Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Gamma
Gamma (uppercase , lowercase ; Template:Lang-el) is the third letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 3. It was derived from the Phoenician letter Gimel Gimel. Letters that arose from Gamma include the Roman C and G and the Cyrillic letters Ge  and Ghe .
In Modern Greek, it represents either a voiced velar fricative Template:IPA or a voiced palatal fricative Template:IPA. In Ancient Greek, it represented a voiced velar stop Template:IPA. Before velars, it represents a velar nasal Template:IPA in Modern as well as Ancient Greek, and a double gamma represents a prenasalized voiced velar stop (Template:IPA).

# Gamma combinations
The gamma can be combined with other letters or itself.
- A double gamma () is pronounced like the ng in "jumping"
- A gamma with xi () is pronounced roughly like the nx in "Sphinx"
- A gamma with chi () is pronounced like the nkh in "ankh"
- A gamma combined with kappa () is pronounced like the nk in "banker"

# Use as a symbol or a term
Gamma is often used to denote a variable in mathematics and physics.
In certain areas it has a specific meaning, such as representing gamma radiation in nuclear physics and the Lorentz factor in theory of relativity. In mathematics, there is a gamma function (usually written as -function.)
als:
ar: ( )
arc:
ast:Gamma
br:Gamma (lizherenn)
bg: ()
ca:Gamma
cy:Gamma
da:Gamma (bogstav)
de:Gamma
el:
eo:Gamo (litero)
eu:Gamma (greko)
ga:Gama
gd:Gamma
gl:Gamma
ko:
hr:Gama
id:Gamma (huruf Yunani)
is:Gamma
it:Gamma (lettera)
he: ()
ka: ()
sw:Gamma
ht:
ku:Gamma
la:Gamma
lt:Gama (raide)
hu:Gamma
ms:Gama
nah:
nl:Gamma (letter)
no:Gamma
nn:Gamma
nds:Gamma
simple:Gamma
sk:Gama (grecke pismeno)
sl:Gama
sr:
sh:Gama
fi:Gamma
sv:Gamma
th:
uk: ()
Gonad

# Overview
The gonad is the organ that makes gametes. The gonads in males are the testes and the gonads in females are the ovaries. The product, gametes, are haploid germ cells. For example, sperm and egg cells are gametes. Although medically the gonad term can refer to either male gonads (testicles) or female gonads (ovaries), the vernacular, or slang use of "gonads" (or "nads") usually only refers to the testicles.

# Function
In addition to producting gametes, the gonads are a combined glands providing both exocrine and endocrine functions. The male and female gonads produce steroid sex hormones, identical to those producted by adrenal cortical cells. The major distinction is the source and relative amounts produced.

# Testes
The male gonads, known as the testes or testicles, secrete a class of hormones called androgens, and produce spermatozoa. The predominant androgen in males is testosterone.

# Ovaries
In females, the female gonads, known as the ovaries, secrete a hormone estrogen and progesterone, as well as ova. The dominant estrogen is known as estradiol, which is derived from testosterone.

# Regulation
The gonads are controlled hormonally by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary gland's excretion of LH and FSH are, in turn, controlled by the hypothalamus' gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

