Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Transcortin
Transcortin, also known as corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) or serpin A6, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SERPINA6 gene. It is an alpha-globulin.

# Function
This gene encodes an alpha-globulin protein with corticosteroid-binding properties. This is the major transport protein for glucocorticoids and progestins in the blood of most vertebrates. The gene localizes to a chromosomal region containing several closely related serine protease inhibitors (serpins) which have evolved by duplication events.

# Binding
Transcortin binds several steroid hormones at high rates:
- Cortisol - Approximately 75% of the cortisol in circulation is bound to transcortin. (The rest is bound to serum albumin.) Cortisol is thought to be biologically active only when it is not bound to transcortin.
- Cortisone
- Deoxycorticosterone (DOC)
- Corticosterone - About 78% of serum corticosterone is bound to transcortin.
- Aldosterone - Approximately 17% of serum aldosterone is bound to transcortin, while another 47% is bound to serum albumin. The remaining 36% is free.
- Progesterone - Approximately 18% of serum progesterone is bound to transcortin, while another 80% of it is bound to serum albumin. The remaining 2% is free.
- 17-Hydroxyprogesterone
In addition, approximately 4% of serum testosterone is bound to transcortin. A similarly small fraction of serum estradiol is bound to transcortin as well.

# Synthesis
Transcortin is produced by the liver and is increased by estrogens.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene are rare. Only four mutations have been described, often in association with fatigue and chronic pain. This mechanism for these symptoms is not known. This condition must be distinguished from secondary hypocortisolism.  Exogenous hydrocortisone does not appear to improve the fatigue.
Hepatic synthesis of corticosteroid-binding globulin more than doubles in pregnancy; that is, unbound plasma cortisol in term pregnancy is approximately 2.5 times that of nonpregnant women.
Cotton swab

