Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Otic polyp

# Overview
An otic polyp (also called aural polyp) is a benign proliferation of chronic inflammatory cells associated with granulation tissue, in response to a longstanding inflammatory process of the middle ear.

# Signs and symptoms
Patients usually present with otorrhea, conductive hearing loss, and otalgia, while bleeding and a sensation of a mass are much less common.

# Imaging findings
Although imaging is not required to yield a diagnosis, it may be obtained to exclude other disorders, such as a concurrent cholesteatoma.

# Pathology findings
By gross description, there is usually a solitary, polypoid, reddish mass behind an intact ear drum (typmanic membrane). The tissue is often friable, measuring <2 cm in most cases. All tissue should be processed in order to exclude a concurrent cholesteatoma.
By microscopic exam, the polypoid appearance is maintained, showing a granulation-type tissue reaction with edematous stroma and a rich investment by capillaries. The surface of the polyp is covered by stratified squamous epitehlium with a prominent granular cell layer. The tissue is filled with lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, histiocytes, and eosinophils. It is not uncommon to see plasma cells with Russell bodies and Mott cell formation. Depending on length of symptoms, multinucleated giant cells and calcifications may be seen. Other disorders may be concurrently present, especially since this is a post infectious/inflammatory disorder, and these include a cholesterol granuloma, "tunnel clusters" (glandular epithelial inclusions below the surface epithelium), and cholesteatoma.

## Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry is unnecessary for the diagnosis, but will highlight a mixed B- and T-cell population within the lymphoid component, without light chain (kappa or lambda) restriction. Any muscle markers would be negative.

# Differential diagnoses
The lesion presents in young patients, so the differential for a "polyp", especially when the lymphoid component is crushed or dominant, would include a rhabdomyosarcoma, extramedullary plasmacytoma, and a neuroendocrine adenoma of the middle ear.

# Management
Since this lesion is usually a complication of long standing otitis media, it is important to use an appropriate antibiotic therapy regimen. If the patient fails first line antibiotics, then second-line therapies should be employed, especially after appropriate culture and sensitivity testing. Surgery may be required if there is extension into the mastoid bone, or if a concurrent cholesteatoma is identified during surgery or biopsy. In general, patients have an excellent outcome after appropriate therapy.

# Epidemiology
This is an uncommon lesion, usually affecting young patients (mean age, 30 years), with a male to female ratio of 2:1. The middle ear is involved, although it may extend to the external auditory canal if there is tympanic membrane perforation.
Oxilorphan
Oxilorphan is an opioid antagonist from the morphinan family of drugs.
Oxilorphan is a non-selective opioid which is a  antagonist but a  partial agonist. It has similar effects to naloxone, and around the same potency as an antagonist.
Oxilorphan has some weak partial agonist effects and can produce hallucinogenic effects at high doses, suggesting some kappa opioid agonist action. It was trialled for the treatment of opiate addiction, but was not developed commercially.
Oxiracetam

# Overview
Oxiracetam (ISF 2522) is a nootropic drug of the racetam family and very mild stimulant.  Several studies suggest that the substance is safe even when high doses are consumed for a long period of time.  However, the mechanism of action of the racetam drug family is still a matter of research.  Oxiracetam is not approved by Food and Drug Administration for any medical use in the United States.

# Clinical findings
There has been effort put into investigating the possible use of oxiracetam as a medication to attenuate the symptoms of dementia.  However, no convincing results were obtained from studies where patients suffering from Alzheimer's dementia or organic solvent abuse were given 800 mg of the drug orally twice daily.
The proven effects of the drug are limited to beneficial effects that lead to higher scores in tests for logical performance, attention, concentration, memory and spatial orientation. These tests were performed on patients with mild to moderate dementia and ADHD, and the doses were 8002400 mg orally twice a day for one to six months. Improvement has also been seen in patients with exogenic post-concussion syndrome, organic brain syndromes and other dementias. According to V. Gallai et al, oxiracetam is more effective than piracetam for this purpose.
Research shows oxiracetam improves hippocampally-mediated learning performance by increasing membrane-bound protein kinase C (PKC). When compared to control mice, oxiracetam-treated DBA mice demonstrated a significant increase in spatial learning performance as determined by the Morris water navigation task. This increase in performance was correlated to an increase in membrane-bound PKC.