# Development
Gonads start developing as a common anlage, in the form of gonadal ridges, and only later are differentiated to male or female sex organs. The SRY gene, located on the Y chromosome and encoding the testis determining factor, decides the direction of this differentiation.
In 1943, Matthew Browne started a development of gonads in a part of the development of the urinary and reproductive organs.
ca:Gonada
da:Gonade
de:Gonade
et:Sugunaare
io:Gonado
it:Gonadi
lt:Lytine liauka
mk:
nl:Gonade
simple:Gonad
fi:Sukupuolirauhaset
sv:Konskortel
th:
Gluma
Gluma Desensitizer is the most widely used product in the United States for the treatment of dental sensitivity. Its formula of 5% glutaraldehyde and 35% HEMA (hydroxyethyl methacrylate) in water is used to help control both hypersensitive dentin and reduce the incidence of post-operative sensitivity in restorative dentistry procedures.
Its also useful as a cavity disinfectant, a rewetting agent and an adhesion promoter (when combined with most dentin bonding systems).
The Gluma formula is under patent protection. Therefore, no other desensitizing agents on the market can have the same formula or work exactly like it.
Gluma is manufactured and produced by the Heraeus Kulzer, a German dental supply company.
GnRH2
GnRH2, also known as  gonadotropin-releasing hormone II or LHRH-II.  Its gene is located on human chromosome 20.
Most vertebrate species possess two or three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) expressed in three distinct brain regions. Although the function of the hypothalamic form (GnRH1; common to many vertebrates), in controlling the reproductive axis has been defined, the functions of the other two isoforms (GnRH2 and GnRH3) remain largely unknown. The presence and conservation of GnRH2 across vertebrate species indicate important biological roles, but the absence of GnRH2 in rodents has greatly hampered the use of these vertebrate models and modern molecular tools to pursue its functions.
A relatively well-documented function of GnRH2 is that the administration of GnRH2 has anorexigenic effects in female musk shrew, mouse, goldfish  and zebrafish, but the mechanisms are still unclear.
Gorse
Gorse (Ulex) comprises a genus of about 20 species of evergreen shrubs in the subfamily Faboideae of the pea family Fabaceae, native to western Europe and northwest Africa, with the majority of species in Iberia. Other common names for gorse include furse, whin and furze.
Gorse is closely related to the brooms, and like them, has green stems and very small leaves and adapts to dry growing conditions, but differs in its extreme spininess, with the leaves being modified into 1-4 cm long spines. All the species have yellow flowers, some with a very long flowering season.
The most widely familiar species is the Common Gorse (Ulex europaeus), the only species native in most of western Europe, where it grows in sunny sites, usually on dry, sandy soils. It is also the largest species, reaching 2-3 m height; this compares with typically 0.2-0.4 m for Western gorse (U. gallii). This latter species is characteristic of highly exposed Atlantic coastal heathland and montane habitats.
Common gorse flowers most strongly in spring, though it bears some flowers year round, hence the old country phrase: "When gorse is out of blossom, kissing's out of fashion". The flowers have a very distinctive strong coconut scent. Western gorse or  Dwarf Furze  differs in being almost entirely late summer flowering (August-September in Ireland and Britain), and also have somewhat darker yellow flowers than Common gorse.
Gorse is a fire-climax plant, very well adapted to stand-replacing fires, being highly inflammable, and having seed pods that are to a large extent opened by fire, thus allowing rapid regeneration after fire. The burnt stumps also readily sprout new growth from the roots. Where fire is excluded, gorse soon tends to be shaded out by taller-growing trees, unless other factors like exposure also apply. Typical fire recurrence periods in gorse stands are 5-20 years.
Gorse thrives best in poor growing areas and conditions; it has been widely used for land reclamation (e.g., mine tailings), where its nitrogen-fixing capacity helps other plants establish better.
It is a valuable plant for wildlife, providing dense thorny cover ideal for protecting bird nests; in Britain, France and Ireland, it is particularly noted for supporting European Stonechats and Dartford Warblers. The flowers are sometimes eaten by the larva of the Double-striped Pug moth and another moth, Coleophora albicosta feeds exclusively on Ulex.
In many areas of North America, southern South America, Australia and New Zealand, the Common Gorse, introduced as an ornamental plant, has become naturalised and an invasive weed due to its aggressive seed dispersal; it has proved very difficult to eradicate. However, in New Zealand, it has been found to form a useful nursery species for native bush regeneration. If gorse stands are left for several years, native seedlings generate in their shelter and grow up through the gorse, cutting out its light and eventually replacing it.
Gorse flowers are edible and can be used in salads, tea and to make a non-grape based 'wine'.
The furse is the badge of the MacLennan clan from Kintail, Scotland.
Furse is also a Devon surname.
Graft
Graft or grafting may refer to:
- Vein grafting, which is used in coronary artery bypass operations
- Medical grafting, a surgical procedure to transplant tissue without a blood supply
- Skin grafting, a type of organ transplant procedure involving skin
- Grafting, where the tissues of one plant are affixed to the tissues of another
Gutka
Gutka (also spelled gutkha, guttkha, guthka) is a preparation of crushed betel nut, tobacco, and sweet or savory flavorings. It is manufactured in India and exported to a few other countries. A mild stimulant, it is sold across India in small, individual-size packets that cost between 1 and 4 rupees apiece. It is consumed much like chewing tobacco, and like chewing tobacco it is considered responsible for oral cancer and other severe negative health effects.
Used by millions of adults, it is also marketed to children. Some packaging does not mention tobacco as an ingredient, and some brands are pitched as candies -  featuring packaging with children's faces and are brightly colored. Some are chocolate-flavored, and some are marketed as breath fresheners.
The gutka, a powdery, granular white substance, is placed between the bottom lip and the gum, or under the tongue. Within moments, the gutka begins to dissolve and turn deep red in color. It imparts upon its user a "buzz" somewhat more intense than that of tobacco.
Highly addictive and a known carcinogen, gutka is currently the subject of much controversy in India. Many states have sought to curb its immense popularity by taxing sales of gutka heavily or by banning it outright.
Gutka use can begin at a very young age. Due to its often sweet taste, easy availability and cheapness, it is popular with poor children, who can exhibit precancerous lesions at a very early age as a result. Some children consider it as a type of candy.  Symptoms of cancer often appear by high school or college age.  Social custom does not permit children in India to smoke cigarettes, so gutka use, being all but invisible to others, is the method of choice.
After it is consumed, it is generally spat onto a wall or the ground, causing an unsightly red stain that is quite resistant to the elements. Some building owners have taken to combating this unpleasantness by painting murals of gods on their walls, with the idea that gutkha-chewers would not spit on a god.
On 1 August 2002, Maharashtra State took the unusual step of placing a five year ban on all use of gutka (as a potentially hazardous foodstuff), an active black market persisted till the time the High Court of Judicature at Mumbai overturned the order on the grounds of unfair trade practice.

