Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Eisenhower College
Eisenhower College was a small college named after US President Dwight Eisenhower, located in Seneca Falls, New York. It was founded as a liberal arts college, with its charter class beginning in 1968.
Eisenhower curricula were centered on a core set of courses collectively known as World Studies.   These mandatory courses examined the history of civilization from the ascent of Man through modern times in music, art, history, science, philosophy and literature. 
Foreign language and physical education courses were also mandatory. Also unique about the campus were the well-attended classes in modern music and human sexuality held weekly in the Red Barn building.
Another campus tradition was the Communication Arts Festival held each April.  Lacking a fall homecoming tradition, the Comm-Arts weekend gave "Ike" students the chance to become re-acquainted with old friends and grads as everyone celebrated the rainy spring weather, endemic to the Seneca Falls community.
This liberal arts college graduated its final class in 1983 after it had been acquired by the Rochester Institute of Technology in 1979.
The property was later sold to the New York Chiropractic College which continues to operate the campus.
An archive of Eisenhower College material, donated by former professors and alumni, is stored on the campus as of 2006.
Electrolyzed water
Alkaline Electrolysed Water and Acidic Electrolysed Water are produced by the electrolysis of ordinary tap water in the presence of a specific amount of salt, generally sodium chloride.
Acidic Electrolysed Water is a strong oxidizing solution which has a typical pH range of 3.5 to 8.5 and an oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of +600 to +1200 mV. It also contains Hypochlorous acid which contributes to its bacteriocidal properties. It is primarily used as a disinfectant as it is highly efficacious against bacteria, fungus, mold, spores and other micro-organisms, in very short contact times. It can be applied as liquid, fog or ice.
Alkaline Electrolysed Water has a typical pH range of 11.2 to 11.4 and an oxidation reduction potential as low as -850 mV. This fraction may have utility as an antioxidant food additive.
Griscelli syndrome
Synonyms and keywords: Elejalde syndrome; neuroectodermal melanolysosomal disease
Griscelli syndrome is a rare autosomal childhood disorder characterised by albinism (hypopigmentation).

# Types
- Type I Griscelli syndrome -- MYO5A
- Type II Griscelli syndrome is caused by the knock out of the gene for Rab27A and is characterised by hypopigmentation and immunodeficiency. Children with this syndrome die with a mean age of 5 years. The only cure is bone-marrow transplantation. To date approximately 10 children have received successful bone marrow transplants for type II Griscelli syndrome.
- Type III Griscelli syndrome -- melanophilin, MYO5A

# Presentation
Griscelli syndrome is defined by the characteristic hypopigmentation. This may be caused by the loss of three different genes, each of which has different additional effects, resulting in the three types of syndrome.

# Pathophysiology
In melanocytes, melanosomes (vesicles containing the pigment melanin) are transported on microtubules. They are then bound by Rab27A which recruits Slac2-a and myosin Va. This complex then transfers the melanosomes from the microtubules to actin filaments. This transfer is necessary for the transport of melanosomes from the perinuclear area to the cell periphery. The loss of any one of these proteins interrupts melanosome transport and results in the hypopigmentation.
However, these three proteins do not work together in other cells and Rab27A effectors may be 'mix and match' For example the knockout of Rab27 causes the hypopigmentation but also immunodeficiency due to deficiencies in cytotoxic killing activity in cytotoxic T cells (something that also depends on vesicle transport). While, the knockout of myosin Va does not cause immunodeficiency, but it does cause neural defects. Though some neural problems (i.e brain damage) can be seen in Rab27A deficient children, this is thought to be a secondary effect of the immune problems, and not directly due to the lack of Rab27A.

# Eponym
It is named for Claude Griscelli.
Endometrial biopsy

# Overview
A biopsy is a medical procedure used to remove a sample of tissue from the patient to be analyzed and diagnosed by a physician. 
An endometrial biopsy is the only procedure used to discover endometrial cancer.  It is only given to high-risk patients. Endometrial cancer is diagnosed in about 39,000 women every year. 

