Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Drying (food)
Drying is a method of food preservation that works by removing water from the food, which prevents the growth of microorganisms and decay. Drying food using the sun and wind to prevent spoilage has been known since ancient times. Water is usually removed by evaporation (air drying, sun drying, smoking or wind drying) but, in the case of freeze-drying, food is first frozen and then water is removed by sublimation.
Bacteria and micro-organisms within the food and from the air need the water in the food to grow. Drying effectively prevents them from surviving in the food. It also creates a hard outer-layer, helping to stop micro-organisms from entering the food.

# Food types
Many different foods are prepared by dehydration.  Good examples are meat such as prosciutto (a.k.a. Parma ham), bresaola, and beef jerky.  Fruits change character completely when dried: the plum becomes a prune, the grape a raisin; figs and dates are also transformed. Drying is rarely used for vegetables as it removes the vitamins within them, however bulbs, such as garlic and onion, are often dried. Also chilis are frequently dried.
For centuries, much of the European diet depended on dried cod, known as salt cod or bacalhau (with salt) or stockfish (without).  It formed the main protein source for the slaves on the West Indian plantations and was a major economic force within the triangular trade.
Drying began around 4,000 B.C.
Dried and salted reindeer meat is a traditional Sami food.  First the meat is soused.  It is kept in saltwater for a couple of days to guarantee the conservation of the meat.  Then the meat is dried in the sun in spring when the air temperature is below zero.  The dried meat can be further processed to make soup.

# Methods
There are many different methods for drying, each with their own advantages for particular applications; these include:
- Bed dryers
- Fluidized bed dryers
- Shelf dryers
- Spray drying
- Sunlight
- Commercial food dehydrators
- Household oven
Durham's Foot
Durham's Foot or cryopedis is a condition that causes one's extremities (mainly feet) to be incessantly well below the temperature of the rest of the body.

# Symptoms
Durham's Foot causes one's feet to be cold almost constantly, but is generally only triggered when temperatures are cold outside. This is directly correlated to the fact that Durham's Foot is simply the lack of the body's ability to warm the extremities. The core of the body is able to stabilize its temperature after being exposed to cold, but is generally unable to do so with the extremities. Often, one might feel a burning pain in the extremities when exposed to lukewarm water. Other symptoms include the sense of coolness to the touch of the affected extremity, but the extremity is unable to feel any sense of warmth. Again, Durham's Foot most commonly affects the feet, however there have been a few reported cases affecting the hands.

# Treatment
Only a few cases exist, so the treatments tend to be more towards easing the pain, than actually curing the condition. Doctors often recommend that the extremity be kept wrapped and covered, and to pay close attention to the actual temperature. Often, those with the condition will not realize when a foot is going into Stage 1 Hypothermia, as they simply feel that the temperature is normal (for their condition).
EED (protein)
Polycomb protein EED is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EED gene.

# Function
Polycomb protein EED is a member of the Polycomb-group (PcG) family. PcG family members form multimeric protein complexes, which are involved in maintaining the transcriptional repressive state of genes over successive cell generations. This protein interacts with enhancer of zeste 2, the cytoplasmic tail of integrin 7, immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) MA protein, and histone deacetylase proteins. This protein mediates repression of gene activity through histone deacetylation, and may act as a specific regulator of integrin function. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.

# Clinical significance
In humans, a de-novo mutation in EED has been reported in an individual displaying symptoms similar to those of Weaver syndrome.

# Interactions
EED has been shown to interact with:
- EZH2,
- HDAC1,
- Histone deacetylase 2,
- ITGB7,
- PPP1R8,  and
- TGS1.
Echothiophate
Echothiophate is a parasympathomimetic and organophosphate which binds irreversibly to cholinesterase. Because of the very slow rate at which echothiophate is hydrolyzed by cholinesterase, its effects can last a week or more.

# Clinical uses
Echothiophate is used as ocular drops in the treatment of chronic glaucoma and in some cases, accommodative esotropia. It is available under several trade names such as Phospholine Iodide (Wyeth-Ayerst).

