Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Pearson's r
In statistics, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (sometimes referred to as the MCV or PMCC) (r) is a common measure of the correlation between two variables X and Y.  When measured in a population the Pearson Product Moment correlation is designated by the Greek letter rho (). When computed in a sample, it is designated by the letter r and is sometimes called "Pearson's r." Pearson's correlation reflects the degree of linear relationship between two variables. It ranges from +1 to -1. A correlation of +1 means that there is a perfect positive linear relationship between variables. A correlation of -1 means that there is a perfect negative linear relationship between variables.  A correlation of 0 means there is no linear relationship between the two variables.  Correlations are rarely if ever 0, 1, or -1. A certain outcome could indicate whether correlations are negative or positive.
The statistic is defined as the sum of the products of the standard scores of the two measures divided by the degrees of freedom.. If the data comes from a sample, then
where
are the standard score, sample mean, and sample standard deviation (calculated using n  1 in the denominator).
If the data comes from a population, then
where
are the standard score, population mean, and population standard deviation (calculated using n in the denominator).
The result obtained is equivalent to dividing the covariance between the two variables by the product of their standard deviations.
The coefficient ranges from 1 to 1. A value of 1 shows that a linear equation describes the relationship perfectly and positively, with all data points lying on the same line and with Y increasing with X. A score of 1 shows that all data points lie on a single line but that Y increases as X decreases. A value of 0 shows that a linear model is inappropriate  that there is no linear relationship between the variables.
The Pearson coefficient is a statistic which estimates the correlation of the two given random variables.
The linear equation that best describes the relationship between X and Y can be found by linear regression. This equation can be used to "predict" the value of one measurement from knowledge of the other. That is, for each value of X the equation calculates a value which is the best estimate of the values of Y corresponding the specific value. We denote this predicted variable by Y'.
Any value of Y can therefore be defined as the sum of Y and the difference between Y and Y:
The variance of Y is equal to the sum of the variance of the two components of Y:
Since the coefficient of determination implies that sy.x2 = sy2(1  r2) we can derive the identity
The square of r is conventionally used as a measure of the association between X and Y. For example, if r2 is 0.90, then 90% of the variance of Y can be "accounted for" by changes in X and the linear relationship between X and Y.
Pedodontics

# Overview
'Pediatric Dentistry', formerly known as pedodontics, is a specialized branch of dentistry for the treatment of children.

# Dental Care for Young Children: Summary of Best Practice Recommendations
When should parents begin to clean their babys teeth? The sooner, the better! 
The  states that parents should begin dental cleaning at birth, by cleaning their childs gums with a soft infant toothbrush and water. Unless it is advised by your childs pediatric dentist, fluoridated toothpaste is not recommended until 2-3 years of age.
When should children first visit a dentist? "First visit by first birthday"
According to the  children should first visit the dentist when they receive their first tooth or by the childs first birthday.  Early dental care is important for dental prevention in the future.  However, dental problems can begin early.  A major dental concern for young children is Early Childhood Caries, also known as baby bottle tooth decay or nursing caries.
How can I prevent tooth decay from a bottle or nursing?To prevent tooth decay in young children, the  recommends that children be encouraged to begin drinking from a cup as they approach their first birthday.  At nap times or at night, children should not fall asleep with a bottle. It is recommended that nighttime breast-feeding be avoided after the first primary (baby) teeth begin to erupt.  Drinking juice or other sugary drinks from a bottle should always be avoided. When such drinks are offered, they should be served in a cup.
What is the importance of baby teeth anyway? Primary teeth serve three important functions:  they allow children to chew their food, aiding in proper digestion; they serve in proper pronunciation of sounds and formation of speech; and they establish and preserve the space and create the architecture for the developing adult teeth, which form as buds off of primary teeth.
Penicillium
Penicillium is a genus of ascomyceteous fungi that includes:
- Penicillium bilaiae, which is an agricultural inoculant.
- Penicillium camemberti, which is used in the production of Camembert and Brie cheeses.
- Penicillium candida, which is used in making Brie and Camembert.
- Penicillium glaucum, which is used in making Gorgonzola cheese.
- Penicillium marneffei, a thermally dimorphic species endemic in Southeast Asia, which presents a threat of systemic infection to AIDS patients.
- Penicillium chrysogenum (previously known as Penicillium notatum), which produces the antibiotic penicillin.
- Penicillium purpurogenum
- Penicillium roqueforti, which is used in making Roquefort, Danish Blue cheese and also recently Gorgonzola.
- Penicillium stoloniferum
- Penicillium viridicatum produces ochratoxin
- Penicillium verrucosum produces ochratoxin A
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Pentastarch
Pentastarch is a synthetic derivative of starch, which has five hydroxyethyl groups.
It is sold under the name Pentaspan and used for fluid resuscitation.  It is considered a plasma expander because it remains primarily intravascular after infusion.

