Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Nervus intermedius
The nervus intermedius, or intermediate nerve, is the part of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) located between the motor component of the facial nerve and the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII). It contains the sensory and parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve. Upon reaching the facial canal, it joins with the motor root of the facial nerve at the geniculate ganglion.

# Parasympathetic fibers
The superior salivatory nucleus contains the cell bodies of parasympathetic axons within the nervus intermedius. These fibers reach the geniculate ganglion but do not synapse. Some of these preganglionic parasympathetic fibers persist within the greater petrosal nerve as they exit the geniculate ganglion and subsequently synapse with neurons in the pterygopalatine ganglion. These postganglionic neurons send axons that provide parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland.
The remaining preganglionic fibers continue as the mixed facial nerve proper as it extends through the facial canal. Before the nerve exits the skull via the stylomastoid foramen and after the nerve to the stapedius muscle has branched off, the facial nerve gives off the chorda tympani nerve. This nerve exits the skull through the pterygotympanic fissure and merges with the lingual nerve, after which it synapses with neurons in the submandibular ganglion. These postganglionic neurons provide parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands.

# Sensory fibers
The sensory component of the nervus intermedius carries input about sensation from the skin of the external auditory meatus, from the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and nose, and taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, floor of the mouth, and the palate. The sensory information from the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx and palate is carried along the greater petrosal nerve, while the chorda tympani nerve (and lingual nerve) carries taste input from the anterior two-thirds of the tonge, floor of mouth, and palate.
The geniculate ganglion contains the cell bodies of the sensory component of the nervus intermedius.
Geniculate neuralgia is a pain syndrome associated with the nervus intermedius.
Neuralgia overview

# Overview
Neuralgia is a painful disorder of the nerves.  Under the general heading of neuralgia are trigeminal neuralgia (TN), atypical facial pain, and postherpetic neuralgia (caused by shingles or herpes).
The affected nerves are responsible for sensing touch, temperature sensation and pressure sensation in the facial area from the jaw to the forehead. The disorder generally causes short episodes of excruciating pain, usually for less than two minutes and on only one side of the face.  The pain can be described in a variety of ways such as "stabbing," "sharp," "like lightning," "burning," and even "itchy".  In the atypical form of TN, the pain can also present as severe or merely aching and last for extended periods.  The pain associated with TN is recognized as one of the most excruciating pains that can be experienced.
Simple stimuli such as eating, talking, washing the face, or any light touch or sensation can trigger an attack (even the sensation of a gentle breeze). The attacks can occur in clusters or as an isolated attack.  Some patients will have a muscle spasm which led to the original term for TN of "tic douloureux" ("tic", meaning 'spasm', and "douloureux", meaning 'painful', in French).
Neuralgia is a form of chronic pain and can be extremely difficult to diagnose.  Patients usually show no physical abnormalities, and with the attacks generally lasting a very short time, it can be difficult to reach a doctor before the attack is over. Postherpetic neuralgia is the easiest to diagnose because it follows an obvious cause (shingles).
Neuralgia is rare, especially in those under 30.  Women are more likely to be affected than men, and those over 50 are at the greatest risk. In some cases, multiple sclerosis is related to nerve damage, causing the pain, so doctors will likely ask about family history to help diagnose.  Nothing unusual can be seen in brain scans, so diagnosis is usually based on the description of the symptoms.
Medication for seizures has shown promise in managing neuralgia, and some people have found relief with surgery, though not always permanent relief.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Neuralgia is more common in elderly people, but it may occur at any age.

# Diagnosis

## Laboratory Findings
Blood tests to check blood sugar, kidney function, and other possible causes of neuralgia

## Other Diagnostic Studies
- Nerve conduction study with electromyography
- Spinal tap (lumbar puncture)

# Treatment

## Surgery
Surgery to remove pressure on the nerve from nearby bones, ligaments, blood vessels, or tumors may be needed.
See:
- Carpal tunnel syndrome
- Trigeminal neuralgia
Niacin/Simvastatin
For patient information about Niacin/Simvastatin, click here.
Synonyms / Brand Names: SIMCOR

# Overview
Niacin/simvastatin (trade name Simcor, by Abbott) is a combination drug consisting of an extended release form of the vitamin niacin and the statin drug simvastatin. It is used for the treatment of dyslipidemia. It was approved by the FDA on February 15, 2008.

# Category
Statins;Category:Hypolipidemic agents;Cardiovascular Drugs

# FDA Package Insert
Indications and Usage

# Mechanism of Action

## Niacin
Niacin functions in the body after conversion to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in the NAD coenzyme system. The mechanism by which niacin alters lipid profiles is not completely understood and may involve several actions, including partial inhibition of release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, and increased lipoprotein lipase activity (which may increase the rate of chylomicron triglyceride removal from plasma). Niacin decreases the rate of hepatic synthesis of VLDL-C and LDL-C, and does not appear to affect fecal excretion of fats, sterols, or bile acids.

