Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Synthetic setae
Synthetic setae emulate the setae found on the toes of a gecko and scientific research in this area is driven towards the development of dry adhesives. Geckos have no difficulty mastering vertical walls and are apparently capable of adhering themselves to just about any surface. The 5-toed feet of a gecko are covered with elastic hairs called setae and the end of these hairs are split into so-called spatulas (no doubt because they carry a resemblance to actual spatulas). The sheer abundance and proximity to the surface of these spatulas make it sufficient for van der Waals forces alone to provide the required adhesive strength.

# Approaches
One experimental inroad to artificial setae is provided by nanotubes. In one particular scheme, a thick layer of nanotubes is embedded in a polymer matrix and the adhesive force is calculated to be 200 times that provided by the gecko hairs. These multi walled nanotubes (MWNT) are generated by chemical vapour deposition with xylene as a carbon source and ferrocene as a catalyst and exposure of 10 minutes to 800 C on a quartz or silicon substrate. The nanotubes have a diameter of 1 to 2 nanometres and a length of 65 micrometres. They are dipped into a solution of methyl methacrylate with azobisisobutylonitrile as a catalyst and 1-decenethiol as a chain transfer agent and polymerized to PMMA at 50 C for 24 hours. The top is then etched away by immersion with a solvent like acetone exposing the MWNT hairs. In the final step the artificial skin and hairs are stripped from the silicon or quartz substrate.  Scanning probe microscopy provides a means to measure adhesive force.

# Applications
Researchers at Stanford University have created a robot which uses synthetic setae in order to scale walls just as a gecko would.
Systematic bias
In metrology, dynamical systems theory, computational mechanics, and statistics, a systematic bias is a bias of a measurement system or estimate method, which leads to systematic errors, namely produces readings or results which are consistently too high or too low, relative to a given actual value of the measured or estimated variable.
It is often used in exactly the same manner as the term systemic bias, though systematic is the older and more common form. Note, however, that while the word "systemic" in "systemic bias" means "caused by the system", the word "systematic" in "systematic error" merely means that the errors in question have a certain statistical tendency.

# Systematic vs. random
An example of systematic bias would be the bias of a thermometer that always reads three degrees colder than the actual temperature because of an incorrect initial calibration or labelling, whereas one that gave random values within five degrees either side of the actual temperature would be considered a random error.
Once detected and quantified, it may be easy to compensate for a systematic bias. In the example just given, one  knows that the thermometer always reads three degrees below the correct value. Thus, one can simply make a systematic correction by adding three degrees to all readings. In other cases, while a systematic bias is suspected or even detected, no simple correction may be possible because it can be impossible to quantify the error. Random errors can in some cases be reduced by repeating the experiment several times and considering an average result; in other cases repetition is not possible.
The existence and causes of systematic bias may be difficult to detect without an independent source of information; the phenomenon of scattered readings resulting from random error calls more attention to itself from repeated estimates of the same quantity than the mutually consistent incorrect results of a biased system.
The term systematic (or systemic) bias is sometimes be used to imply planned human agency. Systematic bias therefore can also mean that the system produces bias as a consequence of consistent, deliberate and planned human interference.
T-cell lymphoma

# Overview
T-cell lymphoma describes several different types of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma affecting T cells or Natural killer cells (NK-cells), also known as a NK/T-cell lymphoma. Any organ that has lymphatic tissue may develop a lymphoma, including the spleen, thymus, adenoids, tonsils, digestive tract and bone marrow. Characteristically, they may present as fast (aggressive) or slow (indolent) growing lymphomas.
Lymphomas are named after the precursor cell from which it developed. A peripheral T-cell lymphomas include lymphomas which arise from mature T-cells (after maturation in the thymus), in contrast with immature T-cell lymphomas, the lymphoblastic lymphoma.

# Classification
T-cell lymphomas may be classified according to updated WHO classification into 2 subtypes:
Tetrahydrofuran
Tetrahydrofuran is a heterocyclic organic compound.  It is a clear, low-viscosity liquid with a diethyl ether-like smell.  It is one of the most polar ethers and is used as a solvent of intermediate polarity in chemical reactions. THF is an aprotic, electron donating solvent with a dielectric constant of 7.6. THF is the fully hydrogenated analog of the aromatic compound furan.

