Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Cadet Nurse Corps
Assistant Editor-In-Chief: Michelle Lew

# Overview
The Cadet Nurse Program was supervised by the United States Public Health Service (PHS)
After entering World War II, it became clear that America would soon face a critical shortage of nurses nationwide. As the war progressed, the demand for nurses increased dramatically.
Somehow, massive numbers of nurse students had to be trained. Therefore, the instructional staff and the facilities of existing civilian schools of nursing needed to be strengthened. An emergency measure was considered faster and more economical than reinstituting the Army School of Nursing or building similar military schools based in hospitals. Additionally, the nurse students could receive accelerated training and their services could be used while they were in training. This way, more graduate nurses could be freed for military service overseas. These plans meant that civilian and military communities received substitute nurse care from student nurses on the home-front.
The plans became concrete when Representative Frances P. Bolton of Ohio introduced a bill on March 29, 1943.
The bill requested the establishment of a special government program to facilitate the training of nurses. The nurse applicants should be granted subsidization of nursing school tuition and associated expenses as well as expedited (i.e., very shortened) training. In exchange, it was demanded that the applicants provide military or other Federal governmental or essential civilian (nursing) services for the duration of the present war. In addition, the bill provided certain funds for participating accredited nursing schools. This measure tried to ensure that as many nursing schools as possible would take part in the Cadet Nurse program.  
The Nurse Training Act (known as the Bolton Act) passed through Congress unanimously. The bill was signed by the President on June 15, 1943, and became effective as Public Law 74 on July 1, 1943.
The Cadet Nurse Corps (originally designated the Victory Nurse Corps) would be administered by the United States Public Health Service (PHS). The Division of Nurse Education was established in the PHS to supervise the Cadet Nurse Corps and was answerable to US Surgeon General Thomas Parran, Jr.. Parran appointed Lucile Petry, who was an actual registered nurse (RN), Director of the Cadet Nurse Corps.
The Nursing schools throughout the country were informed of the new Corps and invited to join. Schools who wanted to take part in the Cadet Nurse program had to fulfill minimal requirements. The school had to be accredited and be affiliated with a hospital approved by the American College of Surgeons. The staff and the facilities had to be adequate, but superior standards were not required. Schools with substandard conditions were not rejected, but supported with funds from the Corps to improve their training possibilities. When the Cadet Nurse program ended, 1,125 from 1,300 of the Nations nursing schools had participated.
Caffeinated drink

# Overview
A caffeinated drink or caffeinated beverage is a drink which contains caffeine, a stimulant, which is legal and popular in most developed countries.
The most common naturally caffeinated beverages are coffee and tea, which in one form or another (usually served hot, but sometimes iced) feature in most world cultures. Other drinks are artificially caffeinated as part of their production process. These include certain soft drinks (primarily cola drinks), and also energy drinks designed as a stimulant, and to perpetuate activity at times when the user might ordinarily be asleep.
The consumption of caffeinated drinks is often intended entirely or partly for the physical and mental effects of caffeine. Examples include the consumption of tea or coffee with breakfast in many westernized societies, in order to 'wake oneself up', or the deliberate consumption of energy drinks by students wishing to study through the night, or revellers seeking to maintain an alert attitude during social recreation. Caffeine can cause a physical dependence, if consumed in excessive amounts. The need for caffeine can be identified when individuals feel headaches, fatigue and muscle pain 24 hours after their last energy drink.
Some commercially distributed drinks contain guarana, a South American berry with a caffeine content about twice that of coffee beans.
Many caffeinated drinks also have decaffeinated counterparts, for those who enjoy the taste, but wish to limit their caffeine intake because of its physical effects, or due to religious or medical perceptions of the drug and its effects.
In recent years, some alcoholic beverage companies have begun to manufacture caffeinated alcoholic beverages. The manufacturing of such beverages has been met with much controversy.
Calcium carbimide

