Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Sanbox:HL

# Pathophysiology
- The main pathological feature of Hogkin's lymphoma is the Reed-Sternberg cells which is created mainly due to activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) transcription factor-signaling pathway. The improper activation of the (NF-kB) system proteins is correlated with many neoplasms.
- NF-kB is degraded normally by "I kappa B (IkB)" family in order to prevent the unwanted stimulation and neoplasm formation. However, there are specific cellular proteins which lead to inactivation of the (IkB). So, by inactivating the (IkB), the NF-kB transcription factors will not be degraded and leads to gene transcriptions activation.
- In Hodgkin's lymphoma, there are elevated levels of the NF-kB proteins especially c-REL and REL-A.
- Unstopped activation of (NF-kB):
Active (NF-kB) will lead to consistent gene activation and eventually no apoptosis takes place. Moreover, uninhibited proliferation of Reed-Sterburg cells.
Activation of (NF-kB) occurs due to the following causes:
Loss of function Mutation of the IkB protein which is responsible for inhibiting NF-kB
Alteration in the NF-kB itself protecting it from inhibition by IkB
Gain of function mutation of the MAP3K14 gene which is an activator of NF-kB
NF-kB leads to activation of many genes which appear to be related to HL. Some examples of the genes expressed in HL include the following:
(ICAM-1) gene
GM-CSF gene
IL-6 gene
IKBA gene
- Active (NF-kB) will lead to consistent gene activation and eventually no apoptosis takes place. Moreover, uninhibited proliferation of Reed-Sterburg cells.
- Activation of (NF-kB) occurs due to the following causes:
Loss of function Mutation of the IkB protein which is responsible for inhibiting NF-kB
Alteration in the NF-kB itself protecting it from inhibition by IkB
Gain of function mutation of the MAP3K14 gene which is an activator of NF-kB
- Loss of function Mutation of the IkB protein which is responsible for inhibiting NF-kB
- Alteration in the NF-kB itself protecting it from inhibition by IkB
- Gain of function mutation of the MAP3K14 gene which is an activator of NF-kB
- NF-kB leads to activation of many genes which appear to be related to HL. Some examples of the genes expressed in HL include the following:
(ICAM-1) gene
GM-CSF gene
IL-6 gene
IKBA gene
- (ICAM-1) gene
- GM-CSF gene
- IL-6 gene
- IKBA gene
- Besides NF-kB signaling pathway, Hodgkin's lymphoma can be caused by mutations in JAK-STAT pathway. Alterations in JAK tyrosine kinases signaling lead to high levels of activated STAT pathway which is considered an observed feature in some cases of HL.
Sandbox/a

# Overview
The symptoms of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection include fever, cough, shortness of breath and gatsrointestinal symptoms.

# History and Symptoms
Suspect MERS-CoV infection in case of:
- Fever (38C, 100.4F) and pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome (based on clinical or radiological evidence);
AND EITHER
- History of travel from countries in or near the Arabian Peninsula1 within 14 days before symptom onset;
OR
- Close contact2 with a symptomatic traveler who developed fever and acute respiratory illness (not necessarily pneumonia) within 14 days after traveling from countries in or near the Arabian Peninsula;
OR
- Is a member of a cluster of patients with severe acute respiratory illness (e.g. fever and pneumonia requiring hospitalization) of unknown etiology in which MERS-CoV is being evaluated, in consultation with state and local health departments.

