Bromfenac sodium

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# Overview
Bromfenac sodium is an anti inflammatory drug that is FDA approved for the treatment of postoperative inflammation and reduction of ocular pain in patients who have undergone cataract surgery.   Common adverse reactions include blurred vision, burning sensation in eye, conjunctival hyperemia,eye irritation,itching of eye, pain in eye, photophobia, red eye.

# Adult Indications and Dosage

## FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

# Indications
- Bromfenac ophthalmic solution 0.09% is indicated for the treatment of postoperative inflammation and reduction of ocular pain in patients who have undergone cataract surgery.

# Dosing
Recommended Dosing
- One drop of bromfenac ophthalmic solution should be applied to the affected eye two times daily beginning 24 hours after cataract surgery and continuing through the first 2 weeks of the postoperative period.
Use with Other Topical Ophthalmic Medications
- Bromfenac ophthalmic solution may be administered in conjunction with other topical ophthalmic medications such as alpha-agonists, beta-blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, cycloplegics, and mydriatics. Drops should be administered at least 5 minutes apart.

# DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
- Topical ophthalmic solution: bromfenac 0.09%.

## Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

### Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Bromfenac sodium in adult patients.

### NonGuideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label NonGuideline-Supported Use of Bromfenac sodium in adult patients.

# Pediatric Indications and Dosage

## FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
There is limited information regarding FDA-Labeled Use of Bromfenac sodium in pediatric patients.

## Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

### Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Bromfenac sodium in pediatric patients.

### NonGuideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label NonGuideline-Supported Use of Bromfenac sodium in pediatric patients.

# Contraindications
- None

# Warnings
Sulfite Allergic Reactions
- Contains sodium sulfite, a sulfite that may cause allergic-type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in certain susceptible people. The overall prevalence of sulfite sensitivity in the general population is unknown and probably low. Sulfite sensitivity is seen more frequently in asthmatic than in non-asthmatic people.
Slow or Delayed Healing
- All topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may slow or delay healing. Topical corticosteroids are also known to slow or delay healing. Concomitant use of topical NSAIDs and topical steroids may increase the potential for healing problems.
Potential for Cross-Sensitivity
- There is the potential for cross-sensitivity to acetylsalicylic acid, phenylacetic acid derivatives, and other NSAIDs. Therefore, caution should be used when treating individuals who have previously exhibited sensitivities to these drugs.
Increased Bleeding Time
- With some NSAIDs, there exists the potential for increased bleeding time due to interference with platelet aggregation. There have been reports that ocularly applied NSAIDs may cause increased bleeding of ocular tissues (including hyphemas) in conjunction with ocular surgery.
- It is recommended that bromfenac ophthalmic solution be used with caution in patients with known bleeding tendencies or who are receiving other medications which may prolong bleeding time.
Keratitis and Corneal Reactions
- Use of topical NSAIDs may result in keratitis. In some susceptible patients, continued use of topical NSAIDs may result in epithelial breakdown, corneal thinning, corneal erosion, corneal ulceration or corneal perforation. These events may be sight threatening. Patients with evidence of corneal epithelial breakdown should immediately discontinue use of topical NSAIDs and should be closely monitored for corneal health.
- Post-marketing experience with topical NSAIDs suggests that patients with complicated ocular surgeries, corneal denervation, corneal epithelial defects, diabetes mellitus, ocular surface diseases (e.g., dry eye syndrome), rheumatoid arthritis, or repeat ocular surgeries within a short period of time may be at increased risk for corneal adverse events which may become sight threatening. Topical NSAIDs should be used with caution in these patients.
- Post-marketing experience with topical NSAIDs also suggests that use more than 24 hours prior to surgery or use beyond 14 days post surgery may increase patient risk for the occurrence and severity of corneal adverse events.
Contact Lens Wear
- Bromfenac ophthalmic solution should not be administered while wearing contact lenses. Remove contact lenses prior to instillation of bromfenac ophthalmic solution. The preservative in bromfenac ophthalmic solution, benzalkonium chloride, may be absorbed by soft contact lenses. Lenses may be reinserted after 10 minutes following administration of bromfenac ophthalmic solution.

# Adverse Reactions

## Clinical Trials Experience
- Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
- The most commonly reported adverse reactions reported following use of bromfenac after cataract surgery include: abnormal sensation in eye, conjunctival hyperemia, eye irritation (including burning/stinging), eye pain, eye pruritus, eye redness, headache, and iritis. These reactions were reported in 2% to 7% of patients.

## Postmarketing Experience
- The following reactions have been identified during post-marketing use of bromfenac ophthalmic solution 0.09% in clinical practice. Because they are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, estimates of frequency cannot be made. The reactions, which have been chosen for inclusion due to either their seriousness, frequency of reporting, possible causal connection to topical bromfenac ophthalmic solution 0.09% or a combination of these factors, include corneal erosion, corneal perforation, corneal thinning, and epithelial breakdown.

