Gazi Yasargil
Mahmut Gazi Yasargil is a Turkish medical scientist and neurosurgeon (born on July 6, 1925 in Lice, Diyarbakr, Turkey.) He is the founder of microneurosurgery. Yasargil treated epilepsy and brain tumors with instruments of his own design.

# Education and career
After attending Ankara Ataturk Lisesi and Ankara University in Ankara, Turkey between 1931 and 1943, he went to Germany to study medicine at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Germany in January 1944.  Yasargil's education was forced to end because of the problems arisen during the end of the World War II. He left Germany in May 1945 to continue his study at the Medical School of the Basel University, Switzerland.Gazi Yasargil received his Doctor of Medicine degree in March 1950 from this university.
After some time as resident in the Psychiatric Department at the University of Berne in Munsingen, Bern, he finally committed to a career in neurosurgery, spending a requisite year as internal medicine resident and another studying general surgery at the Hospital in Interlaken and then later a short time as a researcher in brain anatomy in the Department of Anatomy at the University of Basel. In January 1953, he began his residency in Neurosurgery at the University of Zurich, under Professor Hugo Krayenbuhl. Yasargil was chief resident from 1957 to 1965 at the University Hospital in Zurich.
In 1960, Yasargil became Privatdozent and in 1965 he was appointed as assistant professor. From 1965 to 1967 he carried out research in microvascular surgery at the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Vermont, Burlington, U.S. under Professor R.M. Peardon Donaghy, where he learned microsurgical techniques in the animal laboratory. After returning to Zurich, he performed the first cerebral vascular bypass surgery using the surgical microscope on October 30, 1967, launching himself into the limelight of the neurosurgical world where he has remained since. Dissatisfied with the available macrosurgical techniques and encouraged by colleagues such as Donaghy and Krayenbuhl, Yasargil possessed the ingenuity to take advantage of and further improve emerging technologies such as angiography to develop microsurgery. To enable the advancement of microsurgical techniques, he created innovative instrumentation, such as the floating microscope, the self-retaining adjustable retractor, microsurgical instruments, and ergonomic aneurysm clips and appliers. His genius in developing microsurgical techniques for use in cerebrovascular neurosurgery transformed the outcomes of patients with conditions that were previously inoperable. In 1969 Yasargil became associate professor and in 1973 professor and chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Zurich succeeding his mentor, Prof. Krayenbuhl. Over the next 20 years, he carried out laboratory work and clinical applications of micro techniques, performing 7500 intracranial operations in Zurich until his retirement in 1993. In 1994, Yasargil accepted  an appointment as Professor of Neurosurgery at the College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences in Little Rock  where he is still active in the practice of micro-neurosurgery, research, and teaching.
Together with Harvey Cushing, Yasargil is hailed as one of the greatest neurosurgeons of the twentieth century. He has helped three generations of neurosurgeons, defining what is possible in neurosurgery, and then demonstrating how to achieve it. In the micro-neurosurgical anatomical laboratory in Zurich he trained around 3000 colleagues from all continents and representing all surgical specialties. He participated in several hundred national and international neurosurgical congresses, symposia, and courses as an invited guest. Yasargil is in high regard in the Turkish society and is respected as an exemplary role model for Turkish youth.
He is married to Dianne Bader-Gibson Yasargil, who was the nurse in charge of the operating suite by his side since 1973, and is still assisting him in surgery.

# Publications
Yasargil published his surgical experiences in 330 papers and 7 monographs. The six-volume publication Microneurosurgery (1984-1996, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart-New York) is the comprehensive review of his broad experiences and a major contribution to the neurosurgery literature.

# Membership
- 1973-1975 President of the Neurosurgical Society of Switzerland

# Honorary Degrees

## Honorary Doctor
- 1990 Ankara University, Medical Department of Ibni Sina, Ankara, Turkey
- 1991 Istanbul University, Medical Department of Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
- 1999 University of Lima, Peru
- 2000 Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- 2001 Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing and Xian, China
- 2002 Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Germany

## Honorary Professor
- 1993 University of Zurich, Switzerland
- 2003 19th May University Samsun, Turkey

## Honorary Citizen
- 1975 Austin, Texas, USA
- 1992 Urgup, Turkey
- 1999 Rosario, Argentina

## Honorary Membership
- 1976 Academia Brasileira de Neurocirurgia
- 1977 Society of Neurological Surgeons, USA
- 1979 American Heart Association, Dallas, Texas, USA (Honorary Fellow)
- 1981 Canadian Neurosurgical Society
- 1986 Congress of Neurological Surgeons
- 1987 Japan Neurosurgical Society
- 1989 American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Harvey Cushing Society
- 1989 Swiss Society of Neuroradiology
- 1990 Royal Society of Medicine, London, Section of Neurology
- 1990 Turkish Neurosurgical Society
- 1990 International Skull Base Society
- 1993 Swiss Neurosurgical Society
- 1994 Argentine Neurosurgical Society
- 1998 American Society of Neuroradiology
- 1998 Turkish Academy of Sciences
- 1999 Peruvian Neurosurgical Society
- 2000 Italian Neurosurgical Society
- 2002 Hong Kong Neurosurgical Society
- 2003 Rocky Mountain Neurosurgical Society, USA
- 2003 Mexican Society of Neurological Surgery
- 2006 Sociedade Portuguesa de Neurocirurgia

# Awards
- 1957 Vogt-Award of the Swiss Ophthalmological Society
- 1968 Robert-Bing-Prize of Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences
- 1976 Marcel-Benoit-Prize of Swiss Federation
- 1980 Neurosurgeon of the Year
- 1981 Pioneer Microsurgeon Award of the International Microsurgical Society, Sydney, Australia
- 1988 Medal of Honor of Universita di Napoli e della Compagna Naples, Italy
- 1992 Medical Award of the Republic of Turkey
- 1997 Gold Medal of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies
- 1998 Distinguished Faculty Scholar, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
- 1998 Honored as Neurosurgeon of the Century by the Brazilian Neurosurgical Society
- 1999 European Association of Neurological Surgeons Medal of Honor
- 1999 Honored as "Neurosurgerys Man of the Century 1950-1999" by the journal Neurosurgery at the Congress of Neurological Surgeons Annual Meeting
- 2000 Fedor Krause Medal, German Neurosurgical Society
- 2000 Honorary Fellowship of the American College of Surgeons
- 2000 Medal of the Republic of Turkey
- 2000 Award of the Turkish Academy of Sciences
- 2002 International Francesco Durante Award, Italy