Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Alagebrium
Alagebrium (formerly known as ALT-711; chemical name 4,5-dimethyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-thiazolium chloride) is a drug produced by Synvista Therapeutics Inc., which is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. It is the first drug to be clinically tested for the purpose of breaking the crosslinks caused by advanced glycation endproducts (A.G.E.s), thereby reversing one of the main mechanisms of aging. Through this effect alagebrium is designed to increase cardiac and vascular compliance cardiovascular disease, as well as many other forms of degradation associated with protein crosslinking, such as diabetic nephropathy, a form of kidney disease.
A.G.E.s are permanent carbohydrate structures that form when carbohydrates bind to proteins, lipids and DNA. Many proteins, including structural proteins such as collagen and elastin, play an integral role in the architecture of tissues and organs and maintenance of cardiovascular elasticity and vascular wall integrity. Diabetic individuals form excessive amounts of A.G.E.s earlier in life than non-diabetic individuals. This process can impair the normal function of organs that depend on flexibility for normal function, such as blood vessels and cardiac muscle. The formation of A.G.E. crosslinks leads to increased stiffness and loss of function of tissues and organs, and abnormal protein accumulation, which together cause many of the complications of aging and diabetes. A.G.E.s are also known to induce oxidative stress, in which reactive molecules provoke the underlying component of inflammation.
Pharmacologic intervention with alagebrium directly targets the biochemical pathway leading to the stiffness of the cardiovascular system. Removal of the A.G.E.s by cleavage of the abnormal crosslinking bonds has been associated with diminished inflammatory and sclerotic signaling pathways. These pathways are responsible for the deposition of abnormal amounts of matrix proteins that physically stiffen tissues. The presence of A.G.E. crosslinks also renders tissues and organs less susceptible to normal turnover thus enhancing the presence of these abnormal bonds on various molecules. Importantly, alagebrium does not disrupt the natural carbohydrate modification to proteins, intra-molecular crosslinking or peptide bonds that are responsible for maintaining the normal integrity of the collagen chain. Thus, normal structure and function is preserved while abnormal crosslinking is reduced.
Alcuronium

# Overview
Alcuronium is a neuromuscular blocking (NMB) agent, alternatively referred to as a skeletal muscle relaxant. It is a semi-synthetic substance prepared from C-toxiferine I, a bis-quaternary alkaloid obtained from Strychnos toxifera. C-toxiferine I itself has been tested for its pharmacological action and noted to be a very long acting neuromuscular blocking agent For a formal definition of the durations of actions associated with NMB agents, see page for gantacurium. The replacement of both the N-methyl groups with N-allyl moieties yielded N,N-diallyl-bis-nortoxiferine, now recognized as alcuornium (and at one time marketed as the proprietary agent called Alloferin).
Inclusion of the allylic functions presented an enhanced potential area of biotransformation, and thus alcuronium is observed to have a much shorter duration of neuromuscular blocking action than its parent C-toxiferine I. It also has a more rapid onset of action, and is ~1.5 times as potent as tubocurarine. The pharmacological action of alcuronium is readily reversed by neostigmine, and it produced little histamine release. The major disadvantage of alcuronium is that it elicits a vagolytic effect produced by a selective atropoine-like blockade of cardiac muscarinic receptors.

# Effects
- Cardiovascular system: histamine release and blockage of the sympathetic ganglia including adrenal medulla could cause hypotension
- Respiratory: apnea due to phrenic blockage but bronchoconstriction can occur from the histamine release
- Central nervous system: no effect on intraoccular pressure
- Autonomic ganglion blockade can cause decrease in gut motility

# Special points
- Duration of action prolonged in states of low potassium, calcium and protein, also in states of high magnesium and acidosis.
- Pharmaceutically incompatible with thiopentone
- Infusion can cause fixed dilated pupils
Alfaxalone

