Guidance for Industry
Q3C Impurities: Residual Solvents
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Food and Drug Administration
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)
December 1997
ICH Guidance for Industry
Q3C Impurities: Residual Solvents
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Food and Drug Administration
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)
December 1997
ICH TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION (1).............................................................................................................1
II. SCOPE OF THE GUIDANCE (2).........................................................................................2
III. GENERAL PRINCIPLES (3)................................................................................................2
A. Classification of Residual Solvents by Risk Assessment (3.1).................................................3
B. Methods for Establishing Exposure Limits (3.2)....................................................................3
C. Options for Describing Limits of Class 2 Solvents (3.3).........................................................3
D. Analytical Procedures (3.4)....................................................................................................5
E. Reporting Levels of Residual Solvents (3.5)...........................................................................5
IV. LIMITS OF RESIDUAL SOLVENTS (4).............................................................................6
A. Solvents to Be Avoided (4.1).................................................................................................6
B. Solvents to Be Limited (4.2)..................................................................................................6
C. Solvents with Low Toxic Potential (4.3).................................................................................6
D. Solvents for Which No Adequate Toxicological Data Were Found (4.4)................................7
GLOSSARY....................................................................................................................................8
APPENDIX 1:  ADDITIONAL BACKGROUND..........................................................................9
APPENDIX 2:  METHODS FOR ESTABLISHING EXPOSURE LIMITS.............................10 Guidance for Industry1
Q3C Impurities: Residual Solvents
This guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) current thinking on this
topic.  It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind
FDA or the public.  An alternative approach may be used if such approach satisfies the
requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations.
I.  INTRODUCTION (1)
The objective of this guidance is to recommend acceptable amounts for residual solvents in
pharmaceuticals for the safety of the patient.  The guidance recommends use of less toxic solvents
and describes levels considered to be toxicologically acceptable for some residual solvents.  A
complete list of the solvents included in this guidance is provided in a companion document
entitled Q3C  Tables and List.2  The list is not exhaustive, and other solvents may be used and
later added to the list.
Residual solvents in pharmaceuticals are defined here as organic volatile chemicals that are used
or produced in the manufacture of drug substances or excipients, or in the preparation of drug
products.  The solvents are not completely removed by practical manufacturing techniques. 
Appropriate selection of the solvent for the synthesis of drug substance may enhance the yield, or
determine characteristics such as crystal form, purity, and solubility.  Therefore, the solvent may
sometimes be a critical parameter in the synthetic process.  This guidance does not address
solvents deliberately used as excipients nor does it address solvates.  However, the content of
solvents in such products should be evaluated and justified.
                                                
1 This guidance was developed within the Expert Working Group (Quality) of the International Conference on
Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) and has been subject to
consultation by the regulatory parties, in accordance with the ICH process.  This document was endorsed by the ICH Steering
Committee at Step 4 of the ICH process in July 1997.  At Step 4 of the process, the final draft is recommended for adoption to
the regulatory bodies of the European Union, Japan, and the United States. 
Arabic numbers in subsections reflect the organizational breakdown in the document endorsed by the ICH Steering Committee at
Step 4 of the ICH process.
  
2 This guidance was published originally in the Federal Register on December 24, 1997  (62 FR67377).  At that time
the list was included as Appendix 1.  In this reformatted version, the list has been removed and made into a companion document,
and the remaining appendices have been renumbered.
1 Since there is no therapeutic benefit from residual solvents, all residual solvents should be
removed to the extent possible to meet product specifications, good manufacturing practices, or
other quality-based requirements.  Drug products should contain no higher levels of residual
solvents than can be supported by safety data.  Some solvents that are known to cause unacceptable
toxicities (Class 1, see Table 1 in the companion document Q3C  Tables and List) should be
avoided in the production of drug substances, excipients, or drug products unless their use can be
strongly justified in a risk-benefit assessment.  Some solvents associated with less severe toxicity
(Class 2, see Table 2 in the campanion document ) should be limited in order to protect patients
from potential adverse effects. Ideally, less toxic solvents (Class 3, see Table 3 in the companion
document) should be used where practical.
