Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Quickening

# Overview
In pregnancy terms, the moment of quickening refers to the initial motion of the fetus in the uterus as it is perceived or felt by the pregnant woman. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, to "quicken" means "to reach the stage of pregnancy at which the child shows signs of life."  In the twentieth century, ultrasound technology made it possible to see that a fetus is in motion even if the pregnant woman does not yet feel it.  This technological development made the concept of "quickening" a bit more complex.

# Medical facts
The first natural sensation of quickening may feel like a light tapping, or the fluttering of a butterfly.  These sensations eventually become stronger and more regular as the pregnancy progresses.  Sometimes, the first movements are misattributed to gas or hunger pangs.
A womans uterine muscles, rather than her abdominal muscles, are first to sense fetal motion.  Therefore, a womans body weight usually does not have a substantial effect on when movements are initially perceived.  Women who have already given birth have more relaxed uterine muscles that are consequently more sensitive to fetal motion, and for them fetal motion can sometimes be felt as early as 14 weeks.
Usually, quickening occurs naturally at about the middle of a pregnancy. A woman pregnant for the first time (i.e. a primiparous woman) typically feels fetal movements at about 20-21 weeks, whereas a woman who has already given birth at least two times (i.e. a multiparous woman) will typically feel movements around 18 weeks.

# Legal history
Historically, quickening has sometimes been considered to be the beginning of the possession of "individual life" by the fetus.  British legal scholar William Blackstone explained the subject of quickening in the eighteenth century, relative to feticide and abortion:
Nevertheless, quickening was only one of several standards that were used historically to determine when the right to life attaches to a fetus.  According to the "ancient law" mentioned by Blackstone, another standard was formation of the fetus, which occurs weeks before quickening.  Henry Bracton explained the ancient law, about five hundred years before Blackstone:
The rule that a fetus was considered alive upon formation dates back at least another millennium.  In the Septuagint text of the Old Testament, formation of the fetus was emphasized instead of quickening, according to the Book of Exodus:
Thus, in the earliest history of Judeo-Christian tradition, the highest value for life was thought to accrue when the fetus is formed.  Later in history, the moment of quickening became the predominant standard for a right to life.  Ultimately, the moment of fetal viability became more significant, although the moment of conception has also been used as a standard for when the right to life legally attaches to a human being.
RADIANCE 1

# Official Title
Phase 3 Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Randomized, Parallel Group, Carotid B-Mode Ultrasound Evaluation of the Anti-Atherosclerotic Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Fixed Combination CP-529,414/Atorvastatin, Administered Orally, Once Daily (QD) for 24 Months, Compared With Maximally Tolerated Atorvastatin Therapy Alone, in Subjects With Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia.

# Objective
The objective of this study is to look at ultrasound images taken in the carotid arteries and to look at various lipids in the blood of people with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.
The Torcetrapib project was terminated on December 2, 2006 due to safety findings.

# Sponsor
Pfizer

# Timeline
The previous information was derived from ClinicalTrials.gov on 08/18/2014 using the identification number NCT00136981.

# Study Description
The previous information was derived from ClinicalTrials.gov on 09/19/2013 using the identification number NCT00136981.

# Eligibility Criteria

## Inclusion Criteria
- Diagnosis of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
- At least 18 years of age

## Exclusion Criteria
- Women who are pregnant or lactating, or planning to become pregnant.
- Subjects with a clinically indicated need for statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor) therapy other than atorvastatin or other concomitant therapy with known lipid altering effects on LDL-C and HDL-C including fibrates and nicotinic acid (high doses)
- Subjects taking any drugs known to be associated with an increased risk of myositis in combination with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
- Subjects with any other medical condition or laboratory abnormality which could affect subject safety, preclude evaluation of response, or render unlikely that the subject would complete the study

# Outcomes

## Primary Outcomes
- Change in intima media thickness as measures by carotid ultrasound

## Secondary Outcomes
- Changes in levels of lipids and other biomarkers

# Publications
The administration of torcetrapib with atorvastatin among patients with familial hypercholesterolemia did not lead to decrease in the progression of atherosclerosis as compared with atorvastatin alone.
RADIANCE 2

# Official Title
Phase 3 Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Randomized, Parallel Group, Carotid B-mode Ultrasound Evaluation of the Anti-Atherosclerotic Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Fixed Combination CP-529,414/Atorvastatin, Administered Orally, Once Daily (QD) for 24 Months, Compared With Atorvastatin Alone, in Subjects With Mixed Hyperlipidemia

# Objective
The objective of this study is to look at ultrasound images taken in the carotid arteries and to look at various lipids in the blood of people with mixed hyperlipidemia.