# Overview
Calcium carbimide, sold as the citrate salt under the trade name Temposil, is an alcohol sensitizing agent. Its effects are similar to the drug disulfiram (Antabuse) in that it interferes with the normal metabolism of alcohol by preventing the breakdown of the metabolic byproduct acetaldehyde. The result is that when alcohol is consumed by users of calcium carbimide, they experience severe reactions which include symptoms such as sweating, difficulty breathing, rapid heartbeat, rash, nausea and vomiting, and headache.
A recent 9-year study found that incorporation of supervised carbimide and the similar drug, disulfiram, into a comprehensive treatment program resulted in an abstinence rate of over 50%.
Temposil was developed by Drs. Ken Ferguson and Gordon Bell, who self-tested the drug on themselves.   It was patented in 1955 by the Alcoholism Research Foundation of Ontario.
Calculus (dental)

# Overview
In dentistry, calculus or tartar refers to calcified deposits on the teeth, formed by the continuous presence of dental plaque.  Its rough surface provides an ideal medium for further plaque formation, threatening the health of the gingiva. Calculus absorbs unaesthetic stains far more easily than natural teeth.
Calculus accumulations occur in the absence of adequate oral care. Once formed, it is generally too firmly adherant to teeth to be removed with anything available to an individual at home; patients with calculus must therefore visit their dental professionals so that the calculus can be removed with ultrasonic tools and specialized sharp instruments.

# Clinical significance
Plaque accumulation causes the gingiva to become irritated and inflamed, and this is referred to as gingivitis.  When the gingiva become so irritated that there is a loss of the connective tissue fibers that attach the gums to the teeth and bone that surrounds the tooth, this is known as periodontitis.  Because dental plaque is the sole cause of periodontitis, it is referred to as the primary etiology.  Plaque that remains in the oral cavity long enough will eventually calcify and become calculus.  Calculus is detrimental to gingival health because it serves as a trap for increased plaque formation and retention; thus, calculus, along with everything else that causes a localized build-up of plaque, is referred to as a secondary etiology of periodontitis.
Calculus can form both along the gumline, where it is referred to as supragingival ("above the gum"), and within the narrow sulcus that exists between the teeth and the gingiva, where it is referred to as subgingival ("below the gum").  Calculus formation can result in a number of clinical manifestations, including bad breath, receding gums and chronically inflamed gingiva.
When plaque is supragingival, the bacterial content consists mostly of aerobic bacteria, or those bacteria which utilize and can survive in an environment containing oxygen.  Subgingival plaque, however, is composed mainly of anaerobic bacteria, or those bacteria which cannot exist in an environment containing oxygen.  Anaerobic bacteria are especially dangerous to the gingiva and the gingival fibers that attach the teeth to the gums, leading to periodontitis.  Almost all individuals with periodontitis exhibit considerable subgingival calculus deposits.  These anaerobic bacteria have been linked to cardiovascular disease and pre-term low birth weight babies, but there is no conclusive evidence yet that periodontitis is a significant risk factor for either of these two conditions.

# Prevention
The best way to prevent the build up of calculus is through twice daily toothbrushing and flossing and regular cleaning visits based on a schedule recommended by the dental health care provider.  Calculus accumulates more easily in some individuals, requiring more frequent brushing and dental visits.  There are also some external factors that facilitate the accumulation of calculus, including smoking and diabetes.
Canadian Moonseed
Menispermum canadense (Canadian Moonseed, Common Moonseed, or Yellow Parilla) is a flowering plant in the family Menispermaceae, native to eastern North America, from southern Canada south to northern Florida, and from the Atlantic coast west to South Dakota and Texas. It occurs in thickets, moist woods, and the banks of streams.
It is a woody climbing vine growing to 6 m tall. The leaves palmately lobed, 5-20 cm diameter with 3-7 shallow lobes, occasionally rounded and unlobed. The fruit are produced in 6-10 cm diameter clusters of purple-black berries, each berry is 1-1.5 cm in diameter. The seed inside the berry resembles a crescent moon, and is responsible for the common name. The fruit is ripe between September and October, the same general time frame in which wild grapes are ripe.
Both the leaves and fruit resemble that of the Fox Grape (Vitis labrusca); confusion can be dangerous as Moonseed fruit is poisonous, unlike the edible Fox Grape fruit.
The root is a rhizome, so one specimen can form colonies of genetically identical plants.

