Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Mimosa tenuiflora

# Description
Mimosa tenuiflora is a perennial evergreen shrub native to the northeastern region of Brazil and found as far north as southern Mexico. It is one of scores of Mimosa species and cognates; as a medicinal plant this particular species has acquired a variety of colloquial names as well as several synonym 
Latin binomials- including M. hostilis in reference to the plant having significant spines.
The white, fragrant flowers occur in loosely cylindrical spikes. The fern-like branches have leaves that are finely pinnate, growing to 5 cm long. The brittle fruits average 3 cm long. The plant itself grows to 4 meters in height.

## Alkaloids
Dimethyltryptamine approximately 1% in dry root bark.

# Uses

## Entheogenic uses
The Mimosa hostilis  tree is known locally  as Jurema, Jurema Preta, Black Jurema, and Vinho de Jurema.
The root-bark of the plant contains concentrations of phytoindole tryptamines including DMT; and is the part traditionally used in north-eastern Brazil in a psychoactive decoction also called  Jurema- or Yurema. Analogously the traditional Western Amazonian sacrament Ayahuasca is brewed from indigenous ayahuasca vines.
However- to date no -carbolines  such as harmala alkaloids have been detected in M. hostilis decoctions; yet the root bark is consistently used without added MAOI.
This presents challenges to the pharmacological understanding of how DMT from the plant is rendered orally active as an entheogen.
It has even been reported in the literature that beverages using M. hostilis likely have no true psychoactive effects.
In this view, if MAOI is neither present in the plant nor added to the mixture, the enzyme MAO will break apart DMT in the human gut, preventing the active molecule from entering blood and brain.
However the isolation of a new compound 'Yuremamine' from M. hostilis as reported in 2005 represents a new class of phyto-indoles- which may explain an apparent oral activity of DMT in Jurema.

## Medicinal uses
In Mexico, where the bark of the tree is used under the name tepezcohuite,  this plant is an external remedy for healing skin with problems including burns.
It is now used in commercial hair and skin products promoted to rejuvenate skin. 
Research supports the traditional uses. The bark is known to be rich in tannins, saponins, alkaloids, lipids, phytosterols, glucosides, xylose, rhamnose, arabinose, lupeol, methoxychalcones and kukulkanins. In vitro studies have shown three times more  bacteriocidal activity on bacterial cultures than streptomycin, although in vivo studies have not been as positive.

## Other uses
The wood of the tree is also used in fence construction and for other purposes, such as a source for the plant growth hormone, gibberellic acid (C19H22O6), which is known to cause exponential growth in plants and some flowering bodies of fungi.
Mineralocorticoid
Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones characterised by their similarity to aldosterone and their influence on salt and water balance.

# Physiology
The name mineralocorticoid derives from early observations that these hormones were involved in the retention of sodium, a mineral.  The primary endogenous mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, although a number of other endogenous hormones (including progesterone and deoxycorticosterone) have mineralocorticoid function.
Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to provide active reabsorption of sodium and an associated passive reabsorption of water, as well as the active secretion of potassium in the principle cells of the cortical collecting tubule and active secretion of protons via proton ATPases in the lumenal membrane of the intercalated cells of the collecting tubule.  This in turn results in an increase of blood pressure and blood volume.
Aldosterone is produced in the cortex of the adrenal gland and its secretion is mediated principally by angiotensin II, but also by adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and local potassium levels.

# Mode of Action
Mineralocorticoids bind to the cytosolic mineralocorticoid receptor. This type of receptor gets activated upon ligand binding. After a hormone binds to the corresponding receptor, the newly formed receptor-ligand complex translocates itself into the cell nucleus, where it binds to many hormone response elements (HRE) in the promoter region of the target genes in the DNA.
The opposite mechanism is called transrepression. The hormone receptor without ligand binding interacts with heat shock proteins and prevents the transcription of targeted genes.
Aldosterone and cortisol have similar affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor however, glucocorticoids circulate at roughly 100 times the level of mineralocorticoids. An enzyme exists in mineralocorticoid target tissues to prevent overstimulation by glucocorticoids. This enzyme, 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (Protein:HSD11B2), catalyzes the deactivation of glucocorticoids to 11-dehydro metabolites. Licorice is known to be an inhibitor of this enzyme and chronic consumption can result in a condition known as pseudohyperaldosteronism.