# Sponsor
Pfizer

# Timeline
The previous information was derived from ClinicalTrials.gov on 08/18/2014 using the identification number NCT00134238.

# Study Description
The previous information was derived from ClinicalTrials.gov on 09/19/2013 using the identification number NCT00134238.

# Eligibility Criteria

## Inclusion Criteria
- Diagnosis of mixed hyperlipidemia
- At least 18 years of age

## Exclusion Criteria
- Women who are pregnant or lactating, or planning to become pregnant.
- Subjects with a clinically indicated need for statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor) therapy other than atorvastatin or other concomitant therapy with known lipid altering effects on LDL-C and HDL-C including fibrates and nicotinic acid (high doses)
- Subjects taking any drugs known to be associated with an increased risk of myositis in combination with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
- Subjects with any other medical condition or laboratory abnormality which could affect subject safety, preclude evaluation of response, or render unlikely that the subject would complete the study

# Outcomes

## Primary Outcomes
Change in intima media thickness as measured by carotid ultrasound

## Secondary Outcomes
Changes in levels of lipids and other biomarkers

# Publications

## Conclusion
There is no clinical benefit with the administration of torcetrapib.  Torcetrapib did not lead to a decrease in the thickness of the intima and media of carotid segments.  Torcetrapib led to an increase in HDL and decrement in LDL; however, these findings were accompanied by an increase in systolic blood pressure.
RHD (gene)
Rh blood group, D antigen also known as Rh polypeptide 1 (RhPI) or cluster of differentiation 240D (CD240D) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RHD gene.
The RHD gene codes for the RhD erythrocyte membrane protein that is the Rh factor antigen of the Rh blood group system. RHD has sequence similarity to RHCE, RhAG, RhBG, and RhCG and these five genes constitute the Rh family. It was proposed that the erythrocyte Rh complex is a heterotrimer of RhAG, RhD, and RhCE protein subunits. RhAG is a functional ammonia transporter and is required for normal cell surface expression of RhD and RhCE. Patients who lack RhD/RhCE/RhAG on the surface of their erythrocytes have                 hemolytic anemia            . Antibodies to the RhD protein can cause Rh disease.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of RHD function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Rhdtm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty five tests were carried out on mutant mice and one significant abnormality was observed: homozygous mutant males had a decrease in mean corpuscular hemoglobin.
Rabi cycle

# Overview
[In physics, the Rabi cycle is the cyclic behaviour of a two-state quantum system in the presence of an oscillatory driving field.  A two-state system has two possible states, and if they are not degenerate energy levels the system can become "excited" when it absorbs a quantum of energy.
The effect is important in quantum optics, nuclear magnetic  resonance and quantum computing. The term is named in honour of Isidor Isaac Rabi.
When an atom (or some other two-level system) is illuminated by a coherent beam of photons, it will cyclically absorb photons and re-emit them by stimulated emission. One such cycle is called a Rabi cycle and the inverse of its duration the Rabi frequency of the photon beam.
This mechanism is fundamental to quantum optics. It can be modelled using the Jaynes-Cummings model and the Bloch vector formalism.
For example, in a two-state atom (an atom in which an electron can either be in the excited or ground state), the probability of finding the atom in the excited state is found from the Bloch equations to be: |c_b(t)|^2=\cos(\omega t)^2 where \omega is the Rabi frequency.
More generally, one can consider a system where the two levels under consideration are not energy eigenstates. Therefore if the system is initialized in one of these levels, time evolution will make the population of each of the levels oscillate with some characteristic frequency, whose angular frequency is also known as the Rabi frequency.

