Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Silver iodide
Silver iodide (AgI) is a chemical compound used in photography and as an antiseptic in medicine.
Silver iodide is highly insoluble in water and has a crystalline structure similar to that of ice, allowing it to induce freezing (heterogeneous nucleation) in cloud seeding for the purpose of  rainmaking.
The crystalline structure adopted by silver iodide changes with temperature. The following phases are known:
- Up to 420K (147 C), AgI exists in the -phase, which has a wurtzite structure.
- Above 420K (147 C), AgI undergoes a transition to the -phase, which has a body-centered cubic structure and has the silver ions distributed randomly between 2-, 3-, and 4-coordinate sites.
- A metastable -phase also exists below 420K, which has a zinc blende structure.

# Silver iodide as a fast ion conductor
The transition between the  and  forms represents the melting of the silver (cation) sublattice.  The entropy of fusion (melting) for -AgI is approximately half that for sodium chloride (a typical ionic solid).  This can be rationalised by noting that the AgI crystalline lattice has essentially already partly melted in the transition between  and  forms.  Adding the entropy of transition from -AgI to -AgI to the entropy of fusion gives a value that is much closer to the entropy of fusion for sodium chloride.
Sinus venosus

# Overview
The sinus venosus is the large quadrangular cavity located between the two venae cavae in the embryonic human heart. In the adult it is incorporated into the wall of the right atrium to form a smooth part called the sinus venarum, also know as the venarum sinus, which is separated from the rest of the atrium by a ridge of fibres called the crista terminalis.
In the embryo, the thin walls of the sinus venosus are connected below with the right ventricle, and medially with the left atrium, but are free in the rest of their extent. It receives blood from the vitelline vein, umbilical vein and common cardinal vein.
It originally starts as a paired structure but shifts towards associating only with the right atrium as the embryonic heart develops. The left portion shrinks in size and eventually forms the coronary sinus and oblique vein of the left atrium, whereas the right part becomes incorporated into the right atrium to form the sinus venarum.

# Additional images
- Diagram to illustrate the simple tubular condition of the heart.
- Heart of human embryo of about fourteen days.
- Scheme of arrangement of parietal veins.
Skene's gland
In human anatomy (female), the Skene's glands (also known as the lesser vestibular, periurethral glands, paraurethral glands, or female prostate) are glands located on the upper wall of the vagina, around the lower end of the urethra. They drain into the urethra and near the urethral opening. These glands are surrounded with tissue, which includes the part of the clitoris that reaches up inside the vagina and swells with blood during sexual arousal.

## Relation with orgasm
There is some evidence that nerves in the area produce an orgasm different to the one produced by clitoral stimulation.

# Homology and possible functions
The location of the Skene's gland is the general area of the urethral sponge. The Skene's glands are homologous with the prostate gland in males.

## Female ejaculation
Some believe that the Skene's glands are the source of female ejaculation. In 2002, Emanuele Jannini of L'Aquila University in Italy showed that there may be an explanation both for the phenomenon and for the frequent denials of its existence. Skene's glands have highly variable anatomy, and in some extreme cases they appear to be missing entirely. If Skene's glands are the cause of female ejaculation and G-spot-orgasms, this may explain the observed absence of these phenomena in many women.

## Female prostate
The fluid that emerges during female ejaculation has a composition similar to the fluid generated in males by the prostate gland, containing biochemical markers of sexual function like Human Protein 1 and the enzyme PDE5.  When examined with electron microscopy, both glands show similar secretory structures, and both act similarly in terms of prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific acid phosphatase studies.  Because they are increasingly perceived as merely different versions of the same gland, some researchers are moving away from the name Skene's gland and referring to it instead as the female prostate.

# Eponym
The glands were named after the physician who described them first, Alexander Skene.
Sodium iodate
Sodium iodate (NaIO3) is a chemical compound.
Sodium iodate is an oxidizing agent and as such it can cause fires if in contact with combustible materials or reducing agents.  It can be prepared by reacting a sodium-containing base such as sodium hydroxide with iodic acid, for example:
HIO3 + NaOH  NaIO3 + H2O
It can also be prepared by adding iodine to a hot, concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide.
3 I2 + 6 NaOH  NaIO3 + 5 NaI + 3 H2O
Conditions/substances to avoid are: heat, shock, friction, combustible materials, reducing materials, aluminum, organic compounds, carbon, hydrogen peroxide, sulfides.
Soleus muscle

# Overview
In humans and some other mammals, the soleus is a powerful muscle in the back part of the lower leg (the calf).   It runs from just below the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing and walking. It is closely connected to the gastrocnemius muscle and some anatomists consider them to be a single muscle, the triceps surae. Its name is derived from the solefish whose shape it resembles.
The soleus is located in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg.  Not all mammals have a soleus muscle; one notable species that lacks the soleus is the dog.

