Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Galbanum
Galbanum is an aromatic gum resin, the product of certain Persian plant species, chiefly  Ferula gummosa, syn. galbaniflua and Ferula rubricaulis. Galbanum-yielding plants grow plentifully on the slopes of the mountain ranges of northern Iran. It occurs usually in hard or soft, irregular, more or less translucent and shining lumps, or occasionally in separate tears, of a light-brown, yellowish or greenish-yellow colour, and has a disagreeable, bitter taste, a peculiar, somewhat musky odour, and a specific gravity of 1.212. It contains about 8% of terpene; about 65% of a resin which contains sulphur; about 20% of gum; and a very small quantity of the colourless crystalline substance umbelliferone.
Galbanum is one of the oldest of drugs. In the Book of Exodus 30:34, it is mentioned as a sweet spice, to be used in the making of a perfume for the tabernacle. However, Rabbi Shelomo ben Yitschak of the 1100s comments on this passage that galabanum is bitter and was included in the incense as a reminder of deliberate and unrepentant sinners.
It is occasionally used in the making of modern perfume, and is the ingredient which gives the distinctively unique smell to the fragrance "Must" by Cartier.  Hippocrates employed it in medicine, and Pliny the Elder (Nat. Hist. xxiv. 13) ascribes to it extraordinary curative powers, concluding his account of it with the assertion that "the very touch of it mixed with oil of spondylium is sufficient to kill a serpent." The drug is occasionally given in modern medicine, in doses of from five to fifteen grains. It has the actions common to substances containing a resin and a volatile oil. Its use in medicine is, however, obsolescent.
de:Galbanharz
Ganglion

# Overview
In anatomy, a ganglion (pl. ganglia)  is a tissue mass, composed mainly of somata and dendritic structures, that often interconnects with other ganglia to form a complex system of ganglia known as a plexus. Ganglia provide relay points and intermediary connections between different neurological structures in the body, such as the peripheral and central nervous systems.
There are two major groups of ganglia: dorsal root ganglia (also known as the spinal ganglia) and autonomic ganglia. The former contains the cell bodies of sensory (afferent) nerves and the latter contains the cell bodies of autonomic nerves.
In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the central nervous system to the ganglion are known as preganglionic fibers, while those from the ganglion to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers.
In the brain, basal ganglia is a group of nuclei interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem, associated with a variety of functions: motor control, cognition, emotions and learning.

# Related Chapters
- Dorsal root ganglion
- Ganglion cell
- Ganglion cyst
- Nervous system
- Neuron
Gargling
Gargling is a common method of cleansing the throat, especially if one has a sore throat or upper-respiratory virus or infection. The physical act of gargling usually requires that one tilts the head back, allowing a mouthful of liquid to sit in the upper throat. Air is then expelled from the lungs, causing the liquid to bubble and undulate throughout the throat and mouth region.
Gargling may be done with water or green tea (as it has been used in Asia1 2), but there are also many specific medicines designed to be used, either readily available at a supermarket or drug store or requiring a prescription from a licensed medical doctor. Home remedies for gargling include a hyper-tonic saline solution of table salt (ratio of solid to liquid varies; suggestion: 1/4 teaspoon of table salt in 8 oz. warm water) and various types of vinegar.  Gargling with a solution of table salt is known to provide relief for a sore throat because as a natural dehydrator, salt draws water from the inflammations in the throat by osmosis.
Antiseptic mouthwash can be also gargled to remove bacteria from the throat.
According to modern western etiquette, gargling is a fairly impolite activity during a social occasion or mealtime. It is typically performed in a bathroom at a sink so the refused liquid may be disposed of properly.
Gaviscon
Gaviscon is a non-prescription medication for the treatment of heartburn and GERD (acid reflux). It is produced and distributed in the UK by Reckitt Benckiser and by GlaxoSmithKline in the US and Canada.
The active antacid ingredients in the Gaviscon UK formula are aluminum hydroxide and either magnesium carbonate or magnesium trisillicate.
In addition to the acid-neutralizing ingredients, Gaviscon contains "alginate" (alginic acid + sodium bicarbonate). When taken by mouth the combination of the alginic acid and bicarbonate creates a protective barrier which prevents stomach acid from refluxing back up into the esophagus. 
This protective barrier helps reduce the number of reflux episodes and provides up to 4 hours action against heartburn. If reflux occurs, this protective barrier is the first to contact the esophageal mucosa, and thus provides protection against the gastric contents. 
It may be helpful to combine treatment with lifestyle modifications such as loss of weight, raising the head of the bed at night, reduction in alcohol consumption and cessation of smoking. 
Gaviscon works in a non-systemic way, so the treatment doesn't enter the bloodstream.
Geraniol
Geraniol, also called rhodinol, is a monoterpenoid and an alcohol. It is the primary part of oil-of-rose, palmarosa oil, and citronella oil (Java type). It also occurs in small quantities in geranium, lemon, and many other essential oils. It appears as a clear to pale-yellow oil which is insoluble in water, but soluble in most common organic solvents.  It has a rose-like odor, for which it is commonly used in perfumes. It is used in flavors such as peach, raspberry, grapefruit, red apple, plum, lime, orange, lemon, watermelon, pineapple and blueberry.
Research has shown geraniol to be an effective plant based insect repellent.
Although,it is also produced by the scent glands of honey bees to help them mark nectar-bearing flowers and locate the entrances to their hives.
In a 1994 report released by five top cigarette companies, geraniol is listed as one of the 599 additives to cigarettes, to improve their flavor. Geraniol and other flavor compounds are found naturally in well aged tobacco.
In acidic solutions, geraniol is converted to the cyclic terpene alpha-terpineol.