# Sources
- Sweet but Deadly Addiction is Seizing the Young in India, The New York Times, 13 August 2002
- Chewing tobacco cancer warning, BBC News, July 26, 1999
- Health: Children Buy Cancerous Sweets, BBC News, March 3, 1999

# Activist links
- Anti Gutkha Campaign, Cancer Patients Aid Association
sv:Gutka
H2AFZ
Histone H2A.Z is a protein that in humans is encoded by the H2AFZ gene.
Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. Nucleosomes consist of approximately 146 bp of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer composed of pairs of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4). The chromatin fiber is further compacted through the interaction of a linker histone, H1, with the DNA between the nucleosomes to form higher order chromatin structures. The H2AFZ gene encodes a replication-independent member of the histone H2A family that is distinct from other members of the family. Studies in mice have shown that this particular histone is required for embryonic development and indicate that lack of functional histone H2A leads to embryonic lethality.
Histone H2AZ is a variant of histone H2A, and is used to mediate the thermosensory response, and is essential to perceive the ambient temperature. Nucleosome occupancy of H2A.Z decreases with temperature, and in vitro assays show that H2A.Z-containing nucleosomes wrap DNA more tightly than canonical H2A nucleosomes in Arabidopsis.(Cell 140: 136147, 2010) However, in some of the other studies (Nat. Genet. 41, 941945 and Genes Dev., 21, 15191529) have shown that incorporation of H2A.Z in nucleosomes, when it co-occurs with H3.3, makes them weaker. Positioning of H2A.Z containing nucleosomes around transcription start sites has now been shown to affect the downstream gene expression.
Recent evidence also points to a role for H2A.Z in repressing a subset of ncRNAs, derepressing CUTs, as well as mediation higher order chromatin structure formation.
H3F3A
Histone H3.3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the H3F3A gene.
Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. Two molecules of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) form an octamer, around which approximately 146 bp of DNA is wrapped in repeating units, called nucleosomes. The linker histone, H1, interacts with linker DNA between nucleosomes and functions in the compaction of chromatin into higher order structures. This gene contains introns and its mRNA is polyadenylated, unlike most histone genes. The protein encoded is a replication-independent member of the histone H3 family.
Mutation of H3F3A are also linked to certain cancers. p.Lys27Met were discovered in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG), where they are present 65-75% of tumors and confer a worse prognosis. p.Lys27Met alterations in HIST1H3B and HIST1H3C, which code for histone H3.1 have also been reported in ~10% of DIPG.  H3F3A is also mutated in a smaller portion of pediatric and young adult high grade astrocytomas but more frequently as p.Gly34Arg/Val. Mutations in H3F3A and H3F3B are also found in chondroblastoma and giant cell tumor of bone.
HADHA
Trifunctional enzyme subunit alpha, mitochondrial also known as hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase/3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase/enoyl-CoA hydratase (trifunctional protein), alpha subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HADHA gene. Mutations in HADHA have been associated with trifunctional protein deficiency or long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency.

