Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
TrimSpa
TrimSpa is a dietary supplement designed for weight loss, marketed by the company Goen Technologies, headed by Alex Goen. Celebrity Anna Nicole Smith was its spokesperson. Various products marketed by TrimSpa are claimed to help "stave off hunger".  TrimSpa formerly contained ephedra until that ingredient was banned in the U.S..  The new TrimSpa formula X32 contains no ephedra. Its active ingredient is Hoodia gordonii, along with the stimulants caffeine and theobromine.

# Composition
Hoodia is a succulent native to Africa which is currently under investigation for use as an appetite suppressant. However, it has not been conclusively demonstrated that Hoodia works as an appetite suppressant in humans. No published peer-reviewed double-blind clinical trials have been performed on humans to investigate the safety or effectiveness of Hoodia gordonii in pill form as a nutritional supplement.
In addition to Hoodia gordonii, TrimSpa X32 tablets contain ingredients that may help promote weight loss, including green tea, glucomannan, cocoa extract, vanadium, and glucosamine. According to the manufacturer's labeling, TrimSpa X32 pills are taken 3 times per day minimum, 6 maximum.
TrimSpa X32 also contains chromium. Chromium may be beneficial in glucose regulation. The stimulant components are hoodia gordonii and components containing caffeine (green tea and cocoa extracts).
TrimSpa expanded its weight-loss aids in 2006 to include a fruit-based bar, FROODIA, containing 400 mg of African Hoodia gordonii.

# Federal Trade Commission fine for false claims
On January 4, 2007 the U.S. Federal Trade Commission announced that the marketers of TrimSpa had agreed to pay a settlement of $1.5 million in response to an FTC complaint of making unsupported claims in advertisements, and were also prohibited "from making any claims about the health benefits, performance, efficacy, safety, or side effects of TrimSpa, Hoodia gordonii, or any dietary supplement, food, drug, or health-related service or program, unless the claims are true, not misleading, and substantiated by competent and reliable scientific evidence." The FTC also announced similar settlements with the marketers of Xenadrine EFX, CortiSlim, and One-A-Day WeightSmart.

# Over-the-counter disclaimer
TrimSpa is considered an herbal supplement, and therefore, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not currently regulate it. As such, the dietary supplement manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that TrimSpa is safe before it is marketed. Hence, TrimSpa's safety and effectiveness have not been reviewed by the FDA.

# Celebrity Endorsements
The model Anna Nicole Smith made TrimSpa famous in commercials with the phrase "TrimSpa, Baby!".  Following her death, there has been speculation in the media about the company's future.
Tuftsin
Tuftsin is a tetrapeptide (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) produced by enzymatic cleavage of the Fc-domain of the heavy chain of immunoglobulin G. It is produced primarily in the spleen.

# Function
Its biological activity is related primarily to the immune system function.
Tuftsin binds to specific receptors on the surface of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, stimulating their migration, phagocytic, bactericidal, and tumoricidal activity. It also influences antibody formation.

# Pathology
Tuftsin deficiency, either hereditary or following splenectomy, results in increased susceptibility to certain infections. 

# Clinical significance
Tuftsin has been chemically synthesized and it is considered for use in immunotherapy.

# History
Tuftsin was first identified in 1970 by scientists Najjar and Nishioka. It was named after Tufts University where the peptide was discovered.
Twinrix

# Overview
Twinrix is a vaccine against hepatitis A and hepatitis B.  Twinrix is administered over three doses.
The name was created because it is a mixture of two earlier vaccines - Havrix, an inactivated-virus Hepatitis A vaccine, and ENGERIX-B, a recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine.
The CDC reports that clinical trials found the following levels of protection against Hep A and Hep B one month after each dose:
A: 93.8% 98.8% 99.9%
B: 30.8% 78.2% 98.5%
GlaxoSmithKline claims that its studies found 70% of subjects had antibodies against hepatitis B a month after just the first dose, however.
TWINRIX, HAVRIX and ENGERIX-B are registered trademarks of
GlaxoSmithKline; if the same vaccine is available from others, it will have another name.
UGT1A10
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UGT1A10 gene.
This gene encodes a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, an enzyme of the glucuronidation pathway that transforms small lipophilic molecules, such as steroids, bilirubin, hormones, and drugs, into water-soluble, excretable metabolites. This gene is part of a complex locus that encodes several UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. The locus includes thirteen unique alternate first exons followed by four common exons. Four of the alternate first exons are considered pseudogenes. Each of the remaining nine 5' exons may be spliced to the four common exons, resulting in nine proteins with different N-termini and identical C-termini. Each first exon encodes the substrate binding site, and is regulated by its own promoter. The enzyme encoded by this gene has glucuronidase activity on mycophenolic acid, coumarins, and quinolines.

# Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. 
-  The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "IrinotecanPathway_WP46359"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
UNC93B1
Unc-93 homolog B1 (C. elegans), also known as UNC93B1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the UNC93B1 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a protein with similarity to the Caenorhabditis elegans unc93 protein. The Unc93 protein is involved in the regulation or coordination of muscle contraction in the worm.

# Molecular biology
The gene is located on long arm of chromosome 11 (11q13) on the minus (Crick) strand and was first identified in 2002. This protein is an intrinsic membrane protein that spans the membrane twelve times. It is found in the endoplasmic reticulum and is highly conserved.

# Clinical importance
Unc93B1 protein appears to be involved in the innate immune response. Defects in the protein predispose to hypersensitity to infections with herpes simplex virus and mouse cytomegalovirus. The mechanism is unclear but Unc93B1 is known to interact with the toll-like receptors TLR3, TLR7 and TLR9 and it appears to be involved in the trafficking of these receptors within the cell. Mutations in this gene lead to selective impairment of dsRNA-induced interferon alpha/beta and interferon 1 lambda production.
The intracellular toll-like receptors have been shown to interact with UNC93B in splenocytes and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. TLR3 and TLR9 bind to UNC93B via their transmembrane domains. Introduction of the point mutation H412R (histidine to arginine at amino acid 412: a single base transition - adenosine to guanine at base 1235) in UNC93B abolishes this interaction.
UQCRFS1
Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, Rieske iron-sulfur polypeptide 1, also known as UQCRFS1, Rieske iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein, Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 5, or Complex III subunit 5 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the UQCRFS1 gene. UQCRFS1 is a subunit of the respiratory chain protein Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase (UQCR, Complex III or Cytochrome bc1 complex), which consists of the products of one mitochondrially encoded gene, MTCYTB (mitochondrial cytochrome b) and ten nuclear genes UQCRC1, UQCRC2, Cytochrome C1, UQCRFS1 (this protein, a type of Rieske protein), UQCRB,UQCRQ ("11kDa protein"), UQCRH (cyt c1 Hinge protein), UCRC ("cyt. c1 associated protein"), and UQCR ("Rieske-associated protein").

# Structure
UQCRFS1 is located on the q arm of chromosome 19 in position 12, has 2 exons, and spans 5,969 base pairs. The UQCRFS1 gene produces a 29.7 kDa protein composed of 274 amino acids. UQCRFS1 is a subunit of the respiratory chain protein Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase (UQCR, Complex III or Cytochrome bc1 complex). The structure of the complex is a symmetric homodimer composed of one mitochondrial genome encoded cytochrome b subunit and ten other nucleus encoded subunits. The primary structure of UQCRFS1 from cDNA analysis is composed of a 78 amino acid long N-terminal extension sequence.

# Function
The UQCRFS1 gene encodes for an iron-sulfur protein, which is an essential subunit of the Ubiquinol Cytochrome c Reductase or Complex III in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. 
Complex III is responsible for electron transfer from coenzyme Q to cytochrome c as well as the proton transfer from the extracellular matrix to the intermembrane space which leads to ATP-coupled electrochemical potential generation. Incorporation of the subunit UQCRFS1 is the second to last step in complex III assembly. Once it is incorporated, UQCRFS1 undergoes proteolytic processing, which is essential for the correct insertion into Complex III. Preventions of the insertion may occur due to UQCRFS1-derived fragments, leading to a loss of Complex III structure and function.

# Clinical significance
The UQCRFS1 gene has been shown to be involved in carcinogenesis of some cancers. It is mainly associated with more aggressive tumors, and results in the development of more aggressive phenotypes of breast cancers. The association was found with a grade 3 amplification of the UQCRFS1 gene. In addition, Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been found to be associated with the amplification of UQCRFS1 gene. In contrast, UQCRFS1 and complex III has been absent in renal cell carcinoma, though the mechanism is unknown.

# Interactions
In addition to co-complexes, UQCRFS1 has protein-protein interactions with UQCRB, BCS1L, COX6B1, UQCRQ, NDUFA9, and other proteins.
Urachus

# Overview
The urachus is an embryological canal connecting the urinary bladder of the fetus with the allantois, a structure that contributes to the formation of the umbilical cord. The lumen (inside) of the urachus is normally obliterated during embryonic development, transforming the urachus into a solid cord, a functionless remnant. The urachus lies in the space of Retzius, between the transversalis fascia anteriorly and the peritoneum posteriorly.

