Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
F-plasmid

# Overview
The Fertility factor (also known as F factor or sex factor) is a bacterial DNA sequence that allows a bacterium to produce a sex pilus necessary for conjugation.  It contains 20 tra (for "transfer") genes and a number of other genetic sequences responsible for incompatibility, replication, and other functions. The F factor is an episome and can exist as an independent plasmid or integrate into the bacterial cell's genome. There are several names for the possible states:
- Hfr bacteria possess F factor integrated into the bacterial genome.
- F+ bacteria possess F factor as a plasmid independent of the bacterial genome. The F plasmid contains only F factor DNA and no DNA from the bacterial genome.
- F' (F-prime) bacteria possess an F plasmid that also includes some DNA taken from the bacterial genome.
- F- bacteria do not contain F factor.
When an F+ cell conjugates with an F cell, the result is two F+ cells, both capable of transmitting the plasmid further by conjugation. In the case of Hfr, the result are two Hfr cells. When F-prime plasmids are transferred to a recipient bacterial cell, they carry pieces of the donor's DNA that can become important in recombination. Bioengineers have created F plasmids that can contain inserted foreign DNA; this is called a fosmid.
de:F-Plasmid
FMRFamide
FMRFamide (Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) is a neuropeptide from a broad family of FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) all sharing an -RFamide sequence at their C-terminus. First identified in Hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria it is thought to play an important role in cardiac activity regulation. In Mercenaria mercenaria, FMRFamide has been isolated and demonstrated to increase both the force and frequency of the heartbeat through a biochemical pathway that is thought to involve the increase of cytoplasmic cAMP in the ventricular region (Higgins et al., 1978).
FMRFamide is an important neuropeptide in several phyla such as Insecta, Nematoda, Mollusca and Annelida. 
It is the most abundant neuropeptide in endocrine cells of insect alimentary tracts along with allatostatin and tachykinin families, however the neuropeptides function is not known. Generally, the neuropeptide is encoded by several genes such as flp-1 through flp-22 in C. elegans. The common precursor of the FaRPs is modified to yield many different neuropeptides all having the same FMRFamide sequence. Moreover, these peptides are not functionally redundant .
In invertebrates, the FMFRamide-related peptides are known to affect heart rate, blood pressure, gut motility, feeding behaviour and reproduction. In vertebrates such as mice, they are known to affect opioid receptors resulting in elicitation of naloxone-sensitive antinociception and reduction of morphine-induced antinociception .
Face time

# Overview
Face time is interaction or contact between two or more people at the same time and physical location. Face time therefore occurs in "real life" or "meatspace" and contrasts primarily with interaction or contact which occurs over distance (eg. via telephone) and/or electronically (eg. via email, instant messaging, e-commerce, or computer simulations).
The term was originally a colloquialism but has entered the vernacular with the increasing number of people throughout the world who commonly and extensively rely on telecommunications and the internet for personal and business communication.
"Face time" was a primary theme in Douglas Coupland's novel Microserfs.

# Characteristics of face time
Face time is important for its unique characteristics of eye contact and touch. Various simulations that serve as an alternative to face time do not have these features (yet). Quality time is the idea of surrounding oneself with others of value, while having low obligations and being oriented towards fun (see Anthropological theories of value). This sort of behaviour is possible in non-face time situations like chat rooms, but it is widely felt that fun in a chat room does not qualify as quality time. The reasons for this are complicated (see loneliness). One explanation is that touch between humans is a fundamental of emotion well-being. Another explanation is that direct eye contact is critical to guarantee honesty. (see lying)

## Factors increasing face time
- Software is being developed to encourage conversation at coffee shops in which laptops are obstacle to face time. (see toothing)
- singles bars, dance clubs
- The rise of the Service economy
- collectivist cultures like China
- An increasing amount of intellectuals like Esther Dyson and Nicholas Negroponte studying the effects of technology in society.