# Shortage
Wyeth Pharmaceuticals stopped manufacturing echothiophate iodide (phospholine iodide) in the US in 2003. After contacting the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), Wyeth rescinded their decision and, according to AAO public relations representative Michelle Stephens, the AAO and Wyeth were in talks for about a year about manufacturing it.
In the meantime, a worldwide shortage of the drug has occurred.

# Sources
- Brenner, G. M. (2000). Pharmacology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-7757-6
- Canadian Pharmacists Association (2000). Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties (25th ed.). Toronto, ON: Webcom. ISBN 0-919115-76-4
Ecteinascidin

# Overview
Ecteinascidin 743 is a potent anti-tumor drug. First isolated from aqueous ethanol extract of tunicates in 1969, the complex molecule was found to have impressive cytocytic activities in the pico- to nanomolar range. It is composed of 3 tetrahydroquinoline moieties, 8 rings including one 10-membered heteocyclic ring containing a cystine residue, and 7 chiral centers. This structure was not determined until 1984, and was first totally synthesized by Elias James Corey in 1996.
The biological mechanism of action is believed to involve the production of superoxide near the DNA strand, resulting in DNA backbone cleavage and cell apoptosis. 
The actual mechanism is not yet known, but is believed to proceed from reduction of molecular oxygen into superoxide via an unusual auto-redox reaction on a hydroxyquinone moiety of the compound following. There is also some speculation the compound becomes 'activated' into its reactive oxazolidine form.
Biosynthesis is also beleieved to involve the dimerization of two tyrosine residues to form the pentacyclic core of the molecule. 
The total synthesis by E.J. Corey used this proposed biosynthesis in their attempt at the compounds synthetic creation. Their synthesis utilized such reactions as the Mannich reaction, Pictet-Spengler reaction, the Curtius rearrangement, and the use of chiral Rhodium-based diphosphine complex, in order to conver Z isomers into "S" enantiomers with ~100% yield. A separate synthetic process also involved the Ugi reaction to assist in the formation of the pentacyclic core. This reaction was unprecidented for using such a one pot multi-component reaction in the synthesis of such a complex molecule.
Edward Yazbak
F. Edward Yazback, M.D., F.A.A.P., is retired pediatrician who writes regularly about autism and vaccines, particularly on websites.  He was a well-known pediatrician in Greater Woonsocket and school physician in Woonsocket and North Smithfield, Rhode Island,before retiring several years ago. He is now based in Falmouth, Massachusetts, where he studies the medical histories of children with autism spectrum disorders.
Yazbak is a leading proponent of the theory that vaccination of young children and pregnant women is a risk factor for subsequent development of autism. Yazbak is thus in the movement which contends that there are flaws within the current medical understanding of the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of autism. He is the grandfather of a boy with autism, who has what Yazbak describes as 'autistic enterocolitis' (a syndrome first postulated by Andrew Wakefield in a controversial 1998 study published in the prominent medical journal Lancet). Yazbak was a school physician for 34 years, and has published numerous review and comment articles, largely focusing on regressive (or late onset) autism. In addition to his recent review articles on autism, in 1966 he co-authored an article on the Apgar scores of twins .
Yazbak contends the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine, when given to pregnant mothers and infant children, is a factor in the perceived increasing number of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Yazbak's first research on pregnancy and MMR involved seven women, contacted by email through vaccine groups, who received the MMR, and their children.  His results were published on a website rather than a peer-reviewed medical journal. "All of the children who resulted from these pregnancies have had developmental problems, six of the seven (85 percent) were diagnosed with autism and the seventh seems to exhibit symptoms often associated with autistic spectrum disorders," he wrote in the article.
Yazbak stands in opposition to the strong medical consensus, which is that scientific evidence provides no support for the hypothesis that MMR plays a role in causing autism. However, the theory that MMR causes autism has led to a drop in vaccination rates. A 2005 measles outbreak in Indiana was attributed to children whose parents refused vaccination. After vaccination rates dropped in northern Nigeria in the early 2000s due to religious and political objections, the number of measles cases rose significantly, and hundreds of children died.
Yazbak has also questioned the logic behind supporting research to develop new vaccines designed to deliver disease immunity to both the mother and her infant in utero.

