Lomitapide sandbox

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# Overview
Lomitapide sandbox is a {{{drugClass}}} that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia.   Common adverse reactions include {{{adverseReactions}}}.

# Adult Indications and Dosage

## FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

### Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia
- Indication
- JUXTAPID is indicated as an adjunct to a low-fat diet and other lipid-lowering treatments, including LDL apheresis where available, to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), apolipoprotein B (apo B), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH).
- Limitations of Use
- The safety and effectiveness of JUXTAPID have not been established in patients with hypercholesterolemia who do not have HoFH.
- The effect of JUXTAPID on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has not been determined.
- Dosing information
- Before beginning treatment with JUXTAPID:
- Measure transaminases (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin ;
- Obtain a negative pregnancy test in females of reproductive potential ; and,
- Initiate a low-fat diet supplying <20% of energy from fat .
- Recommended starting dosage: 5 mg PO qd , and the dose should be escalated gradually based on acceptable safety and tolerability.
- Transaminases should be measured prior to any increase in dose .
- The maintenance dosage of JUXTAPID should be individualized, taking into account patient characteristics such as goal of therapy and response to treatment, to a maximum of 60 mg daily as described in Table 1. Modify dosing for patients taking concomitant CYP3A4 inhibitors, renal impairment, or baseline hepatic impairment . Dose adjustments are also required for patients who develop transaminase values 3x the upper limit of normal (ULN) during treatment with JUXTAPID .
- To reduce the risk of developing a fat-soluble nutrient deficiency due to JUXTAPIDs mechanism of action in the small intestine, patients treated with JUXTAPID should take daily supplements that contain 400 international units vitamin E and at least 200 mg linoleic acid, 210 mg alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), 110 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and 80 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) .

### Dosing with Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibitors
- Dosing information
- JUXTAPID is contraindicated with concomitant use of moderate and strong cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) inhibitors .
- Recommended maximum dosage: 30 mg PO qd with concomitant use of weak CYP3A4 inhibitors (such as alprazolam, amiodarone, amlodipine, atorvastatin, bicalutamide, cilostazol, cimetidine, cyclosporine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, ginkgo, goldenseal, isoniazid, lapatinib, nilotinib, oral contraceptives, pazopanib, ranitidine, ranolazine, tipranavir/ritonavir, ticagrelor, zileuton) .
- JUXTAPID should be taken once daily with a glass of water, without food, at least 2 hours after the evening meal because administration with food may increase the risk of gastrointestinal adverse reactions . Patients should swallow JUXTAPID capsules whole. Capsules should not be opened, crushed, dissolved, or chewed.

### Dose Modification Based on Elevated Transaminases
- Dosing information
- Table 2 summarizes recommendations for dose adjustment and monitoring for patients who develop elevated transaminases during therapy with JUXTAPID .
If transaminase elevations are accompanied by clinical symptoms of liver injury (such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, jaundice, lethargy, flu-like symptoms), increases in bilirubin 2x ULN, or active liver disease, discontinue treatment with JUXTAPID and investigate to identify the probable cause .

### Dosing in Patients with Renal Impairment
- Dosing information
- Patients with end-stage renal disease receiving dialysis should not exceed 40 mg daily. There are no data available to guide dosing in other patients with renal impairment .

### Dosing in Patients with Baseline Hepatic Impairment
- Dosing information
- Patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A) should not exceed 40 mg daily .

## Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

### Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Lomitapide sandbox in adult patients.

### NonGuideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label NonGuideline-Supported Use of Lomitapide sandbox in adult patients.

# Pediatric Indications and Dosage

## FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
There is limited information regarding Lomitapide sandbox FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.

## Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

### Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Lomitapide sandbox in pediatric patients.

### NonGuideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label NonGuideline-Supported Use of Lomitapide sandbox in pediatric patients.

# Contraindications
JUXTAPID is contraindicated in the following conditions:
- Pregnancy .
Concomitant administration of JUXTAPID with moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, as this can increase JUXTAPID exposure .
- Patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment (based on Child-Pugh category B or C) and patients with active liver disease, including unexplained persistent elevations of serum transaminases .

# Warnings

## Risk of Hepatotoxicity
JUXTAPID can cause elevations in transaminases and hepatic steatosis, as described below . To what extent JUXTAPID-associated hepatic steatosis promotes the elevations in transaminases is unknown. Although cases of hepatic dysfunction (elevated transaminases with increase in bilirubin or INR) or hepatic failure have not been reported, there is concern that JUXTAPID could induce steatohepatitis, which can progress to cirrhosis over several years. The clinical studies supporting the safety and efficacy of JUXTAPID in HoFH would have been unlikely to detect this adverse outcome given their size and duration .

