Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
PRKAR1A
cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKAR1A gene.

# Function
cAMP is a signaling molecule important for a variety of cellular functions. cAMP exerts its effects by activating the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), which transduces the signal through phosphorylation of different target proteins. The inactive holoenzyme of PKA is a tetramer composed of two regulatory and two catalytic subunits. cAMP causes the dissociation of the inactive holoenzyme into a dimer of regulatory subunits bound to four cAMP and two free monomeric catalytic subunits. Four different regulatory subunits and three catalytic subunits of PKA have been identified in humans. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the regulatory subunits. This protein was found to be a tissue-specific extinguisher that down-regulates the expression of seven liver genes in hepatoma x fibroblast hybrids Three alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been observed.

# Clinical significance
Functional null mutations in this gene cause Carney complex (CNC), an autosomal dominant multiple neoplasia syndrome. This gene can fuse to the RET protooncogene by gene rearrangement and form the thyroid tumor-specific chimeric oncogene known as PTC2.
Mutation of PRKAR1A leads to the Carney complex, associating multiple endocrine tumors.

# Interactions
PRKAR1A has been shown to interact with:
- AKAP10,
- AKAP1,
- AKAP4,
- ARFGEF1,
- ARFGEF2,
- Grb2,
- MYO7A,
- PRKAR1B,  and
- UBE2M.
PRKAR2B
cAMP-dependent protein kinase type II-beta regulatory subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKAR2B gene.

# Function
cAMP is a signaling molecule important for a variety of cellular functions. cAMP exerts its effects by activating the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), which transduces the signal through phosphorylation of different target proteins. The inactive holoenzyme of PKA is a tetramer composed of two regulatory and two catalytic subunits. cAMP causes the dissociation of the inactive holoenzyme into a dimer of regulatory subunits bound to four cAMP and two free monomeric catalytic subunits. Four different regulatory subunits and three catalytic subunits of PKA have been identified in humans. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the regulatory subunits. This subunit can be phosphorylated by the activated catalytic subunit. This subunit has been shown to interact with and suppress the transcriptional activity of the cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 (CREB1) in activated T cells. Knockout studies in mice suggest that this subunit may play an important role in regulating energy balance and adiposity. The studies also suggest that this subunit may mediate the gene induction and cataleptic behavior induced by haloperidol.

# Interactions
PRKAR2B has been shown to interact with AKAP11 in an advanced Stage.
PRO 140
PRO 140 is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeted against the CCR5 receptor found on T lymphocytes of the human immune system.  It is being investigated as a potential therapy in the treatment of HIV infection.
The United States Food and Drug Administration has designated PRO 140 for fast-track approval.

# Development
PRO 140 is being developed by Progenics Pharmaceuticals.  In May 2007, they announced results from the phase I clinical trial of the drug.  The researchers said the results demonstrated "potent, rapid, prolonged, dose-dependent, highly significant antiviral activity" for PRO 140.  Participants in the highest dosing group received 5mg/kg and showed a average viral load decrease of -1.83 log10.  On average, reductions of greater than -1 log10 copies/ml were maintained for between two and three weeks, from only a single dose of the drug.  The largest individual HIV RNA reductions ranged up to -2.5 log10 among patients receiving both the 2 and 5 mg/kg doses.

# Mechanism of Action
PRO 140 functions as an entry inhibitor.  PRO 140 binds to the CCR5 receptor, and interferes with HIV's ability to enter the cell.  Unlike other entry inhibitors, PRO 140 is an monoclonal antibody.  As such, it must be injected to be effective.  However,  once inside the body, PRO 140 binds to to CCR5 for >60 days, which may allow for dosing as infrequently as every other week.
PRPSAP2
Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase-associated protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRPSAP2 gene.

# Function
The enzyme phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase (PRS) catalyzes the formation of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate which is a substrate for synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, histidine, tryptophan and NAD. PRS exists as a complex with two catalytic subunits and two associated subunits. This gene encodes a non-catalytic associated subunit of PRS.

## Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of PRPSAP2 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Prpsap2tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists  at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty five tests were carried out and two phenotypes were reported. Homozygous mutant males displayed more rearing in an open field test, and mutants of both sex had decreased IgG1 levels.
PSTPIP2

# Introduction
Proline-serine-threonine phosphatase-interacting protein 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the Pstpip2 gene. This protein, also known as macrophage F-actin-asosiated and tyrosine phosphorylated protein (MAYP) is a member of the Pombe Cdc15 homology (PCH) family of proteins has been shown to coordinate membrane and cytoskeletal dynamics 

# Function
Pstpip2 is selectively expressed in macrophages and macrophage precursors, and it is an actin bundling protein which regulates filopodia formation and macrophage motility

# Cytokine expression profile
PSTPIP2 deficiency leads to elevated levels of circulating inflammatory mediators in vivo. In asymptomatic mice, only MIP-1 and IL-6 are elevated, however symptomatic PSTPIP2-deficient mice have elevated levels of circulating IL-6, MIP-1, TNF-, CSF-1 and IP-10< and decreased levels of IL-13

# Disease linkage
The missense mutation I228N leads to a macrophage-mediated autoinflammatory disease called Lupo Pstpip2 (Pstpip2Lupo/Lupo ). It is characterized by skin necrosis, inflammation of paws, ears and inflammatory bone resorption. Another mutation in Pstpip2, L98P, was described in chronic multifocal osteomyelitis (cmo) mice. This disease is also autoinflammatory, and causes inflammatory infiltrate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and osteoclasts. Later the infiltrate is replaced with new bone tissue which lead to tail kinks and hind-foot deformities. The cmo mice also develop ear inflammation in the epidermis, dermis and cartilage.

# Interactions
PSTPIP2 interacts with protein tyrosine phosphatases from the proline-, glutamic acid-, serine- and threonine-rich (PEST) family , SHIP1 and Csk
PTTG1IP
Pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 protein-interacting protein (PTTG1), also known as PTTG1-binding factor (PBF), is a poorly characterised protein that in humans is encoded by the PTTG1IP gene  located within the chromosomal region 21q22.3.

# Structure
The encoded protein is composed of 180 amino acids and has a predicted molecular mass of 22kDa.  The peptide sequence shares no significant homology with any other human proteins but is highly conserved across a wide diversity of animal species, suggesting both unique function and evolutionary importance.  Initial protein prediction studies suggested that PTTG1IP was a cell surface glycoprotein, however, the recent identification of a nuclear localisation signal (NLS) suggests that it may have a role both in the cytoplasm and as a nuclear protein.

# Function
Although PTTG1IP is ubiquitously expressed in normal human tissues, its exact function remains elusive.  It has been shown to directly interact with the human securin and proto-oncogene, PTTG1, thus facilitating its nuclear translocation and the subsequent transcriptional activation of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) by PTTG1.
Further evidence suggests that PTTG1IP may have a direct role in cancer.  Initially, PTTG1IP expression was found to be higher in pituitary tumours compared with normal pituitary tissue.  In particular, PTTG1IP has been shown to regulate thyroid cell growth, with overexpression resulting in hyperplasia and the formation of lesions within the thyroid gland.  PTTG1IP expression has also been independently associated with tumour recurrence  and subcutaneous expression results in tumour formation in nude mice.
PTTG1IP is also implicated in breast cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue samples has revealed that PTTG1IP is strongly expressed in several types and grades of breast cancer. Furthermore, overexpression and secretion of PTTG1IP induces cell invasion, a process that is essential for the formation of metastatic disease.
Furthermore, PTTG1IP has been reported to regulate the expression of the human sodium-iodide symporter (NIS).  NIS is expressed by thyroid follicular epithelial cells and is responsible for iodine transport and uptake.  The ability of the thyroid to accumulate iodine provides the basis for radioiodine ablation of thyroid tumours and their metastases.  Overexpression of PTTG1 or PTTG1IP inhibits NIS mRNA expression and iodide uptake in human and rat thyroid cells. This has important implications for radioiodine ablation therapy and highlights PTTG1IP as a novel target for improving radioiodine uptake by thyroid tumours.

