Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Neosporin

# Overview
Neosporin (from Neo, (Greek) new + Sporos, (Greek) seed) is the product name of an antibiotic ointment produced by Pfizer (later sold to Johnson & Johnson) used in the prevention of infection and speeding the healing of wounds. The original ointment contains three different antibiotics: bacitracin, neomycin, and polymyxin B.  Other brand names for this mixture include Mycitracin and Topisporin.
Neomycin and polymyxin are effective in killing gram-negative bacteria, while bacitracin targets gram-positive bacteria; hence, this 'triple antibiotic' ointment covers for a wide range of bacteria which may infect wounds.
However, these antibiotics are generally only used topically, because they are known for causing serious side effects (such as nephrotoxicity) when used parenterally.  Even when used topically, the antibiotic ointment may cause side effects; in particular, neomycin is well-known for causing allergic reactions such as allergic contact dermatitis. Commonly, though harmlessly, Neosporin tends to exaggerate the pain of abrasions and external injuries.
Neosporin is also used as a brand name for several other U.S. products that do not contain neomycin.
Pfizer also produces a related mixture of bacitracin and polymyxin, branded Polysporin.  Because neomycin is not included in Polysporin, Polysporin may be safely used in individuals with allergies to neomycin. Recently, Pfizer also introduced "Neosporin + Pain Relief," ointment and cream, containing pramoxine, a topical analgesic. In addition to its pain relieving properties, the cream (which omits the bacitracin zinc, as it is not stable in the cream base) appears useful in individuals sensitive to bacitracin, as well as those sensitive to zinc.
In Canada, the Neosporin brand is not sold at all, but Polysporin is sold in several varieties.  The "original" ointments contain polymyxin B and bacitracin, while the creams and eye/ear drops contain polymyxin B and gramicidin.  A "triple" ointment is also available containing all three of the above antibiotics.
New pages

# Overview
WikiDoc being a large online textbook of medicine with several dedicated contributors like students, physicians and researchers, the "New Pages" project is intended to guide all the registered contributors working both onsite and remotely in creating their new pages in an easy way that would preserve the consistency and structure of the pages.  Creating a new page is the fundamental step that editors should be aware while beginning their topics.

# Statement of Need
To create a new page there is a need of user-friendly guidelines that are specific for different projects.  All these guidelines should be made accessible to the editors under a single assemblage.

# How Can WikiDoc Meet These Unmet Needs
WikiDoc chief editor along with other editors and scholars have been working under the project name New Pages for framing standard guidelines that are specific for their respective topics and projects like new diseases, board review, crowdiagnosis, critical pathways, guidelines, microchapters, prevalence, resident survival guide, WikiDoc in other languages and Wikipatient.  We constantly work together to update and improve the guidelines, making it an user efficient tool.

# How Can You Help WikiDoc Meet These Needs
WikiDoc seeks medical students, interns, residents, attending physicians, hospitalists, specialist doctors, researchers, nurses, physician assistants, nurse practitioners getting on board with different WikiDoc projects to actively contribute to the "New Pages" project so that the quality of the pages will keep flourishing.
Nicastrin
Nicastrin, also known as NCSTN, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCSTN gene.

# Function
Nicastrin (abbreviated NCT) is a protein that is part of the gamma secretase protein complex, which is one of the proteases involved in processing amyloid precursor protein (APP) to the short Alzheimer's disease-associated peptide amyloid beta. The other proteins in the complex are PSEN1 (presenilin-1), which is the catalytically active component of the complex, APH-1 (anterior pharynx-defective 1), and PEN-2 (presenilin enhancer 2). Nicastrin itself is not catalytically active, but instead promotes the maturation and proper trafficking of the other proteins in the complex, all of which undergo significant post-translational modification before becoming active in the cell. Nicastrin has also been identified as a regulator of neprilysin, an enzyme involved in the degradation of amyloid beta fragment.

# History
The protein was named after the Italian village Nicastro, reflecting the fact that Alzheimer's disease was described in 1963 after studying descendants of an extended family originating in the village of Nicastro that had Familial Alzheimer's Disease (FAD).

