Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
HLA-A34
HLA-A34 (A34) is an HLA-A serotype. A34 is a split antigen of the A10 broad antigen serotype. This serotype has related antigens A25 and A26 but A34 is most similar to A66.

# Serotype

# A34 allele frequencies

### A*3401
A*3401 when found outside of africa is primarily found in the South Asia, Austronesia and the South/Central part of the West Pacific Rim (WPR). It appears to have made it to Eastern Taiwan's indigenous tribes (Ami, Yami) but not more north of this region. It has not been detected in any sampling of Japan. Over most of the East Pacific Rim region were it is found it is limited to 1 or 2 common haplotypes in strong linkage disequilibrium. This indicates its presence in the WPR region is the result of recent migrations.
The A*3401 migration from Africa is supported by its presence in East Africa and South Africa and by current models of human migration, this allele was likely represented in the first wave of immigrants. However in areas were mixtures of these alleles are commonly found, Persian Gulf region and India, A*3401 is relatively uncommon, scarce, or absent. The exception is Saudi Arabia, in which A34 is at 2.8% and amoung Israeli Jews at 8.8%. Some reports that both A*3401 and A*3402 are in the region, but questionable whether these are perpetually maintained allele frequencies are simply recent migrants.

### A*3402
A*3402 is more frequently found in the west, it is found in Iberia and along the mediterranean, but its frequency is low, the exception may be in the Levant, but it
is unclear whether this is A*3401 or A*3402.

# A34-B Haplotypes
A34 is in strong linkage disequilibrium in many areas of the world, but particularly
SE Asia and Oceania. The most prominent of these haplotypes is A34-Cw11(1)-B56. 
This haplotype is found from Western Australia to Taiwan to New Zealand indicating a recent
genetic linkage between these peoples.
Another frequently found haplotype is the A34-B61 (A*3401:Cw*04:B*B4002) haplotype. This haplotype has a similar distribution as A34-B56.
These haplotypes indicate that long range/oversees migrations were taking place in Austronesias (late paleolithic) prehistory.
HLA-A80
HLA-A80 (A80) is the least common HLA-A group. The serotype identifies the more common HLA-A*8001 gene product. A80 is almost exclusively found in africa and recent immigrants groups from West Africa

# Serotype
HLA-A80 typing is poor. Most typing is done with SSP-PCR. Most of 8001 are detected
with "Blank" serotype.

# Distribution and References
-  derived from IMGT/HLA
-  Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 Torimiro JN, Carr JK, Wolfe ND;  et al. (2006). "HLA class I diversity among rural rainforest inhabitants in Cameroon: identification of A*2612-B*4407 haplotype". Tissue Antigens. 67 (1): 307. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00527.x. PMID 16451198.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  Modiano D, Luoni G, Petrarca V;  et al. (2001). "HLA class I in three West African ethnic groups: genetic distances from sub-Saharan and Caucasoid populations". Tissue Antigens. 57 (2): 12837. PMID 11260507.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
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HLA-B47
HLA-B47 (B47) is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the HLA-B*47 gene products (B*4701, B*4702, B*4703) . Comparison of B47 nucleotide sequence with other HLA-B sequences shows a segment of 228 bp identical with B44 in the alpha 1 domain and a segment of 218 bp identical with B27 in the alpha 2 domain, but only a 91 bp segment of identity with B13 in the alpha 1 domain. The complex pattern of substitutions and their degree of divergence indicate that HLA-B13 and HLA-Bw47 alleles are not related by a simple mutational event. B47 is linked to (close to on the chromosome) a gene that causes adrenal deficiency. B47 is generally low in frequency and with highest known frequencies in Central and Western Africa. (For terminology help see: HLA-serotype tutorial)

# Serotype
Serotyping for B47 is poor and typing is best performed with SSP-PCR or gene sequencing.

# Disease Associations
B47 is linked to Adrenal 21-hydroxylase deficiency.  The CYP21 gene is located close to B47 between HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 locus.

# B*4701 frequencies
HLA-B48
HLA-B48 (B48) is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the more common HLA-B*48 gene products. B48 is most common along the West Pacific Rim, Americas indigeonous peoples and Northern Eurasians. B*4801 is part of a group of alleles including B*4201 that share Intron 1 sequence with B*0702, which is common over Western and Central Asia, and has a distribution indicating an early and long presence in Eurasian humans. A*48 appears to be the result of a recombination event that occurred early in the settlement history of Central Asia that then spread eastward into the NW Pacific rim and the New World. (For terminology help see: HLA-serotype tutorial)

