Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Ferula

# Overview
Ferula (from Latin ferula, "rod") is a genus of about 170 species of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae, native to the Mediterranean region east to central Asia, mostly growing in arid climates. They are herbaceous perennial plants growing to 14 m tall, with stout, hollow, somewhat succulent stems. The leaves are tripinnate or even more finely divided, with a stout basal sheath clasping the stem. The flowers are yellow, produced in large umbels. Many plants of this genus, especially F. communis are referred to as "giant fennel," although they are not fennel in the strict sense.

# Selected species
- Ferula assafoetida - Asafoetida
- Ferula caspica
- Ferula communis - Giant fennel
- Ferula conocaula
- Ferula diversivittata
- Ferula foetida
- Ferula gummosa, syn. galbaniflua - Galbanum
- Ferula hermonis
- Ferula karelinii
- Ferula linkii
- Ferula longifolia
- Ferula marmarica
- Ferula moschata, syn. sumbul - Muskroot
- Ferula narthex - Ferula
- Ferula orientalis
- Ferula persica
- Ferula schair
- Ferula szowitziana
- Ferula tingitiana
- The Roman spice silphium probably came from a now extinct species of Ferula.

# Uses
The gummy resin of many species of Ferula is used for medical or culinary purposes:
The Romans called the hollow light rod made from this plant a ferula (compare also fasces, judicial birches). Such rods were used for walking sticks, splints, for stirring boiling liquids, and for corporal punishment.
The ferula also shows up in mythological contexts. The main shaft of a thyrsus was traditionally made from this plant, and Prometheus smuggled fire to humanity by hiding it in a ferula as well.
Women in Central Asia as well as a small number in the Appalachian mountains of North Carolina use these to induce abortion in first trimester.
co:Ferula (genaru)
de:Steckenkrauter
it:Ferula (genere)
la:Ferula (genus)
zh-yue:
FlowJo
FlowJo is the name of a piece of software for analyzing flow cytometry data. Files produced by modern flow cytometers are written in a standard format called .fcs. Hence FlowJo will import and analyze cytometry data regardless of which FACS (Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting) machine is
used to collect the samples.  In FlowJo samples are organized in a "Workspace" window, which presents a hierarchical view of all the samples and their analyses (gates and statistics).  Viewing an entire experiment in a Workspace enables you to organize and manage complex cytometry experiments while making detailed graphical reports.
Within a workspace, samples can be grouped or sorted by various attributes
such as the panel of antibodies with which they are stained, tissue type, or
patient from whom they came.  When one performs an operation on a group, FlowJo performs the same
-peration on every sample belonging to that group.  Thus, you can apply a
gate to a sample, copy it to a group, and that gate will be automatically placed on all samples in the group.
FlowJo's ability to automate repetitive operations
facilitates the production of statistics tables and graphical
reports when the experiment involves many samples, parameters and/or operations.
FlowJo provides tools for the creation of:
Histogram and other plot overlays
Cell cycle analysis
Calcium flux analysis
Proliferation analysis
Quantitation
Cluster identification
and backgating display.
Tree Star, Inc. began as a software company in 1989. At that time, the authors' work at Stanford Universitys Information Technology department
brought them into contact with the Herzenberg Laboratory where modern
flow cytometry originated. As the utility and power of cytometers quickly evolved, there
arose a need for a more powerful and user-friendly analysis and display program.
The development of FlowJos graphical user interface made practical the analysis of the extremely voluminous cytometric data.
FlowJo became a commercial product in 1996. In 2002, Tree
Star released a Windows version. More information about the use and function of FlowJo is available at its website.
Fomite
A fomite is any inanimate object or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms (such as germs or parasites) and hence transferring them from one individual to another. A fomite can be anything such as a cloth or mop heads so when cleaning this is important to remember that this could aid when spreading pathogenic organisms.
There are many examples of fomites with respect to medicine. Contaminated shoes may spread hoof and mouth disease. Other examples include tools such as laryngoscopes that are not properly disinfected between uses, dirty towels, eating utensils, and surfaces such as floors, walls, and tables may all serve to spread disease.
Researchers discovered that smooth (non-porous) surfaces transmit bacteria and viruses better than porous materials; so one is more likely to pick-up a disease from a door knob than from paper money. The reasoning is that porous, especially fibrous, materials absorb and trap the contagion, making it harder to contract through simply touching.

