Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Hadwiger's theorem
In integral geometry (otherwise called geometric probability theory), Hadwiger's theorem states that the space of "measures" (see below) defined on finite unions of compact convex sets in Rn consists of one "measure" that is "homogeneous of degree k" for each k = 0, 1, 2, ..., n, and linear combinations of those "measures".
Here "measure" means a real-valued function m that is invariant under rigid motions (combinations of rotations and translations), finitely additive (if A and B are finite unions of compact convex sets then m(A  B) = m(A) + m(B)  m(A  B), and m() = 0), and convex-continuous (its restriction to convex sets is continuous with respect to the  Hausdorff metric).  The countable additivity condition that is usually a part of the definition of measure is not required here.
"Homogeneous of degree k" means that rescaling any set by any factor c > 0 multiplies the set's measure by ck.  The one that is homogeneous of degree n is the ordinary n-dimensional volume.  The one that is homogeneous of degree n  1 is the "surface volume."  The one that is homogeneous of degree 1 is a function called the mean width, a misnomer.  The one that is homogeneous of degree 0 is the Euler characteristic.
The theorem was proved by Hugo Hadwiger, and led to further work on intrinsic volumes.
Halls (cough drop)
Halls is the brand name of a popular mentholated cough drop.  Halls cough drops (categorized as a cough suppressant/oral anesthetic by the manufacturer) are sold by the Cadbury-Adams Division of Cadbury-Schweppes. Halls were first made in the 1930s, in Britain, by the Halls Brothers company (founded 1893). Halls Brothers was acquired by Warner-Lambert in 1964, and the Halls brand by Cadbury-Schweppes in 1971. Halls is now a worldwide brand.
Halls, which have long been advertised as featuring "vapor action", are made in the following flavors:
- Canada_dry Ginger Ale
- Citrus Blend
- Cherry
- Honey-Lemon
- Ice Blue Peppermint
- Mentho-Lyptus
- Spearmint
- Strawberry
- Tropical Fruit
- Pina Colada
Green Tea flavor is also available in China.
Here are the list of ingredients (from the Cadbury-Adams website)
- Cherry
Active Ingredient: Menthol 7 mg
Inactive Ingredients: Blue 2, Flavors, Glucose Syrup, Red 40
- Honey-Lemon
Active Ingredient: Menthol 8 mg
Inactive Ingredients: Beta Carotene, Flavors, Glucose Syrup, Honey, Soy Lecithin, Sucrose
- Ice Blue Peppermint:
Active Ingredient: Menthol 11.2 mg
Inactive Ingredients: Blue 1 Flavors, Glucose Syrup, Sucrose
- Mentho-Lyptus:
Active Ingredients: Menthol 6.5 mg
Inactive Ingredients: Flavors, Glucose Syrup, Sucrose
- Spearmint:
Active Ingredient: Menthol 5.6 mg
Inactive Ingredients: Beta Carotene, Blue 1, Flavors, Glucose Syrup, Soy Lecithin, Sucrose
- Strawberry:
Active Ingredient: Menthol 3.1 mg
Inactive Ingredients: Flavors, Glucose Syrup, Red 40, Sucrose
- Tropical Fruit:
Active Ingredient: Menthol 3.1 mg
Inactive Ingredients: FD&C red no. 40, Flavors, Glucose Syrup, Sucrose, Water
The Halls Defense Line consists of flavors containing Vitamin C.
Halls Fruit Breezers, launched as a great tasting, non-mentholated lozenge comes in:
Cool Berry
Cool Creamy Orange
Cool Creamy Strawberry
Tropical Chill
Cool Citrus Blend
There is also a Sugar Free line of mentholated cough drops.
Outside North America, Halls is more advertised as a mentholated hard candy, manufactured in hard candy shapes and is not recognized as cough drops.
Hangman's fracture

