Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Tic disorder
For patient information on Transient tic disorder, click here
For patient information on Chronic tic disorder, click here
For patient information on Tourette syndrome, click here

# Overview
Tic disorders are defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) based on type (motor or phonic) and duration of tics (sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic, stereotyped, involuntary movements).  Tic disorders are defined similarly by the World Health Organization (ICD-10 codes).

# Classification
Tic disorders are classified  as follows:
- Transient tic disorder consists of multiple motor and/or phonic tics with duration of at least 4 weeks, but less than 12 months.
- Chronic tic disorder is either single or multiple motor or phonic tics, but not both, which are present for more than a year.
- Tourette's disorder is diagnosed when both motor and phonic tics are present for more than a year.
- Tic Disorder NOS is diagnosed when tics are present, but do not meet the criteria for any specific tic disorder.
Tic disorders onset in childhood (before the age of 18), and are not due to the effects of medication or another medical condition.
DSM-IV-TR diagnosis codes for the tic disorders are:
- 307.20 Tic Disorder NOS (Not Otherwise Specified)
- 307.21 Transient Tic Disorder
- 307.22 Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder
- 307.23 Tourette's Disorder
ICD10 diagnosis codes are: 
- F95.0   Transient tic disorder
- F95.1   Chronic motor or vocal tic disorder
- F95.2   Combined vocal and multiple motor tic disorder 
- F95.8   Other tic disorders
- F95.9   Tic disorder, unspecified

# Prevalence
A large, community-based study suggested that over 19% of school-age children have tic disorders.  The children with tic disorders in that study were usually undiagnosed. (Kurlan) As many as 1 in 100 people may experience some form of tic disorder, usually before the onset of puberty. (NIH)  Tourette syndrome is the more severe expression of a spectrum of tic disorders, which are thought to be due to the same genetic vulnerability.  Nevertheless, most cases of Tourette syndrome are not severe. Although a good body of investigative work indicates genetic linkage of the various tic disorders, further study is needed to confirm the relationship.

# Treatment
Treatment of tic disorders, although not usually necessary, is similar to treatment of Tourette syndrome.  Tics should be distinguished from other causes of tourettism.

# Notes
-  Evidente VG.  "Is it a tic or Tourette's? Clues for differentiating simple from more complex tic disorders".  Postgraduate medicine108 (5): 175-6, 179-82. PMID 11043089  Retrieved on 2007-05-24
-  DSM-IV-TR: numerical listing of codes and diagnoses. BehaveNet Clinical Capsule.  Retrieved on 2007-05-24.
-   ICD Version 2006. World Health Organization. Retrieved on 2007-05-24.
-  Kurlan R, McDermott MP, Deeley C, et al. "Prevalence of tics in schoolchildren and association with placement in special education". Neurology 57 (8): 1383-8. PMID 11673576
-  Swerdlow NR. "Tourette syndrome: current controversies and the battlefield landscape". Current neurology and neuroscience reports. 5 (5): 329-31. PMID 16131414
Tobacco barn
The tobacco barn, a type of functionally classified barn found in the United States, was once an essential ingredient in the process of air-curing tobacco. In the 21st century they are fast disappearing from the American landscape in places where they were once ubiquitous. The barns have declined with the tobacco industry in general, and U.S. states such as Maryland actively discourage tobacco farming. When the American tobacco industry was at its height, tobacco barns were found everywhere the crop was grown. Tobacco barns were as unique as each area in which they were erected, and there is no one design that can be described as a tobacco barn.

# History
The terminology "tobacco barn" has been used to describe myriad structures in the United States. Buildings used for strictly tobacco curing, buildings that have multiple agricultural uses, and dilapidated barns, among others, have all been called tobacco barns at one time or another.

### Design
Though tobacco barn designs varied greatly there were elements that were found in many American tobacco barns. Design elements which were common to American tobacco barns include: gabled roofs, frame construction, and some system of ventilation. The venting can appear in different incarnations but commonly hinges would be attached to some of the cladding boards, so that they could be opened. Often the venting system would be more elaborate, including a roof ventilation system. In addition, tobacco barns do cross over into other barn styles of their day. Some common types of barn designs integrated into tobacco barns include, English barns and bank barns.
The interior framing would be set up in bents up ten feet, but more often about four feet apart horizontally, so that laths with tobacco attached to them could be hung for drying. The tier poles were often supported by posts and cross beams, the space in between known as the "bents." The bents ranged in vertical spacing from 20 inches to five feet wide. The bent itself became an important earmarker in determining crop volume. Farmers would commonly refer to barn size in terms of bents and the rule of thumb was one bent will hang half an acre of tobacco.