# Bibliography
- Yazbak FE. "Autism in the United States: A Perspective" (PDF) "Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons", Vol 8, No 4, Winter 2003
- Yazbak FE. "Autism, MMR and "60 Minutes: A Perspective"
- Yazbak FE. ,"Autism seems to be increasing worldwide, if not in London" - Letter - "British Medical Journal" 2004;328:226-227 (January 24, 2004)
Ego Integrity

# Overview
Psychosocial theory describes ego integrity as the ego's accumulated assurance of its capacity for order and meaning.  This experience of consistency leads to the development of a reliable sense of self, a reliable sense of other, and an understanding of how those constructs interact to form a person's experience of reality.
In his structural theory, Sigmund Freud described the ego as the mediator between the id and super-ego and the external world. The task of the ego is to find a balance between primitive drives, morals, and reality, while simultaneously satisfying the id and superego. The main concern of the ego is with safety and, while allowing some of the id's desires to be expressed, it is only when the consequences of this expression are marginal. Ego defenses are often employed by the ego when id behaviour conflicts with reality and either society's morals, norms, and taboos, or an individual's expectations as a result of the internalization of these morals, norms, and taboos.
The word ego is taken directly from Latin where it is the nominative of the first person singular personal pronoun and is translated as "I myself" to express emphasis -- it is a translation of Freud's German term "Das Ich," which in English would be "the I."
Elevated LFTs
Synonyms and keywords: elevated liver function tests; elevated hepatic enzymes

# Overview
Elevated liver function tests are standard chemistry tests that indicate that the liver may be inflammed, damaged or not functioning properly.

# Classification
Specific LFTs that can be elevated include:
- Elevated ALT or Alanine transaminase
- Elevated AST or Aspartate transaminase

# Causes of Elevated ALT
The full chapter on the topic can be found here: Elevated ALT or Alanine transaminase
- Acute hepatitis
- Alcoholic hepatopathy
- Cholangitis
- Cholestasis
- Chronic active hepatitis
- Cirrhosis
- Dermatomyositis
- Drugs
- Epstein-Barr Virus
- Fatty liver
- Hepatic tumor
- Hypothyroid myopathy
- Malignant hyperthermia
- Malignancy
- Myocardial Infarction
- Myositis
- Open heart surgery
- Perimyocarditis
- Polymyositis
- Primary biliary cirrhosis
- Progressive myodystrophia
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Renal infarction
- Seizure
- Severe muscle trauma
- Spasms, muscle injuries
- Strong physical work

# Causes of Elevated AST
The full chapter on the topic can be found here: Elevated AST or Aspartate transaminase
- Acute hepatitis
- Alcoholic hepatopathy
- Cholangitis
- Cholestasis
- Chronic active hepatitis
- Cirrhosis
- Dermatomyositis
- Drugs
- Epstein-Barr Virus
- Fatty liver
- Hepatic tumor
- Hypothyroid myopathy
- Malignant hyperthermia
- Malignancy
- Myocardial Infarction
- Myositis
- Open heart surgery
- Perimyocarditis
- Polymyositis
- Primary biliary cirrhosis
- Progressive myodystrophia
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Renal infarction
- Seizure
- Severe muscle trauma
- Spasms, muscle injuries
- Strong physical work
Hyperuricemia

# Overview
Hyperuricemia (American English), or hyperuricaemia (British English), is the presence of high levels of uric acid in the blood. The upper end of the normal range is 360 micromol/L (6 mg/dL) for women and 400 micromol/L (6.8 mg/dL) for men. 

# Causes
Hyperuricemia is caused either by accelerated generation of uric acid through purine metabolism or by impaired excretion in the kidney, or by high levels of fructose in the diet.
Consumption of purine-rich diets is one of the main causes of hyperuricemia. Other dietary causes are ingestion of high protein and fat, and starvation.  Starvation results in the body metabolizing its own muscle mass for energy, in the process releasing purines into the bloodstream.  Purine bases composition of foods varies. Foods with higher content of purine bases adenine and hypoxanthine are suggested to be more potent in exacerbating hyperuricemia.
Humans lack urate oxidase, an enzyme which degrades uric acid. Increased levels predispose for gout and (if very high) renal failure. Apart from normal variation (with a genetic component), tumor lysis syndrome produces extreme levels of uric acid, mainly leading to renal failure.  The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is also associated with extremely high levels of uric acid.  The Metabolic syndrome often presents with hyperuricemia,  while a hyperuricemic syndrome is also common in Dalmatian dogs.

