Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Caesium iodide
Caesium iodide (CsI) is an ionic compound often used as the input phosphor of an x-ray image intensifier tube found in fluoroscopy equipment.
An important application of caesium iodide crystals, which are scintillators, is electromagnetic calorimetry in experimental particle physics. Pure CsI is a fast and dense scintillating material with relatively high light yield. It shows two main emission components. One in the near ultraviolet region at the wavelength of 310 nm and one at 460 nm. The drawbacks of CsI are a high temperature gradient and a slight hygroscopicity.
Caesium iodide can be used in Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers as a beamsplitter. CsI has a wider transmission range than the more common potassium bromide beamsplitters, extending usefulness in to the far infrared. A problem with optical-quality CsI crystals are very soft with no cleavage, making it difficult to create a flat polished surface. Also the CsI optical crystals must be stored in a desiccator to prevent water damage to the surfaces, and coated (typically with germanium) to minimise water damage from short term atmospheric exposure during beamsplitter swapouts.

# Optical properties
- Transmission range: 250 nm to 55 m
- Refractive index: 1.739 at 10.6 m
- Reflection loss: 13.6% @ 10.6 m (2 surfaces)

# Physical properties
- Hardness (Knoop): 137.9 kPa (20 lbf/in2)
- Young's modulus: 5.3 GPa (769 lbf/in2)
- Modulus of rupture: 5.6 GPa (810 lbf/in2)
- Apparent elastic limit: 5.6 GPa (810 lbf/in2)
- Structure: Cubic, no cleavage
Camphoric acid
Camphoric acid, C10H16O4 or in Latin form Acidum camphoricum, is a white crystallisable substance obtained from the oxidation of camphor, it exists in three optically different forms; dextrorotatory one is obtained by the oxidation of dextrorotatory camphor and used in pharmaceuticals.

# History
Acidum camphoricum was studied and isolated for the first time by French pharmacist Nicolas Vauquelin in the early 1800s but it wasn't until September of 1874 that Dutch chemist Jacobus H. van 't Hoff proposed the first suggestion for its molecular structure and optical properties. In 1904 Finnish chemist Gustav Komppa became the first to succeed in manufacturing camphor from this acid.

# Chemical properties and isolation
Camphoric acid may be prepared by oxidising camphor with nitric acid.

# Pharmaceutical uses
This acid has a mild camphor action; it is not very toxic and can be used in very large doses, up to 4 grammes (60 grains), without serious effects; it is supposed to paralyse the nerve-endings in the sweat glands, and is used in the night-sweats of phthisis. 
It does not affect other secretions as does atropine, nor irritate the stomach like agaric acid. Camphoric acid is also employed in solution, 0.2 to 5.0 percent by weight or volume, with sufficient alcohol, as a local antiseptic to the nose, throat, and bladder, among other uses, is usually administered as a powder, or in cachets, but may also be given in mixtures suspended with compound powder of tragacanth, or dissolved by the addition of diluted alcohol or a flavouring tincture. When used as an antihydrotic the dose should be given two or three hours before bedtime.
Candy flipping
Candy flipping is a colloquial term, or drug slang, which refers to the psychoactive experience of combining LSD and MDMA (or MDA, a related substance). These two chemicals have been used separately in past psychoanalytical and psychotheraputic experiments and even treatment. Together, these substances are alleged to allow the user to reach a psychological state in which they feel able to freely and critically analyse their emotions, personal belief systems, relationships (especially with any others who may be present) et cetera. However, candy flipping often tends to be a purely recreational event.

# Experience
The two drugs are reputed to complement each other, giving a "layered" aspect to the experience, resulting in the user feeling more empathetic and "in touch" with their subconscious and their emotions, as well as being extremely interested and excited by ordinary sensory stimulation. However, specific details about the effects are hard to list as they depend on the ratio and strength of both dosages and even then they vary from user to user and rarely produce the same kind of "experience" in a repeat user. Plus, according to personal preference, users tend to take one drug long before the other, in order to "ride the high" created by the first drug, with this naturally being at a different point in time each time done. With both drugs having relatively long-lasting effects, the intense and often euphoric experience of candy flipping can last for hours.

# Health
Psychoanalysis and psychotherapy without the guidance of a trained counsellor of some description can be especially jeopardous under these sort of conditions, as the user is always likely to touch upon a subject which is not easily handled in an intoxicated mindset. Mood swings are also an issue, as are other side-effects, including panic attacks and depersonalisation. In the long-term, overuse of them can result in depression or minor mental health problems, although a large number of users tend to try it purely for novelty. To date, there have been no clinical trials which have investigated the effects of combining LSD and MDMA, with all information about candy flipping coming from anecdotal evidence from users, and while interviews and surveys with simultaneous users of LSD and MDMA have been published in some mainstream journals, formal research into this area is very scarce.
Cantharellales
The order Cantharellales is a group of fungi that includes the chanterelles, the tooth fungi, and some club fungi.  Their hymenium consists of thick gill-like folds, spines, or in some cases an almost smooth surface. It was once thought to be a 'transition group' to the true gill-fungi (Agaricales) because of its rudimentary gill-like folds, but molecular phylogenetic studies have clearly established that this group represents its own evolutionary line.

