Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Calcium oxalate

# Overview
Calcium oxalate is a chemical compound that forms needle-shaped crystals. Large quantities are found in the poisonous plant dumb cane. It is also found in rhubarb leaves, various species of Oxalis, and agaves, and (in lower amounts) in spinach. Calcium oxalate crystals in the urine are the most common constituent of human kidney stones, and calcium oxalate crystal formation is also one of the toxic effects of ethylene glycol poisoning.
Even a small dose of calcium oxalate is enough to cause intense sensations of burning in the mouth and throat, swelling, and choking. In larger doses, however, calcium oxalate causes severe digestive upset, breathing difficulties and - if enough is consumed - convulsions, coma and death. Recovery from severe oxalate poisoning is possible, but permanent liver and kidney damage may have occurred.
Nonsoluble calcium oxalate crystals are found in plant stems, roots, and leaves. The stalk of the Dieffenbachia produces the most severe reactions. These needle-like crystals produce pain and edema when they contact lips, tongue, oral mucosa, conjunctiva, or skin. Oedema primarily is due to direct trauma from the needle-like crystals and, to a lesser extent, by other plant toxins (e.g. bradykinins, enzymes).
Calcium oxalate also forms a major component of beerstone, a brownish precipitate that tends to accumulate within vats, barrels and other containers used in the brewing of beer. Beerstone is composed of calcium and magnesium salts and various organic compounds left over from the brewing process; it promotes the growth of unwanted microorganisms that can adversely affect or even ruin the flavor of a batch of beer.
Schlemm's canal
Schlemm's canal, also known as canal of Schlemm or the scleral venous sinus, is a circular channel in the eye that collects aqueous humor from the anterior chamber and delivers it into the bloodstream.
The canal is essentially an endothelium-lined tube, resembling that of a lymphatic vessel. On the inside of the canal, nearest to the aqueous humor, it is covered by the trabecular meshwork, this region makes the greatest contribution to outflow resistance of the aqueous humor.
Named after Friedrich Schlemm (1795-1858), a German anatomist.

# Role in glaucoma
The canal transfers approximately 2-3 microliters of aqueous humor per minute. If debris builds up, due to infection or injury in the aqueous humor, the canal is blocked and glaucoma is the result.

# Canaloplasty
Canaloplasty is an advanced, nonpenetrating procedure designed to enhance and restore the eyes natural drainage system to provide sustained reduction of intraocular pressure. Canaloplasty utilizes microcatheters in a simple and minimally invasive procedure. 
To perform a canaloplasty, a surgeon will create a tiny incision to gain access to Schlemm's canal. A microcatheter circumnavigates Schlemm's canal around the iris, enlarging the main drainage channel and its smaller collector channels through the injection of a sterile, gel-like material called viscoelastic. The catheter is then removed and a suture is placed within the canal and tightened. By opening Shlemm's canal, the pressure inside the eye is relieved.
Candida (genus)

# Overview
Candida is a genus of yeasts. Clinically, the most significant member of the genus is Candida albicans, which can cause numerous infections (called candidiasis or thrush) in humans and other animals, especially in immunocompromised patients.  Various Candida species are members of gut flora in animals, including C. albicans.
The last decade has seen the sustained medical importance of opportunistic infections due to different Candida species mainly due to the worldwide increase in the number of immunocompromised patients, who are highly susceptible to opportunistic infections . Meanwhile, the genome sequence of several Candida species has been completed, enabling the detailed investigation of some aspects of their biology with the aid of post-genomic approaches. The basic knowledge gained from these investigations of pathogenic Candida, and related yeasts, can translate into innovations in the development of novel antifungal therapies, original approaches for targeted immuno-interventions, or highly sensitive diagnosis of fungal infections .

# Laboratory characteristics
Grown in the laboratory, Candida appears as large, round, white or cream (albicans is from Latin meaning 'whitish') colonies on agar plates.

# Clinical characteristics
Candida species are responsible for superficial infections such as oropharyngeal candidiasis (thrush) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (vaginal Candidiasis). These infections can be cured with antifungal medications, but they do represent a concern in AIDS patients.
Candida are also responsible for a number of life-threatening opportunistic infections in AIDS patients and other immunocompromised people - including patients treated in intensive care units (ICUs), cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, and organ transplant patients.
Another common Candida infection is oral candidiasis caused by acrylic dentures, especially in elderly denture wearers. Colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by C. albicans may result from taking antacids or antihyperacidity drugs.  This colonization may interfere with absorption of Coenzyme Q10.