# Pathophysiology
Hyperaldosteronism (the syndrome caused by elevated aldosterone) generally results from adrenal neoplasms. The two main resulting problems:
- Hypertension and edema due to excessive Na+ and water retention.
- Accelerated excretion of potassium ions. With extreme K+ loss there is muscle weakness and eventually paralysis.
Underproduction, or hypoaldosteronism, leads to the salt-wasting state associated with Addison's disease, although classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia and other disease states may also cause this situation.

# Pharmacology
An example of synthetic mineralocorticoids is fludrocortisone (Florinef). Important mineralocorticoid inhibitors are spironolactone and eplerenone.
de:Mineralokortikoid
he:
mk:
no:Mineralkortikoid
Mission Australia
Mission Australia is a non-denominational, not for profit organisation that helps people in need.
Operating all around Australia and providing a wide range of services, Mission Australia tries to give people the skills and support they need to take their place within the community.

# Mission Australia's Work
Mission Australia is primarily concerned with providing people with the tools they need to improve their lives.
Focusing more on long-term solutions rather than short-term fixes, all of Mission Australias work reflects their values of compassion, integrity, respect, perseverance and celebration.
These guys rule! Take it from my experience. If you ever get in contact with them they will really look after you!

# History
Mission Australia was formed in 2000 when a series of smaller Missions joined together to create a unified, Australia-wide, organisation to help people.
These Missions included Brisbane City Mission, Sydney City Mission, Hunter Mission, Mission Australia Southern NSW, Mission Australia Group Training and Mission Employment, Mission SA, Perth City Mission and Wollongong City Mission.
The precursors to Mission Australia, the City Missions were inspired by the London City Mission established by David Nasmith. The Sydney City Mission was established in 1862 by Benjamin Short while the Brisbane City Mission was established in 1859 and Adelaide City Mission (later Mission SA) in 1867.

# Services
Mission Australia provides: accommodation and support programs for the homeless; creative services for homeless youth; counselling and support programs for families and accommodation and support for people with disabilities.

## Missionbeat
Missionbeat is a mobile service that drives around Sydney, helping people who are homeless find accommodation or helping those under the effects of drugs or alcohol to obtain medical attention.

# Fundraising
One way Mission Australia raises funds is through holding a series of Adventure Holidays. Travelers wishing to take part must raise a predetermined amount of money which is then used to pay for travel expenses and to help Mission Australia continue its work in areas selected by the individual fundraiser. Previous trips have visited the Inca Trail, Kokoda Track, Mount Everest and The Great Wall of China.

# Registered Training Organisation
They are also a Registered Training Organisation (RTO), providing from basic skills and prevocational to vocational education (Technical and Further Education courses) Certificates I-IV and Diploma and Advanced Diploma level, they offer training in a broad range of areas, these include:
- Assessment and Workplace Training
- Community Services (Aged Care, Children's Services, Social Housing, Youth Work (including Juvenile Justice)
- Industry focussed (Construction, Horticulture, Hospitality, Retail, Transport and Distribution--Warehousing and Storage, Seafood industry)
- English Language
- General Education for Adults
- Information Technology
- Management
Mitotic crossover

# Overview
Mitotic crossover is a rare type of genetic recombination that may occur in some types of somatic cells during mitosis. Mitotic crossover may occur in organisms that do not have a cycle of sexual reproduction where chromosomal crossover would normally occur during meiosis to generate genetic variation. It can only occur in diploid cells and a pair of chromosomes is required for the crossover to occur.
The mitotic crossover results in the production of homozygous allele combinations in all heterozygous genes that are located on that chromosome arm distal to the crossover. Thus when a mitotic crossover occurs, genes that were previously recessive are expressed creating a new phenotype.
Mitotic crossover is known to occur in some asexually reproducing fungi and in normal human cells, where the event may allow normally recessive cancer-causing genes to be expressed and thus predispose the individual to the development of cancer.
Spindle apparatus