# Interactions
Nicastrin has been shown to interact with PSEN1 and PSEN2.
Nicorette
Nicorette is a branded over-the-counter palliative treatment which is used to ameliorate the withdrawal effects involved in quitting smoking.  It was part of Pfizer Consumer Healthcare Products Company, which was sold to Johnson & Johnson in 2006.  Originally available as a patch for topical application, it was later made available as a nicotine gum (composed of nicotine polacrilex) lozenge, inhaler, and nasal spray.  All these products contain nicotine as the active ingredient and work by delivering this into the bloodstream.  These treatments are commonly referred to as nicotine replacement therapies.
Alternative brand names include Prostep, Habitrol, Nicotrol, Nicoderm, and Commit.
Commit lozenges are an oral palliative aid in the cessation of smoking.  Formats of both 4 mg (for those who smoke their first daily cigarette within 30 minutes of waking) and 2 mg (for those who wait more than 30 minutes before the first daily dose of nicotine), are available.  The lozenges, which are of a minty flavour, are meant to be taken orally at least nine times a day during the first two weeks after a nicotine user is willing to quit using tobacco products.
Nicorette inhalers are widely available over the counter.  In the United States they are branded as Nictrol Inhalers and are only available on prescription.
It is encouraged that you should stop using Nicorette after 12 weeks.  This product can become addictive just like smoking if abused. An internet search can find many overseas or Canadian retailers shipping to the USA for half price.

# Gum Flavors
- Original
- Mint
- Fruit Chill
- Fresh Mint
Nicotiana
Nicotiana refers to a genus of short-leafed plants of the nightshade family indigenous to North and South America. The leaves of various Nicotiana sp., also commonly referred to as  tobacco plants, are cultivated and grown to produce tobacco. The plants contain high quantities of nicotine and as such are commonly used as entheogens and used for pleasure.  The leaves processed into forms where they can be smoked, chewed, and sniffed.
Of all Nicotiana species, N. tabacum is the most widely cultivated and used worldwide for production of tobacco leaf for cigarettes.
Many plants including tobacco and eggplant contain nicotine, a powerful neurotoxin that is particularly harmful to insects. However, tobacco contains a higher concentration of nicotine.

# Cultivation

## Sowing
Nicotiana seeds are scattered onto the surface of the soil, as their germination is activated by light. In colonial Virginia, seedbeds were fertilized with wood ash or animal manure (frequently powdered horse manure). Seedbeds were then covered with branches to protect the young plants from frost damage. These plants were left to grow until around April.
In the nineteenth century, young plants came under increasing attack from the flea beetle (Epitrix cucumeris or Epitrix pubescens), causing destruction of half the United States tobacco crop in 1876. In the years afterward, many experiments were attempted and discussed to control the flea beetle. By 1880 it was discovered that replacing the branches with a frame covered by thin fabric would effectively protect plants from the beetle. This practice spread until it became ubiquitous in the 1890s.
Today, in the United States, unlike other countries, Nicotiana is often fertilized with the mineral apatite in order to partially starve the plant for nitrogen, which changes the taste of the tobacco.

## Transplanting
After the plants have reached a certain height, they are transplanted into fields. This was originally done by making a relatively large hole in the tilled earth with a tobacco peg, then placing the small plant in the hole. Various mechanical tobacco planters were invented throughout the late 19th and early 20th century to automate this process, making a hole, fertilizing it, and guiding a plant into the hole with one motion.

# Species
Nicotiana acuminata
Nicotiana alata
Nicotiana attenuata
Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana clevelandii
Nicotiana  digluta
Nicotiana excelsior
Nicotiana forgetiana
Nicotiana glauca
Nicotiana glutinosa
Nicotiana langsdorffii
Nicotiana longiflora
Nicotiana obtusifolia (synonym: Nicotiana trigonophylla)
Nicotiana paniculata
Nicotiana plumbagifolia
Nicotiana quadrivalvis
Nicotiana repanda
Nicotiana rustica
Nicotiana suaveolens
Nicotiana sylvestris
Nicotiana tabacum (a cultivated hybrid, not a species)
Nicotiana tomentosa
ITIS 30562 as of August 26, 2005

# Gallery
- Nicotiana glauca
Nicotiana glauca
- Nicotiana rustica
Nicotiana rustica
- Flower of Nicotiana tabacum
Nifuratel