# Links
-  A Java applet that visualizes Rabi Cycles of two-state systems (laser driven).
-  extended version of the applet. Includes electron phonon interaction.

# Notes
-  Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology - Rabi oscillations, Rabi frequency, stimulated emission
Vulvectomy
Vulvectomy refers to a gynecological procedure in which the vulva is partly or completely removed.  Usually this is performed as a last resort in certain cases of cancer, vulvar dysplasia or Human Papilloma Virus (genital warts). The patient experiences severe pain in the groin area for a couple of weeks after the procedure.  Sexual function is generally still possible but limited.
A simple vulvectomy means removal of all external tissue, and a radical vulvectomy is the same but also includes lymph node removal, clitoris, and nearby tissue is also removed. A partial vulvectomy is the least severe, only removing the affected portion of the vulva.
Skinning vulvectomy involves the removal of the top layer of vulvar skin (the external female genital organs,incluiding the clitoris, vaginal lips and the opening of the vagina) where the cancer is found. Skin grafts from other parts of the body may be needed to cover the area. There are 2 types of Skinning Vulvectomy, the Partial skinning vulvectomy and the Total skinning vulvectomy. The objective of the first one is the preservation of the cosmetic and functional integrity of the vulva in younger and sexually active patients in whom a steady increase in the incidence of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia has been observed in the last decade meanwhile the objective of the Total skinning vulvectomy is to remove the entire vulva with total skin graft replacement in patients with an entire vulva cancer involvement.
Modified radical vulvectomy involves the removal of vulva containing cancer and some of the normal tissue around it.
Radiogenic
A radiogenic nuclide is one that is produced by a process of radioactive decay.
Radiogenic nuclides (more commonly referred to as 'radiogenic isotopes') form some of the most important tools in Geology. They are used in two principal ways:
1) In comparison with the quantity of the radioactive 'parent isotope' in a system, the quantity of the radiogenic 'daughter product' is used as a radiometric dating tool (e.g. uranium-lead geochronology).
2) In comparison with the quantity of a non-radiogenic isotope of the same element, the quantity of the radiogenic isotope is used as an isotopic tracer (e.g. 206Pb/204Pb). This technique is discussed in more detail under the heading isotope geochemistry.

# Examples
Lead is perhaps the best example of a radiogenic substance, as it is produced from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium. Specifically, Pb-206 is formed from U-238, Pb-207 from U-235, and Pb-208 from Th-232. Other substances considered radiogenic are argon-40, formed from radioactive potassium, and nitrogen-14, which is formed by the decay of carbon-14. U-238, U-235, and Th-232 themselves are likely to be radiogenic as well, being formed from the decay of those nuclei of the elements heavier than uranium which do not undergo spontaneous fission, just after they were formed in stellar supernovae.
Other important examples of radiogenic elements are radon and helium, both of which form during the decay of heavier elements in bedrock.  The global supply of helium is radiogenic.

# Radiogenic isotopes used in Geology
The following table lists some of the most important radiogenic isotope systems used in Geology, in order of decreasing half-life of the radioactive parent isotope. The values given for half-life and decay constant are the current consensus values in the Isotope Geology community. Extinct nuclides are not presently included. indicates ultimate decay product of a series.
Renal cyst

# Overview
A renal cyst is a fluid collection in the kidney. There are several types based on the Bosniak classification. The majority are benign, simple cysts that can be monitored and not intervened upon. However, some are cancerous or are suspicious for cancer and are commonly removed in a surgical procedure called nephrectomy.
Numerous renal cysts are seen in the cystic kidney diseases, which include polycystic kidney disease and medullary sponge kidney.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Up to 27% of individuals greater than 50 years of age may have simple renal cysts that cause no symptoms.

# Classification

## Bosniak classification
Renal cysts are classified as either malignant or benign using the Bosniak Classification System. The system was created by Dr. Morton Bosniak, a faculty member at the NYU Langone Medical Center in New York City.  
The Bosniak classification categorizes renal cysts into five groups.