# Drug Interactions
There is limited information regarding Bromfenac sodium Drug Interactions in the drug label.

# Use in Specific Populations

### Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category (FDA): 
Pregnancy Category C
Risk Summary
- There are no adequate and well-controlled studies with bromfenac ophthalmic solution in pregnant women. No malformations were observed in reproduction studies in rats and rabbits with oral doses of bromfenac at exposures up to 150 times (rats) and 90 times (rabbits) the predicted human systemic exposure; however, both embryolethality and maternal toxicity were observed at the highest dose exposures. The systemic concentration of bromfenac is estimated to be below the limit of quantification (50 ng/mL) at steady-state in humans, following ocular administration . Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Clinical Considerations
- Premature closure of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus has occurred with third trimester use of oral and injectable NSAIDs. Measurable maternal and fetal plasma drug levels are available with oral and injectable routes of NSAID administration. The maternal plasma level of bromfenac ophthalmic solution following ocular administration is unknown.
Animal Data
- Reproduction studies performed in rats at oral doses of bromfenac up to 0.9 mg/kg/day (systemic exposure 90 times the systemic exposure predicted from the recommended human ophthalmic dose  assuming the human systemic concentration is at the limit of quantification) and rabbits at oral doses up to 7.5 mg/kg/day (150 times the predicted human systemic exposure) produced no drug-related malformations in reproduction studies. However, embryo-fetal lethality and maternal toxicity were produced in rats and rabbits at 0.9 mg/kg/day and 7.5 mg/kg/day, respectively. In rats, bromfenac treatment caused delayed parturition at 0.3 mg/kg/day (30 times the predicted human exposure), and caused dystocia, increased neonatal mortality and reduced postnatal growth at 0.9 mg/kg/day.
Pregnancy Category (AUS):
- Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Bromfenac sodium in women who are pregnant.

### Labor and Delivery
There is no FDA guidance on use of Bromfenac sodium during labor and delivery.

### Nursing Mothers
- It is not known if bromfenac ophthalmic solution is present in human milk. The systemic concentration of bromfenac is estimated to be below the limit of quantification (50 ng/mL) at steady-state in humans, following ocular administration. Based on the low level of systemic exposure, it is unlikely that bromfenac ophthalmic solution would be detected in human milk using available assays. Caution should be exercised when bromfenac ophthalmic solution is administered to a nursing woman.

### Pediatric Use
- Safety and efficacy in pediatric patients below the age of 18 have not been established.

### Geriatic Use
- There is no evidence that the efficacy or safety profiles for bromfenac ophthalmic solution differ in patients 65 years of age and older compared to younger adult patients.

### Gender
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Bromfenac sodium with respect to specific gender populations.

### Race
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Bromfenac sodium with respect to specific racial populations.

### Renal Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Bromfenac sodium in patients with renal impairment.

### Hepatic Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Bromfenac sodium in patients with hepatic impairment.

### Females of Reproductive Potential and Males
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Bromfenac sodium in women of reproductive potentials and males.

### Immunocompromised Patients
There is no FDA guidance one the use of Bromfenac sodium in patients who are immunocompromised.

# Administration and Monitoring

### Administration
- Oral
- Ophthalmic

### Monitoring
There is limited information regarding Monitoring of Bromfenac sodium in the drug label.

# IV Compatibility
There is limited information regarding IV Compatibility of Bromfenac sodium in the drug label.
There is limited information regarding Chronic Overdose of Bromfenac sodium in the drug label.

# Overdosage
There is limited information regarding Bromfenac sodium overdosage.  If you suspect drug poisoning or overdose, please contact the National Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) immediately.

# Pharmacology

## Mechanism of Action
- Bromfenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has anti-inflammatory activity. The mechanism of its action is thought to be due to its ability to block prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase 1 and 2.
- Prostaglandins have been shown in many animal models to be mediators of certain kinds of intraocular inflammation. In studies performed in animal eyes, prostaglandins have been shown to produce disruption of the blood-aqueous humor barrier, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, leukocytosis, and increased intraocular pressure.

