recommended by the Swedish health authorities. As a result, in Sweden, measles occurs primarily in anthroposophic families. They also consume mostly local foods produced according to biodynamic principles. Vegetables preserved by spontaneous fermentation are a common dietary element, even for small children."
The study was carried out on the response to questionnaires for 6,630 children (of these, 4,606 were Steiner school children and 2,024 reference children) and blood samples for 28% of all included children. Allergen-specific IgE antibody levels were measured against a mixture of common inhalant and food allergens. Antibiotics and antipyretics were used less often in the Steiner school children, whereas a diet mainly based on biodynamic food was found almost exclusively in the Steiner school children group. MMR vaccination was about three times less common than in the reference group, and the prevalence of measles infection was three times greater than in the reference group. In addition to the findings of the earlier Lancet paper, the PARSIFAL study reported lower incidence of rhinoconjunctivitis (a combination of rhinitis and conjunctivitis) and atopic sensitization. Focusing on doctor-diagnosed disease, the use of antibiotics during the first year of life was associated with increased risks of rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma and atopic eczema. Early use of antipyretics was related to an increased risk of asthma and atopic eczema. Children having received MMR vaccination showed an increased risk of rhinoconjunctivitis, whereas measles infection was associated with a lower risk of eczema related to IgE antibodies.
The authors concluded that "certain features of the anthroposophic lifestyle, such as restrictive use of antibiotics and antipyretics, are associated with a reduced risk of allergic disease in children."
Tripelennamine
Tripelennamine (INN, also known as pyribenzamine) is a first generation pyridine antipruritic and antihistamine in the ethylenediamine class. It can be used in the treatment of asthma, hay fever, rhinitus and urticaria but is now less common as it has been replaced by newer antihistamines. This drug is sold in 50 mg tablets, which are usually green in colour.
Tripellenamine is marketed by Novartis under the trade name Pyribenzamine.
Tripelennamine was first synthesized by Carl Djerassi, working in the laboratory of Charles Huttrer at Ciba, shortly after Djerassi got his BS. It was his first patent.

# Side effects
Tripelennamine is mildly sedating. Other side effects can include gastrointestinal irritation, dry mouth, nausea, and dizziness.

# Recreational use
Tripelennamine is sometimes abused recreationally in combination with the opiate pentazocine ("T's & Blues"), morphine ("Blue Velvet") and narcotic cough syrups. It is dangerous to combine an opiate with a sedating antihistamine via injection, although the use of antihistamines (usually by mouth) to reduce opioid requirements for pain relief is a well-known practice, which is done under medical supervision with tripelennamine, as well as hydroxyzine, cyclizine, promethazine, diphenhydramine, phenindamine, and cyproheptadine.
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PCI Approaches

# Overview
To perform percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), there are two main methods to access the artery; radial artery and femoral artery. Studies have shown that access through radial artery has lower rate of vascular, and bleeding complications, with higher chance of early amubulation and better outcome. However, femoral artery remains the default PCI access in centers where expertise in the transradial approach is unavailable or if the patient has any anatomic or clinical limitations.

# PCI Approaches
- Radial artery and femoral artery are two main methods to access the artery in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
- The rate of PCI through radial artery catheterization has increased over the past decade and patients usually prefer this approach more that the femoral artery access.
- The following are the advantages of radial artery compared to the femoral artery approach:
Earlier ambulation
Lower rate of vascular complications
Lower rate of bleeding complications
Better cardiovascular outcomes
- Earlier ambulation
- Lower rate of vascular complications
- Lower rate of bleeding complications
- Better cardiovascular outcomes
- It is recommended to evaluate the possibility of future need to radial artery for bypass grafting before using it for PCI. In cases that there is a high likelihood of future CABG, discussion with the patient and the cardiac surgeon is required.
- Femoral artery remains the default PCI access in centers where expertise in the transradial approach is unavailable or if the patient has any anatomic or clinical limitations.

## ACA 2021 Revascularization Guideline for PCI Approaches
Padilla Habano
Padilla Habano is a brand of hand-made premium cigar owned by Padilla Cigar Company.