# Uses
THF is a moderately polar, aprotic solvent. It is able to dissolve a wide range of compounds.
Diethyl ether can often be substituted with THF, especially when a higher-boiling solvent is required. Thus THF, like diethyl ether, is often used for hydroborations used to synthesize primary alcohols. Both ethers have an oxygen atom which can coordinate to the electron-deficient boron atom, forming an adduct. Similarly, THF or diethyl ether are often used as solvents for Grignard reagents because of the oxygen atom's ability to coordinate to the magnesium atom on the Grignard reagent. In addition, the oxygen atom has no acid hydrogen that can undergo acid-base reaction with the Grignard reagent.  2-methyltetrahydrofuran has become a popular THF alternative, based on its similar properties to THF, but having a lower melting point (useful for lower temperature reactions), as well as having a higher boiling point (useful for solvent retention under reflux).
THF is often used in polymer science. For example, it can be used to dissolve rubber prior to determining its molecular mass using gel permeation chromatography.
THF can be polymerized by strong acids to give  a linear polymer called poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMEG),(CAS Registry Number, , also known as PTMO, polytetramethylene oxide. The primary use of this polymer is to make elastomeric polyurethane fibers like Spandex..
It is often used industrially to degrease metal parts.

# Preparation
THF can be synthesized by catalytic hydrogenation of furan.
The major industrial process for making THF is the acid-catalyzed dehydration of 1,4-butanediol.. Du Pont developed a process for producing THF by oxidizing n-butane to crude maleic anhydride, followed by catalytic hydrogenation of maleic anhydride to THF.

# Precautions
THF tends to form peroxides on storage.  As a result, THF should not be distilled to dryness, which can leave a residue of highly-explosive peroxides.  Commercial THF is therefore often inhibited with BHT.
TIMI risk score

# Overview
The TIMI Risk Score provides prognostic information regarding the risk of future adverse clinical outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndromes.  There are separate scores for patients with unstable angina or non ST elevation myocardial infarction and ST elevation myocardial infarction.

# TIMI Risk Score for Unstable Angina

## Calculation of TIMI Risk Score for Unstable Angina or Non ST Segment Elevation MI (NSTEMI)
The TIMI risk score for unstable angina (UA) or Non ST Segment Elevation MI (NSTEMI) was derived in the test cohort by selection of independent prognostic variables using multivariate logistic regression, assignment of value of 1 when a factor was present and 0 when it was absent, and summing the number of factors present to categorize patients into a level of risk.
TIMI Risk Score Calculator for Unstable Angina or NSTEMI

## Interpretation of TIMI Risk Score for Unstable Angina
The risk at 14 days of either all-cause death, new or recurrent MI, or severe recurrent ischemia requiring urgent revascularization is as follows:

# TIMI Risk Score for STEMI

## Calculation of TIMI Risk Score for STEMI
The TIMI risk score for TIMI is calculated by adding the numbers assigned to the different criteria shown below.  The total possible score is 14.
TIMI Risk Score Calculator for STEMI

## Interpretation of TIMI Risk Score for STEMI
TOPS Club, Inc.

# Background
TOPS Club, Inc. is a non-profit charitable corporation based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, having members in chapters located worldwide, the majority of them in the United States and Canada. Its twofold objective is to sponsor research and foster support groups in human body weight control. Most members refer to the organization simply as "TOPS", an acronym for "Take Off Pounds Sensibly".

# Weight Control Philosophy
TOPS originally formed in 1948 as a response to the need to assist overweight and obese people to lose weight by setting up a support group system. Over the years as more weight management problems such as bulimia and anorexia became widely recognized in medicine, TOPS expanded their scope to include all people with weight problems. They also created an incentive for club members who reach and maintain their weight at their goal level to stay in the club as KOPS (Keeps Off Pounds Sensibly) members -- giving them extra recognition to help encourage other members in the club.
TOPS does not endorse any particular weight-loss plan (see dieting) and welcomes people into the membership even if they are actively involved in any weight-loss plan. Club meetings emphasize nutrition and exercise education focused on supplementing a member's effort to manage their weight. TOPS also has published education material for its members.

