Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Fat choy
Fat choy, Nostoc flagelliforme, also known as faat choy, black moss, hair moss or hair weed is a terrestrial cyanobacterium (a type of photosynthetic bacteria) that is used as a vegetable in Chinese cuisine.  When dried, the product has the appearance of black hair. For that reason, its name in Chinese means "hair vegetable".  When soaked, this vegetable has a very soft texture which is like very fine vermicelli, and an appearance very similar to long, black human hair.

# Production
Fat choy grows on the ground in the Gobi Desert and the Qinghai plateau.  Over-harvesting on the Mongolian steppes has furthered erosion and desertification in those areas. The Chinese government has limited its harvesting, which has caused its price to increase. This may be one reason why some commercially available fat choy has been found to be adulterated with strands of a non-cellular starchy material, with other additives and dyes. Real fat choy is dark green in color, while the counterfeit fat choy appears black.

# Chinese culture
The last two syllables of this name in Cantonese sound the same as another Cantonese saying meaning "struck it rich" (though the second syllable, choi, has a different tone) -- this is found, for example, in the Cantonese saying, "Gung1 hei2 faat3 choi4" (, meaning "congratulations and be prosperous"), which is often proclaimed during Chinese New Year. For that reason, this product is a popular ingredient in dishes used for the Chinese New Year. It is enjoyed as an alternative to cellophane noodles.  It is mostly used in Cantonese cuisine and Buddhist cuisine.  It is sometimes used as a hot pot ingredient.

# Health effects
A research team from the biochemistry department of the Chinese University of Hong Kong said that international research has shown that fat choy, besides having no nutritional value, has also been found to contain Beta-methylamino L-alanine (BMAA), a toxic amino acid that could affect the normal functions of nerve cells. Professor Chan King-ming of the team told the media that eating fat choy could lead to degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and dementia.

# Notes
-  ijs.sgmjournals.org
-  Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 2.2 The standard.com.hk
-  Waynesword
Fecaloma
Synonyms and keywords: a tumor made of feces; fecalith; coprolith; stones made of feces

# Overview
A fecaloma is a hardening of feces into stones of varying size inside the colon.

# Pathophysiology
A fecaloma occurs in the setting of chronic obstruction of fecal transit.

# Causes
- Chagas disease
- Hirschsprung's disease
- Megacolon and chronic constipation
- Destruction of the autonomic nervous system inside the colon's mucosa (Auerbach's plexus)

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Fecal impaction may have severe and even lethal effects, such as the rupture of the colon's walls by acute angles of the fecalomas (stercoral perforation), followed by septicemia.  A fecolith is also usually the cause of acute appendicitis.