# Overview
Nifuratel (brand name Macmiror, orin combination with nystatinMacmiror Complex) is a drug used in gynecology. It is a local antiprotozoal and antifungal agent that may also be given orally. Nifuratel is not approved for use in the United States.
Nifuratel appears to have a broad antibacterial spectrum of action and is effective against Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma spp. as well as fungal infections from Candida spp.
Taken orally, or as a vaginal pessary, it is used in the treatment of a wide range of infections of the genito-urinary tract, especially if there is no accurate diagnosis available. For example it may be used in the treatment of women exhibiting vaginal discharge where there is uncertainty as to whether the cause is Trichomonas vaginalis or Candida strains such as Candida albicans.
Side effects appear to be minimal or non-existent and it has a safe toxicological profile.
Nigericin
Nigericin is an antibiotic derived from Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Commercially it is obtained as a byproduct, or contaminant, at the fermentation of Geldanamycin. It is also called 
Polyetherin A, Azalomycin M, Helixin C, Antibiotic K178, Antibiotic X-464.
Nigericin acts as an H+, K+, Pb++ ionophore.  It most commonly is an antiporter of H+ and K+.
In the past Nigericin was used as an antibiotic active against gram positive bacteria. It inhibits the  Golgi functions. Nigericin exhibits anti-HIV activity.

# Properties
- CAS number:  28643-80-3
- Merck index:  12, 6633
- Molecular weight:  747
- Formula C40H67O11Na
The properties are copied from a manufacturer's  Nigericin product page]

# External references
Nightmare

# Overview
A nightmare is a dream which causes a strong unpleasant emotional response from the sleeper, typically fear or horror, or the sensations of pain, falling, drowning or death. Such dreams can be related to physical causes such as a high fever, or psychological ones such as psychological trauma or stress in the sleeper's life, or can have no apparent cause. If a person has experienced a psychologically traumatic situation in lifefor example, a person who may have been captured and torturedthe experience may come back to haunt them in their nightmares. Sleepers may waken in a state of distress and be unable to get back to sleep for some time.
Occasional nightmares are commonplace, but recurrent nightmares can interfere with sleep and may cause people to seek medical help. A recently proposed treatment consists of imagery rehearsal. This approach appears to reduce the effects of nightmares and other symptoms in acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Practitioners of lucid dreaming claim that it can help conquer nightmares of this type, rather than of the traditional type (see below).

# Historic use of term
Nightmare was the original term for the state later known as waking dream (cf. Mary Shelley and Frankenstein's Genesis), and more currently as sleep paralysis, associated with rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The original definition was codified by Dr Johnson in his A Dictionary of the English Language and was thus understood, among others by Erasmus Darwin and Henry Fuseli, to include a "morbid oppression during sleep, resembling the pressure of weight upon the breast."
Such nightmares were widely considered to be the work of demons and more specifically incubi, which were thought to sit on the chests of sleepers. In Old English the name for these beings was mare or mre (from a proto-Germanic *maron, related to Old High German and Old Norse mara), hence comes the mare part in nightmare.
Folk belief in Newfoundland, South Carolina and Georgia describe the negative figure of the Hag who leaves her physical body at night, and  sits on the chest of her victim.  The victim usually wakes with a feeling of terror, has difficulty breathing because of a perceived heavy invisible weight on his or her chest, and is unable to move i.e., experiences sleep paralysis. This nightmare experience is described as being "hag-ridden" in the Gullah lore. The "Old Hag" was a nightmare spirit in British and also Anglophone North American folklore.
Various forms of magic and spiritual possession were also advanced as causes. In nineteenth century Europe, the vagaries of diet were thought to be responsible. For example, in Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol, Ebenezer Scrooge attributes the ghost he sees to "... an undigested bit of beef, a blot of mustard, a crumb of cheese, a fragment of an underdone potato..."  In a similar vein, the Household Cyclopedia (1881) offers the following advice about nightmares:
Nocturnin
Nocturnin is a human hydrolase enzyme that is involved in metabolism and its expression is controlled by the rhythmic circadian clock. It is encoded by the NOCT gene located on chromosome 4. Nocturnin contains a c-terminal structural domain of the Endonuclease/Exonuclease/phosphatase family.
The Drosophila melanogaster ortholog of Nocturnin is Curled. Knockouts of Curled lead to the curled wing phenotype in fruit flies.  The curled wing phenotype was first discovered by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1915. In mice the  Nocturnin ortholog is responsible for controlling diet and weight-gain, knockout mice do not gain weight when placed on a high-fat diet, when compared to normal mice containing Nocturnin. In mice it has also been shown that Nocturnin is rhythmically expressed even when mice are placed in complete darkness, demonstrating that Nocturnin expression is driven by our body's internal clock.

