Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Anabolic steroid
Synonyms / Brand Names:

# Dosing and Administration
FDA Package Insert Resources
Indications, Contraindications, Side Effects, Drug Interactions, etc.
Calculate Creatine Clearance
On line calculator of your patients Cr Cl by a variety of formulas.
Convert pounds to Kilograms
On line calculator of your patients weight in pounds to Kg for dosing estimates.
 Publication Resources
Recent articles, WikiDoc State of the Art Review, Textbook Information
Trial Resources
Ongoing Trials, Trial Results
Guidelines & Evidence Based Medicine Resources
US National Guidelines, Cochrane Collaboration, etc.
Media Resources
Slides, Video, Images, MP3, Podcasts, etc.
Patient Resources
Discussion Groups, Handouts, Blogs, News, etc.
International Resources
en Espanol

# FDA Package Insert Resources
Indications
Contraindications
Side Effects
Drug Interactions
Precautions
Overdose
Instructions for Administration
How Supplied
Pharmacokinetics and Molecular Data
FDA label
FDA on Anabolic steroid
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# Publication Resources
Most Recent Articles on Anabolic steroid
Review Articles on Anabolic steroid
Articles on Anabolic steroid in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
WikiDoc State of the Art Review
Textbook Information on Anabolic steroid
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# Trial Resources
Ongoing Trials with Anabolic steroid at Clinical Trials.gov
Trial Results with Anabolic steroid
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# Guidelines & Evidence Based Medicine Resources
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Anabolic steroid
Cochrane Collaboration on Anabolic steroid
Cost Effectiveness of Anabolic steroid
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# Media Resources
Powerpoint Slides on Anabolic steroid
Images of Anabolic steroid
Podcasts & MP3s on Anabolic steroid
Videos on Anabolic steroid
Return to top

# Patient Resources
Patient Information from National Library of Medicine
Patient Resources on Anabolic steroid
Discussion Groups on Anabolic steroid
Patient Handouts on Anabolic steroid
Blogs on Anabolic steroid
Anabolic steroid in the News
Anabolic steroid in the Marketplace
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# International Resources
Anabolic steroid en Espanol
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Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Anemone hepatica
Anemone hepatica (common names: Kidneywort, liverwort, pennywort) is an herbaceous member of the Ranunculaceae or buttercup family that is native to the forest floors of temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.  It has been called Hepatica nobilis also, although at least one recent study of the phylogeny calls for all of Hepatica to be included in Anemone. It grows on stone walls, rocks and in woodlands. The variety H. nobilis var. nobilis is native to Europe.

# Taxonomy
The taxonomy of the genus Anemone and its species is still not fully resolved.  Anemone acutiloba and Anemone americana have traditionally been placed in the genus Hepatica Miller, based on the involucre immediately subtending the flower, lobed leaves instead of cut leaves and the foliage persisting year round. But the latest phylogenetic studies of Anemone analyzed, surveyed broadly over its range of species, indicates that Hepatica should be included under Anemone. Hepatica does have some morphological differences with other Anemone species, but greater similarities both in molecular attributes and other shared morphologies would seem to outweigh the differences. (S. B. Hoot et al. 1994).

# Herbalism
It was used by medieval herbalists to treat liver diseases. Modern applications by herbalists include treatments for pimples, bronchitis and gout.
Anfinsen's dogma
Anfinsen's dogma (also known as the thermodynamic hypothesis) is a postulate in molecular biology championed by the Nobel prize laureate Christian B. Anfinsen. The dogma states that, at least for small globular proteins, the native structure is determined only by the protein's amino acid sequence. 
This amounts to say that, at the environmental conditions (temperature, solvent concentration and composition, etc.) at which folding occurs, the native structure is a unique, stable and kinetically accessible minimum of the free energy.
The three conditions:
- uniqueness: Requires that the sequence does not have any other configuration with a comparable free energy. Hence the free energy minimum must be unchallenged.
- stability: Small changes in the surrounding environment cannot give rise to changes in the minimum configuration. This can be pictured as a free energy surface that looks rather like a funnel (with the native state in the bottom of it) than like a soup plate; the free energy surface around the native state must be rather steep and high, in order to provide stability.
- kinetical accessibility: Means that the path in the free energy surface from the unfolded to the folded state must be reasonably smooth or in other words that the folding of the chain must not involve highly complex changes in the shape (like knots or other high order conformations).
How the protein reaches this structure is the subject of the field of protein folding, that has a related dogma called Levinthal's paradox. Levinthal's paradox states that the number of possible conformations available to a given protein is astronomically large. Effectively, this makes computational prediction of protein structure by evaluating all possible conformations unfeasible even for relatively small proteins.
Also, some proteins need the assistance of another protein called a chaperone protein to fold properly. It has been suggested that this disproves Anfinsen's dogma. However the chaperones do not appear to affect the final state of the protein, but seems to primarily work by preventing aggregation of several protein molecules before the protein is folded.
Anosmia overview
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# Overview
Anosmia is the inability to perceive odor, or in other words a lack of functioning olfaction.