Recommended limits of Class 1 and 2 solvents or classification of solvents may change as new
safety data becomes available.  Supporting safety data in a marketing application for a new drug
product containing a new solvent may be based on concepts in this guidance or the concept of
qualification of impurities as expressed in the guidance for drug substance, Q3A Impurities in New
Drug Substances (January 1996) or drug product, Q3B Impurities in New Drug Products
(November 1997), or all three guidances.
II.  SCOPE OF THE GUIDANCE (2)
Residual solvents in drug substances, excipients, and drug products are within the scope of this
guidance.  Therefore, testing should be performed for residual solvents when production or
purification processes are known to result in the presence of  such solvents.  It is only necessary to
test for solvents that are used or produced in the manufacture or purification of drug substances,
excipients, or drug products.  Although manufacturers may choose to test the drug product, a
cumulative method may be used to calculate the residual solvent levels in the drug product from
the levels in the ingredients used to produce the drug product.  If the calculation results in a level
equal to or below that recommended in this guidance, no testing of the drug product for residual
solvents need be considered.  If, however, the calculated level is above the recommended level,
the drug product should be tested to ascertain whether the formulation process has reduced the
relevant solvent level to within the acceptable amount.  Drug product should also be tested if a
solvent is used during its manufacture.
This guidance does not apply to potential new drug substances, excipients, or drug products used
during the clinical research stages of development, nor does it apply to existing marketed drug
products.
The guidance applies to all dosage forms and routes of administration.  Higher levels of residual
solvents may be acceptable in certain cases such as short-term (30 days or less) or topical
application.  Justification for these levels should be made on a case-by-case basis.
See Appendix 1 for additional background information related to residual solvents.
III.  GENERAL PRINCIPLES (3)
2 A.  Classification of Residual Solvents by Risk Assessment (3.1)
The term tolerable daily intake (TDI) is used by the International Program on Chemical Safety
(IPCS) to describe exposure limits of toxic chemicals and the term acceptable daily intake (ADI)
is used by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other national and international health
authorities and institutes.  The new term permitted daily exposure (PDE) is defined in the present
guidance as a pharmaceutically acceptable intake of residual solvents to avoid confusion of
differing values for ADIs of the same substance.
Residual solvents assessed in this guidance are listed in a companion document entitled Q3C 
Tables and List.  Common names and structures are used.  They were evaluated for their possible
risk to human health and placed into one of three classes as follows:
Class 1 solvents: Solvents to be avoided
Known human carcinogens, strongly suspected  human carcinogens, and environmental 
hazards.
Class 2 solvents: Solvents to be limited
Nongenotoxic animal carcinogens or possible causative agents of other irreversible
toxicity such as neurotoxicity or teratogenicity.
Solvents suspected of other significant but reversible toxicities.
Class 3 solvents: Solvents with low toxic potential
Solvents with low toxic potential to man; no health-based exposure limit is needed. Class 3
solvents have PDE's of 50 milligrams (mg) or more per day.
B.  Methods for Establishing Exposure Limits (3.2)
The method used to establish permitted daily exposures for residual solvents is presented in
Appendix 2. Summaries of the toxicity data that were used to establish limits are published in
Pharmeuropa, Vol. 9, No. 1, Supplement, April 1997.
C. Options for Describing Limits of Class 2 Solvents (3.3)
Two options are available when setting limits for Class 2 solvents.
Option 1: The concentration limits in parts per million (ppm) stated in Table 2 (see companion
document) can be used.  They were calculated using equation (1) below by assuming a product
mass of 10 mass of 10 grams (g) mass of 10 grams administered daily.
3 (1)  Concentration (ppm) = 1000 x PDE
                                           dose
Here, PDE is given in terms of mg/day and dose is given in g/day.
These limits are considered acceptable for all substances, excipients, or products.  Therefore, this
option may be applied if the daily dose is not known or fixed.  If all excipients and drug substances
in a formulation meet the limits given in Option 1, then these components may be used in any
proportion.  No further calculation is necessary provided the daily dose does not exceed 10 g. 
Products that are administered in doses greater than 10 g per day should be considered under
Option 2.