### Elevation of Transaminases
Elevations in transaminases (alanine aminotransferase  and/or aspartate aminotransferase ) are associated with JUXTAPID. In the clinical trial, 10 (34%) of the 29 patients with HoFH had at least one elevation in ALT or AST 3x ULN, and 4 (14%) of the patients had at least one elevation in ALT or AST 5x ULN. There were no concomitant or subsequent clinically meaningful elevations in bilirubin, INR, or alkaline phosphatase .
During the 78-week HoFH clinical trial, no patients discontinued prematurely because of elevated transaminases. Among the 19 patients who subsequently enrolled in the HoFH extension study, one discontinued because of increased transaminases that persisted despite several dose reductions, and one temporarily discontinued because of markedly elevated transaminases (ALT 24x ULN, AST 13x ULN) that had several possible causes, including a drug-drug interaction between JUXTAPID and the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor clarithromycin .
Measure ALT, AST, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin before initiation of treatment with JUXTAPID . JUXTAPID is contraindicated in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment, or active liver disease, including unexplained persistent elevations of serum transaminases. If the baseline liver-related tests are abnormal, one may consider initiating JUXTAPID after an appropriate work-up and the baseline abnormalities are explained or resolved. During the first year, measure liver-related tests (ALT and AST, at a minimum) prior to each increase in dose or monthly, whichever occurs first. After the first year, do these tests at least every 3 months and before any increase in dose. Modify the dose of JUXTAPID if elevations of transaminases are observed and discontinue JUXTAPID for persistent or clinically significant elevations .
If transaminase elevations are accompanied by clinical symptoms of liver injury (such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, jaundice, lethargy, flu-like symptoms), increases in bilirubin 2x ULN, or active liver disease, discontinue treatment with JUXTAPID and identify the probable cause.

### Hepatic Steatosis
JUXTAPID increases hepatic fat, with or without concomitant increases in transaminases. Hepatic steatosis is a risk factor for progressive liver disease, including steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. The long-term consequences of hepatic steatosis associated with JUXTAPID treatment are unknown. During the HoFH clinical trial, the median absolute increase in hepatic fat was 6% after both 26 weeks and 78 weeks of treatment, from 1% at baseline, measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) . Clinical data suggest that hepatic fat accumulation is reversible after stopping treatment with JUXTAPID, but whether histological sequelae remain is unknown, especially after long-term use; protocol liver biopsies were not performed in the HoFH clinical trial.
Alcohol may increase levels of hepatic fat and induce or exacerbate liver injury. It is recommended that patients taking JUXTAPID should not consume more than one alcoholic drink per day.
Caution should be exercised when JUXTAPID is used with other medications known to have potential for hepatotoxicity, such as isotretinoin, amiodarone, acetaminophen (>4 g/day for 3 days/week), methotrexate, tetracyclines, and tamoxifen. The effect of concomitant administration of JUXTAPID with other hepatotoxic medications is unknown. More frequent monitoring of liver-related tests may be warranted.
JUXTAPID has not been studied concomitantly with other LDL-lowering agents that can also increase hepatic fat. Therefore, the combined use of such agents is not recommended.

### JUXTAPID REMS Program
Because of the risk of hepatotoxicity associated with JUXTAPID therapy, JUXTAPID is available through a restricted program under the REMS. Under the JUXTAPID REMS, only certified healthcare providers and pharmacies may prescribe and distribute JUXTAPID. Further information is available at www.JUXTAPIDREMSProgram.com or by telephone at 1-85-JUXTAPID (1-855-898-2743).

## Embryo-Fetal Toxicity
JUXTAPID may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman based on findings of teratogenicity in rats and ferrets . Females of reproductive potential should have a negative pregnancy test before starting JUXTAPID and should use effective contraception during therapy with JUXTAPID . If oral contraceptives are used, the maximum recommended dosage of JUXTAPID is 30 mg daily .

## Reduced Absorption of Fat-Soluble Vitamins and Serum Fatty Acids
Given its mechanism of action in the small intestine, JUXTAPID may reduce the absorption of fat-soluble nutrients. In the HoFH clinical trial, patients were provided daily dietary supplements of vitamin E, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In this trial, the median levels of serum vitamin E, ALA, linoleic acid, EPA, DHA, and arachidonic acid decreased from baseline to Week 26 but remained above the lower limit of the reference range. Adverse clinical consequences of these reductions were not observed with JUXTAPID treatment of up to 78 weeks. Patients treated with JUXTAPID should take daily supplements that contain 400 international units vitamin E and at least 200 mg linoleic acid, 210 mg ALA, 110 mg EPA, and 80 mg DHA . Patients with chronic bowel or pancreatic diseases that predispose to malabsorption may be at increased risk for deficiencies in these nutrients with use of JUXTAPID.

