Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Retroperistalsis

# Overview
Retroperistalsis is the reverse of the involuntary smooth muscle contractions of peristalsis. It usually occurs as a precursor to vomiting.
Peristalsis moves food through the gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus in the direction of the anus.
Local irritation of the stomach, such as bacteria or food poisoning, activates the emetic center of the brain which in turn signals an imminent vomiting reflex, food moves in the opposite direction, often from the duodenum of the small intestine into the stomach.
Reviparin sodium

# Overview
Reviparin is an antithrombotic and belongs to the group of low molecular weight heparins.

# Pharmacodynamic
Reviparin is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) obtained by nitrous acid depolymerization of heparin extracted from porcine intestinal mucosa. Its structure is characterized, for the most part, by a group of 2-O-sulfo--lidopyranosuronic acid. The average molecular weight is about 3900 daltons.

# Indications
- Prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
- Prophylaxis of perioperative thromboembolism
- Treatment of DVT with or without pulmonary embolism (PE)
- Prophylaxis of acute thrombotic events after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
Rhinosporidiosis

# Overview
Rhinosporidiosis is an infection caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi.

# Classification
This organism was previously considered to be a fungus, and rhinosporidiosis is classified as a fungal disease under ICD-10.
It is now considered to be a protist parasite, classified under Mesomycetozoea.
Authors of detailed studies have revealed superficial similarities between Dermocystidium and Rhinosporidium when using light microscopy, but substantial morphological differences between the groups exist.
There is some evidence that DNA extracted from purified uncontaminated round bodies (Rhinosporidium seeberi) is of cyanobacterium origin.

# Pathophysiology
Rhinosporidiosis is a granulomatous disease affecting the mucous membrane of nasopharynx, oropharynx, conjunctiva, rectum and external genitalia. Though the floor of the nose and inferior turbinate are the most common sites, the lesions may appear elsewhere too. Traumatic inoculation from one site to others is common. Laryngeal rhinosporidiosis, too, has been described and may be due to inoculation from the nose during endotracheal intubation. After inoculation, the organism replicates locally, resulting in hyperplasia of host tissue and localised immune response.
- infection of nose and nasopharynx - 70%
- infection of palpebral conjunctiva - 15%

# Epidemiology
Disease endemic in Chhattisgarh, South India, Sri Lanka, South America and Africa. It is presumed to be transmitted by exposure to the pathogen when taking a bath in stagnant water pools where animals also bathe.

# Clinical Features
- History
Unilateral nasal obstruction
Epistaxis
Local pruritus
Rhinorrhea
Coryza with sneezing
Post nasal discharge with cough
Foreign body sensation
History of exposure to contaminant water
Increased tearing and photo phobia in cases of infection of palpebral conjunctiva
- Unilateral nasal obstruction
- Epistaxis
- Local pruritus
- Rhinorrhea
- Coryza with sneezing
- Post nasal discharge with cough
- Foreign body sensation
- History of exposure to contaminant water
- Increased tearing and photo phobia in cases of infection of palpebral conjunctiva
- On examination
Pink to deep red polyps
Strawberry like appearance
Bleeds easily upon manipulation
- Pink to deep red polyps
- Strawberry like appearance
- Bleeds easily upon manipulation
- Diagnosis
confirmed by biopsy- several round or oval sporangia and spores which may be seen bursting through its chitinous wall
- confirmed by biopsy- several round or oval sporangia and spores which may be seen bursting through its chitinous wall

# Treatment
- Surgical excision - wide excision with wide area electro-coagulation of the lesion base
- Medical treatment is not so effective but treatment with a year-long course of dapsone has been reported
Rhodococcus equi

# Overview
Rhodococcus equi is a Gram-positive coccoid bacteria. The organism commonly lives in dry and dusty soil and can be important for diseases of domesticated animals (horses and goats). The frequency of infection reaches near 60 percent. R. equi is the most important pathogen of pneumonia of foals. In addition there is a the possibility, that the pathogen can transfer to humans. The most endangered groups are immunsupprimised people and AIDS-patients.
In taxonomies, R. equi can have the synonymes Corynebacterium equi, Bacillus hoagii, Corynebacterium purulentus, Mycobacterium equi, Mycobacterium restrictum, Nocardia restricta and Proactinomyces restrictus.