# Origin and insertion
It originates from the posterior (back) surfaces of the head of the fibula and its upper third, as well as the middle third of the internal border of the tibia.
Its other end forms a common tendon with the gastrocnemius muscle; this tendon is known as the calcaneal tendon or Achilles tendon and inserts onto the posterior surface of the calcaneus, or heel bone.

# Relations
Superficial to the soleus (closer to the skin) is the gastrocnemius muscle.
The plantaris muscle and a portion of its tendon run between the two muscles. Deep to it (farther from the skin) is the transverse intermuscular septum, which separates the superficial posterior compartment of the leg from the deep posterior compartment.
On the other side of the fascia are the tibialis posterior muscle, the flexor digitorum longus muscle, and the flexor hallucis longus muscle, along with the posterior tibial artery and posterior tibial vein and the tibial nerve.
Since the anterior compartment of the leg is lateral to the tibia, the bulge of muscle medial to the tibia on the anterior side is actually the posterior compartment. The soleus is superficial midshaft of the tibia.

# Function
The action of the calf muscles, including the soleus, is to plantar flex the foot (that is, they increase the angle between the foot and the leg).
They are powerful muscles and are vital in walking, running, and dancing.
The soleus specifically plays an important role in standing; if not for its constant pull, the body would fall forward.
Also, in upright posture, it is responsible for pumping venous blood back into the heart from the periphery, and is often called the peripheral heart or the sural (tricipital) pump .

# Additional images
- Bones of the right leg. Posterior surface.
- Cross-section through middle of leg.
- Back of left lower extremity.
Spectrophobia

# Overview
Spectrophobia (from Latin: spectrum, n. specio, an appearance, form, image of a thing; an apparition, spectre) or catoptrophobia (from Greek  katoptron, "mirror") is a kind of specific phobia involving a morbid fear of mirrors. This phobia is distinct from eisoptrophobia, which is the Fear processing in the brain|fear of one's own reflection.

# Causes
Generally, an individual that deals with spectrophobia has been traumatized in an event where they believe they have seen or heard apparitions or ghosts. The individual could also become traumatized by horror films, television shows, or by nightmares.
This fear could be the result of a trauma involving mirrors. It could also be the result of the persons superstitious fear of being watched through the mirror.

# Fear
Sufferers of catoptrophobia can fear the breaking of a mirror bringing extreme bad luck. They can fear the thought of something frightening jumping out of the mirror or seeing something disturbing inside of it next to their own reflection when looking directly at it. Others fear that it is a link to the supernatural world or a gateway into another world. Some also fear their own reflection in the darkness, as it can appear distorted in strange ways. Some people may also fear being pulled into the mirror by some supernatural force.

# Treatment
As with most phobias this fear could be cured with therapy and / or medication. Relaxation techniques or support groups could also be effective.
Sperm washing
Sperm washing is a term used to describe the process in which individual sperm are separated from the seminal fluid by spinning it in a centrifuge. The Sperm are then used in Intra-Uterine Insemination or in vitro fertilization.
Sperm washing is a standard procedure used in infertility treatment, however, starting in the mid-1990s it was adopted to help HIV discordant couples conceive without passing the virus from the father to the mother or child . The idea is that when the male is HIV positive it will reduce the risk of transmission to the female.
The HIV infection is carried by the seminal fluid rather than the sperm. However, there are still lingering doubts about the safety of the procedure.
The process was first used in Milan, Italy and has so far resulted in no female becoming HIV positive. The oldest child conceived using this method is now about 11 and is HIV negative. The first known American baby, Baby Ryan was born in 1999  through the Special Program of Assisted Reproduction started by Dr. Ann Kiessling.
Sphenoid bone

# Overview
The sphenoid bone (from Greek sphenoeides, "wedgelike") is a bone situated at the base of the skull in front of the temporals and basilar part of the occipital bone.
The sphenoid bone somewhat resembles a butterfly or bat with its wings extended.

# Portions
It is divided into the following parts:
- a median portion, known as the body of sphenoid bone
- two greater wings and two lesser wings
- Pterygoid processes of the sphenoides which project from it posteriorly (below)
Two sphenoidal conchae are situated at the anterior and posterior part of the body.

# Named features
Various other named features of the sphenoid bone exist:
- pterygoid notch
- pterygoid fossa
- scaphoid fossa
- vaginal process
- pterygoid hamulus
- pterygoid canal
- pterygospinous process

# Additional images
- Facial bones.
- Lateral wall of nasal cavity, showing ethmoid bone in position.
- Sphenoid bone visible center right.
- Base of skull. Inferior surface.
- Lateral view of the skull.
- Horizontal section of nasal and orbital cavities.
- Floor of the skull.
- Roof, floor, and lateral wall of left nasal cavity.
Spice essence
Spice essence is a fictional substance from the Dune universe created by Frank Herbert.

