Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Sperm

# Overview
The term sperm is derived from the word spermos (meaning "seed") and refers to the male reproductive cells. Sperm cells are the smaller gametes involved in fertilization. In these types of sexual reproduction, there is a marked difference in the size of the gametes with the smaller one being termed the "male" or sperm cell. A uniflagellar sperm cell that is motile is also referred to as spermatozoon, whereas a non-motile sperm cell is referred to as spermatium. Sperm cells cannot divide and have a limited life span, but they can fuse with egg cells during fertilization to form a totipotent zygote with the potential to develop into a new organism.
The spermatozoa of animals are produced through spermatogenesis inside the male gonads (testicles) through meiosis. Sperm cells in algal and many plant gametophytes are produced in male gametangia (antheridia) through mitosis. In flowering plants, sperm nuclei are produced inside pollen.

# Motile sperm cells
Motile sperm cells typically move via flagella and require water in order to swim toward the egg for fertilization. The uniflagellated sperm cells (with one flagellum) produced in most animals are referred to as spermatozoa, and are known to vary in size.
In nematodes, the sperm cells crawl, rather than swim, towards the egg cell.

# Non-motile sperm cells
Non-motile sperm cells called spermatia lack flagella and therefore cannot swim. They are often confused with conidia. Conidia are spores that germinate independently of fertilization, whereas spermatia are gametes that cannot give rise to a new organism by themselves, but instead are required for fertilization. Spermatia are produced in a spermatangium.
Because spermatia cannot swim, they depend on their environment to carry them to the egg cell. Some red algae produce non-motile spermatia that are spread by water currents after their release. The spermatia of rust fungi are covered with a sticky substance. They are produced in flask-shaped structures containing nectar, which attract flies that transfer the spermatia to nearby hyphae for fertilization in a mechanism similar to insect pollination in flowering plants.

# Sperm nuclei
In many land plants, including most gymnosperms and all angiosperms, the male gametophytes (pollen grains) are the primary mode of dispersal, for example via wind or insect pollination, eliminating the need for water to bridge the gap between male and female. Each pollen grain contains a spermatogenous (generative) cell. Once the pollen lands on the stigma of a receptive flower, it germinates and starts growing a pollen tube through the carpel. Before the tube reaches the ovule, the nucleus of the generative cell in the pollen grain divides and gives rise to two sperm nuclei which are then discharged through the tube into the ovule for fertilization.
In some protists, fertilization also involves sperm nuclei, rather than cells, migrating toward the egg cell through a fertilization tube. Oomycetes form sperm nuclei in a syncytical antheridium surrounding the egg cells. The sperm nuclei reach the eggs through fertilization tubes, similar to the pollen tube mechanism in plants.
Steam
In physical chemistry, and in engineering, steam refers to  vaporized water.  It is a pure, completely invisible gas (for mist see below). At standard temperature and pressure, pure steam (unmixed with air, but in equilibrium with liquid water) occupies about 1,600 times the volume of liquid water. In the atmosphere, the partial pressure of water is much lower than 1 atm, therefore gaseous water can exist at temperatures much lower than 100 C (see water vapor and humidity).
In common speech, steam most often refers to the white mist that condenses above boiling water as the hot vapor ("steam" in the first sense) mixes with the cooler air.  This mist is made of tiny droplets of liquid water, not gaseous water, so it is no longer technically steam. In the spout of a steaming kettle, the spot where there is no condensed water vapor, where there appears to be nothing there, is steam.