# Overview
Alfaxalone (INN, JAN), also known as alphaxalone or alphaxolone (BAN), is a neuroactive steroid and general anaesthetic. It is used in veterinary practice under the trade name Alfaxan, and is licensed for use in both dogs and cats. Along with alfadolone, it is also one of the constituents of anesthetic drug mixture althesin.
Unlike some of its predecessors alfaxalone is not associated with histamine release and anaphylaxis.
A study 1987 found the primary mechanism for the anaesthetic action of alfaxalone to be modulation of neuronal cell membrane chloride ion transport, induced by binding of alfaxalone to GABAA cell surface receptors.
A 1994 study found that alfaxalone binds to a different region of this receptor than the benzodiazepines.
. These benzodiazepine-insensitive GABAA receptors are located extrasynaptically and are responsible for tonic inhibition. The occurrence of tonic GABAA inhibition coincides with the expression of relatively rare receptor subunits, particularly the 4, 6, and  subunits, and as a general rule-of-thumb,  subunit-containing receptors are extrasynaptic.
Alfaxalone is metabolised rapidly in the liver. It has a very short plasma elimination half-life in dogs and cats.
Ali M. Mir
Ali M. Mir is the Vice President of the Population Association of Pakistan. He was previously the Secretary General of the  Association. He serves as Director Programs at the Population Councils Pakistan Office. He is a medical graduate from the Rawalpindi Medical College, and obtained Masters of Public Health from the University of Leeds UK. He was awarded the prestigious Britannia/Chevening scholarship to pursue studies in the UK.   He has attended specialized postgraduate trainings at Harvard University and the Johns Hopkins University in the US.
At the Council he oversees the implementation of a Packard Foundation funded project aiming at developing capacity within the health and population sectors in Pakistan.
He has taught community medicine at the Rawalpindi Medical College and has worked for the government of Pakistan. He has authored a book entitled A synopsis of Epidemiology and Basic Statistics and edited An Introduction to Medical Demography and Population Studies. He has also authored several research articles and has made presentations in Pakistan as well as in the US, China, Iran, Egypt, Ethiopia, India and the Sudan.
He has run courses and taught at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Health Services Academy Islamabad, Institutes of Public Health Lahore and Quetta, University of Arid Agriculture Rawalpindi, Civil Services Academy Lahore, National Institute of Population Studies Islamabad and the University of Khartoum, Sudan
He is a member of the International Union for Scientific Study of Population and secretary of the Reproductive Health Research Working Group of Pakistan.
Cetirizine
Synonyms / Brand Names:

# Dosing and Administration
Adults and Children 12 Years of Age and Older: The recommended dose of ZYRTEC-D 12 HOURTM Extended Release Tablets is one tablet twice daily for adults and children 12 years of age and older.
Dose Adjustment for Renal and Hepatic Impairment: In patients with decreased renal function(creatinine clearance 11-31 mL/min), patients on hemodialysis (creatinine clearance less than 7 mL/min), and in hepatically impaired patients, a dose of one tablet once daily is recommended.
ZYRTEC-D 12 HOURTM Extended Release Tablets may be given with or without food and should be swallowed whole, avoiding breaking or chewing the tablet.
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Altanserin
Altanserin is a compound that binds to the 5-HT2A receptor (serotonin 2A receptor). 
It is a yellowish solid.
Labeled with the isotope fluorine-18 it is used as a radioligand in positron emission tomography (PET) studies of the brain, i.e., studies of the serotonin-2A neuroreceptors.
Besides human neuroimaging studies altanserin has also been used in the study of rats.
An alternative for PET imaging the 5-HT2A receptor is the 
MDL 100,907 radioligand.
Fluorine-18-altanserin and tritium-MDL 100,907 have shown very comparable binding.
Both altanserin and MDL 100,907 are 5-HT2A receptor antagonists.
-setoperone can also be used in PET.
An alternative SPECT radioligand is the -5-I-R91150 receptor antagonist.
A rapid chemical synthesis of fluorine-18 and H-2 dual-labeled altanserin has been described.
Other ligands for other parts of the serotonin system used in PET studies are, e.g., DASB, ketanserin and WAY-100635.

