Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Obturator artery
The obturator artery passes antero-inferiorly (forwards and downwards) on the lateral wall of the pelvis, to the upper part of the obturator foramen, and, escaping from the pelvic cavity through the obturator canal, it divides into both an anterior and a posterior branch.

# Inside the pelvis
In the pelvic cavity this vessel is in relation, laterally, with the obturator fascia; medially, with the ureter, ductus deferens, and peritoneum; while a little below it is the obturator nerve.
Inside the pelvis the obturator artery gives off iliac branches to the iliac fossa, which supply the bone and the Iliacus, and anastomose with the ilio-lumbar artery; a vesical branch, which runs backward to supply the bladder; and a pubic branch, which is given off from the vessel just before it leaves the pelvic cavity.
The pubic branch ascends upon the back of the pubis, communicating with the corresponding vessel of the opposite side, and with the inferior epigastric artery.

# Outside the pelvis
Outside the pelvis, the obturator artery divides at the upper margin of the obturator foramen, into an anterior branch and a posterior branch which encircle the foramen under cover of the Obturator externus.

# Peculiarities
The obturator artery sometimes arises from the main stem or from the posterior trunk of the hypogastric, or it may spring from the superior gluteal artery; occasionally it arises from the external iliac.
- Variations in origin and course of obturator artery.
In about two out of every seven cases it springs from the inferior epigastric and descends almost vertically to the upper part of the obturator foramen. The artery in this course usually lies in contact with the external iliac vein, and on the lateral side of the femoral ring (Figure A on diagram); in such cases it would not be endangered in the operation for strangulated femoral hernia.
Occasionally, however, it curves along the free margin of the lacunar ligament (Figure B), and if in such circumstances a femoral hernia occurred, the vessel would almost completely encircle the neck of the hernial sac, and would be in great danger of being wounded if an operation were performed for strangulation.

# Additional images
- Right hip bone. Internal surface.
- Left Levator ani from within.
Occipital artery
The occipital artery arise opposite the facial artery, its path is below the posterior belly of digastic to the occipital region. This artery supplies blood to the back of the scalp and sterno-mastoid muscles. Other muscles it supplies are deep muscles in the back and neck.

# Course and Relations
At its origin, it is covered by the posterior belly of the Digastricus and the Stylohyoideus, and the hypoglossal nerve winds around it from behind forward; higher up, it crosses the internal carotid artery, the internal jugular vein, and the vagus and accessory nerves.
It next ascends to the interval between the transverse process of the atlas and the mastoid process of the temporal bone, and passes horizontally backward, grooving the surface of the latter bone, being covered by the Sternocleidomastoideus, Splenius capitis, Longissimus capitis, and Digastricus, and resting upon the Rectus capitis lateralis, the Obliquus superior, and Semispinalis capitis.
It then changes its course and runs vertically upward, pierces the fascia connecting the cranial attachment of the Trapezius with the Sternocleidomastoideus, and ascends in a tortuous course in the superficial fascia of the scalp, where it divides into numerous branches, which reach as high as the vertex of the skull and anastomose with the posterior auricular and superficial temporal arteries.
Its terminal portion is accompanied by the greater occipital nerve.