## Symptoms
- Fever (98%)
- Cough (83%)
- Shortness of breath (72%)
- Gastrointestinal symptoms
Diarrhea (26%)
Vomiting (21%)
- Diarrhea (26%)
- Vomiting (21%)
All but two patients (96%) had one or more chronic medical conditions, including diabetes (68%), hypertension (34%), heart disease (28%), and kidney disease (49%). Thirty-four (72%) had more than one chronic condition.  In a retrospective study on 47 patients with MERS-CoV infection, 42 (89%) needed intensive care and 34 (72%) had mechanical ventilation.
Sandbox:1
Lymphocytic sclerosing pancreatitis, , Acute Pancreatitis,
Benign: Pancreatic atrophy, Pancreatic lipoma, Lymphoepithelial cyst
Malignant:  Acinar cell carcinoma of pancreas, Adenosquamous carcinoma, Colloid carcinoma, Hepatoid carcinoma,  , Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, Pancreatoblastoma, Serous cystadenoma, Signet ring cell carcinoma, Solid-pseudopapillary neoplasm, Undifferentiated carcinoma, Undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cell, Neuroendocrine tumors, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN), Serous cystadenoma, Solid-pseudopapillary tumour of pancreas,  Pancreatic lymphangioma, Pancreatic teratoma, Pancreatic lymphoma, Schwannoma, Neurofibroma, Sarcoma, Intraductal tubular neoplasm (ITN), Metastases to pancreas, Von Hippel-Landau (VHL)-associated serous cystic neoplasm
Adenocarcinoma of pancreas, Mucinous cystic neoplasm, Insulinoma, Gastrinoma, Glucagonoma, VIPoma, Somatostatinoma, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, , Pancreatic abscess, pancreatic pseudocyst
Intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms
- Younger women
- Constitutional symptoms
- Abdominal pain
- Highly cellular stromal layer immediately beneath the epithelium is a hallmark finding
- Stromal cells express estrogen and progesterone receptors
- Columnar epithelium with abundant luminal mucin
- Papillary growth pattern and mitoses
- Located in the body or tail of the pancreas
- Sharply demarcated cystic masses
- Thick fibrous wall
Sandbox m

# Overview
Both type I and type II varieties of complex regional pain syndrome share a common diagnostic criteria. They both consist of having a spontaneous onset of pain that is not limited to the distribution of a single nerve, a history of edema, or abnormal sweating. The only difference lies in the nature of the inciting event.

# Diagnostic Criteria
CRPS types I and II share the common diagnostic criteria shown below.
- Spontaneous pain or allodynia/hyperalgesia is not limited to the territory of a single peripheral nerve, and is disproportionate to the inciting event.
- There is a history of edema, skin blood flow abnormality, or abnormal sweating in the region of the pain since the inciting event.
- No other conditions can account for the degree of pain and dysfunction.
The two types differ only in the nature of the inciting event. Type I CRPS develops following an initiating noxious event that may or may not have been traumatic, while type II CRPS develops after a nerve injury.
Sassafras
Sassafras is a genus of three species of deciduous trees in the family Lauraceae, native to eastern North America and eastern Asia.
Sassafras trees grow from 15-35 m (50-120 feet) tall and 70-150 cm (2.5-6 feet) in diameter, with many slender branches, and smooth, orange-brown bark. The branching is sympodial. The bark of the mature trunk is thick, red-brown, and deeply furrowed. The wood is light, soft, weak, and brittle. All parts of the plants are very fragrant. The species are unusual in having three distinct leaf patterns on the same plant, unlobed oval, bilobed (mitten-shaped), and trilobed (three pronged; rarely the leaves can be five-lobed). They have smooth margins and grow 7-20 cm long by 5-10 cm broad. The young leaves and twigs are quite mucilaginous, and produce a scent similar to lemons when crushed. The tiny, yellow flowers are five-petaled and bloom in the spring; they are dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate trees. The fruit are blue-black, egg-shaped, 1 cm long, produced on long, red-stalked cups, and mature in late summer.
The name "Sassafras", applied by the botanist Nicolas Monardes in the sixteenth century, is said to be a corruption of the Spanish word for saxifrage.

# Species
- Sassafras albidum (Nuttall) Nees - Sassafras, White Sassafras, Red Sassafras or Silky Sassafras. Eastern North America, from southernmost Ontario, Canada through the eastern United States south to central Florida, and west to southern Iowa and eastern Texas.
- Sassafras tzumu (Hemsl.) Hemsl. - Chinese Sassafras or Tzumu. Central and southwestern China. It differs from S. albidum in the leaves being more frequently three-lobed, the lobes having a tapered acuminate apex (not rounded to weakly acute).
- Sassafras randaiense (Hayata) Rehd. - Taiwan Sassafras. Taiwan. Treated by some botanists in a distinct genus as Yushunia randaiensis (Hayata) Kamikoti, though this is not supported by recent genetic evidence which shows the genus to be monophyletic.