# Overview
During cell division, the spindle apparatus pulls together the chromosomes into the two daughter cells.
The spindle apparatus is a structure of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton involved in mitosis and meiosis, often referred to as the mitotic spindle during mitosis and the meiotic spindle during meiosis. Its function is to segregate chromosomes during cell division (either mitosis or meiosis) to  the daughter cells. It consists of a bundle of microtubules joined at the ends but spread out in the middle, vaguely ellipsoid in shape. In the wide middle portion, known as the spindle midzone, antiparallel microtubules are bundled by kinesins. At the pointed ends, known as spindle poles, microtubules are nucleated by the centrosomes in the cells of most animals.
During spindle assembly in prometaphase, some of the spindle's microtubules attach to the kinetochores that assemble on the centromere portion of the chromosomes. The chromosomes are pulled into alignment along the spindle midzone to form the metaphase spindle. Once all the chromosomes are aligned with sister chromatids pointing to opposite ends of the spindle, the cell enters anaphase, in which the chromatids separate and move toward their respective poles. Since the center of the spindle specifies the plane along which the cell will divide during cytokinesis, this ensures that each daughter cell will receive one of each chromatid. The mitotic kinase aurora A is required for proper spindle assembly and separation.
According to a recent publication, lamin B is a key component of the spindle matrix helping microtubule assembly. The mitotic spindle will not form without it.
Monarda fistulosa
Monarda fistulosa (Wild Bergamot) is a wild flower native to the United States.  This plant is often used as honey plant, medicinal plant, and ornamental plant. 
Wild Bergamot (Monarda fistulosa)
Wild bergamot is a native perennial from slender creeping rhizomes and thus commonly occurs in large clumps. Plants are up to 3 feet tall with a few erect branches. Leaves are 2-3 inches long, lance-shaped, and toothed. Flower clusters are solitary at the ends of branches. Each cluster is about 1 1/2 inches long and contains about 20-50 flowers.Look for wild bergamot in rich soils in dry fields, thickets, and clearings, usually on limy soil.It ranges from North-eastern N. America - Quebec to Minnesota, south to Texas The plant is noted for its fragrance, and is a source of oil of thyme. One authority states that Native Americans recognized four varieties that had different odors. Leaves were eaten boiled with meat, and a decoction of the plant was made into hair pomade. The herb is considered an active diaphoretic (sweat inducer).Wild Bergamot flowers from June - August.

# Notes
-  Monarda fistulosa at USDA PLANTS Database
-  Plant Guide: Monarda fistulosa at USDA NRCS Plant Materials
Monoisotopic mass
The monoisotopic mass is the sum of the masses of the atoms in a molecule using the unbound, ground-state, rest mass of the principle (most abundant) isotope for each element instead of the isotopic average mass. For typical organic compounds, where the monoisotopic mass is most commonly used, this also results in the lightest isotope being selected. For some heavier atoms such as iron and argon the principle isotope is not the lightest isotope.  The term is designed for measurements in mass spectrometry primarily with smaller molecules. It is not typically useful as a concept in physics or general chemistry.  Monoisotopic mass is typically expressed in unified atomic mass units (u), also called daltons (Da).

