Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Daniel Kriegman
Daniel Kriegman is an American psychoanalyst and writer. He is a founder of the Psychoanalytic Couple and Family Institute of New England, and a faculty member at the Massachusetts Institute for Psychoanalysis. He was formerly Chief Psychologist and the Director of Supervision and Training at the Massachusetts Treatment Center for Sexually Dangerous Offenders, as well as the Clinical Director for the maximum-security, intensive-treatment unit for adolescents in Boston.
Kriegman is co-author, with Malcolm Slavin, of The Adaptive Design of the Human Psyche: Psychoanalysis, Evolutionary Biology, and the Therapeutic Process, a book that created the psychoanalytic paradigm known as evolutionary psychoanalysis, and co-editor, with J. G. Teicholz, of Trauma, Repetition, & Affect Regulation: The Work of Paul Russell. He has published over 30 scholarly articles and book chapters on topics related to the evolutionary understanding of human behavior and the theory and practice of psychoanalytic approaches to psychotherapy.
He has a full-time private practice providing psychoanalytic treatment to individuals, couples, and families in Newton, Massachusetts, as well as specialized work in forensic psychology (e.g., expert witness testimony in cases involving the prediction of dangerousness).
He is the founder of Zuzu's Place,  which is developing a cooperative housing alternative to the mental health system for people who have been diagnosed with major mental illnesses.
Kriegman is also one of the founders of an open source religion called Yoism and is the author of "The Word according to Yo."

# Notes
-  Charles Piller (2006-07-23). "Divine Inspiration From the Masses". Los Angeles Times. Check date values in: |date= (help).mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  Gunderson, Matt (2004). "Taking 'yo' off the street and into church". Globe Newspaper Company. Retrieved 2006-08-06. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
Data collection

# Definition
Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting data - for example as part of a process improvement or similar project.
Data collection usually takes place early on in an improvement project, and is often formalised through a data collection Plan  which often contains the following activity.
- Pre collection activity  Agree goals, target data, definitions, methods
- Collection  data collection
- Present Findings  usually involves some form of sorting analysis and/or presentation.
A formal data collection process is necessary as it ensures that data gathered is both defined and accurate and that subsequent decisions based on arguments embodied in the findings are valid .  The process provides both a baseline from which to measure from and in certain cases a target on what to improve.
Davina Kotulski
Davina Kotulski, Ph.D. is a clinical psychologist, author of Why You Should give a Damn About Gay Marriage and activist for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Equal Rights. Kotulski has been particularly active in the same-sex marriage movement, from fighting Californias anti-gay marriage ballot initiative, to her leadership with Californians for Same Sex Marriage, Marriage Equality California, the California Freedom to Marry Coalition, and as the former Executive Director of Marriage Equality USA.
Beginning in February 2001, Kotulski and her "unlawfully wedded" wife, Molly McKay, began going to City Halls in the Bay Area asking for marriage licenses and organizing annual "Marriage License Counter" protests to draw attention to the hundreds of rights same-sex couples contend they are denied. They also began organizing annual  Protests on April 15 to point out the inequities same-sex couples face with regard to taxation and representation.
To recognize the life of Diane Whipple and honor her survivor Sharon Smith, Kotulski helped organize the Diane Whipple Anniversary march on January 26 2002. Then, in response to having her San Francisco Marriage License invalidated, Kotulski organized the "Marriage Equality Express," an educational bus tour across the United States that culminated in the first national marriage equality rally in Washington, DC on October 11 2004.  Time and Parade magazines included the rally when citing the importance of marriage equality activism as one of the top 10 issues of 2004.
Kotulski and her wife, Molly McKay, were the 17th couple married in San Francisco. They have appeared together on CNN, Newsweek, Time and USA Today.  They are featured in three documentaries: Freedom to Marry (shown in 7 countries and featured on PBS), Pursuit of Equality, and  I Will, I Do, We Did following the San Francisco marriages that took place in 2004, as well as several television shows including American Quest, documenting the National Marriage Equality Express, and a Queer Nation TV special in New Zealand.  Her written work is also included in an anthology entitled I Do/I Dont: Queers on Marriage.
In 2003, Kotulski and her wife received the "Defenders of Love" Award from the East Bay Pride Committee. In 2004, Kotulski received the "Saints Alive" Award from the San Francisco Metropolitan Community Church and was sainted by the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence for her activism and advocacy on behalf of full marriage equality for all couples.
Dawn simulation
Dawn simulation is a technique used in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder, also known as winter depression. Typically, the treatment involves timing lights in one's bedroom to come on gradually, over a period of 30 minutes to 2 hours, before awakening.

