Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
ToxMystery
ToxMystery is an educational activity developed for children from 7-11 years of age. The activity teaches young people about environmental hazards in their home and helps build an understanding of not only how to recognize the hazards but how to make their own home safer. Guiding them through is an animated cat named Toxie, who reads them the information and rewards them with fun.
ToxMystery was created by the United States National Library of Medicine.
The History of ToxMystery
ToxMystery was created by National Library of Medicine to address the need for greater understanding of household hazards by kids in the K-6 range. Recognizing the lack of environmental health resources aimed at kids, NLM sought to create a fun interface with a memorable character that could relate vital information in a way that was both enlightening and engaging.
ToxMystery went live October 2006 at toxmystery.nlm.nih.gov. In addition to its 
Online version there is a CD-ROM that can be made available to teachers and lesson plans and activities that have been developed for the classroom.
The Activity
To play ToxMystery, one must have a CD-ROM version of the application (given in limited release to teachers and educational professionals) or access to the internet and the latest version of Macromedia Flash Player.
To begin, the player clicks on the front door of Toxies house. If instructions are needed, the player can consult the getting started primer in the bottom button row. The object of the game is to find all of the environmental health hazards in the house. The player rolls the cursor across the rooms of the house and clicks one to explore it. The player then rolls the cursor around the individual rooms and looks for animation hot-spots that show where chemicals are hidden. When the player clicks on these hot spots, a question appears asking about the given location and what chemical hazard might be found there. If the player gets the question wrong, a brief explanation is given with the permission to try again. When the player gets the question right, he or she earns a paw print and moves forward. When all of the paw prints are earned, the room is completed and Toxie gives an animated movie. When the entire house has been finished, Toxie appears and offers the player a printable certificate of completion.
The Goals of ToxMystery
ToxMystery seeks to not only educate K-6 learners but to also give a hand to parents and teachers to ensure that they have proper resources on environmental health. Parents can click on the Parent Resources tab to find links to other NLM projects and pages. Teachers Resources contains the entire lesson plans with ToxMystery as the focus, as well as worksheets and activities that students can color and create.
Links:
- ToxMystery
- The National Library of Medicine
Trestolone
Trestolone (7-methyl-19-nortestosterone) is a synthetic androgen developed by the Population Council as a potential candidate drug for use in hormonal male contraceptive methods. In males, regular administration of sufficient quantities of trestolone induces a state of temporary infertility.
Trestolone, under the brand name MENT, is an experimental contraceptive treatment and is not yet available commercially. It is currently being evaluated for safety and effectiveness in a number of scientific studies.

# Mechanism of action
As a derivative of the anabolic steroid hormone nandrolone, trestolone's viability as a male contraceptive is twofold.

## Inhibition of sperm production
Spermatozoa are produced in the testes of males in a process called spermatogenesis. In order to render a man infertile, a hormone-based male contraceptive method must stop spermatogenesis by interrupting the release of gonadotropins from the pituitary gland. Even in low concetrations, trestolone is a potent inhibitor of the release of the gonadotropin hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
In order for spermatogenesis to occur in the testes, both FSH and the male hormone testosterone  must be present. By inhibiting release of FSH, trestolone creates an endocrine environment in which conditions for spermatogenesis are not ideal. Manufacture of sperm is further impaired by the suppression of LH, which in turn drastically cutails the production of testosterone. Sufficient regular doses of trestolone cause severe oligozoospermia or azoospermia, and therefore infertility, in most male patients.
Trestolone-induced sterility has been found to be quickly reversible upon discontinuation.