# Formation
The vesico-urethral portion of the urogenital sinus absorbs the ends of the Wolffian ducts and the associated ends of the renal diverticula, and these give rise to the trigone of the bladder and part of the prostatic urethra. 
The remainder of the vesico-urethral portion forms the body of the bladder and part of the prostatic urethra; its apex is prolonged to the umbilicus as a narrow canal, which later is obliterated and becomes the median umbilical ligament (urachus).
Note:  The two medial umbilical ligaments are the obliterated umbilical arteries.

# Pathology
Failure for the lumen of the urachus to be filled in leaves a patent (open) urachus. The telltale sign is leakage of urine through the umbilicus. A patent urachus needs to be surgically removed.

# Additional images
- Inguinal fossae
Urology
Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.

# Overview
Urology is the specialty of medicine that focuses on the urinary tracts of males and females, and on the reproductive system of males. Medical professionals specializing in the field of urology are called urologists and are trained to diagnose, treat, and manage patients with urological disorders. The organs covered by urology include the  kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, and the male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and penis).
In men, the urinary system overlaps with the reproductive system, and in women the urinary tract opens into the vulva. In both sexes, the urinary and reproductive tracts are close together, and disorders of one often affect the other. Urology combines management of medical (i.e., non-surgical) problems such as urinary infections, and surgical problems such as the correction of congenital abnormalities and the surgical management of cancers. Such abnormalities within the genital region are called genitourinary disorders.
Urology is closely related to, and in some cases overlaps with, the medical fields of nephrology, andrology, gynecology, proctology and oncology.

# Branches of urology
As a discipline that involves the study of many organs and physiological systems, urology can be broken down into subfields. Many urologists, particularly those involved in research, choose an informal specialization in a particular field of urology.
- Neurourology involves the study of nervous system control of the genitourinary system, and of conditions causing abnormal urination. Neurological diseases and disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and spinal cord injury can disrupt the lower urinary tract and result in conditions such as urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, urinary retention, and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. Less marked neurological abnormalities can cause urological disorders as well -- for example, abnormalities of the sensory nervous system are thought by many researchers to play a role in disorders of painful or frequent urination (e.g. interstitial cystitis). Urodynamic studies play an important diagnostic role in neurourology; urologists often use diagnostic techniques such as flow cystometry or ambulatory urodynamic profiles to determine the best method of treatment for the patient. Medical therapy for nervous system disorders includes drugs that target the nervous system and neuromodulation.
- Pediatric urology is the study of urologic disorders in children such as enuresis, hypospadias, vesicoureteral reflux, and antenatal hydronephrosis.
- Urologic oncology is the study of malignant genitourinary diseases such as prostate cancer and bladder cancer.
Other subfields of urology include stone disease, sexual dysfunction and male infertility.
Vesicle
Vesicle may refer to
- Vesicle (biology), a relatively small and enclosed compartment within a cell
- Vesicular texture, a small enclosed cavity found in some volcanic rock, such as basalt
- Vesicle (adhesive tape), a blister of glue on adhesive tape that is burst when pressure is applied
- Vesicle (lipidomics), a unilamellar phospholipid liposome studied by biophysical chemists for understanding biomembranes and developing new vehicles for drug delivery

# Drug Causes
- Betamethasone dipropionate
- Betamethasone valerate
- Efinaconazole
de:Vesikel
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Viaspan
Viaspan, also known as University of Wisconsin solution (UW solution), was the first solution thoughtfully designed for use in organ transplantation, and became the first intracellular-like preservation medium.  Developed by Folkert Belzer and James Southard for pancreas preservation in the late 1980s, the solution soon displaced EuroCollins solution as the preferred medium for cold storage of livers and kidneys, as well as pancreas. The solution has also been used for hearts and other organs. Viaspan remains what is often called the gold standard for organ preservation, despite the development of other solutions that are in some respects superior.
The guiding principles for the development of Viaspan were
- osmotic concentration maintained by the use of metabolically inert substances like lactobionate and raffinose rather than with glucose
- Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is used to prevent edema
- Substances are added for to scavenge free radicals, along with steroids and insulin.

# Composition
- Potassium lactobionate: 100 mM
- KH2PO4: 25 mM
- MgSO4: 5 mM
- Raffinose: 30 mM
- Adenosine: 5 mM
- Glutathione: 3 mM
- Allopurinol: 1 mM
- Hydroxyethyl starch: 50 g/L
Viminol

# Overview
Viminol (marketed under the brandname Dividol) is a drug which is an opioid analgesic. It has an unusual chemical structure that is not similar to other opioids.
Viminol has both antitussive (cough suppressing) and analgesic (pain reducing) effects. It has six different stereoisomers which have varying properties, with the R2 isomer being a -opioid full agonist slightly more potent than morphine, while the S2 isomer is an antagonist. Since vimonol is supplied as a racemic mixture of isomers, the overall effect produces a mixed agonist-antagonist profile similar to that of opioids such as pentazocine, although with somewhat less side effects.
Viminol has similar effects to other opioids, and produces analgesia, sedation and euphoria.