# Health and safety information
Geraniol should be avoided by people with perfume allergy.
Germaben
Germaben II is a clear, viscous liquid used to inhibit microbial, yeast and mould growth in cosmetics and other personal products.  It contains propylene glycol, propylparaben, methylparaben, and diazolidinyl urea.  It is a Registered Trademark of International Specialty Products.
Germaben II is used primarily by small businesses or home hobbyists who make soap, lotions, shampoos and other body care products.
Germaben II contains parabens which are known carcinogens, causing breast tumors by mimicking the body's hormone estrogen.
Gillenia
Gillenia (syn. Porteranthus) is a genus of two species of perennial herbs in the Rosaceae family. Common names for plants in this genus include: Bowman's root, indian-physic, American ipecac. This genus is endemic to dry open woods with acidic soils in eastern North America. Both plants are subshrubs with exposed semi-woody branches and serrated leaves; the larger lower leaves are divided into palmately arranged leaflets. Plants bloom in May, June, or July; blooms are composed of five slender white petals which are loosely arranged and typically appear slightly twisted and limp as if they were wilted. The flowers mature into small capsules. These plants are often planted as ornamentals and used medicinally as an herbal remedy.

# Classification and name
Traditionally this genus is considered a member of subfamily Spiraeoideae. However, this genus is sometimes included in the subfamily Maloideae (or Pomoideae). This is somewhat controversial since members of this subfamily typically include only woody pome bearing plants with a haploid chromosome number of 17, and Gillenia is herbaceous and has a haploid chromosome number of 9.
It is not totally clear whether Gillenia (Moench) or Porteranthus (Britton ex Small) is the best name to use for this genus. Most current North American scholarly sources use the latter synonym Porteranthus citing that Gillenia is already occupied by way of quasi-synonymy: Gillena was used by Michel Adanson as a synonym for Clethra (The ICBN rules that "similar names that can be confused" should be treated as synonyms). A proposal to formally conserve Gillenia was mooted after a vote determined that Gillena was not validly published and that it and Gillenia were not likely to be confused. Several sources continue to use Porteranthus: Missouri Botanical Gardens 2007, Moerman 2003, Gleason & Cronquist 1991, and Magee and Ahles 1999. The Flora of North America volume containing this genus is not yet published.

# Species
The two similar species can be distinguished by their stipules. In G. stipulata, the stipules at the base of the leaves, which are round and deeply toothed, persist throughout the life of the plant. In G. trifoliata the long slender stipules are quickly deciduous, this species also tends to have longer leaves and petals.
- G. trifoliata or Porteranthus trifoliatus -- mountain indian physic
- G. stipulata or Porteranthus stipulatus -- indian physic
Gingerol
Gingerol, or sometimes -gingerol, is the active constituent of fresh ginger.  Chemically, gingerol is a relative of capsaicin, the compound that gives chile peppers their spiciness.  It is normally found as a pungent yellow oil, but also can form a low-melting crystalline solid.
Cooking ginger transforms gingerol into zingerone, which is less pungent and has a spicy-sweet aroma.
Gingerol may reduce nausea caused by motion sickness or pregnancy and may also relieve migraine.
Glisodin
Glisodin is a nutritional supplement based on two constituents:
- Cantaloupe extract, which typically contains high quantities of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD)
- Gliadin, a wheat protein designed to protect SOD during the digestive process