# Qualities
Spice essence is a bright blue liquid.  It is a concentrate made from Melange, a substance obtained from the giant sandworms on Arrakis.  It has a distinctive odor, described as, "bitter cinnamon," by Murbella in Chapterhouse: Dune.  At some point after the transformation of Dune to Arrakis and the extinction death of the sandworms, it appears that spice essence replaced the Water of Life, at least as used in the rituals of the Fremen and the Bene Gesserit.

# Uses
Because it is a concentrated form of melange, spice essence is utilized in many of the same fashions.

## Spacing Guild
Spacing Guild Navigators use the spice to induce the prescient trance which allows them to see through time.  Only in this trance can a Navigator plot the safest course through space-time.  This is the course that allows the Heighliner that they are piloting to avoid objects with mass.

## Bene Gesserit
The Bene Gesserit use the spice essence as a drug in the spice agony, which gives her potential contact with her Other Memory.  She must use her Bene Gesserit-trained metabolic control to change the chemical structure of the essence, rendering the poison harmless. Achieving this unlocks ancestral memories; failure results in death.
The only two men who have ever consumed spice essence and survived are Paul Atreides, the Kwisatz Haderach, and his son Leto Atreides II.
Spondylolysis

# Overview
Spondylolysis is a defect in the pars interarticularis of a vertebra.  The great majority of cases occur in the lowest of the lumbar vertebrae (L5), but spondylolysis may also occur in the other lumbar vertebrae, as well as in the thoracic vertebrae.
Spondylolysis occurs in three to six percent of the population.

# Causes
It is typically caused by stress fracture of the bone, and is associated with certain activities, such as weight lifting and gymnastics. It has been proposed that the pars interarticularis is especially vulnerable when the spine is in an extended position, and a force suddenly presses the vertebrae together, such as when landing on ones feet after a hop. This pressure acts like a nutcracker on the pars interarticularis and can fracture it in susceptible individuals. 
Spondylolysis also runs in families and is more prevalent in some populations, suggesting a hereditary component such as a tendency toward thin vertebral bone.
Spondylolysis is the most common cause of spondylolisthesis in pediatric patients. In the older population, degenerative disc disease commonly leads to spondylolisthesis without spondylolysis; in these instances, the spinal canal gets narrowed because the spinolaminar arch at one level slides forward on the lower level effectively flattening the canal. The hereditary factor mentioned above is quite notable, since the frequency of spondylolisthesis in Eskimos is 3050%.

# Diagnosis
The defect is seen in the oblique lumbar radiograph.
Image of Pars Defect<-- Picture of x-ray.
An oblique x-ray of the lumbar spine shows what appears to be a "scotty dog" first described by Lachapelle. The nose of the dog is the costal/transverse process; the ear, the superior facet; the neck, the pars interarticularis; the collar, the pars defect (dark on x-ray); the eye, the pedicle seen end on; the body, the lamina; the hindefoot, the spinous process; the tail if pointing straight up=opp. superior articular facet and if pointing horizontally is the transverse process of the opposite side; and the forefoot, the inferior articular process.

# Treatment
According to a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by the Cochrane Collaboration, the role of surgery compared to for adults with degenerative lumbar spondylosis is unclear. It is not clear if any randomized controlled trials have been performed of pediatric or adolescent patients.
Spotted jelly
The Spotted jelly, the Mastigias papua, or the lagoon jelly is a type of jellyfish. It lives mainly in the South Pacific. Instead of one single mouth, they appear to have several smaller mouth openings in their coral arms. These feed on zooplankton. 
In Japan--especially along Pacific coast areas--these are sold as novelty pets, along with photoautotrophic phytoplankton, and are called takokurage (), or "octopod" or "rammer" jellies.
They seem to have a lifespan of approximately 4 months and are active primarily in mid-summer to early-fall.
Spray-on skin