# Treatment

## Antimicrobial Regimen
- Rhodococcus equi 
- Note: Avoid Penicillins/Cephalosporins due to development of resistance; Linezolid effective in vitro, but no clinical reports of use
- 1. First line:
- Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h (15 mg/kg q12 for >70 kg) OR Imipenem 500 mg IV q6h AND Rifampin 600 mg PO qd OR Ciprofloxacin 750 mg PO bid OR Erythromycin 500 mg PO qid for at least 4 weeks or until infiltrate disappears
- Note: Should be administrated at least 8 weeks in immunocompromised patients
- 2. Oral/maintenance therapy (after infiltrate clears):
- Preferred regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin 750 mg PO bid
- Preferred regimen (2): Erythromycin 500 mg PO qid

# Literature
- Monika Venner und Erich Klug: Die Rhodococcus-equi-Pneumonie beim Fohlen: Diagnose, Therapie, Prophylaxe In: Pferde spiegel Nummer 4, 2005. Seiten 155-158 PDF
- J. Ashour und M. K. Hondalus: Phenotypic mutants of the intracellular actinomycete Rhodococcus equi created by in vivo Himar1 transposon mutagenesis. In: Journal of Bacteriology. Volume 185, Nummer 8, April 2003. Seiten 2644-2652. doi:10.1128/JB.185.8.2644-2652.2003
- A. Triskatis: Semiquantitative Bestimmung von Antikorpern gegen Rhodococcus equi in Serum und Klolostrum bei Stuten und Fohlen mittels ELISA und der Vergleich mit Befunden der Lungenuntersuchung PDF
Rhodopsin kinase
Rhodopsin kinase (EC 2.7.11.14, cone opsin kinase, G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 1, GPCR kinase 1, GRK1, GRK7, opsin kinase, opsin kinase (phosphorylating), rhodopsin kinase (phosphorylating), RK, STK14) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase involved in phototransduction. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Mutations in rhodopsin kinase are associated with a form of night blindness called Oguchi disease.

# More on Rhodopsin Kinase
Rhodopsin Kinase is involved in mammalian rod cells specifically with photo transduction and belongs to the family of G coupled-protein receptor kinases. This kinase, referred to as GRK1 is post-translationally modified by farnesylation and -carboxyl methylation GRK1 phosphorylates rhodopsin, resulting in partial photo-activation of rhodopsin, thus activating the dim flash response. Dim flash response is activated in dim light and its ideal to de-activate the rod cell photoreceptor or rhodopsin over time. GRK1 AND GRK7 exist and are isoforms of rhodopsin kinase. Studies have proven that in mice rod cells, GRK1 has competition with arrestin for the binding site of rhodopsin. Arrestin-1 when bound to rhodopsin inhibits signaling and turns off photo-transduction completely. As is true for many enzymes, rhodopsin kinase is regulated by the activity of other proteins. In this case, it is negatively regulated by recoverin. In the dark state of the rod cells' recoverin inhibits rhodopsin kinase. Specifically, a study has proven that GRK1 acts on the cytoplasmic loops of rhodopsin both the second and third loops. The cytoplasmic loops act specifically where transducin binds to rhodopsin so this allows GRK1 and transducin to compete for the binding site on rhodopsin. With recoverin present, it exists between GRK1 and rhodopsin and it was shown that when bound competition between GRK1 and transducin suppressed.
Rickets overview
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# Overview
Rickets is a softening of the bones in children potentially leading to fractures and deformity.  Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries. The predominant cause is a vitamin D deficiency, but lack of adequate calcium in the diet may also lead to rickets. Although it can occur in adults, the majority of cases occur in children suffering from severe malnutrition, usually resulting from famine or starvation during the early stages of childhood.
Osteomalacia is the term used to describe a similar condition occurring in adults, generally due to a deficiency of vitamin D.
The origin of the word "rickets" is unknown.  The Greek derived word "rachitis" (meaning "inflammation of the spine") was later adopted as the scientific term for rickets, due chiefly to the words' similarity in sound.

