Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Sideburns
Sideburns (known colloquially as side-whiskers, or sideboards in the United Kingdom) are patches of facial hair grown on the sides of a man's face, in front of the ears. The term sideburns is a 19th century bastardization of the original burnsides, named after Ambrose Burnside, a man known for his unusual facial hairstyle that connected thick sideburns by way of a moustache but left the chin clean-shaven.

## Variations
Sideburns are hardly restricted to any particular length or shape, and a number of variations can be found throughout history- they can be thin or wide, voluptuous or neatly-trimmed; be cropped flat, flare out, or end in a point; end at mid-ear or further down the jawline.  The word 'Sideburns' is also a broad term that encompasses several other distinct types of facial hair, such as Mutton Chops and Friendly Mutton Chops.  Mutton Chops are sideburns named for their mutton-like shape as they extend down to the corner of the mouth, while Friendly Mutton Chops connect both sideburns with a "friendly" moustache- a style of facial hair not unlike the one worn by Burnside himself.
Sideburns can be worn in combination with other styles of facial hair, such as the moustache or goatee, but once they extend from ear to ear via the chin they cease to be sideburns and become a beard, or chin curtain.

## History
After the clean-shaven period of the eighteenth century, sideburns, like beards, began to grow in popularity during the early nineteenth century, a trend that eventually made its way to Japan. Nineteenth century sideburns were often far more extravagant than those seen today, appearing more along the lines of what we know as modern-day mutton chops.  As with beards, sideburns went quickly out of fashion in the early twentieth century, but made a comeback in the 1960s and 1970s among the younger generation.   Pointed sideburns, more specifically, became a symbol of the gay club scenes of San Francisco and Sydney, Australia.  Because of their multifarious history, sideburns may be seen as either stuffily Victorian and ultra-conservative, or as a sign of 1970s-style rebelliousness. Today sideburns enjoy an intermediate level of popularity, though groups of sideburn and beard afficionados have formed and flourished with the introduction of the internet.
Indigenous men of Mexico, who shave their heads and wear their sideburns long, as well as Colombians, who wear their sideburns long and typically do not have any other facial hair, are said to be wearing "balcarrotas".

# Gallery of interesting sideburns
- Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906)
Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906)
- Franz Joseph I of Austria (1830-1916)
Franz Joseph I of Austria (1830-1916)
- Miguel Grau Seminario (1834-1879)
Miguel Grau Seminario (1834-1879)
- W. S. Gilbert (1836-1911)
W. S. Gilbert (1836-1911)
Sirtuin 4
Sirtuin 4, also known as SIRT4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SIRT4 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of the sirtuin family of proteins which are homologs of the Sir2 gene in budding yeast. Members of the sirtuin family are characterized by a sirtuin core domain and grouped into four classes. The functions of human sirtuins have not yet been fully determined; however, yeast sirtuin proteins are known to regulate epigenetic gene silencing and suppress recombination of rDNA. Studies suggest that the human sirtuins may function as intracellular regulatory proteins with mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. The protein encoded by this gene is included in class IV of the sirtuin family.
SIRT4 is a mitochondrial ADP-ribosyltransferase that inhibits mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase 1 activity, thereby downregulating insulin secretion in response to amino acids. It has been shown that SIRT4 regulates fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial gene expression in liver and muscle cells.
Sirtuin 5
Sirtuin (silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog) 5 (S. cerevisiae), also known as SIRT5 is a protein which in humans in encoded by the SIRT5 gene and in other species by the orthologous Sirt5 gene.
This gene encodes a member of the sirtuin family of proteins, homologs to the yeast Sir2 protein. Members of the sirtuin family are characterized by a sirtuin core domain and belong to the class III of the  superfamily, and are dependent on NAD+ as co-factor of enzymatic activities. SIRT5 is one of the three sirtuins localized primarily to the mitochondrion.

# Structure
Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants. The protein structure of SIRT5 has been resolved and shows high degrees of structural conservation with other sirtuins, such as the ancestral yeast protein and human SIRT2.

# Function
SIRT5 has been found to exhibit enzymatic activities as a deacetylase, desuccinylase, and demalonylase, capable of removing acetyl, succinyl, and malonyl groups from the lysine residues of proteins. SIRT5 deacetylases and regulates carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS1), the rate-limiting and initiating step of the urea cycle in liver mitochondria. Deacetylation of CPS1 stimulates its enzymatic activity. Mice with deletion of SIRT5 show elevated ammonia levels after a prolonged fast, whereas in contrast, mice overexpressing SIRT5 show increased CPS1 activity, suggesting one of the functions of SIRT5 may be to regulate the urea cycle. SIRT5 also interacts with and deacetylates cytochrome c. Large-scale profiling studies of SIRT5 deacetylase activity have uncovered over 700 protein substrates, including proteins localized to the mitochondria, the cytosol and other sub cellular localization. The identities of SIRT5 desuccinylation substrates suggest that SIRT5-mediated desuccinylation may be involved in energy metabolism.
The physiological consequences of SIRT5 molecular functions in human is under investigation but may involved regulations of mitochondrial metabolism.

