Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Esophagectomy
Esophagectomy or Oesophagectomy (regional variation in spelling) is the surgical removal of all or part of the esophagus (also spelt 'oesophagus').

# Purpose
The principal objective is to remove the esophagus, a part of the gastrointestinal tract ("food pipe"). It is normally done to remove cancerous tumors from the body. It is best done when an esophageal cancer is detected early, before it has spread. If taken up early enough, an esophagectomy might prove to be life saving.  Despite significant improvements in technique and postoperative care, the long term survival for esophageal cancer is still poor.  Currently multimodality treatment is needed (chemotherapy and radiation therapy) for advanced tumors. Esophagectomy is also occasionally performed for benign disease such as esophageal atresia in children, achalasia, or caustic injury.

# Classification
There are two main types of esophagectomy.
- A trans-hiatal esophagectomy is performed on the neck and abdomen simultaneously.
- A trans-thoracic esophagectomy involves opening the thorax (chest).
In most cases, the stomach is transplanted into the neck and the stomach takes the place originally occupied by the esophagus.  In some cases, the removed esophagus is replaced by another hollow structure, such as the patient's colon.
Another option which is slowly becoming available is minimally invasive surgery (MIS) which is performed laparoscopically and thoracoscopically.

# Process
Esophagectomy is a very complex operation that can take between 4 and 8 hours to perform. It is best done exclusively by doctors who specialise in upper gastrointestinal surgery. Anesthesia for an esophagectomy is also complex, owing to the problems with managing the patient's airway and lung function during the operation.
Average mortality rates (deaths either in hospital or within 30 days of surgery) for the operation are around 10% in US hospitals. However recognized major cancer hospitals typically report mortality rates under 5%.
Major complications occur in 10-20% of patients, and some sort of complication (major and minor) occurs in 40%. Time in hospital is usually 1-2 weeks and recovery time 3-6 months.
Eugen Bleuler

# Overview
Paul Eugen Bleuler (April 30, 1857  July 15, 1939) was a Swiss psychiatrist most notable for his contributions to the understanding of mental illness and coining the term schizophrenia.
Bleuler was born in Zollikon, a small town near Zurich in Switzerland, to Johann Rudolf Bleuler, a wealthy farmer, and Pauline Bleuler-Bleuler. He studied medicine in Zurich, and later studied in Paris, London and Munich after which he returned to Zurich to take a post as an intern at the Burgholzli, a university hospital.
In 1886 Bleuler became the director of a psychiatric clinic at Rheinau, a hospital located in an old monastery on an island in the Rhine. Rheinau was noted at the time for being backward, and Bleuler set about improving conditions for the patients resident there.
Bleuler returned to the Burgholzli in 1898 to be appointed director, where notably he employed Carl Jung as an intern.
Bleuler is particularly notable for naming schizophrenia, a disorder which was previously known as dementia praecox. Bleuler realized the condition was neither a dementia, nor did it always occur in young people (praecox meaning early) and so gave the condition the purportedly less stigmatising but still controversial name from the Greek roots schizein (, "to split") and phren, phren- (, -, "mind").  Bleuler treated celebrated Russian ballet dancer Vaslav Nijinsky after his breakdown in 1919.
Bleuler coined the New Latin word autismus (English translation autism) in 1910 as he was defining symptoms of schizophrenia, deriving it from the Greek word autos (, meaning self). According to the Critical Dictionary of Psychoanalysis by Charles Rycroft, it was Bleuler who introduced the term ambivalence (in 1911).
Evelyn tables
The Evelyn tables are a set of four anatomical preparations on wooden boards that are thought to be the oldest anatomical preparations in Europe.  They were acquired by John Evelyn in Padua in 1646 and later donated by Evelyn to the Royal Society.  They are currently owned by the Royal College of Surgeons, and displayed at the Hunterian Museum in London.  Six similar tables are held by Royal College of Physicians, brought to London from Italy by John Finch.
Each table displays a different part of the human body - arteries, nerves, veins - dissected out from a human specimen and glued to a wooden board made from pine planks, planed and glued together, with the whole covered with several coats of varnish.  Each table is approximately 1.9 m high, 77 cm wide, and 10 cm thick.  The first table displays the spinal cord and nerves; the second shows the aorta and the arteries; the third shows the vagi and sympathetic nerves, and the veins of the lungs and the liver; and the fourth shows the distribution of the veins.
Evelyn spent several years outside England in the 1640s, during the English Civil War.  His diary records a visit to Padua in March 1646 to view dissection lectures at the University of Padua, when he acquired the four tables (a later letter reports the price as 150 scudi).  Three of the tables (arteries, nerves, veins) were prepared by Giovanni Leoni d'Este (died 1649), dissector to Professor of Anatomy in Padua, Johann Vesling (1598-1649), for Leoni's own use.  The fourth (vagi, lungs, liver) was prepared by Leoni at Evelyn's request.  Evelyn travelled on, eventually returning to London.  His diary also records the arrival of the tables in London in April 1649 (the journey via Venice having been delayed in Holland) and his donation of the tables to the nascent Royal Society in October 1667, which displayed them in the "repository" (museum) in the west gallery of Gresham College on Bishopsgate from 1674.   A paper on the tables of arteries and veins was presented by William Cowper on 21 January 1701 and later printed in Philosophical Transactions, with his drawings engraved by Michael van der Gucht.
After a move to a new location in Crane Court, off Fleet Street, the tables were acquired by the rapidly expanding British Museum in June 1781, and then bought by the Royal College of Surgeons in 1809.
Exonuclease 1
Exonuclease 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EXO1 gene.
This gene encodes a protein with 5' to 3' exonuclease activity as well as an RNase H activity (endonuclease activity cleaving RNA on DNA/RNA hybrid). It is similar to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Exo1 which interacts with Msh2 and which is involved in DNA mismatch repair and homologous recombination. Alternative splicing of this gene results in three transcript variants encoding two different isoforms.