# Causes
A temporary loss of smell can be caused by a stuffy nose or infection. In contrast, a permanent loss of smell may be caused by death of olfactory receptor neurons in the nose, or by brain injury in which there is damage to the olfactory nerve or damage to brain areas that process smell (see olfactory system). The lack of the sense of smell at birth, usually due to genetic factors, is referred as congenital anosmia. Anosmia may very occasionally be an early sign of degenerative brain diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
In the United States, more than 2 million people suffer from anosmia.
Anthranilic acid
Anthranilic acid is the organic compound with the formula C6H4(NH2)CO2H.  This amino acid is  white solid when pure, although commercial samples may appear yellow.  The molecule consists of a benzene ring with two adjacent funcitonal groups, a carboxylic acid and an amine.  Because these two groups are polar, this organic compound is highly soluble in water. It is sometimes referred to as vitamin L
Anthranilic acid is biosynthesized from chorismic acid.  It is the precursor to the amino acid tryptophan via the attachment of a ribose to the amine group.

# Uses
Anthranilic acid is used as an intermediate for production of dyes, pigments, and saccharin. It and its esters are used in preparing perfumes, pharmaceuticals and UV-absorber as well as corrosion inhibitors for metals and mold inhibitors in soya sauce.
Anthranilic acid can be used in organic synthesis to generate the benzyne intermediate.
Antifibrinolytic
Antifibrinolytics, such as aminocaproic acid (-aminocaproic acid) and tranexamic acid are used as inhibitors of fibrinolysis, which act by blocking the lysine-binding site on plasmin.
Tranexamic acid may reduce bleeding after orthopedic surgery. Tranexamic acid may better than aminocaproic acid for reducing estimated blood loss in orthopedic surgery.
Tranexamic acid may reduce bleeding after trauma.
They are used in menorrhagia and bleeding tendency due to various causes.
Aphasia overview
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# Overview
Aphasia (or aphemia) is a loss of the ability to produce and/or comprehend language, due to injury to brain areas specialized for these functions. It is not a result of deficits in sensory, intellect, or psychiatric functioning.  It is also not due to muscle weakness or a cognitive disorder.
Depending on the area and extent of the damage, someone suffering from aphasia may be able to speak but not write, or vice versa, or display any of a wide variety of other deficiencies in language comprehension and production, such as being able to sing but not speak. Aphasia may co-occur with speech disorders such as dysarthria or apraxia of speech, which also result from brain damage.

# Causes
Usually, aphasias are a result of damage (lesions) to the language centres of the brain (like Broca's area).  These areas are almost always located in the  left hemisphere, and in most people this is where the ability to produce and comprehend language is found.  However, in a very small number of people language ability is found in the right hemisphere.  In either case, damage to these language areas can be caused by a stroke, traumatic brain injury, or other head injury.  Aphasia may also develop slowly, as in the case of a brain tumor or progressively neurological disease.  It may also be caused by a sudden hemorrhagic event within the brain.

# Risk Factors
Anyone can acquire aphasia, including children, but most people who have aphasia are middle-aged or older. Men and women are equally affected. According to the National Aphasia Association, approximately 80,000 individuals acquire aphasia each year from strokes. About one million people in the United States currently have aphasia.

# History and Symptoms
Aphasia can be assessed in a variety of ways, from quick clinical screening at the bedside to several-hour-long batteries of tasks that examine the key components of language and communication.
Apolipoprotein D
Apolipoprotein D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOD gene. Unlike other lipoproteins, which are mainly produced in the liver, apolipoprotein D is mainly produced in the brain and testes.

# Function
Apolipoprotein D (Apo-D) is a component of high-density lipoprotein that has no marked similarity to other apolipoprotein sequences. It has a high degree of homology to plasma retinol-binding protein and other members of the alpha 2 microglobulin protein superfamily of carrier proteins, also known as lipocalins. It is a glycoprotein of estimated molecular weight 33 KDa. Apo-D is closely associated with the enzyme lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase - an enzyme involved in lipoprotein metabolism. ApoD has also been shown to be an important link in the transient interaction between HDL and LDL particles and between HDL particles and cells.