# Uses
A steam engine uses the expansion of steam in order to drive a piston or turbine to perform mechanical work. In other industrial applications steam is used for energy storage, which is introduced and extracted by heat transfer, usually through pipes. Steam is a capacious reservoir for energy because of water's high heat of vaporization. The ability to return condensed steam as water-liquid to the boiler at high pressure with relatively little expenditure of pumping power is also important.  Engineers use an idealised thermodynamic cycle, the Rankine cycle, to model the behaviour of steam engines.
In the U.S., more than 86% of electric power is produced using steam as the working fluid, nearly all by steam turbines. Condensation of steam to water often occurs at the low-pressure end of a steam turbine, since this maximises the energy efficiency, but such wet-steam conditions have to be limited to avoid excessive turbine blade erosion.
When liquid water comes in contact with a very hot substance (such as lava, or molten metal) it can flash into steam very quickly; this is called a steam explosion.  Such an explosion was probably responsible for much of the damage in the Chernobyl accident and for many so-called 'foundry accidents'.
Steam's capacity to transfer heat is also used in the home: for cooking vegetables, steam cleaning of fabric and carpets, and heating buildings.  In each case, water is heated in a boiler, and the steam carries the energy to a target object.  "Steam showers" are actually low-temperature mist-generators, and do not actually use steam.
In electric generation, steam is typically condensed at the end of its expansion cycle, and returned to the boiler for re-use.  However in cogeneration, steam is piped into buildings to provide heat energy after its use in the electric generation cycle.  The world's biggest steam generation system is Con Edison in New York City which pumps steam into 100,000 buildings in Manhattan from seven cogeneration plants.
TAAR2
Trace amine-associated receptor 2 (TAAR2), formerly known as G protein-coupled receptor 58 (GPR58), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAAR2 gene. TAAR2 is coexpressed with G proteins; however, as of  February 2017, its signal transduction mechanisms have not been determined.
Human TAAR2 (hTAAR2) is expressed in the cerebellum, olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium, and leukocytes (i.e., white blood cells), among other tissues. hTAAR1 and hTAAR2 are both required for white blood cell activation by trace amines in granulocytes.
A single nucleotide polymorphism nonsense mutation of the TAAR2 gene is associated with schizophrenia. TAAR2 is a probable pseudogene in 1015% of Asians as a result of a polymorphism that produces a premature stop codon at amino acid 168.
TAF10
Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF10 gene.

# Function
Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes one of the small subunits of TFIID that is associated with a subset of TFIID complexes. Studies with human and mammalian cells have shown that this subunit is required for transcriptional activation by the estrogen receptor, for progression through the cell cycle, and may also be required for certain cellular differentiation programs.

# Interactions
TAF10 has been shown to interact with TAF9, Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog, TAF13 and TATA binding protein.
TAF11
Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 11  also known as TAFII28, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF11 gene.

# Function
Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes a small subunit of TFIID that is present in all TFIID complexes and interacts with TBP. This subunit also interacts with another small subunit, TAF13, to form a heterodimer with a structure similar to the histone core structure.
In molecular biology, TAFII28 refers to the TATA box binding protein associated factor. Together with the TATA-binding protein and other TAFs it forms the general transcription factor, TFIID. They together participate in the assembly of the transcription preinitiation complex. The conserved region is found at the C terminus of most member proteins.

# Structure
The crystal structure of hTAFII28 with hTAFII18 shows that this region is involved in the binding of these two subunits. The conserved region contains four alpha helices and three loops arranged as in histone H3.

# Interactions
TAF11 has been shown to interact with:
- GTF2F1,
- POLR2A and
- TAF13,
- TAF15,
- TATA binding protein,  and
- Transcription Factor II B.
TAF12
Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF12 gene.

# Function
Control of transcription by RNA polymerase II involves the basal transcription machinery, which is a collection of proteins. These proteins with RNA polymerase II, assemble into complexes that are modulated by transactivator proteins that bind to cis-regulatory elements located adjacent to the transcription start site. Some modulators interact directly with the basal complex, whereas others may act as bridging proteins linking transactivators to the basal transcription factors. Some of these associated factors are weakly attached, whereas others are tightly associated with TBP in the TFIID complex. Among the latter are the TAF proteins. Different TAFs are predicted to mediate the function of distinct transcriptional activators for a variety of gene promoters and RNA polymerases. TAF12 interacts directly with TBP as well as with TAF2I.

# Interactions
TAF12 has been shown to interact with TAF9 and Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog.
TAF13
Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF13 gene.

# Function
Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes a small subunit associated with a subset of TFIID complexes. This subunit interacts with TBP and with two other small subunits of TFIID, TAF10 and TAF11. There is a pseudogene located on chromosome 6.

# Interactions
TAF13 has been shown to interact with TAF15, TAF11, TAF10 and TATA binding protein.
TAF1A
TATA box-binding protein-associated factor RNA polymerase I subunit A is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TAF1A gene.