# Additional images
- Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries.
- The internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Right side.
- The nerves of the scalp, face, and side of neck.
- Posterior primary divisions of the upper three cervical nerves.
- Side of neck, showing chief surface markings.
Okazaki fragment
An Okazaki fragment is a relatively short fragment of DNA (with an RNA primer at the 5' terminus) created on the lagging strand during DNA replication. It was originally discovered in 1968 by Reiji Okazaki, Tsuneko Okazaki, and their colleagues while studying replication of bacteriophage DNA in Escherichia coli.
When the lagging strand is being replicated on the original strand, the 5'-3' pattern must be used; thus a small discontinuity occurs and an Okazaki Fragment forms. These fragments are processed by the replication machinery to produce a continuous strand of DNA and hence a complete daughter DNA helix.
In dealing with the synthesis of complementary DNA strands the nascent leading strand always reads 5' to 3'.  Its antiparallel complement strand, the nascent lagging strand reads from 3' to 5'.  Because the original strands of DNA are antiparallel, and only one continuous new strand can be synthesised at the 3' end of the leading strand due to the intrinsic 5'-3' polarity of DNA polymerases, the other strand must grow discontinuously in the opposite direction. Regarding the lagging strand, the result of this strand's discontinuous replication is the production of a series of short sections of DNA called Okazaki fragments.    
Experimental Proof:
Each Okazaki fragment is initiated near the replication fork at an RNA primer created by primase, and extended by DNA polymerase III. In eukaryotes, lagging strand synthesis is carried out by the DNA polymerase . The primer is later removed by enzymes that have endonucleolytic activity such as Ribonuclease H (RNAse H), flap endonucleases (FENs) and Dna2 helicase/nucleases. In prokaryotes the FEN nuclease is a domain of DNA polymerase I while in eukaryotes FENs are separate enzymes. The excised RNA bases are replaced with DNA by DNA polymerase I in prokaryotes or DNA polymerase  in eukaryotes. Adjoining fragments are then linked together by DNA ligase, using phosphodiester bonds, to create a continuous strand of DNA.
Okazaki used a pulse chase type experiment to confirm discontinuous strand replication. He took actively replicating DNA, then added "hot" tritiated nucleotides for a short pulse of about 5 seconds. During the 5 seconds the radioactive nucleotides were incorporated into the growing DNA strands. After the pulse Okazaki chased with "cold" un-labeled nucleotides for varying amounts of time and quickly isolated the DNA. Then the DNA was centrifuged and analyzed for radioactivity. What Okazaki found was that with short chases of about 7 to 15 seconds most of the radioactivity was found in the small fragments higher in the tube after centrifuge. However with longer chases more radioactivity was found in the lower, larger strands. This confirmed that during synthesis first small fragments are formed on the lagging strand, then later these fragments are combined and incorporated into much larger strands. The small fragments found on the lagging strand are called Okazaki fragments.
Oncology nursing

# Overview
An oncology nurse is a specialized nurse who cares for cancer patients.

# Certification in the United States
The Oncology Nursing Certification Corporation (ONCC) offers several different options for board certification in oncology nursing.  Certification is a voluntary process and ensures that a nurse has proper qualifications and knowledge of a speciality area and has kept up-to-date in his or her education.
The ONCC offers five options for certification:
- Basic:
OCN: Oncology Certified Nurse
CPON: Certified Pediatric Oncology Nurse
- OCN: Oncology Certified Nurse
- CPON: Certified Pediatric Oncology Nurse
- Advanced:
AOCN: Advanced Oncology Certified Nurse
AOCNP: Advanced Oncology Certified Nurse Practitioner
AOCNS: Advanced Oncology Certified Clinical Nurse Specialist
- AOCN: Advanced Oncology Certified Nurse
- AOCNP: Advanced Oncology Certified Nurse Practitioner
- AOCNS: Advanced Oncology Certified Clinical Nurse Specialist
Certification is granted for four years, after which it must be renewed by taking a recertification test or by earning a certain number of continuing medical education credits.
To become certified, nurses must have an RN license, meet specific eligibility criteria for nursing experience and specialty practice, and must pass a multiple-choice test.
For the advanced AOCNP and AOCNS certifications, a nurse must have a master's degree or higher in nursing and a minimum of 500 hours of supervised clinical practice of oncology nursing.  The AOCNP certification also requires successful completion of an accredited nurse practitioner program.
Operation Keymer
Operation Keymer was a crackdown on cannabis growing factories in the United Kingdom during in the autumn of 2006.  This was the first operation by the police to specifically target growing factories and the police described it as a great success.