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

# Causes

# Differentiating Type chapter name here from other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Electrocardiogram

## Chest X Ray

## CT

## MRI

## Echocardiography or Ultrasound

## Other Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Surgery

## Medical Therapy

## Primary Prevention

## Secondary Prevention

## Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

## Future or Investigational Therapies

# Case Studies

## Case #1
Robert-Jay Green
Robert-Jay Green, PhD is the Founder and Executive Director of the Rockway Institute, and is the Distinguished Professor in the Clinical Psychology PhD Program at the California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant International University.

# About
Green's main areas of research over the last 30 years have included gay and lesbian couples and families; male gender role socialization; the measurement of couple and family relationship processes; multicultural issues in family functioning; the impact of family relations on childrens academic achievement; and couple and family therapy.
Green previously served as Executive Director and President of the board of the nonprofit Alternative Family Institute in San Francisco (the nations first counseling center exclusively devoted to LGBT couple and family issues) and as Founder and Co-Director of Redwood Center Psychology Associates in Berkeley (one of the San Francisco Bay Areas leading couple and family therapy training centers).

# Recognition
Green was recognized in August 2007 for his distinguished professional contributions by the Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Issues - Division 44 of the American Psychological Association.  In 1998, Green received the award for Significant Contributions to the Study of Family Diversity from the Division of Family Psychology, American Psychological Association. He also received the 2001 award for Distinguished Contributions to Family Systems Research from the American Family Therapy Academy. He was one of the founding committee members and continues as a senior research scholar of the Council on Contemporary Families.

# Professional involvement
Green has served on the editorial advisory boards of the Journal of Family Psychology, the Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, Family Process, Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, Cultural Diversity and Mental Health, Journal of GLBT Family Studies, and American Journal of Family Therapy.   He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy.  He previously served four elected terms on the Board of Directors of the American Family Therapy Academy and served a term as Vice-President of the American Psychological Associations Division of Family Psychology.

# Publications
Among his over 70 publications are two co-edited books:
- With J. L. Framo. (Eds.), Family Therapy: Major Contributions (New York: International Universities Press, 1981)
- With J. Laird. (Eds.), Lesbians and Gays in Couples and Families (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass/Wiley, 1996).
Romanowsky stain
Romanowsky staining was a prototypical staining technique that was the forerunner of several distinct but similar methods, including Giemsa, Jenner, Wright, and Leishman stains, which are used to differentiate cells in pathologic specimens.
Ehrlich had used mixtures of acidic and basic dyes for this purpose in 1879: in 1891 Romanowsky and Malakowsky independently developed a technique using a mixture of Eosin Y and oxidated Methylene Blue that was also useful for this purpose.  Because the aqueous dye solutions were unstable, methanol was introduced as a solvent, and Leishman (in 1901) and Wright (in 1902) advocated use of methanol as a fixative prior to staining. Giemsa in 1902 improved this technique by standardizing the dye solutions and adding glycerol to increase solubility and stability.
The oxidation of Methylene Blue in aqueous solution using heat and alkali produces a mixture of Azure A, Azure B, Methylene Violet and Methylene Blue. Eosin Y is then added to produce a "neutral" dye. The precipitate is then dissolved in a mixture of methanol and glycerol to form a stock solution: this is diluted with water or an aqueous buffer to form a working solution that is used in the preparation of pathology specimens.
Rome IV criteria

# Overview
Rome IV criteria was published in 2016 and is used for the diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. In order to establish the diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome, the patient must have recurrent pain in the abdomen (on an average, 1 day per week, in the previous 3 months) with an onset of 6 months before diagnosis. Moreover, pain in the abdomen must be associated with at least two of atleast two of the following features: change in stool frequency, change in stool appearance or pain related to defecation. In addition to this, the patient must have none of the following red flag signs which are indicative of other organic diseases.

