Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Hickman line
A Hickman line is an intravenous catheter most often used for the administration of chemotherapy or other medications, as well as for the withdrawal of blood for analysis.  Some types of Hickman lines are used mainly for the purpose of apheresis or dialysis.  Hickman lines may remain in place for extended periods and are used when long-term intravenous access is needed.
The insertion of a Hickman line is usually done under sedation or a general anesthetic by a radiologist or surgeon. It involves two incisions, one at the jugular vein or another nearby vein or groove, and one on the chest wall. At the former incision site (known as the "entrance" site), a tunnel is created from there through to the latter  incision site (known as the "exit" site), and the catheter is pushed through this tunnel until it "exits" the latter incision site. The exit site is where the lumens are seen as coming out of the chest wall.  The catheter at the entrance site area is then inserted back through the exit site and advanced into the superior vena cava, preferably near the junction of it and the right atrium of the heart.  The entrance site is sutured. The catheter at the exit site is secured by means of a "cuff" just under the skin at the exit site, and the lumens are held down otherwise by a sterile gauze or dressing centered on the exit site, which also serves the purpose of preventing potential contamination at the exit site. Throughout the procedure, ultrasound and X-rays are used to ascertain the positioning of the catheter.
Long-term venous catheters became available in 1968, and the design was improved by Broviac et al in 1973. Hickman et al, after whom the system is named, further modified the principles with subcutaneous tunneling and a Dacron cuff that formed an infection barrier. Dr Robert O. Hickman was a pediatric nephrologist at the Seattle Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center.
Potential complications of placement of such a line include hemorrhage and pneumothorax during insertion and thrombosis or infection at later stages.  Patients with a Hickman line therefore require regular flushes of the catheter with heparin, in order to prevent the line becoming blocked by blood clots. Preventing contamination at the exit site and ensuring that the lumens are flushed frequently is especially important for oncology patients, as they may have become immunocompromised as a result of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Pyrexia (fever) is one of the symptoms of contamination. This symptom, and others, including the observance of swelling or bleeding at the exit site, indicate that the patient should seek medical attention as soon as possible.
Hidrocystoma

# Overview
Hidrocystoma (also known as cystadenoma, a Moll's gland cyst, and a sudoriferous cyst) is an adenoma of the sweat glands.:787
Hidrocystomas are cysts of sweat ducts, usually on the eyelids.:664 They are not tumours (a similar sounding lesion called hidroadenoma is a benign tumour).
There are three types of "sweat" glands: True sweat glands or eccrine glands,
sebaceous glands which have an oily secretion around hair follicles and apocrine glands which have more oily product than eccrine glands and are found on the face, armpit and groin.
Hidrocystomas usually arise from apocrine glands. They are also called Cysts of Moll or sudoriferous cysts.  There may be a type of hidroadenoma that arises from eccrine glands but these are uncommon.
Other related conditions on the eyelids include chalazion ( a granulomatous reaction to sebaceous glands on the eyelid), lacrimal duct cysts (cysts related to tear ducts) and nasolacrimal duct cysts (the nasolacrimal duct drains tears into the nose via a punctum on the lower eyelid).

# Diagnosis

## Physical examination

### Skin
- Eccrine hidrocystoma. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Eccrine hidrocystoma. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Eccrine hidrocystoma. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Eccrine hidrocystoma. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Eccrine hidrocystoma. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Eccrine hidrocystoma. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Eccrine hidrocystoma. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Eccrine hidrocystoma. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Eccrine hidrocystoma. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Eccrine hidrocystoma. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Eccrine hidrocystoma. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Eccrine hidrocystoma. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Eccrine hidrocystoma. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Eccrine hidrocystoma. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
Hilda Molina
Dr Hilda Molina is the former chief neurosurgeon of Cuba. Molina was also a deputy in the Cuban National Assembly but has been a critic of the Cuban government since the early 1990s. Her criticisms focus primarily on Cuba's state-governed healthcare system.
In 1987, Molina founded the neurosurgery center in Havana. By 1991, her center had become one of the most important scientific centers in Cuba. The same year, Molina claims she was informed by the then Minister of Health, Julio Teja, that her center was henceforth to treat foreigners paying in U.S. dollars. Previously, the center had treated only Cuban patients. Dr. Molina subsequently resigned her position at the center and her seat at the National Assembly. Molina claims that she and her son were subjected to mob retaliation in what are termed "acts of repudiation". She has continuously been denied a visa to travel for personal as well as professional reasons.