# Choice of resuscitation fluid
The choice of fluid (normal saline vs. Ringer's lactate vs. pentaspan) is controversial.
Physiologically, fluid with pentaspan stays primarily in the blood plasma.  This is different than normal saline, which shifts quickly into the intracellular compartment.
Advocates of pentaspan use believe that:
- the primary deficit in fluid resuscitation is intravascular volume loss and
- use of normal saline may lead to pulmonary edema, particularily in older patients.

# Normal saline versus pentastarch

## Casualty
Pentastarch in the emergency setting does not give a survival advantage; however, significantly less volume is required for resuscitation.

## Cardiac surgery
A study is currently being done to compare normal saline with pentastarch following cardiac surgery.

# Cost
Pentastarch is more expensive than normal saline, but less expensive than albumin.
Periciazine

# Overview
Periciazine (INN), also known as pericyazine (BAN) or propericiazine, is a drug that belongs to the phenothiazine class of typical antipsychotics.
Pericyazine is not approved for sale in the United States. It is commonly sold in Canada under the tradename Neuleptil and in United Kingdom and Australia under the tradename Neulactil.

# Medical Uses
The primary uses of pericyazine include in the short-term treatment of severe anxiety or tension and in the maintenance treatment of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia.
Periciazine has also been studied in the treatment of opioid dependence.

# Adverse effects
Pericyazine is a rather sedating and anticholinergic antipsychotic, and despite being classed with the typical antipsychotics, its risk of extrapyramidal side effects is comparatively low. It has a relatively high risk of causing hyperprolactinaemia and a moderate risk of causing weight gain and orthostatic hypotension.
Perilipin-3
Mannose-6-phosphate receptor binding protein 1 (M6PRBP1) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the M6PRBP1  gene. Its gene product, as well as the gene itself, is commonly known as TIP47.

# Function
Mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) deliver lysosomal hydrolase from the Golgi to endosomes and then return to the Golgi complex. The protein encoded by this gene interacts with the cytoplasmic domains of both cation-independent and cation-dependent MPRs, and is required for endosome-to-Golgi transport. This protein also binds directly to the GTPase RAB9 (RAB9A), a member of the RAS oncogene family. The interaction with RAB9 has been shown to increase the affinity of this protein for its cargo.
The mannose-6-phosphate receptor-binding properties of TIP47 are disputed, despite the designation of M6PRBP1 as TIP47's gene symbol. TIP47 protein is most commonly described in the scientific literature as a coat protein for lipid droplets.
TIP47 belongs to the peripilin protein family and shares significant homology with the other genes of this family, including perilipin and adipophilin.

# Interactions
M6PRBP1 has been shown to interact with both Mannose 6-phosphate receptors.
Perilipin-4
Perilipin 4, also known as S3-12, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLIN4 gene on chromosome 19. It is highly expressed in white adipose tissue, with lower expression in heart, skeletal muscle, and brown adipose tissue. PLIN4 coats lipid droplets in adipocytes to protect them from lipases. The PLIN4 gene may be associated with insulin resistance and obesity risk.

# Structure

## Gene
The PLIN4 gene resides on chromosome 19 at the band 19p13.3 and contains 9 exons.

## Protein
This protein belongs to the perilipin family and contains 27 33-amino acid approximate tandem repeats. It is also one of the perilipin members of the PATS (PLIN, ADFP, TIP47, S3-12) family, which is named after structural proteins that share high amino acid sequence similarity and associate with lipid droplets. It shares a conserved C-terminal of 14 amino acid residues that folds into a hydrophobic cleft with other PATS members; however, it is missing the conserved N-terminal region of approximately 100 amino acid residues. Within the sequence of 33-amino acid repeats, PLIN4 contains a long stretch of imperfect 11-mer repeats predicted to form amphipathic helices with three helical turns per 11 amino acid residues. This 11-mer repeats tract is proposed to anchor the protein to the phospholipid monolayer of lipid droplets for its assembly, though no targeting sequence has yet been found in PLIN4.

