Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Colza oil
Colza oil is a non-drying oil obtained from the seeds of Brassica campestris, var. oleifera, a variety of the plant that produces Swedish turnips. Colza is extensively cultivated in France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany; and, especially in France, the expression of the oil is an important industry. In commerce, colza is classed with rape oil, to which it is very closely allied in both source and properties. It is a comparatively inodorous oil of a yellow color, having a specific gravity varying between 0.912 to 0.920. The cake left after expression of the oil is a valuable feeding substance for cattle. Colza oil is extensively used as a lubricant for machinery, and for burning in lamps.
In France it is used also as a substitute for fine oil in restaurants, as the oil part in a carpaccio, or as the high temperature boiling oil in beef bourguignon. Its taste is different from olive oil. Colza oil, with added color and flavor, has also been fraudulently labeled and sold as olive oil by unscrupulous Italian companies.
Colza oil was also used in Gombault's Caustic Balsam; a popular horse and human liniment at the turn of the 20th century. 
Among the more unusual applications of colza oil is the calming of choppy seas, where the oil modifies the surface tension of the water and rapidly smoothes the surface. Rescue and recovery operations have been made far less risky in this way.
More recently, colza has been cultivated in France as an ingredient for biodiesel fuels.
Congo red
Congo red is the sodium salt of benzidinediazo-bis-1-naphtylamine-4-sulfonic acid (formula: C32H22N6Na2O6S2; molecular weight: 696.66 g/mol). It is a secondary diazo dye. Congo red is water soluble, yielding a red colloidal solution; its solubility is better in organic solvents such as ethanol.
It has a strong, though apparently non-covalent affinity to cellulose fibres. However, the use of congo red in the cellulose industries (cotton textile, wood pulp & paper) has long been abandoned, mainly because of its toxicity.

# Behaviour in solution
Due to a color change from blue to red at pH 3.0-5.2, congo red can be used as a pH indicator. Since this color change is an approximate inverse of that of litmus, it can be used with litmus paper in a simple parlor trick: add a drop or two of congo red to both an acid solution and a base solution. Dipping red litmus paper in the red solution will turn it blue, while dipping blue litmus paper in the blue solution will turn it red.
Congo red has a propensity to aggregate in aqueous and organic solutions. The proposed mechanisms suggest hydrophobic interactions between the aromatic rings of the dye molecules, leading to a pi-pi stacking phenomenon. Although these aggregates are present under various sizes and shapes, the "ribbon-like micelles" of a few molecules seem to be the predominant form (even if the "micelle" term is not totally appropriate here). This aggregation phenomenon is more important for high congo red concentrations, at high salinity and/or low pH.

# Dyeing activity
As suggested by its intense red color, congo red has important spectrophotometric properties. Indeed, its UV-visible absorption spectrum shows a characteristic, intense peak around 498 nm in aqueous solution, at low dye concentration. Congo red molar extinction coefficient is about 45000 /. in these conditions. Aggregation of the dye tends to red-shift the absorption spectrum, whereas binding to cellulose fibres or amyloid fibrils has the opposite effect.
Congo red also shows a fluorescent activity when bound to amyloid fibrils, which tends to be used as a sensitive diagnosis tool for amyloidosis, instead of the traditional histological birefringence test.

# Diagnostic use
In biochemistry and histology, congo red is used to stain microscopic preparates, especially as a cytoplasm and erythrocyte stain. Apple-green birefringence of Congo red stained preparates under polarized light is indicative for the presence of amyloid fibrils.
de:Kongorot
Coomassie
Coomassie (also known as Coomassie Blue, Brilliant Blue, Brilliant Blue G, Acid Blue 90, C.I. 42655, or Brilliant Blue G 250) is a blue dye commonly used in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).  The gel is soaked in dye for thirty minutes and then destained for thirty minutes or more.  This treatment allows the visualization of bands indicating the protein content of the gel.  The gel usually contains a set of molecular weight marker(proteins of pre-determined weight) so that protein molecular weight can be determined in an unknown solution during the visualization.