# Current state
U.S. states, such as Maryland, have sponsored programs which discourage the cultivation of tobacco. In 2001 Maryland's state-sponsored program offered cash payments as buyouts to tobacco farmers. A majority of the farmers took the buyout, and hundreds of historic tobacco barns were rendered instantly obsolete. As tobacco barns disappear, farmers have been forced to change their methods for curing the crop. In Kentucky, instead of curing tobacco attached to laths in vented tobacco barns as they once did, farmers are increasingly curing tobacco on "scaffolds" in the fields.
Tocofersolan

# Overview
Tocofersolan (INN) or tocophersolan is a synthetic water-soluble version of vitamin E.  Natural forms of vitamin E are fat soluble, but not water-soluble.  Tocofersolan is polyethylene glycol derivative of -tocopherol that enables water solubility.
Tocofersolan is used as a vitamin E supplement or to treat vitamin E deficiency in individuals who cannot absorb fats due to disease.
On 24 July 2009 the European Medicines Agency approved tocofersolan under the trade name Vedrop 50 mg/ml oral solution for the treatment of vitamin E deficiency due to digestive malabsorption in paediatric patients suffering from congenital or hereditary chronic cholestasis, from birth (in term newborns) to 16 or 18 years of age (depending on the region).
Tocofersolan is also used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals as an antioxidant.
Trans-acting
In the field of molecular biology, trans-acting generally means "acting from a different molecule".  It may be considered the opposite of cis-acting which generally means "acting from the same molecule".
In the context of transcription regulation, a trans-acting element is usually a DNA sequence that contains a gene.  This gene codes for a protein (or microRNA or other diffusible molecule) that will be used in the regulation of another target gene.
The trans-acting gene may be on the same chromosome as the target gene, but the activity is via the intermediary protein or RNA that it encodes.  Cis-acting elements, on the other hand, do not code for protein or RNA.  Both the trans-acting gene and the protein/RNA that it encodes are said to "act in trans" on the target gene.
Trans effect
In inorganic chemistry, the trans effect is the labilization of ligands trans to certain other ligands, which can thus be regarded as trans directing ligands. It is attributed to electronic effects and it is most notable in square planar complexes, although it can also be observed for octahedral complexes.
In addition to this kinetic trans effect, trans ligands also have an influence on the ground state of the molecule, notably on bond lengths and stability. Some authors prefer the term trans influence to distinguish it from the kinetic effect, while others use more specific terms such as structural trans effect or thermodynamic trans effect.
The discovery of the trans effect is attributed to Ilya Ilich Chernyaev, who recognized it and gave it a name in 1926.

# Kinetic trans effect
The intensity of the trans effect (as measured by the increase in rate of substitution of the trans ligand) follows this sequence:
F, H2O, OH < NH3 < py < Cl < Br < I, SCN, NO2, SC(NH2)2, Ph < SO32 < PR3, AsR3, SR2, CH3 < H, NO, CO, CN C2H4
The classic example of the trans effect is the synthesis of cisplatin. Starting from PtCl42, the first NH3 ligand is added to any of the four equivalent positions at random, but the second NH3 is added cis to the first one, because Cl has a larger trans effect than NH3. If, on the other hand, one starts from Pt(NH3)42+, the trans product is obtained instead.
The trans effect in square complexes can be explained in terms of an addition/elimination mechanism that goes through a trigonal bipyramidal intermediate. Ligands with a high trans effect are generally those with high  acidity (as in the case of phosphines) or low ligand lone paird repulsions (as in the case of hydride), which prefer the more -basic equatorial sites in the intermediate. The second equatorial position is occupied by the incoming ligand; due to the principle of microscopic reversibility, the departing ligand must also leave from an equatorial position. The third and final equatorial site is occupied by the trans ligand, so the net result is that the kinetically favored product is the one where the ligand trans to the one with the largest trans effect is eliminated.

# Structural trans effect
The structural trans effect can be measured experimentally using X-ray crystallography, and is observed as a stretching of the bonds between the metal and the ligand trans to a trans-influencing ligand. Stretching by as much as 0.2 A occurs with strong trans-influencing ligands such as hydride. A cis influence can also be observed, but is smaller than the trans influence. The relative importance of the cis and trans influences depends on the formal electron configuration of the metal center, and explanations have been proposed based on the atomic orbitals involved.
Transduction
Transduction has different meanings in different fields:
- Transduction (biology) is the transfer of genetic material from one microorgranism (usually a bacterial cell) to another by a filterable agent such as a bacteriophage or plasmid
- Transduction (biophysics) is the conveyance of energy from a donor electron to a receptor receptor electron, during which the class of energy changes
- Transduction (cybernetics) is a process or mechanism that converts signals from one form to another, notably in the Viable System Model
- Transduction (engineering) is a process that converts one type of energy to another. A device that does this is a transducer
- Transduction (genetics) is the transfer of viral, bacterial, or both bacterial and viral DNA from one cell to another using a bacteriophage vector
- Transduction (machine learning) is directly drawing conclusions about new data from previous data, without constructing a model
- Transduction (physics) is the conversion of energy into another form
- Transduction (physiology) is transportation of stimuli to the nervous system
- Transduction (psychology) is reasoning from specific cases to general cases, typically employed by children during their development
- Transduction (semiotics) is the translation from a sign or concept from one field of knowledge to a different one, involving a transformation that keeps an original connection in its phenomenological deepest level
- Signal transduction is any process by which a biological cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another
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Translations