# Treatment
Extremely large (giant) fecalomas, which must be surgically removed (disimpaction).  Normally, however, fecalomas can be manually disimpacted or by passing colonic tubes (catheters which carry a flow of disimpaction fluid (solvent).
Feldsher
Feldsher (Russian/Cyrillic: ) was the name of medical/healthcare professional that provided many medical services in the Soviet Union, mainly in rural areas. Trained in undergraduate medical / health professions schools, they were supposed to work on preventive and primary care work and refer most serious cases to higher-level institutions. Feldsher actually means barber, and was based on the surgeons-barbers in the Russian Army going back to the 1600s. This system of rural primary care provided some of the inspiration for China's program of Barefoot doctors.
The name Feldsher was derived from the German term Feldscher, which was coined in the 15th century. Feldscher means Field doctor (Feld = Field, Scher = doctor), and was the name of medieval barber-surgeons. They worked as army field surgeons for the German and Swiss Landsknecht until real military medical services were established by Prussia in the early 18th century. The term was then exported with Prussian officers and nobility to Russia.
Feldsher(), as healthcare profession in the Soviet Union, is an equivalent to Physician Assistant or Nurse Practitioners in the USA.
de:Feldscher
nl:Feldsjer
Fen-phen
Fen-phen was an anti-obesity medication (an anorectic) which consisted of two drugs: fenfluramine and phentermine.  Fenfluramine, and later, a related drug, dexfenfluramine, was marketed by American Home Products, now known as Wyeth.
After reports of valvular heart disease and pulmonary hypertension, primarily in women who had been undergoing treatment with Fen-phen, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requested its withdrawal from the market in September 1997.
The action was based on findings from doctors who had evaluated patients taking these two drugs with echocardiograms, a special procedure that can test the functioning of heart valves. These findings indicated that approximately 30 percent of patients who were evaluated had abnormal echocardiograms, even though they had no symptoms. This percentage of abnormal test results was much higher than would be expected from a comparatively-sized sample of the population who had not been exposed to either fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine.
In July 1997, researchers at the Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation reported 24 cases of rare valvular disease in women who took the Fen-phen combination therapy. The FDA alerted medical doctors that it had received nine additional reports of the same type, and requested all health care professionals to report any such cases to the agencys MedWatch program, or to their respective pharmaceutical manufacturers.
The FDA subsequently received 66 additional reports of heart valve disease, all primarily associated with Fen-phen. There were also reports of documented heart-valve problems in patients taking only either fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine. The FDA requested that the manufacturers of fenfluramine and dexfenfluramine stress the potential risk to the heart in the drugs' labeling and in patient package inserts. As of 1997, the FDA was continuing to receive reports of cardiac valvular disease in persons who have taken these drugs.  This valvular disease typically involves the aortic and mitral valves.
As of 2004, Fen-phen is no longer widely available.  In April 2005, American Lawyer magazine ran a cover story on the Fen-phen mass tort crisis, reporting that more than 50,000 product liability lawsuits had been filed by alleged Fen-phen victims.  Estimates of total liability run as high as $14 billion.
Fioricet
Fioricet and Esgic are brand name drugs made from a combination of acetaminophen (325 mg), butalbital (a barbiturate, 50 mg), and caffeine (40 mg). They are indicated for the treatment of tension headaches and muscle contraction headaches.  Although not indicated, they are commonly used to treat migraines and other pain related ailments.

# Usage and dosage
Fioricet is indicated for the treatment of complex  and muscle contraction headaches.  It is also commonly prescribed for migraines although it is not FDA indicated for this use.  The usual adult dose is 1-2 tablets every four hours as needed, not exceeding six tablets in a 24 hour period.

# Mechanism of action
Butalbital has generalized depressant effect on central nervous system and, in very high doses, has peripheral effects. Acetaminophen has analgesic and antipyretic effects; its analgesic effects may be mediated through inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase enzyme complex. Caffeine is thought to produce constriction of cerebral blood vessels.
Butalbital has half-life of about 35 hours. Acetaminophen half-life is 1.25 to 3 hours, but may be increased by liver damage and following overdosage. Caffeine half-life is about 3 hours.

# Side effects
Side effects for any drug are difficult to predict, but commonly reported side effects for Fioricet include:
- Dizziness
- Drowsiness
- Intoxicated feeling
- Light-headedness
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Sedation
- Addiction
- Shortness of breath
- Abdominal pain

# Variations
- Phrenilin is an equivalent combination of butalbital and acetaminophen, without the caffeine (325/50).
- Esgic Plus and Phrenilin Forte contains 500  and 650 miligrams of acetaminophen respectively, instead of 325 milligrams.  Additionally, Esgic Plus contains 40 milligrams of caffeine.
- Fiorinal contains aspirin instead of acetaminophen.
- Fiorinal and Fioricet also come as a combination drug with codeine called Fiorinal with Codeine and Fioricet with Codeine which adds 30 milligrams of codeine phosphate to each mixture.
Flavones

# Overview
Flavones are a class of flavonoids based on the backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one (2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-4-one) shown on the right.
Natural flavones include Apigenin (4',5,7-trihydroxyflavone, Luteolin (3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) and Tangeritin (4',5,6,7,8-pentamethoxyflavone). Synthetic flavones are Diosmin and Flavoxate

# Organic chemistry
In organic chemistry several methods exist for the synthesis of flavones:
- the Allan-Robinson reaction
- the Auwers synthesis
- the Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement
- the Algar-Flynn-Oyamada reaction
Another method is the dehydrative cyclization of certain 1,3-diaryl diketones 
this particular study making use of an ionic liquid solvent and microwave irradiation.