# Uses
Essential oil distilled from the root-bark or the fruit was used as a fragrance in perfumes and soaps, food (sassafras tea and candy flavoring) and for aromatherapy.
The dried and ground leaves are used to make file powder, a spice used in the making of some types of gumbo.
Saxitoxin
Saxitoxin (STX) is a cyanotoxin found in marine dinoflagellates (algae). It is a neurotoxin that is a selective sodium channel blocker.  The United States military isolated saxitoxin and assigned it the chemical weapon designation TZ.  It is unique among toxins in that it acts in a matter of minutes.  The median lethal dose (LCt50) of TZ is 5 mgmin/m3.
The medical importance of saxitoxin is in relation to red tide in shellfish and causes the paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) food poisoning.  The blocking of the sodium channel produces a flaccid paralysis that leaves its victim calm and conscious through the progression of symptoms.  Death is from respiratory failure.
It is listed in schedule 1 of the Chemical Weapons Convention.  Though its early isolation and characterization were related to military efforts, saxitoxin has been more important to cellular research in delineating the function of the sodium channel.
In episode 22 of the television series "Prison Break", a "glycoside saxitoxin hybrid" is used to cause cardiac arrest of a public official.
Scatology

# Overview
In medicine and biology, scatology or coprology is the study of feces. Scatological studies allow one to determine a wide range of biological information about a creature, including its diet (and thus where it has been), healthiness, and diseases such as tapeworms. The word derives from the Greek  (genitive , modern , pl. ) meaning "feces".
In psychology, a scatology is an obsession with excretion or excrement, or the study of such obsessions. (See also coprophilia).
In sexual context scatology refers to sexual acts conducted with human (or other) excrement.
In literature, "scatological" is a common incorrect term to denote the literary trope of the grotesque body. It is used to describe works that make particular reference to excretion or excrement, as well as to toilet humor.
Scombroid

# Overview
Scombroid is a foodborne illness poisoning associated with eating seafood that has been stored improperly.  It is the second most common type of seafood poisoning, second only to ciguatera.  However it is often missed because it resembles an allergic reaction.

# Causes
Unlike many types of food poisonings, this form is not produced by an organism or virus.  Histidine exists naturally on many types of fish, and at temperatures above 60 degrees Fahrenheit it converts to the biogenic amine histamine (this is one reason why fish should be stored at low temperatures).  Histamine is not destroyed by normal cooking temperatures, so even properly cooked fish can be affected. Histamine is a mediator of allergic reactions, so the symptoms produced are those one would expect to see in severe allergic responses.

# Symptoms
Symptoms consist of skin flushing, throbbing headache, oral burning, abdominal cramps, nausea, diarrhea, palpitations, a sense of unease, and, rarely prostration or loss of vision. Symptoms usually occur within 10-30 minutes of ingesting the fish and generally are self-limited. Physical signs may include a diffuse blanching erythema, tachycardia, wheezing, and hypotension or hypertension. People with asthma are more vulnerable to respiratory problems such as wheezing or bronchospasms.

# Treatment
Treatment is in the form of supportive care such as fluids and oxygen.  H1 and H2 receptor (histamine receptors) blocking medications can also be given with some success.

# Related Chapters
- Scombroid food poisoning
Segrosome

# Overview
Segrosomes are protein complexes that ensure accurate segregation (partitioning) of plasmids or chromosomes during bacterial cell division.
Just as higher forms of life have evolved a complex mitotic apparatus to partition duplicated DNA during cell division, bacteria require a specialized apparatus to partition their duplicated DNA. In bacteria, segrosomes perform the function similar to that performed by mitotic spindle. Therefore, segrosomes can be thought of as minimalist spindles.
Segrosomes are usually composed of three basic components- the DNA (plasmid or chromosome) that needs to be segregated into daughter cells, a motor protein that provides the necessary physical forces for accomplishing the segregation and a DNA binding protein that connects the DNA and the motor protein, to form the complete segrosome complex.