# Scale of operation
The extent of the operation is not specifically known and reporting of it is contradictory. A Cambridgeshire Police report stated that between September 25 and Friday October 6, nine raids took place netting them 12 arrests and over 4500 plants.  The Guardian website reports that over the same period 28,000 cannabis plants, 54 kilos which is reported as worth 2.5 million.
The Cambridge police claim to have seized 2.7 million pounds of cannabis, in the 2 weeks they reported on.  Assuming a street value of 20 for one eighth of an ounce that means a haul of 2.7 million / 20 / 8 = 16875 ounces.  One assumes the weight is inflated because of plants not being dried before being weighed.

# Effects of raids
On the street it widely affected the supply of cannabis, leading to lots of "dry" areas.  Shortages were predicted to continue until February when the replacement stocks were ready to be harvested.
The operation is blamed for the spreading of sub standard cannabis containing silica, a sand like substance that when inhaled causes silicosis (a form of irreversible damage to the lungs).

# Vietnamese illicit enterprises in the UK
These cannabis factories and farms are almost run exclusively by Vietnamese people. It is conservatively estimated that there are 3000 such illicit enterprises in London alone, and another 500 in the Birmingham area. Over three quarters are estimated to be Vietnamese operated. The Vietnamese population is estimated to be about 30,000 in London. From the statistics, it is easy to see that this is a Vietnamese community-wide industry. The Met's comment was that they close one, another three spring up. These Vietnamese operations are springing up all over the UK at an alarming rate having spread from London to the rest of England, Scotland and Wales. In one Court hearing, a judge in Oxford Crown Court called this phenomenon a Vietnamese culture and issued a warning to the Vietnamese community. The Vietnamese use nail parlour businesses as fronts and use young innocent looking women and children to rent properties from unsuspecting house owners. In another Police Operation, Operation Pentameter, it was found that the Vietnamese are also involved in prostitution and brothel keeping. These operations also rely on people smuggling from Vietnam.
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Overriding aorta

# Overview
An overriding aorta is a congenital heart defect where the aorta is positioned directly over a ventricular septal defect, instead of over the left ventricle.
The result is that the aorta contains some blood from the right ventricle, which reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood.
It is one of the four conditions of the Tetralogy of Fallot.
Oxidation number
The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the ligands were removed along with the electron pairs that were shared with the central atom.  It is used in the nomenclature of inorganic compounds. It is represented by a Roman numeral; the plus sign is omitted for positive oxidation numbers. The oxidation number is placed either as a right superscript to the element symbol, e.g. FeIII, or in parentheses after the name of the element, e.g. iron(III): in the latter case, there is no space between the element name and the oxidation number.
The oxidation number is usually numerically equal to the oxidation state. However, in a few cases the ligand atom can be less electronegative than the central atom (e.g., in iridium phosphine complexes), resulting in a formal oxidation state that is different from the oxidation number.

# Spectroscopic oxidation states
Although formal oxidation numbers can be helpful for classifying compounds, they are unmeasureable and their physical meaning can be ambiguous.  Formal oxidation numbers require particular caution for molecules where the bonding is covalent, since the formal oxidation numbers require the heterolytic removal of ligands, which essentially denies covalency.  Spectroscopic oxidation states, as defined by Jorgenson and reiterated by Wieghart, are measureables that are bench-marked using spectroscopic and crystallographic data.
Plasmodium ovale
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# Overview
Plasmodium ovale is a species of parasitic protozoa that causes tertian malaria in humans.  It is closely related to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, which are responsible for most malaria.  It is rare compared to these two parasites, and substantially less dangerous than P. falciparum.

# Epidemiology
P. ovale is very limited in its range.  It is endemic mainly to West Africa, the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea.

# Diagnosis
The microscopic appearance of P. ovale is very similar to that of P. vivax and if there are only a small number of parasites seen, it may be impossible to distinguish the two species on morphological grounds alone.  There is no difference between the medical treatment of P. ovale and P. vivax, and therefore some laboratory diagnoses report "P. vivax/ovale", which is perfectly acceptable as treatment for the two are very similar.  Schuffner's dots are seen on the surface of the parasitised red blood cell, but these are larger and darker than in P. vivax and are sometimes called "James's dots".  About twenty percent of the parasitized cells are oval in shape (hence the species name) and some of the oval cells also have fimbriated edges (the so-called "comet cell").  The mature schizonts of P. ovale never have more than twelve nuclei within them and this is the only reliable way of distinguishing between the two species.
P. vivax and P. ovale that has been sitting in EDTA for more than half-an-hour before the blood film is made will look very similar in appearance to P. malariae, which is an important reason to warn the laboratory immediately when the blood sample is drawn so they can process the sample as soon as it arrives.