# Important Genera
The examples are of Northern European fungi.

## Cantharellus
The hymenium of these fungi is covered by forking gill-like ridges ('false gills') and unlike Craterellus the stem is solid.  They have smooth spores.
The chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius) is a popular edible mushroom in Europe, often being sold in markets.  It is apricot-coloured and also smells of apricots.

## Craterellus
In this genus, the hymenium is more or less smooth and the stipe is hollow.  The best-known European species is the Horn of Plenty (or "Trumpet of the Dead"), Craterellus cornucopioides. Craterellus tubaeformis (= C. infundibuliformis) is also sold commercially.

## Hydnum
Viewed from above these fungi look like agarics (ordinary gilled mushrooms) but underneath they have spines instead of gills.  Species: the Hedgehog fungus Hydnum repandum is quite common, H. rufescens is similar but redder.
Cantu syndrome

# Overview
Cantu syndrome is a rare condition characterized by hypertrichosis, osteochondrodysplasia and cardiomegaly.

# Historical Perspective
This condition was first described by Cantu at al in 1982.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Less than 50 cases have been described in the literature.

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Neuro-developmental outcome appears to be normal. However obsessive traits and anxiety have been reported.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
It may also be associated with recurrent infections with low immunoglobulin levels and gastric bleeding.

## Physical Examination

### Head
There is a characteristic facies.

### Eyes
Heterochromia iridis

### Extremities
Lymphoedema

## Echocardiography
- Patent ductus arteriosus
- Septal hypertrophy
- Pericardial effusions.
Carcinomatosis

# Overview
Carcinosis, or carcinomatosis, is disseminated cancer, forms of metastasis, whether used generally or in specific patterns of spread.

# Usage
Carcinomatosis is often restricted to tumors of epithelial origin, adenocarcinomas, while sarcomatosis describes the dissemination of tumors of mesenchymal origin, sarcomas.

# Lung

## Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
When most tumors metastasize to the lung, they form distinct nodules, but about 7% spread through the lymph vessels of the lung. They may impair breathing in several ways; the lung becomes stiffer; blood vessels traveling alongside the distended lymph vessels become compressed.

## Miliary carcinosis
A pattern of multiple small nodular metastases has been described as miliary carcinosis which has a radiographic appearance similar to miliary tuberculosis.

# Body cavities
Any potential space may be seeded with tumor cells that grow along surfaces, but which may not invade below the surfaces. In rare cases, the joint spaces are affected.

## Peritoneal carcinomatosis
The lining of the abdominal cavity is a common site for surface dissemination. Ovarian carcinomas are common. Fluid produced by the cells can produce ascites which is typical in carcinomatosis, but less common in peritoneal sarcomatosis. Fluid can be serous as seen in primary peritoneal carcinoma or mucinous such as found in pseudomyxoma peritonei which is typically a tumor derived from the appendix.

## Pleural carcinosis
Pleural carcinosis is associated with malignant pleural effusion and poor prognosis.

## Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis
The meningeal covering of the central nervous system may be the site of tumor growth. Breast cancer, lung cancer and melanoma are the most common tumors.
Thyroid cancer

# Overview
Thyroid cancer refers to any of four kinds of tumors of the thyroid gland which include papillary, follicular, medullary and anaplastic tumors. Papillary and follicular tumors are the most common and are usually benign.  Papillary and follicular tumors have a slow growth and may recur, but are generally not fatal in patients under 45 years of age. Medullary and anaplastic tumors are malignant.  Medullary tumors have a good prognosis if the are restricted to the thyroid gland and a poorer prognosis if metastasis occurs.  Anaplastic tumors are fast-growing and respond poorly to therapy.
Thyroid nodules are diagnosed by ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration or frequently by thyroidectomy (surgical removal and subsequent histological examination). As the thyroid cancer can uptake iodine, radioactive iodine is commonly used for the treatment of thyroid carcinomas. However, radioactive iodine therapy is accompanied by thyroxine therapy to ensure TSH suppression.

# Classification
Thyroid cancers can be classified according to their pathological characteristics. The following variants can be distinguished (distribution over various subtypes may show regional variation):
- Papillary thyroid cancer (75%, including mixed papillary/follicular)
- Follicular thyroid cancer (16%)
- Medullary thyroid cancer (5-7%)
- Anaplastic thyroid cancer (3%)
- Lymphoma (1%)

# Causes
- For more information on papillary thyroid cancer causes, click here.
- For more information on follicular thyroid cancer causes, click here.
- For more information on medullary thyroid cancer causes, click here.
- For more information on anaplastic thyroid cancer causes, click here.
- For more information on primary thyroid lymphoma causes, click here.