# Human brain mapping studies with altanserin
As of  2007 altanserin is probably not used in clinical routine. 
However, there have been performed several research-based neuroimaging studies with the compound in humans since the 1990s. 
Some of these studies have considered methodogical issues such as the reproducibility of the method
-r whether to use constant infusion or bolus-infusion delivery of altanserin. 
Other studies have compared altanserin binding to subject variables such as age, personality trait and neuropsychiatric disorder.
The altanserin PET scan shows high binding in neocortex.
The cerebellum is often regarded as a region with no specific 5-HT2A binding and the brain region is used as a reference in some studies, even though an autoradiography study has found nonnegligible levels of 5-HT2A binding in the human cerebellum,
and another type of study have observed strong immunoreaction against 5-HT2A receptor protein in rat Purkinje cells.
In the table below is an overview of the results of altanserin binding seen in human PET-studies.
A consistent finding across altanserin studies has been that the binding decreases with age.
This is in line with in vitro studies of the 5-HT2A receptor, 
as well as PET studies with other radioligands that binds to the receptor.
The result for recovered bulimia-type anorexia nervosa 
is in line with a SPECT study of anorexia nervosa patients, that found a decrease in frontal, occipital and parietal cortices.
The results of PET studies of the 5-HT2A in depression has been mixed.
Altanserin binding has also been examine in twins, where one study showed higher correlation between monozygotic twin pairs than between dizygotic twin pairs, giving evidence that the binding is "strongly genetically determined".
Hemiaminal
A hemiaminal is a functional group or type of chemical compound that has a hydroxyl group and an amine attached to the same carbon atom: -C(OH)(NR2)-. R can be hydrogen or an alkyl group. Hemiaminals are intermediates in imine formation from an amine and a carbonyl by alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution.
An example is of an hemiaminal is that obtained from reaction of secondary amine carbazole and formaldehyde  
reaction of carbazole with formaldehyde to Carbazol-9-yl-methanol
Those generated from primary amines are unstable to the extent that they have never been isolated and very rarely been observed directly. In a 2007 study a hemiaminal substructure trapped in the cavity of a host-guest complex was studied with a chemical half-life of 30 minutes. Because both amine and carbonyl group are isolated in a cavity, hemiaminal formation is favored due to a high forward reaction rate comparable to a intramolecular reaction and also due to restricted access of external base (another amine) to the same cavity which would favor elimination of water to the imine .
Hemiaminal formation is a key step in a asymmetric total synthesis of saxitoxin :
In this reaction step the alkene group is first oxidized to an intermediate acyloin by action of osmium(III) chloride, oxone (sacrificial catalyst) and sodium carbonate (base).

# Aminal
An aminal or aminoacetal is a functional group or type of chemical compound that has two amine groups attached to the same carbon atom: -C(NR2)(NR2)-. Again R can be hydrogen or an alkyl group.
The aminal and the hemiaminal groups are the cousins of hemiacetals and acetals with nitrogen replaced by oxygen. Aminals are encountered in for instance the Fischer indole synthesis.

# Reflist
-  Carbazol-9-yl-methanol Milata Viktora, Kada Rudolfa, Lokaj J nb Molbank 2004, M354 open access publication 
-  Reaction in methanol in reflux with potassium carbonate. Acid catalysis turns the hemiaminal to the aminal N,N -biscarbazol-9-yl-methane.
-  Stabilization of Labile Carbonyl Addition Intermediates by a Synthetic Receptor Tetsuo Iwasawa, Richard J. Hooley, Julius Rebek Jr.  Science 317, 493 (2007) doi:10.1126/science.1143272
-  (+)-Saxitoxin: A First and Second Generation Stereoselective Synthesis James J. Fleming, Matthew D. McReynolds, and J. Du Bois J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129 (32), 9964 -9975, 2007. doi:10.1021/ja071501o
de:Aminoacetal
Amorolfine

