Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Pickled tofu
Pickled tofu also called tofu cheese, preserved tofu, or fermented tofu) is a form of processed preservative tofu used in Chinese cuisine.

# Production
In order to produce pickled tofu, cubes of dried tofu are allowed to fully air-dry under hay and slowly ferment from aerial bacteria and fungal spores. Commercially available pickled tofu is made by using dry firm tofu that has been inoculated with the fungal spores of Actinomucor elegans, Mucor racemosus, or Rhizopus  spp..
The dry fermented tofu is then soaked in brine, typically enhanced with Chinese rice wine, vinegar, chili peppers or sesame oil, or a paste made of rice and soybeans.  In the case of red pickled tofu (Template:Zh-tp), red yeast rice (cultivated with Monascus purpureus) is added for color. Pickled tofu is generally sold in small glass jars.

# Characteristics
Pickled tofu has a special mouthfeel similar to certain dairy products due to the breakdown of its proteins which takes place during the air drying and fermentation. Since it does not have a strong odor by itself, pickled tofu takes on the smells and taste of its soaking liquid. The texture and taste of pickled tofu resembles a firm, smooth paste not unlike creamy blue cheese. (Indeed, this kind of tofu is sometimes called "Chinese cheese" in English). When refrigerated, it can be kept for several years, during which time its flavor is believed to improve.

# Use
Pickled tofu is commonly added in small amounts, together with a little bit of its soaking liquid, to flavor stir-fried or braised vegetable dishes (particularly leafy green vegetables like water spinach). Often, it is eaten directly as a condiment with rice or congee.

# Notes
-  The 
Hwang Ryh Shang Company of Taiwan, a major producer of pickled tofu, mislabels this ingredient as "red date" (jujube) on the English-language list of ingredients on its product labels, although the Chinese list of ingredients on the same product lists  (red yeast rice).
Pill testing
Pill Testing is a process used to identify substances contained within a pill, usually illicit substances.
Since illicit drugs like MDMA are bought from drug dealers on the black market, both the source and contents of the substance are unknown. Pills sold by dealers as Ecstasy, may not contain the desired substance, usually being MDMA. Testing the pill can show if substances, such as MDMA, are present.

# Reagent Testing Kits
A test is done by taking a small scraping from a pill and placing it in the reagent testing liquid. The liquid will change colour when reacting with different chemicals to indicate the presence of certain substances.
Testing with a reagent kit does not indicate the pill is safe. While the testing process does show some particular substances are present, it may not show a harmful substance unaccounted for by the testing process.
The EZ Test kits, Mandelin, Marquis, Mecke, Simon's and Robadope's are commercially available reagent testing kits. The EZ Test table is a general guideline of the reactions from each substance and testing kit instructions may indicate different results. Reactions may show different colours if more than one substance is present.
Online testing kits are used by individuals to post reports to the Pill Reports  website. At nightclubs and rave events organisations such as Enlighten Harm Reduction in Australia and the Green Party Drugs Group in the UK conduct on-site pill testing.

# GC/MS
EcstasyData.org is an independent laboratory pill testing program co-sponsored by Erowid, TranceSafe, Dancesafe, Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS), & the Promind Foundation. Testing is done using a Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method, which can identify much more substances than a reagent test. Substances identified are listed on their website.

# Controversy
Pill testing is controversial because it can give the user the false impression that a pill is safe.  The act of pill testing is illegal in many countries because it requires the tester to come into contact with the illicit substance and who can then be charged with possession of an illicit substance.
Plantar arch
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The plantar arch is formed from:
- dorsalis pedis - aka dorsal artery of the foot
lateral plantar artery
- dorsalis pedis - aka dorsal artery of the foot
- lateral plantar artery
The plantar arch supplies the underside, or sole, of the foot.
The plantar arch runs from the 5th metatarsal and extends medially to the 1st metatarsal (of the big toe).
The arch is formed when the lateral plantar artery turns mediallly to the interval between the bases of the first and second metatarsal bones, where it unites with the deep plantar branch of the dorsalis pedis artery, thus completing the plantar arch (or deep plantar arch).
Pleiotrophin
Pleiotrophin (PTN) also known as heparin-binding brain mitogen (HBBM) or heparin-binding growth factor 8 (HBGF-8) or neurite growth-promoting factor 1 (NEGF1) or heparin affinity regulatory peptide (HARP) or heparin binding growth associated molecule (HB-GAM) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTN gene. Pleiotrophin is an 18-kDa growth factor that has a high affinity for heparin. It is structurally related to midkine and retinoic acid induced heparin-binding protein.