# Motor proteins present in bacterial segrosomal complexes
The majority of motor proteins participating in plasmid segrosomes is comprised of Walker-type or ParM type ATPases. Segrosome formation could be a highly regulated and ordered process to ensure its coupling with the other events of the bacterial cell cycle. Recently segrosomal complexes derived from the tubulin family of cytoskeletal proteins, which are GTPases have been discovered in megaplasmids  found in Bacillus species.
Serelaxin

# Overview
Serelaxin (RLX030) is an investigational drug for the treatment of acute heart failure (AHF), targeting the relaxin receptor. Serelaxin is a recombinant form of human relaxin-2, a hormone that (among other functions) is produced during pregnancy and mediates the haemodynamic changes that occur during this time, such as increased blood output of the heart and blood flow in the kidney.  Human-relaxin-2 mediates vasodilation (widening of blood vessels) by increasing the production of nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator.  Activation of the relaxin receptor RXFP1 activates several enzymes in a phosphorylation cascade that eventually results in the activation of NO synthase in endothelial cells and the subsequent production of NO. Relaxin can also bind to a secondary receptor, endothelial B receptor, which is upregulated as a result of the previous pathway.  Relaxin binding to endothelial B receptor on endothelial cells also induces vasodilation.
Relaxin causes vasodilation by an indirect mechanism, where it inhibits the potent vasoconstrictors angiotensin II and endothelin.
In addition to vasodilation, the effects of relaxin are also seen in the kidneys, by significantly increasing creatinine clearance, which is a measure of kidney function, as well as increased renal blood flow.
Relaxin also functions as a cardiac stimulant. Studies have demonstrated that relaxin increases calcium sensitivity of cardiac myofilaments as well as increasing phosphorylation of the myofilaments by protein kinase C (PKC).  These modifications both function to increase the force generated by the myofilaments without increasing the energy consumption of the cardiac myocytes. Thus relaxin and serelaxin can increase stroke volume, the amount of blood pumped per heart beat, without increasing the energy demand on the already strained heart of acute heart failure patients.

# Acute heart failure
Serelaxin is currently undergoing clinical trials in patients with acute heart failure, and is being developed by Novartis.  Serelaxin has completed several clinical trials as a therapy for AHF.  Phase I trials examined safety and tolerability, while phase II trials evaluated its haemodynamic effects and symptom relief.  The Pre-RELAX-AHF phase II trial administered a dose of 30 g/kg/day and showed a decrease in blood pressure, improved dyspnoea, and increased renal blood flow.  In phase III the RELAX-AHF trial gave a 48hr intravenous infusion of the same dose.  It significantly improved patients' dyspnoea, resulted in a 30% reduction in worsening of heart failure symptoms, a decreased hospital stay and a reduction in signs and symptoms of congestion. The FDA has granted serelaxin "breakthrough therapy" designation, meant to expedite the development and review of drugs for life threatening conditions and is set to be reviewed in February 2014.
Set point
Set point or setpoint might mean one of:
- Set point (tennis), a tennis term meaning one player is one point away from winning a set
- Set point (electronics), a term which refers to the point at which an electrical circuit is either activated or de-activated
- Set point (medicine), a term referring to any one of a number of quantities (e.g. body weight, body temperature) which the body tries to keep at a particular value (see also homeostasis)
- Setpoint (control system), the target value that an automatic control system, for example PID controller, will aim to reach
- SetPoint, the driver suite for Logitech mice
Sfumatura
The sfumatura or slow-folding process is a traditional technique for manually extracting the essential oils from citrus peel using sponges. Dating back to 18th-century Italy, the process is still carried out in Sicily today, although it is increasingly rare. Despite the modern array of sophisticated machines for extracting citrus oil, even the best machinery does not approach the quality of sfumatura-produced oil.
Using a rastrello, a special spoon-shaped knife, the fresh peel is de-pulped. It is then thoroughly washed with limewater and drip-dried on woven mats or special baskets for 3 to 24 hours, depending on the ripeness of the fruit, the temperature, and the humidity. These steps harden the peel, causing the oil to spurt from the oil glands more easily, and the lime helps neutralize the acidity of the peel.
A series of natural sponges is fixed upon a terracotta basin or concolina and held in place with a wooden bar laid across the rim. The dried peel is folded and pressed against the sponges several times in a circular motion, causing a mixture of essential oil and peel liquids to pass into the concolina. After finishing with the peel, the sponges are squeezed to recover additional oil and liquids. Finally, the oil is decanted away from the heavier watery phase, which contains detritus from breaking the peel.
Sheep dip
The term sheep dip refers to a liquid formulation of insecticide and fungicide which shepherds and farmers may use to protect their sheep from infestation against external parasites such as scab mite, blow-fly, ticks, keds and lice.  The dip is available as wettable powders, pastes, solutions or suspensions which are used to prepare diluted solutions, suspensions or active substances. The term is used both for the formulation itself, and the trough in which the sheep is dipped. The sheep are completely immersed in the preparation.
The world's first sheep dip was invented and produced by Mr George Wilson of Coldstream, Scotland in 1830. That dip was based on arsenic powder and was exported by Package Steamer from nearby Berwick Upon Tweed.
There are two broad classes of sheep dip - organophosphorus compounds, which were developed from chemical warfare, and synthetic pyrethroids.
Organophosphorous compounds are very toxic to humans, as they travel easily through the skin. When traveling over water, containers for these sheep dips are subject to United Nations regulations which state that they must remain legible after immersion in water.
Sheep dips have been found to contaminate surrounding soil, creating environmental problems. 