# Treatment
Standard treatment is concurrent treatment with chloroquine and primaquine. The combination atovaquone-proguanil may be used in those patients who are unable to take chloroquine for whatever reason.
PAR-1 inhibitors

# Overview
Protease Activated Receptor (PAR)-1 inhibitors (also known as thrombin receptor antagonists, TRAs) are a new class of antiplatelet agents that antagonize platelet activation mediated by thrombin, the most potent platelet activator.
The cellular actions of thrombin (including the activation of platelets) are mediated by a 7-domain receptor named PAR. 
The 2 main platelet PAR receptors in humans are PAR-1 and PAR-4, with the former being the principal thrombin receptor. Thrombin cleaves one peptide bond (Arg41-Ser42) of the receptor extracellular domain exposing a new N-terminus, which is called tethered ligand. This tethered ligand is the resident agonist of the PARs that ultimately causes its activation. PAR-1 inhibitors selectively block the interaction of the tethered ligand with the activation site, ultimately preventing PAR-1 activation.
The 2 agents in most advanced clinical development are vorapaxar (previously known as SCH530348) and atopaxar (previously known as E-5555).
PEAKS (software)

# Overview
PEAKS is a software program for tandem mass spectrometry designed for peptide sequencing and protein identification.

# Description
PEAKS can be used for search engine protein identification (Protein ID) and for de novo sequencing (both automated and manual) and peptide sequence tag  based searching. (SPIDER).
PEAKS provides a complete sequence for each peptide, confidence scores on individual amino acid assignments, simple reporting for high-throughput analysis, and other information.
The software has the ability to compare results. PEAKS will cross check test results automatically with other protein ID search engines, like Sequest, OMSSA, X!Tandem and Mascot. This approach guards against false positive peptide assignments.
PROLONG-II Study

# Official Title
A Multicentre, Prospective, Observational Study on the Predictive Role for Recurrence of D-dimer Levels Measured During and After Anticoagulation in Patients With a First Venous Thromboembolism Episode (the PROLONG-II Study)

# Objective
The Prolong-Two study aims at assessing the predictive role for recurrence of D-dimer levels measured: a) during anticoagulation, b) one month after its withdrawal and c) periodically during follow up

# Sponsor
St. Orsola Hospital

# Timeline
The previous information was derived from ClinicalTrials.gov on 09/25/2013 using the identification number NCT00266045

# Study Description
The previous information was derived from ClinicalTrials.gov on 09/25/2013 using the identification number NCT00266045.

# Eligibility Criteria

## Inclusion Criteria
- Age > 18 years
- After a first documented idiopathic proximal deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism
- After at least 6 months of oral anticoagulation
- After written informed consent

## Exclusion Criteria
- Age > 82 y
- Recurrent venous thromboembolism
- If the Venous thromboembolism occurred:
during pregnancy or puerperium
after recent (i.e. within three months) fracture or plaster casting of a leg,
after immobilization with confinement to bed for three consecutive days after surgery with general anesthesia lasting longer than 30 minutes
- during pregnancy or puerperium
- after recent (i.e. within three months) fracture or plaster casting of a leg,
- after immobilization with confinement to bed for three consecutive days after surgery with general anesthesia lasting longer than 30 minutes
- Patients with:
active cancer
antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
antithrombin deficiency
serious liver disease or renal insufficiency (creatininemia > 2 mg/dL),
-ther indications for anticoagulation or contraindications for this treatment
limited life expectation
- active cancer
- antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
- antithrombin deficiency
- serious liver disease or renal insufficiency (creatininemia > 2 mg/dL),
- other indications for anticoagulation or contraindications for this treatment
- limited life expectation
- Patients who live too far from the clinical center