# Requests for travel
Dr. Molina has made many requests to visit family members residing in Argentina. In 2004, after Molina was again denied a visa by the Cuban government, an Argentinian free-market oriented thinktank forwarded a letter from Dr. Molina to the United Nations Human Rights Commission and other international human rights groups. In the letter Molina stated: "The Cuban government impeded me from temporarily visiting Argentina for a reunion, after 11 years of forcible separation, with my son, who is a naturalized Argentinian, and with his wife who is an Argentine citizen". She also listed numerous examples where she believed her rights had been violated by the Cuban authorities going on to state that "the arbitrary state organs that delay or deny, provoking the tearing apart of thousands of innocent families, that submerges them in paralyzing fear, so they are incapacitated to reclaim the respect for their rights most elemental."
In July 2006, a week before Fidel Castro's illness led to the Cuban transfer of presidential duties to brother Raul Castro, the Cuban President was questioned by international leaders and journalists on the issue whilst attending a conference in Argentina. Argentine President Nestor Kirchner took the opportunity to press the Cuban leader to allow surgeon Hilda Molina, a one-time Castro ally, to leave Cuba to be with her children and grandchildren already in Argentina. At an improvised press conference, Miami's Channel 41 reporter Juan Manuel Cao asked Castro about Molina, a reportedly infuriated Castro asked the reporter, "Who is paying you?" and later accused him of being "a mercenary" for President Bush . Juan Manuel Cao was later confirmed to have been one of at least ten South Florida journalists to have received regular payments from the U.S. government.
Hilton's law
Hilton's law is the observation that in the study of anatomy, one often finds that a nerve that innervates a joint also tends to innervate the muscles that move the joint and the skin that covers the attachments of those muscles.
For example, the musculocutaneous nerve supplies the elbow joint of humans with pain and proprioception fibres. It also supplies biceps brachii, brachialis, and the forearm skin close to the insertion of each of those muscles.
Hilton's law arises as a result of the embryological development of humans (or indeed other animals).

# Extensions of the law
Hilton's law is described above. Similar observations can be made, to extend the theory; often a nerve will supply both the muscles and skin relating to a particular joint. The observation often holds true in reverse - that is to say, a nerve that supplies skin or a muscle will often supply the applicable joint.
Histogenesis
Histogenesis is the formation of different tissues from undifferentiated cells. These cells are constituents of three primary germ layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. The science of the microscopic structures of the tissues formed within histogenesis is termed histology.

# Germ layers
A germ layer is a collection of cells, formed during animal and mammalian embryogenesis. Germ layers are typically pronounced within vertebrate organisms; however,animals or mammals more complex than sponges (eumetazoans and agnotozoans) produce two or three primary tissue layers. Animals with radial symmetry, such as cnidarians, produce two layers, called the ectoderm and endoderm. Therefore, they are diploblastic. Animals with bilateral symmetry produce a third layer in-between called mesoderm, making them triploblastic. Germ layers will eventually give rise to all of an animals or mammal's tissues and organs through a process called organogenesis.

## Endoderm
The endoderm is one of the germ layers formed during animal embryogenesis. Cells migrating inward along the archenteron form the inner layer of the gastrula, which develops into the endoderm. Initially, the endoderm consists of flattened cells, which subsequently become columnar.

## Mesoderm
The mesoderm germ layer forms in the embryos of animals and mammals more complex than cnidarians, making them triploblastic. During gastrulation, some of the cells migrating inward to form the endoderm form an additional layer between the endoderm and the ectoderm. This key innovation evolved hundreds of millions of years ago and led to the evolution of nearly all large, complex animals. The formation of a mesoderm led to the formation of a coelom. Organs formed inside a coelom can freely move, grow, and develop independently of the body wall while fluid cushions and protects them from shocks.