# Warning
All parts of these plants are known to be poisonous.The fruit of Canada Moonseed are poisonous and can be fatal.  While foraging for wild grapes one should examine the seeds of the fruit to make sure one is not eating moonseeds:  moonseeds are crescent, while grapes have circular seeds.  Differences in taste should also be an indicator of whether or not a specimen is grape or Moonseed.

# Uses
The Cherokee used Moonseed as a laxative, and as a gynecological and venereal aid. The root was used for skin diseases. The Lenape used it in a salve for sores on the skin. It has been used for a variety of medicinal uses by Americans of European descent.
Canthus (anatomy)

# Overview
Canthus (pl. canthi, palpebral commissures) is either corner of the eye where the upper and lower eyelids meet.
The bicanthal plane is the transversal plane linking both canthi and defines the upper boundary of the midface.

# Commissures
- The lateral palpebral commissure (commissura palpebrarum lateralis; external canthus) is more acute than the medial, and the eyelids here lie in close contact with the bulb of the eye.
- The medial palpebral commissure (commissura palpebrarum medialis; internal canthus) is prolonged for a short distance toward the nose, and the two eyelids are separated by a triangular space, the lacus lacrimalis.

# Surgery
Canthoplasty refers to a plastic surgery of the medial and/or lateral canthus.
A canthotomy involves cutting the canthus, often performed to release excessive orbital pressure (i.e., from orbital hemorrhage or infection).

# Pathology
"Dystopia canthorum" is associated with Waardenburg syndrome.
Capsule (anatomy)
A capsule, in anatomy, is a cover or envelope partly or wholly surrounding a structure. Types of capsules include:
- the shell of an egg (biology)
- joint capsules - every diarthrodial joint possesses a fibrous or ligamentous capsule, lined with synovial membrane, attached to the adjacent ends of the articulating bones
- the sac which encloses the crystalline lens of the eye
- Glisson's capsule, a thin areolar coat of fibrous tissue lying inside the tunica serosa of the liver
- Bowman's capsules (or glomerular capsules) in the kidney substance
- the renal capsule (also known as Gerota's fascia), a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney and covered in a thick layer of perinephric adipose tissue
- the suprarenal capsules, two small flattened organs in the epigastric region
- the internal, external and extreme capsules of the brain
- the outer surface of a benign tumor
Caput succedaneum

# Overview
Caput succedaneum is a neonatal condition involving a serosanguinous, subcutaneous, extraperiosteal fluid collection with poorly defined margins caused by the pressure of the presenting part of the scalp against the dilating cervix  during delivery.

# Symptoms
Caput succedaneum presents as a scalp swelling that extends across the midline and over suture lines and is associated with head moulding. Caput succedaneum does not usually cause complications and usually resolves over the first few days.

# Diagnosis
MR images demonstrating caput succedaneum

# Management
Management consists of observation only.  A complete and fast recovery will normally occur with caput succedaneum. If the baby's scalp contour has changed, a normal contour should be regained.
The baby will often be (understandably) irritable so may require analgesia for it's headache and handling should be kept to a minimum for the first few days.
Carboxypenicillin
The carboxypenicillins are a group of antibiotics. They belong to the penicillin family and comprise the members carbenicillin and ticarcillin.

# Chemical structure
The carboxypenicillins feature the beta-lactam backbone of all penicillins but also feature a carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid ester group in the variable side-chain.