## Gastrointestinal Adverse Reactions
Gastrointestinal adverse reactions were reported by 27 (93%) of 29 patients in the HoFH clinical trial. Diarrhea occurred in 79% of patients, nausea in 65%, dyspepsia in 38%, and vomiting in 34%. Other reactions reported by at least 20% of patients include abdominal pain, abdominal discomfort, abdominal distension, constipation, and flatulence .
Gastrointestinal adverse reactions of severe intensity were reported by 6 (21%) of 29 patients in the HoFH clinical trial, with the most common being diarrhea (4 patients, 14%); vomiting (3 patients, 10%); and abdominal pain, distension, and/or discomfort (2 patients, 7%). Gastrointestinal reactions contributed to the reasons for early discontinuation from the trial for 4 (14%) patients.
Absorption of concomitant oral medications may be affected in patients who develop diarrhea or vomiting.
To reduce the risk of gastrointestinal adverse events, patients should adhere to a low-fat diet supplying <20% of energy from fat and the dosage of JUXTAPID should be increased gradually .

## Concomitant Use of CYP3A4 Inhibitors
CYP3A4 inhibitors increase the exposure of lomitapide, with strong inhibitors increasing exposure approximately 27-fold. Concomitant use of moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors with JUXTAPID is contraindicated . In the JUXTAPID clinical trials, one patient with HoFH developed markedly elevated transaminases (ALT 24x ULN, AST 13x ULN) within days of initiating the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor clarithromycin. If treatment with moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors is unavoidable, JUXTAPID should be stopped during the course of treatment.
Grapefruit juice must be omitted from the diet while being treated with JUXTAPID.
Weak CYP3A4 inhibitors increase the exposure of lomitapide approximately 2-fold; therefore, JUXTAPID dosage should not exceed 30 mg daily when it is used concomitantly with these inhibitors, including atorvastatin and oral contraceptives .

## Risk of Myopathy with Concomitant Use of Simvastatin or Lovastatin
The risk of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis, with simvastatin and lovastatin monotherapy is dose related. Lomitapide approximately doubles the exposure to simvastatin; therefore, it is recommended to reduce the dose of simvastatin by 50% when initiating JUXTAPID . While taking JUXTAPID, limit simvastatin dosage to 20 mg daily (or 40 mg daily for patients who have previously tolerated simvastatin 80 mg daily for at least one year without evidence of muscle toxicity). Refer to the simvastatin prescribing information for additional dosing recommendations.
Interaction between lovastatin and lomitapide has not been studied. However, the metabolizing enzymes and transporters responsible for the disposition of lovastatin and simvastatin are similar, suggesting that JUXTAPID may increase the exposure of lovastatin; therefore, reducing the dose of lovastatin should be considered when initiating JUXTAPID.

## Risk of Supratherapeutic or Subtherapeutic Anticoagulation with Warfarin
JUXTAPID increases the plasma concentrations of warfarin. Increases in the dose of JUXTAPID may lead to supra therapeutic anticoagulation, and decreases in the dose of JUXTAPID may lead to subtherapeutic anticoagulation. Difficulty controlling INR contributed to early discontinuation from the HoFH clinical trial for one of five patients taking concomitant warfarin. Patients taking warfarin should undergo regular monitoring of the INR, especially after any changes in JUXTAPID dosage. The dose of warfarin should be adjusted as clinically indicated .

## Risk of Malabsorption with Rare Hereditary Disorders of Galactose Intolerance
Patients with rare, hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency, or glucose-galactose malabsorption should avoid JUXTAPID as this may result in diarrhea and malabsorption.

# Adverse Reactions

## Clinical Trials Experience
The following important adverse reactions have been observed and are discussed in detail in other sections of the label:
- Risk of hepatotoxicity 
- Reduced absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, and serum fatty acids 
- Gastrointestinal adverse reactions 
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
One single-arm, open-label, 78-week trial has been conducted in 29 patients with HoFH, 23 of whom completed at least one year of treatment. The initial dosage of JUXTAPID was 5 mg daily, with titration up to 60 mg daily during an 18-week period based on safety and tolerability. In this trial, the mean age was 30.7 years (range, 18 to 55 years), 16 (55%) patients were men, 25 (86%) patients were Caucasian, 2 (7%) were Asian, 1 (3%) was African American, and 1 (3%) was multi-racial .
Five (17%) of the 29 patients with HoFH that participated in the clinical trial discontinued treatment due to an adverse reaction. The adverse reactions that contributed to treatment discontinuations included diarrhea (2 patients; 7%) and abdominal pain, nausea, gastroenteritis, weight loss, headache, and difficulty controlling INR on warfarin (1 patient each; 3%).
The most common adverse reactions were gastrointestinal, reported by 27 (93%) of 29 patients. Adverse reactions reported by 8 (28%) patients in the HoFH clinical trial included diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, and abdominal pain. Other common adverse reactions, reported by 5 to 7 (17-24%) patients, included weight loss, abdominal discomfort, abdominal distension, constipation, flatulence, increased ALT, chest pain, influenza, nasopharyngitis, and fatigue.
The adverse reactions reported in at least 10% of patients during the HoFH clinical trial are presented in Table 3.
Adverse reactions of severe intensity were reported by 8 (28%) of 29 patients, with the most common being diarrhea (4 patients, 14%), vomiting (3 patients, 10%), increased ALT or hepatotoxicity (3 patients, 10%), and abdominal pain, distension, and/or discomfort (2 patients, 7%).
Transaminase Elevations
During the HoFH clinical trial, 10 (34%) of 29 patients had at least one elevation in ALT and/or AST 3x ULN (see Table 4). No clinically meaningful elevations in total bilirubin or alkaline phosphatase were observed. Transaminases typically fell within one to four weeks of reducing the dose or withholding JUXTAPID.
Among the 19 patients who enrolled in an extension study following the HoFH clinical trial, one discontinued because of increased transaminases that persisted despite several dose reductions, and one temporarily discontinued because of markedly elevated transaminases (ALT 24x ULN, AST 13x ULN) that had several possible causes, including a drug-drug interaction between JUXTAPID and the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor clarithromycin .
Hepatic Steatosis
Hepatic fat was prospectively measured using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in all eligible patients during the HoFH clinical trial. After 26 weeks, the median absolute increase in hepatic fat from baseline was 6%, and the mean absolute increase was 8% (range, 0% to 30%). After 78 weeks, the median absolute increase in hepatic fat from baseline was 6%, and the mean absolute increase was 7% (range, 0% to 18%). Among the 23 patients with evaluable data, on at least one occasion during the trial, 18 (78%) exhibited an increase in hepatic fat >5% and 3 (13%) exhibited an increase >20%. Data from individuals who had repeat measurements after stopping JUXTAPID show that hepatic fat accumulation is reversible, but whether histological sequelae remain is unknown.