# Species
Among Candida species, C. albicans, which can also be a commensal of the skin and the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts, is responsible for the majority of Candida bloodstream infections (candidemia). Yet, there is an increasing incidence of infections caused by C. glabrata, which could be due to the fact that it is frequently less susceptible to the currently used azole antifungals. Other medically important Candida species include C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. dubliniensis 
Other Candida species, such as C. oleophila have been used as biological control agents in fruit.

# Other
Alternative medicine practitioners often use the term Candida to refer to a complex with broad spectrum of symptoms, the majority of which center around gastrointestinal distress, rashes, sore gums and other miscellaneous symptoms.  This diagnosis is considered incorrect by mainstream medicine.
Cannabis (drug)
Synonyms / Brand Names:

# Dosing and Administration
FDA Package Insert Resources
Indications, Contraindications, Side Effects, Drug Interactions, etc.
Calculate Creatine Clearance
On line calculator of your patients Cr Cl by a variety of formulas.
Convert pounds to Kilograms
On line calculator of your patients weight in pounds to Kg for dosing estimates.
 Publication Resources
Recent articles, WikiDoc State of the Art Review, Textbook Information
Trial Resources
Ongoing Trials, Trial Results
Guidelines & Evidence Based Medicine Resources
US National Guidelines, Cochrane Collaboration, etc.
Media Resources
Slides, Video, Images, MP3, Podcasts, etc.
Patient Resources
Discussion Groups, Handouts, Blogs, News, etc.
International Resources
en Espanol

# FDA Package Insert Resources
Indications
Contraindications
Side Effects
Drug Interactions
Precautions
Overdose
Instructions for Administration
How Supplied
Pharmacokinetics and Molecular Data
FDA label
FDA on Cannabis (drug)
Return to top

# Publication Resources
Most Recent Articles on Cannabis (drug)
Review Articles on Cannabis (drug)
Articles on Cannabis (drug) in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
WikiDoc State of the Art Review
Textbook Information on Cannabis (drug)
Return to top

# Trial Resources
Ongoing Trials with Cannabis (drug) at Clinical Trials.gov
Trial Results with Cannabis (drug)
Return to top

# Guidelines & Evidence Based Medicine Resources
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Cannabis (drug)
Cochrane Collaboration on Cannabis (drug)
Cost Effectiveness of Cannabis (drug)
Return to top

# Media Resources
Powerpoint Slides on Cannabis (drug)
Images of Cannabis (drug)
Podcasts & MP3s on Cannabis (drug)
Videos on Cannabis (drug)
Return to top

# Patient Resources
Patient Information from National Library of Medicine
Patient Resources on Cannabis (drug)
Discussion Groups on Cannabis (drug)
Patient Handouts on Cannabis (drug)
Blogs on Cannabis (drug)
Cannabis (drug) in the News
Cannabis (drug) in the Marketplace
Return to top

# International Resources
Cannabis (drug) en Espanol
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Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Capsicum annuum
Capsicum annuum is a domesticated species of the plant genus Capsicum native to Mexico,.

# Description
The  plant is a herbaceous annual, with a densely branched stem. The plant reaches 0.51.5 m (2060 in). Single white flowers bear the fruit which is green when unripe, changing principally to red, some varieties may ripen to brown or purple.

# Cultivation
While the species can tolerate most climates, they are especially productive in warm and dry climates.
Due to this climate tolerance, and the variety of flavors available, this New World plant spread across the world, possibly faster than any other crop.

# Use

## Food
The species is a source of popular sweet peppers and hot chilli fruit, it is cultivated around the world. Despite being a single species, Capsicum annum has many cultivars, with a variety of names. In American English it is commonly known as the chili pepper or bell pepper.
In British English, they are all called peppers, whereas in Australian and Indian English there is no commonly-used name encompassing all its forms, the name capsicum being commonly used for bell peppers exclusively.
Common varieties include:
- Aleppo
- Ancho
- Bell pepper
- Cubanelle
- Dundicut
- Jalapeno
- Pimento
- Poblano
- Tien Tsin

## Medicine
Hot peppers are used in medicine as well as food in Africa.
John Lindley (1799-1865) wrote in his 'Flora Medica' (1838)about Capsicum annuum, page 509: 'It is employed in medicine, in combination with Cinchona in intermittent and lethargic affections, and also in atonic gout, dyspepsia accompanied by flatulence, tympanitis, paralysis etc. Its most valuable application appears however to be in cynanche maligna and scarlatina maligna, used either as a gargle or administered internally.'
Carbon suboxide