# Differential diagnosis
Thyroid cancers should be differentiated from one another and from various other diseases:
Cardiac marker

# Overview
Medical tests that are often referred to as cardiac markers include:
- cardiac troponin (the most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage)
- creatine kinase (CK, also known as phosphocreatine kinase or creatine phosphokinase)
- Aspartate transaminase (AST, also called Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT/SGOT) or aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT))
- lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
- Myoglobin (Mb) has low specificify for myocardial infarction and is used less than the other markers.
Cardiac markers are substances released from heart muscle when it is damaged as a result of myocardial infarction. Depending on the marker, it can take between 2 to 24 hours for the level to increase in the blood. Additionally, determining the levels of cardiac markers in the laboratory - like many other lab measurements - takes substantial time. Cardiac markers are therefore not useful in diagnosing a myocardial infarction in the acute phase. The clinical presentation and results from an ECG are more appropriate in the acute situation.

# See Also
- Myocardial markers in myocardial infarction
Ischemia-Modified Albumin (IMA) can be detected via the albumin cobalt binding (ACB) test, a limited available FDA approved assay.  Myocardial ischemia alters the N-terminus of albumin reducing the ability of cobalt to bind to albumin.  IMA measures ischemia in the blood vessels and thus returns results in minutes rather than traditional markers of necrosis that take hours.  ACB has low specificity therefore generating high number of false positives and must be used in conjunction with typical acute approaches such as ECG and physical exam.  Additional studies are required.

# Further reading
- Ross G, Bever F, Uddin Z, Devireddy L, Gardin J (2004). "Common scenarios to clarify the interpretation of cardiac markers". J Am Osteopath Assoc. 104 (4): 16576. PMID 15127984.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}Full text
Cardiac plexus
The cardiac plexus is a plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart that innervate the heart.

# Structure
The cardiac plexus is divided into a superficial part, which lies in the concavity of the aortic arch, and a deep part, between the aortic arch and the trachea.
The two parts are, however, closely connected.

# Superficial part
The superficial part of the cardiac plexus lies beneath the arch of the aorta, in front of the right pulmonary artery.
It is formed by the superior cardiac branch of the left sympathetic trunk and the lower superior cervical cardiac branch of the left vagus nerve.
A small ganglion, the cardiac ganglion of Wrisberg, is occasionally found connected with these nerves at their point of junction.
This ganglion, when present, is situated immediately beneath the arch of the aorta, on the right side of the ligamentum arteriosum.
The superficial part of the cardiac plexus gives branches
- (a) to the deep part of the plexus;
- (b) to the anterior coronary plexus; and
- (c) to the left anterior pulmonary plexus.

# Deep part
The deep part of the cardiac plexus is situated in front of the bifurcation of the trachea, above the point of division of the pulmonary artery, and behind the aortic arch.
It is formed by the cardiac nerves derived from the cervical ganglia of the sympathetic trunk, and the cardiac branches of the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves.
The only cardiac nerves which do not enter into the formation of the deep part of the cardiac plexus are the superior cardiac nerve of the left sympathetic trunk, and the lower of the two superior cervical cardiac branches from the left vagus nerve, which pass to the superficial part of the plexus.

## Right half
The branches from the right half of the deep part of the cardiac plexus pass, some in front of, and others behind, the right pulmonary artery; the former, the more numerous, transmit a few filaments to the anterior pulmonary plexus, and are then continued onward to form part of the anterior coronary plexus; those behind the pulmonary artery distribute a few filaments to the right atrium, and are then continued onward to form part of the posterior coronary plexus.

## Left half
The left half of the deep part of the plexus is connected with the superficial part of the cardiac plexus, and gives filaments to the left atrium, and to the anterior pulmonary plexus, and is then continued to form the greater part of the posterior coronary plexus.
Cardiotoxicity

# Overview
Cardiotoxicity is the occurrence of heart muscle damage. The heart becomes weaker and is not as efficient in pumping and therefore circulating blood. Cardiotoxicity may be caused by chemotherapy treatment, complications from anorexia nervosa, drugs or chemical toxins.

# Cobalt
- Congestive heart failure

# Cocaine
- Coronary thrombosis
- Arrhythmias
- Myocardial infarction
- Coronary vasoconstriction

# Chemotherapeutic agents
- Epirubicin
- Congestive heart failure
- Cardiomyopathy
- Daunorubicin liposome
- Pericardial effusion, pericardial tamponade, ventricular extrasystoles, cardiac arrest, sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension, myocardial infarction, supraventricular tachycardia, and angina pectoris.

