Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Wernicke
	Carl Wernicke (born 15 May 1848 in Tarnowitz, Upper Silesia, then Prussia, now  Tarnowskie Gory, Poland  died 15 June 1905 in Grafenroda, Germany) was a German physician, anatomist, psychiatrist and neuropathologist. He earned his medical degree at the University of Breslau (1870). He died in Germany due to injuries suffered during a bicycle accident .
Shortly after Paul Broca published his findings on language deficits caused by damage to what is now referred to as Broca's area, Wernicke began pursuing his own research into the effects of brain disease on speech and language. Wernicke noticed that not all language deficits were the result of damage to Broca's area. Rather he found that damage to the left posterior, superior temporal gyrus resulted in deficits in language comprehension. This region is now referred to as Wernicke's area, and the associated syndrome is known as Wernicke's aphasia, for his discovery.

# The Wernicke-Geschwind model of language
Wernicke created an early neurological model of language, that later was revived by Norman Geschwind. The model is known as the Wernicke-Geschwind model.
- For listening to and understanding spoken words, the sounds of the words are sent through the auditory pathways to area 41, which is the primary auditory cortex (Heschls gyrus). From there, they continue to Wernickes area, where the meaning of the words is extracted.
- In order to speak, the meanings of words are sent from Wernickes area via the arcuate fasciculus to Brocas area, where morphemes are assembled. The model proposes that Brocas area holds a representation for articulating words. Instructions for speech are sent from Brocas area to the facial area of the motor cortex, and from there instructions are sent to facial motor neurons in the brainstem, which relay movement orders to facial muscles.
- In order to read, information concerning the written text is sent from visual areas 17, 18, and 19 to the angular gyrus (area 39) and from there to Wernickes area, for silent reading or, together with Brocas area, for reading out loud.
This model is now obsolete. Nevertheless it has been very useful in directing research and organizing research results, because it is based on the idea that language consists of two basic functions: comprehension, which is a sensory/perceptual function, and speaking, which is a motor function. However, the neural organization of language is more complex than the Wernicke-Geschwind model of language suggests. The localization of speech in Brocas area is one of the weakest points of this model.

# Neurological syndromes described by Wernicke
- Wernicke aphasia: the eponymous term for receptive or sensory aphasia. It is the inability to understand speech, or to produce meaningful speech, caused by lesions to the posterior superior temporal gyrus.
- Wernicke encephalopathy: an acute neurological syndrome of ophthalmoparesis, ataxia, and encephalopathy brought on by thiamine deficiency. Wernicke's encephalopathy can occur combined with Korsakoff psychosis, which is a subacute dementia syndrome. It is then called the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
Wet wipe
A wet wipe, also known as a wet nap or a moist towelette, is a small moistened piece of paper or cloth that often comes folded and individually wrapped in its own wrapper for convenience, much like a packet of sugar or a condom. Such towelettes are for cleansing or disinfecting.
Cleansing towelettes are generally moistened with scented water, while disinfecting towelettes are moistened with alcohol. They are often dispensed in restaurants, at service stations, along with airline meals, in doctors' offices, and other similar places. They are often included as part of a standard sealed cutlery package.
Wet wipes can also be bought in stores for private usage. In South East Asia, wet wipes are often sold out of refrigerators to gain the refreshing effect.
Windburn
Windburn is a skin burn condition where wind removes the top layer of oil from the skin.  The lack of oil causes excessive dryness of the skin, leading to redness and a burning and maybe itchy feeling.  Redness and burning are also common symptoms of a sunburn, so the two conditions are often mistaken for each other.
Pure windburn is usually not protected against by sunscreen effectively, since wind exposure will chap the skin even without the sun exposure.  However, the moisturization agent in sunscreens does help windburns, and windburn does not seem to have the long term damage effect of the sun.

# Common cause
On cold days, people will often confuse their sunburn as a windburn. Windburn is actually a distinct condition whereby the top layer of oil is removed from the skin, causing excessive dryness that leads to redness and a burning feeling.
People commonly believe that any burn that happens on a cold day is windburn, but this is not the case. Sunburns are caused as a result of ultraviolet light, not by the temperature, hence it doesn't matter whether high temperatures are present or not.  The condition is commonly associated with skiing, where one can experience both windburn and sunburn very easily. This is due to the fact that strong winds are frequent at higher altitudes, and snow is an excellent reflector for ultraviolet rays. Also, at higher altitudes you have a smaller cushion sphere above you; thus, the level of exposure on a mountain is much higher than it would be at sea level on a beach.