## Wessely-Moser rearrangement
The Wessely-Moser rearrangement (1930)  has been an important tool in structure elucidation of flavonoids. It involves the conversion of 5,7,8-trimethoxyflavone into 5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone on hydrolysis of the methoxy groups to phenol groups. It also has synthetic potential for example:
This rearrangement reaction takes place in several steps: A ring opening to the diketone, B bond rotation with formation of a favorable acetylacetone-like phenyl-ketone interaction and  C hydrolysis of two methoxy groups and ring closure.
Fluorene
Fluorene, or 9H-fluorene, is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. It has the form of odorless white crystals. It is combustible. It has a violet fluorescence, which gave it its name. It is manufactured artificially, although it occurs in the higher boiling fractions of coal tar. It is insoluble in water and soluble in benzene and ether.
Fluorene is used to make dyes, plastics, and pesticides. It can be found in corn silk and engine exhaust gas. It is used for production of fluorenone and fluorene-9-methanol.
Poly(fluorene) is commonly used as a luminophore in organic light-emitting diodes. Fluorene copolymers are being investigated as materials for solar cells.
The protons in the 9-position of the fluorene ring are acidic (pKa = 22.6 in DMSO) and removal of one of them with a strong base, such as n-butyllithium, leads to the stable fluorenyl anion, which is aromatic and has an intense orange colour. The anion is a nucleophile and most electrophiles react with it by adding to the 9-position.
The carbamate ester of 9-hydroxymethylfluorene, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate (FMOC), is used a N-terminal protective group in peptide synthesis.
Fluorene should not be confused with fluorone, nor with the element fluorine.
Forehead
In human anatomy, the forehead or brow is the bony part of the head above the eyes.

# Anatomy
In modern humans it is roughly vertical, ending at the hairline where the head flattens out. Muscles of the forehead include the frontalis, which moves and contracts the forehead's scalp.

# Pronunciation
Historically, the word has rhymed with "horrid" RP: Template:IPA, General American: Template:IPA, but the spelling pronunciation RP: Template:IPA, GenAm: Template:IPA has become more common in recent years.
Fortisip
FortisipTM is a nutritional supplement, a palatable, ready-made milkshake style drink made by the company Nutricia, for the dietary management of disease related malnutrition.
Fortisip is designed to provide the essential nutrients that you usually obtain from a varied diet. So, it is made for people who can not consume enough solid food, which may be due to a variety of different causes: when appetite is poor and nutritional requirements are not being met through ordinary food, many people find it easier to drink than to eat and Fortisip drink help increase nutritional intake. It is suitable for use as the sole source of nutrition for most people over 6 years of age.
Fortisip Bottle is often useful to reduce the amount of weight loss in people with cancer, helping them build up their strength and withstand the effects of the cancer and its treatment.
Each 200ml Fortisip bottle contains 300 Kcal or 1260 kj. Fortisip bottle also contains proteins and all of the vitamins, minerals and trace elements you need for a nutritionally complete diet.
While Fortisip is gluten and lactose free, it is suitable also for use for people with coeliac disease or lactose intolerance. It is not suitable for people with the condition galactosemia, or as a partial source of nutrition for children under the age of 3.
Fortisip Bottle is available in various flavours: neutral, vanilla, strawberry, orange, banana, tropical fruits, chocolate and toffee.
Freckles
Freckles are clusters of concentrated melanin which are most often visible on people with a fair complexion. A freckle is also called an "ephelis."