# Interactions
NAD+
Cytochrome c 
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS1)
Sirtuin 7
NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin 7 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SIRT7 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of the sirtuin family of proteins, homologs to the yeast Sir2 protein. Members of the sirtuin family are characterized by a sirtuin core domain and grouped into four classes. The functions of human sirtuins have not yet been determined; however, yeast sirtuin proteins are known to regulate epigenetic gene silencing and suppress recombination of rDNA. Studies suggest that the human sirtuins may function as intracellular regulatory proteins with mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. The protein encoded by this gene is included in class IV of the sirtuin family.
In humans cells, SIRT7 has only been shown to interact with two other molecules: RNA polymerase I (RNA Pol I) and upstream binding factor (UBF). SIRT7 is localized to the nucleolus and interacts with RNA Pol I. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies demonstrate that SIRT7 localizes to rDNA, and coimmunoprecipitation shows that SIRT7 binds RNA Pol I. In addition SIRT7 interacts with UBF, a major component of the RNA Pol I initiation complex. It is not known whether or not SIRT7 is modifying RNA Pol I and/or UBF, and if so, what those modifications are.
SIRT7 is expressed more in metabolically active tissues, such as liver and spleen, and less in non-proliferating tissues, such as heart and brain. Furthermore, it has been shown that SIRT7 is necessary for rDNA transcription. Knock down of SIRT7 in HEK293 cells resulted in decreased rRNA levels. This same study found that this SIRT3 knockdown decreased the amount of RNA Pol I associated with rDNA, suggesting that SIRT7 may be required for rDNA transcription. Knock down SIRT7 led to reduced RNA Pol I levels, but RNA Pol I mRNA levels did not change. This suggests that SIRT7 plays a crucial role in connecting the function of chromatin remodeling complexes to RNA Pol I machinery during transcription.
SIRT7 may help attenuate DNA damage and thereby promoting cellular survival under conditions of genomic stress.

## DNA repair
Depletion of SIRT7 results in impaired repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by the process of non-homologous end joining (NHDJ).  DSBs are one of the most significant types of DNA damage leading to genome instability.  SIRT7 is recruited to DSBs where it specifically deacylates histone H3 at lysine 18.  This affects the focal accumulation of the DNA damage response factor 53BP1, a protein that promotes NHEJ by protecting DNA from end resection.

## Accelerated aging
Sirt7 mutant mice show phenotypic and molecular features of accelerated aging.  These features include premature curvature of the spine, reduced weight and fat content, compromised hematopoietic stem cell function and leukopenia, and multiple organ disfunction.

# Clinical relevance
This gene has been found to be involved in maintenance of oncogenic transformation.
Sisomicin

# Overview
Sisomicin (bactoCeaze or Ensamycin) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, isolated from the
fermentation broth of a new species of the genus Micromonospora. It is a newer broad-spectrum aminoglycoside most structurally related to gentamicin.
Sisomicin is the most predictably active aminoglycoside against gram-positive bacteria. Like most other aminoglycosides, Sisomicin is bactericidal for sensitive clinical isolates. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) have been found to be equivalent or very close to the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Like other aminoglycosides, most clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa remain susceptible to sisomicin. Resistance to sisomicin may enzymatically or non-enzymatically be mediated. Sisomicin is inactivated by the same enzymes as gentamicin but it is active against many, not all, organisms that resist gentamicin by non-enzymatic mechanisms.
Some studies show that sisomicin has been effective in the treatment of infections that either had failed to respond to other drugs or were due to microorganisms resistant in vitro to other aminoglycosides.
Sleep log

# Overview
A sleep log is a record of an individual's sleeping and waking times, usually over a period of several weeks. It is used to diagnose circadian rhythm sleep disorders, and to monitor whether treatment of those disorders is successful.