## Support of secondary sex characteristics
When LH release is inhibited, the amount of testosterone made in the testes declines dramatically. As a result of trestolone's gonadotropin-suppressing qualities, levels of serum testosterone fall sharply in patients. Testosterone is the primary hormone responsible for maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics.
Normally, inadequate testosterone levels cause undesirable effects, such as fatigue, loss of skeletal muscle mass, reduced libido, and weight gain. However, the androgenic and anabolic properties of trestolone largely ameliorate this problem. Essentially, trestolone replaces testosterone's role as the primary male hormone in the body.
Trichiasis

# Overview
Trichiasis is a medical term for ingrown eyelashes. This can be caused by infection, inflammation, autoimmune conditions, and trauma such as burns or eyelid injury.
Standard treatment involves destruction of the affected eyelashes with electrology, specialized laser, or surgery.
Trichiasis in dogs is hair from the eyelid growing in the wrong direction and rubbing on the eye, causing irritation. It usually occurs at the lateral upper eyelid, especially in the English Cocker Spaniel. Trichiasis also refers to hair from a nasal fold rubbing on the eye. This type of trichiasis can be flattened by rubbing petroleum jelly onto it, but surgery is sometimes necessary for permanent correction.
Trifectant
Trifectant is a brand name for a powerful, multi-purpose disinfectant. The solution is used in many areas, including hospitals, laboratories, nursing homes, funeral homes, medical, dental and veterinary facilities, and anywhere else where control of pathogens is required. It is typically used for cleaning up hazardous spills, disinfecting surfaces, disinfecting fabrics, and soaking equipment. 
Trifectant has a remarkable spectrum of activity against viruses, fungi, spores and bacteria, including mycobacteria such as tuberculosis. It is also effective against SARS and Avian influenza. However, for full effectiveness it must be sprayed liberally on a surface and allowed to sit for at least two minutes before being wiped off, or items must be soaked in it for at least two minutes.

# Ingredients
Trifectant's ingredients are:
- potassium peroxymonosulfate (21.5%)  disinfecting/cleansing agent
- sulphamic acid  disinfecting/cleansing agent
- malic acid  disinfecting/cleansing agent
- sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate  detergent
- sodium chloride (1.5%)  disinfecting/cleansing agent
- sodium hexametaphosphate  buffering agent
- Amaranth dye  an indicator colour
- Lemon extract  odorant
The disinfecting agents and detergents work synergistically to attack pathogens.

# Preparation and use
It is most often sold as yellow tablets or powder which dissolve readily in water. It is intended to be mixed with water to form a 1% to 3% solution (by weight, i.e. 10g to 30g per litre). The yellow colour is useful in that in helps gauge the concentration when preparing the Trifectant, and importantly, as the Trifectant ages it discolours, making it obvious when it needs to be replaced. The prepared solution is generally stable for five to seven days.
Trifectant has a faint lemon odor, but the scent is still considered unpleasant by some. It is relatively safe in terms of skin contact, but can cause eye damage and should not be used as a hand-washing liquid.
When ordered in bulk, Trifectant costs about 35 US cents per litre to produce, which is comparable to most bleaches. Nevertheless, some facilities prefer to produce their own alternative disinfectants to save costs.
Trifectant is a registered trademark of Antec International, a subsidiary of DuPont.
Trigonitis
Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.

# Overview
Trigonitis is a condition where inflammatory lesions form on the trigone region of the bladder. It is more common in women.
The cause of trigonitis is not yet known, and there is no solid treatment as of yet. Electrocautery is sometimes used, but is generally unreliable as a treatment, and typically does not have quick results.
Several drugs, such as muscle relaxants, antibiotics, antiseptics such as Urised, have varied and unreliable results.
Other forms of treatment include;
- urethrotomy,
- cryosurgery
- neurostimulation
Trilostane