## Factors decreasing face time
- Face time alternatives are more efficient (see Microsoft's business culture).
- The importance of the mass media.
- cybersex

# Applications in culture
- It applies to high-paced offices, like a newsroom.
- Can be used to describe direct time on television.
- Also has a variant of "Deface Time" - when a boss is around in real life to catch a worker being unproductive.
- Can apply to lobbyists, who value face-time for more effective persuasion.
- Can apply to student time with teachers or professors
Fair coin

# Overview
In probability theory and statistics, a sequence of independent Bernoulli trials with probability 1/2 of success on each trial is metaphorically called a fair coin.  One for which the probability is not 1/2 is called a biased or unfair coin.

# Fair results from a biased coin
If a cheater has altered a coin to prefer one side over another (a biased coin), surprisingly the coin can still be used for fair results by changing the game slightly.  John von Neumann gave the following procedure:
- Toss the coin twice.
- If the results match, start over, forgetting both results.
- If the results differ, use the first result, forgetting the second.
The reason this process produces a fair result is that the probability of getting heads and then tails must be the same as the probability of getting tails and then heads, as the coin is not changing its bias between flips and the two flips are independent.  By excluding the events of two heads and two tails by repeating the procedure, the coin flipper is left with the only two remaining outcomes having equivalent probability. This procedure only works if the tosses are paired properly; if part of a pair is reused in another pair, the fairness may be ruined.
Some coins have been alleged to be unfair when spun on a table, but the results have not been substantiated or are not significant.
Farnesene
The term farnesene refers to a set of closely related chemical compounds which are sesquiterpenes.  -Farnesene and -farnesene are isomers, differing by the location of one double bond.  -Farnesene is 3,7,11-trimethyl-1,3,6,10-dodecatetraene and -farnesene is 7,11-dimethyl-3-methylene-1,6,10-dodecatriene.  The alpha form can exist as four stereoisomers that differ about the geometry of two of its three internal double bonds (the E and Z stereoisomers of the third internal double bond are identical).  The beta form can exist as two stereoisomers about the geometry of its central double bond.
-(E,E)-Farnesene is the most common isomer.  It is found the coating of apples, and other fruits, and its oxidation by air produces compounds that are damaging to the fruit.  It produces a characteristic green apple odour. The oxidation products result in injury to cell membranes which eventually result in cell death in the outermost cell layers of the fruit, resulting in a storage disorder known as scald.  -(Z,E)-Farnesene has been isolated from the oil of perilla.  Both isomers are also insect pheremones.
-Farnesene has one naturally occurring isomer.  The (E)-isomer is a constituent of various essential oils.  It is also released by aphids as an alarm pheromone upon death to warn away other aphids.  Several plants, including the wild potato have been shown to synthesize this pheromone as a natural insect repellent.
Faropenem

# Overview
Faropenem is an orally-active beta-lactam antibiotic belonging to the penem group. It is the first orally-active penem antibiotic. Faropenem was developed by Daiichi Asubio Pharma, which markets it in two forms.
- The sodium salt faropenem sodium, available under the trade name Farom, has been marketed in Japan since 1997. (Template:PubChem)
- The prodrug form faropenem medoxomil (also known as faropenem daloxate) has been licensed from Daiichi Asubio Pharma by Replidyne, which plans to market it in conjunction with Forest Pharmaceuticals. The trade name proposed for the product was Orapem but company officials recently announced that this name was rejected by the FDA. (Q1 06 Investor Conf Call)(Template:PubChem)
The company also stated their hope to have the product available for commercial sale months before the 2007 influenza season.

# Clinical use
Faropenem has yet to receive marketing approval in the United States, and was submitted for consideration by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on 20 December 2005. The new drug application (NDA) dossier submitted included four proposed indications:
- acute bacterial sinusitis
- community acquired pneumonia
- acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
- uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections
Fecal fat

# Overview
In medicine, a fecal fat test is a diagnostic test for fat malabsorption conditions (also referred to as steatorrhea).

