Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Antineutrino
In physics, antineutrinos, the antiparticles of neutrinos, are neutral particles produced in nuclear beta decay.  These are emitted in beta particle emissions, where a neutron turns into a proton. They have a spin of 1/2, and they are part of the lepton family of particles. The antineutrinos observed so far all have right-handed helicity (i.e., only one of the two possible spin states has ever been seen), while the neutrinos are left-handed. Antineutrinos interact with other matter only through the gravitational and weak forces, making them very difficult to detect experimentally.  Neutrino oscillation experiments indicate that antineutrinos have mass, but beta decay experiments constrain that mass to be very small.
Because antineutrinos and neutrinos are neutral particles it is possible that they are actually the same particle.  Particles which have this property are known as Majorana particles.  If neutrinos are indeed Majorana particles then the neutrinoless double beta decay process is allowed.  Several experiments have been proposed to search for this process.
Researchers around the world have begun to investigate the possibility of using antineutrinos for reactor monitoring in the context of nonproliferation.
Aortic sinus
Synonyms and keywords:  Petit's sinus; sinus of Mehta; sinus of Morgagni; sinus of Otto; sinus of Valsalva; Valsalva sinus

# Overview
The aortic sinus is a section of the ascending aorta that is normally dilated (enlarged or widened) just above the aortic valve.
There are generally three aortic sinuses, the left, the right and the posterior.
- The left aortic sinus gives rise to the left coronary artery.
- The right aortic sinus gives rise to the right coronary artery.
- Usually, no vessels arise from the posterior aortic sinus, which is therefore known as the non-coronary sinus.
Shown below is a drawing depicting the aortic sinus anatomy.  Note that the aortic sinus has three cusps: the left coronary cusp, the right coronary cusp and the non coronary cusp.
Fear of bees

# Background
Fear of bees or bee stings is one of common fears among people. Apiphobia (from Latin apis for "honeybee") or melissophobia (from Greek melissa for "honeybee") is an abnormal fear of bees, a kind of specific phobia.

# Cause and effects
Most people have been stung by a bee or had friends or family members stung. A child may fall victim by treading on a bee while playing outside. The sting is quite painful and results in swelling which stays for several days, so the development of some fear of bees is quite natural.
An excessive fear of bees in adults is generally associated with lack of knowledge. The general public is not aware that bees attack in defense of their hive, or when accidentally squashed, and an occasional bee in a field presents no danger.  Moreover, the majority of insect stings in the United States are attributed to yellowjacket wasps, which are often mistaken for a honeybee.
Unreasonable fear of bees in humans may also have a detrimental effect on ecology. Bees are important pollinators, and when in their fear people destroy wild colonies of bees, they contribute to environmental damage.  What is more, many bee farms are actually rented for pollination of crops, and as the fears of bees spread, it becomes hard to find a location for the colony because of the growing objections of local population.

## Killer bees
A widespread fear of bees was triggered by rumors about "killer bees". In particular, the Africanized bee is widely feared by the American public, a reaction that has been amplified by sensationalist movies and some of the media reports. Since their introduction to the United States there have been 14 deaths from Africanized bees over the several year period, which makes them less hazardous than venomous snakes. As the bee spreads through Florida, a densely populated state, officials worry that public fear may force misguided efforts to combat them. The Florida African Bee Action Plan states, "News reports of mass stinging attacks will promote concern and in some cases panic and anxiety, and cause citizens to demand responsible agencies and organizations to take action to help insure their safety.  We anticipate increased pressure from the public to ban beekeeping in urban and suburban areas.  This action would be counter-productive.  Beekeepers maintaining managed colonies of domestic European bees are our best defense against an area becoming saturated with AHB.  These managed bees are filling an ecological niche that would soon be occupied by less desirable colonies if it were vacant.

# Apiphobia
Apiphobia is one of zoophobias prevalent in young children and may prevent them from taking part in any outdoor activities. Older people control the natural fear of bees more easily. One exception to this generalization is Adam Savage, Mythbusters co-host, who is a renowned apiphobe, a fact displayed and even showcased in several episodes. A recommended way of overcoming child's apiphobia is to train them to face their fears (a common approach for treating specific phobias). Programs vary.
Sulbutiamine

# Overview
Sulbutiamine (brand name: Arcalion) is a precursor to thiamine (i.e., vitamin B1). It is indicated for the treatment of asthenia. Furthermore, the ability of sulbutiamine to reduce fatigue is considered desirable by athletes, and it is available  for over-the-counter sale as a nutritional supplement. Additionally, the demonstrated ability of sulbutiamine to improve memory in rats  and patients of schizophrenia suggests that it is a nootropic.