## Simvastatin
Simvastatin is a prodrug and is hydrolyzed to its active -hydroxyacid form, simvastatin acid, after administration. Simvastatin is a specific inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, an early and rate-limiting step in the biosynthetic pathway for cholesterol. In addition, simvastatin reduces VLDL and TG and increases HDL-C.

# Interaction with Alcohol
SIMCOR should be used with caution in patients who consume substantial quantities of alcohol and/or have a past history of liver disease. Concomitant alcoholic, hot drinks or spicy foods may increase the side effects of flushing and pruritus and should be avoided around the time of SIMCOR ingestion.
Nickel(II) nitrate
Nickel nitrate is the chemical compound Ni(NO3)2 or any hydrate thereof.  The anhydrous form is not commonly encountered, thus "nickel nitrate" usually refers to nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate.  The formula for this species is written in two ways.  Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and, more descriptively 2.  The latter formula indicates that the nickel(II) center is surrounded by six water molecules in this hydrated salt.  The nitrate anions are not bonded to nickel.
2 is highly soluble in water, giving emerald green solutions. It is a useful precursor to other nickel(II) derivatives where the water ligands would be replaced.
When ions form, the outermost electrons (highest n value) are lost first, which results in the electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8, instead of ...4s2 3d6.

# Safety
Like other nitrates, nickel nitrate is oxidizing, so that caution should be exercised when it contacts with reducing materials such as organic substances. It is also irritating to the eyes, skin and, upon inhalation of the dust, respiratory tract. It may cause skin allergy. Nickel nitrate is a suspected carcinogen, along with most other nickel compounds. The nickel ion is also toxic to aquatic organisms.
Nickel(II) sulfate

# Overview
Nickel(II) sulfate or just nickel sulfate, usually refers to the chemical compound with the formula NiSO4.6H2O.  This blue salt is a common laboratory source of nickel.  It also occurs as the rare mineral Retgersite.  The anhydrous salt, NiSO4, a high melting solid, is also known but is less commonly encountered.  These nickel(II) compounds are paramagnetic.

# Synthesis and structure
Dissolution of nickel hydroxide in sulfuric acid followed by evaporation produces crystals of this salt or the corresponding heptahydrate.  X-ray crystallography measurements show that NiSO4.6H2O consists of octahedral 2+ ions.  These ions in turn are hydrogen bonded to sulfate ions.  Dissolution of the salt in water gives solutions containing the ion 2+.

# Coordination chemistry
NiSO4.6H2O and related hydrates react with ammonia to give SO4 and with ethylenediamine to give SO4.  The latter is occasionally used as a calibrant for magnetic susceptibility measurements because it has no tendency to hydrate.

# Applications
NiSO4.6H2O in combination with boric acid or nickel(II) chloride is used in some electroplating baths.

# Safety
Nickel salts are considered carcinogenic.
Niclosamide dosage

# Dosage
Yomesan tablets are taken after breakfast. It is very important that the palatable tablets are thoroughly chewed and then washed down with a little water. The tablets may also be taken disintegrated in a little water. For small children it is advisable to grind the tablets as finely as possible and mix the powder with a little water. If constipated, thorough cleansing of the bowels is necessary before treatment. Dietetic measures are not necessary.
In infestation with beef tapeworm (T. saginata), pork tapeworm (T. solium) and fish tapeworm (D. latum) one single dose is sufficient.
Yomesan tablets are taken after breakfast. It is very important that the palatable tablets are thoroughly chewed and then washed down with a little water. The tablets may also be taken disintegrated in a little water. For small children it is advisable to grind the tablets as finely as possible and mix the powder with a little water. If constipated, thorough cleansing of the bowels is necessary before treatment. Dietetic measures are not necessary.
In infestation with beef tapeworm (T. saginata), pork tapeworm (T. solium) and fish tapeworm (D. latum) one single dose is sufficient.
- Adults and children from 6 years upwards	-	4 tablets
- Children from 2-6 years	-	2 tablets
- Children under 2 years	-	1 tablet
A drastic saline purge (e.g. sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphate), given two hours after the Yomesan dose should ensure a rapid and complete expulsion of the worm. Without purgation, the parasite is excreted in pieces during the next few days. In the case of Taenia solium, a drastic purge is imperative. For infections with the dwarf tapeworm (H. nana), the following treatment for 7 days is recommended:
First day:
- Adults and children from 6 years upwards	-	4 tablets
- Children from 2-6 years	-	2 tablets
- Children under 2 years	-	1 tablet
For another six days:
- Adults and children from 6 years upwards	-	2 tablets daily
- Children from 2-6 years	-	1 tablet daily
- Children under 2 years	-	12 tablet daily
Nicotine poisoning