# Serotype

# Alleles

# Haplotypes
There is a known haplotype that covers a distance from South America to Siberia
A*2402 : C*08 : B*4801 : DRB1*08 : DQA1*0401 : DQB1*0402
and maybe indicative of recent long range migration. This haplotype is found
in Peru, Mexico, Eskimos. The A*2402 : C*0801 : B*4801 sub-component is also
found in Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans, Indigeonous Taiwanese, Northern Philippines,  Japanese, Orochon, Tibetians. The A-Cw-B component of the haplotype appears to have been conserved, however, equilibration of linkage to DR-DQ is more evident in Asian and Native American populations. The Cw*0803 allelic variant of this haplotype is found in Japan, Eskimos, Asian Americans, Hispanic Americans and Oaxacans. The oddity of the distribution is that, other than the Manchu of Northern China, the Chinese population is devoid of the major A24-B48 and A2-B48 haplotypes. This indicates gene-flow along the West Pacific Rim to the New World and across Siberia connecting Tibet and Japan. B48 is found higher in the Ainu and Nivkhi than Japanese.
Another haplotype that shows long distance relationships is the 
A*0206 : C*0801 : B*4801 This haplotype is seen in the Taiwan aboriginal population, Okinawan, Japanese, Asian Americans, Orochon, Korean and Hispanic American populations. 
This haplotype might be extended with DRB1*0407 : DQA1*0301 : DQB1*0302
The Cw8-B48-DRB1*0407-DQB1*0302 is found in the Peru Llamas and Japanese populations. However levels in Japan, given the declining gradient to the south, indicate these haplotypes are the result of admixing with Northern Jomon populations during the post-Jomon period.
The B*48 haplotypes indicate that the Sea of Japan region was a probable hot spot for both migration to the South and also to the New World.
The Orochon, which have the highest level of A*24-B*48 live along the Amur river in NE China and share many similarities with the Ainu of Hokkaido and the Nivkhi of Northern Sakalin Island. HLA B*48 haplotypes indicate a means of passage to the New World along the Siberian Coast, a possible land route of passage through Beringia or later by boat across the bering strait into the New World.
HLA-B81
HLA-B81 (B81) is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the HLA-B*8101 and B*8102 (very rare) gene products. B81 is more common in Subsaharan Africa. While there is a B81 serotype, serotyping of B81 is poor when simultaneously tested with anti-B7 or B48 antibodies. (For terminology help see: HLA-serotype tutorial)

# Serotype
The serotype recognition of B*8101 is poor and is best identified by genetic techniques such as SSP-PCR and gene sequencing.

# Allele frequencies
HLA-B81 corresponds to a single allele B*8101. There are no characterized haplotypes of this allele that span multiple regions, though rare haplotypes certainly exist.  The frequency in Kenya, Zimbabwe and Cameroon suggest that B81 probably expanded from core groups of Africans in Tanzania, Zambia or the Congo but with a limited spread do to its initial low frequency.
HLA-DMB
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DM beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DMB gene.

# Function
HLA-DMB belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DMA) and a beta (DMB) chain, both anchored in the membrane. It is located in intracellular vesicles. DM plays a central role in the peptide loading of MHC class II molecules by helping to release the CLIP (class II-associated invariant chain peptide) molecule from the peptide binding site. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and its gene contains 6 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail.

# Clinical significance
HLA-DMB is upregulated in tumor tissue of Caucasian but not African patients. Its role in tumor immunology is undefined but has been shown to positively correlated with increased T-cell infiltration and improved prognosis in ovarian cancer. Differential immune processes mediated by HLA-DMB may contribute to the disparity in cancer outcome.
HLA-DRA
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DRA gene. HLA-DRA encodes the alpha subunit of HLA-DR. Unlike the alpha chains of other Human MHC class II molecules, the alpha subunit is practically invariable. However it can pair with, in any individual, the beta chain from 3 different DR beta loci, DRB1, and two of any DRB3, DRB4, or DRB5 alleles. Thus there is the potential that any given individual can form 4 different HLA-DR isoforms (2 alleles of DRB1 and two alleles from DRB3, DRB4 or DRB5).

# Function
The polypeptide subunit encoded by this gene belongs to the HLA class II alpha chain paralogues. The class II protein is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DR) and a beta chain (DR), both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages).

# Gene structure and polymorphisms
The alpha chain is approximately 33-35 kDa and its gene contains 5 exons. Exon 1 encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, and exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail. DRA does not have polymorphisms in the peptide binding part and acts as the sole alpha chain for DRB1, DRB3, DRB4 and DRB5.

# Alleles
There are two different HLA-DRA chains in the human population coded by three different DRA alleles:
HORMAD1
HORMA domain-containing protein 1 (HORMAD1) also known as cancer/testis antigen 46 (CT46) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HORMAD1  gene.