# Function
Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase I requires the formation of a complex composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and three TBP-associated factors (TAFs) specific for RNA polymerase I. This complex, known as SL1, binds to the core promoter of ribosomal RNA genes to position the polymerase properly and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. This gene encodes the smallest SL1-specific TAF. Two transcripts encoding different isoforms have been identified.

# Interactions
TAF1A has been shown to interact with Acidic leucine-rich nuclear phosphoprotein 32 family member A and Protein SET.
TAF5L
TAF5-like RNA polymerase II p300/CBP-associated factor-associated factor 65 kDa subunit 5L is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TAF5L gene.

# Function
The product of this gene belongs to the WD-repeat TAF5 family of proteins. This gene encodes a protein that is a component of the PCAF histone acetylase complex. The PCAF histone acetylase complex, which is composed of more than 20 polypeptides some of which are TAFs, is required for myogenic transcription and differentiation. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. The encoded protein is structurally similar to one of the histone-like TAFs, TAF5. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene.

# Interactions
TAF5L has been shown to interact with TAF9 and Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog.
TAF6L
TAF6-like RNA polymerase II p300/CBP-associated factor-associated factor 65 kDa subunit 6L is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TAF6L gene.

# Function
Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes a protein that is a component of the PCAF histone acetylase complex and structurally similar to one of the histone-like TAFs, TAF6. The PCAF histone acetylase complex, which is composed of more than 20 polypeptides some of which are TAFs, is required for myogenic transcription and differentiation.

# Interactions
TAF6L has been shown to interact with TAF9 and Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog.
TASP1
Threonine aspartase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TASP1 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes an endopeptidase that cleaves specific substrates following aspartate residues. The encoded protein undergoes posttranslational autoproteolytic processing to generate alpha and beta subunits, which reassemble into the active alpha2-beta2 heterotetramer. It is required to cleave MLL, a protein required for the maintenance of HOX gene expression, and TFIIA, a basal transcription factor. Cleavage of TFIIA has been found to drive spermatogenesis.
Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described, but their biological validity has not been determined.

# Clinical significance
Taspase1 is overexpressed in primary human cancers and functions as a non-oncogene addiction protease that coordinates cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. Therefore, Taspase1 may serve as a novel anti-cancer therapeutic target.
TBRG4
Transforming growth factor beta regulator 4 (TBRG4), also known as cell cycle progression restoration protein 2 (CPR2) and FAST kinase domain-containing protein 4 (FASTKD4), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBRG4 gene on chromosome 7. This protein is part of the FASTKD family, which is known for regulating the energy balance of mitochondria under stress and cell cycle progression. TBRG4 is involved in cell proliferation in hematopoiesis and multiple myeloma.

# Structure
TBRG4 shares structural characteristics of the FASTKD family, including an N-terminal mitochondrial targeting domain and three C-terminal domains: two FAST kinase-like domains (FAST_1 and FAST_2) and a RNA-binding domain (RAP). The mitochondrial  targeting domain directs TBRG4 to be imported into the mitochondria. Though the functions of the C-terminal domains are unknown, RAP possibly binds RNA during trans-splicing. TBRG4 also contains multiple putative leucine zipper domains.

# Function
As a member of the FASTKD family, TBRG4 localizes to the mitochondria to modulate their energy balance, especially under conditions of stress. Though ubiquitously expressed in all tissues, TBRG4 appears more abundantly in skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and other tissues enriched in mitochondria. TBRG4 also localizes to the bone marrow (BM), where it functions in hematopoiesis by inducing IL-6 and VEGF secretion, which then stimulate cell proliferation and angiogenesis. However, it inhibits immunoglobulin secretions by normal B cells.

# Clinical significance
The involvement of TBRG4 in hematopoiesis links it to multiple myeloma (MM), which stems from malignant proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow. High expression of TBRG4 has been linked to enhanced cell proliferation and poorer outcome; thus, downregulation of its expression may contribute to reducing tumor growth by arresting cell cycle progression.
TBX15
T-box transcription factor TBX15 is protein that in humans is encoded by the TBX15 gene.
TBX15 is a transcription factor involved in many developmental processes. TBX15 is a member of the T-box 1 subfamily and has been mapped to Chromosome 3. TBX15 is important in the development of the skeletal system. it is mainly associated with the development of the limbs, spinal column, and head. In particular, TBX15 is shown to influence the development of the scapula or shoulder blade.