# Variations
Shown at right is Coomassie G250.  A similar but distinct dye, known as Coomassie R-250, also exists.

# Laboratory usage
Coomassie dye is an integral component of the Bradford Method for determining protein concentration in a solution.  The Coomassie dye binds to proteins via physisorptionto arginine, the aromatic amino acids, and histidine. When Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 binds to proteins in acid solution, it has an absorbance shift from 465 nm to 595 nm. The absorbance data can then be used in Beer's law to determine protein concentration and ultimately the actual amount of protein in a given solution.

## Coomassie stain and destain solution formulas
For staining solution:
For destaining solution:
(Can also be destained using only distilled water and heating, though at a much slower pace)
Common mix for Bradford reagent:
Methanol has been used in the past and can be replaced by ethanol at all steps resulting in slightly safer reagents (methanol is a neurotoxin) while the efficiency of the procedure remains the same.

# Name
Like many dyes, Coomassie blue dye is named after an African locale, in this case the city of Kumasi, now in Ghana.  It was developed as an acid wool dye and was named to commemorate the 1896 British occupation of the Ashanti capital, then known as Coomassie.
Coricidin
Coricidin, Coricidin 'D' (decongestant), or CoricidinHBP (for high blood pressure), is the name of a drug marketed by Schering-Plough that contains dextromethorphan (a cough suppressant) and chlorphenamine maleate (an antihistamine). Varieties of Coricidin may also contain acetaminophen (an analgesic/fever reducer) and guaifenesin (an expectorant). The drug is marketed as a remedy for the common cold, especially for people with hypertension, whose high blood pressure may worsen if they take other decongestants.

# Recreational use
Coricidin is sometimes used in high doses as a recreational drug because it contains the psychoactive drug dextromethorphan. In this context, Coricidin is referred to as C's, Corey (Cori), Red Devils (Red D's), Skittles (they are the same size and color of a red skittle) or Triple C's (the coricidin used for recreational activity has three c's on the front). Use of Coricidin for this purpose is dangerous because chlorphenamine has anticholinergic activity, which in high doses can cause serious reactions.  Fatalities have resulted from overdoses of chlorphenamine. Some Coricidin products also contain acetaminophen, which is toxic to the liver in large doses.

# Use in popular music
In the 1960s, blues-rock guitarist Duane Allman (1946-1971) of The Allman Brothers Band began using an empty glass Coricidin bottle as a guitar slide, finding it to be just the right size and shape for this purpose.  Other prominent slide guitarists, such as Derek Trucks, Rory Gallagher, and Gary Rossington of Lynyrd Skynyrd adopted the Coricidin bottle as well, but such bottles eventually went out of production in the early 1980s (although replicas have been produced since 1985).
Coxa vara

# Overview
A Coxa vara is a deformity of the hip, whereby the angle between the ball and the shaft of the femur is reduced to less than 120 degrees. This results in the leg being shortened, and therefore a limp occurs. It is commonly caused by injury, such as a fracture. It can also occur when the bone tissue in the neck of the femur is softer than normal, meaning it bends under the weight of the body. This may either be congenital, also known as Mau-Nilsonne Syndrome, or the result of a bone disorder.

# Pathophysiology
The most common cause of coxa vara is either congenital or developmental. Other common causes include metabolic bone diseases (e.g. Paget's disease of bone), post Perthes deformity, osteomyelitis, post traumatic (due to a malunion of a intertrochanteric fracture). Shepherds Crook deformity is a severe form of coxa vara where the proximal femur is severely deformed with a reduction in the neck shaft angle beyond 90 degrees. It is most commonly a sequelae of osteogenesis imperfecta, Paget's disease, osteomyelitis, tumor and tumor-like conditions (e.g. fibrous dysplasia).

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
The condition is usually asymptomatic if congenital or developmental. However in unilateral cases (e.g. post traumatic), there maybe shortening, leading to a short limb gait characterized by limp which is seen as a vertical dip on the affected side during the stance phase (as opposed to a lurch characterized in a Trendelenburg gait). In severe cases abduction maybe severely restricted, causing a waddling type gait.
Usual symptoms include pain, stiffness, and difficulty in walking.
The biomechanics of the hip will be affected as the lever arm is lengthened causing more shear forces through the femoral neck predisposing it to stress fractures. This may also lead to progression of the deformity.