# Overview
Cotton swabs (British English: cotton buds) are used in first aid,  cosmetics application, and a variety of other uses.  They consist of a small wad of cotton wrapped around the end of a small rod, made of wood, rolled paper, or plastic.  The most common type of usage is to dip the cotton end in a substance, then use the swab as an applicator for the substance.  Sometimes swabs are also used for removal of substances such as wax from ear canals, though the instructions accompanying the swabs generally contain a warning that the swabs should not be inserted directly into the ear, as doing so is actually dangerous. Using a swab to remove wax can puncture the ear drum. It will remove only a fraction of the wax, which is visible on the removed swab, while pushing and packing the majority of the wax further into the ear canal.
The inventor of the cotton swab is supposed to have been one Leo Gerstenzang, in 1923 .  His product, which he named "Baby Gays", went on to become the most widely-sold brand name, "Q-tip".
The traditional cotton swab has a single tip on a wooden handle, and these are still often used, especially in medical settings.  They are usually relatively long, about six inches (15 cm or so).  These often are packaged sterile, one or two to a paper or plastic sleeve.  The advantage of the paper sleeve and the wooden handle is that the package can be autoclaved to be sterilized (plastic sleeves or handles would melt in the autoclave).
These medical-type swabs are often used to take microbiological cultures.  They are swabbed onto or into the infected area, then wiped across the culture medium, such as an agar plate, where any bacteria from the swab will grow.  They are also used to take DNA samples from, most commonly, the inner cheek. As well, they can be used to apply medicines to a targeted area, to selectively remove substances from a targeted area, or to apply cleaning substances like Betadine.
Cotton swabs produced for home use are usually shorter, about three inches (7.6 cm) long, and usually double-tipped.  The handles were first made of wood, then made of rolled paper, which is still most common (although tubular plastic is becoming popular).  They are often sold in large quantities, possibly 300 or more to a container.
One recent innovation is to use a special type of double-tipped cotton swab for over-the-counter drug application.  These swabs have hollow tubular plastic handles, which are full of the medicine.  Breaking one marked end of the swab breaks an air seal, allowing the medicine to saturate the cotton at the other end so that it can be directly applied with the swab.
Swabs exist in a wide variety of colors: purple, fuchsia, pink, green etc. However the cotton itself is white.
Counternull
In statistics, and especially in the statistical analysis of psychological data, the counternull is a statistic used to aid the understanding and presentation of research results. It revolves around the effect size, which is the mean magnitude of some effect divided by the standard deviation.
The counternull value is the effect size that is just as well supported by the data as the null hypothesis. In particular, when results are drawn from a distribution that is symmetrical about its mean, the counternull value is exactly twice the observed "effect".
The null hypothesis is a hypothesis set up to be tested against an alternative. Thus the counternull is an alternative hypothesis that, when used to replace the null hypothesis, generates the same p-value as had the original null hypothesis of no difference.
Some researchers contend that reporting the counternull, in addition to the p-value, serves to counter two common errors of judgment:
- assuming that failure to reject the null hypothesis at the chosen level of statistical significance means that the observed size of the "effect" is zero; and
- assuming that rejection of the null hypothesis at a particular p-value means that the measured "effect" is not only statistically significant, but also scientifically important.
These arbitrary statistical thresholds create a discontinuity, causing unnecessary confusion and artificial controversy
Cow Parsnip
The Cow Parsnip (Heracleum maximum; also known as Indian Celery or Pushki) is the only member of the Hogweed genus native to North America. Its classification has caused some difficulty, with recent authoritative sources referring to it variously as Heracleum maximum or Heracleum lanatum , as H. linatum, or as either a subspecies, H. sphondylium subsp. montanum, or a variety, H. sphondylium var. linatum, of the Common Hogweed (H. sphondylium). The classification given here follows ITIS.
The Cow Parsnip is found from coast to coast in North America; in the continental United States, it is absent only from the south eastern states, from Texas eastward. In the west it can be found as far north as Alaska and most of Canada. It can be found at altitudes of up to 2500 metres. Overall, it is an abundant plant and not a conservation concern, but in some localities it is becoming rarer; it is listed as endangered in Kentucky, whereas in the west it is sometimes regarded as an invasive weed.
The Cow Parsnip is a tall herb, reaching to heights of over two metres. It has the characteristic flower umbels of the carrot family (Apiaceae), about 20 cm across; these may be flat-topped, as in the picture at right, or more rounded, and are always white. The leaves are large, up to 40 cm across, divided into lobes. The stems are stout and succulent.
The juices of all parts contain a phototoxin that can act on contact with skin and exposure to ultraviolet light, causing anything from a mild rash to a blistering, severe dermatitis, depending on the sensitivity of the individual. The plant is a pernicious weed especially in pastures, where it can ruin the milk of cows that eat it.
Various Native American peoples had many different uses for this plant; all parts of it were used by one nation or another. Perhaps the most common use was to make poultices to be applied to bruises or sores. In addition, the young stalks and leaf stems  before the plant reaches maturity  were widely used for food with the outer skin peeled off giving a sweetish flavor. The dried stems were also used as drinking straws for the old or infirm, and to make flutes for children. A yellow dye can be made from the roots, and an infusion of the flowers can be rubbed on the body to repel flies and mosquitoes.
Cryosurgery

# Overview
Cryosurgery (cryotherapy) is the application of extreme cold to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue. The term comes from the Greek words cryo () ("icy cold") and surgery (cheirourgiki - ) meaning "hand work" or "handiwork".
Cryosurgery is used to treat a number of diseases and disorders, especially a variety of benign and malignant skin conditions.
Warts, moles, skin tags, solar keratoses, and small skin cancers are candidates for cryosurgical treatment. Several internal disorders are also treated with cryosurgery, including liver cancer, prostate cancer, cervical disorders and, more commonly in the past, hemorrhoids. Although found to be effective, this method of treatment is only appropriate for use against localized disease with no metastasis.
Cryosurgery works by taking advantage of the destructive force of freezing temperatures on cells. At low temperatures, ice crystals form inside the cells, which can tear them apart. More damage occurs when blood vessels supplying the diseased tissue freeze.
The most common method of freezing lesions is using liquid nitrogen as the cooling solution. The super-cooled liquid may be sprayed on the diseased tissue, circulated through a tube called a cryoprobe, or simply dabbed on with a cotton or foam swab. Less frequently, doctors use carbon dioxide "snow" formed into a cylinder or mixed with acetone to form a slush that is applied directly to the treated tissue. Recent advances in technology have allowed for the use of argon gas to drive ice formation using a principle known as the Joule-Thomson effect. This gives physicians excellent control of the ice, and minimizing complications using ultra-thin 17 gauge cryoneedles.
Cryosurgery is a minimally invasive procedure, and is often preferred to more traditional kinds of surgery because of its minimal pain, scarring, and cost; however, as with any medical treatment, there are risks involved, primarily that of damage to nearby healthy tissue. Damage to nerve tissue is of particular concern.
Patients undergoing cryosurgery usually experience minor-to-moderate localized pain and redness, which can be alleviated by oral administration of an analgesic such as aspirin, ibuprofen or acetaminophen (paracetamol).  Blisters may form, but these usually scab over and peel away within several days.
Cryptomonad