# Overview
Spray-on skin is a patented skin culturing treatment for burns victims, developed by plastic surgeon Dr Fiona Wood of Perth, Western Australia.
Dr Wood's treatment is under ongoing development. Where previous techniques of skin culturing required 21 days to produce enough cells to cover major burns, Dr Wood has reduced the period to five days. Through research, she found that scarring is greatly reduced if replacement skin could be provided within 10 days. Dr Wood's reported goal is "scarless woundless healing".
Dr Wood established a company called Clinical Cell Culture (C3) in 1993 to commercialise the procedure. Her business came about after a schoolteacher arrived at Royal Perth Hospital in 1992 with petrol burns to 90% of his body. Dr Wood turned to the emerging US-invented technology of cultured skin to save his life, working nights in a laboratory along with scientist Marie Stoner. The two women began to explore tissue engineering. They moved from growing skin sheets to spraying skin cells; earning a world-wide reputation as pioneers in their field. Their company now cultures small biopsies into bigger volumes of skin cell suspensions in as few as five days. This service is used by surgeons in Sydney, Auckland and Birmingham. Cells can be delivered via aircraft and ready for use the next day in many cases. Royalties from licensing are ploughed back into a research fund, called the McComb Foundation.
As well as receiving much praise from both her own patients and the media, she also attracted controversy among other burns surgeons because spray-on skin had not yet been subjected to clinical trials. A clinical trial is planned at Queen Victoria Hospital, England.
Square planar
The square planar molecular geometry in chemistry describes the stereochemistry (spatial arrangement of atoms) that is adopted by certain  chemical compounds. As the name suggests, molecules of this geometry have their atoms lying in a square about a central atom.
Relatively few compounds adopt this geometry, but these species are often notable and even useful, examples being the first noble gas compound XeF4 and the anticancer drug Cisplatin (PtCl2(NH3)2).
This geometry can be visualised as resulting from the removal of a pair of ligands from the z-axis of an octahedron, leaving four ligands in the x-y plane. For transition metal compounds, the orbital splitting diagram for square planar geometry can thus be derived from the octahedral diagram. The removal of the two ligands stabilizes the dz2 level, leaving the dx2-y2 level as the most destabilized.  Consequenly the dx2-y2 remains unoccupied in complexes of metals with  the d8 configuration. These compounds typically have 16 valence electrons (eight from ligands, eight from the metal). Examples include Vaska's complex, Zeise's salt and Crabtree's catalyst.
Staurosporine
Staurosporine (antibiotic AM-2282) is a natural product originally isolated in 1977 from bacterium Streptomyces staurosporeus. It was the first of over 50 alkaloids to be isolated with this type of bis-indole chemical structure. The chemical structure of staurosporine was elucidated by X-ray analysis of a single crystal and the absolute stereochemical configuration by the same method in 1994.
Staurosporine was discovered to have biological activities ranging from anti-fungal to anti-hypertensive. The interest in these activities resulted in a large investigative effort in chemistry and biology and the discovery of the potential for anti-cancer treatment.
The main biological activity of staurosporine is the inhibition of protein kinases through the prevention of ATP binding to the kinase. This is achieved through the stronger affinity of staurosporine to the ATP-binding site on the kinase.
Stener lesion
A Stener lesion is a type of traumatic injury to the thumb. It occurs when the aponeurosis of the adductor pollicis muscle becomes interposed between the ruptured ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the thumb and its site of insertion at the base of the proximal phalanx. No longer in contact with its insertion site, the UCL cannot spontaneously heal.

# Gamekeeper's thumb: history and mechanism of injury
CS Campbell, an orthopedic surgeon, originally coined the term gamekeeper's thumb in 1955, after he observed this condition in a number of Scottish gamekeepers. The injury appeared to occur as a result of the particular manner in which they killed small animals such as rabbits. Specifically, the animals were placed on the ground, and their necks were broken as the gamekeeper exerted downward pressure with the thumb and index fingers. This maneuver would place a valgus force upon the abducted metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. Over time, this would lead to insufficiency of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb, a condition which Campbell referred to as gamekeeper's thumb.
In 1962, Bertil Stener described a lesion which he observed to occur in a subset of patients suffering from gamekeeper's thumb. In these patients, the distal attachment of the UCL was traumatically avulsed from its site of insertion at the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb. The severed end of the ligament would become trapped under the aponeurosis of the adductor pollicis muscle and therefore be unable to return to its proper anatomic position. Consequently, the severed ligament would fold on itself and thus be prevented from healing and restoring stability to the MCP joint.
For a Stener lesion to occur, both the proper and accessory collateral ligaments of the thumb must be completely ruptured. The Stener lesion is present in more than 80% of complete ruptures of the UCL of the thumb.

# Treatment
The ulnar collateral ligament is an important stabilizer of the thumb. Thumb instability resulting from disruption of the UCL profoundly impairs the overall function of the involved hand. Because of this, it is critical that these injuries receive appropriate attention and treatment.
Most gamekeeper's thumb injuries are treated by simply immobilizing the joint in a thumb spica splint or a modified wrist splint and allowing the ligament to heal. However, near total or total tears of the UCL may require surgery to achieve a satisfactory repair, especially if accompanied by a Stener lesion.