Option 2: It is not considered necessary for each component of the drug product to comply with the
limits given in Option 1.  The PDE in terms of mg/day as stated in Table 2 (see companion
document) can be used with the known maximum daily dose and equation (1) above to determine
the concentration of residual solvent allowed in drug product.  Such limits are considered
acceptable provided that it has been demonstrated that the residual solvent has been reduced to the
practical minimum.  The limits should be realistic in relation to analytical precision, manufacturing
capability, and reasonable variation in the manufacturing process and the limits should reflect
contemporary manufacturing standards.
Option 2 may be applied by adding the amounts of a residual solvent present in each of the
components of the drug product.  The sum of the amounts of solvent per day should be less than that
given by the PDE. 
Consider an example of the use of Option 1 and Option 2 applied to acetonitrile in a drug product.
The permitted daily exposure to acetonitrile is 4.1 mg per day; thus, the Option 1 limit is 410 ppm.
 The maximum administered daily mass of a drug product is 5.0 g, and the drug product contains
two excipients.  The composition of the drug product and the calculated maximum content of
residual acetonitrile are given in the following table.
Component Amount in Acetonitrile Daily Exposure
Formulation Content
Drug substance 0.3 g 800 ppm 0.24 mg
Excipient 1 0.9 g 400 ppm 0.36 mg
Excipient 2 3.8 g 800 ppm 3.04 mg
Drug product 5.0 g 728 ppm 3.64 mg
Excipient 1 meets the Option 1 limit, but the drug substance, excipient 2, and drug product do not
meet the Option 1 limit.  Nevertheless, the product meets the Option 2 limit of 4.1 mg per day and
thus conforms to the recommendations in this guidance.
4 Consider another example using acetonitrile as residual solvent. The maximum administered daily
mass of a drug product is 5.0 g, and the drug product contains two excipients.  The composition of
the drug product and the calculated maximum content of residual acetonitrile are given in the
following table.
Component Amount in Acetonitrile Daily Exposure
Formulation Content
Drug substance 0.3 g    800 ppm 0.24 mg
Excipient 1 0.9 g 2,000 ppm 1.80 mg
Excipient 2 3.8 g    800 ppm 3.04 mg
Drug Product 5.0 g 1,016 ppm 5.08 mg
In this example, the product meets neither the Option 1 nor the Option 2 limit according to this
summation.  The manufacturer could test the drug product to determine if the formulation process
reduced the level of acetonitrile.  If the level of acetonitrile was not reduced during formulation to
the allowed limit, then the manufacturer of the drug product should take other steps to reduce the
amount of acetonitrile in the drug product.  If all of these steps fail to reduce the level of residual
solvent, in exceptional cases the manufacturer could provide a summary of efforts made to reduce
the solvent level to meet the guidance value, and provide a risk-benefit analysis to support
allowing the product to be utilized with residual solvent at a higher level.
D.  Analytical Procedures (3.4)
Residual solvents are typically determined using chromatographic techniques such as gas
chromatography.  Any harmonized procedures for determining levels of residual solvents as
described in the pharmacopoeias should be used, if feasible.  Otherwise, manufacturers would be
free to select the most appropriate validated analytical procedure for a particular application.  If
only Class 3 solvents are present, a nonspecific method such as loss on drying may be used.
Validation of methods for residual solvents should conform to ICH guidances, Q2A Text on
Validation of Analytical Procedures (March 1995) and Q2B Validation of Analytical
Procedures:  Methodology (November 1996).
E.  Reporting Levels of Residual Solvents (3.5)
Manufacturers of pharmaceutical products need certain information about the content of residual
solvents in excipients or drug substances in order to meet the criteria of this guidance.  The
following statements are given as acceptable examples of the information that could be provided
from a supplier of excipients or drug substances to a pharmaceutical manufacturer.  The supplier
might choose one of the following as appropriate:
  Only Class 3 solvents are likely to be present.  Loss on drying is less than 0.5 percent.
5   Only Class 2 solvents X, Y, . . . are likely to be present.  All are below the Option 1 limit.
 (Here the supplier would name the Class 2 solvents represented by X, Y, . . . .)