# Overview
Carbon suboxide, or tricarbon dioxide, C3O2, is a colorless pungent gas, with four cumulative double bonds, making it a cumulene. It is closely related to CO, CO2 and C2O, and other oxides of carbon.
Brodie discovered it in 1873 by submitting electric current to carbon monoxide. Marcellin Berthelot created the name carbon suboxide,
while Otto Diels later stated that the more organic names dicarbonyl methane and dioxallene were also correct.
It is synthesized by warming a dry mixture of phosphorus pentoxide (P4O10) and malonic acid or the esters of malonic acid.
Therefore, it can be also considered as the anhydride of malonic anhydride, i.e. the "second anhydride" of malonic acid. Malonic anhydride (not the be confused with maleic anhydride) is a real molecule.
Several other ways for synthesis and reactions of carbon suboxide can be found in a review from 1930 by Reyerson.
Carbon suboxide polymerizes spontaneously to a red, yellow, or black solid. The structure is postulated to be poly(-pyronic), similar to the structure in 2-Pyrone (-Pyrone).
In 1969, it was proposed that the color of Martian surface is attributed to this compound, it was proven to be a wrong concept after the Viking mission.
Carbonate ester
A carbonate ester is a functional group in organic chemistry consisting of a carbonyl group flanked by two alkoxy groups. The general structure of these carbonates is R1O(C=O)OR2 and they are related to esters R1O(C=O)R and ethers R1OR2 and also to the inorganic carbonates.
Carbonate esters are used as protecting group for diols. A classic reagent is phosgene but more user friendly reagents exist such as carbonyl diimidazole. Ethylene carbonate and Propylene carbonate are used as a solvent. Dimethyl carbonate is used as a methylating reagent.
In many applications a carbonate group replaces an ester group for example in Cholesteryl oleyl carbonate. Polycarbonates are an important class of polymers.

# Organic synthesis
Laboratory methods for the synthesis of carbonate ester in the laboratory are:
- from the corresponding diols.
- by double oxidation of ketones in a Baeyer-Villiger rearrangement
- by reaction of an epoxide  with carbon dioxide catalysed by a zinc halide
Cardiac surgeon
A cardiac surgeon is a surgeon who performs cardiac surgery - operative procedures on the heart and great vessels.

# Training
In the United States and Canada, a cardiac surgery residency typically comprises anywhere from six to nine years (or longer) of training to become a fully qualified surgeon.  Cardiac surgery training may be combined with thoracic surgery and / or vascular surgery and called cardiovascular (CV) / cardiothoracic (CT) / cardiovascularthoracic (CVT) surgery.  Cardiac surgeons may enter a cardiac surgery residency directly from medical school, or first complete a general surgery residency followed by a fellowship.  Cardiac surgeons may further sub-specialise cardiac surgery by doing a fellowship in a variety of topics including: pediatric cardiac surgery, cardiac transplantation, adult acquired heart disease, etc.

## Canada
Historically, cardiac surgeons in Canada completed general surgery followed by a fellowship in CV / CT / CVT.  During the 1990's, the Canadian cardiac surgery training programs changed to six-year "direct-entry" programs following medical school.  The direct-entry format provides residents with experience related to cardiac surgery they would not receive in a general surgery program (e.g. echocardiography, coronary care unit, cardiac pathology, etc).
Contemporary Canadian candidates completing general surgery and wishing to pursue cardiac surgery often complete a cardiothoracic surgery fellowship in the United States.  However, the University of Toronto offers a three-year cardiac surgery fellowship for qualified general surgeons.

## United States
Cardiac surgery training in the United States is combined with thoracic surgery and called cardiothoracic surgery.  Cardiothoracic surgeons in the U.S. first complete a general surgery residency (typically five to seven years), followed by a cardiothoracic surgery fellowship. The Cardiothoracic fellowship typically spans two or three years, but certification is based on the number of surgeries performed as the operating surgeon, not the time spent in the program.  Recently, however, options for a six-year cardiothoracic residency (in place of the general surgery residency plus fellowship) have been established at a few select institutions.
The American Board of Thoracic Surgery offers a special pathway certificate in congenital heart surgery which typically requires an additional year of fellowship. This formal certificate is unique because pediatric cardiac surgeons in other countries do not have formal evaluation and recognition of pediatric training by a licensing body.