## Postmarketing Experience
FDA Package Insert for Lomitapide contains no information regarding postmarketing experience.

# Drug Interactions

## Moderate and Strong CYP3A4 Inhibitors
A strong CYP3A4 inhibitor has been shown to increase lomitapide exposure approximately 27-fold . Concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (such as boceprevir, clarithromycin, conivaptan, indinavir, itraconazole, ketoconazole, lopinavir/ritonavir, mibefradil, nefazodone, nelfinavir, posaconazole, ritonavir, saquinavir, telaprevir, telithromycin, voriconazole) with lomitapide is contraindicated. Concomitant use of moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors (such as amprenavir, aprepitant, atazanavir, ciprofloxacin, crizotinib, darunavir/ritonavir, diltiazem, erythromycin, fluconazole, fosamprenavir, imatinib, verapamil) has not been studied, but concomitant use with lomitapide is contraindicated since lomitapide exposure will likely increase significantly in the presence of these inhibitors.
Patients must avoid grapefruit juice while taking JUXTAPID .

## Weak CYP3A4 Inhibitors
Weak CYP3A4 inhibitors increase lomitapide exposure approximately 2-fold . Lomitapide dosage should not exceed 30 mg daily when it is used concomitantly with weak CYP3A4 inhibitors (such as alprazolam, amiodarone, amlodipine, atorvastatin, bicalutamide, cilostazol, cimetidine, cyclosporine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, ginkgo, goldenseal, isoniazid, lapatinib, nilotinib, oral contraceptives, pazopanib, ranitidine, ranolazine, tipranavir/ritonavir, ticagrelor, zileuton) .

## Warfarin
Lomitapide increases plasma concentrations of both R(+)- warfarin and S(-)-warfarin by approximately 30% and increased the INR 22%. Patients taking warfarin should undergo regular monitoring of INR, particularly after any changes in lomitapide dosage. The dose of warfarin should be adjusted as clinically indicated .

## Simvastatin and Lovastatin
The risk of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis, with simvastatin and lovastatin monotherapy is dose related. Lomitapide approximately doubles the exposure of simvastatin; therefore, the recommended dose of simvastatin should be reduced by 50% when initiating JUXTAPID . While taking JUXTAPID, limit simvastatin dosage to 20 mg daily (or 40 mg daily for patients who have previously tolerated simvastatin 80 mg daily for at least one year without evidence of muscle toxicity). Refer to the simvastatin prescribing information for simvastatin dosing recommendations.
Interaction between lovastatin and lomitapide has not been studied. However, the metabolizing enzymes and transporters responsible for the disposition of lovastatin and simvastatin are similar, suggesting that JUXTAPID may increase the exposure of lovastatin; therefore, reducing the dose of lovastatin should be considered when initiating JUXTAPID.

## P-glycoprotein Substrates
Lomitapide is an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Coadministration of lomitapide with P-gp substrates (such as aliskiren, ambrisentan, colchicine, dabigatran etexilate, digoxin, everolimus, fexofenadine, imatinib, lapatinib, maraviroc, nilotinib, posaconazole, ranolazine, saxagliptin, sirolimus, sitagliptin, talinolol, tolvaptan, topotecan) may increase the absorption of P-gp substrates. Dose reduction of the P-gp substrate should be considered when used concomitantly with lomitapide.

## Bile Acid Sequestrants
JUXTAPID has not been tested for interaction with bile acid sequestrants. Administration of JUXTAPID and bile acid sequestrants should be separated by at least 4 hours since bile acid sequestrants can interfere with the absorption of oral medications.