# Function
Pleiotrophin was initially recognized as a neurite outgrowth-promoting factor present in rat brain around birth and as a mitogen toward fibroblasts isolated from bovine uterus tissue. Together with midkine these growth-factors constitute a family of (developmentally regulated) secreted heparin-binding proteins now known as the neurite growth-promoting factor (NEGF) family.  During embryonic and early postnatal development, pleiotrophin is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system and also in several non-neural tissues, notably lung, kidney, gut and bone.  Pleiotrophin is also expressed by several tumor cells and is thought to be involved in tumor angiogenesis. In the adult central nervous system, pleiotrophin is expressed in an activity-dependent manner in the hippocampus where it can suppress long term potentiation induction. Pleiotrophin expression is low in other areas of the adult brain, but it can be induced by ischemic insults. or targeted neuronal damaged in the entorhinal cortex or in the substantia nigra pars compacta.

# Clinical significance
Pleiotrophin binds to cell-surface nucleolin as a low affinity receptor. This binding can inhibit HIV infection.
Pneumatocele
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# Overview
A pneumatocele, or pneumatocyst is a cavity in the lungs filled with air that may result from pulmonary trauma.  A pneumatocele results when a lung laceration, a cut or tear in the lung tissue, fills with air. A rupture of a small airway creates the air-filled cavity. Pulmonary lacerations that fill with blood are called pulmonary hematomas.   In some cases, both pneumatoceles and hematomas exist in the same injured lung.  A pneumatocele can become enlarged, for example when the patient is mechanically ventilated or has acute respiratory distress syndrome, in which case it may not go away for months.  Diagnosis can be made using chest X-ray; the lesion shows up as a small, round area filled with air.  Computed tomography can give a more detailed understanding of the lesion.  Differential diagnoses, other conditions that could cause similar symptoms as pneumatocele, include lung cancer, tuburculosis, and a lung abscess.  Treatment includes monitoring and pulmonary toilet (the use of methods such as positioning and suction to keep the airways clear of secretions).
Polycystin 1
Polycystin 1 (often abbreviated to PC1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PKD1 gene . Mutations of PKD1 are associated with most cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, a severe hereditary disorder of the kidneys characterised by the development of renal cysts and severe kidney dysfunction .

# Protein Structure and Function
PC1 is a membrane-bound protein 4303 amino acids in length expressed largely upon the primary cilium, as well as apical membranes, adherens junctions, and desmosomes . It possesses eleven transmembrane domains, a large extracellular N-terminal domain, and a short (~200 amino acid) cytoplasmic C-terminal domain . This intracellular domain contains a coiled-coil domain through which PC1 interacts with polycystin 2 (PC2), a membrane-bound Ca2+-permeable ion channel.
PC1 has been proposed to act as a G proteincoupled receptor . The C-terminal domain may be cleaved in a number of different ways. In one instance, a ~35 kDa portion of the tail has been found to accumulate in the cell nucleus in response to decreased fluid flow in the mouse kidney . In another instance, a 15 kDa fragment may be yielded, interacting with transcriptional activator and co-activator STAT6 and p100, or components of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in an inhibitory manner .
Evidence suggests that PC1 mediates mechanosensation of fluid flow by the primary cilium in the renal epithelium and of mechanical deformation of articular cartilage .

# Gene
Splice variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for PKD1. The gene is closely linked to six pseudogenes in a known duplicated region on chromosome 16p.
Polycystin 2
Polycystin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PKD2 gene.
This gene encodes a member of the polycystin protein family, called TRPP2, previously known as polycystin-2, PC2 or APKD2. TRPP2 contains multiple transmembrane domains, and cytoplasmic N- and C-termini. The protein may be an integral membrane protein involved in cell-cell/matrix interactions. TRPP2 may function in renal tubular development, morphology, and function, and may modulate intracellular calcium homeostasis and other signal transduction pathways. This protein interacts with polycystin 1 (TRPP1) to produce cation-permeable currents. It was discovered by Stefan Somlo at Yale University.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene have been associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

