Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Serutan
Serutan was an early fiber-type laxative product which was widely promoted on U.S. radio and television from the 1930s through the 1960s. It was manufactured by the J. B. Williams Co., which was founded in 1885 and bought out by Nabisco in 1971.
The origin of the brand name was straightforward. The makers merely decided to spell "natures" backwards, and "Read it backwards" was the product's advertising slogan.  This was to differentiate it as being a "natural" product as opposed to laxative brands which stimulated the colon by chemical action rather than sheer bulk of contents.
The product was almost uniformly promoted on programs whose core audience as shown by demographics was known to be considerably older than that of the typical television viewer. Serutan is especially associated with The Lawrence Welk Show and The Original Amateur Hour, both of which were also sponsored by J. B. Williams products Sominex, a sleeping pill and Geritol, a vitamin supplement. Serutan was the target of numerous jokes by radio comedians during the 1930s and 1940s.
"Serutan Approach" is also a trend within the positivist definition of Science.

# Listen to
- Red Ingle sings "Serutan Yob (A Song for Backward Boys and Girls under 40)"
Sextasy
- REDIRECT Template:Nofootnotes
Sextasy is a common name for a drug combination of ecstacy (methylenedioxymethamphetamine), and sildenafil citrate (Viagra), which is a PDE5 inhibitor and vasodilator used for erectile dysfunction. Sextasy can be ingested as two separate mediums (such as tablets) or they may be crushed and combined for insufflation or insertion into a capsule. Sextasy is a slang term for the combination, referring to ecstasy and sex combined, Viagra allows the user to achieve an erection, a difficult feat due to the strong stimulant nature of ecstasy.

# Physiological Interactions
Sextasy's inclusion of Viagra is thought to minimize or eliminate the effect of MDMA (Ecstasy) on the ability to develop an erection. Ecstasy affects areas in the brain that ultimately induce a significant period of euphoria, the mechanism of which is believed to trigger a massive amount of serotonin to flood the neuroreceptors.

# Risks
Immediate psychological effects last from four to six hours and may include euphoria, anxiety, insomnia, and/or paranoia. Immediate physical effects include muscle tension, jaw clenching, nausea, nystagmus (involuntary eye movement), tremors, increased heart rate, and chills. Due to increases in heart rate and blood pressure, a user's body temperature may effectively rise and lead to dehydration, hyperthermia, and possible seizures.
Since PDE5 inhibitors work by vasodilation, headaches are a common side effect of PDE5 inhibitors alone. Viagra alone can in some patients cause priapism, an erection that lasts more than four hours. Priapism is painful and can cause lasting damage to the penis.
Sirtuin

# Overview
Sirtuin is a class of enzyme, specifically NAD-dependent histone deacetylases (class 3), found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.  They have been known to affect cellular metabolism through selective gene expression in eukaryotes (plants and animals).  The name comes from silent mating type information regulation two, the gene responsible for cellular regulation in yeast.

# Sirtuins in organisms

## Sirtuins in lower eukaryotes
In yeast, roundworms, and fruitflies, sir2 is the name of the sirtuin-type enzyme.  This research started in 1991 by Leonard Guarente of Harvard Medical School .

## Sirtuins as possible agents in retardation of the aging process
Sirtuins may be able to control age-related disorders in various organisms and in humans. These disorders include the aging process, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type II diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease. Normally, sirtuin activity is inhibited by nicotinamide, a component of vitamin B3 (also known as niacin), by binding to a specific receptor site. Drugs that interfere with this binding should increase sirtuin activity. It is known that resveratrol, found in red wine, can inhibit this interaction and is a putative agent for slowing down the aging process. However, the amount of resveratrol found naturally in red wine is too low to activate sirtuin, so potential therapeutic use would mandate purification and development of a therapeutic agent. Development of new agents that would specifically block the nicotinamide-binding site could provide an avenue to develop newer agents to treat degenerative diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis and gout.

# Sirtuins types
Sirtuins are classed according to their sequence of amino acids.  Prokaryotics are in class U.  In yeast (a lower eukaryote), sirtuin was initially found and named sir2.  In more complex mammals there are seven known enzymes which act as on cellular regulation as sir2 does in yeast.  These genes are designated as belonging to different classes, depending on their amino acid sequence structure.
Sirtuin list based on North/Verdin diagram.

# Companies associated with the sirtuin enzymes

## Elixir Pharmaceuticals
Founded by Leonard Guarente of Harvard Medical School, with Cynthia Kenyon of the University of California at San Francisco, with the intentions of treating aging through drugs which affect metabolism.