# Clinical significance
APOD is a biomarker of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS). APOD is an androgen up-regulated gene in normal scrotal fibroblast cells in comparison to CAIS labia majora cells.
APOD is associated with neurological disorders and nerve injury, especially related to myelin sheath. APOD was shown to be elevated in a rat model of stroke. APOD is elevated in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer's disease.
Apolipoprotein O
Apolipoprotein O also known as protein FAM121B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APOO gene.  APOO is a member of the apolipoprotein family.
The human, apolipoprotein O is a 198 amino acids protein that contains a 23 amino acids long signal peptide. The apoprotein is secreted by a microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP)-dependent mechanism, probably as a VLDL-associated protein that is subsequently transferred to HDL. Apolipoprotein O is the first chondroitine sulphate chain containing apolipoprotein.
Apolipoproteins are proteins that binds to lipids. Members of this family promote cholesterol efflux from macrophage cells. They are present in various lipoprotein complexes, including HDL, LDL and VLDL.
Aqueous solution

# Overview
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An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is usually shown in chemical equations as a subscript (aq). The word aqueous means pertaining to, related to, similar to, or dissolved in water. As water is an excellent solvent as well as naturally abundant, it logically has become a ubiquitous solvent in chemistry.
Substances that do not dissolve well in water are called hydrophobic ('water fearing') whereas those that do are known as hydrophilic ('water-loving'). An example of a hydrophilic substance would be the sodium chloride (ordinary table salt). Acids and bases are aqueous solutions, as part of their Arrhenius definitions.
The ability of a substance to dissolve in water is determined by whether the substance can match or exceed the strong attractive forces that water molecules generate between themselves. If the substance lacks the ability to dissolve in water the molecules form a precipitate.
Aqueous solutions that conduct electric current efficiently contain strong electrolytes, while ones that conduct poorly are considered to have weak electrolytes. Those strong electrolytes are substances that are completely ionised in water, whereas the weak electrolytes exhibit only a small degree of ionisation in water. Nonelectrolytes are substances that dissolve in water but do not produce any ions.
When performing calculations regarding the reacting of one or more aqueous solutions, one generally must know the concentration, or molarity, of the aqueous solutions. Solution concentration is given in terms of the form of the solute prior to it dissolving.

# Aqueous solubility
These are simple guidelines for determining solubility.
- All compounds with Na+, K+, NH4+ ions are soluble in water.
- All nitrates (NO3-) and acetates (CH3COO-) are soluble in water.
- Most chlorides (Cl-) and sulfates (SO42-) are soluble in water.  Except the following: AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2, BaSO4 and PbSO4.
- Most carbonates (CO32-), phosphates (PO43-), sulfides (S2-), and hydroxides (OH-) are insoluble in water.  Exceptions are LiOH, NaOH, KOH and NH3 (aq).
Arachidonic acid

# Overview
Arachidonic acid (AA) is an omega-6 fatty acid 20:4(-6).
It is the counterpart to the saturated arachidic acid found in peanut oil, (L. arachis  peanut.)

# Chemical characteristics
Chemically, arachidonic acid is a carboxylic acid with a 20-carbon chain and four cis double bonds; the first double bond is located at the sixth carbon from the omega end.
Some chemistry sources define 'arachidonic acid' to designate any of the eicosatetraenoic acids.  However, almost all writings in biology, medicine and nutrition limit the term  to all-cis 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid.

# Biological role
Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that is present in the phospholipids (especially phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositides) of membranes of the body's cells, and is abundant in the brain.
It is also involved in cellular signaling as a second messenger.
It is the source of several other molecules with specific roles, as described in the next section.

# Synthesis and cascade
Arachidonic acid is freed from phospholipid molecule by the enzyme phospholipase A2, which cleaves off the fatty acid precursor (usually linoleic acid).
Arachidonic acid is a precursor in the production of eicosanoids:
- the enzymes cyclooxygenase and peroxidase lead to Prostaglandin H2, which in turn is used to produce the prostaglandins, prostacyclin, and thromboxanes.
- the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase leads to 5-HPETE, which in turn is used to produce the leukotrienes.
- arachidonic acid is also used in the biosynthesis of anandamide.
The production of these derivatives, and their action in the body, are collectively known as the arachidonic acid cascade; see essential fatty acid interactions for more details.