# Spectrum
The carboxypenicillins exhibit activity against gram negative organisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus species. They are inactive against certain gram positive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and L. monocytogenes. The carboxypenicillins are beta-lactamase sensitive.
Cardiac glycoside

# Overview
Cardiac glycosides are drugs used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia. These glycosides are found as secondary metabolites in several plants, but also in some animals. Some of these compounds (ouabain and some frog poisons) are used in Africa as arrow-poisons for hunting.

# Function
Cardiac glycosides work  by inhibiting the Na+/K+ pump. This causes an increase in the level of sodium ions in the myocytes, which then leads to a rise in the level of calcium ions. This inhibition increases the amount of  Ca2+ ions available for contraction of the heart muscle, improves cardiac output and reduces distention of the heart.
They do this by stabilizing the E2-P transition state of the Na+/K+ pump.  The proposed mechanism is the following: inhibition of the Na+/K+ pump leads to increased Na+ levels, which in turn slows down the extrusion of Ca2+ via the Na+/Ca2+ exchange pump. Increased amounts of Ca2+ are then stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and released by each action potential.
They have an antiarrhythmic effect by prolonging the refractory period of the AV node (Atrioventricular node), reducing the number of impulses reaching the ventricles. Cardiac output is restored but atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter are not abolished.

# Examples
Examples of plants producing cardiac glycosides:
- Strophanthus - ouabain g/k/e-strophanthin
- Digitalis lanata and Digitalis purpurea - digoxin, digitoxin
- Scilla maritima - proscillaridine A
- Adonis vernalis, Adonis aestivalis
- Acokanthera oblongifolia
- Convallaria (lilly of the valley)
Some frog-poison contain bufalin, marinobufagenin and bufadienolides, cardiac glycosides.
Catheter ablation

# Overview
Catheter ablation is an invasive procedure used to remove a faulty electrical pathway from the hearts of those who are prone to developing cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
It involves advancing several flexible catheters into the patient's blood vessels, usually either in the femoral vein, internal jugular vein, or subclavian vein. The catheters are then advanced towards the heart and high-frequency electrical impulses are used to induce the arrhythmia, and then ablate (destroy) the abnormal tissue that is causing it.
Catheter ablation is usually performed by an electrophysiologist (a specially trained cardiologist) in a cath lab.
Catheter ablation of most arrhythmias has an extremely high success rate.  For SVT, WPW, and atrial flutter, the success rates are 95-98%. For automatic atrial tachycardias, the success rates are 70-90%. The potential complications include bleeding, blood clots, pericardial tamponade, and heart block, but these risks are very low, ranging from 0.5-3%.
For atrial fibrillation, several experienced teams of electrophysiologists in US heart centers claim they can achieve up to a 75% success rate. However one recent study claims that the success rates are in fact much lower. Single procedure success rates have been published in this study at 28%.  Often, several procedures are needed to raise the success rate to the 70-80% range. One reason for this may be that once the heart has undergone atrial remodelling as in the case of chronic atrial fibrillation sufferers, largely 50 and older it is much more difficult to correct the 'bad' electrical pathways. Young AF sufferers with paroxymal, or intermitent AF, therefore have an increased chance of success with an ablation since their heart has not undergone atrial remodelling yet.
Risks of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation include, but are not limited to stroke, esophageal injury and death.  Incomplete ablation can lead to atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation.
Amongst others, Tony Blair (ex prime-minister of Britain) has undergone a successful catheter ablation.