# Reasons for an Endometrial Biopsy
- Evaluation and Treatment of Infertility: If taken several days before menstruation, the biopsy can show the response to estrogen and progesterone to see if ovulation has occurred.
- Abnormal menstruation (Heavy bleeding, abnormal bleeding, absence of bleeding and bleeding after menopause). The biopsy will indicate a change in hormone levels or the presence of fibroids, polyps or other abnormal tissues.
- Hormone Replacement Therapy: The biopsy can determine the effects of the therapy to the patients reproductive system.
- Cancer: The biopsy may discover the presence of cancer cells in the endometrium or cervix.

# Endometrial Biopsy Procedure
Generally, an endometrial biopsy follows this process:
1. The patient will be asked to undress and lie on the table with her feet in the stirrups for a pelvic examination. She may or may not be given localized anesthesia.
2. A speculum will be inserted into the vagina to spread the walls of the vagina apart to expose the cervix.The cervix will then be cleansed with an antiseptic solution.
3. A tenaculum, a type of forceps, will hold the cervix steady for the biopsy.
4. A Endometrial Suction Curette (E.S.C.), a thin tube also called a catheter, will be inserted into the uterus. A smaller tube (internal piston) inside the E.S.C. will be withdrawn to create suction. The E.S.C. be will rotated and moved in and out to collect small pieces of endometrial tissue. Cramping may occur.
5. The removed tissue will be place in a preservative.
6. The tissue will be sent to a laboratory, where it will be processed and tested. It will then be read microscopically by a pathologist who will determine the diagnosis.

# Alternative methods
Recently, the TruTest has been introduced as an alternative method of endometiral biopsy. Rather than using a suction tube, this method uses the Tao Brush to gently brush the lining of the uterus. Generally, this method has been found to be less painful than the traditional suction method.
Patient engagement

# Overview
Patient engagement, also called patient activation or patient participation, is defined as "patient involvement in the decision-making process in matters pertaining to health."

# Benefits

## Patient activation
Patient activation interventions may improve patient outcomes including the care of diabetes..

## Error checking
Patients may be able to detect errors in documentation.

# Measuring patient engagement
Patient activation can be measured with the "Patient Activation Measure".
Readiness to change can be measured by several methods:
- The Readiness to Change Ruler
- Prochaska's Stages of Change from the Transtheoretical Model of Change. The subjects answers one of the following about their current beliefs:
- I do not regularly use __ and I do not intend to start within the next (six) months (Precontemplation)
I am thinking about using __ regularly within the next (six) months (Contemplation)
I plan to use __ regularly within the next 30 days (Preparation)
I use __ regularly and have been for less than six months (Action)
I use __ regularly and have for six months or more (Maintenance)
- I do not regularly use __ and I do not intend to start within the next (six) months (Precontemplation)
- I am thinking about using __ regularly within the next (six) months (Contemplation)
- I plan to use __ regularly within the next 30 days (Preparation)
- I use __ regularly and have been for less than six months (Action)
- I use __ regularly and have for six months or more (Maintenance)
- The University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA) questionnaire based on the Transtheoretical Model of Change. The URICA is 23 or 32 items and a 12 item "'Readiness to change" version has been developed. The Ruler correlates with the full questionnaire and predicts behavioral intentions.
- Rollnick's motivational interviewing

# How to increase patient engagement / participation
A number of strategies have been reviewed
Using stories to describe medical evidence may help communication.

## Encouraging patients to contribute to decisions
Encouraging the patient to participate in decisions may increase engagement and patient compliance.

## Consultation room design
Designing the room so that patients can watch the health care provider enter information into the electronic health record may help.

## Patient portals to electronic health records
Patient portals may increase patient activation and reporting of errors.

## Release of test results to patients
Test results can be released directly to patients, in real time, without accompanying interpretation by health care providers.
Real time release of results may increase anxiety in a minority of patients
Release of test results to patients, especially if accompanied by physician interpretation may be helpful

## Mobile Health
Engelmann syndrome
Engelmann syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder that causes characteristic anomalies in the skeleton. Patients typically have heavily-thickened bones, especially along the shafts of the long bones (called diaphyseal dysplasia).  The skull bones may be thickened so that the passages through the skull that carry nerves and blood vessels become narrowed, possibly leading to sensory deficits, blindness, or deafness.
This disease often appears in childhood and is considered to be inherited. The disease is slowly progressive and, while there is no cure, there is treatment.
The most common mutation causing Engelmann syndrome is in the gene encoding for the TGF-2 receptor.