# Use in Specific Populations

### Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category (FDA): X

### Pregnancy Exposure Registry
There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to JUXTAPID during pregnancy. For additional information visit www.JUXTAPID.com or call the Global Lomitapide Pregnancy Exposure Registry (PER) at 1-877-902-4099. Healthcare professionals are encouraged to call the PER at 1-877-902-4099 to enroll patients who become pregnant during JUXTAPID treatment.

### Risk Summary
JUXTAPID is contraindicated during pregnancy because JUXTAPID may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Lomitapide was teratogenic in rats and ferrets at exposures estimated to be less than human therapeutic exposure at 60 mg (AUC = 67 ng*h/mL) when administered during organogenesis. There was no evidence of teratogenicity in rabbits at 3 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 60 mg based on body surface area. Embryo-fetal lethality was observed in rabbits at 6-times the MRHD. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to a fetus.

### Animal Data
Oral gavage doses of 0.04, 0.4, or 4 mg/kg/day lomitapide given to pregnant rats from gestation day 6 through organogenesis were associated with fetal malformations at 2-times human exposure at the MRHD (60 mg) based on plasma AUC comparisons. Fetal malformations included umbilical hernia, gastroschisis, imperforate anus, alterations in heart shape and size, limb malrotations, skeletal malformations of the tail, and delayed ossification of cranial, vertebral and pelvic bones.
Oral gavage doses of 1.6, 4, 10, or 25 mg/kg/day lomitapide given to pregnant ferrets from gestation day 12 through organogenesis were associated with both maternal toxicity and fetal malformations at exposures that ranged from less than the human exposure at the MRHD to 5-times the human exposure at the MRHD. Fetal malformations included umbilical hernia, medially rotated or short limbs, absent or fused digits on paws, cleft palate, open eye lids, low-set ears, and kinked tail.
Oral gavage doses of 0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg/day lomitapide given to pregnant rabbits from gestation day 6 through organogenesis were not associated with adverse effects at systemic exposures up to 3-times the MRHD of 60 mg based on body surface area comparison. Treatment at doses of 20 mg/kg/day, 6-times the MRHD, resulted in embryo-fetal lethality.
Pregnant female rats given oral gavage doses of 0.1, 0.3, or 1 mg/kg/day lomitapide from gestation day 7 through termination of nursing on lactation day 20 were associated with malformations at systemic exposures equivalent to human exposure at the MRHD of 60 mg based on AUC. Increased pup mortality occurred at 4-times the MRHD.
Pregnancy Category (AUS): 
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Lomitapide sandbox in women who are pregnant.

### Labor and Delivery
There is no FDA guidance on use of Lomitapide sandbox during labor and delivery.

### Nursing Mothers
It is not known whether lomitapide is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for tumorigenicity shown for lomitapide in a 2-year mouse study, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

### Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness have not been established in pediatric patients.

### Geriatic Use
Clinical studies of JUXTAPID did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 years and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dosing for an elderly patient should be cautious, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

### Gender
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Lomitapide sandbox with respect to specific gender populations.

### Race
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Lomitapide sandbox with respect to specific racial populations.

### Renal Impairment
Patients with end-stage renal disease receiving dialysis should not exceed 40 mg daily since lomitapide exposure in these patients increased approximately 50% compared with healthy volunteers. Effects of mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment, including those with end-stage renal disease not yet receiving dialysis, on lomitapide exposure have not been studied. However, it is possible that patients with renal impairment who are not yet receiving dialysis may experience increases in lomitapide exposure exceeding 50% .

### Hepatic Impairment
Patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A) should not exceed 40 mg daily since the lomitapide exposure in these patients increased approximately 50% compared with healthy volunteers. JUXTAPID is contraindicated in patients with moderate (Child-Pugh B) or severe (Child-Pugh C) hepatic impairment since the lomitapide exposure in patients with moderate hepatic impairment increased 164% compared with healthy volunteers .

### Females of Reproductive Potential and Males
JUXTAPID may cause fetal harm . Females who become pregnant during JUXTAPID therapy should stop JUXTAPID immediately and notify their healthcare provider.

### Pregnancy testing
Females of reproductive potential should have a negative pregnancy test before starting JUXTAPID.

### Contraception
Females of reproductive potential should use effective contraception during JUXTAPID therapy. The recommended maximum dosage of JUXTAPID is 30 mg daily with concomitant use of oral contraceptives, since oral contraceptives are weak CYP3A4 inhibitors . Hormone absorption from oral contraceptives may be incomplete if vomiting or diarrhea occurs while taking JUXTAPID, warranting the use of additional contraceptive methods .

### Immunocompromised Patients
There is no FDA guidance one the use of Lomitapide sandbox in patients who are immunocompromised.