## Structure
- Bromfenac ophthalmic solution 0.09% is a sterile, topical, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) for ophthalmic use. Each mL of bromfenac ophthalmic solution contains 1.035 mg bromfenac sodium sesquihydrate (equivalent to 0.9 mg bromfenac free acid). Bromfenac sodium is designated chemically as sodium 2-amino-3-(4-bromobenzoyl) phenylacetate sesquihydrate, with an molecular formula of C15H11BrNNaO3 112H2O. The structural structure for bromfenac sodium is:
Bromfenac sodium is a yellow to orange crystalline powder. The molecular weight of bromfenac sodium is 383.17. Bromfenac ophthalmic solution is supplied as a sterile aqueous 0.09% solution, with a pH of 8.3. The osmolality of bromfenac ophthalmic solution is approximately 300 mOsmol/kg.
Each mL of bromfenac ophthalmic solution contains:
Active: bromfenac sodium sesquihydrate 0.1035% equivalent to 0.9 mg bromfenac free acid
Preservative: benzalkonium chloride (0.05 mg/mL)
Inactives: boric acid, disodium edetate (0.2 mg/mL), polysorbate 80 (1.5 mg/mL), povidone (20 mg/mL), sodium borate, sodium sulfite anhydrous (2 mg/mL), sodium hydroxide to adjust pH and water for injection, USP.

## Pharmacodynamics
There is limited information regarding Pharmacodynamics of Bromfenac sodium in the drug label.

## Pharmacokinetics
- The plasma concentration of bromfenac following ocular administration of bromfenac ophthalmic solution 0.09% in humans is unknown. Based on the maximum proposed dose of one drop to the eye (0.09 mg) twice a day and PK information from other routes of administration, the systemic concentration of bromfenac is estimated to be below the limit of quantification (50 ng/mL) at steady-state in humans.

## Nonclinical Toxicology
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
- Long-term carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice given oral doses of bromfenac up to 0.6 mg/kg/day (systemic exposure 30 times the systemic exposure predicted from the recommended human ophthalmic dose  assuming the human systemic concentration is at the limit of quantification) and 5 mg/kg/day (340 times the predicted human systemic exposure), respectively revealed no significant increases in tumor incidence. Bromfenac did not show mutagenic potential in various mutagenicity studies, including the reverse mutation, chromosomal aberration, and micronucleus tests.
- Bromfenac did not impair fertility when administered orally to male and female rats at doses up to 0.9 mg/kg/day and 0.3 mg/kg/day, respectively (systemic exposure 90 and 30 times the predicted human exposure, respectively).

# Clinical Studies
Ocular Inflammation and Pain
- Clinical efficacy was evaluated in two randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled U.S. trials in which subjects with a summed ocular inflammation score 3 after cataract surgery were assigned to bromfenac ophthalmic solution or vehicle in a 2:1 ratio following surgery. One drop of bromfenac ophthalmic solution or vehicle was self-instilled in the study eye twice a day for 14 days, beginning the day after surgery. The primary endpoint was reduction of ocular inflammation (to trace inflammation or clearing) assessed 14 days post-surgery using a slit lamp binocular microscope. In the intent-to-treat analyses of both studies a significant effect of bromfenac ophthalmic solution on ocular inflammation after cataract surgery was demonstrated (62% to 66% vs. 40% to 48%).
- An additional efficacy end point was the time required for resolution of ocular pain in subjects who reported pain. Overall, only 20% of the patients undergoing cataract surgery in these trials had pain on the first day after surgery. In these patients, the bromfenac ophthalmic solution group demonstrated a statistically significant difference in median time to resolution of ocular pain of 2 days compared to 4 days for patients receiving vehicle.

# How Supplied
- Bromfenac ophthalmic solution 0.09% is supplied in a white LDPE plastic squeeze bottle with a 15 mm LDPE white dropper-tip and 15 mm polypropylene gray cap. Tamper evidence is provided with a shrink band around the closure and neck area of the package.
NDC 0378-7109-35
5 mL in 10 mL container
NDC 0378-7110-35
2.5 mL in 6 mL container

## Storage
- Store at 20o to 25C (68o to 77F). 

# Images

## Drug Images

## Package and Label Display Panel

# Patient Counseling Information
Slowed or Delayed Healing
- Advise patients of the possibility that slow or delayed healing may occur while using NSAIDs.
Sterility of Dropper Tip
- Advise patients to not touch dropper tip to any surface, as this may contaminate the contents.
- Use of the same bottle for both eyes is not recommended with topical eye drops that are used in association with surgery.
Concomitant Use of Contact Lenses
- Advise patients that contact lenses should not be worn during the use of this product. The preservative in bromfenac ophthalmic solution, benzalkonium chloride, may be absorbed by soft contact lenses. Lenses may be reinserted after 10 minutes following administration of bromfenac ophthalmic solution.
Concomitant Topical Ocular Therapy
- Advise patients that if more than one topical ophthalmic medication is being used, the medicines should be administered at least 5 minutes apart.

# Precautions with Alcohol
- Alcohol-Bromfenac sodium interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

# Brand Names
- BROMFENAC

# Look-Alike Drug Names
- A  B

# Drug Shortage Status

# Price