# History
Dawn simulation was developed in the 1980s at Columbia University following a long line of basic laboratory research that showed animals' circadian rhythms to be exquisitely sensitive to the dim, gradually rising dawn signal at the end of the night.

# Clinical Use
There are two types of dawn that have been used effectively in a clinical setting: a naturalistic dawn mimicking a springtime sunrise (but used in mid-winter when it is still dark outside), and a "sigmoidal"-shaped dawn (30 minutes to 2 hours). When used successfully, patients are able to sleep through the dawn and wake up easily at the simulated sunrise, after which the day's treatment is over. The theory behind dawn simulation is based on the fact that early morning light signals are much more effective at advancing the biological clock than are light signals given at other times of day (see Phase response curve).

## Comparison with Bright Light Therapy
Dawn simulation generally uses light sources that range in illuminance from 100 to 300 lux, while bright light boxes are usually closer to 10,000 lux. Approximately 19% of patients discontinue post-awakening bright light therapy due to inconvenience. Because the entire treatment is complete before awakening, dawn simulation may be a more convenient alternative to post-awakening bright light therapy. In terms of efficacy, some studies have shown dawn simulation to be more effective than standard bright light therapy while others have shown no difference or shown that bright light therapy is superior.
Some patients with SAD use both dawn simulation and bright light therapy to provide maximum energy at the start of the day.

## Other Uses
In an elaboration of the method, healthcare providers have also presented patients presented with a dim dusk signal at bedtime, with indications that it eases sleep onset. In addition, the technique has been used clinically with patients who suffer from delayed sleep phase syndrome, helping them to awaken earlier in gradual steps, as the simulated dawn is moved to an earlier time.
Paraproteinemia

# Overview
Paraproteinemia (also known as "monoclonal gammopathy") is the presence of excessive amounts of a single monoclonal gammaglobulin (in this case denominated "paraprotein") in the blood. It denotes an underlying immunoproliferative disorder.

# Types
Paraproteinaemias may be categorised according to the type of monoclonal protein found in blood:
- Light chains ("Bence Jones protein") only;
- Heavy chains only;
- Whole immunoglobulins (albeit often with an abnormal light / heavy chain ratio). In this case, the paraprotein goes under the name of "M-protein" ("M" for monoclonal). If immunoglobulins tend to precipitate within blood vessels with cold, that phenomenon takes the name of cryoglobulinaemia.

# Possible causes
- Leukaemias and lymphomas of various types.
- Myeloma
- Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (IgM only)
- Amyloidosis (either light or heavy chains only)
If no cause is identified, the term "monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance" is used.

# Diagnosis
These disorders are characterized by the presence of any abnormal protein that is involved in the immune system, which are most often immunoglobulins and are associated with the clonal proliferation of lymphocytes.
When a paraproteinemia is present in the blood, there will be a narrow band, or spike, in the serum protein electrophoresis because there will be an excess of production of one protein.
There are two large classes of blood proteins: albumin and globulin. They are generally equal in proportion, but albumin is much smaller than globulin, and slightly negatively charged, which leads to an accumulation at the end of the electrophoretic gel. The globulins separate out into three regions on the electrophoretic gel, which are the  band, the  band, and the  band.
- The  band can be separated into two components: 1 and 2. The 1 region consists mostly of 1-antitrypsin and 1-acid glycoprotein. The 2 region is mostly haptoglobin, 2-macroglobulin, 2-antiplasmin and ceruloplasmin.
- The  band consists of transferring, low density lipoproteins, and complement system proteins.
- The  band is where the immunoglobulins appear, which is why they are also known as gammaglobulins. The majority of paraproteins appear in this band.

# Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Paraproteinemia
- Amyloidosis
- Benign gammopathy
- Bronchial carcinoma
- Chronic Idiopathic Cold Agglutinin Disease
- Cirrhosis
- Cryoglobulins
- Franklin's disease
- Malignant Melanoma
- Monoclonal gammopathy of unclear origin
- Multiple Myeloma
- Prostate carcinoma
Rash with fever

# Overview
Rash with Fever can occur in patients of all ages. Centers for Disease Control and prevention(CDC) defines a person to have a fever when "he or she has a measured temperature of 100.4 F (38 C) or greater, or feels warm to the touch, or gives a history of feeling feverish."  It is a common finding in children as well as adults. In adults, it can occur due to multiple etiologies such as allergic reactions, Immune disorders, infections, etc.  . The infectious agents often trigger rash by mode of a toxin or an immunogenic reaction to the antigens. Infectious agents associated with fever with rash in adults can be viral or bacterial. Some examples of such organisms are the Rubeola virus, Staphylococcus aureus, Borrelia burgdorferi. Among allergic reactions, adverse drugs reactions are the ones most commonly associated with Rash with Fever. The clinical condition of the patient can range from mild flu-like symptoms in Lyme's disease to severe life-threatening situations such as Toxic shock syndrome caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

# Causes

## Life threatening causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
- Acute meningococcemia by Neisseria Meningitidis
- Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome causes by Staphylococcus aureus
- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis-Steven Johnson syndrome (TEN-SJS)
- Toxic Shock syndrome caused by Staphylococci or Streptococci

## Common causes
- Adult-onset Stills disease
- Drugs reactions
- Infectious Mononucleosis
- Measles/ Rubeola
- Rickettsial infections such as Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- West Nile Fever

## Less common causes
- COVID-19(SARS CoV-2)
- Dengue fever
- Dermatomyositis
- Graft vs Host reaction
- Acute HIV infection
- Parvovirus B19
- Pyoderma gangrenosum
- Sweet Syndrome
- Typhoid fever
- Syphilis

## Causes by Organ system

## Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Borrelia Burgdorferi
- Drug reactions
- Fifth disease
- Measles
- Meningococcemia
- Parvovirus
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Rubella
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Toxic Shock Syndrome
- Varicella
- Viral exanthems
Testicular pain

# Overview
Testicular pain should always be considered urgent because of possible Fourniers Gangerene or testicular torsion. Cancer is a common fear in patients.

# Differentiating Testicular Pain from other Diseases

## In Alphabetical Order 
- Epididymal or testicular appendage torsion
- Epididymysis
- Fournier's Gangrene
- Henoch-Schonlein purpura
- Hydrocele
- Peritonitis
- Referred pain due to an incarcerated hernia, constipation or kidney stone
- Ruptured abdominal aneurysm
- Scrotal trauma
- Testicular torsion
- Tumor

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
- History and physical exam includes abdomen, back, genitalia and digital rectal exam.
- Note: Onset, duration, location, quality and any other instances of pain
- Transilluminate for fluid
- "Blue dot sign" -> Blue coloration along upper area seen in 20% of torsion of the testicular appendix and/or due to infarction or necrosis.
- Palpate testicle and spermatic cord for:
- Effusion
- Tenderness
- Subcutaneous emphysema
- Size