# Structure
HADHA is an 82.9 kDa protein composed of 763 amino acids.
The mitochondrial membrane-bound heterocomplex is composed of four alpha and four beta subunits, with the alpha subunit catalyzing the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and enoyl-CoA hydratase activities. The genes of the alpha and beta subunits of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein are located adjacent to each other in the human genome in a head-to-head orientation.

# Function
This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, which catalyzes the last three steps of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids. The enzyme converts medium- and long-chain 2-enoyl-CoA compounds into the following 3-ketoacyl-CoA when NAD is solely present, and acetyl-CoA when NAD and CoASH are present. The alpha subunit catalyzes this reaction, and is attached to HADHB, which catalyzes the last step of the reaction.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene result in trifunctional protein deficiency or long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency.
The most common form of the mutation is G1528C, in which the guanine at the 1528th position is changed to a cytosine. The gene mutation creates a protein deficiency that is associated with impaired oxidation of long-chain fatty acids that can lead to sudden infant death. Clinical manifestations of this deficiency can include myopathy, cardiomyopathy, episodes of coma, and hypoglycemia. Long-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency is associated with some pregnancy-specific disorders, including preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets), hyperemesis gravidarum, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, and maternal floor infarct of the placenta. Additionally, it has been correlated with Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) disease.
From a clinical perspective, HADHA might also be a useful marker to predict resistance to certain types of chemotherapy in patients with lung cancer.

# Interactions
HADHA has been shown to have 142 binary protein-protein interactions including 117 co-complex interactions. HADHA appears to interact with GABARAP, MAP1LC3B, TRAF6, GABARAPL2, GABARAPL1, GAST, BCAR3, EPB41, TNFRSF1A, HLA-B, NFKB2, MAP3K1, IKBKE, PRKAB1, RIPK3, CD74, NR4A1, cdsA, mtaD, ATXN2L, ABCF2, and MAPK3.
HADHB
Trifunctional enzyme subunit beta, mitochondrial (TP-beta) also known as 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, acetyl-CoA acyltransferase, or beta-ketothiolase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HADHB gene.
HADHB is a subunit of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein and has thiolase activity.

# Structure
The HADHB gene is located on chromosome 2, with its specific location being 2p23. The gene contains 17 exons. HADHB encodes a 51.2 kDa protein that is composed of 474 amino acids; 124 peptides have been observed through mass spectrometry data.

# Function
This gene encodes the beta subunit of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein, a catalyst of mitochondrial beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids. The HADHB protein catalyzes the final step of beta-oxidation, in which 3-ketoacyl CoA is cleaved by the thiol group of another molecule of Coenzyme A. The thiol is inserted between C-2 and C-3, which yields an acetyl CoA molecule and an acyl CoA molecule, which is two carbons shorter.
The encoded protein can also bind RNA and decreases the stability of some mRNAs. The genes of the alpha and beta subunits of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein are located adjacent to each other in the human genome in a head-to-head orientation.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene, along with mutations in HADHA, result in trifunctional protein deficiency. Mutations in either gene have similar clinical presentations. Trifunctional protein deficiency is characterized by decreased activity of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD), long-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase, and long-chain thiolase. This deficiency can be classified into 3 main clinical phenotypes: neonatal onset of a severe, lethal condition resulting in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), infantile onset of a hepatic Reye-like syndrome, and late-adolescent onset of primarily a skeletal myopathy. Additionally, some presents showed symptoms associated with myopathy, recurrent and episodic rhabdomyolysis, and sensorimotor axonal neuropathy. In some cases, symptoms of the deficiency can present as dilated cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, and respiratory failure. The deficiency has presented as hydrops fetalis and HELLP syndrome in fetuses. A compound heterozygous mutation of the HADHB gene can causes axonal Charcot-Marie-tooth disease, which is a neurological disorder, which shows that mutations in this gene can result in deficiencies that present in new forms not currently described.