# Effects
Sulbutiamine reduces fatigue, memory difficulties, intellectual tiredness and may speed convalescence.

# Dosage
Sulbutiamine is sometimes supplied in 200 mg tablets. The proper therapeutic dosage has been reported to be 12.5 mg/kg, which corresponds to 850 mg for a 68 kg (150 lb) person. However, it should be noted that dosage recommendations vary; the manufacturer of Arcalion, for example, recommends no more than 600 mg per day.
Arden syntax
The Arden syntax is a grammar for describing medical conditions and recommendations, used in Medical algorithms.
Medical logic modules are written in Arden syntax, and are called by a program - an event monitor - when the condition they are written to help with occurs.  Arden syntax was formerly a standard under ASTM, and is now part of HL7.
It derives from work at the Regenstrief Institute, Inc., an international non-profit medical research organization with one of the world's largest brain trusts of physician Medical Informaticians as well as Health Services Researchers.  The CARE system developed at Regenstrief, delivers reminders or hints to clinicians regarding patient treatment recommendations (e.g. the next clinic appointment, based on rules applied to the digitized notes and pertinent patient data stored in the system.   Additionally, LDS hospital in Salt Lake City (HELP System...) has contributed much to this standard as well as body of knowledge.  Arden syntax dates from 1989.
Trimethaphan

# Overview
Trimethaphan is a drug that counteracts cholinergic transmission at the nicotinic receptors of the autonomic ganglia and therefore blocks both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.  It acts as a non-depolarizing competitive antagonist at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, is short-acting, and is given intravenously.

# Effects
Trimethaphan is a quaternary amine and therefore carries a positive charge.  Being charged, it cannot cross lipid cell membranes, such as those that comprise the blood-brain barrier.  Due to this, trimethaphan does not have any effect on the central nervous system.
The ciliary muscle of the eye functions to round the lens for accommodation and is controlled mainly by parasympathetic system input.  With administration of a ganglion-blocking drug, the ciliary muscle cannot contract (cycloplegia) and the patient loses the ability to focus their eyes.
Trimethaphan has a strong effect on the cardiovascular system.  The size of blood vessels is primarily controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.  Loss of sympathetic system input to the blood vessels causes them to get larger (vasodilation) which has the effect of lowering blood pressure.  Postural hypotension is a common side effect of such drugs. Effects on the heart include a decreased force of contraction and an increase in heart rate (tachycardia). Although it is important to note that this reflexive tachycardia can be diminished or undetected due to the fact that Trimethaphan is also blocking the sympathetic ganglia innervating the heart.
The motility of the gastrointestinal tract is regulated by the parasympathetic system, and blockage of this input results in diminished motility and constipation.

# Therapeutic Uses
The therapeutic uses of trimethaphan are very limited due to the competition from newer drugs that are more selective in their actions and effects produced.  It is occasionally used to treat a hypertensive crisis and dissecting aortic aneurysm, to treat pulmonary edema, and to reduce bleeding during neurosurgery.

# Adverse Effects
The adverse effects are due to its nonselective ganglion block and are described in the "Effects" section above.  The side effects are severe enough to limit this drugs use to emergency and acute situations.
Arsphenamine
Arsphenamine is a drug that was used to treat syphilis and trypanosomiasis. 
It was the first modern chemotherapeutic agent.

# History
Sahachiro Hata discovered the anti-syphilitic activity of this compound in 1908 in the laboratory of Paul Ehrlich, during a survey of hundreds of newly-synthesized organic arsenical compounds.  Ehrlich had theorized that by screening many compounds a drug could be discovered with anti-microbial activity.  Ehrlich's team began their search for such a "magic bullet" among chemical derivatives of the dangerously-toxic drug atoxyl.  This was the first organized team effort to optimize the biological activity of a lead compound through systematic chemical modifications, the basis for nearly all modern pharmaceutical research.
Arsphenamine was marketed under the trade name Salvarsan in 1910.  It was also called 606, because it was the 606th compound synthesized for testing. Salvarsan was the first organic anti-syphillitic, and a great improvement over the inorganic mercury compounds that had been used previously.  A more soluble (but slightly less effective) arsenical compound, Neosalvarsan, (neoarsphenamine), became available in 1912.  These arsenical compounds came with considerable risk of side effects, and they were supplanted as treatments for syphilis in the 1940s by penicillin.
The bacterium that causes syphilis is a spirochete, Treponema pallidum. Arsphenamine is not toxic to spirochetes until it has been converted to an active form by the body, so the discovery of this drug could not have been made without Hata's animal testing.
After leaving Erlich's laboratory, Hata continued parallel investigation of the new medicine in Japan.