## Ectoderm
The ectoderm is the start of a tissue that covers the body surfaces. It emerges first and forms from the outermost of the germ layers.

# Production
The proceeding graph represents the products produced by the three germ layers.
Homeobox A10
Homeobox protein Hox-A10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HOXA10 gene.

# Function
In vertebrates, the genes encoding the class of transcription factors called homeobox genes are found in clusters named A, B, C, and D on four separate chromosomes. Expression of these proteins is spatially and temporally regulated during embryonic development. This gene is part of the A cluster on chromosome 7 and encodes a DNA-binding transcription factor that may regulate gene expression, morphogenesis, and differentiation. More specifically, it may function in fertility, embryo viability, and regulation of hematopoietic lineage commitment. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described.
Downregualtion of HOXA10 is observed in the human and baboon decidua after implantation and this downregulation promotes trophoblast invasion by activating STAT3

# Interactions
Homeobox A10 has been shown to interact with PTPN6.
Homo (genus)

# Overview
Homo is the genus that includes modern humans and their close relatives. The genus is estimated to be about 2.5 million years old, evolving from Australopithecine ancestors with the appearance of Homo habilis. Appearance of Homo coincides with the first evidence of stone tools (the Oldowan industry), and thus by definition with the beginning of the Lower Paleolithic.
All species except Homo sapiens (modern humans) are extinct. Homo neanderthalensis, traditionally considered the last surviving relative, died out 24,000 years ago while a recent discovery suggests that another species, Homo floresiensis, may have lived as recently as 12,000 years ago.
A minority of zoologists consider that the two species of chimpanzees (usually treated in the genus Pan), and maybe the gorillas (usually treated in the genus Gorilla) should also be included in the genus based on genetic similarities. Most scientists argue that chimpanzees and gorillas have too many anatomical differences between themselves and humans to be part of Homo. Given the large number of morphological similarities exhibited, Homo is closely related to several extinct hominin genera, most notably Kenyanthropus, Paranthropus and Australopithecus. As of 2007, there is no universally accepted recognition of which taxa Homo radiated from.
The word homo is Latin for "man", in the original sense of "human being", or "person". The word "human" itself is from Latin humanus, an adjective cognate to homo, both derived from Proto-Indo-European language Template:PIE "earth". Cf. Hebrew adam, meaning "human", cognate to adamah, meaning "ground". (And cf. Latin humus, meaning "soil".)

# Species
- Homo habilis (Handy Man)
- Homo rudolfensis (Rudolf Man)
- Homo ergaster (Working Man)
- Homo erectus (Upright Man)
- Homo floresiensis (Flores Man; discovered 2003.  Species status remains under debate.)
- Homo antecessor (Predecessor Man)
- Homo heidelbergensis (Heidelberg Man)
- Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthal Man)
- Homo rhodesiensis (Rhodesia Man)
- Homo cepranensis (Ceprano Man)
- Homo georgicus (Georgia Man)
- Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens idaltu (elderly wise man  discovered 1997)
Homo sapiens sapiens (Wise Man; modern humans)
- Homo sapiens idaltu (elderly wise man  discovered 1997)
- Homo sapiens sapiens (Wise Man; modern humans)
H. heidelbergensis and H. neanderthalensis are closely related to each other and have been considered to be subspecies of H. sapiens, but analysis of mitochondrial DNA from Homo neanderthalensis fossils shows that H. neanderthalensis is more closely related to chimpanzees than H. sapiens is, thereby suggesting that H. sapiens is the more derived of the two.  H. rhodesiensis and H. cepranensis are also more closely related to each other than to the other species.
Hydrogen ion
Hydrogen ion is recommended by IUPAC as a general term for all ions of hydrogen and its isotopes.  Depending on the charge of the ion, two different classes can be distinguished:

# Cation (positively charged)
When hydrogen loses its electron, the following cations can be formed:
- Hydron: general name referring to the positive ion of any hydrogen isotope (H+)
- Proton: 1H+
- Deuteron: 2H+, D+
- Triton: 3H+, T+
In addition, the ions produced by the reaction of these cations with water as well as their hydrates are called hydrogen ions:
- Hydronium ion: H3O+
- Zundel cation: H5O2+
- Eigen cation: H9O4+
The latter two play an important role in proton hopping according to the Grotthuss mechanism.
In connection with acids, hydrogen ions typically refer to hydrons.