# Background
In the small intestine, dietary fat (primarily triglycerides) is digested by enzymes such as pancreatic lipase into smaller molecules which can be absorbed through the wall of the small intestine and enter the circulation for metabolism and storage. As fat is a valuable nutrient, human feces normally contain very little undigested fat. However, a number of diseases of the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract are characterized by fat malabsorption.
Examples of such diseases are:
- disorders of exocrine pancreatic function, such as chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (these are characterized by deficiency of pancreatic digestive enzymes)
- celiac disease (in which the fat malabsorption in severe cases due to inflammatory damage to the integrity of the intestinal lining)
- short bowel syndrome (in which much of the small intestine has had to be surgically removed and the remaining portion cannot completely absorb all of the fat).
- small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome

# Microscopy
In the simplest form of the fecal fat test, a random fecal specimen is submitted to the hospital laboratory and examined under a microscope after staining with a Sudan III or Sudan IV dye ("Sudan staining"). Visible amounts of fat indicate some degree of fat malabsorption..

# Quantitative fecal fat test
Quantitative fecal fat tests measure and report an amount of fat. This usually done over a period of three days, the patient collecting all of their feces into a container.
The container is thoroughly mixed to homogenize the feces, this can be done with a paint mixer. A small sample from the feces is collected. The fat content is extracted with solvents and measured by saponification (turning the fat into soap).
Normally up to 7 grams of fat can be malabsorbed in people consuming 100 grams of fat per day.  In patients with diarrhea, up to 12 grams of fat may be malabsorbed since the presence of diarrhea interferes with fat absorption, even when the diarrhea is not due to fat malabsorption.
Fetishism

# Overview
A fetish (from French fetiche; from Portuguese feitico; from Latin facticius, "artificial" and facere, "to make") is an object believed to have supernatural powers, or in particular a man-made object that has power over others. Essentially, fetishism is the attribution of  inherent value or powers to an object.

# History
The concept was coined by Charles de Brosses in 1757, while comparing West African religion to the magical aspects of Ancient Egyptian religion. Later, Auguste Comte used the concept to apply an evolution theory to religion. In Compte's theory of the evolution of religion, he proposed that fetishism is the earliest (most primitive) stage, followed by the stages of polytheism and monotheism.
In the end, some artifacts certain monotheist religions (Holy Cross, Consecrated Hosts, etc.) use for their rites are other incarnation of fetishism. However, this vision is denied by monotheist practitioners.
In the 19th century, Tylor and McLennan held that the concept of fetishism allowed historians of religion to shift attention from the relationship between people and God to the relationship between people and material objects. They also held that it established models of causal explanations of natural events which they considered false as a central problem in history and sociology.

# Practice
Theoretically, fetishism is present in all religions, but its use in the study of religion is derived from studies of traditional West African religious beliefs, as well as Voodoo, which is derived from those beliefs.
Blood is often considered a particularly powerful fetish or ingredient in fetishes.
In addition to blood, other objects and substances, such as bones, fur, claws, feathers, water from certain places, certain types of plants and wood are common fetishes in the traditions of cultures worldwide.

# Other uses of the term "fetishism"
- In the 19th century Karl Marx appropriated the term to describe commodity fetishism as an important component of capitalism. Nowadays, (commodity and capital) fetishism is a central concept of marxism
- Later Sigmund Freud appropriated the concept to describe a form of paraphilia where the object of affection is an inanimate object or a specific part of a person; see sexual fetish.
Fibrillin
Fibrillin is a glycoprotein, which is essential for the formation of elastic fibers found in connective tissue.
Fibrillin is secreted into the extracellular matrix by fibroblasts and becomes incorporated into the insoluble microfibrils, which appear to provide a scaffold 
for deposition of elastin.

# Clinical aspect
Mutations in FBN1 and FBN2 are associated with                 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis            .

# Types

## Fibrillin-1
Fibrillin-1 is a major component of the microfibrils that form a sheath surrounding the amorphous elastin. It is believed that the microfibrils are composed of end-to-end polymers of fibrillin. To date, 3 forms of fibrillin have been described. The fibrillin-1 protein was isolated by Engvall  in 1986, and mutations in the FBN1 gene cause Marfan syndrome.
This protein is found in humans, and its gene is found on chromosome 15. At present more than 1500 different mutations have been described.