# Meiosis
ExoI is essential for meiotic progression through metaphase I in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in mouse.
Recombination during meiosis is often initiated by a DNA double-strand break (DSB) as illustrated in the accompanying diagram. During recombination, sections of DNA at the 5' ends of the break are cut away in a process called resection. In the strand invasion step that follows, an overhanging 3' end of the broken DNA molecule "invades" the DNA of an homologous chromosome that is not broken, forming a displacement loop (D-loop). After strand invasion, the further sequence of events may follow either of two main pathways leading to a crossover (CO) or a non-crossover (NCO) recombinant (see Genetic recombination and Homologous recombination).  The pathway leading to a CO involves a double Holliday junction (DHJ) intermediate. Holliday junctions need to be resolved for CO recombination to be completed.
During meiosis in S. cerevisiae, transcription of the Exo1 gene is highly induced.   In meiotic cells, Exo1 mutation reduces the processing of DSBs and the frequency of COs.  Exo1 has two temporally and biochemically distinct functions in meiotic recombination.  First, Exo1 acts as a 53 nuclease to resect DSB-ends.  Later in the recombination process, Exo1 acts to facilitate the resolution of DHJs into COs, independently of its nuclease activities.  In resolving DHJs, Exo 1 acts together with MLH1-MLH3 heterodimer (MutL gamma) and Sgs1 (ortholog of Bloom syndrome helicase) to define a joint molecule resolution pathway that produces the majority of crossovers.
Male mice deficient for Exo1 are capable of normal progress through the pachynema stage of meiosis, but most germ cells fail to progress normally to metaphase I due to dynamic loss of chiasmata .

# Interactions
Exonuclease 1 has been shown to interact with MSH2 and MLH1.
Extracellular

# Overview
In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word extracellular (or sometimes extracellular space) means "outside the cell". This space is usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. The term is used in contrast to intracellular (inside the cell).
The cell membrane (and, in plants, the cell wall) is the barrier between the two, and chemical composition of intra- and extracellular milieu can be radically different. In most organisms, for example, a Na+/K+ ATPase pump maintains a high sodium level outside cells while keeping potassium low, leading to chemical excitability.
The composition of the extracellular space includes metabolites, ions, proteins, and many other substances that might affect cellular function. For example, neurotransmitters "jump" from cell to cell to facilitate the transmission of an electric current in the nervous system. Hormones also act by travelling the extracellular space towards cell receptors. Other proteins that are active outside the cell are the digestive enzymes.
The term 'extracellular' is often used in reference to the extracellular fluid (ECF) which composes about 15 litres of the average human body.
cs:Mezibunecny prostor
de:Extrazellularraum
Extreme value
The largest and the smallest element of a set are called extreme values, absolute extrema, or extreme records.
For a differentiable function f, if f(x_0) is an extreme value for the set of all values f(x), and if x_0 is in the interior of the domain of f, then x_0 is a critical point, by Fermat's theorem.