# Administration and Monitoring

### Administration
Oral

### Monitoring
FDA Package Insert for Lomitapide contains no information regarding drug monitoring.

# IV Compatibility
There is limited information about the IV Compatibility.

# Overdosage
There is no specific treatment in the event of overdose of JUXTAPID. In the event of overdose, the patient should be treated symptomatically and supportive measures instituted as required. Liver-related tests should be monitored. Hemodialysis is unlikely to be beneficial given that lomitapide is highly protein bound.

# Pharmacology

## Mechanism of Action
JUXTAPID directly binds and inhibits microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), which resides in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby preventing the assembly of apo B-containing lipoproteins in enterocytes and hepatocytes. This inhibits the synthesis of chylomicrons and VLDL. The inhibition of the synthesis of VLDL leads to reduced levels of plasma LDL-C.

## Structure
JUXTAPID capsules contain lomitapide mesylate, a synthetic lipid-lowering agent for oral administration.
The chemical name of lomitapide mesylate is N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-9--2-yl]carbonyl]amino]-1-piperidinyl]butyl]-9H-fluorene-9-carboxamide, methanesulfonate salt. Its structural formula is:
The empirical formula for lomitapide mesylate is C39H37F6N3O2 - CH4O3S and its molecular weight is 789.8.
Lomitapide mesylate is a white to off-white powder that is slightly soluble in aqueous solutions of pH 2 to 5. Lomitapide mesylate is freely soluble in acetone, ethanol, and methanol; soluble in 2-butanol, methylene chloride, and acetonitrile; sparingly soluble in 1-octanol and 2-propanol; slightly soluble in ethyl acetate; and insoluble in heptane.

## Pharmacodynamics

### Effects on QT Interval
At a concentration 23 times the Cmax of the maximum recommended dose, lomitapide does not prolong QTc to any clinically relevant extent.

## Pharmacokinetics

### Absorption
Upon oral administration of a single 60-mg dose of JUXTAPID, the lomitapide tmax is around 6 hours in healthy volunteers. The absolute bioavailability of lomitapide is approximately 7%. Lomitapide pharmacokinetics is approximately dose-proportional for oral single doses from 10-100 mg.

### Distribution
The mean lomitapide volume of distribution at steady state is 985-1292 liters. Lomitapide is 99.8% plasma-protein bound.

### Metabolism
Lomitapide is metabolized extensively by the liver. The metabolic pathways include oxidation, oxidative N-dealkylation, glucuronide conjugation, and piperidine ring opening. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 metabolizes lomitapide to its major metabolites, M1 and M3, as detected in plasma. The oxidative N-dealkylation pathway breaks the lomitapide molecule into M1 and M3. M1 is the moiety that retains the piperidine ring, whereas M3 retains the rest of the lomitapide molecule in vitro. CYPs 1A2, 2B6, 2C8, and 2C19 may metabolize lomitapide to a small extent to M1. M1 and M3 do not inhibit activity of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in vitro.

### Excretion
In a mass-balance study, a mean of 59.5% and 33.4% of the dose was excreted in the urine and feces, respectively. In another mass-balance study, a mean of 52.9% and 35.1% of the dose was excreted in the urine and feces, respectively. Lomitapide was not detectable in urine samples. M1 is the major urinary metabolite. Lomitapide is the major component in the feces. The mean lomitapide terminal half-life is 39.7 hours.

## Specific Populations

### Hepatic Impairment
A single-dose, open-label study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of 60 mg lomitapide in healthy volunteers with normal hepatic function compared with patients with mild (Child-Pugh A) and moderate (Child-Pugh B) hepatic impairment. In patients with moderate hepatic impairment, lomitapide AUC and Cmax were 164% and 361% higher, respectively, compared with healthy volunteers. In patients with mild hepatic impairment, lomitapide AUC and Cmax were 47% and 4% higher, respectively, compared with healthy volunteers. Lomitapide has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 10-15) .

### Renal Impairment
A single-dose, open-label study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of 60 mg lomitapide in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving hemodialysis compared with healthy volunteers with normal renal function. Healthy volunteers had estimated creatinine clearance >80 mL/min by the Cockcroft-Gault equation. Compared with healthy volunteers, lomitapide AUC0-inf and Cmax were 40% and 50% higher, respectively, in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving hemodialysis. Effects of mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment as well as end-stage renal disease not yet on dialysis on lomitapide exposure have not been studied .

## Drug Interactions

### In vitro Assessment of Drug Interactions
Lomitapide does not induce CYPs 1A2, 3A4, or 2B6. Lomitapide inhibits CYP3A4. Lomitapide does not inhibit CYPs 1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, or 2E1. M1 and M3 do not induce CYPs 1A2, 3A4, or 2B6. M1 and M3 do not inhibit CYPs 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, or 3A4. Lomitapide is not a P-gp substrate. Lomitapide inhibits P-gp but does not inhibit breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP).