# Overview
The cryptomonads are a small group of flagellates, most of which have chloroplasts.  They are common in freshwater, and also occur in marine and brackish habitats.  Each cell is around 10-50 m in size and flattened in shape, with an anterior groove or pocket.  At the edge of the pocket there are typically two slightly unequal flagella.
Cryptomonads distinguished by the presence of characteristic extrusomes called ejectisomes, which consist of two connected spiral ribbons held under tension.  If the cells are irritated either by mechanical, chemical or light stress, they discharge, propelling the cell in a zig-zag course away from the disturbance.  Large ejectisomes, visible under the light microscope, are associated with the pocket; smaller ones occur elsewhere on the cell.
Cryptomonads have one or two chloroplasts, except for Chilomonas which has leucoplasts and Goniomonas which lacks plastids entirely.  These contain chlorophylls a and c, together with phycobiliproteins and other pigments, and vary in color from brown to green.  Each is surrounded by four membranes, and there is a reduced cell nucleus called a nucleomorph between the middle two.  This indicates that the chloroplast was derived from a eukaryotic symbiont, shown by genetic studies to have been a red alga.
A few cryptomonads, such as Cryptomonas, can form palmelloid stages, but readily escape the surrounding mucus to become free-living flagellates again.  Cryptomonad flagella are inserted parallel to one another, and are covered by bipartite hairs called mastigonemes, formed within the endoplasmic reticulum and transported to the cell surface.  Small scales may also be present on the flagella and cell body.  The mitochondria have flate cristae, and mitosis is open; sexual reproduction has also been reported.
Originally the cryptomonads were considered close relatives of the dinoflagellates because of their similar pigmentation.  Later botanists treated them as a separate division, Cryptophyta, while zoologists treated them as the flagellate order Cryptomonadida.  There is considerable evidence that cryptomonad chloroplasts are closely related to those of the heterokonts and haptophytes, and the three groups are sometimes united as the Chromista.  However, the case that the organisms themselves are closely related is not very strong, and they may have acquired chloroplasts independently.
Cubic meter

# Overview
The cubic metre (US spelling: cubic meter, symbol: m3) is the SI derived unit of volume. It is the volume of a cube with edges one metre in length.  An alternative name, which allowed a different usage with metric prefixes, was the stere. Another alternative name, not widely used any more, is the kilolitre.

# Conversions
1 cubic metre is equivalent to:
- 1,000 litres (exactly);
- ~35.3 cubic feet (approximately)
1 cu ft = Template:Delimitnum m3 (exactly)
- 1 cu ft = Template:Delimitnum m3 (exactly)
- ~1.31 cubic yards (approximately)
1 cu yd = Template:Delimitnum m3 (exactly)
- 1 cu yd = Template:Delimitnum m3 (exactly)
- ~6.29 oil barrels (approximately)
1 oil bbl = Template:Delimitnum m3 (exactly)
- 1 oil bbl = Template:Delimitnum m3 (exactly)
A cubic metre of pure water at the temperature of maximum density (3.98 C) and standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa) has a mass of 1000 kg, or one tonne. At 0 C, the freezing point of water, it is slightly less, 999.972 kilograms.
It is sometimes abbreviated to cu m, m3, m^3 or m3 when superscript characters or markup are not available/accessible (i.e. in some typewritten documents and postings in Usenet newsgroups).
Abbreviated CBM in the freight business and MTQ (or numeric code 49) in international trade.

