Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Psi-DOM
-DOM, or 2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, is a hallucinogenic drug and a structural isomer of the better-known hallucinogen DOM. -DOM was first reported by Alexander Shulgin in his book PIHKAL.
-DOM has similar effects to DOM, but is only around 1/3 - 1/2 the potency, with an active dose reported to be between 15-25 milligrams. The effects of -DOM last for around 6-8 hours.
The activity of -DOM (and -2C-T-4) demonstrates that the two methoxy groups on the psychedelic phenethylamines are not strictly limited to the 2,5 positions on the phenyl ring. Indeed any of the 2Cx or DOx series of drugs could alternatively be made as the 2,6 isomer and would still be expected to show similar activity, although slightly less potent. In theory this would vastly expand the range of different hallucinogens that could be derived from this family of drugs. The 2,6 isomer of another similar drug 2C-D-FLY (see 2C-B-FLY) has also been made by David Nichols and found to be active, this might by extension be referred to as -2C-D-FLY.
Pterion
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# Overview
The point corresponding with the posterior end of the sphenoparietal suture is named the pterion.

# Location
It is situated about 3 cm. behind, and a little above the level of the zygomatic process of the frontal bone.
It marks the junction between four bones:
- the parietal bone
- the temporal bone
- the sphenoid bone
- the frontal bone

# Clinical significance
The pterion is known as the weakest part of the skull.
Clinically, the pterion is relevant because the middle meningeal artery runs beneath it, on the inner side of the skull, which is quite thin at this point.
A blow to the pterion (e.g. in boxing) may rupture the artery causing an  extradural haematoma.

# Etymology
The pterion receives its name from the Greek root pteron, meaning "wing".
In Greek mythology, Hermes, messenger of the Gods, was enabled to fly by winged sandals, and wings on his head, which were attached at the pterion.
Puffing
Puffing is a technique to bring smoke (usually tobacco) into the mouth cavity.   One hereby produces a negative pressure, so that the smoke arrives at the mucous membranes and to the taste receptors.   In this way, nicotine is absorbed, and the flavors in the tar particles can be tasted.
After the time of moment of effect (from a few seconds at maximum), the smoke is blown out again.  With cigars and pipes, one takes a draw every few minutes according to preference.  Some smokers may choose to do so less often.
The smoke is mostly not directly inhaled into the lungs, as with tobacco smoking.  When puffing, the taste is at the center of attention, which is why many varieties of tobacco are produced with added flavors and aromas such as vanilla.
de:Paffen
RACGAP1
Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RACGAP1 gene.

# Function
Rho GTPases control a variety of cellular processes. There are 3 subtypes of Rho GTPases in the Ras superfamily of small G proteins: RHO (see MIM 165370), RAC (see RAC1; MIM 602048), and CDC42 (MIM 116952). GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) bind activated forms of Rho GTPases and stimulate GTP hydrolysis. Through this catalytic function, Rho GAPs negatively regulate Rho-mediated signals. GAPs may also serve as effector molecules and play a role in signaling downstream of Rho and other Ras-like GTPases.

# Interactions
RACGAP1 has been shown to interact with Rnd2 and SLC26A8.
During cytokinesis, RACGAP1 has been shown to interact with KIF23 to form the centralspindlin complex.  This complex is essential for the formation of the central spindle. RACGAP1 also interacts with PRC1 to stabilize and maintain the central spindle as anaphase proceeds.
RANGAP1
Ran GTPase-activating protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RANGAP1 gene.

# Function
RanGAP1, is a homodimeric 65-kD polypeptide that specifically induces the GTPase activity of RAN, but not of RAS by over 1,000-fold. RanGAP1 is the immediate antagonist of RCC1, a regulator molecule that keeps RAN in the active, GTP-bound state. The RANGAP1 gene encodes a 587-amino acid polypeptide. The sequence is unrelated to that of GTPase activators for other RAS-related proteins, but is 88% identical to Fug1, the murine homolog of yeast Rna1p. RanGAP1 and RCC1 control RAN-dependent transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm. RanGAP1 is a key regulator of the RAN GTP/GDP cycle.