# Etymology
The word fomite is a back-formation from the plural fomites, which was originally the Latin plural of the singular, fomes (rhymes with "homies"), literally meaning touchwood or tinder.  As a Latin plural, fomites was originally pronounced like the English word concatenation "foam" + "it" + "ease"; but "foe" + "mites" has now become a common pronunciation, and "fomite" (also pronounced with a long 'i') is now an accepted synonym for fomes.
Note:  The original Latin pronunciation would have been "foam" + "it" + "ace";  in other words, "fomites" pronounced as a Spanish or Italian speaker would pronounce it.
G cell

# Overview
In anatomy, the G cell is a type of cell in the stomach that secretes gastrin. It works in conjunction with gastric chief cells and parietal cells.
G cells are found deep with the gastric glands of the stomach antrum, and occasionally in the pancreas.
The vagus nerve innervates the G cells.
Gastrin-releasing peptide is released by the post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve onto G cells during parasympathetic stimulation.
Gastrin-releasing peptide, as well as the presence of amino acids in the stomach, stimulate the release of gastrin from the G cells.   Gastrin stimulates enterochromaffin cells to release histamine.
Gastrin also targets parietal cells.
The increase of histamine and the direct stimulation by gastrin, cause parietal cells to increase HCl secretion in the stomach.
GABRA5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor, alpha 5, also known as GABRA5, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GABRA5 gene.

# Function
GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain where it acts at GABAA receptors, which are ligand-gated chloride channels. Chloride conductance of these channels can be modulated by agents such as benzodiazepines that bind to the GABAA receptor. At least 16 distinct subunits of GABAA receptors have been identified. Transcript variants utilizing three different alternative non-coding first exons have been described.

# Subunit selective ligands
Recent research has produced several ligands which are moderately selective for GABAA receptors containing the 5 subunit. These have proved to be useful in investigating some of the side effects of benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine drugs, particularly the effects on learning and memory such as anterograde amnesia. Inverse agonists at this subunit have nootropic effects and may be useful for the treatment of cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

## Agonists
- QH-ii-066
- SH-053-R-CH3-2F

## Inverse agonists
- 5IA
- Basmisanil (RG-1662, RO5186582): derivative of Ro4938581, negative allosteric modulator at GABAA 5, in human trials for treating cognitive deficit in Down syndrome.
- L-655,708
- MRK-016
- PWZ-029: moderate inverse agonist
- Pyridazines
- Ro4938581
- TB-21007
GABRA6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRA6 gene.
GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain where it acts at GABA-A receptors, which are ligand-gated chloride channels. Chloride conductance of these channels can be modulated by agents such as benzodiazepines that bind to the GABA-A receptor. At least 16 distinct subunits of GABA-A receptors have been identified.
One study has found a genetic variant in the gene to be associated with the personality trait neuroticism.
GABRB1
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRB1 gene.

# Function
The gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor (GABAA receptor) is a multisubunit chloride channel that mediates the fastest inhibitory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. This gene encodes GABA A receptor, beta 1 subunit. It is mapped to chromosome 4p12 in a cluster of genes encoding alpha 4, alpha 2 and gamma 1 subunits of the GABAA receptor. Alteration of this gene is implicated in the pathogenetics of schizophrenia.

# Clinical significance
Mice bearing mutant copies of this gene have been shown to be vulnerable to binge drinking of alcohol.
GABRB2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRB2 gene.

# Function
The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor is a multisubunit chloride channel that mediates the fastest inhibitory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. This gene encodes GABA A receptor, beta 2 subunit. It is mapped to chromosome 5q34 in a cluster of genes encoding alpha 1 and gamma 2 subunits of the GABA A receptor. Alternative splicing of this gene generates 2 transcript variants, differing by a 114 bp insertion.

# Clinical significance
Missense mutations of GABRB2 have been identified in patients with infantile onset epilepsy and intellectual disability.

# Interactions
GABRB2 has been shown to interact with TRAK2.
GABRG2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GABRG2 gene.

# Function
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by binding to GABA receptors. The type A GABA receptors are pentameric chloride channels assembled from among many genetic variants of GABA(A) subunits. This gene encodes the gamma 2 subunit of GABA(A) receptor. Mutations in this gene have been associated with epilepsy and febrile seizures. Alternative splicing of this gene results in transcript variants encoding different isoforms.

# Interactions
GABRG2 has been shown to interact with GABARAP and Dopamine receptor D5.
GABRG3
GABAA receptor-3, also known as GABRG3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GABRG3 gene.

# Function
GABRG3 is a subunit of the GABAA receptor for the neurotransmitter gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA).

# Association with alcoholism
Genetic markers near the GABRG3 gene are statistically linked to alcoholism.
GAPDHS
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, spermatogenic or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, testis-specific is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GAPDHS gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a protein belonging to the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase family of enzymes that play an important role in carbohydrate metabolism. Like its somatic cell counterpart, this sperm-specific enzyme functions in a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent manner to remove hydrogen and add phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to form 1,3-diphosphoglycerate. During spermiogenesis, this enzyme may play an important role in regulating the switch between different energy-producing pathways, and it is required for sperm motility and male fertility.
In melanocytic cells GAPDHS gene expression may be regulated by MITF.

# Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. 
-  The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
GAPVD1
GTPase activating protein and VPS9 domains 1, also known as GAPVD1, Gapex-5 and RME-6 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GAPVD1 gene.

# Function
GAPVD1 is Rab GTPase guanine nucleotide exchange factor essential for activation of RAB5A during engulfment of apoptotic cells. GAPVD1 is also involved in the degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Gapex-5 mediated activation of Rab5 has been implicated in the insulin stimulated formation of plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate.

# Structure
Based on sequence homology, mammalian Gapex-5 has been shown to have an amino-terminal Ras GAP domain, a central polyproline (SH3 binding) region and a carboxy-terminal Rab GEF domain. The RabGEF domain has been suggested to activate Rab5 and Rab31.
GOLGA2
Golgin subfamily A member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GOLGA2 gene.

# Function
The Golgi apparatus, which participates in glycosylation and transport of proteins and lipids in the secretory pathway, consists of a series of stacked cisternae (flattened membrane sacs). Interactions between the Golgi and microtubules are thought to be important for the reorganization of the Golgi after it fragments during mitosis. The golgins are a family of proteins, of which the protein encoded by this gene is a member, that are localized to the Golgi. This encoded protein has been postulated to play roles in the stacking of Golgi cisternae and in vesicular transport. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of these variants has not been determined.
A patient with a neuromuscular disorder has been identified that is homozygous for a deletion mutation in this gene, and morpholino knockdown in zebrafish has shown similar phenotypes.

# Interactions
GOLGA2 has been shown to interact with:
- GORASP1,
- GORASP2,
- RAB1A,
- RAB1B  and
- RAB2A.
- WAC protein
GPR101
Probable G-protein coupled receptor 101 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR101 gene.
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs, or GPRs) contain 7 transmembrane domains and transduce extracellular signals through heterotrimeric G proteins.

# Clinical significance
A duplication event in GPR101 is implicated in cases of gigantism and acromegaly.
GPR112
G protein-coupled receptor 112 is a protein encoded by the ADGRG4 gene. GPR112 is a member of the adhesion GPCR family.
Adhesion GPCRs are characterized by an extended extracellular region often possessing N-terminal protein modules that is linked to a TM7 region via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain.
GPR112 is expressed in human enterochromaffin cells and in the mouse intestine. The N-terminal fragment (NTF) of GPR112 contains pentraxin (PTX)-like modules. GPR112 gene expression has been identified as a marker for neuroendocrine carcinoma cells.
GPR113
GPR113 is a gene that encodes the Probable G-protein coupled receptor 113 protein.

# Gene
The Homo sapiens GPR113 gene is located on chromosome 2 (2p23.3). This gene spans the length of a 38.65kb region from base 26531041 to 26569685 on the negative strand. The GPR113 gene has two neighbors on either side on the negative strand: OTOF otoferlin preceding and HADHA hydroxyacyl-CoA following. Directly opposite the GPR113 on the positive strand is the EPT1 gene.
The GPR113 gene is also known by the aliases PGR23 and HGPCR37.

# Homology & Evolution
The GPR113 has 5 human paralogs GPR110, GPR115, GPR128, GPR111, and GPR116. GPR113 is well conserved in mammals from primates to semi-aquatic species, as well as some amphibians. These include the Common Chimpanzee, the African Bush Elephant, the Platypus, and the Western Clawed Frog. Homologous domains that are well conserved throughout orthologs center in the 7 transmembrane receptor (Secretin family) region highlighted in purple in the figure.

# Protein
The protein product of GPR113 gene is a G-protein coupled receptor. The protein has three transcript variants in humans. Of these three, GPR113 Variant 1 has the longest amino acid sequence, and has the highest identity to orthologs. This leads to the conclusion that GPR113 Variant 1 is the homo sapiens descendent of the ancestral GPR113 gene. GPR113 Var 1 contains 1079 Amino Acids, and is integral to the plasma membrane. The 7-pass receptor contains 4 domains highlighted in the figure at right: Signal Peptide (Red), Hormone Receptor Domain (Blue), Latrophilin/CL-1-like GPS domain (Orange), and the 7-transmembrane receptor (Purple). Between the Hormone Receptor Domain and the GPS is a Domain of unknown function that is not highlighted.

# Function
GPR113 is a G protein-coupled receptor that is involved in a neuropeptide signaling pathway.

# Expression & Disease
GPR113 has been found to be expressed differentially under diseased conditions. Under the condition of Type 2 diabetes, the percentile rank relative to other transcripts decreases relative to normal cell function. The deletion of TP63, which mediates a wide variety of important body processes, also produces decreased GPR113 expression. In mice brains, the cerebellum and the olfactory bulb both show transcription of the GPR113 gene. Additionally, a study from the National Institute of Deafness and Other Communication Disorders has identified GPR113 expression to be highly restricted to a subset of taste receptor cells. This paper's conclusions, coupled with olfactory bulb expression levels, could provide an avenue for future research, potentially illuminating more about GPR113's function.