  Only Class 2 solvents X, Y, . . . and Class 3 solvents are likely to be present.  Residual
Class 2 solvents are below the Option 1 limit and residual Class 3 solvents are below 0.5
percent. 
If Class 1 solvents are likely to be present, they should be identified and quantified. 
Likely to be present refers to the solvent used in the final manufacturing step and to solvents that
are used in earlier manufacturing steps and not removed consistently by a validated process.
If solvents of Class 2 or Class 3 are present at greater than their Option 1 limits or 0.5 percent,
respectively, they should be identified and quantified. 
IV.  LIMITS OF RESIDUAL SOLVENTS (4)
A.  Solvents to Be Avoided (4.1)
Solvents in Class 1 (Table 1; see companion document) should not be employed in the manufacture
of drug substances, excipients, and drug products because of their unacceptable toxicity or their
deleterious environmental effect.  However, if their use is unavoidable in order to produce a drug
product with a significant therapeutic advance, then their levels should be restricted as shown in
Table 1, unless otherwise justified.  The solvent 1,1,1-Trichloroethane is included in Table 1 (see
companion document) because it is an environmental hazard. The stated limit of 1,500 ppm is
based on a review of the safety data.
B.   Solvents to Be Limited (4.2)
Solvents in Class 2 (Table 2; see companion document) should be limited in pharmaceutical
products because of their inherent toxicity.  PDEs are given to the nearest 0.1 mg/day, and
concentrations are given to the nearest 10 ppm.  The stated values do not reflect the necessary
analytical precision of determination.  Precision should be determined as part of the validation of
the method.
C.  Solvents with Low Toxic Potential (4.3)
Solvents in Class 3 (Table 3; see companion document) may be regarded as less toxic and of
lower risk to human health.  Class 3 includes no solvent known as a human health hazard at levels
normally accepted in pharmaceuticals.  However, there are no long-term toxicity or
carcinogenicity studies for many of the solvents in Class 3. Available data indicate that they are
less toxic in acute or short-term studies and negative in genotoxicity studies. It is considered that
amounts of these residual solvents of 50 mg per day or less (corresponding to 5,000 ppm or 0.5
percent under Option 1) would be acceptable without justification.  Higher amounts may also be
6 acceptable provided they are realistic in relation to manufacturing capability and good
manufacturing practice (GMP).
D.  Solvents for Which No Adequate Toxicological Data Were Found (4.4)
The solvents listed in Table 4 (see companion document) may also be of interest to manufacturers
of excipients, drug substances, or drug products. However, no adequate toxicological data on which
to base a PDE were found.  Manufacturers should supply justification for residual levels of these
solvents in pharmaceutical products.
7 GLOSSARY
Genotoxic carcinogens:  Carcinogens that produce cancer by affecting genes or chromosomes.
LOEL:  Abbreviation for lowest-observed effect level.
Lowest-observed effect level: The lowest dose of substance in a study or group of studies that
produces biologically significant increases in frequency or severity of any effects in the exposed
humans or animals.
Modifying factor:  A factor determined by professional judgment of a toxicologist and applied to
bioassay data to relate that data safely to humans.
Neurotoxicity:  The ability of a substance to cause adverse effects on the nervous system.
NOEL:  Abbreviation for no-observed-effect level.
No-observed-effect level: The highest dose of substance at which there are no biologically
significant increases in frequency or severity of any effects in the exposed humans or animals.
PDE:  Abbreviation for permitted daily exposure.
Permitted daily exposure:  The maximum acceptable intake per day of residual solvent in
pharmaceutical products.
Reversible toxicity:  The occurrence of harmful effects that are caused by a substance and which
disappear after exposure to the substance ends.
Strongly suspected human carcinogen:  A substance for which there is no epidemiological
evidence of carcinogenesis but there are positive genotoxicity data and clear evidence of
carcinogenesis in rodents.
Teratogenicity:  The occurrence of structural malformations in a developing fetus when a
substance is administered during pregnancy.