# Interactions
HADHB is a functional molecular target of ER in the mitochondria, and the interaction may play an important role in the estrogen-mediated lipid metabolism in animals and humans. Additionally, HADHB has been shown to bind to the distal 3 untranslated region of renin mRNA, thereby regulating renin protein expression.
HAND2
Heart- and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HAND2 gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors. This gene product is one of two closely related family members, the HAND proteins Hand1 and Hand2, which are asymmetrically expressed in the developing ventricular chambers and play an essential role in cardiac morphogenesis. Working in a complementary fashion, they function in the formation of the right ventricle and aortic arch arteries, implicating them as mediators of congenital heart disease. In addition, this transcription factor plays an important role in limb and branchial arch development. In one study, it was found that a missense mutation of the Hand2 protein in patients with the congenital heart disease (CHD) Tetralogy of Fallot experienced significantly decreased Hand2 interactions with other key developmental genes such as GATA4 and NKX2.5. Hand2 mutations have the potential to be genes for the future study of right ventricle stenosis and its pathogenesis. In avian species, Hand2 has been shown to be expressed in developing gut tissue and is believed to contribute to the formation of enteric neurons.
Hand2 also plays a critical role in the establishment of a proper implantation environment for pregnancy in mice. The induction of Hand2 by progesterone-dependent mechanisms in uterine stromal tissue suppresses fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) that would otherwise stimulate estrogen producing pathways and impair embryo implantation.
Hand2 plays a role in lower jaw formation and tongue morphogenesis in mice by suppressing the homeobox genes Dlx5 and Dlx6.

# Interactions
HAND2 has been shown to interact with GATA4, NKX2.5, PPP2R5D, PHOX2A., TWIST1, and TWIST2.

# Clinical significance
Hand2 interactions with TWIST1 and TWIST2 genes are critical for proper limb development. Recent literature shows over dosage of Hand2 can result in many defects in the limbs, face, heart, and lower lumbar vertebrae. In this instance, trisomy of the hand2 gene can directly cause human congenital heart disease.
Hand2 gene hypermethylation and epigenetic silencing has also been implicated to increase the development of endometrial cancer. Mounting evidence showing its methylation increased chances of premalignant endometrial lesions. Hand2, in addition to its other functions in the developing heart and limbs, has been found to be an important transcription factor seen in the endometrial stroma. In fact, in mice with the Hand2 gene knocked out, they developed premaligant lesions as they grew older, further providing evidence of its role in endometrial cancer development. These findings have led to Hand2 becoming a potentially promising biomarker for early detection of endometrial cancer and may be used to predict its treatment.
HAR1F
HAR1F is a RNA gene which is part of a human accelerated region of the human genome. HAR1F is found on the long arm of chromosome 20 and the RNA product is expressed in Cajal-Retzius cells, where it colocalizes with the protein reelin.
HAR1F was identified in August 2006 when human accelerated regions (HARs) were first investigated. These 49 regions represent parts of the human genome which differ significantly from highly conserved regions of our closest ancestors evolutionarily. Because many of the HARs are associated with genes known to play a role in neurodevelopment, HARs are believed to be responsible for the language, brain size, and complex thought which separate humans from other species. One particularly altered region, HAR1, was found in a stretch of genome with no known protein coding RNA sequences. Two RNA genes, HAR1F and HAR1R were identified partly within the region. The RNA structure of HAR1F has been shown to be stable, with a threedimensional structure unlike those previously described.
HAR1F is active in the developing human brain between the 7th and 18th gestational weeks. It is found in the dorsal telencephalon in fetuses. In adult humans, it is found throughout the cerebellum and forebrain; it is also found in the testes. The function of HAR1F is unknown.