# Interferon alpha
- Arrhythmias
- Dilated cardiomyopathy
- Congestive heart failure

# Interleukin-2
- Myocardial ischemia
- Myocardial infarction
- Arrhythmias
- Eosinophilic myocarditis

# Phenothiazines
- Electrocardiographic changes
- Arrhythmias
- Sudden cardiac death

# Emetine
- Mononuclear and histiocyte infiltration
- Electrocardiographic abnormalities

# Methysergide
- Left-sided valvular lesions
- Fibrotic endocardial lesions
- Fibrotic pericardial lesions
- Restriction
- Pericardial constriction

# Chloroquine
- Arrhythmias
- Cardiac dysfunction

# Lithium
- Arrhythmias
- Cardiac dilatation with myofibrillar degeneration

# Hydrocarbons
- Electrocardiographic changes
- Arrhythmias
- Cardiomegaly

# Lead
- Electrocardiographic changes
- Arrhythmias
- Congestive heart failure

# Carbon monoxide
- Arrhythmias
- Transient biventricular dysfunction

# Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
- Pericardial effusion in chronic exposure
- Edema PCBs may interfere with tissue permeability or cardiac function or both. 

# Barbiturates
- Bradycardia

## Cyclophosphamide
- Myocarditis
- Myopericarditis
- Pericardial effusion
- Cardiac tamponade
- Congestive heart failure
- Supraventricular arrhythmias
- Ventricular arrhythmias
Caries vaccine

# Overview
The caries vaccine is a bacterial vaccine, currently under development, to prevent and protect against tooth decay.
Streptococcus mutans has been identified as the major etiological agent of human dental caries.
Several types of vaccines are being developed at research centers.
Development of a vaccine has been under investigation for more than 30 years: already in 1972 a caries vaccine was said to be in animal testing in England, and that it would have begun human testing soon. In fact such vaccines have not managed to come out of the laboratories so far, maybe also because of absence of economic convenience for the pharmaceutical companies.
The corporation Planet Biotechnology has developed an antibody against S. mutans which it produces using transgenic tobacco plants. This product may be considered a therapeutic vaccine, and is in clinical trials as of May 2006.

# Genetically-modified S. mutans
Along a similar line of research, Dr. Jeffrey D. Hillman has developed a genetically-modified strain of Streptococcus mutans, the bacterium that causes tooth decay by converting sugar into lactic acid, which dissolves tooth enamel. The new strain, called BCS3-L1, is incapable of producing lactic acid. In laboratory tests, rats who were given BCS3-L1 were conferred with a lifetime of protection against S. mutans. BCS3-L1 colonizes the mouth and produces a small amount of a lantibiotic, called MU1140, which allows it to out-compete S. mutans.
Hillman suggests that treatment with BCS3-L1 in humans could also provide a lifetime of protection, or, at worst, require occasional re-applications. He figures the treatment would be available in dentists' offices and "will probably cost less than $100." FDA Phase I clinical trials are on hold, but are expected to start late in 2007.
Carnett's test
In the evaluation of abdominal pain, a positive Carnett's test may indicate that the abdominal wall is the source of pain. 
In an uncontrolled case series of 1116 patients with Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome (ACNES), 87% had a positive Carnett's test.
A study of acute pain in the emergency department found no benefit from assessing the Carnett's sign.
Carney complex

# Overview
Carney complex is an autosomal dominant condition comprising myxomas of the heart and skin, hyperpigmentation of the skin (lentiginosis), and endocrine overactivity (Carney et al, 1985; McCarthy et al, 1986). It must be differentiated from Carney syndrome (also known as Carney triad). Approximately 7% of all cardiac myxomas are associated with Carney complex(Reynen 1995).

# Pathophysiology
The majority of cases of Carney complex are caused by mutations in the PRKAR1- gene on chromosome 17q24, which has been suggested to function as a tumor-suppressor gene.

# Clinical Features
The spotty skin pigmentation and lentigines occur most commonly on the face, especially on the lips, eyelids, conjunctiva, and oral mucosa (McCarthy et al, 1986). Cardiac myxomas may lead to embolic strokes and heart failure (Reynen, 1995) and may present with fever, joint pain, shortness of breath, diastolic rumble, and tumor plop. Myxomas may also occur outside the heart, usually in the skin and breast. Endocrine tumors may manifest as disorders such as Cushing syndrome.

# DIfferentiating Carney complex disease from other diseases

# Treatment
Cardiac myxomas can be difficult to remove surgically because of recurrence within the heart, often far away from the site of the initial tumor. (McCarthy et al, 1986; Reynen, 1995).

# Related Disorders
LAMB (lentigines, atrial myxoma, mucocutaneous myxoma, blue nevi) and NAME (nevi, atrial myxoma, myxoid neurofibromata, ephelides) syndromes are considered variants of Carney complex.