# Prevention
The prevention of windburn and sunburn should go hand in hand.  Covering the skin, using sunscreen, and moisturizing are important prevention methods for both windburn and sunburn.
(1) Sunscreen: For prevention of sunburns, one should not to forget the sunscreen in the winter. The moisturizer in the sunscreen can help prevent windburn.  Moreover, most people do not think they are receiving ultraviolet light when it is cold or snowing outside but, in fact, sunscreen acts as environmental protection against UV-UVB light as well as providing moisturizing agents.  Suncreen needs to be replaced every couple of hours. Moisturizing with sunscreen while going up a ski lift will be good to protect your skin. Use highest SPF, 30 to 50, and preferably a zinc-based or avobenzone based sunscreen.
(2) Lips: Also, the lips should be moisturized with a sun block lip protector.
(3) Covering: A skier faces low humidity, direct wind, and cold temperatures. Ideally, one should wear fleece-based protection for the entire face to both comfort the skin and protect it from wind.
(4) Goggles: Goggles are also extremely important.

# Treatment
Aloe-based moisturizer alleviates the symptoms of windburn.  Cocoa butter works well too.  Avoid scratching or rubbing the affected area too much.

# Links
- treating windburn
Woodruff
Woodruff (Galium odoratum) is a herbaceous perennial plant in the family Rubiaceae, native to Europe, North Africa and western Asia. It grows to 30-50 cm (12-20 ins.) long, often lying flat on the ground or supported by other plants.  The plant is also known in English as Sweet Woodruff or Wild Baby's Breath. "Master of the woods" is probably a translation of the German name Waldmeister. Names like "Sweetscented bedstraw", "Cudweed" and "Ladies' Bedstraw" should be avoided; the former two properly refer to Galium triflorum, the latter to Galium verum.
The leaves are simple, lanceolate, glabrous, 2-5 cm long, and borne in whorls of 6-9. The small (4-7 mm diameter) flowers are produced in cymes, each white with four petals joined together at the base. The seeds are 2-4 mm diameter, produced singly, and each seed is covered in tiny hooked bristles which help disperse the seed by sticking temporarily to clothing and animal fur.
This plant prefers partial to full shade in moist, rich soils. In dry summers it needs frequent irrigation. Propagation is by crown division, separation of the rooted stems, or digging up of the barely submerged perimeter stolons.

# Uses
Woodruff, as the scientific name odoratum suggests, is a strongly scented plant, the sweet scent being derived from coumarin.This scent increases on wilting and then persists on drying, and woodruff is used in pot-pourri and as a moth deterrent. It is also used, mainly in Germany, to flavour May wine (called "Maiwein" or "Maibowle" in German), beer (Berliner Weisse), brandy, sausages, jelly, jam, a soft drink (Tarhun), ice cream,  and a herbal tea with gentle sedative properties.
High doses can cause headaches, due to the toxity of coumarin. Very high doses of coumarin can cause vertigo, somnolence or even central paralysis and apnoea while in a coma. Since 1981, woodruff may no longer be used as an ingredient of industrially produced drinks and foodstuffs in Germany; it has been replaced by artificial aromas and colorings.
Xanthone
Xanthone is an organic compound with the molecular formula C13H8O2.  It can be prepared by the heating of phenyl salicylate.  In 1939, xanthone was introduced as an insecticide.  Xanthone currently finds uses as ovicide for codling moth eggs and as a larvicide.  It is also used in the preparation of xanthydrol, used in the determination of urea levels in the blood.
Xanthones are natural constituents of plants in the families Bonnetiaceae and Clusiaceae. Xanthones are also reported from some species in the family Podostemaceae. 