# Monoisotopic mass, abundance & mass spectrometry
The mass spectral peak representing the monoisotopic mass is not always the most abundant isotopic peak in a spectrum despite it containing the most abundant isotope for each atom. This is due to the fact that as the number of atoms in a molecule increases the probability of the entire molecule containing at least one heavy isotope atom increases. For example if there are 100 carbon atoms in a molecule each of which has an approximately 1% chance of being a heavy isotope the whole molecule is highly likely to contain at least one heavy isotope atom and the most abundant isotopic composition will no longer be the same as the monoisotopic peak.
The monoisotopic peak is sometimes not observable for two primary reasons. First the monoisotopic peak may not be resolved from the other isotopic peaks. In this case only the average molecular mass may be observed. In some cases even when the isotopic peaks are resolved, such as with a high resolution mass spectrometer, the monoisotopic peak may be below the noise level and higher isotopes may dominate completely.

# Context of Usage
The monoisotopic mass is not used frequently in fields outside of mass spectrometry because other fields can not distinguish molecules of differing isotopic composition. For this reason mostly the average molecular mass or even more commonly the molar mass is used. For most purposes such as weighing out bulk chemicals only the molar mass is relevant since what one is weighing is a statistical distribution of varying isotopic compositions.
Isotopic masses can play an important role in physics but physics less often deals with molecules. Molecules differing by an isotope are sometimes distinguished from one another in molecular spectroscopy or related fields, however it is usually a single isotope change on a larger molecule that can be observed rather than the isotopic composition of an entire molecule. In such cases, again, the isotopic mass can be important since the change in mass changes the vibrational frequencies for example but the monoisotopic mass is generally not relevant or at least uninteresting.
Morphine overdose

# Overdose information
Overdosage of morphine is characterized by respiratory depression, with or without concomitant
CNS depression. Since respiratory arrest may result either through direct depression of the
respiratory center, or as the result of hypoxia, primary attention should be given to the
establishment of adequate respiratory exchange through provision of a patent airway and institution
-f assisted, or controlled, ventilation. The narcotic antagonist, naloxone, is a specific antidote. An
initial dose of 0.4 mg of naloxone should be administered intravenously, simultaneously with
respiratory resuscitation. If the desired degree of counteraction and improvement in respiratory
function is not obtained, naloxone may be repeated at 2 to 3 minute intervals. If no response is
-bserved after 10 mg of naloxone has been administered, the diagnosis of narcotic-induced, or
partial narcotic-induced, toxicity should be questioned. Intramuscular or subcutaneous
administration may be used if the intravenous route is not available.
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Morvan's syndrome

# Overview
Morvan's syndrome (or fibrillary chorea) is a rare disease named after nineteenth century French physician Augustin Marie Morvan (1819-1897).

# Symptoms
Morvan's syndrome is characterised by status epilepticus & tonic-clonic epilepsy (grand mal) plus neuromyotonia (involuntary fibrillary contraction of muscles at rest), autonomic nervous system dysfunction, central nervous system dysfunction and endocrine system problems. Major central nervous system problems are sleep disorder, confusion, amnesia, hallucinations and delusions.
One of the most striking symptoms is a decreased need for sleep. In 1974 a neurobiologist Michel Jouvet reported a case of a 27-year-old man with Morvan's syndrome who required no sleep and rarely felt tired for periods of many months yet would experience daily hallucinations between 9 P.M. and 11 P.M. as well as pain and blood vessel constriction.

# Causes
Some cases with this syndrome have been suggested to be caused by an autoimmune disease linked to VGKC antibodies and antibodies to potassium channels, others are caused by paraneoplastic syndromes or are side effects of procedures such as a thymectomy.

# Treatment
Treatment is variable and many cases remit spontaneously. Still others require plasmapheresis, immunosuppression, thymectomy and immunomodulating treatments.  Obviously, if the cause is an underlying malignancy, the disease may remit once the malignancy itself is treated or surgically removed.