### Structure
There is no complete, high-resolution structure of fibrillin-1. Instead, short fragments have been produced recombinantly and their structures solved by X-ray crystallography or using NMR spectroscopy. A recent example is the structure of the fibrillin-1 hybrid2 domain, in context of its flanking calcium binding epidermal growth factor domains, which was determined using X-ray crystallography to a resolution of 1.8 A. The microfibrils that are made up of fibrillin protein are responsible for different cell-matrix interactions in the human body.

## Fibrillin-2
Fibrillin-2 was isolated in 1994 by Zhang and is thought to play a role in early elastogenesis. Mutations in the fibrillin-2 gene have been linked to Beal's Syndrome.

## Fibrillin-3
More recently, fibrillin-3 was described and is believed to be located mainly in the brain. Along with the brain, fibrillin-3 has been localized in the gonads and ovaries of field mice.

## Fibrillin-4
Fibrillin-4 was first discovered in zebrafish, and has a sequence similar to fibrillin-2.
Fibrocyte
Fibrocyte is a very old term used to identify inactive mesenchymal cells, that is cells showing minimal cytoplasm,limited amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and lack of biochemical evidence of synthesis of proteins.  
The term "fibrocyte" contrasts with the term "fibroblast."  Fibroblasts are connective tissue cells characterized by synthesis of proteins of the fibrous matrix, particularly the collagens. When tissue is injured, the predominant mesenchymal cells, the fibroblast, have been believed to be derived from the fibrocyte or possibly from smooth muscle cells lining vessels and glands.  Commonly, fibroblasts express smooth muscle actin, a form of actin first found in smooth muscle cells and not found in resting fibrocytes.  Fibroblasts expressing this form of actin are usually called "myo-fibroblasts."  
Recently, the term "fibrocyte" has also been applied to a blood born cell able to leave the blood, enter tissue and become a fibroblast.  As part of the more general topic of stem cell biology, a number of studies have suggested that the blood contains marrow derived cells that can differentiate into fibroblasts.  These cells have been reported to express the hematopoietic cell surface markers CD34+, CD45+, as well as as collagen.  These cell can migrate to wound sites, suggesting a role in wound healing. There are several studies suggesting that fibrocytes mediate wound healing and fibrotic tissue repair.
Filaggrin
Filaggrin (filament aggregating protein) is a filament-associated protein that binds to keratin fibers in epithelial cells. Ten to twelve filaggrin units are post-translationally hydrolyzed from a large profilaggrin precursor protein during terminal differentiation of epidermal cells. In humans, profilaggrin is encoded by the FLG gene, which is part of the S100 fused-type protein (SFTP) family within the epidermal differentiation complex on chromosome 1q21.

# Profilaggrin
Filaggrin monomers are tandemly clustered into a large, 350kDa protein precursor known as profilaggrin. In the epidermis, these structures are present in the keratohyalin granules in cells of the stratum granulosum. Profilaggrin undergoes proteolytic processing to yield individual filaggrin monomers at the transition between the stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum, which may be facilitated by calcium-dependent enzymes.

# Structure
Filaggrin is characterized by a particularly high isoelectric point, which is the result of the relatively high presence of histidine in its primary structure. It is also relatively low in the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine.

# Function
Filaggrin is essential for the regulation of epidermal homeostasis. Within the stratum corneum, filaggrin monomers can become incorporated into the lipid envelope, which is responsible for the skin barrier function. Alternatively, these proteins can interact with keratin intermediate filaments. Filaggrin undergoes further processing in the upper stratum corneum to release free amino acids that assist in water retention.
Some studies attribute Filaggrin an important role in keeping the physiological acidic pH of the skin, through a breaking down mechanism to form histidine and subsequently trans-urocanic acid, however others have shown that the filaggrinhistidineurocanic acid cascade is not essential for skin acidification.