# Overview
Trilostane is an inhibitor of 3 -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase used in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome.
It was withdrawn from human use in the United States market in April 1994. The drug is available in the United Kingdom for use in humans under the brand name Modrenal and is used for treatment of Cushing's disease and for breast cancer treatment.  It was approved in the United States in 2008 for the treatment of Cushing's disease (hyperadrenocorticism) in dogs under the brand name Vetoryl. It was available by prescription in the UK under the Vetoryl brand name for some time before it was approved in the US. The drug is also used to treat the skin disorder Alopecia X in dogs.
It is also the first drug approved to treat both pituitary- and adrenal-dependent Cushing's in dogs. This prescription drug works by stopping the production of cortisol in the adrenal glands. In studies of the drug, the most common side effects were vomiting, lack of energy, diarrhea, and weight loss. Trilostane should not be given to a dog that:
- has kidney or liver disease;
- takes certain medications used to treat heart disease;
- is pregnant, nursing or intended for breeding 
The safety and effectiveness of trilostane were shown in several studies. Success was measured by improvements in both blood test results and physical symptoms (increased appetite and activity level, and decreased panting, thirst and urination).
Only one other drug, Anipryl (veterinary brand name) selegiline, is FDA-approved to treat Cushing's disease in dogs, but only to treat uncomplicated, pituitary-dependent Cushing's. The only previous treatment for the disease was the use of Mitotane (brand name Lysodren) off-label.
It has been used as a progesterone inhibitor.
A number of compounding pharmacies in the US sell the product.  Since the US approval of Vetoryl in December 2008, compounding pharmacies are no longer able to use a bulk drug product for compounding purposes, but must prepare the compounded drug from Vetoryl.
It is a 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor.

# Chemistry
The compound is prepared from testosterone in a four-step synthesis.
Turritella
Turritella is a genus of gastropod in the family Turritellidae with highly coiled shells in a pronounced, elongated cone. The shells are quite frequently found as fossils, and the carbonate stone made from large quantities of Turritella shells is often referred to as "Turritella limestone", or, if silicified, "Turritella agate". Both varieties of this stone are commonly sold as polished cabochons.
Turritella species originated in the Cretaceous and span to the present day.

# Palaeontological locations
- The Turritellenplatte of Ermingen (near Ulm) is situated in the northern part of the North Alpine Foreland Basin (NAFB) and is famous for its plenty of gastropod shells of Turritella turris (BASTEROT) within sediments. The fauna of this gastropod-rich sandstone reflects mainly near-coastal and shallow marine conditions. Petrographical and palaeontological data allow a correlation of Turritellenplatte of Ermingen with lower Ottnangian (Lower Miocene). Sr-isotope composition of shark teeth suggests an age of about 18,5 Ma for the Turritellenplatte of Ermingen.
References:
-   J. Baier, K.-H. Schmitt & R. Mick: Notizen zur untermiozanen Hai- und Rochenfauna der Erminger Turritellenplatte (Mittlere Schwabische Alb, SW-Deutschland). - Jahresbericht Mitt. oberrhein. geol. Ver., N.F. 86, 361-371; Stuttgart, 2004 Template:ISSN
-   J. Baier: Ein Beitrag zur Erminger Turritellenplatte (Mittlere Schwabische Alb, SW-Deutschland). - Jahresbericht Mitt. oberrhein. geol. Ver., N.F. 90; Stuttgart, 2008. Template:ISSN  - 

# Weblinks
- Selachian fauna of Turritellenplatte: Abstract of Baier et al. 2004
Tylenol PM
Tylenol PM is the trademark for a mixture of paracetamol (acetaminophen) and diphenhydramine, distributed by Johnson & Johnson.  It is marketed as a combined analgesic and sedative, or more simply, pain reliever and sleep aid, intended to treat occasional headaches and minor aches and pains with accompanying sleeplessness. It is listed as non-habit forming.
Acetaminophen alone is sold as simply Tylenol, while diphenhydramine alone is marketed as Simply Sleep, and as Benadryl.
Diphenhydramine is an anti-histamine and is also the active ingredient in Benadryl(allergies) and Benylin which is used in cough and cold therapy as an anti-cough (anti-tussive) with the drying effect of the anti-histamine. The drowsiness is caused by the anti-histamine.