# Overview
Amorolfine (or amorolfin), is a morpholine antifungal drug that inhibits D14 reductase and D7-D8 isomerase, which depletes ergosterol and causes ignosterol to accumulate in the fungal cytoplasmic cell membranes. Marketed as Curanail, Loceryl, Locetar, and Odenil, amorolfine is commonly available in the form of a nail lacquer, containing 5% amorolfine as the active ingredient. It is used to treat onychomycosis (fungal infection of the toe- and fingernails). Amorolfine 5% nail lacquer in once-weekly or twice-weekly applications has been shown in two studies to be between 60% and 71% effective in treating toenail onychomycosis; complete cure rates three months after stopping treatment (after six months of treatment) were 38% and 46%. However, full experimental details of these trials were not available and since they were first reported in 1992 there have been no subsequent trials.
It is a topical solution for the treatment of toenail infections. Systemic treatments may be considered more effective.
It is approved for sale over the counter in Australia and the UK (recently re-classified to over the counter status), and is approved for the treatment of toenail fungus by prescription in other countries. It is not approved for the treatment of onychomycosis in the United States or Canada, but can be ordered from there by mail from other countries.

# Notes
-  Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 Hywel C. Williams (2003). Evidence-Based Dermatology. Blackwell..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  It can readily be verified that Curanail is advertised on websites such as US Amazon.com, shipped from abroad.
Amphenicol
Amphenicols are a class of antibiotics which include phenol and alcohol functional groups.
Medications in this class function by interfering with the 50S ribosome subunit.
Examples of medications in this class include chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, and florfenicol.
Zwitterion

# Overview
A zwitterion (from German "Zwitter"  "hybrid," "hermaphrodite") is a chemical compound that is electrically neutral but carries formal positive and negative charges on different atoms. Zwitterions are polar and usually have a high solubility in water and a poor solubility in most organic solvents.
Ampholytes are molecules that contain both acidic and basic groups (and are therefore amphoteric) and will exist as zwitterions at a certain pH. This pH is known as the molecule's isoelectric point. Ampholytic molecules make good buffer solutions  they resist change to the pH of a solution by selective ionization. In the presence of acids, they will accept the hydrogen ions, removing them from the solution. In the presence of bases, they will donate hydrogen ions to the solution, again balancing the pH.
Typical examples of zwitterions are:
- Used as buffering agents most of which are included in Good's buffers:
The amino-sulfonic acid based MES, MOPS, HEPES, PIPES or CAPS
The amino-carboxylic acid (amino acid) based glycine, its derivatives bicine and tricine, and alanine
- The amino-sulfonic acid based MES, MOPS, HEPES, PIPES or CAPS
- The amino-carboxylic acid (amino acid) based glycine, its derivatives bicine and tricine, and alanine
- Used as detergents:
CHAPSO
- CHAPSO
- Natural products like the alkaloids psilocybin and lysergic acid.
- Betaines
Less common examples of zwitterions are:
- Quinonoid zwitterions.
- Drugs such as Fexofenadine (Allegra).
Quinbolone

# Overview
Quinbolone (Anabolicum Vister) is an anabolic steroid with weak androgenic effects. It was developed by Parke Davis in an attempt to create a viable orally-administered anabolic steroid with little or no liver toxicity.
The drug is atypical in that steroid molecules are usually only given officially distinct names when there is a permanent structural difference between the parent molecule and itself. Quinbolone, however, differs from its parent molecule (boldenone) solely by the addition of an easily removed cyclopentenyl ether group.
Most orally administered anabolic steroids function by having an alkylated 17-carbon atom, which prevents first-pass metabolism by the liver. This approach does, however, give the drug a high hepatotoxicity. Quinbolone is not 17-alkylated; instead it has increased oral bioavailability due to its cyclopentenyl ether group. This allows the drug to be fully dissolved in an oil base, which is then absorbed into the lymphatic system via the large intestine, from which it travels into the blood. Once there the ester group detaches and the relatively inactive quinbolone becomes boldenone, which then reacts with the androgen receptor of any muscles it comes into contact with.
Quinbolone itself has very few androgenic effects, and most of what it does have are a result of its conversion to boldenone and its metabolites. This, combined with its unusual route of absorption, provides the drug with highly variable results, meaning that large quantities of the drug (100-200mgs per day) must be taken in order to maintain high enough concentrations in the blood for noticeable and consistent effects. The cost and inconvenience of this meant that quinbolone never proved commercially successful, and its clinical applications were fulfilled by alternative, more effective, steroids. Its illicit usage in bodybuilding and athletics likewise proved limited, though drug tests are still used to detect its metabolites as it remains a banned substance for most competitive sports.
Anal canal