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Traumatology
Traumatology (from Greek "Trauma" meaning injury or wound), is the study of wounds and injuries caused by accidents or violence to a person, and the surgical therapy and repair of the damage. Traumatology is a branch of medicine.  It is often considered a subset of surgery and in countries without the specialty of trauma surgery it is most often a subspecialty to orthopedic surgery. Traumatology may also be known as accident surgery.
Wounds and injuries are assessed as being serious or not serious (a process known as triage) upon admission to a hospital's  Casualty department (Accident and Emergency A and E in UK, Emergency Room ER in US). A wound is usually caused by mechanical force, or sometimes by chemical reactions as in the case of burns.
Factors in the assessment of wounds are:
- the nature of the wound, whether it is a laceration, abrasion, bruise or burn
- the size of the wound in length, width and depth
- the extent of the overall area of tissue damage caused by the impact of a mechanical force, or the reaction to chemical agents in, for example, fires or exposure to caustic substances.
Forensic physicians, as well as pathologists may also be required to examine wounds (traumas) on persons alive or deceased.
Traumatology can also refer to the study, development and application of pyschological and counselling services for people who have experienced extreme events - e.g. see Wiki Glossary of Traumatology under External Links
Tremelimumab
Tremelimumab (anti-CTLA4 human monoclonal antibody CP-675,206) (formerly ticilimumab) is a fully human monoclonal antibody produced by Pfizer. It binds to the CTLA-4 molecule, which is expressed on the surface of activated T lymphocytes. Tremelimumab binds to CTLA4 and blocks the binding of the antigen-presenting cell ligands B7-1 and B7-2 to CTLA4, resulting in inhibition of B7-CTLA4-mediated downregulation of T-cell activation; subsequently, B7-1 or B7-2 may interact with another T-cell surface receptor protein, CD28, resulting in a B7-CD28-mediated T-cell activation unopposed by B7-CTLA4-mediated inhibition.
Tremelimumab is thought to stimulate patients immune systems to attack their tumors. Tremelimumab has been shown to induce durable tumor responses in patients with metastatic melanoma in Phase 1 and Phase 2 clinical studies.  See Reuben JM et al., Biologic and immunomodulatory events after CTLA-4 blockade with tremelimumab in patients with advanced malignant melanoma. Cancer. 2006 Jun 1;106 (11):2437-44.
As of June 2007 there are two fully human anti CTLA-4  monoclonal antibodies in advanced clinical trials. Tremelimumab (from Pfizer) is an IgG2, and Ipilimumab (from Medarex and Bristol-Myers Squibb).
Triceps sur
The triceps surae is a term given by some anatomists to the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles together as they both insert into the calcaneus, the bone of the heel of the human foot, and form the major part of the muscle of the back part of the lower leg (the calf; otherwise known in Latin as the sura, see also the sural nerve).
Considering these 2 muscles as one, the triceps surae inserts into the Achilles' tendon (tendo calcanei) and has 3 heads deriving from the 2 major masses of muscle.
- The superficial portion (the gastrocnemius) gives off 2 heads attaching to the base of the femur directly above the knee.
- The deep (profundis) mass of muscle (the soleus) forms the remaining head which attaches to the superior posterior area of the tibia.
The triceps surae is innervated by the tibial nerve, specifically, nerve roots L5S2.
Triploblasty

# Overview
Triploblasty is a condition of the blastula in which there are three primary germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.  Additionally, the term may refer to any ovum in which the blastoderm splits into three layers.  
In higher and intermediate animals (from flat worms to humans), all organisms arise from a triploblastic ovum.  Triploblastic organisms are organisms which evolve from such an ovum. Generally speaking, triploblastic organisms belong to the Bilateria subregnum.
Compare to simpler diploblastic animals such as cnidaria with two germ layers and even simpler animals such as sponges with only one germ layer.
ca:Triploblastia
it:Triploblastico
Triune brain
The triune brain is a model proposed by Paul D. MacLean to explain the function of traces of evolution existing in the structure of the human brain. In this model, the brain is broken down into three separate brains that have their own special intelligence, subjectivity, sense of time and space, and memory. The triune brain consists of the R-complex, the limbic system, and the neocortex.