## Rome IV criteria
To establish the diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome, the patient must have recurrent pain in the abdomen (On an average, 1 day per week, in the previous 3 months) with an onset of 6 months before diagnosis-
- Pain in the abdomen must be associated with at least two of the following:
Change in stool frequency
Change in stool appearance or form
Pain related to defecation
- Change in stool frequency
- Change in stool appearance or form
- Pain related to defecation
- In addition to this, the patient must have none of the following warning signs:
Unintentional loss of weight
Age 50 years, without previous colon cancer screening
Recent change in bowel habit
Hematochezia or melena i.e. evidence of overt gastrointestinal bleeding
Nocturnal pain in the abdomen or passage of stools
History of inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer in the family
Palpable abdominal mass or presence of lymphadenopathy
Positive fecal occult blood test
Blood testing showing evidence of iron deficiency anemia
- Unintentional loss of weight
- Age 50 years, without previous colon cancer screening
- Recent change in bowel habit
- Hematochezia or melena i.e. evidence of overt gastrointestinal bleeding
- Nocturnal pain in the abdomen or passage of stools
- History of inflammatory bowel disease or colorectal cancer in the family
- Palpable abdominal mass or presence of lymphadenopathy
- Positive fecal occult blood test
- Blood testing showing evidence of iron deficiency anemia
Root of the lung
A little above the middle of the mediastinal surface of each lung, and nearer its posterior than its anterior border, is its root, by which the lung is connected to the heart and the trachea.
The root is formed by the bronchus, the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary veins, the bronchial arteries and veins, the pulmonary plexuses of nerves, lymphatic vessels, bronchial lymph glands, and areolar tissue, all of which are enclosed by a reflection of the pleura.
The root of the right lung lies behind the superior vena cava and part of the right atrium, and below the azygos vein. 
That of the left lung passes beneath the aortic arch and in front of the descending aorta; the phreni pericardiacophrenic artery and vein, and the anterior pulmonary plexus, lie in front of each, and the vagus and posterior pulmonary plexus behind each; below each is the pulmonary ligament.
The chief structures composing the root of each lung are arranged in a similar manner from before backward on both sides, viz., the upper of the two pulmonary veins in front; the pulmonary artery in the middle; and the bronchus, together with the bronchial vessels, behind.
From above downward, on the two sides, their arrangement differs, thus:
On the right side their position iseparterial bronchus, pulmonary artery, hyparterial bronchus, pulmonary veins, but on the left side their position ispulmonary artery, bronchus, pulmonary veins.
The lower of the two pulmonary veins, is situated below the bronchus, at the apex or lowest part of the hilus.

# Additional images
- The phrenic nerve and its relations with the vagus nerve.
Rumex acetosella
Rumex acetosella is a species of sorrel bearing the common names sheep's sorrel, red sorrel, sour weed, and field sorrel. The plant and its subspecies are common perennial weeds. It has green arrowhead-shaped leaves and red-tinted deeply ridged stems, and it sprouts from an aggressive rhizome. The flowers emerge from a tall, upright stem. Female flowers are maroon in color.
The plant is native to Eurasia but has been introduced to most of the rest of the northern hemisphere. In North America it is a common weed in fields, grasslands, and woodlands. It favors moist soil, so it thrives in floodplains and near marshes. It is often one of the first species to take hold in disturbed areas, such as abandoned mining sites, especially if the soil is acidic. Livestock will graze on the plant, but it is not very nutritious and contains oxalates which make the plant toxic if grazed in large amounts.
Sheep's sorrel is widely considered to be a noxious weed, and one that is hard to control due to its spreading rhizome. Blueberry farmers are familiar with the weed, due to its ability to thrive in the same conditions under which blueberries are cultivated. It is commonly considered by farmers as an Indicator plant of the need for liming.

# Culinary Uses
There are several uses of sheep sorrel in the preparation of food including a garnish, a tart favoring agent  and a curdling agent for cheese. The leaves have a lemony, tangy or nicely tart flavor.

# Medicinal
Sheep Sorrel contains constituents including beta carotene, tartaric acid, oxalates (oxalic acid), anthraquinones (chrysophanol, emodin, Rhein), Glycosides (Hyperoside, quercitin-3d-galactoside).
It has a number of purported uses and folk remedies that include treatment for inflammation, cancer treatment, diarrhea, scurvy and fever. A tea made from the stem and leaves can be made to act as a diuretic. It also has certain astringent properties and uses.  Other historical uses include that of a vermifuge, as the plant allegedly contains compounds toxic to intestinal parasites (worms).
Its alleged use as a cancer treatment, generally considered a folk remedy, is as a primary ingredient in a preparation commonly referred to by the name Essiac.
Son of Sevenless
In cell signalling, Son of Sevenless (SOS) refers to a set of genes encoding guanine nucleotide exchange factors that act on the Ras subfamily of small GTPases.