## Sirtris
Sirtris was co-founded by David Sinclair of the Harvard Medical School, and Dr. Christoph Westphal is the CEO.  Sirtris is associated with the World Transhumanist Association.
Skatole
Skatole or 3-methylindole is a mildly toxic white crystalline organic compound belonging to the indole family. It occurs naturally in feces (it is produced from tryptophan in the mammalian digestive tract), beets, and coal tar, and has a strong fecal odor.  In low concentrations it has a flowery smell and is found in several flowers and essential oils, including those of orange blossoms, jasmine, and Ziziphus mauritiana.  It is used as a fragrance and fixative in many perfumes and as an aroma compound. Its name is derived from the Greek root skato- meaning "dung".
Skatole has been shown to cause pulmonary edema in goats, sheep, rats, and some strains of mice. It appears to selectively target Clara cells, which are the major site of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the lungs. These enzymes convert skatole to a reactive intermediate, 3-methyleneindolenine, which damages cells by forming protein adducts.
Skatole can be found as a white crystalline or fine powder solid, and it browns upon aging. It is nitrogenous and one of the rings is a pyrrole.  It is soluble in alcohol and benzene and it gives violet color in potassium ferrocyanide (K4Fe(CN)63H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Skatole has a double ring system which displays aromaticity. It is continuous (all atoms in the ring are sp2 hybridized), planar, and follows the 4n+2 rule because it has 10  electrons. It can be synthesized through a Fischer indole synthesis which was developed by Emil Fischer.
It is one of many compounds that is attractive to males of various species of orchid bees, who apparently gather the chemical to synthesize pheromones; it is commonly used as bait to attract and collect these bees for study.
In a 1994 report released by five top cigarette companies, skatole was listed as one of the 599 additives to cigarettes.
It is a flavoring ingredient.
Somatic
The term somatic refers to the body, as distinct from some other entity, such as the mind. The word comes from the Greek word o (Somatikos), meaning "of the body". It has different meanings in various disciplines.
In neurobiology, somatic can be an adjective referring to the soma, the part of the neuron containing the cell nucleus.
In anatomy, somatic can refer to the part of the nervous system that controls voluntary movement and sensation and judges relative effort and weight, called proprioception. Additionally, somatic muscles are  basically those of the musculo-skeletal system.
In genetics, somatic can refer to a cell or tissue that resides outside the germline (see somatic cell). For example, a somatic mutation cannot be transmitted to descendants in animals.
In the philosophy of education, certain ideas that have to do with the body and the mind have been called somatics. According to the originator of this usage of the term, "somatic awareness allows a person to glean wisdom from within". The usage of somatic as put forth by Thomas Hanna implies a truly integrated mind/body/spirit nature of humans.  Thus far, the popular usage of this term has not fully realized this meaning, and a mind-body dualism still often occurs in disciplines describing themselves as somatic.

# Related terms
Soma is the whole axial portion of an animal, including the head, neck, trunk, and tail.
Soteria

# Overview
The Soteria model is milieu-therapeutic recovery method, characterized by its founder as "the 24 hour a day application of interpersonal phenomenologic interventions by a nonprofessional staff, usually without neuroleptic drug treatment, in the context of a small, homelike, quiet, supportive, protective, and tolerant social environment." More recent adaptions of this model sometimes employ professional staff. It has traditionally been applied to the treatment of those given a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The houses Soteria patients are admitted to are called Soteria houses.
Soteria houses are often seen as alternatives to a psychiatric hospital system perceived as authoritarian, hostile/violent and based on a routine use of psychiatric (particularly antipsychotic) drugs. Soteria houses are sometimes viewed as early intervention or crisis resolution services based on a supportive recovery model.

# History
The original Soteria Research Project was founded near San Francisco between 1969 and 1971 by psychiatrist Loren Mosher, who was influenced by the philosophy of moral treatment, previous experimental therapeutic communities (such as the Fairweather Lodges), the work of Harry Stack Sullivan, and Freudian psychoanalysis. The name Soteria comes from the Greek for "salvation" or "deliverance" (see Soter).
Mosher's first Soteria house specifically selected unmarried subjects between the ages of 18 and 30 who had recently been diagnosed as meeting the DSM-II criteria for schizophrenia.  Staff members at the house were encouraged to treat residents as peers and to share household chores. The program was designed to create a quiet, calming environment that respected and tolerated individual differences and autonomy. There was also an ethos of shared responsibility for the running of the house and playing a part in a mutually-supportive community, with the distinction between experts and non-experts downplayed (similar to therapeutic communities). Psychotropic medication, including anti-psychotics, were not completely rejected and were used in some circumstances.
The Soteria project was admired by many professionals around the world who aspired to create mental health services based on a social, as opposed to a medical, model of mental health. It was also heavily criticised as irresponsible or ineffective. The US Soteria Project closed as a clinical program in 1983  due to lack of financial support, although it became the subject of research evaluation with competing claims and analyses. Second generation US successors to the original Soteria house (called Crossing Place and McAuliffe House) also closed around that time.
A first European near-replication of the original Soteria approach was implemented in 1984 in Berne, Switzerland, on a somewhat different conceptual basis. Three Soteria-like environments focused on longer term rehabilitation were created in Sweden (Perris, 1989).