8 APPENDIX 1:  ADDITIONAL BACKGROUND
Environmental Regulation of Organic Volatile Solvents (A2.1)
Several of the residual solvents frequently used in the production of pharmaceuticals are listed as
toxic chemicals in Environmental Health Criteria (EHC) monographs and the Integrated Risk
Information System (IRIS).  The objectives of such groups as the International Programme on
Chemical Safety (IPCS), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the U.S. Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) include the determination of acceptable exposure levels.  The goal is
protection of human health and maintenance of environmental integrity against the possible
deleterious effects of chemicals resulting from long-term environmental exposure.  The methods
involved in the estimation of maximum safe exposure limits are usually based on long-term studies.
When long-term study data are unavailable, shorter term study data can be used with modification
of the approach such as use of larger safety factors. The approach described therein relates
primarily to long-term or lifetime exposure of the general population in the ambient environment
(i.e., ambient air, food, drinking water, and other media).
Residual Solvents in Pharmaceuticals (A2.2)
Exposure limits in this guidance are established by referring to methodologies and toxicity data
described in EHC and IRIS monographs.  However, some specific assumptions about residual
solvents to be used in the synthesis and formulation of pharmaceutical products should be taken
into account in establishing exposure limits.  They are as follows:
  Patients (not the general population) use pharmaceuticals to treat their diseases or for
prophylaxis to prevent infection or disease.
  The assumption of lifetime patient exposure is not necessary for most pharmaceutical
products but may be appropriate as a working hypothesis to reduce risk to human health.
  Residual solvents are unavoidable components in pharmaceutical production and will often
be a part of drug products.
  Residual solvents should not exceed recommended levels except  in  exceptional
circumstances.
  Data from toxicological studies that are used to determine acceptable levels for residual
solvents should have been generated using appropriate protocols such as those described,
for example, by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, EPA, and
the FDA Red Book.
9 APPENDIX 2:  METHODS FOR ESTABLISHING EXPOSURE LIMITS
The Gaylor-Kodell method of risk assessment (Gaylor, D. W., and R. L. Kodell, "Linear
Interpolation Algorithm for Low Dose Assessment of Toxic Substance," Journal of
Environmental Pathology and Toxicology, 4:305, 1980) is appropriate for Class 1 carcinogenic
solvents.  Only in cases where reliable carcinogenicity data are available should extrapolation by
the use of mathematical models be applied to setting exposure limits.  Exposure limits for Class 1
solvents could be determined with the use of a large safety factor (i.e., 10,000 to 100,000) with
respect to the NOEL.  Detection and quantitation of these solvents should be by state-of-the-art
analytical techniques.
Acceptable exposure levels in this guidance for Class 2 solvents were established by calculation
of PDE values according to the procedures for setting exposure limits in pharmaceuticals
(Pharmacopeial Forum, Nov-Dec 1989), and the method adopted by IPCS for Assessing Human
Health Risk of Chemicals (EHC 170, WHO, 1994).  These methods are similar to those used by
the U.S. EPA (IRIS) and the U.S. FDA (Red Book) and others.  The method is outlined here to give
a better understanding of the origin of the PDE values.  It is not necessary to perform these
calculations in order to use the PDE values tabulated in Section 4 of this document. 
PDE is derived from the NOEL or the LOEL in the most relevant animal study as follows:
             NOEL x Weight Adjustment
PDE  =     F1 x F2 x F3 x F4 x F5 (1)
The PDE is derived preferably from a NOEL.  If no NOEL is obtained, the LOEL may be used.
Modifying factors proposed here, for relating the data to humans, are the same kind of uncertainty
factors used in EHC (EHC 170, WHO, Geneva, 1994), and modifying factors or safety factors in
Pharmacopeial Forum.  The assumption of 100 percent systemic exposure is used in all
calculations regardless of route of administration.
The modifying factors are as follows:
F1 = A factor to account for extrapolation between species.
F1 = 5 for extrapolation from rats to humans.
F1 = 12 for extrapolation from mice to humans.
F1 = 2 for extrapolation from dogs to humans.
F1 = 2.5 for extrapolation from rabbits to humans.
F1 = 3 for extrapolation from monkeys to humans.
F1 = 10 for extrapolation from other animals to humans.
10 F1 takes into account the comparative surface area:body weight ratios for the species concerned
and for man.  Surface area (S) is calculated as:
S = kM0.67 (2)
in which M = body mass, and the constant k has been taken to be 10.  The body weights used in the
equation are those shown below in Table A3.1.