# Arachidonic acid as an essential fatty acid
Arachidonic acid is one of the essential fatty acids required by most mammals. Some mammals lack the ability toor have a very limited capacity toconvert linoleic acid into arachidonic acid, making it an essential part of their diet. Since little or no arachidonic acid is found in plants, such animals are obligate carnivores; the cat is a common example.
Arnold Markowitz
Arnold Markowitz, M.S.W. is a Jewish American social worker, psychotherapist, and researcher of cults.  He is the Director of the Cult Hot Line and Clinic of the Jewish Board of Family and Childrens Services in New York City.  Markowitz also serves as Director of Brooklyn Adolescent Service, also known as "Break-Free Adolescent Services".
In 1986, Markowitz was honored with the "Jonestown Memorial Award", which is given in memory of victims of Peoples Temple tragedy in Jonestown, Guyana.  He was credited with founding the Cult Hotline and Clinic of the Jewish Board of Family and Childrens Services.  Dr. Philip D. Abramowitz, Director of the Jewish Community Relations Councils Task Force on Missionaries and Cults, was also honored with the Jonestown Memorial Award.
Markowitz is a founding member of the Interfaith Coalition of Concern About Cults, and is a member of the Task Force on Missionaries and Cults, Jewish Relations Council.  He is a staff member of the Martha K. Selig Institute.
In 1994, Markowitz was appointed by the OLD Cult Awareness Network as the Chairperson of the FOCUS committee (FOrmer CUltist Support Network).
According to Markowitz: "The difference between a cult and a non-destructive group lies in the deception cults use to lure members".
He further elaborated on this in a statement in 2001 to The Oregonian, stating that: "a group constitutes a destructive cult when it also has a self-appointed, charismatic leader who controls the daily lives of members."
Markowitz went on, stating the specific nature in which the cult leader can potentially take advantage of his/her followers: "These characteristics are geared toward taking advantage of, or abusing, people sexually or financially or for emotional or personal aggrandizement of the leader or leadership."

# Education
- Yeshiva University, M.S.W.
- Empire State College, B.S.

# Awards
- "Margaret Singer Award, International Cultic Studies Association,  2006, for "26 Years of Helping Families and Ex-members"
- Jonestown Memorial Award, 1986

# Publications

## Books
- Recovery from Cults (book), Contributor

## Articles
- "Cults and Children: The Abuse of the Young", Cultic Studies Journal, Vol. 1, No. 2, Arnold Markowitz, with David A. Halperin, M.D.
- Residential Treatment: The Potential for Cultic Evolution, Arnold Markowitz, David A. Halperin, M.D., Cultic Studies Journal

## Presentations
- Cults and Terrorism: Understanding Indoctrination, By Arnold Markowitz, LCSW, Presented at the November 3, 2002 Cult Information Service conference in Newark, NJ.
- The Extent of Satanism Among Adolescents, By Arnold Markowitz, LCSW, Cult Hotline & Clinic
- Is Osama Bin Laden or Al Qaeda a Cult, By Arnold Markowitz, LCSW, Fall 2001 at the Jewish Community Relations Council conference held at New York University, Hillel Bronfman Center
- AFF Annual Conference: Children and Cults, May 29 - May 31, 1998  Philadelphia, PA
- "Treatment Issues; Cults: Theory and Treatment Issues", Conference, May 30, 1997 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Arterial arcades
Arterial arcades are loops of arteries around the jejunum and ileum.
Nearest the duodenum the mesenteric loops are primary, the vasa recta are long and regular in distribution, and the translucent spaces (lunettes) are extensive.
Toward the ileocolic junction, secondary and tertiary loops are observed, the vessels are smaller and become obscured by numerous fat-tabs.
The diagrams below show the arrangement and variations of the loops of the mesenteric vessels for various segments of the small intestine of average length:
Arteriosclerosis
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# Overview
Arteriosclerosis refers to a hardening of medium and large arteries. The most common form of arteriosclerosis is atherosclerosis.

# Historical Perspective

## Etymology
The following terms are similar, yet distinct, in both spelling and meaning, and can be easily confused: arteriosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and atherosclerosis.  Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening (and loss of elasticity) of medium or large arteries (from the Greek Arterio, meaning artery, and sclerosis, meaning hardening), arteriolosclerosis is any hardening (and loss of elasticity) of arterioles (small arteries), atherosclerosis is a hardening of an artery specifically due to an atheromatous plaque. Therefore, atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis.

# Classification

## Types
- Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis. In atherosclerosis, thickening of the intima with plaques that can contain lipid-laden macrophages ("foam cells"). The plaques contain free lipid (cholesterol, etc.) and are prone to calcification and ulceration.
- Arteriosclerosis obliterans is typically seen in medium and large arteries of the lower extremity. Characterized by fibrosis of the intima and calcification of the media. The lumen of the vessel may be obliterated or markedly narrowed.
- Medial calcific sclerosis (Monckebergs calcific sclerosis) is seen mostly in the elderly, commonly in arteries of the thyroid and uterus. Characterized by calcification of the internal elastic lamina but without thickening of the intima or narrowing of the vessel lumen.
- Hyaline arteriolosclerosis refers to thickening of the walls of arterioles by the deposition of hyaline material. Often seen in kidney pathology.

# Pathophysiology

# Causes

# Differentiating Arteriosclerosis from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Prevention