# Interactions
Polycystin 2 has been shown to interact with the proteins TRPC1, PKD1 and TNNI3.
Polydisperse
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A collection of objects is called polydisperse or polysized if they have a broad range of size, shape and mass characteristics.  A sample of objects that have a uniform size, shape and mass distribution are called monodisperse.  In practice, polydisperse collections are common because it is relatively easy to create a polydisperse collection of particles, objects or polymers.  Monodisperse collections, on the other hand, are extremely uncommon because the technological challenges that must be overcome in order to produce such collections are often enormous.
- Polydisperse collection.
Polydisperse collection.
Examples:
Polymers: Most will possess a distribution of molecular mass
Particles: Most manufactured particles will possess a wide distribution of size, surface area and mass
Thin-films: Most thin-films will possess a varied distribution of film thickness.
Postprandial
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Postprandial means after eating/ after a meal. This term is often used in the context of blood sugar (or blood glucose) levels, which are normally measured 2 hours after eating. However this is not the only context on which this term is used.
- Postprandial hyperglycemia = high blood sugar which happens after eating
- Postprandial dip = mild decrease in blood sugar after eating a big meal
- Postprandial hypotension: a drastic decline in blood pressure which happens after eating
Preventorium
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A preventorium was an institution or building for patients infected with tuberculosis who did not yet have an active form of the disease. Popular in the early 20th century, preventoria were designed to isolate these patients from uninfected individuals as well as patients who showed outward symptoms. Philanthropist Nathan Straus opened the first preventorium in Lakewood, New Jersey in 1909.
Primary FRCA
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The Primary FRCA is more fully called the Primary Examination of the Diploma of Fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists.
Trainee anaesthetists in the United Kingdom are required to pass this examination before applying for Higher Specialist Training (a Specialist Registrar post) in Anaesthesia. (In addition to the FRCA, trainees require a minimum of 21 months' Anaesthesia training and 3 months' Intensive Care training before they would be considered for a Specialist Registrar post in Anaesthesia. There may also be additional requirements, at the discretion of each individual Deanery).  With the introduction of MMC in August 2007, the Primary FRCA will become a requirement for application to Specialist Training Year 3, known generally as ST3.
The Primary FRCA examination syllabus covers:
- Anatomy
- Physiology
- Clinical Anaesthesia
- Pharmacology
- Physics
- Anaesthetic Equipment
- Clinical Measurement
- Pathology
- Practical Anaesthetic Skills
- Resuscitation
- Statistics
The examination takes the form of a Multiple Choice Question paper and, for candidates successful in this, an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) and Viva Voce (oral) examination. Successful Candidates are informed the same day, after the OSCE and Viva exams.
The examination is held three times a year, with the MCQ being held in regional centres around the UK (e.g. London, Manchester, and Glasgow) and the OSCE/Viva being held at Churchill House, the College headquarters in London. Only those candidates who clearly pass the MCQ are invited to participate in the OSCE/Viva. Those who fail the MCQ are deemed to have failed the entire examination.
The examination has the same marking scheme (2+, 2, 1+, 1) as the Final FRCA.
Primary care
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Primary care is a term used for the activity of a health care provider who acts as a first point of consultation for all patients. Generally, primary care physicians, nurse practitioners and physician assistants are based in the community, as opposed to the hospital. Alternative names for the field are "general practice" and "family medicine", although the terms are not synonymous.
General practitioners in the United Kingdom are physicians who have completed four to five years of post-medical school training including three to four years based in hospitals and one year attached to a training general practitioner in the community.
Primary care physicians usually include family practice, internal medicine, pediatrics, and at times OB/GYN physicians. It is important to note, however, that the last three of the above specialties are not technically general medicine specialties. These specialties are primary care, but NOT general medicine.

# Continuity of care
The importance of continuity of care has been studied in a systematic review.
Continuity of care is also important for after hospitalizations and emergency department visits (see hospital readmission). Follow-up visits after emergency department visits may also be important.

## Frequency of visits
Physicians vary widely in their setting revisit intervals.
Shorter revisit intervals is associated with better care of hypertension Aand may be associated with better care of diabetes.