## Causes by Organ System

# Treatment
- Aquaretics
- Allopurinol (200-300mg by mouth once daily) use is controversial. By reducing uric acid production in the body, uric acid stores in the body could be mobilized leading to nephrolithiasis or gout.
- Alkalinizing the urine with Sodium Bicarbonate, Stohl's Solution, or Acetazolamide.
- Low purine diet (see gout).
- Febuxostat has been investigated.
Embryo Biopsy
Embryo Biopsy :
Embryo biopsy or (PGD)preimplantation genetic diagnosis,diagnostic procedure, used in genetic screening,in which a single cell is removed from an embryo two or three days after it has been conceived through in vitro fertilization.
At this age the embryo consists of about eight genetically identical cells. The embryo itself is unaffected and continues to grow while the selected cell's genes are replicated using polymerase chain reaction and then studied for genetic defects. The procedure allows an embryo to be tested before it is implanted into the womb when an inheritable disease or a genetic predisposition to a disease is carried by or exhibited in one or both parents.
Embryo biopsy PGD is offered to couples that are at a high risk of producing offspring with genetic disorders and to those who wish to avoid the termination of an affected fetus following prenatal diagnosis. The procedure is offered to couples who have known genetic diseases detectable by DNA analysis.
Labile affect

# Overview
Labile affect or pseudobulbar affect refers to the pathological expression of laughter, crying, or smiling. It is also known as emotional lability, pathological laughter and crying, emotional incontinence, or, more recently, involuntary emotional expression disorder (IEED). Patients may find themselves laughing uncontrollably at something that is only moderately funny, being unable to stop themselves for several minutes. Episodes may also be mood-incongruent: a patient might laugh uncontrollably when angry or frustrated, for example.
Labile affect is most commonly observed after brain injury or degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (also known as Lou Gehrig disease), a form of motor neuron disease.  It affects up to 50% of patients or up to 17,000 people, particularly those with pseudobulbar palsy.It also sometimes occurs in multiple sclerosis upon cognitive impairment.
While not as profoundly disabling as the physical symptoms of these diseases, labile affect can have a significant impact on individuals' social functioning and their relationships with others. In motor neuron disease, the majority of patients are cognitively normal; however, the appearance of uncontrollable emotions is commonly associated with learning disabilities. This may lead to severe embarrassment and avoidance of social interactions for the patient, which in turn has an impact on their coping mechanisms and their careers.
Treatment for labile affect is usually pharmacological, using antidepressants such as fluoxetine, citalopram, or amitriptyline in low to moderate doses.  In the USA, a combination of dextromethorphan and a subtherapeutic dose of quinidine has been submitted to the FDA for approval to treat emotional lability.
Energy budget
An energy budget is a balance sheet of energy income against expenditure. It is studied in the field of Energetics which deals with the study of energy transfer and transformation from one form to another.  Calorie is the basic unit of measurement. An organism in a laboratory experiments is an open thermodynamic system, exchanging energy with its surroundings in three ways-heat, work and the potential energy of biochemical compounds.
Fishes , like all organism, use ingested food resources (C) as building blocks in the synthesis of tissues (P=production) and as fuel in the metabolic process that power this synthesis and other physiological process (R). Some of the resources are last as waste products (E). All these aspects of metabolism can be represented in energy units.The basic model of energy budget may be shown as:
P = C - R - U - F or
P = C - (R + U + F) or
C = P + R + U + F
All the aspects of metabolism can be represented in energy units. (e.g. joules (J);1 food calorie = 4.2 kJ).
Energy used for metabolism will be
R = C - (F + U + P)
Energy used in the maintenance will be
R + F + U = C - P
The compilation of energy budget for fish has a fairly short history, with the result that literature on the subject is limited.
Enterocolitis
Enterocolitis (or "coloenteritis") is an inflammation of the colon and small intestine. However, most conditions are categorfized as one or the other of the following:
- Enteritis is the inflammation of the small intestine
- Colitis is inflammation of the large intestine, especially the colon