# Naming
Engelmann Syndrome is also known as Camurati-Engelmann disease or progressive diaphyseal dysplasia (PDD), which are the most common alternative names of the disease.  Other names include osteopathia hyperostotica scleroticans and multiplex infantalis.  In the past this disease was also known as ribbing disease, a name which is no longer used.

# Symptoms
Human bones are very strong and durable but we must not forget the fact that they are living organisms.  Our bones are constantly being broken down and rebuilt without losing their correct shape and size.  When someone has a disease that interferes with this process, which is called bone remodeling, one experiences pain which restricts movement.
Clinically, patients complain of bone pain in the legs, muscle weakness and waddling gait. Some other clinical problems associated with the disease are increased fatigue, headache and delay in puberty.  Some patient have an abnormal or absent tibia, flat foot or scoliosis.
This disease may also cause bones to become abnormally hardened which is referred to as sclerosis.  This hardening may affect the bones at the base of the skull or those in the hands, feet, or jaw.  This causes pain and aching within the body part that is affected.
Engelmann's may also affect internal organs, the liver and spleen, which may become enlarged.  A loss of vision can occur if bones near or around the eye socket are affected by the hardening effect.

# Treatment
Engelmann Syndrome is somewhat treatable. Glucocorticosteroids, which are anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents, are used in some cases.  This form of medication helps in bone strength.  In several reports, successful treatment with glucocoricosteroids was described, as its side effects can benefit a person with CED.  This drug helps with pain and fatigue as well as some correction of radiographic abnormalities.
Enterobacteriaceae
The Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of bacteria, including many of the more familiar pathogens, such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli.  Genetic studies place them among the Proteobacteria, and they are given their own order (Enterobacteriales), though this is sometimes taken to include some related environmental samples.
Members of the Enterobacteriaceae are rod-shaped, and are typically 1-5 m in length.  Like other Proteobacteria they have Gram-negative stains, and they are facultative anaerobes, fermenting sugars to produce lactic acid and various other end products.  They also reduce nitrate to nitrite.  Unlike most similar bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae generally lack cytochrome C oxidase, although there are exceptions (e.g. Plesiomonas).  Most have many flagella used to move about, but a few genera are non-motile.  They are non-spore forming, and  except for Shigella dysenteriae strains they are catalase-positive.
Many members of this family are a normal part of the gut flora found in the intestines of humans and other animals, while others are found in water or soil, or are parasites on a variety of different animals and plants.  Escherichia coli, better known as E. coli, is one of the most important model organisms and its genetics and biochemistry have been closely studied.
Most members of Enterobacteriaceae have peritrichous Type I fimbriae involved in the adhesion of the bacterial cells to their hosts.

# Genera in the Enterobacteriaceae
- Alishewanella
- Alterococcus
- Aquamonas
- Aranicola
- Arsenophonus
- Azotivirga
- Blochmannia
- Brenneria
- Buchnera
- Budvicia
- Buttiauxella
- Cedecea
- Citrobacter
- Dickeya
- Edwardsiella
- Enterobacter
- Erwinia, e.g. Erwinia amylovora
- Escherichia, e.g. Escherichia coli
- Ewingella
- Grimontella
- Hafnia
- Klebsiella, e.g. Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Kluyvera
- Leclercia
- Leminorella
- Moellerella
- Morganella
- Obesumbacterium
- Pantoea
- Pectobacterium
- Candidatus Phlomobacter
- Photorhabdus, e.g. Photorhabdus luminescens
- Plesiomonas, e.g. Plesiomonas shigelloides
- Pragia
- Proteus, e.g. Proteus vulgaris
- Providencia
- Rahnella
- Raoultella
- Salmonella
- Samsonia
- Serratia, e.g. Serratia marcescens
- Shigella
- Sodalis
- Tatumella
- Trabulsiella
- Wigglesworthia
- Xenorhabdus
- Yersinia, e.g. Yersinia pestis
- Yokenella
Enteric Neuropathy
Enteric Neuropathy is a degenerative neuromuscular condition of the digestive system. In simple terms the gut stops functioning, due to degradation of the nerves and muscles. The condition affects all parts of the digestive tract. There is no known cure or treatment for Enteric Neuropathy at this time; it is only possible to work on symptom management.