# Interacting Proteins
GPR113 has been shown to associate with the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR123.

## Transcription Factors

# Clinical significance
The clinical significance of this protein has not been established. However, the expression profiles provide exciting directions for future research of the GPR113 gene, especially in fields studying taste and smell.
GPR114
G protein-coupled receptor 114 is a protein encoded by the ADGRG5 gene. GPR114 is a member of the adhesion GPCR family.
Adhesion GPCRs are characterized by an extended extracellular region often possessing N-terminal protein modules that is linked to a TM7 region via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain.
GPR114 mRNA is specifically expressed in human eosinophils as well as in mouse lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophage, and dendritic cells.

# Signaling
The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) assay in overexpressing HEK293 cells has demonstrated coupling of GPR114 to Gs protein.
GPR119
G protein-coupled receptor 119 also known as GPR119 is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the GPR119 gene.
GPR119, along with GPR55 and GPR18, have been implicated as novel cannabinoid receptors.

# Pharmacology
GPR119 is expressed predominantly in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract in rodents and humans, as well as in the brain in rodents. Activation of the receptor has been shown to cause a reduction in food intake and body weight gain in rats. GPR119 has also been shown to regulate incretin and insulin hormone secretion. As a result, new drugs acting on the receptor have been suggested as novel treatments for obesity and diabetes.

# Ligands
A number of endogenous and synthetic ligands for this receptor have been identified:
- 2-Oleoylglycerol 
- Anandamide
- AR-231,453
- MBX-2982
- Oleoylethanolamide (Endogenous Ligand) 
- PSN-375,963
- PSN-632,408
GPR120
G-protein coupled receptor 120 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR120 gene.
GPR120 is a member of the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs).
GPR120 has also been shown to mediate the anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects of omega 3 fatty acids. Lack of GPR120 is responsible for reduced fat metabolism, thereby leading to obesity.
Additionally, GPR120 has been implicated to be involved in the ability to taste fats. It is expressed in taste bud cells (specifically cell type II, which contain other G-protein coupled taste receptors), and its absence leads to reduced preference to two types of fatty acid (linoleic acid and oleic acid), as well as decreased neuronal response to oral fatty acids.
GPR126
G protein-coupled receptor 126 also known as VIGR and DREG is a protein encoded by the ADGRG6 gene. GPR126 is a member of the adhesion GPCR family.
Adhesion GPCRs are characterized by an extended extracellular region often possessing N-terminal protein modules that is linked to a TM7 region via a domain known as the GPCR-Autoproteolysis INducing (GAIN) domain.
GPR126 is all widely expressed on stromal cells. The N-terminal fragment of GPR126 contains C1r-C1s, Uegf and Bmp1 (CUB), and PTX-like modules.

# Ligand
GPR126 was shown to bind collagen IV and laminin-211 promoting cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to mediate myelination.

# Signaling
Upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or thrombin stimulation, expression of GPR126 is induced by MAP kinases in endothelial cells. During angiogenesis, GPR126 promotes protein kinase A (PKA)cAMP-activated signaling in endothelial cells. Forced GPR126 expression in COS-7 cells enhances cAMP levels by coupling to heterotrimeric Gs/i proteins.

# Function
GPR126 has been identified in genomic regions associated with adult height, more specially trunk height, pulmonary function and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. In the vertebrate nervous system, many axons are surrounded by a myelin sheath to conduct action potentials rapidly and efficiently. Applying a genetic screen in zebrafish mutants, Talbots group demonstrated that GPR126 affects the development of myelinated axons. GPR126 drives the differentiation of Schwann cells through inducing cAMP levels, which causes Oct6 transcriptional activities to promote myelin gene activity. Mutation of gpr126 in zebrafish affects peripheral myelination. Monks group demonstrated domain-specific functions of GPR126 during Schwann cells development: the NTF is necessary and sufficient for axon sorting, while the CTF promotes wrapping through cAMP induction to regulate early and late stages of Schwann cells development.
Outside of neurons, GPR126 function is required for heart and inner ear development. GPR126 stimulates VEGF signaling and angiogenesis by modulating VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expression through STAT5 and GATA2 in endothelial cells.

# Disease
Mouse models have shown GPR126 deletion to affect cartilage biology and spinal column development, supporting findings that variants of GPR126 have been associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, and Mutations have been shown to be responsible for severe arthrogryposis multiplex congenita