# Similar compounds
The chemical structure of xanthone forms the central core of a variety of naturally occurring organic compounds, such as mangostin, which are sometimes collectively referred to as xanthones.  Over 200 xanthones have been identified. Many of these xanthones are found in the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit (Garcinia mangostana), which can be found in the region of Southeast Asia.
Yersinia

# Overview
Yersinia is a genus of bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae. Yersinia are Gram-negative rod shaped bacteria, a few micrometers long and fractions of a micrometer in diameter, and are facultative anaerobes. Some members of Yersinia are pathogenic in humans. Rodents are the natural reservoirs of Yersinia; less frequently other mammals serve as the host. Infection may occur either through blood (in the case of Y. pestis) or in an alimentary fashion, through occasionally via consumption of food products (especially vegetables, milk-derived products and meat) contaminated with infected urine or feces.
Speculations exist as to whether or not certain Yersinia can also  be spread via  protozoonotic mechanisms, since Yersinia are known to be facultative intracellular parasites; studies and discussions of the possibility of amoeba-vectored (through  the cyst form of the protozoan) Yersinia propagation and proliferation are now in progress.

# Historical Perspective
The genus is named for A.E.J. Yersin, a Swiss bacteriologist, who discovered the Yersinia pestis bacterium - the causative agent of the bubonic plague. The special genus Yersinia has been recognized since 1971, mainly for taxonomic reasons.

# Pathophysiology

## Pathogenesis
The disease caused by Y. enterocolitica is called Yersiniosis.
Another pathogen is Y. pseudotuberculosis, which is the least common species of Yersinia causing disease in humans.  Yersinia is implicated as one of the pathogenic causes of reactive arthritis worldwide.

## Microbial Physiology
An interesting feature peculiar to some of the Yersinia bacteria  is the ability  not only to survive, but also to proliferate at temperatures as low as 1-4 degrees Celsius (e.g., on cut salads and other food products in a refrigerator). Yersinia representatives  also reveal relatively high  heat resistantance, some of them being able to survive 50-60 degrees Celsius temperature for up to 20-30 minutes and (arguably, might be due to misreading of information like the first external link below) surviving standard pasteurization process (15 seconds at 72 degrees Celsius) in milk. Yersinia bacteria are relatively quickly inactivated by oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate solutions.
Zostavax
Zostavax is a live vaccine developed by Merck & Co. which has been shown to reduce the incidence of herpes zoster (known as Shingles) by 51.3% in a pivotal phase III study of 38,000 adults aged 60 and older who received the vaccine. The vaccine also reduced by 66.5% the number of cases of postherpetic neuralgia and reduced the severity and duration of pain and discomfort associated with shingles, by 61.1%.
Zostovax was approved by the FDA in May, 2006. The FDA recommended it only for adults aged 60 who meet the following requirements:
- Has not had a life-threatening allergic reaction to gelatin, the antibiotic neomycin, or other component of the herpes zoster vaccine.
- Does not have a weakened immune system due to HIV/AIDS or another disease or medications  (such as steroids, radiation and chemotherapy) that affect the immune system.
- Does not have a history of cancer affecting the bone marrow or lymphatic system, such as leukemia or lymphoma.
- Does not have active, untreated tuberculosis.
On October 25th, 2006, the CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) voted to recommend that Zostavax be given to all adults age 60 and over, including those who have had a previous episode of shingles.
Zotepine

# Overview
Zotepine (brand names: Losizopilon (JP), Lodopin (ID, JP), Setous (JP), Zoleptil (CZ, PT, TR, UK); where  indicates a formulation that has been discontinued) is an atypical antipsychotic drug indicated for acute and chronic schizophrenia. It has been used in Germany since 1990 (although it has been discontinued in Germany) and Japan since 1982.
Zotepine is not approved for use in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada or New Zealand.

# Medical Uses
Zotepine's primary use is as a treatment for schizophrenia although clinical trials have been conducted (with positive results) into its efficacy as an antimanic agent in patients with acute bipolar mania.