### Effects of other Drugs on Lomitapide
CYP3A4 Inhibitors
Lomitapide exposure increased 27-fold in the presence of ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor. Thus, concomitant use of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors and lomitapide is contraindicated. The effect of moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors on lomitapide exposure has not been studied. However, moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors will likely increase lomitapide exposure significantly based on the results of concomitant use of strong and weak CYP3A4 inhibitors . Thus, concomitant use of moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors and lomitapide is contraindicated.
Interaction between weak CYP3A4 inhibitors and lomitapide has not been studied. Based on cross-studies comparisons, the lomitapide exposure approximately doubles in the presence of oral contraceptives, which are weak CYP3A4 inhibitors. Do not exceed 30 mg daily of JUXTAPID when used concomitantly with weak CYP3A4 inhibitors. .

### Effect of Lomitapide on other Drugs
Table 6 summarizes the effects of lomitapide on the AUC and Cmax of coadministered drugs.

## Nonclinical Toxicology

### Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
In a 2-year dietary carcinogenicity study in mice, lomitapide was administered at doses of 0.3, 1.5, 7.5, 15, or 45 mg/kg/day. There were statistically significant increases in the incidences of liver adenomas and carcinomas in males at doses 1.5 mg/kg/day (2-times the MRHD at 60 mg based on AUC) and in females at 7.5 mg/kg/day (10-times the human exposure at 60 mg based on AUC). Incidences of small intestinal carcinomas in males and combined adenomas and carcinomas in females were significantly increased at doses 15 mg/kg/day (23-times the human exposure at 60 mg based on AUC).
In a 2-year carcinogenicity study in rats, lomitapide was administered by oral gavage for up to 99 weeks at doses of 0.25, 1.7, or 7.5 mg/kg/day in males and 0.03, 0.35, or 2.0 mg/kg/day in females. While the design of the study was suboptimal, there were no statistically significant drug-related increases in tumor incidences at exposures up to 6-times (males) and 8-times (females) higher than human exposure at the MRHD based on AUC.
Lomitapide did not exhibit genotoxic potential in a battery of studies, including the in vitro Bacterial Reverse Mutation (Ames) assay, an in vitro cytogenetics assay using primary human lymphocytes, and an oral micronucleus study in rats.
Lomitapide had no effect on fertility in rats at doses up to 5 mg/kg/day at systemic exposures estimated to be 4-times (females) and 5-times (males) higher than in humans at 60 mg based on AUC.

# Clinical Studies
The safety and effectiveness of JUXTAPID as an adjunct to a low-fat diet and other lipid-lowering treatments, including LDL apheresis where available, were evaluated in a multinational, single-arm, open-label, 78-week trial involving 29 adults with HoFH. A diagnosis of HoFH was defined by the presence of at least one of the following clinical criteria: (1) documented functional mutation(s) in both LDL receptor alleles or alleles known to affect LDL receptor functionality, or (2) skin fibroblast LDL receptor activity 500 mg/dL and TG 250 mg/dL.
Among the 29 patients enrolled, the mean age was 30.7 years (range, 18 to 55 years), 16 (55%) were men, and the majority (86%) were Caucasian. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 25.8 kg/m2, with four patients meeting BMI criteria for obesity; one patient had type 2 diabetes. Concomitant lipid-lowering treatments at baseline included one or more of the following: statins (93%), ezetimibe (76%), nicotinic acid (10%), bile acid sequestrant (3%), and fibrate (3%); 18 (62%) were receiving apheresis.
After a six-week run-in period to stabilize lipid-lowering treatments, including the establishment of an LDL apheresis schedule if applicable, JUXTAPID was initiated at 5 mg daily and titrated to daily doses of 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg, and 60 mg at weeks 2, 6, 10, and 14, respectively, based on tolerability and acceptable levels of transaminases. Patients were instructed to maintain a low-fat diet (<20% calories from fat) and to take dietary supplements that provided approximately 400 international units vitamin E, 210 mg alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), 200 mg linoleic acid, 110 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and 80 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per day. After efficacy was assessed at Week 26, patients remained on JUXTAPID for an additional 52 weeks to assess long-term safety. During this safety phase, the dose of JUXTAPID was not increased above each patients maximum tolerated dose established during the efficacy phase, but changes to concomitant lipid-lowering treatments were allowed.
Twenty-three (79%) patients completed the efficacy endpoint at Week 26, all of whom went on to complete 78 weeks of treatment. Adverse events contributed to premature discontinuation for five patients . The maximum tolerated doses during the efficacy period were 5 mg (10%), 10 mg (7%), 20 mg (21%), 40 mg (24%), and 60 mg (34%).
The primary efficacy endpoint was percent change in LDL-C from baseline to Week 26. At Week 26, the mean and median percent changes in LDL-C from baseline were -40% (paired t-test p<0.001) and -50%, respectively, based on the intent-to-treat population with last observation carried forward (LOCF) for patients who discontinued prematurely. The mean percent change in LDL-C from baseline through Week 26 is shown in Figure 1 for the 23 patients who completed the efficacy period.
Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals of the mean.
Changes in lipids and lipoproteins through the efficacy endpoint at Week 26 are presented in Table 7.
After week 26, during the safety phase of the study, adjustments to concomitant lipid-lowering treatments were allowed. For the study population overall, average reductions in LDL-C, TC, apo B, and non-HDL-C were sustained during chronic therapy.