# Current Soteria work
Soteria or Soteria-based houses are currently run in Sweden, Finland, Germany, Switzerland, Hungary and some other countries.
Spargel
Spargel is the German name for asparagus.   Most asparagus in Germany is white, as it is grown covered in soil (hilling) in order to prevent photosynthesis.  This process prevents the asparagus from turning green and results in a sweeter and more tender taste.  It is generally harvested from late April to early June.  Some green asparagus is available in Germany, but would most likely be called gruner Spargel.
Spargel is very popular in Europe, especially Germany where it is known as "Konigliches Gemuse" (Royal Vegetable).  Germany produces 57,000 tons of asparagus a year, however that is only enough to meet 61% of its consumption demands.  When spargel is harvested in the late spring, many German cities hold festivals in celebration.  Schwetzingen claims to be the Asparagus Capital of the World and holds an annual Spargelfest (asparagus festival) in which it names a lucky person as Spargel Queen.
During Spargelsaison (asparagus season), which occurs during May, Spargel is sold at numerous roadside stands and in open air markets in every town in Germany.  It is also a popular item at restaurants and fresh or frischer Spargel is advertised outside of many restaurants during Spargelsaison.

# Popular culture
- In the episode The 30% Iron Chef of Futurama, Bender's teacher's name is Helmut Spargle, a reference to the German vegetable.
Stibine

# Overview
Stibine is the chemical compound with the formula SbH3.  This colourless gas is the principal covalent hydride of antimony and a heavy analogue of ammonia.  The molecule is pyramidal with HSbH angles of 91.7 and SbH distances of 1.707 A (170.7 pm).

# Preparation and properties
SbH3 is generally prepared by the reaction of Sb3+ sources with H equivalents:
Alternatively, sources of Sb3 react with protonic reagents (even water) to also produce this unstable gas:
The chemical properties of SbH3 resemble those for AsH3.  Typical for a heavy hydride (e.g. AsH3, H2Te, SnH4), SbH3 is unstable with respect to its elements. The gas decomposes slowly at room temperature but rapidly at 200 C:
The decomposition is autocatalytic and can be explosive.
SbH3 is readily oxidized by O2 or even air:
SbH3 exhibits no basicity, but it can be deprotonated:

# Uses
Stibine is used in the semiconductor industry to dope small quantities of antimony via the process of chemical vapour deposition (CVD).  Reports claim the use of SbH3 as a fumigant but its instability and awkward preparation contrast with the more conventional fumigant PH3.

# History
As stibine (SbH3) is very similar to arsine (AsH3), it is also detected by the Marsh test. This sensitive test detects arsine generated in the presence of arsenic. This procedure, developed around 1836 by James Marsh, is based upon treating a sample with arsenic-free zinc and dilute sulfuric acid: if the sample contains arsenic, gaseous arsine will form. The gas is swept into a glass tube and decomposed by means of heating around 250300 C.  The presence of arsenic is indicated by formation of a deposit in the heated part of the equipment. The formation of a black mirror deposit in the cool part of the equipment indicates the presence of antimony.
In 1837 Lewis Thomson and Pfaff independently discovered stibine. It took some time before the properties of the toxic case could be determined, partly because a suitable synthesis was not available. In 1876 Francis Jones tested several synthesis methods, but it was not before 1901 when Alfred Stock determined most of the properties of stibine.

# Safety
SbH3 is an unstable flammable gas. It is highly toxic, with an LC50 of 100 ppm in mice. Fortunately, SbH3 is so unstable that it is rarely encountered outside of laboratories.

# Toxicology
The toxicity of stibine is distinct from that of other antimony compounds, but similar to that of arsine. Stibine binds to the haemoglobin of red blood cells, causing them to be destroyed by the body. Most cases of stibine poisoning have been accompanied by arsine poisoning, although animal studies indicate that their toxicities are equivalent. The first signs of exposure, which can take several hours to become apparent, are headaches,  vertigo and nausea, followed by the syptoms of hemolytic anemia (high levels of unconjugated bilirubin), hemoglobinuria and nephropathy.
Suction
Suction is the flow of a fluid into a partial vacuum, or region of low pressure. The pressure gradient between this region and the ambient pressure will propel matter toward the low pressure area. Suction is popularly thought of as an attractive effect, which is incorrect since vacuums do not innately attract matter.  Dust being "sucked" into a vacuum cleaner is actually being pushed in by the higher pressure air on the outside of the cleaner.
The higher pressure of the surrounding fluid can push matter into a vacuum but a vacuum cannot attract matter.