# Pharmacokinetics
Oxiracetam is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with a bioavailability of 56-82%.
Peak serum levels are reached within one to three hours after a single 800 mg or 2000 mg oral dose, with the maximal serum concentration reaching between 19-31 g/ml at these doses.
Oxiracetam is mainly cleared renally and thus 84% is excreted unchanged in the urine.
The half-life of oxiracetam in healthy individuals is about 8 hours, whereas it is 1068 hours in patients with renal impairment.
There is some penetration of the bloodbrain barrier with brain concentrations reaching 5.3% of that in the blood (measured one hour after a single 2000 mg intravenous dose).
Clearance rates range from 9 to 95 ml/min and steady-state concentrations when 800 mg is given twice daily range from 60 M to 530 M.
The highest concentrations of oxiracetam is found in the septum pellucidum, followed by the hippocampus, the cerebral cortex and with the lowest concentrations in the striatum after a 200 mg/kg oral dose given to rats.
Oxprenolol

# Overview
Oxprenolol (Trasacor, Trasicor, Coretal, Laracor, Slow-Pren, Captol, Corbeton, Slow-Trasicor, Tevacor, Trasitensin, Trasidex) is a non-selective beta blocker with some intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used for the treatment of angina pectoris, abnormal heart rhythms and high blood pressure.
Oxprenolol is a lipophilic beta blocker which passes the bloodbrain barrier more easily than water soluble beta blockers.  As such, it is associated with a higher incidence of CNS-related side effects than hydrophilic ligands such as atenolol, sotalol and nadolol.
Oxprenolol is a potent beta blocker and should not be administered to asthmatics under any circumstances due to their low beta levels as a result of depletion due to other asthma medication, and because it can cause irreversible, often fatal, airway failure and inflammation.

# Stereochemistry
Oxprenolol is a chiral compound, the  beta blocker is used as a racemate, e. g. a 1:1 mixture of (R)-(+)-oxprenolol and (S)-()-oxprenolol. Analytical methods  (HPLC) for the separation and quantification of (R)-(+)-oxprenolol and (S)-()-oxprenolol in urine and in pharmaceutical formulations have been described in the literature.
P16 (gene)

# Overview
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (melanoma, p16, inhibits CDK4), also known as CDKN2A, is a human gene.
This gene generates several transcript variants which differ in their first exons. At least three alternatively-spliced variants encoding distinct proteins have been reported, two of which encode structurally related isoforms known to function as inhibitors of CDK4 kinase. The remaining transcript includes an alternate first exon located 20 Kb upstream of the remainder of the gene; this transcript contains an alternate open reading frame (ARF) that specifies a protein which is structurally unrelated to the products of the other variants. This ARF product functions as a stabilizer of the tumor suppressor protein p53 as it can interact with, and sequester, MDM2, a protein responsible for the degradation of p53 . In spite of the structural and functional differences, the CDK inhibitor isoforms and the ARF product encoded by this gene, through the regulatory roles of CDK4 and p53 in cell cycle G1 progression, share a common functionality in cell cycle G1 control. This gene is frequently mutated or deleted in a wide variety of tumors, and is known to be an important tumor suppressor gene.
p16 is a tumour suppressor gene. Mutations in p16 increase the risk of developing a variety of cancers, notably melanoma.  p16 is an important gene in regulating the cell cycle.
Recent research on the p16 gene, published in Nature in September 2006, indicates that its increased expression as organisms age reduces the proliferation of stem cells.  This reduction in the division and production of stem cells protects against cancer while increasing the risks associated with cellular senescence.
The p16 gene has an alternative reading frame (ARF) that encodes the p14 ARF protein. this is involved in stabilising P53 and is positively regulated by E2F.
p16INK4a is a major product of the CDKN2A locus. Its alternate reading frame product is p14ARF. p16INK4a regulates the cell cycle by binding and deactivating various cyclin-CDKcomplexes. A study published in 2007 in the New England Journal of medicine established that there is a strong association between polymorphisms on chromosome 9p21.3 (SNP, rs1333049) and coronary artery disease. This region codes for the INK4 proteins p16INK4a and p15INK4b. The corresponding genes are CDKN2A and CDKN2B. The proteins may inhibit cell growth induced by Transforming Growth Factor-beta.
PDZ domain
The PDZ domain is a common structural domain of 80-90 amino-acids found in the signaling proteins of bacteria, yeast, plants, and animals. PDZ is an acronym combining the first letters of three proteins  post synaptic density protein (PSD95), Drosophila disc large tumor suppressor (DlgA), and zonula occludens-1 protein (zo-1)  which were first discovered to share the domain. PDZ domains are also referred to as DHR (Dlg homologous region) or GLGF (glycine-leucine-glycine-phenylalanine) domains. These domains help anchor transmembrane proteins to the cytoskeleton and hold together signaling complexes.
There are roughly 260 human PDZ domains, though since several PDZ domain containing proteins hold several domains, the actual number of PDZ proteins is closer to 180.  Listed below are some of the better studied members of this family.
- Erbin
- Htra1
- Htra2
- Htra3
- PSD-95
- SAP97
- PTP-BL 