# Interactions
RanGAP1 is a trafficking protein which helps transport other proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Small ubiquitin-related modifier needs to be associated with it before it can be localized at the nuclear pore.
RANGAP1 has been shown to interact with:
- Ran,  and
- UBE2I.
RASGRF1
Ras protein-specific guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 1 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the RASGRF1 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) similar to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC25 gene product. Functional analysis has demonstrated that this protein stimulates the dissociation of GDP from RAS protein.
The studies of the similar gene in mice suggested that the Ras-GEF activity of this protein in the brain can be activated by Ca2+ influx, muscarinic receptors, and G protein beta-gamma subunit. Mouse studies also indicated that the Ras-GEF signaling pathway mediated by this protein may be important for long-term memory. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. .
RASGRF2
Ras-specific guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASGRF2 gene.
RAS (MIM 190020) GTPases cycle between an inactive GDP-bound state and an active GTP-bound state. Guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), such as RASGRFs, stimulate the conversion of the GDP-bound form into the active form.
Variations in this gene has been shown to be linked to the propensity to binge drink by teenagers.
RASGRP1
RAS guanyl-releasing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASGRP1 gene.

# Function
RAS guanyl nucleotide-releasing protein (RASGRP)  is a member of a family of genes characterized by the presence of a Ras superfamily guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) domain. It functions as a diacylglycerol (DAG)-regulated nucleotide exchange factor specifically activating Ras through the exchange of bound GDP for GTP. It activates the Erk/MAP kinase cascade and regulates T-cells and B-cells development, homeostasis and differentiation.

# Gene
Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified. The corresponding rat gene rbc7, which lacks a 5-prime exon, represents a 5-prime and 3-prime truncated version of a larger normal rat transcript that encodes a predicted 90-kD protein. This shorter transcript has not been found in humans.

# Clinical significance
In November 2016 a 12-year-old patient was hospitalized for repetitive infections. Scientists have assumed that a genetic problem might be the reason. More specifically, the genetic cause is a defect of the RASGRP1 gene which makes it inactive. .
RASGRP1 plays a role in the functions of natural killer cell dyneins. Since dyneins are motor proteins, their function is to circulate the elements inside the cells. Dr. Orange's laboratory studies have established a functional link between the defects of natural killer cells and dyneins, which in combination with Other observations led doctors to try the drug lenalidommide to treat the patient. The drug was able to reverse certain effects of the mutation RASGRP1.
RASGRP2
RAS guanyl-releasing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RASGRP2 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a brain-enriched nucleotide exchanged factor that contains an N-terminal GEF domain, 2 tandem repeats of EF-hand calcium-binding motifs, and a C-terminal diacylglycerol/phorbol ester-binding domain. This protein can activate small GTPases, including RAS and RAP1/RAS3. The nucleotide exchange activity of this protein can be stimulated by calcium and diacylglycerol. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene, encoding distinct isoforms, have been reported.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in RASGRP2 are associated with                 severe bleeding            .
RHOBTB3
Rho-related BTB domain-containing protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RHOBTB3 gene.

# Function
RHOBTB3 is a member of the evolutionarily conserved RhoBTB subfamily of Rho GTPases. For background information on RHOBTBs, see RHOBTB1 (MIM 607351).

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of RHOBTB3 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Rhobtb3tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty three tests were carried out on mutant mice and four significant abnormalities were observed. Homozygote mutant males had a decreased body weight and abnormal tooth morphology; females had decreased forepaw grip strength and both sexes had a decreased body length.
RNASET2
Ribonuclease T2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNASET2 gene.
This ribonuclease gene is a novel member of the Rh/T2/S-glycoprotein class of extracellular ribonucleases. It is a single copy gene that maps to 6q27, a region associated with human malignancies and chromosomal rearrangement.
RNASET2 has been reported as a tumour associated antigen in anaplastic large cell lymphoma and other lymphomas.
RPS6KA3
Ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90kDa, polypeptide 3, also known as RPS6KA3, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RPS6KA3  gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of the RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) family of serine/threonine kinases. This kinase contains 2 non-identical kinase catalytic domains and phosphorylates various substrates, including members of the mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway. The activity of this protein has been implicated in controlling cell growth and differentiation.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene have been associated with CoffinLowry syndrome (CLS).

