Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Inorganic compound
Traditionally, inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral, not biological, origin.  Complementarily, most organic compounds are traditionally viewed as being of biological origin.  Over the past century, the precise classification of inorganic vs organic compounds has become less important to scientists, primarily because the majority of known compounds are synthetic and not of natural origin.  Furthermore most compounds considered the purview of modern inorganic chemistry contain organic ligands.  The fields of organometallic chemistry and bioinorganic chemistry explicitly focus on the areas between the fields of organic, biological, and inorganic chemistry.
 Inorganic carbon compounds
Many compounds that contain carbon are considered inorganic; for example, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, carbides, and thyocyanates. In general however, workers in these areas are not concerned about such strict definitions.
Inorganic compounds can be formally defined with reference to what they are notorganic compounds. Organic compounds are those which contain carbon, although some carbon-containing compounds are traditionally considered inorganic.  When considering inorganic chemistry and life, it is useful to recall that many species in nature are not compounds per se but are ions.  Sodium, chloride, and phosphate ions are essential for life as are some inorganic molecules such as carbonic acid, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water and oxygen.  Aside from these simple ions and molecules, virtually all species covered by bioinorganic chemistry contain carbon and can be considered organic or organometallic.

# Coordination chemistry
A large class of compounds discussed in inorganic chemistry textbooks are coordination compounds.  Examples range from species that are strictly inorganic, such as Cl3, to organometallic compounds such as Fe(C5H5)2 and extending to bioinorganic compounds, such as the hydrogenase enzymes.

# Minerology
Minerals are mainly oxides and sulfides, which are strictly inorganic.  In fact, most of the earth and the universe is inorganic (free of C-H containins species). Although the components of the earth's crust are well elucidated, the processes of mineralization and the composition of the deep mantle remain active areas of investigation, which are mainly covered in geology-oriented venues.

# Inorganic compounds and materials science
Major classes of inorganic compound are studied and developed by chemists trained in materials science.  Species of interest tend to be polymeric (non-molecular) and refractory, and often such materials are of commercial interest.  In general these inorganic compounds are classified based on their bulk properties, not their composition or structure:
- Alloys, such brass, bronze, and stainless steel
- Semiconductors such as silicon and gallium arsenide
- superconductors such as yttrium barium copper oxide
Interaction energy
In physics, interaction energy is the contribution to the total energy that is caused by an interaction between the objects being considered.
The interaction energy usually depends on the relative position of the objects. For example, Q_1 Q_2 / (4 \pi \epsilon_0 \Delta r) is the electrostatic interaction energy between two objects with charges Q_1, Q_2.

# Supermolecular interaction energy
A straightforward approach for evaluating the interaction energy is to calculate the difference between the energies of isolated objects and their assembly. In the case of two objects, A and B, the interaction energy can be written as:
\Delta E_{int} = E(A,B) - \left( E(A) + E(B) \right),
where E(A) and E(B) are the energies of the isolated objects (monomers), and E(A,B) the energy of their interacting assembly (dimer).
For larger system, consisting of N objects, this procedure can be generalized to provide a total many-body interaction energy:
\Delta E_{int} = E(A_{1}, A_{2}, .., A_{N}) - \sum_{i=1}^{N} E(A_{i}).
By calculating the energies for monomers, dimers, trimers, etc., in an N-object system, a complete set of two-, three-, and up to N-body interaction energies can be derived.
The supermolecular approach has an important disadvantage in that the final interaction energy is usually much smaller than the total energies from which it is calculated, and therefore contains a much larger relative uncertainty.
Intercostal muscle

# Overview
Intercostal muscles are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall.
There are three principal layers;
- the external intercostal muscles, which aid in quiet and forced inhalation. They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertion on ribs 2-12. The external intercostals are responsible for the elevation of the ribs, and expanding the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
Located around the the ribs
- the internal intercostal muscles, which aid in forced expiration (quiet expiration is a passive process). They originate on ribs 1-11 and have their insertions on ribs 2-12. The internal intercostals are responsible for the depression of the ribs decreasing the transverse dimensions of the thoracic cavity.
- the innermost intercostal muscle
Both the external and internal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves (the ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves), and are provided by the intercostal arteries and intercostal veins. Their fibers run in opposite directions.