# Anion (negatively charged)
Hydrogen anions are formed when additional electrons are acquired:
- Hydride: general name referring to the negative ion of any hydrogen isotope
- Deuteride: 2H-, D-
- Tritide:  3H-, T-
In organic chemistry, a hydrogen atom in a molecule is often referred to simply as a proton. The hydrogen anion has played an important role in quantum physics.
Hydroperoxyl

# Overview
HO2*, usually termed either hydroperoxyl radical or perhydroxyl radical, is the protonated form of superoxide; the protonation/deprotonation equilibrium exhibits a pK(a) of around 4.80. Consequently, about 0.3% of any superoxide present in the cytosol of a typical cell is in the protonated form. This ratio is rather accurately reflected by the published literature on the two species, as identified by a PubMed search; at the time of writing only 28 articles mention "HO2," "hydroperoxyl" or "perhydroxyl" in their titles, as against 9228 mentioning superoxide. Here it is argued that this correlation is not justifiable: that HO2*'s biological and biomedical importance far exceeds the attention it has received. Several key observations of recent years are reviewed that can be explained much more economically when the participation of HO2- is postulated. It is suggested that a more widespread appreciation of the possible role of HO2- in biological systems would be of considerable benefit to biomedical research.
Because dielectric constant has a strong effect on pKa, and the dielectric constant of air is quite low, superoxide produced (photochemically) in the athmosphere is almost exclusively present as HO2. As HO2 is quite reactive, it acts as a "cleanser" of the atmosphere by degrading certain organic polutants. As such, the chemistry of HO2 is of considerable geochemical importance.

# Source
- The standard enthalpy of formation and standard entropy values at 298 K were provided by Martin J. Rabinowitz of NASA Lewis Research Center (marty@lerc.nasa.gov)
- HO2 molecule in action
Hydrotalcite

# Overview
Hydrotalcite is a layered double hydroxide of general formula 
Mg6Al2CO3(OH)164(H2O), whose name is derived from its resemblance with talc and its high water content. The layers of the structure may stack in different ways, to produce a 3-layer rhombohedral structure (3R Polytype), or a 2-layer hexagonal structure (2H polytype) which was formerly known under the name manasseite. The two polytypes are often intergrown. The carbonate anions that lie between the structural layers are weakly bound, so hydrotalcite has anion exchange capabilities.
It was first described in 1842 for an occurrence in a serpentine - magnesite deposit in Snarum, Modum, Buskerud, Norway. It occurs as an alteration mineral in serpentinite in association with  serpentine, dolomite and hematite.
Hydrotalcite has been studied as potential getter for iodide in order to scavenge the long-lived 129I (T1/2 = 15.7 million years) and also other fission products such as 79Se (T1/2 = 295 000 years) and 99Tc, (T1/2 = 211 000 years) present in spent nuclear fuel to be disposed under oxidising conditions in volcanic tuff at the Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository. Unfortunately carbonate easily replaces iodide in its interlayer. Another difficulty arising in the quest of an iodide getter for radioactive waste is the long-term stability of the sequestrant that must survive over geological time scales. 
Layered double hydroxides are well known for their anion exchange properties.
Hydrotalcite is also used as an antacid.
Hygromycin B
Hygromycin B, is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is an aminoglycoside that kills bacteria, fungi and higher eukaryotic cells by inhibiting protein synthesis.

# History
Hygromycin B was originally developed in the 1950's for use with animals and is still added into swine and chicken feed as an anthelmintic or anti-worming agent (product name: Hygromix). Hygromycin B is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus, a bacteria isolated in 1953 from a soil sample. Resistance genes were discovered in the early 1980's.