## Physical Examination
The patient may have a short limbed gait, or in severe cases a Trendelenburg gait (due to restriction of abduction). The Trendelenburg test maybe positive.

# Imaging
The diagnosis is mainly radiological. Clinical signs include a widened bitrochanteric measurement.

# Treatment
Treatment depends on the cause of the condition. Most cases do not require any treatment. If treatment is required, it is usually a valgus osteotomy of the femur fixed by an angled blade plate device or even a DHS.
Crime lab
A crime laboratory - often shortened to crime lab - is a scientific laboratory, using primarily forensic science for the purpose of examining evidence from criminal cases.

# Lab personnel
A typical crime lab has two sets of personnel:
- Field analysts - investigators that go to crime scenes, collect evidence, and process the scene. Job titles include:
Forensic evidence technician
Crime scene investigator
Scenes of crime officer (SOCO)
- Forensic evidence technician
- Crime scene investigator
- Scenes of crime officer (SOCO)
- Laboratory analysts - scientists who run tests on the evidence once it is brought to the lab (i.e., DNA tests, or bullet striations). Job titles include:
Forensic technician
Forensic scientist
Criminalist
Forensic Photographer
- Forensic technician
- Forensic scientist
- Criminalist
- Forensic Photographer

# Crime labs

## United States
In the United States, crime labs may be publicly or privately operated, although private laboratories typically do not respond to crime scenes to collect evidence.  Public crime labs are organized at the city, county, state, or national level.  A law enforcement agency that does not operate its own crime lab usually has free access to a higher level laboratory for analysis of their evidence.
- Most states have their own crime labs, for instance Oklahoma has the OSBI, many other places have smaller yet still sufficient crime labs.

### Well-known crime labs
Some well-known crime labs are:
- FBI Laboratory - under the jurisdiction of the FBI (located at FBI Headquarters; J. Edgar Hoover Building)
- Las Vegas Crime Lab - under the jurisdiction of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department
- Miami-Dade Crime Lab - under the jurisdiction of the Miami-Dade Police Department
- New York City Crime Lab - under the jurisdiction of the New York City Police Department
- Los Angeles Crime Lab - under the jurisdiction of the Los Angeles Police Department
- Forensic Science Training and Research Center - under the jurisdiction of the FBI (located at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia)

# Crime labs in popular culture
The term "crime lab" has become a part of popular culture, largely due to the TV dramas. Some of the more famous shows are:
- CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
- CSI: Miami
- CSI: NY.
- NCIS (Tv Series)
- Quincy, M.E. - a 1970's television show featuring crime lab personnel and procedures
Several non-fiction television programs, document the resolution of criminal cases based on the scientific analysis of the evidence:
- Forensic Files
Crithidia
Crithidia are members of the trypanosome protozoa. They are parasites that exclusively parasitise arthropods, mainly insects. They pass from host to host as cysts in infective feaces and typically, the parasites develop in the digestive tracts of insects and interact with the intestinal epithelium using their flagellum. They display very low host-specificity and a single parasite can infect a large range of invertebrate hosts . At different points in its life-cycle, it passes through amastigote, promastigote, and epimastigote phases; the last is particularly characteristic, and similar stages in other trypanosomes are often called crithidial.
Crithidia bombi is perhaps the most well documented species and is a parasite of bumblebees. Other species include C. fasciculata,C. deanei, C. desouzai, C. oncopelti, C. guilhermei and C. luciliae. C. deanei is atypical of the Crithidia genus, and it has been argued not a member of the Crithidia at all. It is also not typical of trypanosomatids because of its unusual shape and it harbours endosymbiotic bacteria .