# Function
HORMAD1 plays a key role in meiotic progression. Regulates 3 different functions during meiosis. It:
- ensures that sufficient numbers of processed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are available for successful homology search by increasing the steady-state numbers of single-stranded DSB ends.
- promotes synaptonemal-complex formation independently of its role in homology search.
- plays a key role in the male mid-pachytene checkpoint and the female meiotic prophase checkpoint: required for efficient build-up of ATR activity on unsynapsed chromosome regions, a process believed to form the basis of meiotic silencing of unsynapsed chromatin (MSUC) and meiotic prophase quality control in both sexes (By similarity)
HSD17B1
17-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (17-HSD1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HSD17B1 gene. This enzyme oxidizes or reduces the C17 hydroxy/keto group of androgens and estrogens and hence is able to regulate the potency of these sex steroids

# Function
This enzyme is responsible for the interconversion of estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) and for the interconversion of androstenedione and testosterone:
The human 17-HSD1 isozyme is highly specific for estrogens over androgens whereas the rodent isozyme is less specific.

# Discovery
Human 17-HSD1 was the first enzyme of the 17-HSD family to be cloned and to have its sequence identified. Its three-dimensional structure is also the first example of any human steroid-converting enzyme.

# Structure
This enzyme contains a short-chain dehydrogenase domain that contains a characteristic 3-layer () sandwich known as a Rossmann fold. The human enzyme contains 327 amino acids and exists as a homodimer with two identical subunits of 34.5 kDa  The N-terminal short-chain dehydrogenase domain contains binding site for the NADP+/NADPH cofactor. A narrow, hydrophobic C-terminal domain contains a binding pocket for the steroid substrate.

# Clinical significance
Estradiol stimulates while dihydrotestosterone (DHT) inhibits breast cancer growth. Furthermore 17-HSD1 levels positively correlate with estradiol and negatively correlate with DHT levels in breast cancer cells. Hence 17-HSD1 represents a possible drug target for breast cancer treatment.
HSD17B2
17-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (17-HSD2) is an enzyme of the 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17-HSD) family that in humans is encoded by the HSD17B2 gene.

# Function
17-HSD2 is involved in inactivation of androgens and estrogens, being accurately describable as "antiandrogenic" and "antiestrogenic", and is the key 17-HSD isozyme in androgen and estrogen inactivation. Specific reactions catalyzed by 17-HSD2 include estradiol to estrone, testosterone to androstenedione, and androstenediol to DHEA. In addition to 17-HSD activity, this enzyme also shows high 20-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and can activate the weak progestogen 20-hydroxyprogesterone into the potent progestogen progesterone.

# Expression
17-HSD2 is widely expressed throughout the body including in the placenta, liver, intestines, endometrium, kidney, pancreas, breast, prostate, bone, and many other tissues.

# Clinical significance
Polymorphisms in HSD17B2 have been associated with breast cancer and prostate cancer. 17-HSD2 activity has also been associated with endometriosis and osteoporosis, and inhibitors of the enzyme are of potential interest in the treatment of the latter condition. Inactivating mutations resulting in a syndrome of congenital deficiency of 17-HSD2 have not been reported to date.
HSD17B4
D-bifunctional protein (DBP), also known as peroxisomal multifunctional enzyme type 2 (MFP-2), as well as 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type IV (17-HSD type IV) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSD17B4 gene. It's an alcohol oxidoreductase, specifically 17-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. It is involved in fatty acid -oxidation and steroid metabolism (cf. steroidogenesis).

# Function
The HSD17B4 gene encodes an enzyme involved in peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation. It was first identified as a 17-beta-estradiol dehydrogenase (Leenders et al., 1996; van Grunsven et al., 1998). Peroxisomal beta-oxidation of fatty acids, originally described by Lazarow and de Duve (1976), is catalyzed by 3 enzymes: acyl-CoA oxidase (see, e.g., ACOX1, MIM 609751); the 'D-bifunctional enzyme,' with enoyl-CoA hydratase and D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity, and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (MIM 604054).
See also the L-bifunctional peroxisomal protein (EHHADH; MIM 607037). The D- and L-bifunctional proteins have different substrate specificities. The D-bifunctional protein catalyzes the formation of 3-ketoacyl-CoA intermediates from both straight-chain and 2-methyl-branched-chain fatty acids and also acts in shortening cholesterol for bile acid formation. In contrast, the L-specific bifunctional protein does not have the latter 2 activities (Jiang et al., 1997).
HSP90B1
Heat shock protein 90kDa beta member 1 (HSP90B1), known also as endoplasmin, gp96, grp94, or ERp99, is a chaperone protein that in humans is encoded by the HSP90B1 gene.
HSP90B1 is an HSP90 paralogue that is found in the endoplasmic reticulum. It plays critical roles in folding proteins in the secretory pathway such as Toll-like receptors and integrins. It has been implicated as an essential immune chaperone to regulate both innate and adaptive immunity. Tumor-derived HSP90B1 (vitespen) has entered clinical trials for cancer immunotherapy.
grp94 has been shown to be a target for treatment of a plethora of diseases such as glaucoma, multiple myeloma , and metastatic cancer. grp94 includes 5 distinct amino acids in its primary sequence which creates 2 unique sub-pockets, S1 and S2. These sub-pockets have been utilized in current research in order to inhibit the chaperone since its client proteins seem to be up-regulated in cancer cells.
RPS6KA1
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Ribosomal protein S6 kinase alpha-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RPS6KA1 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of the RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) family of serine/threonine kinases. This kinase contains 2 nonidentical kinase catalytic domains and phosphorylates various substrates, including members of the mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway. The activity of this protein has been implicated in controlling cell growth and differentiation. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.