# Interactions
PTTG1IP has been shown to interact with:
- PTTG1,
- MCT8, and
- NIS.
Panacea
In Greek mythology, Panacea (Greek , Panakeia) was the goddess of healing. She was the daughter of Asclepius, god of medicine, and the granddaughter of Apollo, god of healing (among other things).
Panacea and her five sisters each performed a facet of Apollo's art: Panacea was the goddess of cures, Iaso was the goddess of recuperation, Hygieia was the goddess of disease prevention, Aceso was the goddess of recovery, Meditrina was the goddess of longevity, and Aglaea was the goddess of natural beauty.
Panacea also had four brothers  Podaleirus, one of the two kings of Tricca, who had a flair for diagnostics, and Machaon, the other king of Tricca, who was a master surgeon (these two took part in the Trojan War until Machaon was killed by Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons); Telesphoros, who devoted his life to serving Asclepius; and Aratus, her step-brother, who was a Greek hero and the patron/liberator of Sicyon.
Panacea was said to have a poultice or potion with which she healed the sick. This brought about the concept of the panacea in medicine.

# Etymology
- Panacea is from Greek Panakeia, from panakes, "all healing"; pas (neuter pan), "all" (from Indo-European *kua-nt-, a zero-grade extension of *keu-, "large space; vault; hole") + akos, "cure" (perhaps from Indo-European *yek-, "to heal").
- Hygieia is from Greek hugeia, "health", from Indo-European *su-gwiyes-ya, "living in good condition"; *su-, "well" + *gwei-, "to live".
- Iaso is from Greek iasthai, "to cure; to heal".

# Genealogy
(the primordial serpent Ophion sets alight the edges of Chaos, out of which is born Eurynome)
Ophion + Eurynome
(Ophion coils around Eurynome, the moon, and she flies away as a white bird, laying six silver eggs, one of which will be Gaea)
Gaea
(conceives a child without fertilization)
Uranus + Gaea
Cronus + Rhea
Zeus + Leto
Apollo + Coronis, princess of Epidaurus (or Arsinoe, princess of Messenia) 
Asclepius + Epione (or Salus)
Papilla
A papilla (plural: papillae) can be:
- A small projection, such as a nipple-like projection on the skin, at the base of a hair or the root of a feather; the base of a new tooth.
- A pimple or blister
- An interdental papilla is the part of the gingiva located between teeth.
- Dental papilla
- Renal papilla
- Lacrimal papilla
- Mammary papilla
- Any of the small projections on the top of the tongue:
vallate papilla (contains taste buds)
fungiform papilla (contains taste buds)
filiform papilla (does not contain taste buds)
foliate papilla (contains taste buds)
- vallate papilla (contains taste buds)
- fungiform papilla (contains taste buds)
- filiform papilla (does not contain taste buds)
- foliate papilla (contains taste buds)
- Alternative name for the Optic disc of the eye.
- Genital papilla, found in fishes.
Paresis
Paresis is a condition typified by partial loss of movement, or impaired movement. When used without qualifiers, it usually refers to the limbs, but it also can be used to describe the muscles of the eyes and also the stomach.  Neurologists use the term paresis to describe weakness, and plegia to describe paralysis in which all movement is lost.

# Subtypes
- Monoparesis -- One leg or one arm
- Paraparesis -- Both legs or both arms
- Hemiparesis -- One arm and one leg on either side of the body
- Quadraparesis -- All four limbs
- Gastroparesis -- Impaired stomach emptying

# Associated conditions
- It frequently refers to the impairment of motion in multiple sclerosis.
- It is also used to describe a form of ophthalmoplegia.
- In the past, the term was most commonly used to refer to "General paresis," which was a symptom of untreated syphilis. However, due to improvements in treatment of syphilis, it is now rarely used in this context.
Patched
Patched (Ptc) is a conserved 12-pass transmembrane protein receptor that plays an obligate negative regulatory role in the Hedgehog signaling pathway in insects and vertebrates.    Patched is an essential gene in embryogenesis for proper segmentation in the fly embryo, mutations in which may be embryonic lethal.  Patched functions as the receptor for the Hedgehog protein  and controls its spatial distribution, in part via endocytosis of bound Hedgehog protein, which is then targeted for lysosomal degradation.