# Components
A sleep log usually includes:
- The time the person tried to fall asleep
- The time the person thinks they fell asleep
- The number, time, and length of any nighttime awakenings
- The time the person woke up
- The time the person got out of bed
- The time the person had wanted to wake up, before trying to fall asleep
- Whether the person woke up by themselves, by an alarm clock, or because of being disturbed
- Whether the person got out of bed by themselves, by an alarm clock, or because of being disturbed
- A few words about how the person felt during the day
- The start and end times of any daytime naps
- What, if any, medications the person was using

# Data collection
Sleep logs are often hand-drawn on graph paper. Specialized software for creating sleep logs is also freely available. A spreadsheet or database software can also be used.
Sleep logs may be used in conjunction with actigraphy.
Sleep sex

# Overview
Sleep sex or sexsomnia is a form of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) parasomnia (similar to sleepwalking) that causes people to commit sexual acts while they are asleep. The first doctor to coin the term "Sleep sex" was Dr. David Saul Rosenfeld, a neurologist and sleep doctor from Los Angeles, California. The proposed medical diagnosis is NREM Arousal Parasomnia - Sexual Behaviour in Sleep, and is considered to be a distinct variant of sleepwalking/confusional arousals (ICSD 2).  The condition was defined by three researchers from the University of Toronto and the University of Ottawa in a paper called "Sexsomnia  A New Parasomnia?" published in the Canadian Journal of Psychiatry in June 2003.
Sufferers are often aware of their behavior for a long time before they seek help, often because they are not aware that it is a medical disorder or for fear that others will judge it as willful behavior rather than a medical disorder. However, the reality of the condition has been confirmed by sleep disorder researchers who have made sound and video recordings of patients with the condition and observed unusual brain wave activity during the episodes similar to that experienced by other parasomniacs. It is a mind/body disconnect that occurs during sleep. In many cases it is a pre-cursor to neuromuscular disease and is treated with muscle relaxants and other medications.
The first research paper that suggested that sexual behavior during sleep may be a new type of parasomnia was published in 1996. Later, several papers were published describing the problem and suggested that problematic forms of sleep sex are medically treatable "conditions" (see external links).
Sexsomnia is not always problematic or extreme for those who experience it or for their partners. There is a great variety in both the frequency and levels to which people are affected by this disorder.

# Cases reported in the press
On 30 November 2005, a Toronto court acquitted a man of sexual assault after he was diagnosed with sleep sex disorder, although prosecutors have filed an appeal of the acquittal as of February 2006.
In Britain a man from York was cleared of three counts of rape on 19 December 2005.
In Australia, a woman was reported as leaving her house at night and having sex with strangers while sleepwalking.
On 8 August 2007, a British RAF mechanic was cleared of a rape charge after the jury found him not responsible of his actions when he had sex with a 15-year-old girl.

# Fictional cases
A case of this disorder is found in the episode "Role Model" of the television series House.
Slit lamp
The slit lamp is an instrument consisting of a high-intensity light source that can be focused to shine as a slit. It is used in conjunction with a microscope. The lamp facilitates an examination which looks at anterior segment, or frontal structures, of the human eye, which includes the eyelid, sclera, conjunctiva, iris, natural crystalline lens, and cornea. The binocular slit-lamp examination provides stereoscopic magnified view of the eye structures in striking detail, enabling exact anatomical diagnoses to be made for a variety of eye conditions. Combined with special lenses like Goldmann 3-mirror lens, Gonioscopy single-mirror/ Zeiss 4-mirror lens for angle structures and +90D lens, +78D lens, +66D lens & Hruby (-56D) lens, the examination of retinal structures is accomplished in detail.
While a patient is seated in the examination chair, he rests his chin and forehead on a support to steady the head.  Using the biomicroscope, the ophthalmologist then proceeds to examine the patient's eye.  A fine strip of paper, stained with fluorescein, an orange-colored dye, may be touched to the side of the eye; this stains the tear film on the surface of the eye to aid examination. The dye is naturally rinsed out of the eye by tears.
The subsequent test may involve placing drops in the eye in order to dilate the pupils. The drops take about 15 to 20 minutes to work, after which the examination is repeated, allowing the back of the eye to be examined.  Patients will experience some light sensitivity for a few hours after this exam, and the dilating drops may also cause increased pressure in the eye, leading to nausea and pain; although this is very rare, patients experiencing these symptoms are advised to immediately seek medical attention.
Adults need no special preparation for the test, however children may need some preparation, depending on age, interests, previous experiences, and level of trust.
The slit lamp exam may detect many diseases of the eye, including:
- Cataract
- Conjunctivitis
- Corneal injury
- Fuchs' dystrophy
- Keratoconus
- Macular degeneration
- Presbyopia
- Retinal detachment
- Retinal vessel occlusion
- Retinitis pigmentosa
- Sjogren's syndrome
- Uveitis
- Wilson's disease (Kayser-Fleischer ring)
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hr:Procjepna svjetiljka
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Soapberry

# Overview
Soapberry is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
- Plants in the genus Sapindus, native to warm temperate to tropical regions in both the Old World and the New World.  The Berry (botany)|berries of these plants contain a natural, low-sudsing detergent called saponin.
- Canada buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis) is also known as "soapberry" and is native to North America.  This shrub bears bitter yet edible red berries.
Sparteine

# Overview
Sparteine is a class 1a antiarrhythmic agent; a sodium channel blocker. It is an alkaloid and can be extracted from scotch broom. It is the predominant alkaloid in Lupinus mutabilis, and is thought to chelate the bivalents calcium and magnesium.  It is not FDA approved for human use as an antiarrhythmic agent, and it is not included in the Vaughn Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs.
It is also used as a chiral base in organic chemistry, and as a ligand in organic chemical synthesis.