# Overview
Historically, most cases of nicotine poisoning have been the result of its use as an insecticide; however, such use is less frequent now than previously. Every year many children go to the emergency room after eating cigarettes or cigarette butts. 
Sixty milligrams of nicotine has the potential to kill an adult, which is the amount of nicotine in three packs of cigarettes or half a cigar, if all of the nicotine were absorbed. However, this figure is higher in regular smokers, although not drastically so. Consuming only one cigarette's worth of nicotine is enough to make a toddler severely ill.  In some cases children have become poisoned by topical medicinal creams which contain nicotine.
Individuals who harvest or cultivate tobacco may experience Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS), a type of nicotine poisoning caused by dermal exposure to wet tobacco leaves.

# Symptoms
- Vomiting and nausea, diarrhea
- Headaches
- Difficulty breathing
- Pallor
- Sweating
- Palpitations
- Stomach pains/cramps
- Seizures
- Weakness
- Drooling (or, for toddlers, more drooling than usual)
- Skin lesions (caused by prolonged chain-smoking or excessive use of nicotine patches or chewing gum)

# Physical process
These symptoms can be traced back to excessive stimulation of nicotinic cholinergic neurons. Initially, nicotine has a short-lived stimulatory-phase, followed by a longer inhibitory phase leading to neuromuscular blockade.
It is sometimes reported that people poisoned by organophosphate insecticides experience the same symptoms as nicotine poisoning, but this is not entirely trueTemplate:Views needing attribution. Organophosphates inhibit an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, causing a build up of acetylcholine, excessive stimulation of all types of cholinergic neurons, and a wide range of symptoms. Nicotine is specific for nicotinic cholinergic receptors only and has some, but not all, symptoms in common with organophosphate poisoning.

# Diagnosing
Increased nicotine or cotinine (the nicotine metabolite) 
is detected in urine or blood, or increased serum nicotine levels occur.

# Prognostic
It is said that if a patient survives nicotine poisoning during the first 4 hours, complete recovery is very likely.Template:Views needing attribution
Night owl (person)
Night owl is a term for a person who tends to stay up until late at night. Usually, night owls keep awake past midnight, with extreme night owls staying awake until 5:00 or 6:00 AM.
Some night owls have a preference or habit for staying up late, or stay up to work the night shift. 
Night owls who have great difficulty adopting normal sleeping and waking times may have delayed sleep phase syndrome.
Preference for a darker, night time world is called nyctophilia or scotophilia.
The opposite of a night owl is an early bird, lark as opposed to owl, someone who tends to begin sleeping at a time that is considered 'early', thus giving them the opportunity to wake early.  In several countries, early birds are called "A-people" and night owls are called "B-people".  Researchers use the terms morningness/eveningness.

# Famous night owls
The following people have been described as night owls:
- Winston Churchill
- Bill Clinton
- Glenn Gould
- Elvis Presley
- Marcel Proust
- J. R. R. Tolkien
Nitrogen triiodide
Nitrogen triiodide, also called nitrogen iodide, is the chemical compound with the formula NI3. It is a sensitive contact explosive: small quantities explode with a gunpowder-like snap when touched even lightly, releasing a purple cloud of iodine vapor.  NI3 has a complex structural chemistry that has required relatively heroic efforts to elucidate because of the instability of the derivatives.

# Decomposition
The decomposition of NI3 proceeds via the following reaction:

# Structure of NI3 and its derivatives
Nitrogen triiodide is a dark red compound, first characterized by X-ray crystallography in 1990, when it was prepared by an ammonia-free route.  Boron nitride reacts with iodine fluoride in trichlorofluoromethane at -30 C to produce pure NI3 in low yield.  NI3 is pyramidal (C3v molecular symmetry), as are the other nitrogen trihalides as well as ammonia.
The material that is usually called "nitrogen triiodide" is prepared by the reaction of iodine with ammonia.  When this reaction is conducted at low temperatures in anhydrous ammonia, the initial product is NI3(NH3)5, but this material loses some ammonia upon warming to give the 1:1 adduct NI3(NH3).   This adduct was first reported by Bernard Courtois in 1812, and its formula was finally determined in 1905 by Silberrad. Its solid state structure consists of chains of -NI2-I-NI2-I-NI2-I-...  Ammonia molecules are situated between the chains.  In the dark and kept cold and damp with ammonia, NI3(NH3) is stable.  The dry material is, however a contact explosive decomposing according to the following equation:
The instability of NI3 itself or NI3NH3 can be attributed to the great stability of N2.