# How Supplied
5 mg capsules: 
Orange/orange hard gelatin capsule printed with black ink A733 and 5 mg
Bottles of 28                                                         NDC 76431-105-01
10 mg capsules: 
Orange/white hard gelatin capsule printed with black ink A733 and 10 mg
Bottles of 28                                                         NDC 76431-110-01
20 mg capsules: 
White/white hard gelatin capsule printed with black ink A733 and 20 mg
Bottles of 28                                                        NDC 76431-120-01

## Storage
Storage: Store at 20C to 25C (68F to 77F); excursions permitted between 15C and 30C (between 59F and 86F). Brief exposure to temperatures up to 40C (104F) may be tolerated provided the mean kinetic temperature does not exceed 25C (77F); however, such exposure should be minimized. Keep container tightly closed and protect from moisture.

# Images

## Drug Images

## Package and Label Display Panel

# Patient Counseling Information
See FDA-approved labeling (Medication Guide)
Patients should be informed that a registry for patients taking JUXTAPID has been established in order to monitor and evaluate the long-term effects of JUXTAPID. Patients are encouraged to participate in the registry and should be informed that their participation is voluntary. For information regarding the registry program visit www.JUXTAPID.com or call 1-877-902-4099.
Advise patients of the following:
Risk of Hepatotoxicity 
- JUXTAPID can cause both elevations in transaminases and hepatic steatosis. Discuss with the patient the importance of monitoring of liver-related tests before taking JUXTAPID, prior to each dose escalation, and periodically thereafter.
- Patients should be advised of the potential for increased risk of liver injury if alcohol is consumed while taking JUXTAPID. It is recommended that patients taking JUXTAPID limit consumption to not more than one alcoholic drink per day.
- JUXTAPID is commonly associated with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Advise patients to promptly report these symptoms if they increase in severity, persist, or change in the character, as they might reflect liver injury. Patients should also report any other symptoms of possible liver injury, including fever, jaundice, lethargy, or flu-like symptoms.
JUXTAPID REMS PROGRAM 
- JUXTAPID is only available through a restricted program called JUXTAPID REMS PROGRAM and therefore, JUXTAPID is only available from certified pharmacies that are enrolled in the program.
Females of Reproductive Potential 
- JUXTAPID is contraindicated in pregnancy.
- Advise females of reproductive potential that they should have a negative pregnancy test before starting JUXTAPID and that they should use effective contraception while taking JUXTAPID. If oral contraceptives are initiated while taking JUXTAPID, the dose of JUXTAPID may require adjustment. Hormone absorption from oral contraceptives may be incomplete if vomiting or diarrhea occurs while taking JUXTAPID, warranting the use of additional contraceptive methods.
- Nursing Mothers: A decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue JUXTAPID.
Dietary Supplements 
- Discuss with the patient the importance of taking daily supplements that contain 400 international units vitamin E and at least 200 mg linoleic acid, 210 mg alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), 110 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and 80 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Gastrointestinal Adverse Reactions 
- Inform the patient that gastrointestinal adverse reactions are common with JUXTAPID. These include, but are not limited to, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain/discomfort, flatulence, and constipation. Strict adherence to a low-fat diet (<20% of total calories from fat) may reduce these reactions.
- Tell the patient that taking JUXTAPID with food may adversely impact gastrointestinal tolerability; therefore, they should take JUXTAPID at least 2 hours after the evening meal, swallowing each capsule whole.
- Absorption of oral medications may be affected in patients who develop diarrhea or vomiting. For example, hormone absorption from oral contraceptives may be incomplete, warranting the use of additional contraceptive methods. Patients who develop these symptoms should seek advice from their healthcare provider.
Drug Interactions 
- Tell the patient to omit grapefruit juice from his/her diet while on JUXTAPID.
- Because multiple drug-drug interactions have been described with JUXTAPID, advise the patient to tell their healthcare provider(s) about all medications, nutritional supplements, and vitamins that they are taking or may be taking while taking JUXTAPID.
Missed Doses
- If a dose of JUXTAPID is missed, the normal dose should be taken at the usual time the next day. If dosing is interrupted for more than a week, tell the patient to contact their healthcare provider before restarting treatment.

# Precautions with Alcohol
- Alcohol may increase levels of hepatic fat and induce or exacerbate liver injury. It is recommended that patients taking JUXTAPID should not consume more than one alcoholic drink per day.
- Patients should be advised of the potential for increased risk of liver injury if alcohol is consumed while taking JUXTAPID. It is recommended that patients taking JUXTAPID limit consumption to not more than one alcoholic drink per day.

# Brand Names
There is limited information regarding Lomitapide sandbox Brand Names in the drug label.

# Look-Alike Drug Names
There is limited information regarding Lomitapide sandbox Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

# Drug Shortage Status

# Price