# Biosynthesis
Sparteine is a lupin alkaloid containing a tetracyclic bis-quinolizidine ring system derived from three C5 chains of lysine, or more specifically, L-lysine. The first intermediate in the biosynthesis is cadaverine, the decarboxylation product of lysine catalyzed by the enzyme lysine decarboxylase (LDC).  Three units of cadaverine are used to form the quinolizidine skeleton.  The mechanism of formation has been studied enzymatically, as well as with tracer experiments, but the exact route of synthesis still remains unclear.
Tracer studies using 13C-15N-doubly labeled cadaverine have shown three units of cadaverine are incorporated into sparteine and two of the C-N bonds from two of the cadaverine units remain intact.  The observations have also been confirmed using 2H NMR labeling experiments.
Enzymatic evidence then showed that the three molecules of cadaverine are transformed to the quinolizidine ring via enzyme bound intermediates, without the generation of any free intermediates.  Originally, it was thought that conversion of cadaverine to the corresponding aldehyde, 5-aminopentanal, was catalyzed by the enzyme diamine oxidase.  The aldehyde then spontaneously converts to the corresponding Schiff base, 1-piperideine.  Coupling of two molecules occurs between the two tautomers of 1-piperideine in an aldol-type reaction.  The imine is then hydrolyzed to the corresponding aldehyde/amine.  The primary amine is then oxidized to an aldehyde followed by formation of the imine to yield the quinolizidine ring.  The breakdown of this mechanism is shown in figure 1; however, the intermediates, as mentioned before, were not isolated.
More recent enzymatic evidence has indicated the presence of 17-oxosparteine synthase (OS), a transaminase enzyme.   The deaminated cadaverine is not released from the enzyme, thus is can be assumed that the enzyme catalyzes the formation of the quinolizidine skeleton in a channeled fashion (Figure 2).,   7-oxosparteine requires four units of pyruvate as the NH2 acceptors and produces four molecules of alanine (Figure 3).  Both lysine decarboxylase and the quinolizidine skeleton-forming enzyme are localized in chloroplasts.
Spermatid

# Overview
The term spermatid refers to the haploid male gametid that results from division of secondary spermatocytes.  As a result of meiosis, each spermatid contains only half of the genetic material present in the original primary spermatocyte.
Spermatids are connected together by cytoplasmic material and have superfluous cytoplasmic material around their nuclei.
When formed, early round spermatids must undergo further maturational events in order to develop into spermatozoa, a process termed spermiogenesis (also termed spermeteliosis).
The spermatids begin to grow a tail, develop a thickened mid-piece where the mitochondria become localised and form an acrosome.  Spermatid DNA also undergoes packaging, becoming highly condensed.  The DNA is packaged firstly with specific nuclear basic proteins, which are subsequently replaced with protamines during spermatid elongation.  The resultant tightly packed chromatin is transcriptionally inactive.

# Additional images
- Scheme showing analogies in the process of maturation of the ovum and the development of the spermatids (young spermatozoa).
Sphincter
A sphincter is a structure, usually a circular muscle, that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning. There are over 40 different sphincters in the human body; some of these sphincters are microscopic in size.
Many sphincters are used every day in the normal course of digestion. For example, the epiglottis is used to seal off the windpipe when swallowing, so as to ensure that no food or liquid enters the lungs.  The use of the epiglottis is a typical example of an involuntary action by the body.

# Examples of sphincters
- The sphincter pupillae, or pupillary sphincter, belonging to the iris in the eye.
- The orbicularis oris muscle, a muscle around the mouth.
- The upper esophageal sphincter
- The cardia/lower esophageal sphincter, or cardiac sphincter at the upper portion of the stomach. This sphincter prevents the acidic contents of the stomach from moving upward into the esophagus.
- The pyloric sphincter, at the lower end of the stomach.
- The Ileocecal sphincter, which prevents the backup of non-digested material into the small intestine.
- The sphincter of Oddi, or Glisson's sphincter, controlling secretions from the liver, pancreas and gall bladder into the duodenum.
- The sphincter urethrae, or urethral sphincter, controlling the exit of urine from the body.
- At the anus, there are two sphincters which control the exit of feces from the body (see internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter). The inner sphincter is involuntary and the outer voluntary.
Sphincters prove effective in the mediation of the entrance or release of liquids and fluids; this is evident in the blowholes of numerous marine mammals, for example.

# Sphincter Video
- Video on Sphincter Control
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nl:Sluitspier