# Overview
A Hangman's fracture is the colloquial name given to a fracture of the pedicles or pars of the axis (C2 vertebra).
The mechanism of the injury is forcible hyperextension of the head. Traditionally this would occur during judicial hanging, when the noose was placed below the condemned subject's chin. When the subject was dropped, the head would be forced into hyperextension by the full weight of the body, a sufficient force to cause the fracture.
In the modern world, this injury is still sometimes seen, due to sports injuries or road traffic accidents. In deliberate or suicidal hanging, asphyxia is much more likely to lead to death.
A common symptom is a constricted pupil on the ipsilateral side (side where damage has occurred).This is due to loss of sympathetic innervation to the eye.The Long Cilliary nerve (a Sympathetic nerve) normally causes pupil dilation in response to decreased illumination. See pupillary light reflex.
Harlequin syndrome

# Overview
Harlequin syndrome is a condition characterized by asymmetric sweating and flushing on the upper thoracic region of the chest, the neck, and the face.  It is caused by sustaining an injury to the sympathetic nervous system, the part of the nervous system that reacts to stress and flight-or-fight circumstances.  Listed as a rare disease, Harlequin syndrome affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United States.
It can also be the outcome of a unilateral endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS) or endoscopic sympathetic blockade (ESB) surgery, see endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy.

# Historical Perspective
The name for the syndrome is credited to Lance and Drummond who were inspired by resemblance patients half-flushed faces bore to colorful Harlequin masks.

# Causes
One possible cause of Harlequin syndrome is a lesion to the preganglionic or postganglionic cervical sympathetic fibers and parasympathetic neurons of the ciliary ganglion.
It is also believed that torsion of the thoracic spine can cause blockage of the anterior radicular artery leading to harlequin syndrome.   The sympathetic deficit on the denervated side causes the flushing of the opposite side to appear more pronounced.  It is unclear whether or not the response of the undamaged side was normal or excessive, but it is believed it could be a result of the body attempting to compensate for the damaged side and maintain homeostasis. 

# Symptoms
The Harlequin Sign is unilateral flushing and sweating of the face and neck usually after exposure to heat or strenuous exertion.
Horners syndrome, another problem associated with the sympathetic nervous system, is often seen in conjunction with harlequin syndrome.