# Discovery
The original mutations in the ptc gene were discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster by 1995 Nobel Laureates Eric F. Wieschaus and Christiane Nusslein-Volhard and colleagues, and the gene was independently cloned in 1989 by Joan Hooper in the laboratory of Matthew P. Scott, and by Philip Ingham and colleagues.

# Role in hedgehog signaling
Patched is part of a negative feedback mechanism for hedgehog signaling that helps shape the spatial gradient of signaling activity across tissues. In the absence of hedgehog, low levels of patched are sufficient to suppress activity of the signal transduction pathway.  When hedgehog is present, its cholesterol moiety binds to the sterol-sensing domain in patched, which then inhibits the activity of smoothened. Smoothened is a G protein-coupled receptor, most of which is stored in membrane bound vesicles internally within the cell and which increases at the cell surface when hedgehog is present. Smoothened must be present on the cell membrane in order for the Hedgehog signaling pathway to be activated. Among other genes, the transcription of the patched gene is induced by hedgehog signaling, with the accumulation of the patched protein limiting signaling through the Smoothened protein. Recent work implicates the cilium in intracellular trafficking of hedgehog signaling components in vertebrate cells.

# Role in disease
Mutated patched proteins have been implicated in a number of cancers including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma.  Hereditary mutations in the human patched homolog PTCH1 cause autosomal dominant Gorlin syndrome, which consists of overgrowth and hereditary disposition to cancer including basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma.  Mice with mutations in mouse PTCH1 similarly develop medulloblastoma.
Phorate

# Overview
Phorate is an organophosphate used as an insecticide and acaricide. At normal conditions, it is a pale yellow mobile liquid poorly soluble in water but readily soluble in organic solvents. It is relatively stable and hydrolyses only at very acidic or basic conditions. It is very toxic both for target organisms and for mammalians including human. It inhibits acetylcholinesterase and pseudocholinesterase.
Phorate is most commonly applied in granular form. It is non-biocumulative and has no residual action. But some metabolites may persist in soil. It also damages some seeds.
Phorate is absorbed readily through all ways. Its toxicity is high. Oral LD50 to rats is 1.1  3.2 mg/kg, to mice 3.5  6.5 mg/kg (technical phorate). Similar values has been found out to birds.
Podocin
Podocin is a protein component of the filtration slits of podocytes. Glomerular capillary endothelial cells, the glomerular basement membrane and the filtration slits function as the filtration barrier of the kidney glomerulus.
Mutations in the podocin gene NPHS2 can cause nephrotic syndrome, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) or minimal change disease (MCD). Symptoms may develop in the first few months of life (congenital nephrotic syndrome) or later in childhood.

# Structure
Podocin is a membrane protein of the band-7-stomatin family, consisting of 383 amino acids. It has a transmembrane domain forming a hairpin structure, with two cytoplasmic ends at the N- and C-terminus, the latter of which interacts with the cytosolic tail of nephrin, with CD2AP serving as an adaptor.

# Function
Podocin is localized on the membranes of podocyte pedicels (foot-like long processes), where it oligomerizes in lipid rafts together with nephrin to form the filtration slits.
Prolene
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Prolene is a synthetic, nonabsorable polypropylene suture.  It is indicated for skin closure and general soft tissue approximation and ligation.  Its advantages include high tensile strength, minimal tissue reactivity, and slipperiness (allowing easy removal from tissues).  Disadvantages include high plasticity, high expense, and difficulty of use compared to standard nylon sutures.
Composed of an isotactic crystalline stereoisomer of polypropylene, Prolene sutures are intended to be durable and long lasting. They are dyed blue, allowing for easy visibility against skin and when operating. It is composed of a single filiment.
A polypropylene mesh is also marketed under the name Prolene by Ethicon. It is used for repairing hernias and other iunjuries to the fascia.
Prolene commonly is used in both human and veterinary medicine for skin closure. In human mdeicine it is used in cardiovascular, ophthalmic and neurological procedures. It is often used in conjunction with the absorbable suture Monocryl. Prolene is manufactured by Ethicon Inc., a subsidiary of Johnson and Johnson. The name Prolene is a trademark of Ethicon Inc.

