Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Vas deferens

# Overview
The vas deferens (plural: vasa deferentia), also called ductus deferens, (Latin: "carrying-away vessel") is part of the male anatomy of some species, including humans.

# Structure
There are two such ducts; they are muscular tubes (surrounded by smooth muscle) connecting the left and right epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts in order to move sperm. Each tube is about 30 centimeters long (in humans).
They are part of the spermatic cords.

# Function in ejaculation
During ejaculation the smooth muscle in the walls of the ductus deferens or vas deferens contracts reflexively, thus propelling the sperm forward. This is also known as peristalsis. The sperm is transferred from the vas deferens into the urethra, collecting secretions from the male accessory sex glands such as the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and the bulbourethral glands, which form the bulk of semen.

# Significance in contraception
The procedure of deferentectomy, popularly known as a vasectomy, is a method of contraception in which the vasa deferentia (Latin plural) are permanently cut, though in some cases it can be reversed. A modern variation, which is also popularly known as a vasectomy even though it does not include cutting the vas, involves injecting an obstructive material into the ductus to block the flow of sperm.
Investigational attempts for male contraception have focused on the vas with the use of the intra vas device and reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance (RISUG).

# Blood supply
The vas deferens is supplied by an accompanying artery (artery of vas deferens).  This artery normally arises from the superior vesical artery, itself a branch of the internal iliac artery.

# Additional images
- Male reproductive system.
- Coronal section of pelvis, showing arrangement of fasci. Viewed from behind.
- The relations of the femoral and abdominal inguinal rings, seen from within the abdomen. Right side.
- The spermatic cord in the inguinal canal.
- Fundus of the bladder with the vesicul seminales.
- Vertical section of bladder, penis, and urethra.
- Prostate with seminal vesicles and seminal ducts, viewed from in front and above.
- Prostate
- Microscopic cross section.
Parotid duct

# Overview
The parotid duct is also known as koslo's duct.  Saliva from the parotid gland passes through it to the mouth.
It pierces the buccal fat, buccopharyngeal fascia and buccinator muscle then opens into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the upper 2nd molar tooth.  The buccinator acts as a valve which prevents inflation of the duct during blowing.  Running along with the duct superiorly is the transverse facial artery and upper buccal nerve, inferiorly is the lower buccal nerve.

# Pathology
Blockage, whether caused by salivary duct stones or external compression, may cause pain and swelling of the parotid gland (parotitis)

# Eponym
It is named after Niels Stensen (1638-1686), a Danish anatomist credited with its discovery.

# Additional images
- Outline of side of face, showing chief surface markings.
- interlobular duct.
- striated duct.
Dystroglycan
Dystroglycan is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAG1 gene.
Dystroglycan is one of the dystrophin-associated glycoproteins, which is encoded by a 5.5 kb transcript in Homo sapiens on chromosome 3. There are two exons that are separated by a large intron. The spliced exons code for a protein product that is finally cleaved into two non-covalently associated subunits,  (N-terminal) and  (C-terminal).

# Function
In skeletal muscle the dystroglycan complex works as a transmembrane linkage between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. -dystroglycan is extracellular and binds to merosin -2 laminin in the basement membrane, while -dystroglycan is a transmembrane protein and binds to dystrophin, which is a large rod-like cytoskeletal protein, absent in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. Dystrophin binds to intracellular actin cables. In this way, the dystroglycan complex, which links the extracellular matrix to the intracellular actin cables, is thought to provide structural integrity in muscle tissues. The dystroglycan complex is also known to serve as an agrin receptor in muscle, where it may regulate agrin-induced acetylcholine receptor clustering at the neuromuscular junction. There is also evidence which suggests the function of dystroglycan as a part of the signal transduction pathway because it is shown that Grb2, a mediator of the Ras-related signal pathway, can interact with the cytoplasmic domain of dystroglycan.

# Expression
Dystroglycan is widely distributed in non-muscle tissues as well as in muscle tissues. During epithelial morphogenesis of kidney, the dystroglycan complex is shown to act as a receptor for the basement membrane. Dystroglycan expression in Mus musculus brain and neural retina has also been reported. However, the physiological role of dystroglycan in non-muscle tissues has remained unclear

# Interactions
Dystroglycan has been shown to interact with FYN, C-src tyrosine kinase, Src, NCK1, Grb2, Caveolin 3 and SHC1.
Endothelin 1
Endothelin 1, also known as EDN1, is a human gene and the corresponding peptide, one of three isoforms of human endothelin.