# Biology
Having freckles is genetic and is related to the presence of the melanocortin-1 receptor MC1R gene variant, which is dominant. Freckles are often found in people with fair hair such as blonde, strawberry blonde, dishwater blonde, or most commonly red hair. The formation of freckles is triggered by exposure to sunlight. The exposure to UV-B radiation activates melanocytes to increase the melanin production, which causes freckles to become darker and more numerous.
Freckles are predominantly found on the face, although they may appear on any skin exposed to the sun. Freckles are rare on infants, and more common on children before puberty; they are less common on adults.
Upon exposure to the sun, freckles will reappear if they have been altered with creams or lasers and not protected from the sun, but do however fade with age in some cases. 
Freckles are not a skin disorder. People with freckles usually have a lower concentration of photoprotective melanin and are therefore more susceptible to the harmful effects of UV-radiation. An overexposure of UV-radiation should be avoided. However due to the debate about the safety of sunscreen, protective clothing should be the preferred method.  
Sunscreens and Cancer by Hans R Larsen

# Two types of freckles
Ephelides is a genetic trait.  Its used to describe a freckle that is flat, light brown or red, and fades in the winter.  Ephelides are more common in those with light complexions and with the regular use of sunblock, can be suppressed.
Liver spots (also known as sun spots and Lentigines) are freckles that sometimes do not fade in the winter. Rather, they form after years of exposure to the sun.  Lentigines are more common in older people.
FreeLife
FreeLife International is a multi-level marketing company established in 1995 by Ray Faltinsky that supplies health food supplements. FreeLife is best known for promoting Himalayan Goji Juice, made from goji berries.

# Products
FreeLifes product line initially consisted of nutritional supplements, weight loss products, shampoo and personal care products. FreeLife has since changed its product lines and now focuses on a juice made from wolfberry and sold under the name of Himalayan Goji Juice. FreeLife operates as an international multi-level marketing company where commissions are paid on multiple levels for recruiting others to buy and sell the product. Getting started includes an initial financial investment plus getting set up on a monthly 4-pack shipment of Himalayan Goji Juice for about $129.95 +taxes & shipping (about $200.00 per month). By recruiting others to buy and sell the product, an individual can reduce their product expenses and earn additional revenue.

# History
FreeLife was backed by investors, including Anson Beard of Morgan Stanley/Dean Witter, and with nutritionist and author of the  nutritional book, the Vitamin Bible, Earl Mindell. FreeLife has since grown into a large multi-million dollar international company.
FreeLife's spokesperson, Earl Mindell, has made several claims about the health benefits of the goji brand of wolfberry juice, including that it has anti-aging properties.. Several unpublished studies have been made linking the juice with benefits for cancer patients, a claim which has caused controversy because the Goji Juice is an antioxidant, which can interfere with existing cancer treatments. A seller of Goji Juice, was warned about making unsubstantiated claims about the juice's health benefits by the United States Food and Drug Administration.
In a hidden-camera investigation and an interview by Wendy Mesley on the CBC consumer television program Marketplace (aired 24 January, 2007), H. Leon Bradlow, the author of a study that Mindell cites as support for this anti-cancer claim, says that his original research does not, in fact, show that goji juice has any anti-cancer properties, and states "I don't have proof that it would have that effect in a tumor in a mouse, let alone a person."
In addition, Bradlow's study was carried out at Hackensack University Medical Center, not the "prestigious" Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center as Mindell had repeatedly claimed.Template:Who
Mesley then went on to confront Mindell, whom FreeLife refers to as "Dr. Mindell" about the validity of his Ph.D from Pacific Western University and whether or not he is a medical doctor. Mindell asserted that his degree is "accredited in every state in the Union", a claim that is clearly contrary to fact . Shortly after this comment, he ejected Mesley and her crew from his house and threatened to call the police.
Frenulum