# Multiples and submultiples
See 1 E-3 m3 for a comparison with other volumes.

## Multiples

## Submultiples

# Notes
-  From 1901 to 1964 the litre was defined as the volume of one kilogram of pure water at 4C and 760 millimetres of mercury pressure.  During this time, a litre was about 1.000028 dm3.  In 1964 the original definition was reverted to.
-  The cubic centimetre is the base unit of volume of the CGS system of units. The colloquial abbreviations "cc" and "ccm" are not SI but are common in some contexts such as cooking, engine displacement and medicine.
af:Kubieke meter
ast:Metru cubicu
be: 
bs:Kubni metar
br:Metr kub
bg: 
ca:Metre cubic
cs:Metr krychlovy
de:Kubikmeter
el: 
eo:Kubmetro
eu:Metro kubiko
fa: 
gl:Quilometro cubico
ko:
hr:Kubicni metar
is:Rummetri
it:Metro cubo
he: 
la:Metrum cubicum
hu:Kobmeter
nl:Kubieke meter
no:Kubikkmeter
nn:Kubikkmeter
simple:Cubic metre
sk:Kubicky meter
sl:Kubicni meter
sr: 
sh:Metar kubni
fi:Kuutiometri
sv:Kubikmeter
th:
Curled Dock
Curled Dock (Rumex crispus), also known as Curley Dock or Yellow Dock, is a perennial flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae, native to Europe and western Asia.
The mature plant is a reddish brown colour, and produces a stalk that grows to about 1 m high. It has smooth leaves shooting off from a large basal rosette, with distinctive waved or curled edges. On the stalk flowers and seeds are produced in clusters on branched stems, with the largest cluster being found at the apex. The seeds are shiny, brown and encased in the  calyx of the flower that produced them. This casing enables the seeds to float on water and get caught in wool and animal fur, and this helps the seeds to spread to new locations. The root-structure is a large, a yellow, forking taproot.
Curled Dock grows in roadsides, all types of fields, and low-maintenance crops. It prefers rich, moist and heavy soils.

# Cultivation and uses
Curled Dock is a widespread naturalised species throughout the temperate world, which has become a serious invasive species in many areas, including throughout North America, southern South America, New Zealand and parts of Australia. It spreads through the seeds contaminating crop seeds, and sticking to clothing.  It is designated an "injurious weed" under the UK Weeds Act 1959.  It is often seen in disturbed soils at the edges of roadsides, railroad beds, and parking lots.
It can be used as a wild leaf vegetable; the young leaves should be boiled in several changes of water, or can be added directly to salads. Once the plant matures it becomes too bitter to consume. Dock  leaves are an excellent source of both vitamine A and protein.
The roots have also been used medicinally as an astringent, tonic, and laxative.
Cyanic acid

# Overview
Cyanic acid is a colourless poisonous liquid with a boiling point of 23.5C and a melting point of -81C. At 0C cyanic acid is converted to cyamelide.
In water, cyanic acid hydrolyses to carbon dioxide and ammonia.
Cyanic acid (H-O-CN) is an isomer of fulminic acid (H-C=N-O).
A tautomer exists for cyanic acid, H-N=C=O, isocyanic acid.
It forms in a reaction between potassium cyanate and formic acid.
The trimer of cyanic acid is cyanuric acid.
Cyanic acid is the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly-found atoms in organic chemistry (fulminic acid is not stable).
Cyclazocine
Cyclazocine is a mixed opiate agonist-antagonist related to dezocine, pentazocine and phenazocine.  This family of opioid drugs is called the benzomorphans or benzazocines.

# Use
Research into the use of cyclazocine for the treatment of Bipolar patients with depression was undertaken by Fink and colleagues (1970). It showed that 8 out of 10 patients experienced moderate improvement.
Research during the 1960s and 1970s into the possible use of cyclazocine for management of pain, and later for assisting treatment of narcotic addiction was severely hampered by the drug's psychotomimetic, dysphoric, and hallucinatory effects.