# Background
As oxygen metabolizes in the body, potentially harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) are created.  The human body implements an antioxidant defense system to protect against ROS.  In the event that these defenses are overpowered by the ROS, cell damage results (which is a major cause of aging in the body).
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) helps to slow the creation of ROS, ultimately playing a key role in the defense against cell damage.  However, due to a very fragile molecular structure, it is particularly prone to damage from stomach acids and digestive enzymes when taken orally.  Gliadin, which is well-known as a carrier protein for controlled drug release, helps to protect SOD.  The union of the two is known as GliSODin, and is "the only proven orally effective delivery of SOD."

# Research
A wide range of clinical research has been undertaken to study glisodin's antioxidant capacities.  This has extended into a wide range of applications, including protection from ultraviolet radiation, athletic performance, cardiovascular health, ischemia and reperfusion injury.
A group of researchers in France and Germany led by Dr. Claus Muth concluded that glisodin is helpful in protecting against DNA damage caused by hyperbaric oxidation. A 2005 study at Rutgers University also concluded that glisodin is helpful in enhancing athletic performance while minimizing fatigue.
Globulin

# Overview
Globulin is one of the two types of serum proteins, the other being albumin. This generic term encompasses a heterogeneous series of families of proteins, with larger molecules and less soluble in pure water than albumin, which migrate less than albumin during serum electrophoresis.
It is sometimes used synonymously with Globular protein. However, albumin is also a globular protein, but not a globulin. All other serum globular proteins are globulins.
Protein electrophoresis is used to categorize globulins into the following four categories:
- Alpha 1 globulins
- Alpha 2 globulins
- Beta globulins
- Gamma globulins (one group of gamma globulins are immunoglobulins, that function as antibodies)
Glutelin

# Overview
Glutelins are soluble in dilute acids or bases, detergents, chaotropic or reducing agents. They are generally prolamin-like proteins in certain grass seeds. glutenin is the most common glutelin as it is found in wheat and is responsible from some of the refined baking properties in bread wheat. The glutelins of barley and rye have also been identified.
Typically there are HMW and LMW glutelins in these species, they crosslink with themselves and other proteins during baking via disulfide bonds.
A HMW glutelin (glutenin) of the grass tribe Triticeae can be sensitizing agents for coeliac disease in individuals who possess the HLA-DQ8 class II antigen receptor gene. (not yet characterized to the epitope level)
H-reflex
The H-reflex is a reflectory reaction  of muscles after electrical stimulation of sensory fibers (Ia afferents stemming from muscle spindles) in their innervating nerves (for example, those located behind the knee).
H-reflex is analogous to the mechanically induced spinal stretch reflex (for example, knee jerk reflex) because both cases muscle-spindle innervating fibers are activated.
H-reflex is used to assess fitness of astronauts. H-reflex was the first medical experiment completed on the International Space Station.

# History
It was first described by Paul Hoffmann (hence the name) in 1910.
HIST1H1C
Histone H1.2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIST1H1C gene.
Histones are basic nuclear proteins responsible for nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. Two molecules of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) form an octamer, around which approximately 146 bp of DNA is wrapped in repeating units, called nucleosomes. The linker histone, H1, interacts with linker DNA between nucleosomes and functions in the compaction of chromatin into higher order structures. This gene is intronless and encodes a member of the histone H1 family. Transcripts from this gene lack polyA tails but instead contain a palindromic termination element. This gene is found in the large histone gene cluster on chromosome 6.
Apart from its roles in the nucleus, histone H1.2 also participates in apoptosis. In response to apoptotic stimuli, mainly DNA damage, it is translocated from the nucleus to the cytosol. There, it activates Bak, a pro-apoptotic protein bound to the mithochondria outer membrane (MOM). Activation of Bak causes the perforation of the mitochondria, a process known as MOMP (mitochondria outer membrane permeabilization) which promotes apoptosis. Histone H1.2 also forms a complex with the apoptosome, possibly regulating its formation.
HIST1H3C
Histone H3.1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIST1H3C gene.
Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. Two molecules of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) form an octamer, around which approximately 146 bp of DNA is wrapped in repeating units, called nucleosomes. The linker histone, H1, interacts with linker DNA between nucleosomes, and functions in the compaction of chromatin into higher order structures.
This gene is intronless, and encodes a member of the histone H3 family. Transcripts from this gene lack polyA tails, instead containing a palindromic termination element. This gene is found in the large histone gene cluster on chromosome 6.
HLA-DQB1
Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1, also known as HLA-DQB1, is a human gene and also denotes the genetic locus that contains this gene. The protein encoded by this gene is one of two proteins that are required to form the DQ heterodimer, a cell surface receptor essential to the function of the immune system.