# Overview
A frenulum (or frenum, plural: frenula or frena, from the Latin frenulum, "little bridle", the diminutive of frenum ) is a small fold of tissue that secures or restricts the motion of a mobile organ in the body. A short frenulum may require a frenectomy or frenuloplasty to achieve normal mobility.
Frenula on the human body include several in the mouth, some in the digestive tract, and some connected to the external genitalia:
- Oral tissue: Frenula of the mouth include the frenulum linguae under the tongue, the f. labii superioris inside the upper lip, the f. labii inferioris inside the lower lip, and the buccal frena which connect the cheeks to the gum. These can easily be torn by violent blows to the face or mouth, and thus a torn frenulum is sometimes a warning sign of physical abuse.
- Vulvular tissue: In females, genital frenula include the frenulum clitoridis of the clitoris and the frenulum labiorum pudendi (aka. fourchette) where the labia minora meet at the back.
- Penile tissue: The word frenulum on its own is often used for the frenulum of prepuce of penis or frenulum preputii penis, which is an elastic band of tissue under the glans penis that connects to the prepuce, or foreskin to the vernal mucosa, and helps contract the prepuce over the glans.
- Brain: Frenulum veli
The word frenulum also refers to a bristle present at the root of the hindwing of most moths which engages with a small hook on the forewing to join the wings together.
Frizzled

# Overview
Frizzled is a family of G protein-coupled receptor proteins that serve as receptors in the Wnt signaling pathway and other signaling pathways. When activated, Frizzled leads to activation of Dishevelled in the cytosol. Frizzled proteins and the genes that encode them have been identified in an array of animals, from sponges to humans. Frizzled proteins also play key roles in governing cell polarity, embryonic development, formation of neural synapses, cell proliferation, and many other processes in developing and adult organisms.  Mutations in the human frizzled-4 receptor have been linked to familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, a rare disease affecting the retina at the back of the eye, and the vitreous, the clear fluid inside the eye.
The frizzled (fz) locus of Drosophila coordinates the cytoskeletons of epidermal cells, producing a parallel array of cuticular hairs and bristles. In fz mutants, the orientation of individual hairs with respect both to their neighbours and to the organism as a whole is altered. In the wild-type wing, all hairs point towards the distal tip.
In the developing wing, Fz has 2 functions: it is required for the proximal-distal transmission of an intracellular polarity signal; and it is required for cells to respond to the polarity signal. Fz produces an mRNA that encodes an integral membrane protein with 7 putative transmembrane (TM) domains. This protein should contain both extracellular and cytoplasmic domains, which could function in the transmission and interpretation of polarity information. This signature is usually found downstream of the Fz domain (InterPro: IPR000024)

# Group members
The following is a list of the ten known human frizzled receptors:
- FZD1 (FZD1)
- FZD2 (FZD2)
- FZD3 (FZD3)
- FZD4 (FZD4)
- FZD5 (FZD5)
- FZD6 (FZD6)
- FZD7 (FZD7)
- FZD8 (FZD8)
- FZD9 (FZD9)
- FZD10 (FZD10)
Fucoidan
Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide (MW: average 20,000) found mainly in various species of brown seaweed such as kombu, limu moui, bladderwrack,  wakame, mozuku, and hijiki (variant forms of fucoidan have also been found in animal species, including the sea cucumber).
Substantial pharmaceutical research has been done on fucoidan, focusing primarily on two distinct forms: F-fucoidan, which is >95% composed of sulfated esters of fucose, and U-fucoidan, which is approximately 20% glucuronic acid. As a consequence of this research, U-fucoidan and F-fucoidan are now being marketed as a nutraceutical, a supposed "miracle drug", and a food supplement.
Researchers began studying fucoidan around 1970, and since that time fucoidan has been cited in approximately 700 studies published in the National Library of Medicine's database. The overall findings of this large body of research, coupled with anecdotal evidence provided by a long history of use of fucoidan-bearing seaweed in areas such as Japan, Hawaii and Tonga, indicate that fucoidan demonstrates great potential as a safe nutritional answer for a wide variety of health complaints.
A study  released in 2005 by Japanese researchers have indicated that F-fucoidan can induce apoptosis in human lymphoma cell lines; as well, French researchers showed in 2002  that F-fucoidan can inhibit hyperplasia in rabbits.