# Local Chapter Meetings
A local chapter of the club is set up in a small region, usually covering one community. Larger communities may have more than one chapter, either because of size limitations or to address the various schedules of their members. According to their web site, the average chapter has 20 members. The total membership as of 2003 is 200,000.
Members meet weekly both for weight recording ("weigh-in") and for the main session. The weigh-in is performed in a private room with a calibrated balance scale and two members present as recording officers. As such, the weight records are considered medically sound.
New members are required to consult with their physician to obtain a goal weight for themselves, then report it to the recorders. The membership fee is $24/year in the USA and $30/year in Canada.
The main session in a club meeting is usually one of two types: education or special recognition. In either case, the meeting always begins with a report of total losses or gains, in pounds, for the week, as tabulated from the just-completed weight recording. Individual members are recognized for such things as losing the most pounds in one week among all the members. Small prizes are awarded to these "losers" (the word used within the confines of TOPS instead of "winners"). These prizes are funded from the weekly dues (one to two dollars) collected from the members. Special recognition involves more elaborate award ceremonies for "losers" based on several criteria such as most pounds lost in a month or year, best overall improvement, and maintaining goal-weight for a KOPS.
The most successful "losers" will also be recognized at regional and international conventions and will likely have an article printed about them in the bimonthly club newsletter, TOPS News.
Taijin kyofusho

# Background
Taijin kyofusho (, TKS, for taijin kyofusho symptoms), is a Japanese and Korean culture-specific syndrome (cultural disorder, or mental illness).
The term taijin kyofusho literally means the disorder (sho) of fear (kyofu) of interpersonal relations (taijin). Dr. Morita Masatake (also known as Morita Shoma) described the condition as vicious cycle of self examination and reproach which can occur in people of hypochondriacal temperament.
In the West, taijin kyofusho is usually described as a form of social anxiety (social phobia), with the sufferer dreading and avoiding social contact. However, instead of a fear of embarrassing themselves or being harshly judged by others because of their social ineptness (as in cases in the Western world), sufferers of taijin kyofusho report a fear of offending or harming other people. The focus is thus on avoiding harm to others rather than to oneself.
In the official Japanese diagnostic system, taijin kyofusho is subdivided into the following categories:
- Sekimen-kyofu, the phobia of blushing
- Shubo-kyofu, the phobia of a deformed body, similar to Body dysmorphic disorder
- Jikoshisen-kyofu, the phobia of eye contact
- Jikoshu-kyofu, the phobia of having foul body odor
Since it is not prevalent in American culture, taijin kyofusho is not detailed in the DSM IV. This is under debate, however, as symptoms indicative of taijin kyofusho are sometimes found in patients in the United States.

# Treatment
The standard Japanese treatment for taijin kyofusho is Morita therapy, developed by Dr. Morita Masatake in the 1910s as a treatment for the Japanese mental disorders taijin kyofusho and shinkeishitsu (nervousness). The original regimen involved patient isolation, enforced bed rest, diary writing, manual labor, and lectures on the importance of self-acceptance and positive endeavor. Since the 1930s, the treatment has been modified to include out-patient and group treatments; this modified version is known as neo-Morita therapy.
Temporal fascia
The temporal fascia covers the Temporalis muscle.
It is a strong, fibrous investment, covered, laterally, by the Auricularis anterior and superior, by the galea aponeurotica, and by part of the Orbicularis oculi.
The superficial temporal vessels and the auriculotemporal nerve cross it from below upward.
Above, it is a single layer, attached to the entire extent of the superior temporal line; but below, where it is fixed to the zygomatic arch, it consists of two layers, one of which is inserted into the lateral, and the other into the medial border of the arch.
A small quantity of fat, the orbital branch of the superficial temporal artery, and a filament from the zygomatic branch of the maxillary nerve, are contained between these two layers.
It affords attachment by its deep surface to the superficial fibers of the Temporalis.
Terson syndrome
Synonyms and keywords: Terson's syndrome