# Other intercostal muscles
Besides the scaleni, which also move the chest wall and have a function in inhalation, other intercostal muscles are:
- Subcostal muscles
- Transversus thoracis muscle
Interest (emotion)

# Overview
Interest (emotion) is a feeling or emotion that causes attention to focus on an object or an event or a process. In contemporary psychology of interest  it is used as a general concept which encompasses other more specific emotion terms, such as curiosity and to a certain degree surprise, in a similar way the general term anger encompasses other terms for the emotion such as rage (intense anger).
The facial expression of emotion of interest shares most of the features with surprise:
- Eyebrows that are raised so they become curved and high.
- Stretched skin below the eyebrows.
- Horizontal wrinkles across the forehead.
- Open eyelids -- the upper lid is raised and the lower lid is drawn down, often exposing the white sclera above and below the iris.
- Dropped jaw so that the lips and teeth are parted, with no tension around the mouth.
However, the facial expression of interest encompasses additional features which are not characteristic for surprise, such as:
- Dilated pupils.
- Widened nostriles.
- Visible tongue -- in slightly upward position (while, for example, in disgust the tongue is visible in more or less downward position)
Interleukin 1 beta
Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1) also known as leukocytic pyrogen, leukocytic endogenous mediator, mononuclear cell factor, lymphocyte activating factor and other names, is a cytokine protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1B gene. There are two genes for interleukin-1 (IL-1): IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta (this gene). IL-1 precursor is cleaved by cytosolic caspase 1 (interleukin 1 beta convertase) to form mature IL-1.

# Function
The fever-producing property of human leukocytic pyrogen (interleukin 1) was purified by Dinarello in 1977 (PNAS) with a specific activity of 1020 nanograms/kg.  In 1979, Dinarello reported that purified human leukocytic pyrogen was the same molecule that was described by Igal Gery in 1972. He named it lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) because it was a lymphocyte mitogen. It was not until 1984 that interleukin 1 was discovered to consist of two distinct proteins, now called interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta.
IL-1 is a member of the interleukin 1 family of cytokines. This cytokine is produced by activated macrophages as a proprotein, which is proteolytically processed to its active form by caspase 1 (CASP1/ICE). This cytokine is an important mediator of the inflammatory response, and is involved in a variety of cellular activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (PTGS2/COX2) by this cytokine in the central nervous system (CNS) is found to contribute to inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. This gene and eight other interleukin 1 family genes form a cytokine gene cluster on chromosome 2.

# Properties
The molecular weight of the proteolytically processed IL-1 is 17.5 kDa.
IL-1 has the following amino acid sequence:
- APVRSLNCTL RDSQQKSLVM SGPYELKALH LQGQDMEQQV VFSMSFVQGE ESNDKIPVAL GLKEKNLYLS CVLKDDKPTL QLESVDPKNY PKKKMEKRFV FNKIEINNKL EFESAQFPNW YISTSQAENM PVFLGGTKGG QDITDFTMQF VSS
The physiological activity determined from the dose dependent proliferation of murine D10S cells is 2.5 x 108 to 7.1 x 108 units/mg.

# Clinical significance
Increased production of IL-1 causes a number of different autoinflammatory syndromes, most notably the monogenic conditions referred to as Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes (CAPS), due to mutations in the inflammasome receptor NLRP3 which triggers processing of IL-1B.
Intestinal dysbiosis has been observed to induce osteomyelitis through a IL-1 dependent manner.

## Therapies targeting interleukin 1 beta
Canakinumab is a human monoclonal antibody targeted at IL-1B, and approved in many countries for treatment of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes.

# Orthographic note
Because many authors of scientific manuscripts make the minor error of using a homoglyph, sharp s (), instead of beta (), mentions of "IL-1"  often become "IL-1ss"  upon automated transcoding (because  transcodes to ss). This is why so many mentions of the latter appear in web search results.
Intermetamorphosis