# Further reading
- Bruno CM, Neri S, Di Prima P, Sciacca C (2003). "Pathophysiology of endothelin and medical emergencies". Panminerva medica. 45 (2): 1514. PMID 12855940.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
- Doggrell SA (2006). "The endothelin system and its role in acute myocardial infarction". Expert Opin. Ther. Targets. 8 (3): 191201. doi:10.1517/14728222.8.3.191. PMID 15161426.
- Beghetti M, Black SM, Fineman JR (2005). "Endothelin-1 in congenital heart disease". Pediatr. Res. 57 (5 Pt 2): 16R20R. doi:10.1203/01.PDR.0000160447.83332.13. PMID 15817494.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
- Cazaubon S, Deshayes F, Couraud PO, Nahmias C (2006). "". Med Sci (Paris). 22 (4): 41622. PMID 16597412.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
- Ariza AC, Bobadilla NA, Halhali A (2007). "". Rev. Invest. Clin. 59 (1): 4856. PMID 17569300.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
EEM syndrome
EEM syndrome (or Ectodermal dysplasia, Ectrodactyly and Macular dystrophy syndrome) is an autosomal recessive congenital malformation disorder affecting tissues associated with the ectoderm (skin, hair, nails, teeth), and also the hands, feet and eyes.

# Presentation
EEM syndrome presents a combination of prominent symptoms and features. These include: ectodermal dysplasia (systemic malformations of ectodermal tissues), ectrodactyly ("lobster claw" deformity in the hands and feet), macular dystrophy (a progressive eye disease), syndactyly (webbed fingers or toes), hypotrichosis (a type of hair-loss), and dental abnormalities (hypodontia).

# Pathophysiology
EEM syndrome is caused by mutations in the P-cadherin gene (CDH3). Distinct mutations in CDH3 (located on human chromosome 16) are responsible for the macular dystrophy and spectrum of malformations found in EEM syndrome, due in part to developmental errors caused by the resulting inability of CDH3 to respond correctly to the P-cadherin transcription factor p63.
The gene for p63 (TP73L, found on human chromosome 3) may also play a role in EEM syndrome. Mutations in this gene are associated with the symptoms of EEM and similar disorders, particularly ectrodactyly.
EEM syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder, which means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and two copies of the defective gene - one from each parent - are required to inherit the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one  copy of the defective gene, but usually do not experience any signs or symptoms of the disorder.
ERCC8 (gene)
DNA excision repair protein ERCC-8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERCC8 gene.
This gene encodes a WD repeat protein, which interacts with the Cockayne syndrome type B (CSB) and p44 proteins, the latter being a subunit of the RNA polymerase II transcription factor II H. Mutations in this gene have been identified in patients with the hereditary disease Cockayne syndrome (CS). CS is an accelerated aging disorder characterized by photosensitivity, impaired development and multi-system progressive degeneration. The CS cells are abnormally sensitive to ultraviolet radiation and are defective in the repair of transcriptionally active genes. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
CS arises from germline mutations in either of two genes CSA(ERCC8) or CSB(ERCC6). CSA mutations generally give rise to a more moderate form of CS than CSB mutations.  Mutations in the CSA gene account for about 20% of CS cases.

# Function
CSA and CSB proteins are thought to function in transcription and DNA repair, most notably in transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair.  CSA and CSB-deficient cells exhibit a lack of preferential repair of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in actively transcribed genes, consistent with a failed transcription coupled nucleotide excision repair response.  Within the cell, the CSA protein localizes to sites of DNA damage, particularly inter-strand cross-links, double-strand breaks and some mono-adducts.

# Interactions
ERCC8 (gene) has been shown to interact with XAB2.
ESPA College
ESPA College is part of European Services for People with Autism, which provides various services for people on the autistic spectrum. However, the college management team is based in a separate building to that of the company, clearly established that they are in many ways a differing service. It educates young people aged 16-18. It was recognised in a 2002 OFSTED report as providing a "good, targeted curriculum for the autistic".

# The College
Opened in 1992, the college has provided a unique educational experience for learners. All learners follow a tailor made curriculum, which is a programme of study and support specifically designed to meet the social, educational and emotional needs of the young adults that study there. Every learner has an Individual Learning Plan specific to their needs, which includes targets that learners refer to during their Record Of Achievement and Development (ROAD) target system; this is used twice per week, once to set the target, and once to review.
ESPA aims to provide learners with Asperger's Syndrome and other related disorders with an inclusive education free from the bullying and nastiness that can surround learners with AS in a mainstream environment.
The college is managed by a lead team of three people: Chris Pickup is the Principal, Sara Everett is the Deputy Principal, and Pauline Shannon is the College Manager. In addition to those, the Deputy Chief Executive of ESPA, Steve Levy, also stays very involved with the goings-on of the college.
Each site has its own management structure which will include a site co-ordinator & duty management team.