# List of All Ablation Procedures
- Atrial fibrillation
- Atrial Flutter
- Supraventricular tachycardia
- Ventricular tachycardia
Cavendish Tobacco
Cavendish is more a process of curing and a method of cutting tobacco than a type of it. The processing and the cut are used to bring out the natural sweet taste in the tobacco. Cavendish can be produced out of any tobacco type but is usually one of, or a blend of Kentucky, Virginia, and Burley and is most commonly used for pipe tobacco and cigars.
The process begins by pressing the tobacco leaves into a cake about an inch thick. Heat from fire or steam is applied, and the tobacco is allowed to ferment. This is said to result in a sweet and mild tobacco. Finally the cake is sliced.  These slices must be broken apart, as by rubbing in a circular motion between one's palms, before the tobacco can be evenly packed into a pipe.  Flavoring- is often added before the leaves are pressed. English Cavendish uses a dark flue or fire cured Virginia, which is steamed and then stored under pressure to permit it to cure and ferment for several days or weeks.
There are several colors, including the well-known Black Cavendish, numerous blends, and a wide range of flavors. Modern blends include flavors and ingredients such as cherry, chocolate, coconut, rum, strawberry, vanilla, walnut, and bourbon.
Cavendish tobacco originated in the late 16th century, when Sir Thomas Cavendish, commanded a ship in Sir Richard Grenville's expedition to Virginia in 1585, and discovered that by dipping tobacco leaves in sugar it produced a milder and more mellow smoke.
- A typical mix of ingredients would be around 54 percent tobacco, 22 percent water, 8 percent alcohol (Glycerol/Sorbitol) and the rest sugars and specific flavoring (e.g., cherry).
Cefdinir warnings

# Warnings
Before therapy with cefdinir is instituted, careful inquiry should be made to determine whether the patient has had previous hypersensitivity reactions to cefdinir, other cephalosporins, penicillins, or other drugs. If cefdinir is to be given to penicillin-sensitive patients, caution should be exercised because cross-hypersensitivity among -lactam antibiotics has been clearly documented and may occur in up to 10% of patients with a history of penicillin allergy. If an allergic reaction to cefdinir occurs, the drug should be discontinued. Serious acute hypersensitivity reactions may require treatment with epinephrine and other emergency measures, including oxygen, intravenous fluids, intravenous antihistamines, corticosteroids, pressor amines, and airway management, as clinically indicated.
Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including Cefdinir, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.
C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
Cellulose sulfate
Cellulose sulfate was a candidate microbicide that had been stopped for regulatory approval to be used therapeutically in the prevention of the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.
On February 1, 2007, the International AIDS Society announced that two phase III trials of cellulose sulfate had been stopped because preliminary results suggested a potential increased risk of HIV in women who used the compound.
At present, there is no explanation as to why cellulose sulfate was associated with a higher risk of HIV infection than placebo.
Although the halting of the the two trials was a disappointing setback for microbicide research, the investigators received praise for acting quickly as soon as an adverse effect had become apparent.
According to a review of microbicide drug candidates by the World Health Organization on March 16, 2007 a large number of compounds - more than 60 at the start of 2007 - are in the development pipeline. And at the beginning of that year, five phase III trials testing different formulations were under way.
As for these remaining late-stage microbicide trials, if they prove successful, first-generation products could be available by 2009. If they fail, second-generation products could become available by 2012.
Centaurea montana
Centaurea montana (common names include perennial cornflower, mountain cornflower and mountain bluet) is a species of Centaurea endemic to Europe. It is widespread and common in the more southerly mountain ranges of Europe, but is rarer in the north. It escapes from gardens readily, and has thereby become established in the British Isles, Scandinavia and North America.
C. montana grows in meadows and open woodland in the upper montane and sub-alpine zones, in basic areas. It grows to 3070 cm (1228") tall, and flowers mainly from May to August.
C. montana may be distinguished from other Centaurea species in the region by its usually entire leaves, and the blue-purple colour of the outermost ray florets. It may be distinguished from the cornflower, C. cyanus, by having a single (rarely up to three) flower heads, and by its being perennial, whereas the cornflower has many flower heads and is annual. The closely-related C. triumfettii has more narrowly-winged stems, narrower leaves and grows in rockier areas.
This plant is inedible; however, it is a popular medicinal plant in Central Europe.
de:Berg-Flockenblume
nl:Bergcentaurie