# Clinical significance
Mutations of the TBX15 gene can cause a disease called Cousin Syndrome. This disease is associated with short stature, head and facial deformities, and underdevelopment of the shoulder blade and pelvis. Candille et al. showed that TBX15 is also associated with a genetic mutation in mice called droopy ear. Droopy ear is a genetic mutation resulting in craniofacial malformations most notably ears in abnormal locations. Droopy ear is associated with a deletion of a portion of the TBX15 gene. Droopy ear is also associated with abnormal skin color characteristics in mice. This shows another effect of the TBX15 gene which is helping to establishment of dorsoventral patterning of skin/ fur color.
TBX19
T-box transcription factor TBX19 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBX19 gene.
This gene is a member of a phylogenetically conserved family of genes that share a common DNA-binding domain, the T-box. T-box genes encode transcription factors involved in the regulation of developmental processes. 
This gene is the human ortholog of mouse Tbx19/Tpit gene. Studies in mouse show that Tpit protein is present only in the two pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing lineages, the corticotrophs and melanotrophs.
The Tpit gene is responsible for a neonatal form of acth deficiency and hypocortisolism.  
Mutations in the human ortholog were found in patients with isolated deficiency of pituitary POMC-derived ACTH, suggesting an essential role for this gene in differentiation of the pituitary POMC lineage.
TBX21
T-box transcription factor TBX21 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBX21 gene.

# Function
This gene is a member of a phylogenetically conserved family of genes that share a common DNA-binding domain, the T-box. T-box genes encode transcription factors involved in the regulation of developmental processes. This gene is the human ortholog of mouse Tbx21/Tbet gene. Studies in mouse show that Tbx21 protein is a Th1 cell-specific transcription factor that controls the expression of the hallmark Th1 cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFNG). Expression of the human ortholog also correlates with IFNG expression in Th1 and natural killer cells, suggesting a role for this gene in initiating Th1 lineage development from naive Th precursor cells.

# Role in disease

## Asthma
The transcription factor encoded by TBX21 is T-bet, which regulates the development of naive T lymphocytes. Asthma is a disease of chronic inflammation, and it is known that transgenic mice born without TBX21 spontaneously develop abnormal lung function consistent with asthma. It is thought that TBX21, therefore, may play a role in the development of asthma in humans as well.
TCF12
Transcription factor 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCF12 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) E-protein family that recognizes the consensus binding site (E-box) CANNTG. This encoded protein is expressed in many tissues, among them skeletal muscle, thymus, B- and T-cells, and may participate in regulating lineage-specific gene expression through the formation of heterodimers with other bHLH E-proteins. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been determined.
Mutations in this gene have been associated to cases of coronal craniosynostosis (doi: 10.1038/ng.2531)
TDRD7
Tudor domain-containing protein 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TDRD7 gene.
In melanocytic cells TDRD7 gene expression may be regulated by MITF.

# Gene polymorphism
Various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TDRD7 gene have been identified and for some of them an association with lower susceptibility to age-related cataract was shown.

# Interactions
TDRD7 has been shown to interact with TACC1.
TENC1
Tensin-like C1 domain-containing phosphatase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TENC1 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the tensin family. Tensin is a focal adhesion molecule that binds to actin filaments and participates in signaling pathways. This protein plays a role in regulating cell migration. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and three transcript variants encoding three distinct isoforms have been identified.

# Interactions
TENC1 has been shown to interact with AXL receptor tyrosine kinase.
TFB1M
Dimethyladenosine transferase 1, mitochondrial; Transcription factor B1, mitochondrial is a mitochondrial enzyme that in 12-Eiael mag ingay  is encoded by the TFB1M gene.
TFB1M is a mitochondrial methyltransferase, which uses S-adenosyl methionine to dimethylate two highly conserved adenosine residues at the 3'-end of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA thereby regulating the assembly or stability of the small subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome.
Additionally, TFB1M has been demonstrated to stimulate transcription from promoter templates in an in vitro system containing recombinant mitochondrial RNA polymerase and TFAM. There are no experimental data demonstrating that this function occurs in vivo.

# Interactions
TFB1M has been shown to interact with TFAM.