# Bibliography
Boulanger et al. (2001) Immune response of Drosophila melanogaster to infection of the flagellate parasite Crithidia spp. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Camargo et al. (1992) Ribosomal DNA restriction analysis and synthetic oligonucleotide probing in the identification of genera of lower trypanosomatids The Journal of Parasitology
Cyclin T2
Cyclin-T2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCNT2 gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the highly conserved cyclin family, whose members are characterized by a dramatic periodicity in protein abundance through the cell cycle. Cyclins function as regulators of CDK kinases. Different cyclins exhibit distinct expression and degradation patterns which contribute to the temporal coordination of each mitotic event. This cyclin and its kinase partner CDK9 were found to be subunits of the transcription elongation factor p-TEFb. The p-TEFb complex containing this cyclin was reported to interact with, and act as a negative regulator of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants, which encode distinct isoforms, have been described.

# Interactions
Cyclin T2 has been shown to interact with CDK9 and Retinoblastoma protein.
Cystocele
Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.

# Overview
A cystocele (SIS-tuh-seal) is a medical condition that occurs when the wall between a woman's bladder and her vagina weakens and allows the bladder to droop into the vagina. This condition may cause discomfort and problems with emptying the bladder.  A cystocele may result from muscle straining during childbirth, heavy lifting or repeated straining during bowel movements. Because the hormone estrogen helps keep the muscles around the vagina strong, cystocele is more common after menopause when levels of estrogen decrease.
A bladder that has dropped from its normal position may cause two kinds of problemsunwanted urine leakage and incomplete emptying of the bladder. In some women, a fallen bladder stretches the opening into the urethra, causing urine leakage when the woman coughs, sneezes, laughs, or moves in any way that puts pressure on the bladder.
A cystocele is mild (grade 1) when the bladder droops only a short way into the vagina. With more severe (grade 2) cystocele, the bladder sinks far enough to reach the opening of the vagina. The most advanced (grade 3) cystocele occurs when the bladder bulges out through the opening of the vagina.
A doctor may be able to diagnose a grade 2 or grade 3 cystocele from a description of symptoms and from physical examination of the vagina because the fallen part of the bladder will be visible. A 'voiding cystourethrogram' (sis-toe-yoo-REETH-roe-gram) is a test that involves taking x rays of the bladder during urination. This x-ray shows the shape of the bladder and lets the doctor see any problems that might block the normal flow of urine. Other tests may be needed to find or rule out problems in other parts of the urinary system.
Treatment options range from no treatment for a mild cystocele to surgery for a serious cystocele. If a cystocele is not bothersome, the doctor may only recommend avoiding heavy lifting or straining that could cause the cystocele to worsen. If symptoms are moderately bothersome, the doctor may recommend a pessary, a device placed in the vagina to hold the bladder in place. Pessaries come in a variety of shapes and sizes to allow the doctor to find the most comfortable fit for the patient. Pessaries must be removed regularly to avoid infection or ulcers.
Large cystoceles may require surgery to move the bladder back into a more normal position and keep it there. This operation may be performed by a gynecologist, a urologist, or a urogynecologist. The patient should be prepared to stay in the hospital for several days and take 4 to 6 weeks to recover fully.
Cytokinin
Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant growth substances (plant hormones) active in promoting cell division, and are also involved in cell growth, differentiation, and other physiological processes. Their effects were first discovered through the use of coconut milk in the 1940s by a scientist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison named Folke Skoog.
There are two kinds of cytokinins, adenine-type cytokinins including kinetin, zeatin and 6-Benzylaminopurine and phenylurea-type cytokinins like diphenylurea. There is no evidence that any phenylurea cytokinins occur naturally in plant tissues. Adenine-type cytokinins are synthesised in stems, leaves and roots, but the root is the major site, furthermore cambium and possibly all actively dividing tissues are responsible for the synthesis of this group of plant hormones. Cytokinin is involved in both local and long distance signalling; as a long distance signal CK shares the same transport systems used by the plant for moving purines and nucleosides.
Cytokinins are involved in many plant processes, including cell division, shoot and root morphagenesis, chloroplast maturation, cell enlargement, auxiliary bud release and senescence. The ratio of auxin to cytokinin is crucial during cell division and the differentiation of plant tissues and auxin is known to regulate the biosynthesis of cytokinin.
Cytopenia
Cytopenia is a reduction in the number of cells circulating in the blood. It takes a number of forms:
- Low red blood cell count: anemia.
- Low white blood cell count: leukopenia or neutropenia (because neutrophils make up at least half of all white cells, they are almost always low in leukopenia).
- Low platelet count: thrombocytopenia.
- Low granulocyte count: granulocytopenia
- Low red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet counts: pancytopenia.
Cytoplasm