# Career

## United States
According to the 2006 MGMA Physician Compensation and Production Survey the average compensation of a cardiac surgeon is $470,000 USD.
Cardiotocograph

# Overview
The cardiotocograph, more commonly known as an electronic fetal monitor or external fetal monitor (EFM) or non-stress test (NST), is used to monitor a pregnant woman, typically in the third trimester. A cardiotocograph measures simultaneously both the fetal heart rate and the uterine contractions, if any, using two separate disc-shaped transducers laid against the woman's abdomen.  An ultrasound transducer measures the fetal heartbeat.  A pressure-sensitive transducer, called a tocodynamometer (toco), measures the strength and frequency of uterine contractions.
The cardiotocograph was invented by Doctors Orvan Hess and Edward Hon.
Use of this machine during the third trimester to monitor fetal wellbeing is called a non-stress test (NST).  A positive result is indicated by a reactive non-stress test.  This means that the fetal heart rate increased (acceleration) by at least 15 bpm for at least 15 seconds at least twice during a 20 minute interval.
Use of this machine during labor is called a stress test.  When introduced, this practice was expected to reduce the incidence of fetal demise in labor and make for a reduction in cerebral palsy (CP). Its use became almost universal for hospital births in the U.S.  In recent years there has been some controversy as to the utility of the cardiotocograph in low-risk pregnancies, and the related belief that over-reliance on the test has led to increased misdiagnoses of fetal distress and hence increased (and possibly unnecessary) cesarean deliveries.
Cardiotrophin 1
Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) is a cytokine. It is a cardiac hypertrophic factor of 21.5 kDa and a protein member of the IL-6 cytokine family.

# Pathology
CT-1 is associated with the pathophysiology of heart diseases, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, valvular heart disease, and congestive heart failure.

# Mode of action
The protein exerts its cellular effects by interacting with the glycoprotein 130 (gp130)/leukemia inhibitory factor receptor beta (LIFR) heterodimer. In addition, CT-1 activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3 kinase) in cardiac myocytes and enhances transcription factor NF-B DNA -binding activities.
CT-1 is highly expressed in the heart, skeletal muscle, prostate and ovary and to lower levels in lung, kidney, pancreas, thymus, testis and small intestine.
Carnegie stages
In embryology, Carnegie stages are a standardized system of 23 stages used to provide a unified developmental chronology of the vertebrate embryo.
The stages are delineated through the development of structures, not by size or the number of days of development, and so the chronology can vary between species, and to a certain extent between embryos.  It only covers the first 60 days of development; at that point the term embryo is usually replaced with the term fetus.
It was based on work by Streeter (1942) and O'Rahilly and Muller (1987). The name "Carnegie stages" comes from the Carnegie Institute.
While the Carnegie stages provide a universal system for staging and comparing the embryonic development of most vertebrates, other systems are occasionally used for the common model organisms in developmental biology, such as the Hamburger-Hamilton stages in the chick.