# See Also
- Monocryl
- Ethicon
Proser1
PROSER1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PROSER1 gene.

# Nomenclature
PROSER1 has several aliases: C13orf23, KIAA2032,  and proline and serine-rich protein 1.

# Gene

## Location
PROSER1 is located on the negative (reverse) strand of chromosome 13 at position 13q13.3. It spans from 39,009,865 base pairs from the pter to 39,038,095 bp from the pter, with a size of 28,231 bases. PROSER1 has a total of 13 exons in its primary unspliced transcript mRNA of 5,185 bp. There are 2 isoforms of PROSER1, both within the 5,000 bp range.

## Gene neighborhood
Genes STOML3 and NHLRC3 neighbor PROSER1 on chromosome 13.

## Tissue distribution
Expressed Sequence Tag mapping of PROSER1 expression shows that it has particularly high expression in lymph, embryonic tissue, thymus, and uterus sites. It has moderate expression in testis, larynx, nerve, blood, and adipose tissue sites.
According to the Human Protein Atlas, PROSER1 has general cytoplasmic expression and is expressed in all RNA tissue categories.

# Homology

## Paralogs
PROSER1 has no paralogs.

## Orthologs
PROSER1 is highly conserved among mammals. It is less highly conserved, though has been found, in fish, birds, and some invertebrates. It is not expressed in bacteria, plants, or fungi. Show below is table of orthologs compiled from NCBI.

# Protein

## General properties
The translated PROSER1 protein is 944 amino acids long. Its predicted molecular weight is 95.7 kdal. PROSER1 has an isoelectric point of 9. It is predicted to be localized to the nucleus.

## Composition
The sequence is rich in proline and serine and not particularly low in any other amino acids.

## Domains
PROSER1 contains one domain of unknown function, DUF 4476, part of pfam14771. The DUF spans from amino acids 26 to 121.
The molecular weight of DUF 4476 is 11.1 kdal.

## Secondary structure
PROSER1 is composed primarily of alpha helices, beta sheets, and coils. The protein is largely coiled. The DUF is composed mainly of alpha helices and coils. It has slightly fewer beta sheets compared to the protein as a whole.
Proteus

# Overview
Proteus is a urease-producing, motile, nitrite-reducing, hydrogen sulfide-producing, catalase-positive, facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative bacillus. It can be found in soil, water, and fecal matter. It inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, and is considered an opportunistic pathogen of humans. Transmission to the human host (usually urinary tract) typically occurs via self-contamination.

# Taxonomy
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Gamma proteobacteria; Order: Enterobacteriales; Family: Enterobacteria; Genus: Proteus; Species: Proteus mirabilis

# Genome
- Proteus contains more than 3,658 coding sequences with 7 rRNA loci.
- Total genome length is 4.063 Mb (28.8% GC content).
- Proteus contains a single plasmid that contains 26,298 nucleotides.

# Microbiological Characteristics
- Proteus is a urease-producing, motile, nitrite-reducing, hydrogen sulfide-producing, catalase-positive, facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative bacillus.
- It grows optimally at 40 C (104 F).
- It produces hydrogen sulfide gas, and forms clear films on growth media. It is motile, possessing peritrichous flagella, and is known for its swarming ability. It is commonly found in the intestinal tracts of humans. P. mirabilis is not pathogenic in guinea pigs or chickens.
- Characteristically, Proteus can inhibit the growth of other strains in culture media, resulting in a macroscopically visible line (Dienes line) of reduced bacterial growth where two swarming strains intersect.
- The following table summarizes the microbiological characteristics of Proteus:

# Natural Reservoir
- Proteus can be found in soil, water, and fecal matter.
- It inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, and is considered an opportunistic pathogen of humans.

# Transmission
- Proteus is usually transmitted to the human host by self-contamination (e.g. fecal material from gastrointestinal tract to genitourinary tract).