# Human proteins containing this domain
AAG12;     AHNAK;     AHNAK2;    AIP1;      APBA1;     APBA2;     APBA3;     ARHGAP21;
ARHGAP23;  ARHGEF11;  ARHGEF12;  C14orf112; C16orf65;  CASK;      CNKSR2;    CNKSR3;
DFNB31;    DLG1;      DLG2;      DLG3;      DLG4;      DLG5;      DVL1;      DVL1L1;
DVL2;      DVL3;      ERBB2IP;   FRMPD1;    FRMPD2;    FRMPD2L1;  FRMPD3;    FRMPD4;
GIPC1;     GIPC2;     GIPC3;     GOPC;      GRASP;     GRIP1;     GRIP2;     HTRA1;
HTRA2;     HTRA3;     HTRA4;     IL16;      INADL;     KIAA1849;  LDB3;      LIMK1;
LIMK2;     LIN7A;     LIN7B;     LIN7C;     LMO7;      LNX1;      LNX2;      LOC392742;
LOC392862; LRRC7;     MAGI-3;    MAGI1;     MAGI2;     MAGI3;     MAGIX;     MAST1;
MAST2;     MAST3;     MAST4;     MLLT4;     MPDZ;      MPP1;      MPP2;      MPP3;
MPP4;      MPP5;      MPP6;      MPP7;      MYO18A;    NOS1;      PARD3;     PARD3B;
PARD6A;    PARD6B;    PARD6G;    PDLIM1;    PDLIM2;    PDLIM3;    PDLIM4;    PDLIM5;
PDLIM7;    PDZD11;    PDZD2;     PDZD3;     PDZD4;     PDZD5A;    PDZD7;     PDZD8;
PDZK1;     PDZRN3;    PDZRN4;    PICK1;     PPP1R9A;   PPP1R9B;   PREX1;     PRX;
PSCDBP;    PTPN13;    PTPN3;     PTPN4;     RAPGEF2;   RAPGEF6;   RGS12;     RGS3;
RHPN1;     RIMS1;     RIMS2;     SCRIB;     SDCBP;     SDCBP2;    SHANK1;    SHANK2;
SHANK3;    SHROOM2;   SHROOM3;   SHROOM4;   SIPA1;     SIPA1L1;   SIPA1L2;   SIPA1L3;
SLC9A3R1;  SLC9A3R2;  SNTA1;     SNTB1;     SNTB2;     SNTG1;     SNTG2;     SNX27;
SPAL2;     STXBP4;    SYNJ2BP;   SYNPO2;    SYNPO2L;   TAX1BP3;   TIAM1;     TIAM2;
TJP1;      TJP2;      TJP3;      USH1C;     WHRN;
Pagophagia
Pagophagia is the compulsive consumption of ice.
It has been shown to respond to iron supplementation, leading some investigators to postulate that pica is the result, not the cause, of nutritional deficiency (specifically, deficiencies of iron, zinc, magnesium, and phosphorus).
Folk wisdom (and some early investigators) maintained that pica reflected an appetite to compensate for some problem. Ice probably helps relieve some of the symptoms of low iron, including inflammation of the tongue and stomach.
Later research, however, has demonstrated no evidence that the substances ingested provide any nutrient or mineral in which patients are deficient.
Panama Red
Panama Red is a legendary cannabis sativa cultivar of the 1960s and 1970s, popular amongst cannabis afficiandos. Panama Red is genetically related to Columbian Red.Its name comes from the fact that it originated in the country of Panama, with much of it being produced in the Pearl Islands. It is known for causing a racy, paranoia-inducing, psychedelic high. Cannabis culture died off in Panama with the rise of cocaine trafficking. Today, there are still Panama Red seeds available from collectors, but this strain is very rare.
"Panama Red" was a song played by Jerry Garcia with Peter Rowan in Old and in the Way in 1973. It was also recorded and played by the New Riders of the Purple Sage (after Jerry had stopped playing with them). This particular type of cannabis is also mentioned in the song "Amsterdam" by Van Halen.  During the seminal Vietnam War film Apocalypse Now, the character "Chef" specifically requests "Panama Red" cannabis from a military quartermaster.
Columbian Red is a cannabis sativa cultivar genetically related to Panama Red.