# Use in research
In the laboratory it is used for the selection and maintenance of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells that contain the hygromycin resistance gene. The resistance gene is a kinase that inactivates hygromycin B through phosphorylation. Since the discovery of hygromycin-resistance genes, hygromycin B has become a standard selection antibiotic in gene transfer experiments in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Hyperalgesia
Hyperalgesia is an extreme sensitivity to pain, which in one form is caused by damage to nociceptors in the body's soft tissues.
Hyperalgesia can be experienced in focal, discrete areas, or as a more diffuse, body-wide form. Conditioning studies have established that it is possible to experience a learned hyperalgesia of the latter, diffuse form. The focal form is typically associated with injury, and is divided into two subtypes:
- Primary hyperalgesia describes pain sensitivity that occurs directly in the damaged tissues.
- Secondary hyperalgesia describes pain sensitivity that occurs in surrounding undamaged tissues.
Hyperalgesia is induced by Platelet Aggregating Factor (PAF) which comes about in an inflammatory or an allergic response. This seems to occur via immune cells interacting with the peripheral nervous system and releasing pain-producing chemicals (cytokines and chemokines) (see Marchand, Perretti, & McMahon, 2005).
One unusual cause of focal hyperalgesia is platypus venom.
Ikeda, Stark, Fischer, Wagner, Drdla, Jager, et al. (2006) showed that stimulation of pain fibres in a pattern consistent with that from inflammation switched on a form of amplification in the spinal cord, long term potentiation. This occurred where the pain fibres contacted a pain pathway, the periaqueductal grey. Ikeda  et al. argued that amplification in the spinal cord is another way of producing hyperalgesia.
Hyperkinesia
Hyperkinesia, in medicine, refers to an abnormal increase in muscular activity.
The opposite of Hyperkinesia is known as "Hypokinesia".
Hyperkinesia is separated into 2 types: Rhythmic and Nonrhythmic. Rhythmic disorders consist of mainly tremours. Nonrhythmic disorders are mostly involuntary muscle contractions. One example of a nonrhythmic hyperkinesia disorder is tics.

# Etiology
The word Hyperkinesia comes from the Greek hyper, meaning increased, and kinein, meaning to move.

# Causes
Drug Side Effect:
- Amobarbital sodium
- Pergolide
- Secobarbital sodium

# Sources
Hyperpyrexia
Hyperpyrexia is an excessive and unusual elevation of set body temperature greater than or equal to 41.1 Celsius (106F), or extremely high fever. It differs from hyperthermia in that the body's temperature regulation mechanism sets the body temperature too high, whereas in hyperthermia the body temperature is too high above the set point.

# Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Hyperpyrexia
Some of the more common causes of hyperpyrexia include:  
- excessive exposure to heat or the sun (also called heat hyperpyrexia, a part of heatstroke)
- amphetamine or other stimulant abuse, which can aggravate the effects of heat hyperpyrexia
- withdrawal from barbiturates, alcohol, or other anxiolytics, although it is less common with benzodiazepines
- septicemia (a generalized bacterial infection of the blood)
- some viral infections, such as  mononucleosis
- a thyrotoxic crisis (in hyperthyroidism)
- Malignant hyperpyrexia is a particular condition caused by the breakdown of muscle following its over-excitation, in response to certain stimuli, such as extreme exercise (especially in a high ambient temperature), intense and prolonged convulsions, anesthesia, fever or some drugs, such as cocaine, alcohol and aspirin.
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) can also cause hyperprexia after the administration of antipsychotic drugs.
Hypnosurgery
Hypnosurgery is the term given to an operation where the patient is sedated using hypnotherapy rather than traditional anaesthetics. It is still in its experimental stages, and not widely used. Only a few successful cases have been reported. Chemical anesthesia is still the standard of care, mainly because of its high reliability and the fact that it's more complete, i.e. while hypnosurgery patients will almost always feel some pain, patients under general anesthesia are completely unaware of the operation.
During hypnosurgery, a hypnotist helps the patient control their subconcious reflexes so that they do not feel pain in the traditional sense. Patients are aware of sensation as the operation progresses and often describe a tingling or tickling sensation when pain would normally be expected.
The main benefit of hypnosurgery is that there are fewer side effects, and generally a patient can leave hospital sooner than if normal anaesthetics are used. A reduction in blood loss and post-operative nausea have also been recorded. It should be noted, however, that further studies are being performed and that hypnosurgery is not suitable for all patients.
In April 2006, the British television channel More4 broadcast a live hernia hypnosurgery operation.