# Outcomes

## Primary Outcomes

## Secondary Outcomes

# Publications

## Results

## Conclusion
Taxus brevifolia
Taxus brevifolia (Pacific Yew or Western Yew) is a conifer native to the Pacific Northwest of North America. It ranges from southernmost Alaska south to central California, mostly in the Pacific Coast Ranges, but with an isolated disjunct population in southeast British Columbia and south to central Idaho.
It is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree, growing 10-15 m tall and with a trunk up to 50 cm diameter, rarely more.
It has thin scaly brown bark. The leaves are lanceolate, flat, dark green, 1-3 cm long and 2-3 mm broad, arranged spirally on the stem, but with the leaf bases twisted to align the leaves in two flat rows either side of the stem except on erect leading shoots where the spiral arrangement is more obvious.
The seed cones are highly modified, each cone containing a single seed 4-7 mm long partly surrounded by a modified scale which develops into a soft, bright red berry-like structure called an aril, 8-15 mm long and wide and open at the end. The arils are mature 6-9 months after pollination, and with the seed contained are eaten by thrushes and other birds, which disperse the hard seeds undamaged in their droppings; maturation of the arils is spread over 2-3 months, increasing the chances of successful seed dispersal. The male cones are globose, 3-6 mm diameter, and shed their pollen in early spring. It is mostly dioecious, but occasional individuals can be variably monoecious, or change sex with time.

# Uses
The chemotherapy drug paclitaxel, used in breast, ovarian and lung cancer treatment, is derived from Taxus brevifolia. Over-harvesting for production of this drug has resulted in the Pacific Yew becoming a rare species, despite the fact the drug can be produced semi-synthetically from cultivated yews. Pharmaceutical use of closely-related wild yew species in India and China threatens some of those species as well.
- Pacific Yew foliage
Pacific Yew foliage
- Pacific Yew mat form
Pacific Yew mat form
- Pacific Yew bark
Palatal expander
Synonyms and related keywords: rapid palatal expander, rapid maxillary expansion appliance, palate expander or orthodontic expander

# Overview
A palatal expander, also known as a rapid palatal expander, rapid maxillary expansion appliance, palate expander or orthodontic expander, is used to widen the upper jaw so that the bottom and upper teeth will fit together better. This can only be done when the patient is still growing, unless surgery is used to separate the two halves of the palate. It is most often followed by braces to straighten out all the teeth now that room has been created. Patients who have just gotten expanders may experience extra saliva and talking lisps. Additionally, patients may also feel a sore on their tongue from contact with the expander's metal bars. The expansion process usually results in a large gap between the patient's front teeth although this does not always happen. This gap is closed by subsequent orthodontics (braces). With expanders, the patient has to remember to turn the expansion screw themselves. For expansion that is not managed by the patient on both the upper and lower jaws, a bionator may be more suitable alternative.
Although it may vary from person to person, most usually feel slight pressure on their teeth. As the patient turns the expansion screw using the key, a space develops between the front two teeth. Some may notice a larger space while others do not notice a space at all. It usually takes several days to adjust to eating and speaking after first receiving the rapid palatal expander.
The brace also puts pressure in parts of the nose and wearers may also experience headaches.

# Image Gallery
- Palatal expander
- Rapid palatal expander
- Rapid palatal expander
- Rapid palatal expander

# See Also
- Rapid maxillary expansion
Pancreatic juice

# Overview
Pancreatic juice is a juice produced by the pancreas. It contains a variety of enzymes. They include trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, and amylase.
Pancreatic juice is alkaline in nature due to the high concentration of bicarbonate ions. This is useful in neutralizing the acidic gastric acid, allowing for effective enzymic action.
Pancreatic juice secretion is regulated by the hormone secretin, which is released by the duodenum upon detection of proteins and fats.
Pancreatic secretion consists of  an aqueous bicarbonate component from the duct cells and enzymatic component from the acinar cells.