# Treatment
Harlequin syndrome is not fatal so treatment is not normally necessary.
Healthy Skepticism
Healthy Skepticism Inc  is an international non-profit organisation whose main aim is to "improve health by reducing harm from misleading drug promotion".
Healthy Skepticism was founded in 1983 with the name Medical Lobby for Appropriate Marketing (MaLAM). It was begun by an Australian medical student, Peter R. Mansfield,  who had the idea for the organisation during his final year elective in Bangladesh in 1982. MaLAM initially focused on campaigning against questionable marketing practices in developing countries. These included the promotion of appetite stimulants, tonics and anabolic steroids to parents of malnourished children. MaLAM was modelled on Amnesty International and wrote open letters to the international headquarters of pharmaceutical companies questioning them about specific advertisements. MaLAM letters were signed by supporters around the world and contributed to many improvements in drug marketing, several products being removed from the market and many advertising claims changed. MaLAM also questioned drug advertisements in Australia during 1993 to 1997 with funding from the Australian federal government.
In 2001 the organisations name was changed to Healthy Skepticism and its work widened to include research, education and advocacy about misleading drug promotion in all countries. It has concentrated recently on raising awareness amongst health professionals of the influence that marketing techniques have on their decisions, and the psychological factors which make them vulnerable to that influence. See, for example, the recommendations (developed in collaboration with other groups) published in PLoS Medicine.
References:
-  Dukes MNG. Accountability of the pharmaceutical industry. Lancet 2002; 9346, 1682-4.
-  Wade VA, Mansfield PR, McDonald PJ. Drug companies' evidence to justify advertising. Lancet 1989; 8674: 1261-4.
HellyBray theorem
In probability theory, the HellyBray theorem relates the  weak convergence of cumulative distribution functions to the convergence of expectations of certain measurable functions.  The first eponym is Eduard Helly.
Let F and F1, F2, ... be cumulative distribution functions on the real line. The HellyBray theorem states that if Fn converges weakly to F, then
for each bounded, continuous function g: R  R, where the integrals involved are Riemann-Stieltjes integrals.
Note that if X and X1, X2, ... are random variables corresponding to these distribution functions, then the HellyBray theorem does not imply that E(Xn)  E(X), since g(x) = x is not a bounded function.
In fact, a stronger and more general theorem holds.  Let P and P1, P2, ... be probability measures on some set S.  Then Pn converges weakly to P if and only if
for all bounded, continuous and real-valued functions on S.  (The integrals in this version of the theorem are Lebesgue-Stieltjes integrals.)
The more general theorem above is sometimes taken as defining  weak convergence of measures  (see Billingsley, 1999, p. 3).
Hemidesmus indicus
Indian Sarsaparilla (Hemidesmus indicus) is a species of plant that is found in South Asia. It is a slender, laticiferous, twining, sometimes prostrate or semi-erect shrub. Roots are woody and aromatic. The stem is numerous, slender, terete, thickened at the nodes. The leaves are opposite, short-petioled, very variable, elliptic-oblong to linear-lanceolate. The flowers are greenish outside, purplish inside, crowded in sub-sessile axillary cymes.
It is used to make beverages and also used in traditional medicine. In Ayurveda it goes by the name of ananthamoola or Anantmula. It is also called the False Sarsaparilla. The plant enjoys a status as tonic, alterative, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic and blood purifier. It is employed in nutritional disorders, syphilis, chronic rheumatism, gravel and other urinary diseases and skin affections. It is administered in the form of powder, infusion or decoction as syrup. It is also a component of several medicinal preparations.
It is one of the Rasayana plants of Ayurveda, as it is anabolic in its effect.  It stimulates the flow of bile and removes toxins from the body.  It is a good diuretic and increases flow of urine three to four times.   When used with Tinospora, the herb's effect is enhanced further. It relieves inflammation of urethra and burning micturition and is also helpful for third or fourth stages of syphilis.
It is sometimes confused with other Ayurvedic herb called white sariva.
The root is a substitute for Sarsaparilla (the dried root of the tropical species of Smilax, Smilacaceae; in India Smilax aspera L., and Smilax ovalifolia Roxb.).It should be distinguished from American Sarsaparilla Smilax aristolochaefolia Mill and Jamaican Sarsaparilla Smilax ornata Hook.f. (Puri 2003)
Chemical analysis of the root showed the presence of coumarins, volatile oil the chief component of which is p-methoxy salicylic aldehyde, two sterols and a pregnane glycoside (Puri 2003).
It is occurring over the greater part of India, from the upper Gangetic plain eastwards to Assam and in some places in central, western and South India.
Hepatitis overview
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# Overview
Hepatitis implies injury to liver characterized by presence of inflammatory cells in the liver tissue.  The condition can be self limiting, healing on its own, or can progress to scarring of the liver. Hepatitis is acute when it lasts less than 6 months and chronic when it persists longer. A group of viruses known as the hepatitis viruses cause most cases of liver damage worldwide. Hepatitis can also be due to toxins (notably alcohol), other infections or from autoimmune process. It may run a subclinical course when the affected person may not feel ill. The patient becomes unwell and symptomatic when the disease impairs liver functions that include, among other things, screening of harmful substances, regulation of blood composition, and production of bile to help digestion.

# Historical Perspective
Etymologically from ancient Greek hepar () or hepato- (-), meaning 'liver,' and suffix -itis, denoting 'inflammation'. World Hepatitis Awareness Day is an annual event organized by several worldwide hepatitis advocacy groups to raise awareness of infectious hepatitis and demand action to curb the spread of the disease and treat people who are infected.

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

# Causes

# Differentiating Hepatitis from other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics
HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV (with co-existing HBV infection), and HEV causes 95% of total acute viral hepatitis in the United States.

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

## Natural History

## Complications

## Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

### CT
CT abdomen may be done to exclude other causes of hepatitis such as biliary obstruction or in assessment of progression of hepatitis to cirrhosis or liver carcinoma.

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Prevention
Heteroscedasticity
In statistics, a sequence or a vector of random variables is heteroscedastic if the random variables have different  variances. The complementary concept is called homoscedasticity. (Note: The alternative spelling homo- or heteroskedasticity is equally correct and is also used frequently.) The term means "differing variance" and comes from the Greek "hetero" ('different') and "skedasis" ('dispersion').
When using some statistical techniques, such as ordinary least squares (OLS), a number of assumptions are typically made. One of these is that the error term has a constant variance. This will be true if the observations of the error term are assumed to be drawn from identical distributions. Heteroscedasticity is a violation of this assumption. For example, the error term could vary or increase with each observation, something that is often the case with cross-sectional or time series measurements.