# Cheese
Tylenol PM, along with black tar heroin, is a main ingredient in Cheese, a relatively new drug that has become widespread among young teenagers in the Dallas, Texas area.  Recently, some stores in the Dallas area have pulled Tylenol PM from their shelves .  This is because store managers believed that the people producing the 'Cheese' were shoplifting the Tylenol PM.
Tyrocidine
Tyrocidine is a class of naturally occurring antibiotics produced by some strains of Bacillus brevis.
Tyrocidines A, B, and C are cyclic decapeptides. The biosynthesis of tyrocidine involves three enzymes. Parts of its sequence are identical to gramicidin S.
Tyrocidine and gramicidin are the constituents of tyrothricin, which was originally isolated by Rene Dubos in 1939, and was the first commercially produced antibiotic. It is used as a topical application; toxicity prevents systemic use. Dubos's discovery helped revive interest in research on penicillin.
Tyrocidine kills bacteria by interacting with their cytoplasmic membrane and causing leakage of their intracellular content. It also affects intracellular membranes such as those of mitochondria.
UTY (gene)
Histone demethylase UTY is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UTY gene.
This gene encodes a protein containing tetratricopeptide repeats which are thought to be involved in protein-protein interactions. This protein is a minor histocompatibility antigen which may induce graft rejection of male stem cell grafts. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.

# Interactions
UTY (gene) has been shown to interact with TLE1, and WDR90
Upper limb

# Overview
In human anatomy, the upper limb (also upper extremity) refers to what in common English is known as the arm, that is, the region of the shoulder to the fingertips.  It includes the entire limb, and thus, is not synonymous with the term upper arm.

## General structures
The upper limb includes the following structures:
- Shoulder
- Arm (proper) - in anatomy, the region between the shoulder and the elbow
- Elbow
- Forearm
- Wrist
- Hand
Note that anatomists use the term arm to denote only the region between the shoulder and the elbow.  This is in contrast to the proper English definition.  Anatomists also use the term leg to refer to the region between the knee and the ankle.  This, however, is the proper and traditional usage of the word, even though popular modern usage tends to include the thigh and foot in the definition.

## Bones
The following bones are considered to be part of the upper limb:
- Clavicle - the only bone that directly articulates with the trunk
- Scapula
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Carpal bones
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
Valpromide

# Overview
Valpromide (marketed as Depamide by Sanofi-Aventis) is a carboxamide derivative of valproic acid used in the treatment of epilepsy and some affective disorders. It is rapidly metabolised (80%) to valproic acid (another anticonvulsant) but has anticonvulsant properties itself. It may produce more stable plasma levels than valproic acid or sodium valproate and may be more effective at preventing febrile seizures. However, it is over one hundred times more potent as an inhibitor of liver microsomal epoxide hydrolase. This makes it incompatible with carbamazepine and can affect the ability of the body to remove other toxins. Valpromide is no safer during pregnancy than valproic acid.
Valpromide is formed through the reaction of valproic acid and ammonia via an intermediate acid chloride.
In pure form, valpromide is a white crystalline powder and has melting point 125126 C. It is practically insoluble in water but soluble in hot water. It is available on the market in some European countries.
Viloxazine

# Overview
Viloxazine (Emovit, Vivalan, Vivarint, Vicilan) is a bicyclic antidepressant morpholine derivative that inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine. It is a racemic compound with two isomers, the S(-)-isomer being five times as pharmacologically active as the R(+)-isomer.

# Uses

## Approved
Viloxazine hydrochloride was approved in Italy, Belgium, the United States, England, Ireland, Germany, Portugal, Spain, the former Yugoslavia, France, Slovakia, for the treatment of clinical depression.

## Unapproved/off-Label/investigational
Viloxazine has undergone two randomized controlled trials for nocturnal enuresis (bed-wetting) in children, both of those times versus imipramine., By 1990, it was seen as a less cardiotoxic alternative to imipramine, and to be especially effective in heavy sleepers.
In narcolepsy, viloxazine has been shown to suppress auxiliary symptoms such as cataplexy and also abnormal sleep-onset REM without really improving daytime somnolence.
Viloxazine has also been studied for the treatment of alcoholism, with some success.
While viloxazine may be effective in clinical depression, it did relatively poorly in a double-blind randomized controlled trial versus amisulpride in the treatment of dysthymia, according to Leon and colleagues at the University of Valle in Colombia.