# Enzymatic activity
Nocturnin was previously thought to deadenylate mRNAs of metabolic genes, but two studies in 2018 demonstrated that Nocturnin does not directly posses ribonuclease activity.

# Structure
Nocturnin contains a c-terminal structural domain of the Endonuclease/Exonuclease/phosphatase family. Its fold is similar to that of DNase I, AP endonuclease, INPP5B, Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, TDP2, PDE12, and CNOT6L.
Five conserved catalytic residues help coordinate a Magnesium atom, which participates in the putative hydrolase reaction of Nocturnin.
Nonochton
Nonochton is the Classical Nahuatl name for a plant whose identity is uncertain. Suggested plants include Portulaca, Pereskiopsis, and Lycianthes moziniana, a plant now called tlanochtle in the local variety of modern Nahuatl spoken by highland farmers that cultivate it for its fruit.
In Aztec medicine, nonochton was used as an ingredient in a remedy for pain at the heart:
For him whose heart pains him or burns, take the plant nonochton that grows near an ants nest, gold, electrum, teo-xihuitl, chichiltic tapachtli and tetlahuitl, with the burned heart of a deer, and grind them up together in water; let him drink the liquor.
Nucleolin
Nucleolin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCL gene.

# Gene
The human NCL gene is located on chromosome 2 and consists of 14 exons with 13 introns and spans approximately 11kb. The intron 11 of the NCL gene encodes a small nucleolar RNA, termed U20.

# Function
Nucleolin (NCL), a eukaryotic nucleolar phosphoprotein, is involved in the synthesis and maturation of ribosomes. The protein is located mainly in dense fibrillar regions of the nucleolus.
Nucleolin is also able to act as a transcriptional coactivator with Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter Transcription Factor II (COUP-TFII).

# Clinical significance
Midkine and pleiotrophin bind to cell-surface nucleolin as a low affinity receptor. This binding can inhibit HIV infection.
Nucleolin at the cell surface is the receptor for the Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) fusion protein. Interference with the nucleolin - RSV fusion protein interaction has been shown to be therapeutic against RSV infection in cell cultures and animal models.

# Interactions
Nucleolin has been shown to interact with:
- CSNK2A2,
- Centaurin, alpha 1,
- HuR,
- NPM1,
- P53,
- PPP1CB,
- S100A11,
- Sjogren syndrome antigen B,
- TOP1,  and
- Telomerase reverse transcriptase.
Nutrament
A nutritional vitamin drink supplied by Novartis Labs, Nutrament was originally distributed by Mead Johnson & Company, beginning in 1960. Current flavors on the market are vanilla, chocolate, strawberry, coconut, banana, cappucino, and eggnog.  The product is supplied as individual servings in pull-top cans.  In official records, it is described as "Nutritionally Complete Food Consisting Principally of Milk Solids, Maltose-Dextrins, Soy Flour, Sucrose."  Late in the 1960s, a powdered form was offered for mixing with milk, but that brand registration was not renewed in 1988 and officially expired in 1992, still owned by Mead Johnson.
Mead Johnson also marketed a "dietary supplement" under the same brand in 1985, and registered the brand "Nutrament The Energy and Fitness Drink" in 1996.
Nutrament was purchased from Mead Johnson & Company effective February 13, 2004.
Nutrilite
Nutrilite is a brand of vitamin, mineral and dietary supplements created in 1934 by Dr. Carl F. Rehnborg.  Nutrilite products are currently manufactured by Access Business Group, a subsidiary of Alticor who's products are sold via the Amway and Quixtar Corporations worldwide. The Nutrilite brand is known as Nutriway in Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Turkey, Australia and New Zealand.
The founders of Amway began selling Nutrilite products in 1949. Amway bought a controlling interest in the company in 1972, and took over complete ownership in 1994.
Nutrilite's vitamin and mineral products are distributed exclusively by Quixtar affiliates known as Independent Business Owners (IBO) in North America and Amway IBOs in more than 90 other countries and territories.  Amway, Quixtar, and Access Business Group, are subsidiaries of Alticor. Nutrilite claims to be the only global vitamin and mineral brand to grow, harvest and process plants on their own certified organic farms, although Nutrilite states that their products may sometimes have ingredients from plants grown not at their own farms. Nutrilite farming techniques include soil solarization, an integrated pest management system and utilize sustainable agricultural production systems. Nutrilite's organic farms are located in California, Washington State, Mexico, and Brazil.. Many Nutrilite products sold in other countries are also manufactured locally, for example in India.IBOs can sell these products at any price they choose to. In 2001, five Nutrilite products were the first dietary supplements to be certified by NSF International.