# Comorbid conditions
Some conditions such as myasthenia gravis are often also present during the condition as are tumors particularly thymus tumors
Multifidus muscle

# Overview
The multifidus (multifidus spinae : pl. multifidi ) muscle consists of a number of fleshy and tendinous fasciculi, which fill up the groove on either side of the spinous processes of the vertebrae, from the sacrum to the axis.
Deep in the spine, it spans three joint segments, and works to stabilize the joints at each segmental level.
The stiffness and stability makes each vertebra work more effectively, and reduces the degeneration of the joint structures.
These fasciculi arise:
- in the sacral region: from the back of the sacrum, as low as the fourth sacral foramen, from the aponeurosis of origin of the Sacrospinalis, from the medial surface of the posterior superior iliac spine, and from the posterior sacroiliac ligaments.
- in the lumbar region: from all the mamillary processes.
- in the thoracic region: from all the transverse processes.
- in the cervical region: from the articular processes of the lower four vertebrae.
Each fasciculus, passing obliquely upward and medialward, is inserted into the whole length of the spinous process of one of the vertebr above.
These fasciculi vary in length: the most superficial, the longest, pass from one vertebra to the third or fourth above; those next in order run from one vertebra to the second or third above; while the deepest connect two contiguous vertebrae.

# Additional images
- The posterior divisions of the sacral nerves.
Muscle dysmorphia

# Overview
Muscle dysmorphia is a disorder in which a person becomes obsessed with the idea that he or she is not muscular enough. Those who suffer from muscle dysmorphia tend to hold delusions that they are "skinny" or "too small" but are often above average in musculature. Sometimes referred to as bigorexia or reverse anorexia nervosa, it is a very specific type of body dysmorphic disorder.
Muscle dysmorphia can cause people to:
- Constantly examine themselves in a mirror
- Hate their reflection
- Become distressed if they miss a workout session or one of six meals a day
- Become distressed if they do not receive enough protein per day in their diet
- Take potentially dangerous anabolic steroids
- Neglect jobs, relationships, or family because of excessive exercising
- Have delusions of being underweight or below average in musculature.
- In extreme cases, inject appendages with fluid (e.g. synthol) to simulate cartoonish muscular proportions.
To be diagnosed as muscle dysmorphic, the person must exhibit symptoms of the type and degree outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for body dysmorphic disorder, and not merely appear over-interested in physique or engage in behaviors other people would find unwise. Muscle dysmorphia is fairly rare and simple obsession with working out. Bodybuilding does not fit the criteria of a body dysmorphic disorder.
In his 2000 book The Adonis Complex, the Harvard psychiatrist Harrison "Skip" Pope Jr. argues that muscle dysmorphia is fueled by the portrayal of overly fit characters of unattainable musculature in children's cartoons, such as G.I. Joe.
Muscle dysmorphia is most common in males and often starts in the late teens. Olivardia and others found in a 2000 study that the average onset age was 19.4 years. It most often occurs in those who are already considered by others to be muscular and is often accompanied by depression.
Mustard procedure

# Overview
The Mustard procedure was developed in 1963 by Dr. William Mustard at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada. It was the first procedure to show that congenital heart defects could be repaired.

# History
Dr. Mustard, with support from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, developed the first operation to correct a congenital heart defect that produced blue babies. The defect is called transposition of the great vessels.  The condition was common and fatal.

# Pathophysiology
Transposition of the great vessels causes blood from the lungs to flow back to the lungs and blood from the body to flow back to the body. This occurs because the aorta and the pulmonary artery, the two major arteries coming out of the heart, are connected to the wrong chambers. The babies look blue or cyanotic because there is insufficient oxygen circulating in their bodies.

# Surgical procedure
The Mustard Procedure allows total correction of transposition of the great vessels. The procedure employs a baffle to direct oxygenated pulmonary venous return into the right atrium and thence into the right ventricle which is the pumping ventricle for the aorta and the systemic circulation. In other words, the Mustard Procedure restores the circulation but reverses the direction of the blood flow in the heart.
In a normal heart, de-oxygenated, blue, blood is pumped into the lungs via the right ventricle. Then it is distributed throughout the body via the left ventricle. In the Mustard procedure, blood is pumped to the lungs via the left ventricle and disseminated throughout the body via the right ventricle.

# Efficacy of the procedure
The Mustard procedure reduced an 80% mortality in the first year of life to an 80% survival at age 20.