# Interactions
RPS6KA3 has been shown to interact with CREB-binding protein, MAPK1 and PEA15.
Recluse

# Overview
A recluse is someone in isolation who hides away from the attention of the public, a person who lives in solitude, i.e. seclusion from intercourse with the world. The word is from the Latin recludere, which means "shut up" or "sequester".
A person may become a recluse for many reasons: a celebrity may seek to escape the attentions of his or her fans; a misanthrope may be unable to tolerate human society; a survivalist may be practicing self-sufficiency; and a criminal might hide away from people to avoid detection by police. It can also be due to psychological reasons, such as: apathy, an autism spectrum disorder, a phobia, schizoid personality type, or due to avoidant personality disorder. A recluse can also be considered as a loner.
Some may become a recluse due to a physical deformity that makes their outward appearance unsettling to others. A person may also become a recluse for religious reasons, in which case he or she is usually referred to as a hermit or an anchorite.
Reclusiveness does not necessarily connote geographical isolation. A recluse may live in a crowded city, but infrequently leave the security of his or her home. However, isolated and sparsely populated US states (e.g., Montana, Wyoming, and Alaska) often harbor recluses, who are often seeking complete escape from civilization.
In Japan, an estimated 1.2 million people suffer from psychological problems which cause reclusive behavior. The phenomenon of "Hikikomori" or "social withdrawal" has become a major problem, often blamed on Japan's education system and social pressure to succeed.
Remorse
Remorse is an emotional expression of personal regret - that is, the emotion felt by the injurer after he or she has injured. Remorse is closely allied to guilt and self directed resentment (e.g. - The boy felt much remorse after hitting the old lady. The idea of remorse is used in restorative justice).
One incapable of feeling remorse is often labelled a sociopath (US) or psychopath (UK) - formerly a DSM III condition. Some researchers have lately suggested that this lack is more characteristic of the INTJ personality, a highly rational temperament that relies very little on emotion, but the scientific worth and psychological accuracy of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test have been strongly questioned. In general, a person needs to be unable to feel fear, as well as remorse in order to develop psychopathic traits.
"Buyer's remorse" is the concept of regretting a purchase after the fact of buying it.
Regretting one's earlier action or failure to act may be because of remorse or to various other consequences, including being punished for it.

# Expressing remorse
Despite the role apologies play in our lives and the almost daily news reports of the latest celebrity or political apology, there is a surprising dearth of systematic empirical research on the subject of apologies as expressions of remorse.
Two notable exceptions are The Five Languages of Apology by Gary Chapman and Jennifer Thomas, and On Apology by Aaron Lazare. The consensus emerging from these and other studies is quite clear - effective apologies that express remorse typically include the following components: a detailed account of the offense; acknowledgment of the hurt or damage done; acceptance of the responsibility for, and ownership of, the mistake; an explanation that recognizes ones role; a statement or expression of regret, humility or remorse; a request for forgiveness; and an expression of a credible commitment to change or a promise that it won't happen again; and some form of restitution, compensation or token gesture in line with the damage that you caused.
Perhaps the most active research on the relevance of apologies as an expression of remorse appears in the legal and business professions, primarily because of the potential litigation and financial implications.
When an apology is delayed, for instance if a friend has been wronged and the offending party does not apologize, the perception of the offense can compound over time. This is sometimes known as compounding remorse.
Repetin
Repetin is an extracellular matrix protein expressed in the epidermis. In humans it is encoded by the RPTN gene. Repetin is part of the S100 fused-type protein family and contains a EF hand structural domain.
It functions in the cornified cell envelope formation. It is a multifunctional epidermal matrix protein. RPTN reversibly binds calcium.
RPTN is 5,634 bases long. It starts 152,126,071 base pairs from pter. It ends 152,131,704 base pairs from pter. It has a minus strand orientation.
RPTN is one of the genes that differ between present-day humans and Neanderthals.
RPTN helps protect skin cells, and since the Neanderthals were missing this protein, the Neanderthals were better adapted to the cold, but less so to disease. RPTN is one of 30 specific differences between modern man's DNA and Neanderthal's.
Rhombus
In geometry, a rhombus (from Ancient Greek  - rhombos, rhombus, spinning top), (plural rhombi or rhombuses) or rhomb (plural rhombs) is an equilateral parallelogram. In other words, it is a four-sided polygon in which every side has the same length.
The rhombus is often casually called a diamond, after the diamonds suit in playing cards, or a lozenge, because those shapes are rhombi, although rhombi are not necessarily diamonds or lozenges.
A rhombus is a variety of quadrilateral. A rectangular rhombus is known as a square.

## Area
The area of any rhombus is the product of the lengths of its diagonals divided by two:
Area=({D_1 \times D_2}) /2
Because the rhombus is a parallelogram, the area also equals the length of a side (B) multiplied by the perpendicular distance between two opposite sides(H)
Area=B \times H
The area also equals the square of the side multiplied by the sine of any of the exterior angles:
Area=a^2 \sin\theta
where a is the length of the side and \theta is the angle between two sides.

