Speech disorder
Synonyms and keywords: Language disorder

# Overview
Speech disorders or speech impediments, as they are also called, are a type of communication disorders where 'normal' speech is disrupted. This can mean stuttering, lisps, etc.  Someone who is totally unable to speak due to a speech disorder is considered mute.

# Classification
Classifying speech into normal and disordered is more problematic than it first seems. By a strict classification, only 5% to 10% of the population has a completely normal manner of speaking (with respect to all parameters) and healthy voice; all others suffer from one disorder or another.
- Stuttering is quite common.
- Cluttering, a speech disorder that has similarities to stuttering.
- Dysprosody is the rarest neurological speech disorder.  It is characterized by alterations in intensity, in the timing of utterance segments, and in rhythm, cadency, and intonation of words. The changes to the duration, the fundamental frequency, and the intensity of tonic and atonic syllables of the sentences spoken, deprive an individual's particular speech of its characteristics. The cause of dysprosody is usually associated with neurological pathologies such as brain vascular accidents, cranioencephalic traumatisms, and brain tumors.
Difficulty in producing specific speech sounds (most often certain consonant, such as /s/ or /r/) may be considered a Speech sound disorder, and subdivided into Articulation Disorders (also called Phonetic Disorders) and Phonemic Disorders.  Phonetic disorders are characterized by difficulty learning to physically produce sounds, and are popularly referred to as "speech impediments."  Phonemic disorders are characterized by difficulty in learning the sound distinctions of a language, so that one sound may be used in place of many.  However, it is not uncommon for a single person to have a mixed speech sound disorder with both phonemic and phonetic components.

## Types of Speech Disorders
- Cluttering
- Stuttering
- Apraxia
- Lisp
- Rhotacism
- Spasmodic dysphonia
- Aphasia
- Dysarthria
- Huntington's disease
- Laryngeal cancer
- Selective mutism
- Specific Language Impairment
- Speech sound disorder
- Voice disorders

## Language Disorders
Language disorders are usually considered distinct from speech disorders, even though they are often used synonymously.
Speech disorders refer to problems in producing the sounds of speech or with the quality of voice, where language disorders are usually an impairment of either understanding words or being able to use words and does not have to do with speech production

# Causes
In many cases the cause is unknown.  However, there are various known causes of speech impediments, such as "hearing loss, neurological disorders, brain injury, mental retardation, drug abuse, physical impairments such as cleft lip or palate, and vocal abuse or misuse."  Child Abuse may also be a cause in some cases.  

# Differential Diagnosis
- Hearing or other sensory impairment
- Intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)
- Language regression
- Neurological disorders
- Normal variations in language

# Risk Factors
- Genetic predisposition

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

### DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Language Disorder

# Treatment
Many of these types of disorders can be treated by speech therapy, but others require medical attention by a doctor in phoniatrics. Other treatments include correction of organic conditions and psychotherapy.
In the United States, school-age children with a speech disorder are often placed in special education programs. More than 700,000 of the students served in the public schools special education programs in the 2000-2001 school year were categorized as having a speech or language impairment. This estimate does not include children who have speech/language problems secondary to other conditions such as deafness".Many school districts provide the students with speech therapy during school hours, although extended day and summer services may be appropriate under certain circumstances.

# Social Effects of Speech Disorders
Suffering from a speech disorder can have negative social effects, especially among young children.  Those with a speech disorder can be targets of bullying because of their disorder.  The bullying can result in decreased self-esteem.  As well, having a speech disorder can cause some sufferers to be shy and have poor public speaking skills.

# Famous People with Speech Impediments
- Humphrey Bogart, lisp
- Nicholas Brendon, actor  stutter
- Isaac Brock (musician), lead singer of Modest Mouse. - lisp
- Win Butler, lead singer of Arcade Fire. - lisp
- Truman Capote, lisp
- Winston Churchill, British Prime Minister  lisp, cluttering, and stutter
- Claudius, Roman Emperor  stutter
- Camille Desmoulins, journalist in the French Revolution; stutter
- Drag-on, rapper  stutter
- Gareth Gates, singer  stutter (though now fixed)
- Roy Jenkins, British politician  rhotacism
- Stephan Jenkins, singer/songwriter/musician (Third Eye Blind)  rhotacism
- Elton John, singer/songwriter, lisp
- Scatman John, scat singer  stutter
- James Earl Jones, actor  stutter
- Jim Jones, cult leader - lisp
- Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., environmental activist  spasmodic dysphonia
- Anthony Kiedis, singer (Red Hot Chili Peppers)  lisp
- Anybody Killa, rapper  lisp
- Gwen Laurie, newsreader  phonemic disorders
- Bob Love, former NBA player  stutter
- Shane MacGowan, singer (The Pogues)  rhotacism
- Keith and The Girl, podcaster
- Marilyn Monroe, actress  stutter
- Frank Muir, British comedy writer and personality on radio and television  rhotacism
- Kele Okereke, lead singer of band Bloc Party. -stammer
- Rick Parfitt, Status Quo rhythm guitarist and singer
- Diane Rehm, radio talk show host  spasmodic dysphonia
- Jonathan Ross, British television personality  rhotacism
- David Sedaris, author  lisp during childhood
- Shannon Sharpe, NFL color commentator and ex-pro football player; lisp & drawl
- James Stewart, actor  stutter
- Joe Strummer, singer (The Clash)  rhotacism
- Richard Thompson, guitarist and singer-songwriter  stutter
- Mel Tillis, country music singer  stutter
- Barbara Walters, television personality  rhotacism and lisp
- Bruce Willis, actor and director  stutter
- Tiger Woods, golfer  stutter
- Will Young, singer  lisp
- Bear Felicetta. model/former all american wrestler - stutter, talks way to fast