# Mechanism of action
In 1976, Lippman and Pugsley reported that viloxazine, like imipramine, inhibited norepinephrine reuptake in the hearts of rats and mice; unlike imipramine, (or desipramine or amitriptyline, for that matter) it did not block reuptake of norepinephrine in neither the medullae nor the hypothalami of rats. As for serotonin, while its reuptake inhibition was comparable to that of desipramine (i.e., very weak), viloxazine did potentiate serotonin-mediated brain functions in a manner similar to amitriptyline and imipramine, which are relatively potent inhibitors of serotonin reuptake. Unlike any of the other drugs tested, it did not exhibit any anticholinergic effects.
It is also known to up-regulate GABAB receptors in the frontal cortex.

# Side effects
Side effects include nausea, vomiting, insomnia, loss of appetite, increased erythrocyte sedimentation, EKG and EEG anomalies, epigastric pain, diarrhea, constipation, vertigo, orthostatic hypotension, edema of the lower extremities, dysarthria, tremor, psychomotor agitation, mental confusion, inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, increased transaminases, seizure, (there were three cases worldwide, and most animal studies (and clinical trials that included epilepsy patients) indicated the presence of anticonvulsant properties, so is not completely contraindicated in epilepsy), and increased libido.

# Drug interactions
Viloxazine is known to increase plasma levels of phenytoin by an average of 37%. It is also known to significantly increase plasma levels of theophylline and decrease its clearance from the body, sometimes resulting in accidental overdose of theophylline.
Viral load

# Overview
Viral load is a measure of the severity of a viral infection, and can be calculated by estimating the amount of virus in an involved body fluid, for example, it can be given in RNA copies per milliliter of blood plasma. Determination of viral load is part of the therapy monitoring during chronic viral infections and in immunocompromised patients, e.g. after bone marrow or solid organ transplantation. Currently, routine testing is available for HIV-1, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus.

# HIV viral load test
Several different HIV viral load tests have been developed, and three are currently approved for use in the US:
- Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor test (Hoffman-La Roche), better known as the PCR test
- NucliSens HIV-1 QT, or NASBA (bioMerieux)
- Versant/Quantiplex HIV-1 RNA, or bDNA (Chiron/Bayer)
These tests have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States for use in monitoring the health of people with HIV, in conjunction with other markers. Higher numbers in the viral load tests indicate an increased risk of getting sick from opportunistic diseases. These tests are also approved for monitoring the effects of anti-HIV therapy, to track viral suppression and detect treatment failure. Successful combination antiretroviral therapy should give a fall in viral load of 1.5 to 2 logs (30-100 fold) within six weeks, with the viral load falling below the limit of detection within four to six months.
An inexpensive, largely manual HIV viral load assay has also been developed which depends on measuring virus-associated reverse transcriptase (RT) activity (ExaVir Load Version 2)(, Uppsala, Sweden).  This test has a lower limit of detection of 400 RNA copies/ml.  The test was developed primarily for use in resource-limited environments, such as southern Africa.
Viral load tests can also be used to diagnose HIV infection, especially in children under 18 months born to mothers with HIV, where the presence of maternal antibodies prevents the use of antibody-based (ELISA) diagnostic tests.
Persons with HIV are most contagious during the earliest stages of infection, when an antibody test would yield a negative result. Therefore, the importance of viral load testing is deemed important for yielding an earlier HIV diagnosis.  Since persons are most contagious during early infection, widespread testing could provide significant public health benefits.

## Results
The results of these tests are usually given as number of HIV RNA copies per milliliter (ml) of blood. The PCR test may give the number of HIV RNA copies per 0.05/ml, so one would multiply the result by 20 to get the standard result.