## One College, Multiple Sites
ESPA College is split into five sites, named Ashleigh (a Hall of Residence), North Rye, South Hill, Tasker & Westfield (a Hall of Residence). South Hill is located close to Grangetown, whilst Westfield & Tasker are located just outside of Sunderland City Centre. North Rye is located in Kenton, with Ashleigh being near to Fawdon.
Ear clearing

# Overview
Ear clearing or clearing the ears is any of various maneuvers used to make the pressure in the middle ear become the same as the outside pressure, by letting air enter along the Eustachian tubes, as this does not always happen automatically when the pressure in the middle ear is lower. This need usually arises in scuba diving, but can arise in fast descent in an aircraft or a mine cage, on being put into pressure in a caisson or similar.

# Methods include:
- Yawning.
- Swallowing.
- Pinching the nose and closing the mouth and trying to breathe out through the nose. This is called the valsalva maneuver. If the hand cannot reach the nose, it is possible to learn to pinch the nose shut by the action of two small face muscles called compressor naris.
This pressure difference, if not released, can cause:
- Burst eardrum. This damages hearing, and cold water in the middle ear chills the inner ear, causing vertigo.
- Damage to other body air spaces, such as the paranasal sinuses. This can also be caused by damaged sinus ducts.
Do not dive if a eustachian tube is congested or blocked, e.g. with the common cold.
Divers should get proper diver training in clearing the ears.

# Precautions:
- Make sure that the diving suit hood does not make an airtight seal over the outside ear hole.
- Never wear earplugs.
Ed Rosenthal
Ed Rosenthal (born Bronx, New York, 1944) is a California horticulturist, author, publisher, and Cannabis grower known for his advocacy for the legalization of marijuana (cannabis as a drug) use.  He served as a columnist for High Times Magazine during the 80's and 90's. He was arrested in 2002 for cultivation of cannabis by federal authorities, who do not recognize the authority of states to regulate the use of medical marijuana.  He was convicted in Federal Court, but the conviction was overturned on appeal. Rosenthal was subsequently convicted again, but was not re-sentenced, since his original sentence had been completed. Rosenthal briefly attended Youngstown State University in Youngstown, Ohio.  He has two children, Nick and Justine.
Rosenthal has been active in promoting and developing policies of civil regulation for medicinal marijuana. With the passage of California's pioneering Proposition 215 in 1996, which authorizes medicinal use of marijuana, he worked with the state and local governments to implement the delivery of pharmaceutical grade cannabis to patients with a doctor's prescription to use marijuana.

# Legal battles
In 2002, federal agents arrested Rosenthal, who previously had been deputized by the City of Oakland to grow marijuana for medical use. He was convicted, and in a surprise setback for the federal government, was sentenced by U.S. District Court Judge Charles Breyer to only one day in prison; time already served. In 2006 the 9th Circuit Appeals Court subsequently overturned Rosenthal's conviction.  Months later the U.S. Attorney's office re-indicted him.  Although, the judge has promised to sentence Rosenthal to no additional prison time, a new trial commenced on 14 May 2007.
On May 31 2007, it was announced that Rosenthal had been convicted again on three of the five charges against him: one conspiracy count; one count of cultivation, intending to distribute and distributing marijuana; and one count of using a commercial building as a site for growing and distributing marijuana.  He was acquitted of growing and distributing marijuana at the Harm Reduction Center medical-marijuana club in San Francisco.  The jury deadlocked on whether he had conspired to grow and distribute marijuana at the Harm Reduction Center.  Judge Breyer once again prohibited Rosenthal's lawyers from arguing before the jury that his work was sanctioned by Oakland government officials, a main point of contention for the jurors of the previous trial.  Ed Rosenthal did not receive any additional jail time and planned to appeal.
See also: U.S. vs. Ed Rosenthal 2.0, The re-trial of the Ganja Guru by Vanessa Nelson

# Advocacy
Rosenthal's public battles in the court have focused attention on the question of whether marijuana laws have become more harmful to society than the behavior they were intended to regulate. Recent polls show that as many as 80% of Americans support legal access to medical marijuana. The Federal Government does not recognize the legitimacy of medical marijuana initiatives passed by individual states.
Edzard Ernst
Edzard Ernst is notable for being the first Professor of Complementary Medicine in the United Kingdom.
He was attracted from his chair in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PMR) at the University of Vienna to set up the department of Complementary Medicine at the University of Exeter in 1993 and became director of complementary medicine of the Peninsula Medical School (PMS) in 2002.  He is the first occupant of the Laing chair in Complementary Medicine.  He was born and trained in Germany and since 1999 has been a British citizen.
He is the editor in chief of two medical journals, Perfusion and Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies (FACT).