# Reference
- "SongFacts - Panama Red". Retrieved November 26, 2006..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
Pancreatin

# Overview
Pancreatin is a mixture of several digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine cells of the pancreas. It is composed of amylase, lipase and protease. This mixture is used to treat conditions in which pancreatic secretions are deficient, such as surgical pancreatectomy, pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis. It has been claimed to help with food allergies, celiac disease, autoimmune disease, cancer and weight loss. Pancreatin is sometimes called "pancreatic acid", although it is neither a single chemical substance nor an acid.
Pancreatin contains the pancreatic enzymes trypsin, amylase and lipase. A similar mixture of enzymes is sold as pancrelipase, which contains more active lipase enzyme than does pancreatin. The trypsin found in pancreatin works to hydrolyze proteins into oligopeptides; amylase hydrolyzes starches into oligosaccharides and the disaccharide maltose; and lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerols. Pancreatin is an effective enzyme supplement for replacing missing pancreatic enzymes, and aids in the digestion of foods in cases of pancreatic insufficiency.
Pancreatin reduces the absorption of iron from food in the duodenum during digestion 
Some contact lens cleaning solutions contain porcine pancreatin extractives to assist in the intended protein-removal process.
Pantethine

# Overview
Pantethine (bis-pantethine or co-enzyme pantethine) is a dimeric form of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5).  It is composed of two molecules of pantothenic acid linked by cysteamine bridging groups. The monomer of this compound is known as pantetheine and is an intermediate in the production of Coenzyme A by the body. Pantethine is considered the more biologically active form of vitamin B5, but it is less stable, decomposing over time if it is not kept refrigerated.  Most vitamin B5 supplements are therefore in the form of calcium pantothenate, a salt of pantothenic acid.

# Dietary supplementation
Pantethine is available as a dietary supplement because of evidence of its health benefits.  In multiple clinical trials of patients with elevated cholesterol and triglycerides, total and LDL cholesterol were decreased by 12%, triglycerides decreased by 18%, and HDL cholesterol was increased by 9%. These clinical trials were conducted with daily intakes ranging from 600 to 1200 mg/day. Within this dose range there is no evidence of a dose-effect relationship, i.e. changes in lipid concentrations overlapped across the range of doses. Direct dose-response evidence is not available because no trial tested more than one dose. A few trials tested 300 mg/day with more modest but still statistically significant results.

# Physiological effects
Although pantethine can serve as a precursor for generation of vitamin B5, this is not thought to be the mechanism of action. Vitamin B5 requirements are on the order of 5 mg/day.  Effective pantethine intakes are in the range of 600 to 1200 mg/day. Mega-dosing of vitamin B5 does not have the same lipid consequences as pantethine.
Two mechanisms of action are proposed for pantethine. In the first, pantethine serves as the precursor for synthesis of coenzyme A. In the second, pantethine is converted to two pantetheine molecules which are in turn metabolized to form two pantethenic acid and two cysteamine molecules. Cysteamine is theorized to bind to and thus inactivate sulfer-containing amino acids in liver enzymes involved in the production of cholesterol and triglycerides.
Paraplegin
Paraplegin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPG7 gene located on chromosome 16.