# Symptoms
The main symptom of Enteric Neuropathy is severe and constant pain. Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, bloating and abdominal abnormalities. In addition malabsorption and poor nutrition are common, as the digestive system begins to fail. Symptom management is very important and the main priority is usually to get on top of the pain. However, as most people may have been waiting for years for a diagnosis they are often already addicted to painkillers (such as tramadol and oramorph) and this has effects on the gut which do not help the situation.

# Diagnosis
The diagnosis of Enteric Neuropathy is rather difficult, in that many symptoms present in ways that are common to many other bowel- and gut-related diseases. It is common that many people undergo many surgeries, sometimes over several years, to attempt to combat other possible diseases. The diagnosis itself requires a bowel motility study, which for those who have Enteric Neuropathy will show signs of severe abnormalities in the movement of the gut. An operation to take a section of muscle for biopsy which, if it shows signs of nerve degredation, confirms the diagnosis.
Entropy monitoring
Entropy monitoring is a relatively new method of assessing anaesthetic depth. It was commercially developed by Datex-Ohmeda, now part of GE Healthcare.
It relies on a method of assessing the degree of irregularity in electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. The founding principle behind this theory is that the irregularity within an EEG signal decreases with increasing brain levels of anaesthetic drugs. If we relate the irregularity to the entropy within the signal, then an entropy scale can be assigned.
The signal is captured via a forehead mounted sensor, in a similar way employed by bispectral index (BIS).
Entropy monitors produce two numbers (RE - Response Entropy, SE- State Entropy) that are related to frequency bandpass used. Response Entropy incorporates higher frequency components that include that of electromyogram activity. The reason for using higher frequency bandpass in response entropy is to allow faster response from the monitor in relation to clinical state.
Published studies show that entropy scores do relate to clinical levels of anaesthetic depth. Most anaesthetic drugs are detectable by entropy monitoring, a notable exception being nitrous oxide, in common with BIS monitoring. Future studies may show reduced levels of intraoperative awareness when using this type of monitoring. Future studies may also look into possibilities of influence on outcome when using depth of anaesthesia monitoring.
Epiphora (medical)

# Overview
Epiphora is excessive tear production, usually a result from an irritation of the eye. a clinical sign or condition that constitutes insufficient tear film drainage from the eyes in that tears will drain down the face rather than through the nasolacrimal system.

# Etiology
Causes of epiphora include occular irritation and inflammation (including trichiasis and entropion) or an obstructed tear outflow tract which is divided according to its anatomical location (ie. ectropion, punctal, canalicular or nasolacrimal duct obstruction). The latter is often due to aging (a spontaneous process), infection (ie. dacryocystitis), rhinitis, and in neonates or infants, failure of the nasolacrimal duct to open.
Other less common causes of epiphora is paradoxical lacrimation which is due to an abnormal regeneration of facial nerve (CN VII) as a sequelae of Bell's palsy. The nerves that formerly went to the salivary glands regrow to the lacrimal gland causing excessive tearing. Often, these individuals experience excessive tearing whilst eating as movement of the muscles of mastication is controlled by the facial nerve and hence their activation also causes tearing.

# Diagnosis
Diagnosis of epiphora is clinical by history presentation and observation of the lids. Fluorescein dye can be used to examine for punctal reflux by pressing on the canaliculi in which the clinician should note resistance of reflux as it irrigates through the punctum into the nose.