# Stages
Days are approximate, and reflect the days since the last ovulation before pregnancy ("Postovulatory age").

## Stage 1: 1 days
- fertilization
- polar bodies

## Stage 2: 3 days
- cleavage
- morula
- compaction

## Stage 3: 4 days
- blastocyst and blastocoele
- embryonic disk
- trophoblast and embryoblast

## Stage 4: 5-6 days
- syncytiotrophoblast
- cytotrophoblast
- amniotic ectoderm

## Stage 5 (a-c): 7-12 days
- implantation
- bilaminar germ disk
- primary yolk sac
- amniotic cavity

## Stage 6: 13-15 days
- primitive streak
- primitive groove
- chorionic villi
- secondary yolk sac

## Stage 7: 15-17 days
- gastrulation
- neural plate
- start of hematopoiesis
- notochord

## Stage 8: 17-19 days
- primitive pit

## Stage 9: 19-21 days
- neural groove
- neural folds
- septum transversum
- placode
- early heart

## Stage 10: 21-23 days
- pharyngeal arches #1 and #2
- cardiac loop
- intermediate mesoderm

## Stage 11: 23-26 days
- sinus venosus
- mesonephric duct

## Stage 12: 26-30 days
- upper limb buds

## Stage 13: 28-32 days
- septum primum
- foramen primum

## Stage 14: 31-35 days
- ureteric bud

## Stage 15: 35-38 days

## Stage 16: 36-42 days

## Stage 17: 42-44 days

## Stage 18: 44-48 days
- septum secundum

## Stage 19: 48-51 days

## Stage 20: 51-53 days

## Stage 21: 53-54 days

## Stage 22: 54-58 days

## Stage 23: 56-60 days
Carney syndrome
CARNEY SYNDROME (CARNEY TRIAD):
Carney syndrome (Carney Triad) was originally proposed to describe cases involving the coexistence of several neoplasms, including: gastric epithelioid leiomyosarcoma, pulmonary chondroma, and extra-adrenal paraganglioma.(1)
Recent advances in molecular biology have demonstrated that the so-called gastric epithelioid leiomyosarcomas, in fact, represent gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs).(2)  This distinction is important amongst physicians.  Pathologists, in addition to examining the conventional morphology of the tumour using a microscope, will use a special diagnostic technique called immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of the molecule CD117 (c-kit) to confirm the diagnosis.  Clinicians, in turn, typically treat these tumours with a drug that specifically targets mutations in c-kit, called Gleevec; however, there is limited evidence to suggest that GISTs in Carney Syndrome lack c-kit mutations (i.e., they are wild-type), hence may prove unresponsive to this medication.(3)
Occasionally Carney syndrome is erroneously used by physicians to describe Carney Complex, or vice versa;(4,5,6) however, these terms represent two entirely distinct entities.  Carney Complex, simply stated, describes a multiple neoplasia syndrome that is generally characterized by myxomatous neoplasms (cardiac, endocrine, cutaneous and neural), and a host of pigmented lesions of the skin and mucosae, including the rarely occurring epitheloid blue naevus.(7,8)

# Differential Diagnosis
Carney syndrome must be differentiated from other diseases causing multiple polyps, such as:

# REFERENCES
1.  Carney JA.  The triad of gastric epithelioid leiomyosarcoma, pulmonary chondroma, and functioning extra-adrenal paraganglioma: a five-year review.  Medicine (Baltimore). 1983;62(3): 159-169.
2. Boccon-Gibod L, Boman F, Boudjemaa S, Fabre M, Leverger G, Carney AJ.  Separate occurrence of extra-adrenal paraganglioma and gastrointestinal stromal tumor in monozygotic twins: probable familial Carney syndrome.  Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2004;7(4):380-4.
3.  Diment J, Tamborini E, Casali P, Gronchi A, Carney JA, Colecchia M.  Carney triad: case report and molecular analysis of gastric tumor.  Hum Pathol. 2005;36(1):112-6.
5.  Rosai J. Surgical Pathology, 9th Ed.  Mosby: China.  2004; p.117.
6. Nwokoro NA, Korytkowski MT, Rose S, Gorin MB, Penles Stadler M, Witchel SF, Mulvihill JJ. Spectrum of malignancy and premalignancy in Carney syndrome.  Am J Med Genet. 1997;73(4):369-77.
7.  Carney JA, Gordon H, Carpenter PC, Shenoy BV, Go VL.  The complex of myxomas, spotty pigmentation, and endocrine overactivity.  Medicine (Baltimore). 1985;64(4):270-83.
8. Iglesias C, Torrelo A, Colmenero I, Mediero IG, Zambrano A, Requenca L. Isolated multiple congential epithelioid blue naevus. British Journal of Dermatology 2005;152:391-393.
Carpopedal spam

# Overview
Trousseau sign of latent tetany is a medical sign observed in patients with low calcium. This sign may become positive before other gross manifestations of hypocalcemia such as hyperreflexia and tetany, as such it is generally believed to be more sensitive (94%) than the Chvostek sign (29%) for hypocalcemia..

# Carpopedal Spasm
To elicit the sign, a blood pressure cuff is placed around the arm and inflated to a pressure greater than the systolic blood pressure and held in place for 3 minutes. This will occlude the brachial artery. In the absence of blood flow, the patient's hypocalcemia and subsequent neuromuscular irritability will induce spasm of the muscles of the hand and forearm. The wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints flex, the DIP and PIP joints extend, and the fingers adduct. The sign is also known as main d'accoucheur (French for "hand of the obstetrician") because it supposedly resembles the position of an obstetrician's hand in delivering a baby.
The sign is named after French physician Armand Trousseau who described the phenomenon in 1861. It is distinct from the Trousseau sign of malignancy.