# Function
PLIN4 is a member of the perilipin family, a group of proteins that coat lipid droplets in adipocytes, the adipose tissue cells that are responsible for storing fat. Perilipin acts as a protective coating from the bodys natural lipases, such as hormone-sensitive lipase, which break triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids for use in metabolism, a process called lipolysis. In humans, perilipin is expressed as 5 different isoforms; it is currently understood that the level of expression for each isoform is dependent on factors such as sex, body mass index, and level of endurance exercise.
PLIN4 is hyperphosphorylated by PKA following -adrenergic receptor activation. Phosphorylated perilipin changes conformation, exposing the stored lipids to hormone-sensitive lipase-mediated lipolysis. Although PKA also phosphorylates hormone-sensitive lipase, which can increase its activity, the more than 50-fold increase in fat mobilization (triggered by epinephrine) is primarily due to perilipin phosphorylation.

# Clinical significance
The proteins in the Perilipin family are crucial regulators of lipid storage. PLIN4 expression is elevated in obese animals and humans. Perilipin-null mice eat more food than wild-type mice, but gain 1/3 less fat than wild-type mice on the same diet; perilipin-null mice are thinner, with more lean muscle mass. Perilipin-null mice also exhibit enhanced leptin production and a greater tendency to develop insulin resistance than wild-type mice.
The PLIN4 gene, along with PLIN2, PLIN3, and PLIN5, have been associated with variance in body-weight regulation and may be a genetic influence on obesity risk in humans.

# Interactions
PLIN4 has been shown to interact with Caspase 8 and Ubiquitin C.
Peroxy acid

# Overview
A peroxy acid (often spelled as one word, peroxyacid, and sometimes called peracid) is an acid in which an acidic -OH group has been replaced by an -OOH group. They are formed chiefly by elements in groups 14, 15 and 16 of the periodic table, though boron and certain transition elements are also known to form peroxy acids. Sulfur and phosphorus form the largest range of peroxy acids, including some condensed form such as peroxydiphosphoric acid, H4P2O8 and peroxydisulfuric acid, H2S2O8.
Because they are generally very powerful oxidizing agents, most peroxyacids are prepared by electrolytic oxidation of ordinary oxyacids. Typically a high current density must be used to form the peroxyacid in good yield: the electrolysis of sulfuric acid being the most important example. Peroxy acids are generally not very stable in solution and decompose to ordinary oxyacids and oxygen, but relatively more stable anhydrous forms can be made by reacting hydrogen peroxide with chlorosulfonic acid or phosphoryl chloride.
All peroxy acids are very powerful oxidizing agents.  Some such acids are peroxy-carboxylic acids, such as meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), which is used as a reagent in the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation and in oxidation of carbon-carbon double bonds in alkenes to generate epoxides (oxiranes).  Sodium peroxy carbonate, Na2CO4, is widely used as a household bleaching agent for textiles, whilst sodium, potassium and ammonium peroxydisulfates (Na2S2O8, K2S2O8 and (NH4)2S2O8) are widely used as general purpose oxidizing agents in the laboratory.
Personality

# Overview
Personality may refer to:
- Personality psychology is the theory and  study of  personality types, personality traits and individual differences
- Personality development, the study of human personality development over time
- Personality disorders, a class of mental disorders that is characterized by long-lasting rigid patterns of thought and actions
- Personality pathology is characterized by adaptive inflexibility, vicious cycles of maladaptive behavior, and emotional instability under stress
- Personality quiz, a series of questions (usually multiple-choice) intended to reveal something about the person who answers them
- Personality tests aim to describe aspects of a person's character, thoughts, and feelings
- Personality type refers to the psychological classification of different types of people
- Personality traits refers to patterns of relatively enduring characteristics of human behavior
- Personality alteration, a theory often associated with cults or brainwashing

# Sociology
- Cult of personality, political institution in which a leader uses mass media to create a larger-than-life public image
- Personality rights, consisting of the rights to publicity and to privacy
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Pexacerfont

# Overview
Pexacerfont (BMS-562086) is a drug developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb which acts as a CRF-1 antagonist.
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), also known as Corticotropin releasing hormone, is an endogenous peptide hormone which is released in response to various triggers such as chronic stress and drug addiction. This then triggers the release of corticotropin (ACTH), another hormone which is involved in the physiological response to stress. Chronic release of CRF and ACTH is believed to be directly or indirectly involved in many of the harmful physiological effects of chronic stress, such as excessive glucocorticoid release, stomach ulcers, anxiety, depression, and development of high blood pressure and consequent cardiovascular problems.
Pexacerfont is a recently developed CRF-1 antagonist which is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of anxiety disorders, and has also been proposed to be useful for the treatment of depression and irritable bowel syndrome.