# Consequences
Heteroskedasticity does not cause OLS coefficient estimates to be biased.  However, the variance (and, thus, standard errors) of the coefficients tends to be underestimated, inflating t-scores and sometimes making insignificant variables appear to be statistically significant.

# Detection
There are several methods to test for the presence of heteroscedasticity:
- Park test
- Glejser test (1969)
- White test
- Breusch-Pagan test
- Goldfeld-Quandt test
- Cook- Weisberg test

# Fixes
There are two common corrections for heteroscedasticity:
- Use a different specification for the model (different X variables, or perhaps non-linear transformations of the X variables).
- Apply a weighted least squares estimation method, in which OLS is applied to transformed or weighted values of X and Y. The weights vary over observations, depending on the changing error variances.

# Examples
Heteroscedasticity often occurs when there is a large difference among the sizes of the observations.
- The classic example of heteroscedasticity is that of income versus food consumption. As one's income increases, the variability of food consumption will increase. A poorer person will spend a rather constant amount by always eating fast food; a wealthier person may occasionally buy fast food and other times eat an expensive meal. Those with higher incomes display a greater variability of food consumption.
- Imagine you are watching a rocket take off nearby and measuring the distance it has traveled once each second. In the first couple of seconds your measurements may be accurate to the nearest centimeter, say. However, 5 minutes later as the rocket recedes into space, the accuracy of your measurements may only be good to 100 m, because of the increased distance, atmospheric distortion and a variety of other factors. The data you collect would exhibit heteroscedasticity.
Hippo water roller
The Hippo water roller, or Hippo roller, is a device for carrying water more easily and efficiently than traditional methods, particularly in the developing world. It consists of a barrel-shaped container which holds the water and can roll along the ground, and a handle attached to the axis of the barrel.
The drum is made from UV stabilized polyethylene and is designed to cope with the rough surfaces found in rural areas. It has a large opening (135 mm / 5.3 inch diameter) for easy filling and cleaning.  The steel handle allows the roller to be pushed or pulled over difficult terrain.
It is claimed that approximately five times the normal amount of water be collected in less time with far less effort than by the usual method of carrying.
Claimed benefits include:
- time savings (fetching water can be very time consuming in some poor rural environments),
- reduced effort,
- reduced strain (carrying heavy weights on the head every day for years puts strain on the body, particularly the vertebral column)
- increased water availability, with benefits for health and perhaps even enabling vegetables to be grown,
- hygienic storage due to the sealed lid on the roller.
Its simple nature makes it an example of appropriate technology.
Humanized antibody
Humanized antibodies or chimeric antibodies are a type of monoclonal antibody that have been synthesized using recombinant DNA technology to circumvent the clinical problem of immune response to foreign antigens.  The standard procedure of producing monoclonal antibodies yields mouse antibodies. Although murine antibodies are very similar to human ones there are differences, and the human immune system recognizes mouse antibodies as foreign, rapidly removing them from circulation and causing systemic inflammatory effects.
Humanized antibodies are produced by merging the DNA that encodes the binding portion of a monoclonal mouse antibody with human antibody-producing DNA.  One then uses mammalian cell cultures to express this DNA and produce these half-mouse and half-human antibodies that are not as immunogenic as the murine variety.

# Alternatives
A solution to this problem would be to generate human antibodies directly from humans. However, this is not easy, primarily because it is clearly not ethical to challenge humans with antigen in order to produce antibody. Furthermore, it is not easy to generate human antibodies against human tissues.
Huntingtin protein
Huntingtin (Htt) is the protein coded by the gene, huntingtin, identified in 1993. It is variable in its structure as there are many polymorphisms of the gene which can lead to variable numbers of glutamine residues present in the protein. In its wild-type (normal) form, it contains 6-35 glutamine residues, however, in individuals affected by Huntington's Disease (an autosomal dominant genetic disorder), it contains between 36-155 glutamine residues. Huntingtin has a predicted mass of ~350kDa, however, this varies and is largely dependent on the number of glutamine residues in the protein. Normal huntingtin is generally accepted to be 3144 amino acids in size.