# Overview
Terson syndrome is the occurrence of a vitreous hemorrhage of the human eye in association with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Vitreous hemorrhage of the eye can also occur in association with intracranial hemorrhage and elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). Intraocular hemorrhage can be a subretinal, retinal, preretinal, subhyaloidal, or intra-vitreal hemorrhage. Its likely cause is a rapid increase in ICP. The classic presentation is in the subhyaloidal space, which is beneath the posterior vitreous face and in front of the retina.

# Historical Perspective
The first known report of the association was by the German ophthalmologist Moritz Litten in 1881. Still, French ophthalmologist Albert Terson's name is more commonly associated with the condition after a report by his hand from 1900.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
In a subarachnoid hemorrhage, 13% of patients have Terson's syndrome, which is associated with more severe SAH (higher Hunt-Hess score, a marker of severity), and risk of death is significantly increased.
Testicular cyst

# Overview
Simple testicular cysts are usually nonpalpable and thus are detected incidentally. Testicular cysts require no treatment when discovered.

# Imaging Findings
- On US, testicular cysts are usually well-defined and anechoic with enhanced through transmission and an imperceptible wall.
- At MR imaging, the lesion follows the signal characteristics of fluid with all pulse sequences.
- Careful inspection is warranted to differentiate these from cystic testicular neoplasms, such as  cystic teratoma.
- Contrast-enhanced MR imaging aids in this diagnosis by demonstrating lack of solid enhancement in these lesions.
Tetrahydropyran

# Overview
Tetrahydropyran, or oxane, is the organic compound consisting of a saturated six-membered ring containing five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.
The tetrahydropyran ring system is the core of pyranose sugars.
In organic synthesis, the 2-tetrahydropyranyl group is used as a protecting group for alcohols.  Reaction of the alcohol with dihydropyran forms a tetrahydropyranyl ether, protecting the alcohol from a variety of reactions.  The alcohol can later be restored readily by acidic hydrolysis with formation of 5-hydroxypentanal.
One classic procedure for the organic synthesis of tetrahydropyran is by hydrogenation with Raney nickel of dihydropyran.
The Oaks, Elgin
The Oaks is a UK National Health Service  hospital in Elgin, Scotland. It is administered by the NHS Grampian region.
The Oaks is a purpose-built unit to provide specialist care and support for people with cancer and other progressive illnesses in Moray. The Centre focuses on the control of pain and symptoms with the aim of reducing suffering and improving quality of life.
In 1997 the Hospice in Moray (H.I.M) steering committee published their proposals for a day hospice in Moray, and 2.2 million was raised by Macmillan Cancer Relief towards the creation of The Oaks, which opened on 2nd June 2003 and officially was opened by HRH Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay on 5th August 2003.
The Oaks is situated in its own grounds approx 12 mile from Dr Gray's Hospital on the main A96 towards Inverness.
The Smile Train
The Smile Train is an international charity which helps children suffering from cleft lip and palate.
It was founded in 1999, and as of 2007, has treated over 265,000 children. 100% of all donations go towards providing cleft surgery, as the Board of Directors pay all administrative and fundraising costs.  It supports treatment, training and research in over 66 countries, with its major focus on China and India.
In the United States, The Smile Train qualifies as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit by the Internal Revenue Service, and donations are tax deductible in accordance with IRS regulations.
Theca folliculi
The theca folliculi comprise a layer of the ovarian follicles. They appear as the follicles become tertiary follicles.
The theca are divided into two layers: theca interna and theca externa.

# Theca interna
Theca interna cells express receptors for luteinizing hormone to produce androstenedione, which via a few steps, gives the granulosa the precursor for estrogen manufacturing.
After rupture of the mature ovarian follicle, the theca interna cells differentiate into the theca lutein cells of the corpus luteum. These cells secrete estradiol.