F2 = A factor of 10 to account for variability between individuals.
A factor of 10 is generally given for all organic solvents, and 10 is used consistently in this
guidance.
F3 = A variable factor to account for toxicity studies of short-term exposure.
F3 = 1 for studies that last at least one half-lifetime (1 year for rodents or rabbits; 7 years
for cats, dogs and monkeys).
F3 = 1 for reproductive studies in which the whole period of organogenesis is covered.
F3 = 2 for a 6-month study in rodents, or a 3.5-year study in nonrodents.
F3 = 5 for a 3-month study in rodents, or a 2-year study in nonrodents.
F3 = 10 for studies of a shorter duration.
In all cases, the higher factor has been used for study durations between the time points (e.g., a
factor of 2 for a 9-month rodent study).
F4 = A factor that may be applied in cases of severe toxicity (e.g., nongenotoxic carcinogenicity,
neurotoxicity or teratogenicity). In studies of reproductive toxicity, the following factors are used:
F4 = 1 for fetal toxicity associated with maternal toxicity.
F4 = 5 for fetal toxicity without maternal toxicity.
F4 = 5 for a teratogenic effect with maternal toxicity.
F4 = 10 for a teratogenic effect without maternal toxicity.
F5 = A variable factor that may be applied if the NOEL was not established.
When only an LOEL is available, a factor of up to 10 could be used depending on the severity of
the toxicity.
11 The weight adjustment assumes an arbitrary adult human body weight for either sex of 50
kilograms (kg). This relatively low weight provides an additional safety factor against the standard
weights of 60 kg or 70 kg that are often used in this type of calculation. It is recognized that some
adult patients weigh less than 50 kg; these patients are considered to be accommodated by the
built-in safety factors used to determine a PDE. If the solvent was present in a formulation
specifically intended for pediatric use, an adjustment for a lower body weight would be
appropriate.
As an example of the application of this equation, consider a toxicity study of acetonitrile in mice
that is summarized in Pharmeuropa, Vol. 9, No. 1, Supplement, April 1997, page S24.  The NOEL
is calculated to be 50.7 mg kg-1 day-1.  The PDE for acetonitrile in this study is calculated as
follows:
              50.7 mg kg-1 day-1 x 50 kg
PDE =          12 x 10 x 5 x 1 x 1           = 4.22 mg day-1
In this example,
F1 = 12 to account for the extrapolation from mice to humans.
F2 = 10 to account for differences between individual humans.
F3 = 5 because the duration of the study was only 13 weeks.
F4 = 1 because no severe toxicity was encountered.
F5 = 1 because the NOEL was determined.
12 Table A3.1  Values Used in the Calculations in This Document
Rat body weight 425 g Mouse respiratory volume 43 liter
(L)/day
Pregnant rat body weight 330 g Rabbit respiratory volume 1,440 L/day
Mouse body weight 28 g Guinea pig respiratory volume 430 L/day
Pregnant mouse body weight 30 g Human respiratory volume 28,800 L/day
Guinea pig body weight 500 g Dog respiratory volume 9,000 L/day
Rhesus monkey body weight 2.5 kg Monkey respiratory volume 1,150 L/day
Rabbit body weight 4 kg Mouse water consumption 5 milliliter
(pregnant or not) (mL)/day
Beagle dog body weight 11.5 kg Rat water consumption 30 mL/day
Rat respiratory volume 290 L/day Rat food consumption 30 g/day
The equation for an ideal gas, PV = nRT, is used to convert concentrations of gases used in
inhalation studies from units of ppm to units of mg/L or mg/cubic meter (m3).  Consider as an
example the rat reproductive toxicity study by inhalation of carbon tetrachloride (molecular weight
153.84) summarized in Pharmeuropa, Vol. 9, No. 1, Supplement, April 1997, page S9.
n =  P  =  300 x 10-6 atm x 153840 mg mol-1    =    46.15 mg      = 1.89 mg/L
V    RT      0.082 L atm K-1 mol-1 x 298 K              24.45 L
The relationship 1000 L = 1 m3 is used to convert to mg/m3.
13