# Causes

## Drug Side Effect
- Crizotinib

# Differentiating renal cyst from other disease
Simple renal cyst must be differentiated from other diseases presenting as renal cysts such as:
- Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
- Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
- Medullary sponge kidney
- Tuberous sclerosis complex
- Von Hippel-Lindau disease
For more information on differentiating simple renal cyst, click here.

# Complications
- An infected cyst may cause fever and pain.
- A burst cyst causes severe pain in back or side.
- A kidney cyst that obstructs the normal flow of urine may lead to swelling of the kidney (hydronephrosis).
Renal lobe

# Overview
The renal lobe is a portion of a kidney consisting of a renal pyramid and the renal cortex above it. 
It is visible without a microscope, though it is easier to see in humans than in animals.
It is comprised of many renal lobules, which are not visible without a microscope.
Rene Spitz

# Overview
Rene Arpad Spitz (1887, Vienna - November 11, 1974, Denver) was an American psychoanalyst of Hungarian origin. Fleeing Nazi Germany, he settled in the United States and worked at the University of Denver.
His interest was in the relationship between mother and child. He developed the concepts of hospitalism and anaclitic depression, starting from the emotional deficiencies which he observed in the child and their consequences on its psycho-emotional development.
In 1957 he filmed the seminal film Psychogenic Disease in Infancy showing examples of children with insecure attachment resulting from hospitalism.

# Ego development
Spitz noted three organising principles in the psychological development of the child:
- the smiling response, which appears at around three months old in the presence of an unspecified person;
- anxiety in the presence of a stranger, around the eighth month;
- semantic communication, in which the child learns how to be obstinate, which the psychoanalysts connect to the obsessional neurosis.
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Resolution
The term Resolution may refer to:
- Resolution (logic), a rule of inference used for automated theorem proving.
- Resolution (law), a written motion adopted by a deliberative body.
- Resolution (music), a technique in music theory.
- Resolution (meter), the replacement of one longum with two brevia
- New Year's resolution
- Resolution, a Douglas DC-6 aircraft, BCPA Flight 304, which crashed near San Francisco in 1953

# Optics and electronics
- Display resolution, the level of detail on a display device, such as a monitor
- Temporal resolution, for example the sampling frequency of a digital audio device
- Image resolution, the level of detail of an image
- Optical resolution, the capability of an optical system to distinguish, detect, and/or record details
- Angular resolution, the capability of an optical or other sensor to discern small objects
- Sensor resolution
- Spatial resolution, the area on the ground that a single pixel covers.
- Bit resolution, or Bit depth, may refer to Color depth or Audio bit depth
- Printing resolution, the number of individual dots of ink or toner a printer can produce within a unit of distance (e.g., dots per inch)

# Business
- Corporate resolution, a legal document defining which individuals are authorized to act on behalf of a corporation
- Resolution plc, a major manager of in-force UK life funds, part of the FTSE 100 index
- Resolution copper, a copper mining project in Arizona

# Geography
- Resolution Island (Nunavut), in the Arctic region of Canada
- Resolution Island, New Zealand

# Naval vessels
- HMS Resolution, any of several British Royal Navy ships
- HMNZS Resolution (A-14), Royal New Zealand Navy surveillance ship
- Resolution class submarine, British Royal Navy

# Mathematics
- Injective resolution, mathematical series
- Resolution of singularities in algebraic geometry
- Resolution (logic), a proof calculus for propositional logic and first-order logic.

# Literature
- The fictitious "Resolution Island" was the setting of the novel Brown on Resolution by C. S. Forester

# Other uses
- Conflict resolution is the process of attempting to resolve a dispute or a conflict.
- Name resolution, the process of retrieving information from the Domain Name System
- Resolution (electron density), resolution in structural biology
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Rey Miguel
Rey Miguel is a brand of hand-made premium cigar owned by Black Cat Cigar Co. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

# History and Background
The brand was created by Jose "Pepin" Garcia and is manufactured at the El Rey de los Habanos factory in the Little Havana section of Miami, Florida.