# Theca externa
The theca externa is the outer layers of the theca folliculi. They contain abundant collagen and are mainly supportive.
Thermochemistry
In thermodynamics and physical chemistry, thermochemistry is the study of the heat evolved or absorbed in chemical reactions.  Thermochemistry, generally, is concerned with the heat exchange accompanying transformations, such as mixing, phase transitions, chemical reactions, etc., which includes calculations of such quantities as the heat capacity, heat of combustion, heat of formation, etc.  The laws of thermochemistry rest on two statements:
- Lavoisier and Laplaces law (1782): the heat exchange accompanying a transformation is equal and opposite to the heat exchange accompanying the reverse transformation.
- Hesss law (1840): the heat exchange accompanying a transformation is the same whether the process occurs in one or several steps
Both laws preceded the first law of thermodynamics (1850); it can be shown, however, that they are a direct consequence of it.
They also investigated specific heat and latent heat.
Thomas Allinson
Thomas Richard Allinson (1858  1918) was a British doctor and proponent of whole grain (or "wholemeal") bread consumption. His name is still used today for a bread popular in Europe, Allinson bread.

# Biography
Allinson was born in Grange-over-Sands, in Morecambe Bay in Lancashire. At age fifteen he began work as a chemist/pharmacy assistant.  With the money he saved from that and financial help from his step-father, he was able to attend medical school at the University of Edinburgh. At age 21 he set up a practise in London.
During the 1880's Allinson developed his "Naturopathy" theory.  In place of medicine, he advocated health through diet and exercise, and especially the  benefits of stone-ground whole grain breads.  He wrote and sold a number of books on stomach diseases, rheumatism, vegetarian cooking and healthy diets, and gave talks exhorting his ideas. In one of his books, The Advantages of Wholemeal Bread, he put forth his idea that whole grain bread was healthier than white (or refined) bread. At the same time he advocated vegetarianism and put forth the idea that smoking was a cause of lung cancer, which was a radical idea at the time. Allinson regularly sought publicity with his theories and directed his energies not just towards his colleagues but directly to the public.  This often brought him into conflict with the English Royal College of Physicians and the General Medical Council, both of which disapproved of his spreading controversial ideas to the laymen, and his development of commercial side-projects such as selling books.
In 1892, they'd had enough. Under the motto "Health Without Medicine", Allinson started The Natural Food Company in that year. The purpose of the company was to sell healthy foods. For this purpose, Allinson had bought a grain mill in Bethnal Green for the production of whole grain meal using stone-grinders (as mass-produced meal is produced by roller milling). A bakery came shortly afterwards. Because running a food company wasn't considered a job for a doctor, the Royal College of Physicians took him out of their register. He could no longer practise.
During World War I, the food value of whole grain bread was recognised. Allinson was offered the right to re-join the medical registry, but he refused.  His company flourished from the increased demand for whole-grain bread and meal.  After his death, the company grew (two more stone-grinding mills were purchased in Newport, Monmouthshire and in 1921 Castleford, Yorkshire).  The mills stand to this day.

# Bread
Allinson's original bread recipe (100% whole grain flour, no fat, less yeast, more water) is still used today, though some lovers of Allinson bread report that it's not as hearty nowadays as it used to be. The advertising slogan for the brand since the 1980s is "Bread wi' nowt taken out".
Thomsen disease

# Overview
Thomsen disease, a form of Myotonia congenita, is a muscular genetic disorder characterized by muscle stiffness (cramp) and an inability of the muscle to relax after a voluntary contraction. The affected muscle functions normally after a few repetitions.

# Causes
It is associated with mutations in the chloride channel gene CLCN1.

# Presentation
The disorder only affects voluntary muscles, so involuntary  muscles such as the heart or muscles involved in the digestion process are not affected.

# Treatment and prognosis
There is no known cure but some drugs may relieve symptoms. These include: Dilantin, Procainamide, Phenytoin and Mexiletine.
The disease is not fatal.

# History
Julius Thomsen, a Danish physician, was the first to describe the disease, citing symptoms of his own family members.