# Structure
The structure was believed to feature an As=As bond, however, in 2005, it was shown to be a mixture of the cyclic trimer and a pentamer.  The revised structure features As-As single bonds, not double bonds.
James fibers
Synonyms and keywords: Atrioventricular bypass fibers

# Overview
James fibers are otherwise known as atrioventricular bypass fibers that connect the atrial fibers to bundle of His by penetrating through the AV node.  These fibers are categorized as fibers that bypass through the normal conducting system.

# Historical Perspective
Accessory bypass fibers connecting the atrial fibers to bundle of His by penetrating through the AV node was first described by James in 1961.

# Pathophysiology
James fibers originate in the low atrium and terminate in the low AV node.  They connect the above atrial fibers with the below bundle of His.  While penetrating the AV node, these fibers run as posterior internodal tract along with other fibers but make contact with the node more distally than the other posterior input fibers.  Since they never completely bypass the AV node and found to exist in all hearts, he also described that these fibers may not be actual accessory fibers as we assume.  They do not share the rate-slowing properties of the AV node, and may conduct electrical activity at a significantly higher rate than the AV node.  This rapid conduction can lead to improper ventricular filling and emptying making the body hemodynamically unstable.  If not corrected quickly, the ventricles can fibrillate causing ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death.

# Conditions Involving James Fibers
Conduction through James fibers is one of the possibilities for a short PR interval in Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome.  Since these fibers pass through the normal conduction system, QRS complex following the short PR interval in LGL syndrome is found to be normal thus differentiating it from Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome where the QRS complex is found to be wide and bizzare.

# Treatment
When medical therapy fails while treating LGL syndrome, which is rare, radiofrequency ablation of AV node and its accessory fibers may be considered.
Audiologists

# Overview
An audiologist is a healthcare professional specializing in identifying, diagnosing, treating and monitoring disorders of the auditory and vestibular system portions of the ear. Audiologists are trained to diagnose, manage and/or treat hearing or balance problems .  They dispense hearing aids and recommend and map cochlear implants. They counsel families through a new diagnosis of hearing loss in infants, and help teach coping and compensation skills to late-deafened adults.  They also help design and implement personal and industrial hearing safety programs, newborn hearing screening programs, school hearing screening programs, and provide special fitting ear plugs and other hearing protection devices to help prevent hearing loss.  In addition, many audiologists work as auditory scientists in a research capacity.
Audiologists have training in anatomy and physiology, hearing aids, cochlear implants, electrophysiology, acoustics, neurology, counseling and sign language.  An Audiologist usually graduates with one of the following qualifications (BSc, AuD, or MS), depending the program attended.

# United States
In the past, audiologists have typically held a master's degree and the appropriate healthcare license.  However, in the 1990s  the profession began to transition to a doctoral level as a minimal requirement.  In the United States, starting in 2007, audiologists were required to receive a doctoral degree (Au.D. or Ph.D.) in audiology from an accredited university graduate or professional program before practicing. All states require licensing, and audiologists may also carry national board certification from the American Board of Audiology (ABA) or a certificate of clinical competence in audiology (CCC-A) from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
Audiologists are autonomous practitioners and do not need physician orders or supervision.  However, many audiologists work in doctor's office and hospitals. The median salary for an audiologist in the United States is approximately $78,660 in 2007 according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.  Audiologists who earn over $98,360 (top ten percentile) per annum typically have their own private practice.
Audiometrist

# Overview
An audiometrist (Australia) has different qualifications than an audiologist. In Australia, an audiometrist usually has a TAFE qualification and needs to be accredited with a professional body to provide services to eligible pensioners and war veterans via the Office of Hearing Services program. An audiometrist usually performs hearing tests and prescribes hearing aids, as well as other hearing aid related tasks.  The majority of Audiometrists also provide extensive rehabilitation services for hearing aid users. In country areas it is quite common for Audiometrists to provide diagnostic services as well.
Audiometrists have a long history of hearing care in Australia. They were the first to introduce hearing aids to Australia.  To become an Audiometrist you must complete an Certificate of Audiometry, and then have 2 years supervision prior to gaining a provider number. Provider numbers are provided by the Office of Hearing Services, a Commonwealth Government department. The vast majority of  Audiometrists in Australia are members of the Australian College of Audiology (ACAud). ACAud provides continuing education opportunities for its members, both Audiometrist and Audiologist. It also provides for registration of new entrants into the OHS scheme. ACAud is leading the way in Australia in regard to developing a continuing education pathway for Audiometrists.