# Description
This is a medium-bodied cigar. The filler is a blend of Nicaraguan tobaccos. The binder is not known. The wrapper is a Connecticut-seed wrapper grown by Silvio & Alfredo Perez in Ecuador. This wrapper tempers the strength and body of the filler blend.

# Models/Vitolas

# Notes
-  Black Cat Cigar Co., in litt., 11/14/2006.,
-  Profile of the Perez family in Cigar Aficionado.
Rhinophyma

# Overview
Rhinophyma is a large, bulbous, ruddy nose caused by granulomatous infiltration, commonly due to untreated rosacea.

# Signs and symptoms
Rhinophyma is characterised by prominent pores and a fibrous thickening of the nose, sometimes with papules. It is associated with the common skin condition rosacea. It can carry a strong psychological impact due to its effect on one's personal appearance.

# Causes
Alcoholism is mistakenly attributed as a cause of this disease, but heavy alcohol consumption does aggravate the condition. Rhinophyma may be diagnosed without testing, but a skin biopsy can confirm the diagnosis. Surgical treatment may be beneficial.
Rhinophyma is a slowly progressive condition due to hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands of the tip of the nose often seen in cases of long-standing acne rosacea; it is not a neoplasm. It presents as a pink, lobulated mass over the nose with superficial vascular dilation; it mostly affects men past middle age. Patients seek advice because of the perceived unsightly appearance of the enlargement, or obstruction in breathing and vision.

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination

### Skin
- Rinofima. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rinofima. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rinofima. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rinofima. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rinofima. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rinofima. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rinofima. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rinofima. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rinofima. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rinofima. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rinofima. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rinofima. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

# Treatment
Treatment consists of paring down the bulk of the tissue with a sharp instrument or carbon dioxide laser and allowing the area to re-epithelialise. Sometimes, the tissue is completely excised and the raw area skin-grafted.

# History
The term rhinophyma is derived from the Greek rhis ('nose') and phyma ('growth').
Rinne test
The Rinne test is a hearing test. It compares perception of sounds, as transmitted by air or by sound conduction through the mastoid. Thus, one can quickly suspect conductive hearing loss.
A Rinne test should always be accompanied by a Weber test to also detect sensorineural hearing loss and thus confirm the nature of hearing loss.
The Rinne test was named after German otologist Heinrich Adolf Rinne (1819-1868); the Weber test was named after Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795  1878).

# Procedure
The Rinne test is performed by placing a vibrating tuning fork (512 Hz) initially on the mastoid, then next to the ear and asking which sound is loudest.  Air conduction uses the apparatus of the ear (pinna, eardrum and ossicles) to amplify and direct the sound whereas bone conduction bypasses some or all of these and allows the sound to be transmitted directly to the inner ear albeit at a reduced volume, or via the bones of the skull to the opposite ear.
In a normal ear, air conduction (AC) is better than bone conduction (BC)
In conductive hearing loss, bone conduction is better than air
In sensorineural hearing loss, bone conduction and air conduction are both equally depreciated, maintaining the relative difference of
In sensorineural hearing loss patients there may be a false negative Rinne
Note that the words positive and negative are used in a somewhat confusing fashion here, other than their normal use in medical tests. Positive or negative means that a certain parameter that was evaluated was present or not. In this case, that parameter is if air conduction (AC) is better than bone conduction (BC). Thus, a "positive" result indicates the healthy state, in contrast to many other medical tests.
(Images courtesy of Charlie Goldberg, M.D., UCSD School of Medicine and VA Medical Center, San Diego, California)
- Rinne test
- Rinne test

# Hazards
This test, and its complement the Weber test, are quick screening tests and are no replacement for formal audiometry.

# Effect on opposite ear
The effect on the opposite ear, relative to the tuning fork, is reverse to the ear being tested. Here, conduction through the skull to the opposite side is more effective than conduction through room air around the head.
Thus, if the normal ear is not masked, bone conduction could be reported as louder by the patient, even if both ears are normal.