# The R-Complex
The R-complex, also known as the "Reptilian Brain", includes the brain stem and cerebellum. The term "Reptilian brain" comes from the fact that a reptile's brain is dominated by the brain stem and cerebellum which controls instinctive survival behavior and thinking. This is similar in humans. This brain controls the muscles, balance and autonomic functions (e.g. breathing and heartbeat); thus it is primarily reactive to direct stimuli.

# The Limbic System
MacLean first introduced the term "limbic system" in a paper in 1952.  This portion of the brain derives from "the old mammalian brain". The limbic system is the source of emotions and instincts
(e.g.. feeding, fighting, fleeing, and sexual behaviour). When this part of the brain is stimulated, such as by mild electric current, emotions are produced.
MacLean observed that everything in the limbic system is either "agreeable or disagreeable." Survival is based upon the avoidance of pain (disagreeable) and the recurrence of pleasure (agreeable).
The limbic system comprises the amygdala, the hypothalamus, and the hippocampus. The limbic system must interact with the neocortex in some way. The limbic system cannot function entirely on its own. It needs to interact with the neocortex to process the emotions.

# The Neocortex
The neocortex, also known as the cerebral cortex, is similar to the brain of higher mammals and controls higher-order thinking skills, reason and speech.
Ulnar artery
The ulnar artery is the main blood vessel, with oxygenated blood, of the medial aspect of the forearm.  It arises from the brachial artery and terminates in the superficial palmar arch, which joins with the superficial branch of the radial artery.  It is palpable on the anterior and medial aspect of the wrist.
Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein or veins, the ulnar vein or ulnar veins.
The ulnar artery, the larger of the two terminal branches of the brachial, begins a little below the bend of the elbow, and, passing obliquely downward, reaches the ulnar side of the forearm at a point about midway between the elbow and the wrist. It then runs along the ulnar border to the wrist, crosses the transverse carpal ligament on the radial side of the pisiform bone, and immediately beyond this bone divides into two branches, which enter into the formation of the superficial and deep volar arches.

# Relations

## Forearm
In its upper half, it is deeply seated, being covered by the Pronator teres, Flexor carpi radialis, Palmaris longus, and Flexor digitorum sublimis; it lies upon the Brachialis and Flexor digitorum profundus.
The median nerve is in relation with the medial side of the artery for about 2.5 cm. and then crosses the vessel, being separated from it by the ulnar head of the Pronator teres.
In the lower half of the forearm it lies upon the Flexor digitorum profundus, being covered by the integument and the superficial and deep fasci, and placed between the Flexor carpi ulnaris and Flexor digitorum sublimis.
It is accompanied by two ven comitantes, and is overlapped in its middle third by the Flexor carpi ulnaris; the ulnar nerve lies on the medial side of the lower two-thirds of the artery, and the palmar cutaneous branch of the nerve descends on the lower part of the vessel to the palm of the hand.

## Wrist
At the wrist the ulnar artery is covered by the integument and the volar carpal ligament, and lies upon the transverse carpal ligament. On its medial side is the pisiform bone, and, somewhat behind the artery, the ulnar nerve

# Peculiarities
The ulnar artery varies in its origin in the proportion of about one in thirteen cases; it may arise about 5 to 7 cm. below the elbow, but more frequently higher, the brachial being more often the source of origin than the axillary.
Variations in the position of this vessel are more common than in the radial. When its origin is normal, the course of the vessel is rarely changed.
When it arises high up, it is almost invariably superficial to the Flexor muscles in the forearm, lying commonly beneath the fascia, more rarely between the fascia and integument.
In a few cases, its position was subcutaneous in the upper part of the forearm, and subaponeurotic in the lower part.
Ulysses pact
A Ulysses pact is a freely made decision that is designed and intended to bind oneself in the future. The term is used in medicine, especially in reference to advance directives or living wills, where there is some controversy over whether a  decision made by a person in one state of health should be considered binding upon that person when he or she is in a markedly different, usually worse, state of health.

# Origin of the name
The term refers to the pact that Ulysses (Greek name Odysseus) made with his men as they approached the Sirens. Ulysses wanted to hear the Sirens' song although he knew that doing so would render him incapable of rational thought. He put wax in his men's ears so that they could not hear, and had them tie him to the mast so that he could not jump into the sea. He ordered them not to change course under any circumstances, and to keep their swords upon him to attack him if he should break free of his bonds.
Upon hearing the Sirens' song, Ulysses was driven temporarily insane and struggled with all of his might to break free so that he might join the Sirens, which would have meant his death.