# Types
Specific types of enterocolitis include:
- necrotizing enterocolitis (most common in premature infants)
- autistic enterocolitis (a controversial entity of bowel disease in autistic children)
- pseudomembranous enterocolitis (also called "Pseudomembranous colitis")

## Causes
- Ipilimumab
- Ixabepilone
- Tetracyclines (Idarubicin hydrochloride)
Enterotube II

# Overview
The EnterotubeTM II is an example of a rapid, multi test system used in identification of unknown oxidase- negative,  gram- negative, rod shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It consists of a tube with a flat side and contains 12 compartments for different biochemical tests. Although the manufacturer is continuously improving the accuracy of this system, it is worth noting that this system may sometimes yield false results.

# Methods and Procedure
The EnterotubeTM II is used by first removing the caps from both ends to expose the inoculation wire. The wire is sterile and need not be flamed. The EnterotubeTM II is inoculated by touching the wire to a well isolated colony from a Petri plate. The wire is pulled and rotated from the other end to inoculate all the compartments and pushed all the way back in to reinoculate the compartments. The wire is then pulled until it reaches the indole compartment and is broken off using a pair of pliers. The perforation on the aerobic compartments must be punctured using a flamed inoculation needle or a similar device. The tube is finally recapped and incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for 24 hours.

# Reading the EnterotubeTM II Results
After 24 hours of incubation, any color change is recorded in the ID card provided by the manufacturer or from a separate vendor. The appropriate reagents are added to the indole and Voges-Proskauer compartments and their results are recorded in the same ID card. The numerical values of the positive tests are added in their appropriate sections to yield a 5-digit ID for the organism being tested. This 5-digit number is looked up in a reference book or computer software to determine the identity of the bacteria.

# Accuracy and Limitations
Although the manufacturer has improved on the accuracy of the EnterotubeTM II since it was first produced in the early 1970s, it must be noted that the identification results is not always correct and may require retesting. In one study, the first testing of the EnterotubeTM II correctly identified only 90.6% of the unknown bacterial cultures. Repeat testing using the EnterotubeTM II identified 97.9% of the bacterial cultures. (a total of 235 organisms were used) . Above all, the EnterotubeTM II system is considered an acceptable method of identifying pathogens from the family Enterobacteriaceae in a clinical lab setting.
Ergogenic aid
Ergogenic aids are any external influences which can positively affect physical or mental performance. These include mechanical aids, pharmacological aids, physiological aids, nutritional aids, and psychological aids.
Ergogenic aids may directly influence the physiological capacity of a particular body system thereby improving performance, remove psychological constraints which impact performance, and increase the speed of recovery from training and competition.
These can be as simple as water used before and after exercising to aid in hydration, to something as advanced as anabolic steroids.
Erythroplakia
Erythroplakia is a flat red patch or lesion in the mouth that cannot be attributed to any other pathology.  There are many other conditions that are similar in appearance and must be ruled out before a diagnosis of erythroplakia is made.  Sometimes, a diagnosis is delayed for up to two weeks in order to see if the lesion spontaneously regresses on its own or if another cause can be found.  Erythroplakia frequently is associated with dysplasia, and is thus a pre-cancerous lesion.
Erythroplakia has an unknown cause but researchers presume it to be similar to the cause of squamous cell carcinoma.  It is mostly found in elderly men around the ages of 65 - 74.  It is commonly associated with smoking.  The most common areas in the mouth where erythroplakia is found are the floor of the mouth, the tongue, and the soft palate.  It appears as a red macule or plaque with well-demarcated borders.  The texture is characterized as soft and velvety.  An adjacent area of leukoplakia may be found along with the erythroplakia.
Microscopically, the tissue exhibits severe epithelial dysplasia, carcinoma-in-situ, or invasive squamous cell carcinoma in 90% of cases.  There is an absence of keratin production and a reduced amount of epithelial cells.  Since the underlying vascular structures are less hidden by tissue, erythroplakia appears red when viewed in a clinical setting.
Treatment involves biopsy of the lesion to identify extent of dysplasia.  Complete excision of the lesion is sometimes advised depending on the histopathology found in the biopsy.  Even in these cases, recurrence of the erythroplakia is common and, thus,  long-term monitoring is needed.