# Spokespersons
Nutrilite has signed 2006 World Male Athlete of the Year and men's 100m sprint world record holder, Asafa Powell of Jamaica, 110m men's hurdles World Record Holder, Olympic and World Champion Liu Xiang of China, 2006 World Female Athlete of the Year Sanya Richards of the USA, and American Pole Vault Champion Jennifer Stuczynski as spokespersons for the brand.
Obestatin
Obestatin is a hormone that is produced in specialized epithelial cells of the stomach and small intestine of several mammals including humans. Obestatin was originally identified as an anorectic peptide, but its effect on food intake remains controversial.

# Discovery
Obestatin was discovered using a bioinformatics approach: by computer search of the sequenced genomes of several organisms.

# Structure
The obestatin structure to the right was determined by NMR. The length of the polypeptide was found to be 24 residues with a secondary structure 29% helical. Specifically 2 helices and 7 residues are formed.

# Gene and transcription
Obestatin is encoded by the same gene that encodes ghrelin, a peptide hormone. The mRNA produced from the GHRL gene has four exons. Five products of similar structure and function arise: the first is the 117-amino acid preproghrelin. (It is homologous to promotilin; both are members of the motilin family). It is cleaved to produce proghrelin which is cleaved to produce a 28-amino acid  ghrelin (unacylated) and C-ghrelin(acylated). Obestatin is presumed to be  cleaved from  C-ghrelin.

# Receptor
It was originally proposed that GPR39 functioned as an obestatin receptor, however more recent findings suggest that this is unlikely.

# Blood levels
As yet no biochemical studies of circulating obestatin have been carried out.

# Function
Obestatin opposes the actions of ghrelin which are growth hormone secretion and increased appetite. The purpose of producing two hormones with opposing effects is not clear: removing the ghrelin gene from  mice did not significantly reduce food intake. No secretory convertase is capable of cleaving the recombinant proghrelin precursor by cleavage at the single basic residue required for generation of the obestatin sequence. Thus the physiological generation of this particular peptide sequence remains unproven. Obestatin has opposite action to ghrelin on food intake and plays a role in energy balance. Circuit-resistance exercise resulted in a significant change in GH levels, but had no effect on plasma Obestatin levels.

# Clinical significance
Studies on the obestatin/ghrelin ratio in the gastrointestinal tract and plasma are associated with some diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), obesity, PraderWilli syndrome, and type II diabetes mellitus.
Obidoxime

# Overview
Obidoxime is a member of the oxime family used to treat nerve gas poisoning. Oximes are drugs known for their ability to reverse the binding of organophosphorus compounds to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
AChE is an enzyme that removes acetylcholine from the synapse after it creates the required stimulation on the next nerve cell. If it gets inhibited, acetylcholine is not removed after the stimulation and multiple stimulations are made, resulting in muscle contractions and paralysis.
Organophosphates (such as nerve gases) are well-known inhibitors of AChE. They bind to a specific place on the enzyme and prevent it from functioning normally by changing the OH group on the serine residue and by protonating (quaternary nitrogen, R4N+) the nearby nitrogen atom located in the histidine residue.

# Function
Oximes such as obidoxime, pralidoxime and asoxime (HI-6) are used to restore enzyme functionality. They have greater affinity for the organic phosphate residue than the enzyme and they remove the phosphate group, restore the OH to serine and turn nitrogen from histidine back into its R3N form (tertiary nitrogen). This results in full enzyme recovery and the phosphate-oxime compound is eliminated from the organism via urine.

# Side effects
Oximes like these do have side effects and they include liver damage, kidney damage, nausea, vomiting, but they are very efficient antidotes to nerve gas poisoning. Usually treatment of poisoning includes the use of atropine, which can slow down the action of the poison, giving more time to apply the oxime.