# Side effects
- Tachycardia
- Hypotension
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Palpitations
- Hyperprolactinaemia
- Weight gain (produces a similar degree of weight gain to that seen with clozapine and olanzapine treatment)
- Somnolence (2nd highest effect size for causing sedation out of fifteen antipsychotics compared in a recent meta-analysis)
- Extrapyramidal side effects  (2nd largest odds ratio for causing EPSE out of fifteen antipsychotics compared in a recent meta-analysis, second only to haloperidol)
- Constipation
- Xerostomia (dry mouth)
- Blurred vision
- Hypersalivation (drooling)
- Mydriasis
- Anxiety
- Agitation
- Rhinitis
- Sexual dysfunction
- Dyspnoea
- Diarrhoea
- Influenza-like symptoms
- Cough
- Vertigo
- Confusion
- Dyspepsia
- Flushing dry skin
- Arthralgia
- Myalgia
- Acne
- Conjunctivitis
- Thrombocythaemia
- QT interval prolongation
- Hyperthermia
- Hypothermia
- Increased serum creatinine
- Hyperglycaemia
- Hypoglycaemia
- Hyperlipidaemia
- Thirst
- Urinary incontinence
- Angle-closure glaucoma
- Agranulocytosis
- Neutropaenia
- Eosinophilia
- Leukocytopenia
- Hypoesthesia
- Anaemia
- Myoclonus
- Myasthenia
- Alopecia
- Thrombocytopaenia
- Bradycardia
- Epistaxis
- Abdominal enlargement
- Deep vein thrombosis
- Paralytic ileus
- Leukopenia
- Tardive dyskinesia
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
- Laryngeal edema
- Urinary retention
- Depression
- Ataxia
- Amnesia
- Seizure (dose-dependent risk)
- Metabolic syndrome
- Diabetes mellitus type II
- Cholestasis
- Increased liver enzymes
- Photosensitivity
- Exanthema
- Pruritus
- Hypouricemia
- Oedema

# Pharmacology
The antipsychotic effect of zotepine is thought to be mediated through antagonist activity at dopamine and serotonin receptors. Zotepine has a high affinity for the D1 and D2 receptors. It also affects the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors. In addition, its active metabolite, norzotepine, serves as a potent norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.

# Dosing
The most common dosage used is 150 mg daily. It is suggested that zotepine therapy starts at 75 mg to 150 mg divided into three daily doses. Some people may need to have their dosage increased to 300 mg.
23andMe
23andMe is a privately held biotechnology company that is developing new ways to help people make sense of their own genetic information. Google has invested $3.9M in the company.  Genentech is also reported to have invested in 23andMe.
The founder, Anne Wojcicki, recently married Google co-founder Sergey Brin. 
Thomas Soderqvist wrote:
There has not been much news about the company yet (see Blaine Bettingers blog The Genetic Geneaologist and Attila Csordas Pimm), but my guess is that we will hear more about it in the near future. Whatever its future prospects, however, its already a good example of how converging technologies ... are emerging at the start-up company level.
The marriage between Sergey Brin and Anne Wojcicki is thus not just a romantic Silicon Valley story; its also todays counterpart to traditional politically motivated marital alliances and gives a new meaning to the concept of converging technologies.
Kevin Kelleher in GigaOM  writes: " A case could be made that there is a good reason for Google to make this deal. And although I realize I may end up regretting it, I am going to make that case.... an investment in 23andMe lets Google chart yet another collision coarse  with Microsofts ambitions. ... If Google wants to really organize the world information, it needs to consider DNA, the most personal of data. And what 23andMe is purporting to sell is the ultimate in navel gazing."
CYP27A1
CYP27A1 is a gene encoding a cytochrome P450 oxidase, and is commonly known as sterol 27-hydroxylase.  This enzyme is located in many different tissues where it is found within the mitochondria.  It is most prominently involved in the biosynthesis of bile acids.

# Function
CYP27A1 participates in the degradation of cholesterol to bile acids in both the classic and acidic pathways. It is the initiating enzyme in the acidic pathway to bile acids, yielding oxysterols by introducing a hydroxyl group to the carbon at the 27 position in cholesterol. In the acidic pathway, it produces 27-hydroxycholesterol from cholesterol whereas in the classic or neutral pathway, it produces 3-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid.
While CYP27A1 is present in many different tissues, its function in these tissues is largely uncharacterized. In macrophages, 27-hydroxycholesterol generated by this enzyme may be helpful against the production of inflammatory factors associated with cardiovascular disease.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in CYP27A1 are associated with cerebrotendineous xanthomatosis, a rare lipid storage disease.
Inhibitors of CYP27A1 may be effective as adjuvants in the treatment of ER-positive breast cancer due to inhibition of the production of 27-hydroxycholesterol (which has estrogenic actions and stimulates the growth of ER-positive breast cancer cells). Some marketed drugs that have been identified as CYP27A1 inhibitors include anastrozole, fadrozole, bicalutamide, dexmedetomidine, ravuconazole, and posaconazole.

# Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. 
-  The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "VitaminDSynthesis_WP1531"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
2C-T-13
2C-T-13 or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(-methoxyethylthio)phenethylamine is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family.  It was presumably first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and reported in his book PIHKAL.

# Chemistry
2C-T-13 is the 2 carbon homologue of Aleph-13.  The full chemical name is 2-ethanamine.  The drug has structural properties similar to mescaline and other drugs in the 2C-T series, with the most closely related compounds being 2C-T-7 and 2C-T-21.

# General Information
The dosage range of 2C-T-13 is typically 25 - 40 mg and its duration is approximately 6-8 hours according to Shulgin.  2C-T-13 produces many closed-eye visuals and geometric patterns.  It also produces slight visual distortion.

# Pharmacology
The mechanism that produces 2C-T-13s hallucinogenic and entheogenic effects has not been specifically established, however it is most likely to result from action as a 5-HT2A serotonin receptor agonist in the brain, a mechanism of action shared by all of the hallucinogenic tryptamines and phenethylamines for which the mechanism of action is known.

# Dangers
The toxicity of 2C-T-13 is not well documented.  2C-T-13 is slightly less potent than 2C-T-7, but it may be expected that at higher doses it would display similar toxicity to that of other phenethylamines of the 2C-T family. Other phenethylamine derivatives substituted with an alkylthio group at the 4 position such as 2C-T-7 and 4-MTA are known to act as selective monoamine oxidase A inhibitors, a side effect which can lead to lethal serotonin syndrome when they are combined with stimulant drugs. Most confirmed fatalities involving 2C-T drugs involve their combination with other hard drugs such as alcohol, ecstasy or cocaine.

# Legality
2C-T-13 is not illegal, but possession and sales of 2C-T-13 could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act because of its structural similarities to 2C-T-7.

# Reference
-  Template:CitePiHKAL

# Categorization
2C-T-15
2C-T-15 or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(-cyclopropylthio)phenethylamine is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family.  It was presumably first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and reported in his book PIHKAL.

# Chemistry
2C-T-15 is the 2 carbon homologue of Aleph-15, which has not been synthesized.  The full chemical name is 2-ethanamine.  The drug has structural properties similar to 2C-T-2 and other drugs in the 2C-T series.

# General Information
The dosage range of 2C-T-15 is typically 30 mg or more.  Its duration is unspecified by Shulgin, and its entry in PiHKAL says it lasts for "several hours."  The effects are not prominent, and 2C-T-15 is not very potent.

# Pharmacology
The mechanism that produces 2C-T-15s hallucinogenic and entheogenic effects has not been specifically established, however it is most likely to result from action as a 5-HT2A serotonin receptor agonist in the brain, a mechanism of action shared by all of the hallucinogenic tryptamines and phenethylamines for which the mechanism of action is known.

# Dangers
The toxicity of 2C-T-15 is not well documented.  2C-T-15 is much less potent than 2C-T-7, but it may be expected that at very high doses it would display similar toxicity to that of other phenethylamines of the 2C-T family. Other phenethylamine derivatives substituted with an alkylthio group at the 4 position such as 2C-T-7 and 4-MTA are known to act as selective monoamine oxidase A inhibitors, a side effect which can lead to lethal serotonin syndrome when they are combined with stimulant drugs. Most confirmed fatalities involving 2C-T drugs involve their combination with other hard drugs such as alcohol, ecstasy or cocaine.

# Legality
2C-T-15 is not illegal, but possession and sales of 2C-T-15 could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act because of its structural similarities to 2C-T-7.

# Reference
-  Template:CitePiHKAL

# Categorization