# Overview
The anal canal is the terminal part of the large intestine.
It is situated between the rectum and anus, below the level of the pelvic diaphragm. It lies in the anal triangle of perineum in between the right and left ischiorectal fossae.
In humans it is approximately 2.5 to 4 cm long, extending from the anorectal junction to the anus. It is directed downwards and backwards. It is surrounded by inner involuntary and outer voluntary sphincters which keep the lumen closed in the form of an anteroposterior slit.
It is differentiated from the rectum by the transition of the internal surface from endodermal to skinlike  ectodermal tissue.

# Additional images
- Anatomy of the anus and rectum
- Left Levator ani from within.
- The interior of the anal cami and lower part of the rectum.
- Median sagittal section of male pelvis.
- Median sagittal section of female pelvis.
Anatomotor
The Hill Anatomotor is a Stationary Massage type therapy table
The Stationary-Top Anatomotor gives you massage and spinal mobilization provided by a moveable-top Anatomotor in a 6'3" space. A reciprocating carriage moves the rollers at a speed just under the respiration rate. Unlike other massage tables, the back rollers are always in contact with the patient for a more relaxing and comfortable, deep-kneading massage therapy.
Model ST2 has two sets of back rollers that are spring cushioned and independently adjust in height to treat the kyphotic and lordotic curvatures at different settings. Model Option ST3 has a third set of massage rollers beneficial in treating the outer rib cage and larger patients. Heat and vibration options are available on both models.
The Stationary Anatomotor easily converts to a straight treatment table by inserting the filler block with face cut-out. A spring-recoil action of the filler-block may also be achieved.
Anetoderma

# Overview
Anetoderma (also known as "Anetoderma maculosa," "Anetoderma maculosa cutis," "Atrophia maculosa cutis," and "Macular atrophy") is a localized laxity of the skin with herniation or outpouching resulting from abnormal dermal elastic tissue.

# Classification
Anetoderma comes in three types:
- Primary anetoderma
JadassohnPellizzari anetoderma is a benign condition with focal loss of dermal elastic tissue. Jadassohn-Pellizzari is one of two major classifications of primary anetoderma, the other being SchweningerBuzzi anetoderma. The difference between the two is that JadassohnPellizzari anetoderma is preceded by inflammatory lesions.
SchweningerBuzzi anetoderma is a cutaneous condition characterized by loss of dermal elastic tissue.
- JadassohnPellizzari anetoderma is a benign condition with focal loss of dermal elastic tissue. Jadassohn-Pellizzari is one of two major classifications of primary anetoderma, the other being SchweningerBuzzi anetoderma. The difference between the two is that JadassohnPellizzari anetoderma is preceded by inflammatory lesions.
- SchweningerBuzzi anetoderma is a cutaneous condition characterized by loss of dermal elastic tissue.
- Secondary anetoderma
- Familial anetoderma

# Diagnosis

## Physcial Examination

### Skin
- Anetoderma Jadassohn Pellizari. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Anetoderma Jadassohn Pellizari. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Anetoderma Jadassohn Pellizari. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Anetoderma Jadassohn Pellizari. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Anetoderma Jadassohn Pellizari. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Anetoderma Jadassohn Pellizari. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Anetoderma Jadassohn Pellizari. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Anetoderma Jadassohn Pellizari. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Anetoderma Jadassohn Pellizari. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Anetoderma Jadassohn Pellizari. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Anetoderma Jadassohn Pellizari. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Anetoderma Jadassohn Pellizari. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Anetoderma Jadassohn Pellizari. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Anetoderma Jadassohn Pellizari. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Anetoderma Jadassohn Pellizari. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Anetoderma Jadassohn Pellizari. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Anetoderma Jadassohn Pellizari. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Anetoderma Jadassohn Pellizari. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.