# Nitrogen triiodide in classroom demonstrations and popular culture
- Small amounts of nitrogen triiodide are sometimes synthesized as a demonstration to high school chemistry students or as an act of "chemical magic". To highlight the sensitivity of the compound, it is usually detonated by touching it with a feather but even the slightest air current or other movement can cause detonation.  Nitrogen triiodide is also notable for being the only known explosive that detonates when exposed to alpha particles and nuclear fission products.
- NI3NH3 explosions leave orange-to-purple iodine stains that can be removed by sodium thiosulfate solution.
- Nitrogen triiodide is the contact explosive used in Brainiac: Science Abuse, named "Peter Logan's Exploding Paste" on the show, although the details of its production are not mentioned for safety purposes.
- In Robert Heinlein's novel Farnham's Freehold, the eponymous Hugh Farnham uses nitrogen triiodide (made from ammonia and iodine) as a blasting powder.
Nuclear cardiology
Section editor: Eli V. Gelfand, M.D. (Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School)
General overview of Nuclear Cardiology
- Basic physical principles of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
- Basic physical principles of positron emission tomography (PET)
- Commonly used radiopharmaceuticals
- Selecting appropriate candidates for myocardial perfusion imaging
- Standard exercise stress protocols
- Standard pharmacologic stress protocols
- Imaging protocols
- Combining myocardial perfusion imaging with coronary CT
- Radionuclide angiography
- Molecular imaging and related novel technologies
Clinical use of stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)
- ACCF/ASNC appropriateness criteria for SPECT-MPI (2005)
- ACC/AHA guidelines for cardiac radionuclide imaging (2003)
Coronary Disease
- Assessment of patients presenting with chest pain to the Emergency Department
- Detection of CAD
- Management, risk assessment and prognosis of patients with chronic CAD
- Detection of acute MI
- Risk assessment of patients following ST-elevation MI
- Risk assessment of patients following non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome
Heart Failure
- Assessment of LV systolic function
- Assessment of etiology of heart failure
- Detection of CAD in patients with heart failure
- Determination of myocardial viability
Specific patient populations
- Patients with an "uninterpretable" resting ECG
- Elderly patients
- Asymptomatic patients with diabetes
- Patients following up after a coronary calcium screening
- Patients before and after coronary revascularization
- Patients undergoing elective noncardiac surgery
Nucleoporin 210kDa
Nuclear pore glycoprotein-210 (gp210) is an essential trafficking regulator in the eukaryotic nuclear pore complex. Gp-210 anchors the pore complex to the nuclear membrane. and protein tagging reveals its primarily located on the luminal side of double layer membrane at the pore. 
A single polypeptide motif of gp210 is responsible for sorting to nuclear membrane, and indicate the carboxyl tail of the protein is oriented toward the cytoplasmic side of the membrane.

# Disassembly and Assembly
During eukaryotic mitosis the nuclear envelope disentegrates into vesicles dispersing nuclear lamina proteins and nuclear pore complexes. Nup210 is specifically phosphorylated on the C-terminal (cytoplasmic) domain in mitosis at Ser1880 and is dispersed throughout the endoplasmic reticulum during mitosis as homodimers. Nuclear lamins begin to reassemble around chromosomes at the end of mitosis. Nup210 lags the reassembly process relative to other Nups. and while much of the assembly process can occur without it, the final assembly and dilation of the complexes require Nup210. The replacement of serine at position 1880 with a phosphorylated 'looking' glutamate results in Nup210 complexes that fail to reassemble indicating that dephosphorylation of Nup210 within the final phases of proper assembly is required.

# Pathology
Recognized by anti-nuclear antibodies found in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) anti-Nup210 antibodies correlate with progression toward end stage liver disease. Nup210 is possibly a destructive autoimmune target of the disease. One idea for the loss of tolerance is the increased or abnormal expression of Nup210 in patients with PBC.
Anti-mitochondrial, anti-centromere  and anti-nup62 are also found in PBC.
Objective (optics)
An objective in optics is the lens or mirror in a microscope, telescope, camera or other optical instrument that receives the first light rays from the object being observed. The objective is also called the object lens, object glass, and objective glass. Microscope objectives are typically designed to be parfocal, which means that when one changes from one lens to another on a microscope, the sample stays in focus. Microscope objectives are characterized by two parameters, namely, magnification and numerical aperture. The former typically ranges from 5 to 100 while the latter ranges from 0.14 to 0.7, corresponding to focal lengths of about 40 to 2 mm, respectively. For high magnification applications, an oil-immersion objective has to be used. The objective is specially designed and refractive index matching oil must fill the air gap between the front element and the object to allow numerical aperture to exceed 1, and hence give greater resolution at high magnification. Template:Optics-stub da:Objektiv (linse) de:Objektiv (Optik) hr:Objektiv hu:Objektiv
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