# Management
If epiphora is caused by ectropion or entropion, lid repair is indicated. Punctal irrigation is also required. In infants with nasolacrimal defects, a nasolacrimal duct probe is used and a tube replacement, either temporary (Crawford) or permanent (Jones), is carried out. A surgical procedure called a dacryocystorhinostomy is done to join the lacrimal sac to the nasal mucosa in order to restore lacrimal drainage.
Esophageal disease
Esophageal diseases can derive from congenital conditions, or they can be acquired later in life.
Many people experience a burning sensation in their chest occasionally, caused by stomach acids refluxing into the esophagus, normally called heartburn. Extended exposure to heartburn may erode the lining of the esophagus, leading potentially to Barrett's esophagus which is associated an increased risk of adenocarcinoma most commonly found in the distal one-third of the esophagus.
Some people also experience a sensation known as globus esophagus, where it feels as if a ball is lodged in the lower part of the esophagus.
The following are additional diseases and conditions that affect the esophagus:
- Achalasia
- Chagas disease
- Caustic injury to the esophagus
- Esophageal atresia and Tracheoesophageal fistula
- Esophageal cancer
- Esophageal web
- Esophagitis
- GERD
- Hiatus hernia
- Mallory-Weiss syndrome
- Neurogenic dysphagia
- Schatzki's ring
- Zenker's Diverticulum
- Boerhaave syndrome
- Esophageal dysphagia
1,2-Dichloroethane

# Overview
The chemical compound 1,2-dichloroethane, commonly known by its old name of ethylene dichloride (EDC), is a chlorinated hydrocarbon, mainly used to produce vinyl chloride monomer (VCM, chloroethene), the major precursor for PVC production.  It is a colourless liquid with a chloroform-like odour. 1,2-Dichloroethane is also used generally as an intermediate for other organic chemical compounds, and as a solvent.

# History
In 1794, a group of four Dutch friends under the name of Gezelschap der Hollandsche Scheikensleishen (Society of Dutch Chemists) consisted of physician Jan Rudolph Deerman, merchant Adriaan Paets van Troopstwijkity, chemist Anthoni Lauwerenburgest and botanist Nicolaas Bondtitigutrud. They were the first to produce 1,2-dichloroethane from olefiant gas (oil-making gas, ethylene) and chlorine gas.  Although the Gezelschap in practice didn't do much in-depth scientific research, they and their publications where highly regarded. Part of that acknowledgement is that 1,2-dichloroethane has been called Dutch oil in old chemistry.

# Chemistry
1,2-Dichloroethane has chemical formula Template:Carbon2Template:Hydrogen4Template:Chlorine2.
Cf. 1,1-Dichloroethane (ethylidene dichloride).

# Production
Every year 17.5 million tons of 1,2-dichloroethane are produced in the United States, Western Europe and Japan. This is primarily achieved through the iron(III) chloride catalysed reaction of ethene (ethylene) and chlorine.
In subsequent reactions, notably to vinyl chloride (chloroethene), hydrogen chloride is formed and re-used in a copper(II) chloride catalysed reaction, to also produce 1,2-dichloroethane from ethene and oxygen.

# Uses

## Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production
With approximately 80% of the world's consumption of 1,2-dichloroethane, the major application is in the production of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM, chloroethene), which is the precursor to polyvinyl chloride under the formation of hydrogen chloride.
The hydrogen chloride can be re-used in the production process, in the formation of more 1,2-dichloroethane (see Production).

## Other Uses
As a good apolar aprotic solvent, 1,2-dichloroethane is used as degreaser and paint remover. As a useful 'building block' reagent, it is used as an intermediate in  the production of various organic compounds.  It is also used as a reagent as an electrophillic source of chlorine, with elimination of ethene and chloride.
Historically, it was used as an anti-knock additive in leaded fuels.

# Safety
1,2-dichloroethane is toxic (especially by inhalation due to its high vapour pressure), corrosive, highly flammable, and possibly carcinogenic. Its high solubility and 50-year half-life in anoxic aquifers make it a perennial pollutant and health risk that is very expensive to treat conventionally, requiring a method of bioremediation.