# History and name
The gene was so named because the Sos protein that it encoded was found to operate downstream of the sevenless gene in Drosophila melanogaster in a Ras/MAP kinase pathway. When sevenless is mutated or otherwise dysfunctional during development of the fly's ultraviolet light-sensitive compound eye, the seventh, central photoreceptor (R7) of each ommatidium fails to form. Similarly, the mammalian orthologues of Sos, SOS1 and SOS2, function downstream of many growth factor and adhesion receptors.

# Function
Ras-GTPases act as molecular switches that bind to downstream effectors, such as the protein kinase c-Raf, and localise them to the membrane resulting in their activation.  Ras-GTPases are considered inactive when bound to guanosine diphosphate (GDP), and active when bound to guanosine triphosphate (GTP).  As the name implies, Ras-GTPases possess intrinsic enzymatic activity that hydrolyses GTP to GDP and phosphate.  Thus, upon binding to GTP, the duration of Ras-GTPase activity depends on the rate of hydrolysis.  SOS (and other guanine nucleotide exchange factors) act by binding Ras-GTPases and forcing them to release their bound nucleotide (usually GDP).  Once released from SOS, the Ras-GTPase quickly binds fresh guanine nucleotide from the cytosol.  Since GTP is roughly ten times more abundant than GDP in the cytosol, this usually results in Ras activation.  The normal rate of Ras catalytic GTPase (GTP hydrolysis) activity can be increased by proteins of the RasGAP family, which bind to Ras and increase its catalytic rate by a factor of one thousand - in effect, increasing the rate at which Ras is inactivated.

# Genetic diseases associated with SOS1
Dominant mutant alleles of SOS1 have recently been found to cause Noonan syndrome and hereditary gingival fibromatosis type 1. Noonan syndrome has also been shown to be caused by mutations in KRAS and PTPN11 genes. A common feature of these genes is that their products have all  been strongly implicated as positive regulators of the Ras/MAP kinase signal transduction pathway.  Therefore, it is thought that dysregulation of this pathway during development is responsible for many of the clinical features of this syndrome.
Noonan syndrome mutations in SOS1 are distributed in clusters positioned throughout the SOS1 coding region.  Biochemically, these mutations have been shown to similarly effect aberrant activation of the catalytic domain towards Ras-GTPases.  This may be explained because the SOS1 protein adopts an auto-inhibited conformation dependent on multiple domain-to-domain interactions that cooperate to block access of the SOS1 catalytic core to its Ras-GTPase targets. The mutations that cause Noonan syndrome thus appear to perturb intramolecular interactions necessary for SOS1 auto-inhibition.  In this way these mutations are thought to create SOS1 alleles encoding hyper-activated and dysregulated variants of the protein.
SU-8 photoresist
For the heavy Soviet ground attack aircraft, see Sukhoi Su-8

# SU-8 Photoresist description
SU-8 is a commonly used negative photoresist. It is a very viscous polymer that can be spun or spread over a thickness ranging from 1 micrometer up to 2 millimeters and still be processed with standard mask aligner. It can be used to pattern high aspect ratio (>20) structures. Its maximum absorption is for ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 365 nm. When exposed, SU-8's long molecular chains cross-link causing the solidification of the material.
SU-8 is mainly used in for fabrication of microfluidics and MEMS parts. It is also one of the most bio-compatible materials and is often used in bio-MEMS.

# Links for SU-8
THE SU8 HOMEPAGE
SU-8: Thick Photo-Resist for MEMS A webpage with a lot of material data and process tricks.
SU-8 supplier
MSDS
Sandbox:Maneesha

# Overview
This section provides a short and straight to the point overview of the disease or symptom.  The first sentence of the overview must contain the name of the disease.
- Cardiology is

## Causes
- life
- cardiac
- cardiac arrest
- sudden infant death

# Risk factors
- Smoking
- Alchohol

## Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
- Pregnancy
- Urinary
- Life

## Common Causes
- UTI 
- Heart
- Common cause 3
- Common cause 4
- Common cause 5

# Diagnosis
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of ] according the the  guidelines.

# Treatment
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of ] according the the  guidelines.

# Do's
- The content in this section is in bullet points.

# Don'ts
- The content in this section is in bullet points.