# Interests
His research relates to all areas of complementary medicine with an emphasis on efficacy and safety. His research mainly involves clinical trials, surveys and systematic reviews/meta-analyses.
The Department use a specific definition of CAM:
"Complementary medicine is diagnosis, treatment and/or prevention which complements mainstream medicine by contributing to a common whole, by satisfying a demand not met by orthodoxy or by diversifying the conceptual frameworks of medicine."

# Applying science to CAM
Prof Ernst describes his approach as applying science and not politics.
Some complementary practitioners have been uncomplimentary about him, as an initial expectation of an enthusiast for publicising unevaluated claims succumbed to a demonstration of critical appraisal and the application of the scientific method and the techniques of analysis of evidence-based healthcare to them.  The few complementary therapy claims and techniques which survive this competent academic and scientific evaluation are left on a sound basis for adoption into the existing corpus of techniques of medicine.
He notes that in mainland Europe complementary techniques are largely practiced by qualified physicians, whereas in the UK they are mainly practiced by others, and also that CAM is an umbrella term, and since the various techniques and activities are so different from each other, each must be considered separately.
For some years Ernst contributed a regular column in the Guardian newspaper, frequently reviewing news stories about complementary medicine from an evidence-based perspective.

# Other significant posts
Professor Ernst is a member of the 'Medicines Commission' of the British Medicines Control Agency(MCA) which determines what substances may be introduced and promoted as medicine.  It is the current version of the Committee on Safety of Medicines (CSM).  He also sit on the 'Scientific Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products' of the 'Irish Medicines Board'.  He is an external examiner for several university medical schools in several countries.

# Notes
-  Maurice Laing (director of Laing Construction established the Laing Chair of Complementary Medicine at the University of Exeter in 2002 with a large donation
-  Ernst et al British General Practitioner 1995; 45:506
-  Interview: Harcourt International
Ego-syntonic
Egosyntonic is a medical term referring to behaviors, values,
feelings, which are in harmony with or acceptable to the needs and
goals of the ego, or consistent with one's ideal self-image. It is studied in detail in abnormal psychology. Many personality disorders are considered egosyntonic and are therefore nearly impossible to treat. Anorexia Nervosa, a hard-to-treat Type I disorder, is also considered egosyntonic because many of its sufferers deny that they have a problem.
It is the opposite of egodystonic. Obsessive compulsive disorder is considered to be an egodystonic disorder, as the thoughts and compulsions experienced or expressed are not consistent with the individual's self-perception.
de:Ich-Syntonie
nl:Egosyntonie
Polar effect
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# Overview
The Polar effect or electronic effect in chemistry is the effect exerted by a substituent on modifying electrostatic forces operating on a nearby reaction center. The main contributors to the polar effect are the inductive effect, mesomeric effect and the through-space electronic field effect.
An electron withdrawing group or EWG draws electrons away from a reaction center. When this center is an electron rich carbanion or an alkoxide anion the presence of the substituent has a stabilizing effect.
Examples of electron withdrawing groups are:
- halogens (F, Cl),
- nitriles CN,
- carboxylic acids COOH
- carbonyls CO
An electron releasing group or ERG (otherwise called electron donating groups or EDG) releases electrons into a reaction center and as such stabilizes electron deficient carbocations.
Examples of electron releasing groups are:
- alkyl groups
- alcohol groups
- amino groups
The total substituent effect is the combination of the polar effect and the combined steric effects.
In electrophilic aromatic substitution and nucleophilic aromatic substitution substituents are divided into activating groups and deactivating groups where the direction of activation or deactivation is also taken into account.
Endothelin 2
Endothelin 2, also known as ET-2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EDN2 gene.

# Function
Endothelin 2 is a member of the endothelin protein family of secretory vasoconstrictive peptides. The preproprotein is processed to a short mature form which functions as a ligand for the endothelin receptors that initiate intracellular signaling events. This gene product is involved in a wide range of biological processes, such as hypertension and ovulation.
Endothelin 2 (ET-2) expression is mainly localized to the granulosa cells within the follicle, as observed in bovine, murine, and human ovarian tissue. Endothelin 2 has functions within the ovarian follicle related to ovulation. ET-2 causes strong contractions in smooth muscle cells of ovarian tissue, and ET-2 production is highest just before ovulation.