# History and Background
Introduced in 2005, the brand was created by Ernesto Padilla and is manufactured at Tabacalera Oliva S. A.(Tabolisa) in Esteli, Nicaragua under the supervision of Gilberto Oliva.

## Award, Honors, Ratings
- The Robusto was given a rating of 89 in the October, 2006,issue of Cigar Aficionado magazine.
- The December 19, 2006 issue (Vol.11, no. 24, p. 9) of Cigar Insider magazine summarized the year's ratings. Padilla cigars scored as follows:
Churchill - 90
Robusto - 89
Torpedo - 88
- Churchill - 90
- Robusto - 89
- Torpedo - 88

# Description
Medium strength cigars, the wrapper is Cuban Habano leaf, aged for five years; the binder and filler are Nicaraguan tobaccos. The cigars are packed in varnished boxes, 20 per box.  The band, artwork and packaging, which were redesigned in 2006, are the work of Ernesto Padilla.

# Models/Vitolas

# Notes
-  Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 Perelman, Richard B.  Perelman's Pocket Cyclopedia of Cigars, 2007 edition, p. 399.
-  Diaz, David (Dr. StogieFresh). Interview with Ernesto Padilla. 27 Feb 2007.
-  Data from brand owner's website.
-  Frank Santos, Padilla Cigar Co., in litt., 7 February 2007.
Palmitoylation

# Overview
S-Palmitoylation is the covalent attachment of fatty acids, such as palmitic acid, to cysteine residues of membrane proteins.
The precise function of palmitoylation depends on the particular protein being considered.  Palmitoylation enhances the hydro-phobicity of proteins and contributes to their membrane association.  Palmitoylation also appears to play a significant role in subcellular trafficking of proteins between membrane compartments, as well as in modulating protein-protein interactions.
An example of a protein that undergoes palmitoylation is hemagglutinin, a membrane glycoprotein used by influenza to attach to host cell receptors.
Paris syndrome
Paris syndrome is a psychological disorder unique to the interaction of Japanese nationals working and vacationing in Paris, France.  First noted in the French Nervure journal of psychiatry by A. Viala, H. Ota, M.N. Vacheron, P. Martin, and F. Caroli in 2004, it is classified as a form of Stendhal syndrome (French: Syndrome du voyageur) External link - French Language.  From the estimated one million yearly visitors the number of reported cases is "a dozen cases a year," and a small number of the afflicted are repatriated to Japan.
The authors of the noted journal cite the following matters as factors that combine to produce the phenomenon:
Language barrier - few Japanese speak French and vice versa. This is believed to be the principal difficulty and is thought to engender the remainder.  Apart from the obvious differences between French and Japanese many everyday phrases and idioms are shorn of meaning and substance when translated adding to the confusion of some.
Cultural difference- the authors state that the large difference between not only the languages but the manner in which Latin populations communicate on an interpersonal level in comparison to the rigidly formal Japanese culture proves too great a difficultly for some Japanese visitors. It is thought that it is the rapid and frequent fluctuations in mood, tense and attitude especially in the delivery of humour that cause the most difficulty.
Idealized image of Paris - it is also speculated as manifesting from an individual's inability to reconcile a disparity between the Japanese popular image and the reality of Paris.
Exhaustion - finally, it is thought that the over-booking of one's time and energy, whether on a business trip or on holiday, in attempting to cram too much into every moment of a stay in Paris along with the effects of jet-lag all contribute to the psychological destabilisation of some.
However, Youcef Mahmoudia, physician with the Hotel-Dieu de Paris, indicates that Paris Syndrome is "a manifestation of psychopathology related to the voyage, rather than a syndrome of the traveller" External Link - French language.  He theorized that the excitement resulting from visiting Paris causes the heart to accelerate, causing giddinesses and shortness of breath, which results in hallucinations in the manner that Italian psychologist Graziella Magherini noted in her 1989 book "La sindrome di Stendhal."
Pars tuberalis
The pars tuberalis is part of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and wraps the pituitary stalk in a highly vascularized sheath.
It is an extension of the pars distalis up and around infundibulum.