## Laboratory Findings
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis culture
- Urinalysis in all patients

## MRI
- Recent studies support the use of MRI

## Ultrasound
- Use doppler to check for masses

# Treatment

## Acute Pharmacotherapies
- Epididymitis
- Antibiotic therapy
- NSAIDs and scrotal elevation
- UTI
- Antibiotic therapy
- Tumor
- Resection

## Surgery
- Testicular torsion is an emergency
- Necessary to salvage testicle
- If surgery is not available, perform manual detorsion
- Penetrate spermatic cord with 10-20mL of 1% lidocaine
- Gently twist testes to the left and right
- Patient will feel immediate relief upon detorsion
- Refer to a to a urologist if unsuccessful
- Incarcerated inguinal hernias and testicular rupture involve surgery
De Vivo disease
De Vino disease is an autosomal dominant disease associated with a deficiency of GLUT1.

# Presentation
Children with this disease presents with refractory seizure disorder , ataxia, and developmental delay with deceleration of head growth and microcephaly.1
The seizure is usually an infantile- onset often begin at 1-4 months of age.2 usually starts as complex seizure and later in childhood becomes more generalized.the frequency of seizure is variable and a history of decreasing seizure frequency during times of ketosis (ex: during an illness) should prompt the diagnosis2
Seizure is usually refractory to anticonvulsants and it might be exacerbated by phenobarbitaone.2
Developmental delay is global and includes receptive and expressive language dysfunction.2
Ataxia, fine motor control problems is also global.2

# Diagnosis
CSF glucose value, (<2.2 mmol/L), or lowered CSF/Plasma glucose ratio( <0.4), erythrocyte 3-O-methyl-d-glucose uptake assay.

# Treatment
Ketogenic diet helps control the seizure by providing ketones as an alternative fuel to the brain instead of glucose.
Pseudosubstrate
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In biochemistry, there are decoy receptors, decoy substrates and decoy RNA. In addition, digital decoys are used in protein folding simulations.

# Decoy receptor
A decoy receptor, or sink receptor , is a receptor that binds a ligand, inhibiting it from binding to its normal receptor. For instance, the receptor VEGFR-1 can prevent vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from binding to the VEGFR-2

# Decoy substrate
A decoy substrate or pseudosubstrate is a protein that has similar structure to the substrate of an enzyme, in order to make the enzyme bind to the pseudosubstrate rather than to the real substrate, thus blocking the activity of the enzyme. These proteins are therefore enzyme inhibitors.
Examples include 3KL produced by vaccinia virus, which prevents the immune system of phosphorylating the substrate eIF-2 by having a similar structure to eIF-2. Thus, the vaccinia virus avoids the immune system.

# Digital decoys
In protein folding simulations, a decoy is a computer-generated protein structure which is designed so to compete with the real structure of the protein. Decoys are used to test the validity of a protein model; the model is considered correct only if is able to identify the native state configuration of the protein among the decoys.
Decoys are generally used to overcome a main problem in protein folding simulations: the enormity of the conformational space. For very detailed protein models, it can be practically impossible to explore all the possible configurations to find the native state.
To deal with this problem, one can make use of decoys. The idea behind this, is that the native configuration has not to be blindly searched through all possible conformations; the search can be limited to a relevant sub-set of structures. To start with, all non-compact configurations can be excluded.
A typical decoy set will include globular conformations of various shapes, some having no secondary structures, some having helices and sheets in different proportions.
The computer model being tested will be used to calculate the free energy of the protein in the decoy configurations. The minimum requirement for the model to be correct is that it identifies the native state as the minimum free energy state (see Anfinsen's dogma).
-  Jump up to: 1.0 1.1  Pleiotropic Action of VEGF in the CNS
Unconsciousness
Synonyms and keywords: LOC: non responsive; unresponsive; non-responsive; non-responsiveness; unresponsiveness; lack of responsiveness; lack of response; reduced alertness; disturbance of consciousness; decreased level of consciousness; decreased LOC; decreased consciousness; partial loss of consciousness; loss of consciousness; lack of consciousness

# Overview
Unconsciousness is a dramatic alteration of mental state that involves complete or near-complete lack of responsiveness to people and other environmental stimuli.  A transient LOC followed by rapid recovery is referred to as syncope.