# Limitations

## Time
There is insufficient time in primary care to address
- Executing  preventive care
- Seeking reimbursement for  preventive care

## Financing
Medicare has created G-codes to support billing for the increasing burden of non-face-to-work to help patients. Examples include:
- CPT codes 99358 and 99359 (Prolonged service without direct patient contact)
- CPT codes 99415 and 99416 (Prolonged clinical staff services)
- CPT code 99417 (Prolonged office/outpatient E/M services with or without direct patient contact).
- HCPCS add-on code G2212 (Prolonged office/outpatient E/M services)
Primary care practices underuse these codes.

# Interventions to improve primary care
Interventions to improve primary care via replacement (clinic-based or home-based) or augmentation have been studied.

# Consoliding and integrating small practices to larger systems
Primary card practices are shifting to being part of larger systems.
Primary gain

# Background
The reporting of symptoms by a patient may have significant psychological motivators.  Psychologists sometimes categorize these motivators into primary or secondary gain.
Primary gain is internally good; motivationally. For example, a patient might feel guilty about being unable to perform some task. If he has a medical condition justifying his inability, he might not feel so bad. Primary gain can be a component of any disease, but is most dramatically demonstrated in Conversion Disorder (a psychiatric disorder in which stressors manifest themselves as physical symptoms without organic causes - such as a person who becomes blindly inactive after seeing a murder). The "gain" may not be particularly evident to an outside observer.
Secondary gain can also be a component of any disease, but is an external motivator. If a patient's disease allows him/her to miss work, gains him/her sympathy, or avoids a jail sentence, these would be examples of secondary gain. These may, but need not be, recognized by the patient. If he/she is deliberately exaggerating symptoms for personal gain, then he/she is malingering. However, secondary gain may simply be an unconscious psychological component of symptoms and other personalities.
A less well studied process is tertiary gain: the extent to which the patient's symptoms may become more pronounced to subconsciously please health care providers.
Source: DSM-IV-TR
Priory Group
The Priory Group is an independent provider of mental health care facilities in the United Kingdom. They also provide Schools, some for Asperger's Syndrome (and High-Functioning Autism) pupils. The chief executive is Chai Patel.
They operate at nearly fifty different sites but they are best known for their alcohol and drug treatment centres.
The company runs four types of facility; acute psychiatric hospitals, secure psychiatric units, rehab hospitals and special schools.  It was founded in the early 1980s with the purchase of The Priory in London by an American healthcare company.
In 2002, the group was sold for 288 million. The company was sold again in July 2005 for 875 million, netting the five company directors over 50 million.

# Controversy
The healthcare group appeared in the media spotlight in 2005 following allegations of poor care at its homes. Dr Patel was represented at the General Medical Council hearing by the brother of one of the company's leading consultants.  A consultant who had previously been brought before the General Medical Council to answer claims of sexual misconduct with a patient, but he was later cleared.
Further controversy surrounds the company due to the action of some of its high profile consultants.  Dr Rowan, founder of the group's eating disorder treatment regime is accused of taking cash gifts from a patient and getting her to change her 1.5 million will in his favour.
Proamanullin
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Promanullin is a cyclic nonribosomal peptide. It is an amatoxin, all of which are found in several members of the Amanita genus of mushrooms.

# Toxicology
Like other amatoxins, proamanullin is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II.  Promanullin has a specific attraction to the enzyme RNA polymerase II. Upon ingestion, it binds to the RNA polymerase II enzyme, effectively causing cytolysis of hepatocytes (liver cells).
Probit model
In statistics, a probit model is a popular specification of a generalized linear model. In particular, it is used for Binomial regression using the probit link function.  A probit regression is the application of this model to a given dataset.  Probit models were introduced by Chester Ittner Bliss in 1935, and a fast method of solving the models was introduced by Ronald Fisher in an appendix to the same article.  Because the response is a series of binomial results, the likelihood is often assumed to follow the binomial distribution. Let Y be a binary outcome variable, and let X be a vector of regressors.  The probit model assumes that
where  is the cumulative distribution function of the standard normal distribution. The parameters  are typically estimated by maximum likelihood.
While easily motivated without it, the probit model can be generated by a simple latent variable model.  Suppose that
where  \varepsilon | x \sim \mathcal{N}(0,1) , and suppose that  Y  is an indicator for whether the latent variable  Y^-  is positive:
0&\text{otherwise}\end{array}\right. 
Then it is easy to show that