# Histology
Prinicipal cells of the pars tuberalis are low columnar in form, with the cytoplasm containing numerous lipid droplets, glycogen granules, and occasional colloid droplets. A sparse population of functional gonadotrophs are present(indicated by immunoreactivity for ACTH, FSH, and LH).
ParticipACTION
ParticipACTION is a Canadian government program, launched in the 1970s, to promote healthy living and physical fitness. It shut down due to financial cutbacks in 2001, but was revived on February 19, 2007 with a grant of $5 million from the Federal Government.
ParticipACTION emerged from Sport Participation Canada, a non-profit private company formed on July 12, 1971. Lester B. Pearson chaired the board while Philippe de Gaspe Beaubien served as president. In 1972, the company was nationalized by then-prime minister Pierre Trudeau to battle exorbitant health care costs. The resulting government program was renamed ParticipACTION.
ParticipACTION is well known for its television public service announcements and segments such as Body Break during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. A 1973 commercial, comparing the health of a 30-year-old Canadian to a 60-year-old Swede, started a national discussion on the state of physical education in Canada.
Peaked T waves

# Overview
Peaked T waves refers to the pointed, tall, peaked shape of T waves on the EKG in the setting of certain abnormalities such as hyperkalemia.

# Differential Diagnosis
- Differential diagnosis of this EKG change includes the T wave changes of bradycardia or stroke.
- Prominent U waves and QTc prolongation are more consistent with stroke than hyperkalemia.

# Diagnosis
- Earliest sign of hyperkalemia
- Occurs with K > 5.5 meq/li

# Electrocardiographic Examples
Shown below is the progression of T wave changes in hyperkalemia:
Shown below is an EKG showing peaked T waves in the lateral leads:
Shown below is an EKG showing symmetric, narrow, peaked T waves in the lateral leads:
Pedigree chart
A pedigree chart is a chart which tells one all of the known phenotypes for an organism and its ancestors, most commonly humans, show dogs, and race horses.
The word pedigree is a corruption of the French "pied de gru" or crane's foot, because the typical lines and split lines (each split leading to different offspring of the one parent line) resemble the thin leg and foot of a crane.

# In human genealogy
Pedigrees are also a common tool in human genealogy. Equally common, however, is the "family tree" form of pedigree chart, which shows the descendants of a particular individual, and thereby highlights sibling and cousin. 
In addition to the names of the individuals, it is common to include each person's birth date and place, death date and place, and the marriage date and place of each couple.
In England and Wales pedigrees are officially recorded in the College of Arms, which has records going back to the middle ages, including pedigrees collected during roving inquiries by its heralds during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The purpose of these heraldic visitations was to register and regulate the use of coats of arms. Those who claimed the right to bear arms had to provide proof either of a grant of arms to them by the College, or of descent from an ancestor entitled to arms. It was for this reason that pedigrees were recorded by the visitations. Pedigrees continue to be registered at the College of Arms and kept up to date on a voluntary basis but they are not accessible to the general public without payment of a fee.
More visible, therefore, are the pedigrees recorded in published works, such as Burke's Peerage and Burke's Landed Gentry in the United Kingdom and, in continental Europe by the Almanach de Gotha.  Due to space considerations, however, these publications typically use a narrative pedigree, whereby relationships are indicated by numbers (one for each child, a different format for each generation) and by indentations (each generation being indented further than its predecessor).  This format is very flexible, and allows for a great deal of information to be included, but it lacks the clarity of the traditional chart pedigree.