# Other meanings
The term is used colloquially in business to refer to the process of training all employees in an organization in a general subject of wide applicability.
The term is also used in information security.  It refers to a computer that is isolated from a business core network used to screen incoming digital devices.  They will often contain multiple malware scanners and egress packet detection. As it is used in the documentary The Men Who Killed Kennedy, the term also refers to the intentional broadcast of misleading details about oneself for the purposes of generating a cover prior to engaging in covert information gathering.
The name is also used to refer to some brands of originally-bootleg whisky, the best-known of which is probably Original Oldbury. When confronted by authorities, it was called "sheep dip" by sellers to escape liquor taxes (see moonshine).

# Other Uses
In the Monty Python Bruces sketch, Bruce (Michael Palin) is said to teach logical positivism, as well as being in charge of the sheep dip.
Sheepdip is a rock and roll band based in Rindge, New Hampshire.
Sheep Dip is the name of a brand of Scotch whisky.
Shivering
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Shivering is a bodily function in response to early hypothermia in warm-blooded animals. When the core body temperature drops, the shivering reflex is triggered. Muscle groups around the vital organs begin to shake in small movements in an attempt to create warmth by expending energy. Shivering can also be a response to a fever as a person may feel cold, though their core temperature is already elevated.
Located in the dorsomedial portion of the hypothalamus near the wall of the third ventricle is an area called the primary motor center for shivering.  This area is normally inhibited by signals from the heat center in the anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area but is excited by cold signals from the skin and spinal cord.  Therefore, this center becomes activated when the body temperature falls even a fraction of a degree below a critical temperature level.

# Causes

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order

## Drug Side Effect
BCG vaccine,
Tretinoin
Sialidase
Sialidase, accession number PF02973 is a widespread enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal acylneuraminic residues from oligosaccharides, glycolipids and glycoproteins. Also called neuraminidase.
It is present as a surface antigen in myxo viruses, hence sialidase inhibitors are used in anti-viral drugs.
Deficiency of this enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes sialidosis; enzyme activity is also lacking in galactosialidosis. The EC nomenclature is exo--sialidase.

# Genes
- NEU1, NEU2, NEU3, NEU4
Sialogram

# Overview
Sialogram or sialography is imaging of the salivary glands using x-ray

# Technique
A baseline radiograph of the required salivary gland would be taken , a cannula then is inserted in this salivary gland duct's opening in the mouth, a Radio-opaque fluid (Contrast medium) then is injected in the duct.
A series of radigraphs would then be taken to determine the flow of the fluid , identify any obstructions and its location , the rate of fluid excretion from the gland.
Usually the radiographs taken are lateral oplique views of the face as Orthopantomogram's are not useful for the purpose of locating the area due to superimpositions and the way they are taken to put the teeth in the main field.

# Indications
- Salivary gland's stones
- Salivary duct calculus
- Sjogren syndrome
- salivary gland tumours
- Salivary gland narrowing or obstruction

# Contraindications
- Allergy to the contrast medium , mainly to Iodine.
- Acute salivary gland infections