## A proof that the diagonals are perpendicular
One of the five 2D lattice types is the rhombic lattice, also called centered rectangular lattice.
If A, B, C and D were the vertices of the rhombus, named in agreement with the figure (higher on this page). Using \overrightarrow{AB} to represent the vector from A to B, one notices that
\overrightarrow{AC} = \overrightarrow{AB} + \overrightarrow{BC}
\overrightarrow{BD} = \overrightarrow{BC}+ \overrightarrow{CD}= \overrightarrow{BC}- \overrightarrow{AB}.
The last equality comes from the parallelism of CD and AB.
Taking the inner product,
since the norms of AB and BC are equal and since the inner product is bilinear and symmetric. The inner product of the diagonals is zero if and only if they are perpendicular.

## Tilings
This is also a called Tessellation.

# Origin
The word rhombus is from the Greek word for something that spins. Euclid used  (rhombos), from the verb  (rhembo), meaning "to turn round and round". Archimedes used the term "solid rhombus" for two right circular cones sharing a common base.
Rhonchi

# Overview
Rhonchi is the "coarse rattling sound somewhat like snoring, usually caused by secretion in bronchial airways". Rhonchi is the plural form of the singular word "rhonchus".

# Description
It is an abnormal or adventitious sound heard when listening to the chest as the person breathes. Wheezing noises are heard during inspiration, expiration or both. They are present when an airway is partially obstructed owing to secretions, mucosal swelling, or tumor tissue pressing on the passage. The sounds are gurgling noises heard on auscultation of the lungs with a stethoscope during inhalation or exhalation.  The sounds are caused by the flow of air through thick mucous secretions in the larger air passages such as the bronchioles but can also be associated with smaller structures such as the alveoli.
Rhonchi can be heard in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute or severe bronchitis.
COPD is an all inclusive syndrome that stems from the reduction of surface area associated with emphysema and the production of mucous secretions, bronchospasm and inflammation associated with bronchitis.
Rifater
Rifater is a fixed dose combination tablet manufactured by Aventis used in the treatment of tuberculosis.  Each tablet contains 120 mg rifampicin, 50 mg isoniazid and 300 mg pyrazinamide.
It is used in the first two months of tuberculosis treatment.  The dose given depends on the patient's weight:
- up to 40 kg, 3 tablets daily;
- 40 to 49 kg, 4 tablets daily;
- 50 to 64 kg, 5 tablets daily;
- 65 kg or more, 6 tablets daily.
Rifater should not be used in children (the doses are wrong for them).
The purpose of the fixed dose combination is to make it easier for patients to take their medication; but also to ensure that if patients forget to take one or two of their drugs, they do not then develop resistance to the remaining drugs.
s-block
The s-block of the periodic table of elements consists of the first two groups: the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, plus hydrogen and helium.
These elements are distinguished by the property that in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electron is in an s-orbital.  Except in hydrogen and helium, these electrons are very easily lost to form positive ions. The helium configuration is chemically exceedingly stable and thus helium has no known stable compounds; thus it is generally grouped with the noble gases.
The other elements of the s-block are all extremely powerful reducing agents, so much so that they never occur naturally in the free state. The metallic forms of these elements can only be extracted by electrolysis of a molten salt, since water is much more easily reduced to hydrogen than the ions of these metals. Sir Humphry Davy, in 1807 and 1808, was the first to isolate all of these metals except lithium, beryllium, rubidium and caesium. Beryllium was isolated independently by F. Wooler and A.A. Bussy in 1828, whilst lithium was isolated by Robert Bunsen in 1854, who isolated rubidium nine years later after having observed it and caesium spectroscopically. Caesium was not isolated until 1881 when Carl Setterberg electrolysed the molten cyanide.
The s-block metals vary from extremely soft (all the alkali metals) to quite hard (beryllium). With the exception of beryllium and magnesium, the metals are too reactive for any structural use except as very minor components (<2%) of alloys with lead. Beryllium and magnesium, though very expensive, are valuable for uses that require strength and lightness. They are extremely valuable as reducing agents to extract titanium, zirconium, thorium and tantalum from their ores, and have other uses as reducing agents in organic chemistry.
All the s-block metals are dangerous fire hazards which require special extinguishants to extinguish. Except for beryllium and magnesium, storage must be under either argon or an inert liquid hydrocarbon. They react vigorously with water to liberate hydrogen, except for magnesium, which reacts slowly, and beryllium, which reacts only when amalgamated with mercury to destroy the oxide film. Lithium has similar properties to magnesium due to the diagonal relationship with magnesium in the periodic table.