# Dosage
Dosages of 1-3mg were administered in the tests
Cyclophilin
Cyclophilins are a family of proteins from vertebrates and other organisms that bind to ciclosporin (cyclosporin A), an immunosuppressant which is usually used to suppress rejection after internal organ transplants. These proteins have peptidyl prolyl isomerase activity, which catalyzes the isomerization of peptide bonds from trans form to cis form at proline residues and facilitates protein folding.
Cyclophilin A is a cytosolic and highly abundant protein. The protein belongs to a family of isozymes, including cyclophilins B and C, and natural killer cell cyclophilin-related protein. Major isoforms have been found within single cells, including inside the Endoplasmic reticulum, and some are even secreted.

# Cyclophilin A (CypA)
Cyclophilin A also known as peptidylprolyl isomerase A, which is found in the cytosol, has a beta barrel structure with two alpha helices and a beta-sheet. Other cyclophilins have similar structures to cyclophilin A. The cyclosporin-cyclophilin A complex inhibits a calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin, the inhibition of which is thought to suppress organ rejection by halting the production of the pro-inflammatory molecules TNF alpha and interleukin 2.
Cyclophilin A is also known to be recruited by the Gag polyprotein during HIV-1 virus infection, and its incorporation into new virus particles is essential for HIV-1 infectivity.

# Cyclophilin D
Cyclophilin D, which is located in the matrix of mitochondria, is only a modulatory, but may or may not be a structural component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. The pore opening raises the permeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane, allows influx of cytosolic molecules into the mitochondrial matrix, increases the matrix volume, and disrupts the mitochondrial outer membrane. As a result, the mitochondria fall into a functional disorder, so the opening of the pore plays an important role in cell death. Cyclophilin D is thought to regulate the opening of the pore because cyclosporin A, which binds to CyP-D, inhibits the pore opening.
However, mitochondria obtained from the cysts of Artemia franciscana, do  not exhibit the mitochondrial permeability transition pore 

# Clinical significance

## Diseases
Overexpression of Cyclophilin A has been linked to poor response to inflammatory diseases, the progression or metastasis of cancer, and aging.

## Cyclophilins as drug targets
Cyclophilin inhibitors, such as cyclosporin, are being developed to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Cyclophilin inhibition may also be a therapy for liver diseases.

# Examples
Human genes encoding proteins containing the cyclophilin type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase domain include:
- PPIA, PPIB, PPIC, PPID, PPIE,  PPIF, PPIG, PPIH
- PPIL1, PPIL2, PPIL3, PPIL4, PPIAL4, PPIL6
- PPWD1
Cycloplegia

# Overview
Cycloplegia is paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye, resulting in a loss of accommodation.  Because of the paralysis of the ciliary muscle, the curvature of the lens can no longer be adjusted to focus on nearby objects. This results in similar problems as those caused by presbyopia, in which the lens has lost elasticity and can also no longer focus on close-by objects. Cycloplegia with accompanying mydriasis (dilation of pupil) is usually due to topical application of muscarinic antagonists such as atropine and cyclopentolate.

# Anatomy
The iris is the heavily pigmented colored part of the eye.  It has a contractile diaphragm in front of the lens with a central opening called the pupil.  It is located between the lens and the cornea, and is attached radially to the ciliary body and the cornea via ligaments called pectinate ligaments.
The iris contains two sets of muscles:
- a radial group for enlargement of the pupil (dilator pupillae)
- a circular group set to decrease pupil size on contraction (sphincter pupillae).
The muscles regulate the amount of light entering the eye.  The sphincter pupillae is stimulated through muscarinic receptors by the parasympathetic nervous system.  The dilator pupillae is stimulated through noradrenergic receptors by the sympathetic nervous system.

# Cycloplegic drugs
Cycloplegic drugs are generally muscarinic receptor blockers. These include atropine, cyclopentolate, homatropine, scopolamine and tropicamide. They are indicated for use in cycloplegic refraction (to paralyze the ciliary muscle in order to determine the true refractive error of the eye) and the treatment of uveitis. All cycloplegics are also mydriatic (pupil dilating) agents and are used as such during eye examination to better visualize the retina.
When cycloplegic drugs are used as a mydriatic to dilate the pupil, the pupil in the normal eye regains its function when the drugs are metabolized or carried away.  Some cycloplegic drugs can cause dilation of the pupil for several days.  Usually the ones used by ophthalmologists or optometrists wear off in hours, but when the patient leaves the office strong sunglasses are provided for comfort.