# Interactions
RPS6KA1 has been shown to interact with:
- IB,
- MAPK1,
- TOB1
- TSC2, and
- YWHAB.
Helipad
The word helipad is a blend meaning helicopter landing pad, a landing area for helicopters. Though helicopters can usually land anywhere flat, a fabricated helipad provides a clearly marked hard surface away from obstacles where a helicopter can land. Helipads are usually constructed out of concrete and are --LBiller 10:09, 21 May 2008 (EDT)marked with a circle and/or a letter "H", so as to be visible from the air. They may be located at a heliport or airport where fuel, air traffic control, and service facilities for aircraft are available. Usually a helipad does not have fuel and service facilities for aircraft, as does a heliport, and does not maintain a full time air traffic controller. Conversely, a helipad may also be located away from such facilities; for example, helipads are commonly placed on the roof of hospitals to facilitate MEDEVACs. Large ships sometimes have a helipad onboard, and some businesses maintain a helipad on the roof of their office tower. Helipads are not always constructed out of concrete; sometimes forest fire fighters will construct a temporary helipad out of wood to receive supplies in remote areas. Landing pads may also be constructed in extreme conditions like on frozen ice. The world's highest helipad, built by India, is located in the Siachen Glacier at a height of 21,000 feet above the sea level.
Rooftop helipads sometimes display a large two-digit number, representing the weight limit (in thousands of pounds) of the pad.
Retractable helipad systems are another type of landing surface that respond to a major problem in the helicopter travel sector.

# Source Retractable Helipads
Headland Retractable Landing Surfaces for Helicopters
Henbane
Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), also known as Stinking Nightshade, is a plant of the family Solanaceae that originated in Eurasia, though it is now globally distributed.

# Toxicity and Historical Usage
It was historically used in combination with other plants, such as Mandrake, Deadly Nightshade, and Datura as an anaesthetic potion, as well as for its psychoactive properties in "magic brews." Its usage was originally in continental Europe and Asia, though it did spread to England sometime during the Middle Ages. The use of Henbane by the ancient Greeks was documented by Pliny. The plant, recorded as Herba Apollinaris, was used to yield oracles by the priestesses of Apollo.
Henbane can be toxic in low doses. Its name came from Anglo-Saxon hennbana = "killer of hens". Hyoscyamine, scopolamine, and other tropane alkaloids have been found in the foliage and seeds of the plant.
Common effects of henbane use in humans include hallucinations, dilated pupils, restlessness, and flushed skin. Less common symptoms such as tachycardia, convulsions, vomiting, hypertension, hyperpyrexia and ataxia have all been noted. Despite this it is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Cabbage Moth.
It was traditionally used in German pilsner beers as a flavouring, until the Bavarian Purity Law was passed in 1516 and outlawed the use of Henbane and allowed only the use of hops.
Henbane or Hyoscyamus was also known to have been used as an anesthetic in the first Arab hospitals.
In 1910, a well known British homeopathic doctor, Hawley Harvey Crippen, used henbane to kill his wife.
Henbane is behind the etymology of the Czech town Plzen and pilsener beer.

# Citations
-  Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Roberts 1998, p. 31.
Hindgut

# Overview
The hindgut (or epigaster) is the posterior (caudal) part of the alimentary canal. It includes the distal third of the transverse colon and the splenic flexure, the descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and upper part of the anal canal.

# Blood flow
Arterial supply is by the Inferior mesenteric artery, and venous drainage is to the portal venous system. Lymphatic drainage is to the chyle cistern.

# Autonomic innervation
The hindgut is innervated via the inferior mesenteric plexus. Sympathetic innervation is from the Lumbar splanchnic nerves (L1-L2), parasympathetic innervation is from S2-S4.

# Additional images
- Abdominal part of digestive tube and its attachment to the primitive or common mesentery. Human embryo of six weeks.
- Tail end of human embryo twenty-five to twenty-nine days old.