# Background
Intermetamorphosis is a delusional misidentification syndrome, related to agnosia. The main symptom is that a patient confuses the identities of familiar people or feels that he is being mistaken for someone else. The disorder is usually comorbid with neurological disorders or mental disorders.
An example from medical literature is a man who was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. After some time he mistook his wife for his deceased mother and later for his sister. As an explanation he stated that he had never been married or that his wife had left him. Later he mistook his son for his brother and his daughter for another sister. Visual agnosia or prosopagnosia were not diagnosed, as the misidentification also took place during phone calls. On several occasions he mistook the hospital for the church he used to go to.
The disorder was first described in 1932 by P. Courbon and J. Tusques (Illusions d'intermetamorphose et de la charme ).
International unit
In pharmacology, the International unit (IU, alternatively abbreviated UI, from French unite internationale) is a unit of measurement for the amount of a substance, based on measured biological activity (or effect).
It is used for vitamins, hormones, some drugs, vaccines, blood products and similar biologically active substances. Despite its name, the IU is not part of the International System of Units used in physics and chemistry.
The precise definition of one IU differs from substance to substance and is established by international agreement. To define an IU of a substance, the Committee on Biological Standardization of the World Health Organization provides a reference preparation of the substance, (arbitrarily) sets the number of IUs contained in that preparation, and specifies a biological procedure to compare other preparations to the reference preparation. The goal here is that different preparations with the same biological effect will contain the same number of IUs.
For some substances, the equivalent mass of one IU is later established, and the IU is then officially abandoned for that substance. However, the unit often remains in use nevertheless, because it is convenient. For example, Vitamin E exists in a number of different forms, all having different biological activities. Rather than specifying the precise type and mass of vitamin E in a preparation, for the purposes of pharmacology it is sufficient to simply specify the number of IUs of vitamin E.
The mass equivalents of 1 IU for selected substances:
- 1 IU Insulin: the biological equivalent of about 45.5 g pure crystalline insulin (1/22 mg exactly)
- 1 IU Vitamin A: the biological equivalent of 0.3 g retinol, or of 0.6 g beta-carotene
- 1 IU Vitamin C: 50 g L-ascorbic acid
- 1 IU Vitamin D: the biological equivalent of 0.025 g cholecalciferol/ergocalciferol
- 1 IU Vitamin E: the biological equivalent of about 0.667 mg d-alpha-tocopherol (2/3 mg exactly), or of 1 mg of dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate
The IU should not be confused with the enzyme unit, which is also known as the "International unit of enzyme activity" and is abbreviated as U.
However IU is equivalent to IE the symbol for "international einheit" the German name for the international unit.
Interscapular pain
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# Overview
Interscapular pain is pain localized in the interscapular area between the shoulder blades.  The most common causes of interscapular pain are due to secondary disease conditons.  Primary causes of interscapular pain are rare.

# Causes

## Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
- Acute myocardial infarction
- Aortic dissection
- Pulmonary embolism

## Common Causes
- Acromioclavicular joint dislocation
- Cervical disc disease
- Rotator cuff tear
- Shoulder instability

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order
Intestinal atresia

# Overview
Intestinal atresia is a malformation where the there is a narrowing or absence of a portion of the intestine. This defect can either occur in the small or large intestine.

# Types of intestinal atresia
The different types of intestinal atresia are named after their location:
- Jejunal atresia - malformation of the jejunum, the second part of the intestine extending from the duodenum to the ileum
- Duodenal atresia - malformation of the duodenum, part of the intestine that empties from the stomach
- Ileal atresia - malformation of the ileum, the lower part of the small intestine
- Colon atresia - malformation of the colon

# Diagnosis
Intestinal atresias are often discovered before birth: either during a routine sonogram which shows a dilated intestinal segment  due to the blockage, or by the development of polyhydramnios (the build up of too much amniotic fluid in the uterus). These abnormalities are indications that the fetus may have a bowel obstruction which a more detailed ultrasound study can confirm.
Some fetuses with bowel obstruction have abnormal chromosomes. An amniocentesis is recommended because it can determine not only the sex of the baby, but whether or not there is a problem with the chromosomes.
Intestinal atresia must be differentiated from other diseases that cause a failure to pass meconium or abdominal distension in infants, including meconium plug syndrome, small left colon syndrome, and congenital hypothyroidism.

# Treatment
Fetal and neonatal intestinal atresia treated with using laparotomy after birth. If the area affected is small, the surgeon may be able to remove the damaged portion and join the intestine back together. In instances where the narrowing is longer, or the area is damaged and cannot be used for period of time, a temporary stoma may be placed.
Invasive (medical)
The term invasive in Medicine has two meanings:
- A medical procedure which penetrates or breaks the skin or a body cavity, i.e., it requires a perforation, an incision, a catheterization, etc. into the body
- An abnormal tissue growth, such as a neoplasm or tumor, that spreads (invades) to the surrounding healthy tissue (usually a malignant one).
Surgery is a typical medical invasive procedure. However, when there is minimal damage of biological tissues at the point of entrance of instrument(s), the procedure is called minimally invasive.
There are also many non-invasive procedures, ranging from simple observation to specialised forms of surgery (e.g., radiosurgery).
sv:Invasiv
Retroverted uterus

# Overview
A  retroverted uterus (tilted uterus, tipped uterus) is a uterus that is tilted backwards instead of forwards.   This is in contrast to the slightly "anteverted" uterus that most women have, which is tipped forward toward the bladder, with the anterior end slightly concave.
One in three to five women (depending on the source) has a retroverted uterus, which is tipped backwards towards the spine.

# Related terms
The following table distinguishes among some of the terms used for the position of the uterus:
A retroverted uterus should be distinguished from the following:
Additional terms include:
- retrocessed uterus: both the superior and inferior ends of the uterus are pushed posteriorly
- severely anteflexed uterus: the uterus is in the same position as "normal" and bends in the same direction (concave is anterior) but the bend is much pronounced
- vertical uterus: the fundus (top of the uterus) is straight up.