# Suction in biology
Infants, and all baby mammals, are born with a sucking (or suckling) reflex, which they use in nursing liquid foods, such as milk. They do not have to learn this reflex, because it is instinctive. Some adult animals use suction in drinking, as do humans when using drinking straws. In breathing, the diaphragm muscle is used to expand the lungs, allowing air to enter due to the outside air pressure.
Large plants can actually create a negative pressure by transpirational pull.

# Pumps
Pumps used for pumping or moving fluids typically have an inlet where the fluid enters the pump and an outlet where the fluid comes out.  The inlet location is said to be at the suction side of the pump.  The outlet location is said to be at the discharge side of the pump.  Operation of the pump creates suction (a lower pressure) at the suction side so that fluid can enter the pump through the inlet.  Pump operation also causes higher pressure at the discharge side by forcing the fluid out at the outlet.  There may be pressure sensing devices at the pump's suction and/or discharge sides which control the operation of the pump.  For example, if the suction pressure of a centrifugal pump is too low, a device may trigger the pump to shut off to keep it from running dry; i. e. with no fluid entering.
Under normal conditions of atmospheric pressure suction can draw pure water up to a maximum height of approximately 10.3 m (33.9 feet or suction head).  There is a theoretical limit of height that a perfect pump can raise water up a pipe and that is when the pump draws a perfect vacuum with no air in the suction pipe and atmospheric pressure of around 14 psi.  In reality, no pumps are perfect. Leakage around the moving parts of the pump limit normal water pumps from starting if they lose prime.
Sudafed
Sudafed is a brand name and registered trademark for a family of over-the-counter (OTC) decongestants manufactured by Pfizer Inc. for sale in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Canada.  The name is a reference to the active ingredient, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, traditionally associated with the product; but, because of, legal restrictions on the sale of pseudoephedrine recently imposed in many markets, some products sold under the Sudafed brand name do not contain any form of pseudoephedrine.

# Switch to phenylephrine
In late 2004, Pfizer started publicly disclosing its plans to make available a new OTC product, Sudafed PE, which does not include pseudoephedrine.  Sudafed PE contains a different decongestant called phenylephrine, in a formulation sold for years. Decongestants with other ingredients will be completely converted to phenylephrine later in 2005, though original Sudafed will still be offered.
The new product was prompted by existing and proposed restrictions on the availability of pseudoephedrine-based products.  State laws imposing such restrictions were in response to pseudoephedrine's role as an ingredient used to produce the illegal and highly addictive stimulant methamphetamine, also known as crystal meth.
Pfizer and its predecessor Warner-Lambert had studied at least two alternatives to its current formula in anticipation of pressure from state regulators and the Food and Drug Administration:
- In 1996, the company began testing a patented decongestant ingredient known as "minus" pseudoephedrine. The company claimed animal tests showed this altered version offered sinus relief comparable to the current "plus" pseudoephedrine. The difference was that it couldn't be converted to methamphetamine, an illegal drug used recreationally. Pfizer did not bring the new ingredient to market because of the cost and time involved in gaining regulatory approval.
- Pfizer spent $12 million trying to develop additives for Sudafed that might make it harder to remove the pseudoephedrine it contains. They abandoned the project in 2003, seven years after announcing its existence.
According to L. Hendeles of the University of Florida, "Phenylpropanolamine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylephrine are the most common decongestants. Although all are sympathomimetic amines, their efficacy varies. In particular, phenylephrine is subject to first-pass metabolism and therefore is not bioavailable in currently recommended doses.", although 20mg doses do appear to be safe, and anecdotal evidence suggests greater decongestant action at this dose.
In Australia, Sudafed with up to 60mg of pseudoephedrine is available by prescription or subject to a pharmacist matching the purchaser's driver's license to a database and determining if the purchase history is consistent with personal use. If a driver's license is not provided, the pharmacist can, at his or her discretion, still provide the medication.
Sulfone
A sulfone is a chemical compound containing a sulfonyl functional group attached to two carbon atoms. The central sulfur atom is twice double bonded to oxygen and has two further  hydrocarbon substituents.  The general structural formula is R-S(=O)(=O)-R' where R and R' are the organic groups. The use of the alternative name sulphone is discouraged by IUPAC. Sulfides are often the starting materials for sulfones by organic oxidation through the intermediate formation of sulfoxides. For example dimethyl sulfide is oxidized to dimethyl sulfoxide and then to dimethyl sulfone.
In the Ramberg-Backlund Reaction and the Julia olefination sulfones are converted to alkenes.
A sulfone can also be any of various organic sulfur compounds having a sulfonyl group attached to two carbon atoms, especially such a compound formerly used as an antibiotic to treat leprosy, dermatitis herpetiformis, tuberculosis, or Pneumocystis pneumonia(PCP).