# Structure
The SPG7 gene contains 21 exons and encodes for a protein that is approximately 88 kDa in size. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.
The structure of the SPG7 resolved by X-ray crystallography reveals that the protein functions as a hexamer and is structurally most similar to bacterial FtSH proteases. It contains an FtsH-homology protease domain as well as an AAA+ homology ATPase domain. The protein is thought to use ATPase-driven conformational changes to the AAA-domain in order to deliver the substrate peptides to be degraded to its protease core.

# Function
The SPG7 protein is a nuclear-encoded metalloprotease protein that is a member of the AAA protein family. Members of this protein family share an ATPase domain and have roles in diverse cellular processes including membrane trafficking, intracellular motility, organelle biogenesis, protein folding, and proteolysis. The SPG7 protein is a transmembrane protein that is located to the inner mitochondrial membrane, and is part of the m-AAA metalloproteinase complex, which constitutes one of the known intra-mitochondrial proteases that function in mitochondrial protein quality control.

# Interactions
SPG7 interacts with AFG like AAA ATPase 2 (AFG3L2) on the mitochondrial inner membrane to form the m-AAA metalloproteinase complex.

# Clinical significance
Mutations associated with this gene cause autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia 7, a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by a slow, gradual, progressive weakness and spasticity of the lower limbs. SPG7 mutations have also been associated with other undiagnosed ataxia.
In model animals, knockdown of spastic paraplegia 7 by siRNA inhibits the early stages of HIV-1 replication in 293T cells infected with VSV-G pseudotyped HIV-1. It has been shown that an SPG7 variant escapes phosphorylation-regulated processing by AFG3L2 and increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and is correlated with many clinical phenotypes. Furthermore, SPG7 deficiency is associated with abnormal mitochondrial DNA maintenance, which may lead to secondary mitochondrial DNA lesions and impaired respiratory activities and mitochondrial functions.
Parasomnia

# Overview
A parasomnia is any sleep disorder such as sleepwalking, sleepeating, sleep sex, teeth grinding, night terrors, rhythmic movement disorder, REM behaviour disorder, restless legs syndrome, and somniloquy, characterized by partial arousals during sleep or during transitions between wakefulness and sleep. Parasomnias are often associated with stress and depression, and biological factors may also be involved. Many parasomnias are more common in children than in adults.
Unlike dyssomnias, parasomnias do not involve abnormalities of the mechanisms generating sleep-wake states, nor of the timing of sleep and wakefulness. Rather, parasomnias represent the activation of physiological systems at inappropriate times during the sleep-wake cycle. In particular, these disorders involve activation of the autonomic nervous system, motor system, or cognitive processes during sleep or sleep-wake transitions.
Parasomnias occur during deep sleep (stages III and IV). On an electroencephalogram (EEG), this corresponds to slow wave sleep.
Many parasomnias, such as sleepwalking, have serious risks. For example, a person with REM behavior disorder, while trying to swing a tennis racket in a dream, can potentially injure their bedmate. People with night terrors can prevent others from sleeping well, as well as waking themselves up. For these reasons, parasomniacs sometimes need medical treatment.
Parenchyma

# Overview
Parenchyma is a term used to describe a bulk of a substance. It is used in different ways in animals and in plants.
The term is New Latin, from Greek parenkhuma, visceral flesh, from parenkhein, to pour in beside : para-, beside + en-, in + khein, to pour.

# In animals
The parenchyma are the functional parts of an organ in the body. This is in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the supporting tissue of organs.
Examples include:

# In plants
Parenchyma cells are thin-walled cells of the ground tissue that make up the bulk of most nonwoody structures, although sometimes their cell walls can be lignified. Parenchyma cells in between the epidermis and pericycle in a root or shoot constitute the cortex, and are used for storage of food. Parenchyma cells within the center of the root or shoot constitute the pith.  Parenchyma cells in the ovary constitutes the nucellus and are brick-like in formation.  Parenchyma cells in the leaf constitute the mesophyll; they are responsible for photosynthesis and they allow for the interchange of gases.