# Causes

## Common Causes
- Alcohol
- Brownout or greyout, a partial loss of consciousness
- Cardiac arrest
- Coma
- Fainting
- Fatigue
- Hypnotic drugs
- Sedatives
- Stroke
- Syncope
- Traumatic brain injury
- Viral meningitis

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order

# Differentiating Loss of Consciousness from other Diseases
- Loss of consciousness should not be confused with the notion of the psychoanalytic unconscious or cognitive processes (e.g., implicit cognition) that take place outside of awareness.  Loss of consciousness must not be confused with altered states of consciousness, such as delirium (when the person is confused and only partially responsive to the environment), normal sleep, hypnosis, and other altered states in which the person responds to stimuli.
Serous demilune
A serous demilune is a cap in the shape of a half-moon (hence the name, "demilune") on some salivary glands.
The serous demilune is an artifact from traditional methods of preparing samples. Samples are traditionally preserved and fixed in formaldehyde. When samples were preserved by quick-freezing in liquid nitrogen and then fixed with osmium tetraoxide in acetone, no demilunes are found. Examination showed that the serous cells and mucosal cells were aligned in the acinus. The traditional preparation caused serous cells to swell during fixation, and they popped out of their alignment. After sectioning the cells resembled the common demilune shape, and were so named. 
When the gland has this demilunar structure, it produces both serous and mucous secretions, and is thus classified as "mixed".
Dendritic spine

# Overview
A dendritic spine is a small (sub-micrometre) membranous extrusion that protrudes from a dendrite and forms one half of a synapse. Typically spines have a bulbous head (the spine head) which is connected to the parent dendrite through a thin spine neck. Dendritic spines are found on the dendrites of most principal neurons in the brain including cortical pyramidal neurons, medium spiny neurons of the striatum and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Hippocampal and cortical pyramidal neurons may receive tens of thousands of mostly excitatory inputs from other neurons onto their equally numerous spines, whereas the number of spines on Purkinje neuron dendrites is an order of magnitude larger.
Spines come in a variety of shapes and have been categorized accordingly, e.g. mushroom spines, thin spines and stubby spines. Electron microscopy studies have shown that there is a continuum of shapes between these categories. There is some evidence that differently shaped spines reflect different developmental stages and also strengths of a synapse. Using two-photon laser scanning microscopy and confocal microscopy, it has been shown that the volume of spines can change depending on the types of stimuli that are presented to a synapse. Also using the same technique, time-lapse studies in the brains of living animals have shown that spines come and go, with the larger mushroom spines being the most stable over time.

# Dendritic spines as biochemical compartments
Spines are believed to restrict diffusion of ions and second messengers from the synapse to the dendrite. As such, they form biochemical compartments that can encode changes in the state of an individual synapse without necessarily affecting the state of other synapses of the same neuron.

# Role in synaptic plasticity
Changes in dendritic spine density underlie many brain functions, including motivation, learning, and memory. In particular, long-term memory is mediated in part by the growth of new dendritic spines (or the enlargement of pre-existing spines) to reinforce a particular neural pathway. By strengthening the connection between two neurons, the ability of the presynaptic cell to activate the postsynaptic cell is enhanced. This type of synaptic regulation forms the basis of synaptic plasticity.
Dental alveolus

# Overview
Dental alveolus (plural, alveoli) are sockets in the jaws in which the roots of teeth are held in the alveolar process of maxilla with the periodontal ligament.  The lay term for dental alveoli is tooth sockets.  A joint that connect the roots of the teeth and the alveolus are called gomphosis (plural gomphoses).
In mammals, tooth sockets are found in the maxilla and the mandible.

# Pathology
The swelling of the dental alveoli can result in alveolitis, causing pain and discomfort to the mouth.