# Extreme values in abstract spaces with order
In the case of a general partial order one should not confuse a least element (smaller than all other) and a minimal element (nothing is smaller).  Likewise, a greatest element of a poset is an upper bound of the set which is contained within the set, whereas a maximal element m of a poset A is an element of A such that if m  b (for any b in A) then m = b.
Any least element or greatest element of a poset will be unique, but a poset can have several minimal or maximal elements.  If a poset has more than one maximal element, then these elements will not be mutually comparable.
In a totally ordered set, or chain, all elements are mutually comparable, so such a set can have at most one minimal element and at most one maximal element.  Then, due to mutual comparability, the minimal element will also be the least element and the maximal element will also be the greatest element. Thus in a totally ordered set we can simply use the terms minimum and maximum.
If a chain is finite then it will always have a maximum and a minimum.  If a chain is infinite then it need not have a maximum or a minimum.  For example, the set of natural numbers has no maximum, though it has a minimum.
If an infinite chain S is bounded, then the closure Cl(S) of the set occasionally has a minimum and a maximum, in such case they are called the greatest lower bound and the least upper bound of the set S, respectively.
In general, if an ordered set S has a greatest element m, m is a maximal element. Furthermore, if S is a subset of an ordered set T and m is the greatest element of S with respect to order induced by T, m is a least upper bound of S in T. The similar result holds for least element, minimal element and greatest lower bound.
Eye puffiness
Eye puffiness, also known as "puffy eyes" or swelling around the eyes, refers to the appearance of swelling in the tissues around the eyes, called the orbits.

# Causes
Eye puffiness, a form of edema, is usually caused by fluid buildup. While some degree of puffiness may be normal for a given individual, factors such as age and fatigue may make the swelling more prominent. The periorbital tissues are most noticeably swollen immediately after waking, perhaps due to the gravitational redistribution of fluid in the horizontal position. 
Eye puffiness may also be caused by:
- Lack of sleep - Sleep deprivation and interrupted sleep cycles are common causes of eye puffiness.
- Fluid retention - Many conditions (including pregnancy and hormonal variations with menstruation) can lead to the retention of fluid, particularly in the subcutaneous tissues. These conditions can cause swelling around the eyes to be more prominent.
- Diet - Excess salt encourages fluid retention and may lead to puffy eyes.
- Alcohol and Tobacco - Alcohol and tobacco contain toxins that may lead to stress, fatigue, and hormonal changes; all of which may lead to fluid retention and swelling around the eyes.
- Allergies - Allergic reactions can lead to leaks in the subcutaneous capillary beds which can cause swelling in the face, including around the eyes.
- Skin disorders - Eye puffiness can be a side effect of certain skin disorders, such as dermatitis, if the affected area becomes very sensitive, leading to swelling.
- Normal Aging -  As a person grows older, the skin around the eyes becomes thinner and may swell or droop.
- Crying - The salt in tears may cause fluid retention in the eye area.

# Risks
Puffy eyes are usually only a temporary cosmetic worry, but occasionally, individuals become concerned about the cosmetic effect of periorbital swelling and seek surgical correction. Severe and persistent puffiness may be a sign of periorbital edema or other serious medical conditions.

# Remedies
For someone predisposed to eye puffiness, changes to diet and lifestyle (under the supervision of a physician) may be required to reduce the possibility of swelling.
A cold compress near the eye can act as a short-term remedy as cold temperature constricts blood vessels, preventing the flow of fluid into tissues and diminishing puffiness in the process. A natural astringent, such as a sliced cucumber can also provide short-term relief

# Prevention
Elevating the head while sleeping can prevent the gravitational redistribution of fluid that is associated with eye swelling. A low-carb diet can prevent eye puffiness by preventing water retention. Eating foods rich in vitamins, especially A, C and E, helps to reduce eye puffiness and to maintain clear, moist skin..
FMC-R regimen
Synonyms and keywords: FCMR regimen; FCM-R regimen; FMC-R regimen; R-FCM regimen; Rituximab-Fludarabine-Cyclophosphamide-Mitoxantrone regimen

# Overview
FMC-R regimen refers to a regimen consisting of fludarabine, mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide and rituximab,  used in the treatment of resistant or relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

# Regimen
FFludarabine
MMitoxantrone
CCyclophosphamide
RRituximab

# Indications
- Indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma.
- CLL
FLORIDA Trial

# Objective
To assess the effect of fluvastatin on residual ischemia after acute myocardial infarction.

# Methods
FLuvastatin On Risk Diminishment after Acute myocardial infarction (FLORIDA) trial was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, parallel study that enrolled 540 patients with an acute myocardial infarction and serum cholesterol <251 mg/dL.  The trial used ambulatory electrocardiographic (AECG) monitoring to measure ischemia over 48-h at baseline, after 6 weeks and at 12 months. All the patients were randomized to treatment with either fluvastatin or placebo.

# Results
The following were the results of the trial:
- At 12 months, the serum total cholesterol (TC) level was reduced by 13% and LDL-C by 21% in the fluvastatin treatment group compared to a 9% rise in the placebo group.
- AECG monitoring at baseline showed ischemia in 11% of the patients. After 6 weeks, 32/48 (67%), and 12 months 35/46 (76%) of the patients with ischemia on the baseline AECG, no longer showed signs of ischemia.