# Clinical significance
Individuals with truncation mutations in the gene coding for filaggrin are strongly predisposed to a severe form of dry skin, ichthyosis vulgaris, and/or eczema.
It has been shown that almost 50% of all severe cases of eczema may have at least one mutated filaggrin gene.  R501X and 2284del4 are not generally found in non-Caucasian individuals, though novel mutations (3321delA and S2554X) that yield similar effects have been found in Japanese populations. Truncation mutations R501X and 2284del4 are the most common mutations in the Caucasian population, with 7 to 10% of the Caucasian population carrying at least one copy of these mutations.
Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis recognizing an epitope of citrullinated peptides are cross-reactive with filaggrin.
The barrier defect seen in filaggrin null carriers also appears to lead to increased asthma susceptibility and exacerbations. Filaggrin deficiency is one of the top genome-wide genetic determinants of asthma, along with the variants found that regulate ORMDL3 expression.
In early infancy, the penetrance of filaggrin mutations may be increased by household exposure to cats.
Filopodia
The filopodia are slender cytoplasmic projections, similar to lamellipodia, which extend from the leading edge of migrating cells. They contain actin filaments cross-linked into bundles by actin-binding proteins, e.g. fimbrin (Hanein et al, 1997). Filopodia form focal adhesions with the substratum, linking it to the cell surface (Lodish et al, 2004). A cell migrates along a surface by extending filopodia at the leading edge. The filopodia attach to the substratum further down the migratory pathway, then contraction of stress fibres retracts the rear of the cell to move the cell forwards.
Activation of the Rho family of small Ras-related GTPases and their downstream intermediates results in the construction of actin fibers (Ohta et al, 1999). Growth factors bind to receptor tyrosine kinases resulting in the polymerization of actin filaments, which cross-linked, make up the supporting cytoskeletal elements of filopodia. Rho activity also results in the activation of the phosphorylation of the ezrin-moesin-radixin group promoting the binding of actin filaments to the filopodia membrane (Ohta et al, 1999).
To close a wound in vertebrates, growth factors stimulate the formation of filopodia in fibroblasts to direct fibroblast division and close the wound (Bentley et al, 1986). In developing neurons, filopodia extend from the growth cone at the leading edge. In neurons deprived of filopodia by the removal of actin filaments, growth cone extension continues as normal but direction of growth is disrupted and highly irregular (Bentley et al, 1986).
Flagellin
Flagellin is a protein that arranges itself in a hollow cylinder to form the filament in bacterial flagellum. It has a mass of about 30,000 to 60,000  daltons.  Flagellin is the principal substituent of bacterial flagellum, and is present in large amounts on nearly all flagellated bacteria.

# Structure
The structure of flagellin is responsible for the helical shape of the flagellar filament, which is important for its proper function.
The N- and C-termini of flagellin form the inner core of the flagellin protein, and is responsible for flagellin's ability to polymerize into a filament.  The central portion of the protein makes up the outer surface of the flagellar filament.  While the termini of the protein is quite similar between all bacterial flagellins, the central portion is wildly variable.

# Immune response

## In mammals
Mammals often have acquired immune responses (T-cell and antibody responses) to flagellated bacterium occurs frequently to flagellar antigens.  Some bacteria are able to switch between multiple flagellin genes in order to evade this response.
The propensity of the immune response to flagellin may be explained by two facts:
- First, flagellin is an extremely abundant protein in flagellated bacteria.
- Secondly, there exists a specific innate immune receptor that recognizes flagellin, Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5).

## In plants
In addition a 22 amino acid sequence (flg22) of the conserved N-terminal part of flagellin is known to activate plant defence mechanisms. Flagellin perception in Arabidopsis thaliana functions via the receptor-like-kinase, FLS2 (flagellin-sensitive-2)). Mitogen-activated-protein-kinases (MAPK) acts as signalling compounds and more than 900 genes are affected upon flg22 treatment.
Pre-stimulation with a synthetic flg22-peptide led to enhanced resistance against bacterial invaders.