CCNF
G2/mitotic-specific cyclin-F is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCNF gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of the cyclin family. Cyclins are important regulators of cell cycle transitions through their ability to bind and activate cyclin-dependent protein kinases. This member also belongs to the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 amino acid motif, the F-box. The F-box proteins constitute one of the four subunits of the ubiquitin protein ligase complex called SCFs (SKP1-cullin-F-box), which function in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination. The F-box proteins are divided into 3 classes: Fbws containing WD-40 domains, Fbls containing leucine-rich repeats, and Fbxs containing either different protein-protein interaction modules or no recognizable motifs. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Fbxs class and it was one of the first proteins in which the F-box motif was identified.

# Discovery and gene/protein characteristics
CCNF gene was first discovered in 1994 by Elledge laboratory while experimenting with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. At the same time, the Frischauf laboratory also identified cyclin F as a new cyclin during their search for new candidate genes for polycystic kidney. CCNF gene has 17 exons and is located at position 16p13.3 on the human chromosome. Its protein, cyclin F, is made up of 786 amino acids and has a predicted molecular weight of 87 kDa. Cyclin F is the main member of the F-box protein family, which has about 40 amino acid motif, forming the F-box.
Cyclin F resembles most to cyclin A in terms of sequence and expression patterns. Moreover, it has additional shared features of cyclins, such as pEST region, protein quantity, localization, cell cycle-regulated mRNA, and ability to influence cell cycle and progression.  Cyclin F differs from other cyclins by its ability to monitor and regulate cell cycle without the need for cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Instead, cyclin F forms part of the ubiquitin-proteosome system (UPS) and ubiquitinates or directly interacts with the target substrates through the F-box domain.

# Expression patterns
Cyclin F mRNA is expressed in all human tissues, but at different quantities. It is found most abundantly in the nucleus, and the quantity levels vary during the different stages of cell cycle. Its expression pattern closely resembles the one from cyclin A. Cyclin F levels begin to rise during S phase and reaches its peak during G2.

# Role in DNA synthesis and repair
Cyclin F interacts with other enzymes that are important for DNA synthesis, stability and repair.

## RRM2
RRM2 is a ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), an enzyme responsible for the conversion of ribonucleotides into dNTPs. dNTPs are essential for DNA synthesis during DNA replication and repair. Cyclin F interacts with RRM2 to control the production of dNTPs in the cell to avoid genomic instability and frequency of mutations.

## CP110
Moreover, cyclin F located at the centrosomes are needed to regulate levels of CP110, a protein involved in centrosome duplication. The regulation of CP110 during G2, through ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, helps to prevent mitotic aberrations. by allowing only one centrosome replication per cell cycle.

## NuSAP
NuSAP is a substrate of cyclin F that is involved in cell division. It is a microtubule-associated protein that is required for the spindle assembly process. Its function is to interact with microtubules and chromatin to create stabilization and cross-linking. A lack of NuSAP has been linked with an increase in mutations due to impaired chromosome alignment during metaphase, while an excess of NuSAP leads to mitotic arrest and microtubule bundling. Cyclin F help to control NUSAP abundance and is therefore essential to proper cell division.
Therefore, a defective cyclin F may contribute to hypermutator phenotype and chromosomal instability through RRM2, CP110, and NuSAP pathways.

# Clinical significance

## Neurodegenerative diseases
CCNF mutations have more recently been associated to neurodegenerative diseases such as frontotemporal dementia (FTD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and co-morbid ALS-FTD. Whole-genome linkage analysis and genome sequencing identified CCNF to be linked to both familial and sporadic ALS patients. In vitro and in vivo studies using ALS-linked mutations in CCNF were also carried out. It was found that certain CCNF mutations caused increased ubiquitination of TDP-43 protein in cells, which is a major feature of ALS and FTD pathology. In zebrafish, mutant CCNF fish showed motor neuron axonopathy and reduced motor response.

## Cancer
Cyclin F has a tumor suppressor role because normal expression is involved in cell cycle regulation by inducing G2 arrest and preventing mitosis. Moreover, cyclin F through RRM2 and CP110 control centrosome duplication and reduce the frequency of genomic mutations. So far, mutations in CCNF and increased RRM2 expression have been identified in several human cancers.