# Conclusion
As compared to placebo, fluvastatin treatment did not affect ischemia on AECG, nor the occurrence of any major clinical events.
FRANK (drugs)
FRANK  is the United Kingdom government's national drug awareness campaign.
It is advertised and promoted on internet and British TV, mainly towards to teenagers and young adults. FRANK aims to ensure that:
- Young people understand the risks and dangers of drugs and their use
- Young people know where to go for advice or help
- Parents have the confidence and knowledge to talk to their children about drugs
- Professionals who work with young people, especially vulnerable groups, are supported
Facial toning

# Overview
Facial toning is a type of cosmetic procedure which promises to alter facial contour and reduce wrinkles, sagging and expression marks in the face by means of increasing muscle tone, increasing facial volume by promoting muscular hypertrophy, and preventing muscle loss due to aging. It is therefore part of the techniques for achieving facial rejuvenation. Facial toning can also help aid one's appearance due to weight gain of the face that results in facial distortion.
Facial toning achieves this by performing facial muscle exercising. There are two types of facial toning exercises:
- Active exercising. In this, the user performs a repetition of voluntary contractions of certain facial muscle groups, using a mirror.
- Passive exercising by direct skeletal muscle electrostimulation. In this, flat metal electrodes smeared with a conductive gel are affixed to certain points in the face and an elecrostimulation divide is used to generate waveforms which promote facial muscle contractions.
Although theoretically possible, effectiveness of facial toning techniques are difficult to evaluate and prove scientifically. As these muscles are not prime movers, like any internal muscle additional resistance cannot be added, so the muscles will not grow or gain much strength. It is solely an endurance and active flexibility exercise. They may be dangerous, even, in the case of particularly strong electrical stimulation near the eyes. Chronic pain, delayed onset muscle soreness, neuritis and facial distortions and asymmetry may ensue.
Facial toning by chemical means, such as DMAE creams has also been developed and championed.
FamilyTreeDNA
FamilyTreeDNA is a commercial genetic genealogy company based in Houston, Texas. It is the world's largest genealogy driven DNA testing company with over 100,000 records; FamilyTreeDNA claims that they carry out 90% of all genealogical DNA tests worldwide.  Its European branch is iGENEA.
FamilyTreeDNA uses the facilities of Arizona Research Labs at the University of Arizona for all DNA extractions and Y-chromosome testing, as well as some mtDNA testing.
FamilyTreeDNA is the company that formed the now widely referenced 12 marker Cohen Modal Haplotype.

# Media
FamilyTreeDNA was featured on the Today Show  because of their partnership with the National Geographic Genographic Project. On the show Matt Lauer, Al Roker, Katie Couric and Ann Curry had their haplogroups tested and explained by Genographic Project director Spencer Wells.. FamilyTreeDNA is the testing company for all public participation in the Genographic Project.
Fascicular VT
Synonyms and Keywords: verapamil sensitive VT

# Overview
Fascicular VT (aka verapamil sensitive VT) is a type of idiopathic VT.  Most VT is seen in structurally abnormal hearts, but VT can sometimes be seen in hearts with no structural defects (~10% of cases of VT).  VT is called idiopathic in these circumstances.  Fascicular VT is a benign rhythm caused by re-entry involving one of the fascicles of the conduction system.

# Epidemiology
Seen in healthy young patients, male predominance.

# Presentation
Fascicular VT usually presents with palpitations or syncope/pre-syncope.  Exercise or emotional stress can act as triggers to bring on episodes of palpitations.

# Pathophysiology
Fascicular VT is caused by a re-entry involving one of the fascicles of the conduction system.

# Risk Factors
None known.

# Diagnosis
Fascicular VT can be difficult to diagnose since it has an atypically narrow QRS complex for a rhythm of ventricular origin.  It is commonly mistaken for an SVT with aberrant conduction.
- The QRS is narrower than other VTs (~120-140ms) because the arrhythmia still makes partial use of the normal conduction system.
- The QRS typically has a RBBB pattern, since the rhythm originates from one of the fascicles in the LV (and therefore travels left to right, as in a RBBB).
- Left-axis deviation is seen if the posterior fascicle is involved (similar to a left anterior hemiblock)
This is the most common form of fascicular VT
- This is the most common form of fascicular VT
- Right-axis deviation is seen if the anterior fascicle is involved (similar to posterior hemiblock)
- There is a rare form called upper septal fascicular VT, which is associated with narrow QRS and normal axis.
- As in all VT, there is A-V dissociation and fusion/capture beats may be observed

# Treatment
Fascicular VT is usually highly responsive to treatment with verapamil (hence its alternative name "verapamil sensitive VT").  IV verapamil can be used to terminate the arrhythmia acute, and PO verapamil used for chronic treatment.
If the patient continues to have symptoms or cannot tolerate verapamil treatment, catheter ablation of the re-entrant circuit can be performed.  Ablation of this arrhythmia has a very high success rate.

# Prognosis
Fascicular VT is a benign condition with an excellent prognosis.