# Side Effects
Side effects are similar to other opiods, and can include:
- Itching
- Nausea
- Sedation
- Respiratory depression - can be potentially life-threatening
However, since viminol is supplied as a racemic mixture of agonist and antagonist isomers, the abuse potential and respiratory depression tends to be less than that of -opioid full agonist drugs.
Viremia

# Overview
Viremia is a medical condition where viruses enter the bloodstream and hence have access to the rest of the body. It is similar to bacteremia, a condition where bacteria enter the bloodstream. The name comes from combining the word virus with the Greek word for blood (haima).

# Primary versus Secondary
Primary viremia refers to the initial spread of virus in the blood from the first site of infection.
Secondary viremia occurs when primary viremia has resulted in infection of additional tissues via bloodstream, in which the virus has replicated and once more entered the circulation.
Usually secondary viremia results in higher viral shedding and viral loads within the bloodstream due to the possibility that the virus is able to reach its natural host cell from the bloodstream and replicate more efficiently than the initial site.  An excellent example to profile this distinction is the rabies virus.  Usually the virus will replicate briefly within the first site of infection, within the muscle tissues.  Viral replication then leads to viremia and the virus spreads to its secondary site of infection, the Central nervous system (CNS).  Upon infection of the CNS, secondary viremia results and symptoms usually begin.  Vaccination at this point is useless, as the spread to the brain is unstoppable. Vaccination must be done before secondary viremia takes place for the individual to avoid brain damage or death.

# Active versus Passive
Active viremia is caused by the replication of viruses which results in viruses being introduced into the bloodstream.  Examples include the measles, in which primary viremia occurs in the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract before replicating and budding out of the cell basal layer (viral shedding), resulting in viruses budding into capillaries and blood vessels.
Passive viremia is the introduction of viruses in the bloodstream without the need of active viral replication.  Examples include direct inoculation from mosquitoes, through physical breaches or via blood transfusions.
Vitamer
The vitamers of a particular vitamin are all of the chemical compounds which exhibit vitamin activity. Very commonly "vitamins" are not single compounds, but rather each vitamin, which is defined by its biological activity, not its structure, is actually represented by a number of substances, all of which show vitamin activity. Typically, the vitamin activity of multiple vitamers is due to the body's limited ability to convert one vitamer to another, or many vitamers to the same enzymatic cofactor(s). This is the case even though (as part of the definition of vitamin) the body cannot completely synthesize an optimal amount of vitamin activity from simple foodstuffs, without a minimal vitamer molecule as a basis.
Typically not all vitamers possess exactly the same vitamin potency, per mass. This is due to differences in absorption and interconversion of the various different vitamers of a vitamin. Often for the same reason, the toxicity of vitamers varies by molecule, as is the case with vitamin E.
A set of chemicals may be (but is not always) grouped under an alphabetized vitamin "generic descriptor" title, such as "vitamin A," which (for example) includes retinal, retinol, and many carotenoids.  Examples of vitamers include cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin, and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (adenosylcobalaminAdoB-12), which are all vitamers of B-12, and thus all possess "B-12 activity". Another example is that both niacinamide and nicotinic acid (niacin) have vitamin B-3 activity.
Some vitamins have not been given specific alphabetic generic descriptors by naming commissions, and continue to be known by names like biotin and folate (which are B vitamins but have no B number). However, even these vitamins consist of various different active vitamers in both foods and in cellular function.
WBR1056
-  Jump up to: 1.0 1.1  Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, Wullt B, Colgan R, Miller LG;  et al. (2011). "International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: A 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases". Clin Infect Dis. 52 (5): e10320. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq257. PMID 21292654.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-   Kahlmeter, G. (2003). "An international survey of the antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens from uncomplicated urinary tract infections: the ECO.SENS Project". J Antimicrob Chemother. 51 (1): 6976. PMID 12493789. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
-   Naber, KG.; Schito, G.; Botto, H.; Palou, J.; Mazzei, T. (2008). "Surveillance study in Europe and Brazil on clinical aspects and Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology in Females with Cystitis (ARESC): implications for empiric therapy". Eur Urol. 54 (5): 116475. doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2008.05.010. PMID 18511178. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)