# See Also
- Antalarmin
- Corticotropin releasing hormone antagonists
Phallolysin
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Phallolysin is a toxic haemolysin that has been isolated from the death cap Amanita phalloides.
Phenadoxone
Phenadoxone (Heptalgin, Heptazone) is an opioid analgesic of the open chain class (methadone and relatives) invented in Germany in 1947.  It is one of a handful of useful synthetic analgesics which were used in the United States for various lengths of time in the 20 or so years after the end of the Second World War but which were withdrawn from the market for various or no known reason and which now are mostly in Schedule I of the United States' Controlled Substances Act of 1970, or (like phenazocine and bezitramide) in Schedule II but not produced or marketed in the US.  Others on this list are ketobemidone (Ketogin), dextromoramide (Dimorlin, Palfium and others), phenazocine (Narphen and Prinadol), dipipanone (Diconal, Pipadone and Wellconal), piminodine (Alvodine), propiram (Algeril), anileridine (Leritine) and alphaprodine (Nisentil).
Phenadoxone is generally considered to be a strong opioid analgesic and is regulated in much the same way as morphine where it is used. The usual starting dose is 10-20 mg and it has a duration of analgesic effect of 1 to 4 hours.  By comparison, methadone has an analgesic effect lasting from 3 to 6 hours although for use in opioid maintenance the dose is different from that used for analgesia and the sought effect of suppressing withdrawal symptoms and part of the rush of heroin can last for 24 to 72 hours.  Phenadoxone is not used at this time for purposes other than pain relief.
Worldwide consumption of phenadoxone has actually increased slightly in recent years according a recent report from the World Health Organisation. Like its drug subcategory prototype methadone, phenadoxone can be used as the opioid analgesic in Brompton Mixture, aka Brompton cocktail.  Phenadoxone is most used at the current time in Denmark and various countries in eastern Europe.
Phenazocine

# Overview
Phenazocine (brand names Prinadol, Narphen) is an opioid analgesic drug, which is related to pentazocine and has a similar profile of effects.
Effects of phenazocine include analgesia and euphoria, also may include dysphoria and hallucinations at high doses, most likely due to action at -opioid and  receptors.
Phenazocine appears to be a much stronger analgesic with fewer side effects than pentazocine, probably due to a more favorable / binding ratio. 
Phenazocine is a much more potent analgesic than pentazocine and other drugs in the benzomorphan series, most probably due to the presence of an N-phenethyl substitution, which is known to boost -opioid activity in many classes of opioid analgesics.
Consequently phenazocine is some 4x the potency of morphine as an analgesic. Also it does not cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi, making it more suitable than morphine for the treatment of biliary or pancreatic pain.

# History
Phenazocine was invented in the 1950s.  It was one of a number of benzomorphan opioids (including pentazocine, dezocine, and cyclazocine) developed in the search for non-addictive strong analgesics.
Phenazocine was once widely used, and was mainly supplied as 5 mg tablets of the hydrobromide salt for sublingual use (Narphen, Prinadol and other names), but its use was discontinued in the United Kingdom in 2001.
Phenazocine was briefly used in the United States but fell out of favour for the above-mentioned reasons;Template:Which it remains a Schedule II substance under the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Control & Prevention Act (aka Controlled Substances Act) of 1970 (CSA) but is not manufactured; other Schedule II narcotics not in use in the United States include bezitramide and metopon.  The DEA ACSCN for phenazocine is 9715 and its 2013 annual manufacturing quota was 6 grammes
Pheniramine
Pheniramine (INN, trade name Avil, among others) is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties used to treat allergic conditions such as hay fever or urticaria. It has relatively strong sedative effects, and may sometimes be used off-label as an over-the-counter sleeping pill in a similar manner to other sedating antihistamines such as diphenhydramine. Pheniramine is also commonly found in eyedrops used for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.
Pheniramine is generally sold in combination with other medications, rather than as a stand-alone drug, although some formulations are available containing pheniramine by itself. As an example, Neo Citran contains pheniramine.

# Chemical relatives
Derivatives of pheniramine include chlorphenamine, dexchlorpheniramine, dexbrompheniramine, deschlorpheniramine, triprolidine, and brompheniramine. Two other halogenated derivatives, iodopheniramine and fluorpheniramine, are currently in use for research on combination therapies for malaria and some cancers. The halogenation of pheniramine increases its potency by 20-fold.

# Side effects
Pheniramine may cause drowsiness, bradycardia and over-dosage may lead to sleep disorders. Overdose may lead to seizures, especially in combination with alcohol.
People combining with cortisol in the long term should avoid pheniramine as it may cause lowered levels of adrenaline (epinephrine) which may lead to loss of consciousness.