# Overview
Cytoplasm is a gelatinous, semi-transparent fluid that fills most cells. Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus that is kept separate from the cytoplasm by a double membrane layer.

# Constituents
The cytoplasm has three major elements; the  cytosol, organelles and inclusions. The cytosol is the gooey, semi-transparent fluid in which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended. The cytoplasm holds organelles and protects them, such as the vacuole, endoplasmic recticulum, etc. Cytosol makes up about 70% of the cell and is composed of water, salts and organic molecules. The cytoskeleton, various proteins, ribosomes and enzymes that are necessary for the cell to catalyze reactions are also found throughout the cytosol.  The inner, granular and more fluid portion of the cytoplasm is referred to as endoplasm.
The organelles are the metabolic machinery of the cell and are like little organs themselves. Some major organelles that are suspended in the cytosol are the mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and in plant cells chloroplasts.
The inclusions are chemical substances that store nutrients, secretory products and pigment granules. 

# Function
The cytoplasm is the site where most cellular activities are done. The functions for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of the cell. The cytosol has enzymes that take molecules and break them down , so that the individual organelles can use them as they need to. The cytosol also contains the cytoskeleton which gives the cell its shape and can help in the movement of the cell.
Data mart
A data mart (DM) is a specialized version of a data warehouse (DW). Like data warehouses, data marts contain a snapshot of operational data that helps business people to strategize based on analyses of past trends and experiences. The key difference is that the creation of a data mart is predicated on a specific, predefined need for a certain grouping and configuration of select data. A data mart configuration emphasizes easy access to relevant information.
There can be multiple data marts inside a single corporation; each one relevant to one or more business units for which it was designed. DMs may or may not be dependent or related to other data marts in a single corporation. If the data marts are designed using conformed facts and dimensions, then they will be related.  In some deployments, each department or business unit is considered the owner of its data mart including all the hardware, software and data.  This enables each department to use, manipulate and develop their data any way they see fit; without altering information inside other data marts or the data warehouse.  In other deployments where conformed dimensions are used, this business unit ownership will not hold true for shared dimensions like customer, product, etc.

# Design schemas
- star schema or dimensional model is a fairly popular design choice, as it enables a relational database to emulate the analytical functionality of a multidimensional database.
- snowflake schema

# Reasons for creating a data mart
- Ease access to frequently needed data
- Creates collective view by a group of users
- Improves end-user response time
- Ease of creation
- Lower cost than implementing a full Data warehouse
- Potential users are more clearly defined than in a full Data warehouse

# Dependent data mart
According to the Inmon school of data warehousing, a dependent data mart is a logical subset (view) or a physical subset (extract) of a larger data warehouse, isolated for one of the following reasons:
- A need for a special data model or schema: e.g., to restructure for OLAP
- Performance: to offload the data mart to a separate computer for greater efficiency or to obviate the need to manage that workload on the centralized data warehouse.
- Security: to separate an authorized data subset selectively
- Expediency: to bypass the data governance and authorizations required to incorporate a new application on the Enterprise Data Warehouse
- Proving Ground: to demonstrate the viability and ROI (return on investment) potential of an application prior to migrating it to the Enterprise Data Warehouse
- Politics: a coping strategy for IT (Information Technology) in situations where a user group has more influence than funding or is not a good citizen on the centralized data warehouse.
- Politics: a coping strategy for consumers of data in situations where a data warehouse team is unable to create a usable data warehouse.
According to the Inmon school of data warehousing, tradeoffs inherent with data marts include limited scalability, duplication of data, data inconsistency with other silos of information, and inability to leverage enterprise sources of data.