# Causes
In most cases, a retroverted uterus is congenital, but some cases are caused by pelvic surgery, pelvic adhesions, endometriosis, fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease, or the labor of childbirth.

# Diagnosis
A retroverted uterus is usually diagnosed during a routine pelvic examination.
It usually does not pose any medical problems, though it can be associated with dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse) and dysmenorrhea (pain during menstruation).
Patient #1: Ultrasound and MRI demonstrate a retroverted uterus.

# Fertility & Pregnancy
Uterin position has no effect on fertility.  A tipped uterus will usually right itself during the 10th to 12th week of pregnancy.
If a uterus does not right itself, it may be labeled persistent.  "Persistent retroflexion of the pregnant uterus is incompatible with advanced pregnancy. If spontaneous or artificial reposistion does not occur, the patient either aborts or develops symptoms caused by incarceration of the uterus before the end of the fourth month. In exceptional instances, however, pregnancy may proceed, resulting in uterine sacculation. Spontaneous delivery is impossible, and rupture of the uterus may occur."

# Treatment
Treatment options are rarely needed, and include exercises, a pessary, manual repostioning, and surgery.
Involuntary muscle
Involuntary muscles are smooth, uninucleated, non-branching muscles that are not directly controllable at will. These muscles are not as free as the voluntary muscles such as those in the arms, legs, fingers, toes, etc.
Cardiac muscle: a type of striated muscle found exclusively in the heart, can be called an involuntary muscle, although it may be classified separately due to its structural differences. It is controlled by nerve impulses produced by a natural pacemaker called the sinoatrial node, the rate of which is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
Smooth muscles, a type of non-striated muscle, include the radially arranged iris muscles, the digestive system, reproductive system, major blood vessels, the skin, and internal organs. These are also controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
Involuntary muscles are muscles controlled only by the brain. These cannot be controlled consciously. The pupils of the eye are an example of this as they contract quickly when the eye is exposed to bright light.
Skeletal muscle is under conscious control and is, therefore, voluntary muscle.
Iodinated contrast
See Also Contrast medium
Iodinated contrast is a form of intravenous radiocontrast (radiographic dye) containing iodine, which enhances the visibility of vascular structures and organs during radiographic procedures.  Some pathologies, such as cancer, have particularly improved visibility with iodinated contrast.
Iodinated contrast media may either be oil-based or water-soluble, the former of which is slowly absorbed by body tissue and is usually only used in sialographic and hysterosalpingographic examinations. Water-soluble iodinated medium, which is more quickly absorbed, may be used in place of barium sulfate for gastrointestinal studies that are contraindicated by the use of barium for that reason.
Iodinated medium may also be either ionizing or non-ionizing. The ionizing type tends to create a high osmolality in blood and may cause a contrast media reaction in some individuals,  which may be life-threatening for those with certain medical conditions. The non-ionizing form decreases this risk, but is much more expensive.  The non-ionizing contrast media is much more widely used today.
Shortly after infusion, iodinated contrast medium causes a warming sensation throughout the body. Sometimes this feeling is more pronounced in the pelvic area.
Iodinated contrast is toxic to the kidneys and kidney function of the patient receiving a dose should be considered before the exam.  A creatinine level in the blood should be no higher than 1.4 to receive iodinated contrast.  Following up with extra fluids after an injection is highly recommended.
When imaging an average patient, do not use over 70kVp when using iodinated contrast media
Ischemic hepatitis

# Overview
Ischemic hepatitis (also known as shock liver) is a condition of decreased blood supply to the liver resulting in injury to liver cells (hepatocytes), which occurs in a diffuse fashion.
The decreased blood flow (perfusion) to the liver is usually due to shock or low blood pressure. However, local causes involving the hepatic artery that supplies oxygen to the liver, such as sickle cell crisis and thrombosis of the hepatic artery, can also cause ischemic hepatitis. Patients with ischemic hepatitis are usually very ill.
Blood testing usually shows high levels of the liver transaminase enzymes, AST and ALT, which may exceed 1000 U/L. People who develop ischemic hepatitis may have pain in the right upper part of the abdomen, but they usually feel more unwell because of the serious reason that they developed the ischemia, than due to the ischemic hepatitis itself. Jaundice can occur, but is rare and transient, as is actual loss of function of the liver.
Ischemic hepatitis is related to another condition called congestive hepatopathy or nutmeg liver, which is a backflow condition due to poor drainage of the liver, usually due to heart failure. As a result, the two entities can co-exist.

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

# Causes

# Differentiating Ischemic hepatitis from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

## Natural History

## Complications

## Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Prevention