# Analogues
In the United States, the term audiometrist is not used, and has no true counterpart.Rather, in the U.S. there exists the job of hearing instrument specialist or hearing aid dispenser.  These persons must have state licensure in states that require it (and some obtain national certification), but need no university-level education. Hearing instrument specialists do not perform diagnostic evaluations of the hearing or balance systems as audiologists do, and are often restricted from working with children or persons with medical involvements.
Auscultation

# Overview
Auscultation is the technical term for listening to the internal sounds of the body, usually using a stethoscope; based on the Latin verb auscultare "to listen". Auscultation is performed for the purposes of examining the circulatory system and respiratory system (heart sounds and breath sounds), as well as the gastrointestinal system (bowel sounds).

# Historical Perspective
The technical term was invented by Rene-Theophile-Hyacinthe Laennec, a French physician, however the act of listening to body sounds for diagnostic purposes has its origin further back in history, possibly as early as Ancient Egypt. Laennec's contribution was to document formally the procedure and relevant findings in his book "De l'auscultation mediate", published in 1819. Laennec's contribution to the field went further, not only documenting clinical findings, but inventing the requisite device in the form of the first stethoscope, a wooden trumpet that allowed him to listen to female patients without having to place his ears to their breasts.
Electronic stethoscopes can enhance and improve the audio quality of auscultation and make it easier to differentiate the sounds.  Developed in the early 1960s, an electronic stethoscope made by Francis Andries flew on the Space Shuttle in 1970's. The electronic stethoscope also allows for recording of sounds and transmission for the purposes of telemedicine, or remote diagnosis.

# Technique
Auscultation is a skill that requires substantial clinical experience, and good listening skills.  Doctors listen to three main organs/ organ systems during auscultation: the heart, lungs, and the gastrointestinal system. When auscultating the heart, doctors listen for abnormal sounds including heart murmurs, gallops, and other extra sounds coinciding with heartbeats. Heart rate is also noted. When listening to lungs, breath sounds such as wheezes and crackles are identified. The gastrointestinal system is auscultated to note the presence of bowel sounds.
Learning the accurate and reliable interpretation of auscultation findings has been improved by recent technological advances. There is a web site, www.andries.com with sample heart sounds and on line self teaching, the Auscultation Assistant, "provides heart sounds, heart murmurs, and breath sounds in order to help medical students and others improve their physical diagnosis skills".

# Normal and Abnormal Heart Sounds on Auscultation

# Related Chapters
- Pericardial rub
- Heart sounds
- Breath sounds
- Triangle of auscultation
Autistic art
Autistic art can be that done by autistic artists or that which captures or conveys a variety of autistic experiences or demeanor.

# Autistic art
Art by those with disabilities has long been shown in separated venues or exhibitions from artists without disabilities and the art of those with autism has often been considered part of Outsider =Art
The works of some autistic artists have featured in art publications, documentaries and been exhibited in mainstream galleries.
Ping Lian Yeak
Stephen Wiltshire is one of the most famous autistic artists.  His works are largely architectural or of cityscapes, monuments and buildings..
Other autistic artists producing representational art include Richard Wawro,  Jessy Park and Ping Lian Yeak.

# Figurative Art
Christophe Pillault and Donna Williams, focus on figurative works with an emphasis on movement.  Both artists feature in the award winning book ARTism by Bernice Pelletier and Karen Simmons and published by Autism Today.  Christophe Pillault, paints only with his fingers.  His works have been featured in the book Art of the Mind published by the M.I.N.D institute..
Mark Rimland is a self taught American with autism whose drawings and paintings are often figurative and feature both people and cats.  The son of autism pioneer, Bernard Rimland, Mark featured in the documentary Lifting The Fog; A Look Into The Mysteries of Autism, in the award winning book, ARTism and is illustrator of the book, The Secret Night World Of Catspublished by Smith and Kraus.
Alonzo Clemons and Donna Williams are autistic sculptors, both figurative artists.

# Abstract Art
Larry Bissonnetteand Henriette Seth do abstract, highly patterned works.

# Imaginary Worlds
Gilles Trehin and George Widener do highly detailed imaginary worlds.  Gilles is a self-taught French autistic artist with highly detailed pencil work, largely architectural in style who represents an imaginary world called Urville through his sketches. He is featured in the BBB4 documentary Art Savant; The City Inside My Head.

# Portraiture
Jonathan Lerman is an autistic artist who primarily draws portraits focusing on facial expression.

# Other
James Henry Pullen does 3D sculptural works