# Function
HLA-DQB1 belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. This class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DQA) and a beta chain (DQB), both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen-presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages).

# Gene structure and polymorphisms
The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa and it contains 5 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular protein domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain, and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DQ molecule, both the alpha chain and the beta chain contain the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities, resulting in up to 4 different molecules. Typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow transplantation.

# Disease association

## Diabetes
Several alleles of HLA-DQB1 are associated with an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes.  The locus also has the genetic name IDDM1 as it is the highest genetic risk for type 1 diabetes. Again the DQB1*0201 and DQB1*0302 alleles, particularly the phenotype DQB1*0201/*0302 has a high risk of late onset type 1 diabetes. The risk is partially shared with the HLA-DR locus (DR3 and DR4 serotypes).

## Celiac disease
Celiac1 is a genetic name for DQB1, the HLA DQB1*0201, *0202, and *0302 encode genes that mediate the autoimmune coeliac disease. Homozygotes of DQB1*0201 have a higher risk of developing the celiac disease, relative to any other genetic locus.

## Multiple sclerosis
Certain HLA-DQB1 alleles are also linked to a modest increased risk of multiple sclerosis.

## Narcolepsy
Other HLA-DQB1 alleles are associated with a predisposition to narcolepsy, specifically HLA-DQB1*0602, which is carried by over 90% of patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy.

# Alleles
HLA-DRB1
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB1 beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DRB1 gene. DRB1 encodes the most prevalent beta subunit of HLA-DR. Several alleles of DRB1 (shared epitope alleles) are associated with an increased incidence of rheumatoid arthritis.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. The class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DRA) and a beta chain (DRB), both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins to T helper cells. Class II molecules are constitutively expressed in professional antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages), and could be induced in non-professional APCs.

# Gene structure and polymorphisms
The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa. It is encoded by 6 exons, exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DR molecule the beta chain contains all the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities. Hundreds of DRB1 alleles have been described and typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation.

# Gene expression
DRB1 is expressed at a level five times higher than its paralogues DRB3, DRB4 and DRB5. DRB1 is present in all individuals. Allelic variants of DRB1 are linked with either none or one of the genes DRB3, DRB4 and DRB5. There are 4 related pseudogenes: DRB2, DRB6, DRB7, DRB8 and DRB9.
Prevalence of the HLA-DRB1*10:01 allele was greatly increased in people with anti-IgLON5 disease.
HLA-DRB4
Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 4, also known as HLA-DRB4, is a human gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. The class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DRA) and a beta chain (DRB), both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages).

# Gene structure and polymorphisms
The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa. It is encoded by 6 exons, exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DR molecule the beta chain contains all the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities. Hundreds of DRB1 alleles have been described and typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation.

# Gene expression
DRB1 is expressed at a level five times higher than its paralogues DRB3, DRB4 and DRB5. DRB1 is present in all individuals. Allelic variants of DRB1 are linked with either none or one of the genes DRB3, DRB4 and DRB5. There are 4 related pseudogenes: DRB2, DRB6, DRB7, DRB8 and DRB9.
HLA-DRB5
HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB5 beta chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-DRB5 gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the HLA class II beta chain paralogues. The class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DRA) and a beta chain (DRB), both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages).

# Gene structure and polymorphisms
The beta chain is approximately 26-28 kDa. It is encoded by 6 exons, exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DR molecule the beta chain contains all the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities. Hundreds of DRB1 alleles have been described and typing for these polymorphisms is routinely done for bone marrow and kidney transplantation.

# Gene expression
DRB1 is expressed at a level five times higher than its paralogues DRB3, DRB4 and DRB5. DRB1 is present in all individuals. Allelic variants of DRB1 are linked with either none or one of the genes DRB3, DRB4 and DRB5. The presence of DRB5 is linked with allelic variants of DRB1, otherwise it is omitted. There are 4 related pseudogenes: DRB2, DRB6, DRB7, DRB8 and DRB9.