# United States usage
In the United States, the term "pedigree chart" can refer to a chart showing the direct ancestors of a given individual. In addition to the names of the individuals, the chart often includes each person's birth date and place, death date and place, and each couple's marriage date and place. It is also common for persons on the chart to be numbered according to the Ahnentafel  numbering system.
Peptidomimetic
A peptidomimetic is a small protein-like chain designed to mimic a peptide.  They typically arise from modification of an existing peptide in order to alter the molecule's properties.  For example, they may arise from modifications to change the molecule's stability or biological activity.  This can have a role in the development of drug-like compounds from existing peptides.  These modifications involve changes to the peptide that will not occur naturally (such as altered backbones and the incorporation of nonnatural amino acids).
An example of peptidomimetics were those designed and synthesized with the purpose of binding to target proteins in order to induce cancer cells into a form of programmed cell death called apoptosis. Basically, these work by mimicking key interactions that activate apoptotic pathway in the cell.
All healthy cells in metazoa (multi-celled animals) are subject to programmed cell death when they are no longer wanted; but cancer cells have the ability to evade apoptosis and the body's attempts to get rid of them. So peptidomimetics are part of the wide effort by researchers, research labs and institutions to create cures for cancer by means of restoring or activating apoptotic pathways in specific cells.
An impressive advance in this effort was reported by Loren D. Walensky and colleagues in the 3 September 2004 issue of the journal Science  . This team succeeded in reducing a variety of human leukemic cells that had been xenografted (transplanted) into mice. The peptidomimetic that they succeeded in synthesizing, SAHB (stabilized alpha-helix of BCL-2 domains) specifically activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in the aforementioned malignant cells (see intrinsic and extrinsic inducers of the apoptotic process), without harming healthy tissues.
Lin Li and co-workers reported another impressive advance in the same issue of Science  . They were able to synthesize a molecule that mimics the proapoptotic protein called SMAC (whose function is described in biochemical execution of apoptosis).

# Further reading
- Denicourt, Catherine, and Dowdy, Steven F.: "Targeting Apoptotic Pathways in Cancer Cells", Science Vol. 305 p. 1411, 3 Sept. 2004 .
Perineal raphe
The perineal raphe extends from the anus, through the mid-line of the scrotum (scrotal raphe) and upwards through the posterior mid-line aspect of the penis (penile raphe).
It is observed as a noticeable line.
It is the result of a fetal developmental phenomenon whereby the scrotum (the developmental equivalent of the labia in females) and penis close toward the midline and fuse.
The resulting ridge of tissue is evident as the perineal raphe.

# Additional images
- Stages in the development of the external sexual organs in the male and female.
Perrhenic acid
Perrhenic acid is the chemical compound with the formula Re2O7(OH2)2.  It is obtained by evaporating aqueous solutions of Re2O7.  Conventionally, perrhenic acid is considered to have the formula HReO4, and a species of this formula forms when rhenium(VII) oxide sublimes in the presence of water or steam. When a solution of Re2O7 is kept for a period of months, it breaks down and crystals of HReO4.H2O are formed, which contain tetrahedral ReO4   For most purposes, perrhenic acid and rhenium(VII) oxide are used interchangeably.

# Properties
The structure of solid perrhenic acid is . This species is a rare example of a metal oxide coordinated to water - most often metal-oxo-aquo species are unstable with respect to the corresponding hydroxides:
Gaseous perrhenic acid is tetrahedral, as suggested by its formula HOReO3.

# Reactions
Perrhenic acid or the related anhydrous oxide Re2O7 converts to dirhenium heptasulfide upon treatment with hydrogen sulfide:
The heptasulfide, which has a complex structure, catalyses the hydrogenation of double bonds and is useful because it tolerates  sulfur compounds, which poison noble metal catalysts. Re2S7 also catalyses the reduction of nitric oxide to N2O.
Perrhenic acid in the presence of HCl undergoes reduction in the presence of thioethers and tertiary phosphines to give Re(V) complexes with the formula ReOCl3L2.
Perrhenic acid combined with platinum on a support gives rise to a useful hydrogenation and hydrocracking catalyst for the petroleum industry.  For example, silica impregnated with a solution of perrhenic acid is reduction with hydrogen at 500 C.  This catalyst is used in the dehydrogenation of alcohols and also promotes the decomposition of ammonia.

## Catalysis
Perrhenic acid is a precursor to a variety of homogeneous catalysts, some of which are promising in niche applications that can justify the high cost of rhenium.  In combination with tertiary arsines, perrhenic acid gives a catalyst for the epoxidation of alkenes with hydrogen peroxide. Perrhenic acid catalyses the dehydration of oximes to nitriles.

# Other uses
Perrhenic acid is also used in the manufacture of x-ray targets.