# Function
The function of Huntingtin is unclear. It is essential for development and absence of huntingtin is lethal in mice. The protein has no sequence homology with other proteins and is highly expressed in neurons and testes in humans and rodents. It has however been experimentally demonstrated that Huntingtin acts as a transcription factor in upregulating the expression of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). In the deficient protein, there is suppression of this transcription regulatory function of Huntingtin and hence underexpression of BDNF.From immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, subcellular fractionation studies of the molecule, it has been found that Huntingtin is primarily associated with vesicles and microtubules..These appear to indicate a functional role in cytoskeletal anchoring or transport of mitochondria. The Htt protein is involved in vesicle trafficking as it interacts with HIT1, a clathrin binding protein, to mediate endocytosis, the absorption of materials into a cell.

# Interactions
Huntingtin has been found to interact with a number of proteins,such as Huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) and Huntingtin Interacting Protein 1 (HIP1)..

# Abnormal huntingtin (mHtt)
The key sequence which is found in Huntington's disease (HD) is a trinucleotide repeat expansion of glutamine residues beginning at the 18th amino acid. In unaffected individuals, this contains between 9 and 35 glutamine residues with no adverse effects. However, 36 or more residues produce an erroneous form of Htt, mHtt (standing for mutant Htt). Reduced penetrance is found in counts 36-39.
Huntington Willard
Huntington F(axon) Willard (c.1953- ) is an American human geneticist. In 2003 he became the Nanaline H. Duke Professor of Genome Sciences, the first Director of the Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, and Vice Chancellor for Genome Sciences at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina.
Willard graduated from the Belmont Hill School in Belmont, Massachusetts in 1971. He received his A.B. degree in biology from Harvard University in 1975 and his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1979. He did a postdoctoral fellowship in medical genetics at Johns Hopkins University from 1979-81.
He then held positions at the University of Toronto from 1982 to 1989, Stanford University from 1989 to 1992, and was Chairman of the Department of Genetics at Case Western Reserve University from 1992 to 2002.
His current research interests include genome sciences and their broad implications for medicine and society, human chromosome structure and function, X-inactivation and mechanisms of gene silencing, and the development of human artificial chromosomes for studies of gene transfer and functional genomics.
Hydrocele overview
Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.

# Overview
A hydrocele denotes a pathological accumulation of serous fluid in a bodily cavity. 
A hydrocele testis is the accumulation of fluids around a testicle, and is fairly common.  It may be treated surgically. It can occur in infants undergoing peritoneal dialysis.  A hydrocele testis is due to fluid secreted from a remnant piece of peritoneum wrapped around the testis in the tunica vaginalis. It can also be as a result of cancer, trauma (such as a hernia), or orchitis. It can also be the result of a plugged inguinal lymphatic system caused by repeated chronic infection of Wucheria bancrofti or Brugia malayi, two mosquito-borne parasites of Africa and S.E. Asia, respectively. As such the condition would be a part of more diffuse sequelae commonly referred to as elephantiasis.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Most hydroceles are present at birth (congenital). Otherwise, the condition generally affects men older than 40.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
The main symptom is a painless, swollen testicle , which feels like a water balloon. A hydrocele may occur on one or both sides.

# Treatment

## Primary Prevention
There is no way to prevent varicoceles in adults or hydroceles in baby boys . Avoid injury to the scrotum to prevent hydrocele in adult males.
Hydrogen telluride
Hydrogen telluride is the chemical compound with the formula H2Te.  It is the simplest hydride of tellurium.

# Physical description
Most compounds with Te-H bonds are unstable with respect to loss of H2, and H2Te follows this pattern. H2Te is chemically similar to hydrogen selenide, both are reactive, acidic species with H-X-H angles approaching 90.

# Synthesis
H2Te is prepared by the acidification of salts  of Te2, such as Al2Te3 and Na2Te.  Na2Te can be generated by the reaction of Na and Te in anhydrous ammonia.

# Popular culture
The strong, unpleasant odour of H2Te was remarked upon in a scene in the Doctor Who serial The Krotons (1968/9), when it was described as "the worst smell in the world".