Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
DLG2
Disks large homolog 2 (DLG2) also known as channel-associated protein of synapse-110 (chapsyn-110) or postsynaptic density protein 93 (PSD-93) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLG2 gene.

# Function
Chapsyn-110/PSD-93 a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family. The protein forms a heterodimer with a related family member that may interact at postsynaptic sites to form a multimeric scaffold for the clustering of receptors, ion channels, and associated signaling proteins. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described but their full-length nature has yet to be completely determined.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of DLG2 function. A knockout mouse line, called Dlg2tm1Dsb was generated. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty four tests were carried out on homozygous mutant mice and five significant abnormalities were observed. Both sexes had atypical indirect calorimetry and DEXA parameters. Females also had decreased body weight, decreased circulating HDL cholesterol levels, and increased susceptibility to bacterial infection.

# Interactions
DLG2 has been shown to interact with GRIN2B, KCNJ12.
DLK1
Protein delta homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLK1 gene.
It is expressed as a transmembrane protein, but a soluble form cleaved off by ADAM17 is active in inhibiting adipogenesis, the differentiation of pre-adipocytes into adipocytes.
It is a member of the EGF-like family of homeotic proteins.
DLL3
Delta-like 3 (Drosophila), also known as DLL3, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the DLL3 gene. Two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of the delta protein ligand family. This family functions as Notch ligands that are characterized by a DSL domain, EGF repeats, and a transmembrane domain. Expression of DLL3 is highest in fetal brain. It plays a key role in somitogenesis within the Paraxial mesoderm.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene cause the autosomal recessive genetic disorder Jarcho-Levin syndrome. Expression of the gene occurs in Neuroendocrine tumors, which has been targeted as a potential pathway for treatment.
An experimental drug, rovalpituzumab tesirine, targets DLL3 as a possible treatment for lung cancer.
DLST
Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue succinyltransferase component of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DLST gene.

# Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. 
-  The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "TCACycle_WP78"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
DLX2
Homeobox protein DLX-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLX2 gene.
Many vertebrate homeo box-containing genes have been identified on the basis of their sequence similarity with Drosophila developmental genes. Members of the Dlx gene family contain a homeobox that is related to that of Distal-less (Dll), a gene expressed in the head and limbs of the developing fruit fly. The Distal-less (Dlx) family of genes comprises at least 6 different members, DLX1-DLX6. The DLX proteins are postulated to play a role in forebrain and craniofacial development. This gene is located in a tail-to-tail configuration with another member of the gene family on the long arm of chromosome 2.

# Interactions
DLX2 has been shown to interact with DLX5, MSX1 and Msh homeobox 2.
DLX3
Homeobox protein DLX-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DLX3 gene.

# Function
Dlx3 is a crucial regulator of hair follicle differentiation and cycling. Specifically, colocalization of phosphorylated Smad1 / 5 / 8 complex and Dlx3 regulate role for BMP signaling to Dlx3 during hair morphogenesis in animal models.
Many vertebrate homeo box-containing genes have been identified on the basis of their sequence similarity with Drosophila developmental genes. Members of the Dlx gene family contain a homeobox that is related to that of Distal-less (Dll), a gene expressed in the head and limbs of the developing fruit fly. The Distal-less (Dlx) family of genes comprises at least 6 different members, DLX1-DLX6. This gene is located in a tail-to-tail configuration with another member of the gene family on the long arm of chromosome 17.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene have been associated with the autosomal dominant conditions trichodentoosseous syndrome (TDO) and amelogenesis imperfecta with taurodontism.
DLX5
Homeobox protein DLX-5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the distal-less homeobox 5 gene, or DLX5 gene. DLX5 is a member of DLX gene family.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of a homeobox transcription factor gene family similar to the Drosophila distal-less (Dll) gene. The encoded protein may play a role in bone development and fracture healing. Current research holds that the homeobox gene family is important in appendage development. DLX5 and DLX6 can be seen to work in conjunction and are both necessary for proper craniofacial, axial, and appendicular skeleton development. Mutation in this gene, which is located in a tail-to-tail configuration with another member of the family on the long arm of chromosome 7, may be associated with split-hand/split-foot malformation.
DLX5 also acts as the early BMP-responsive transcriptional activator needed for osteoblast differentiation by stimulating the up-regulation of a variety of promoters (ALPL promoter, SP7 promoter, MYC promoter).

# Clinical significance
Mutations in the DLX5 gene have been shown to be involved in the hand and foot malformation syndrome. SHFM is a heterogenous limb defect in which the development of the central digital rays is hindered, leading to missing central digits and claw-like distal extremities. Other defects associated with DLX5 include sensorineural hearing loss, mental retardation, ectodermal and craniofacial findings, and orofacial clefting.
In mice, the targeted disruption of DLX1, DLX2, DLX1/2, or DLX5 orthologs yields craniofacial, bone, and vestibular defects. If DLX5 is disrupted in conjunction with DLX6, bone, inner ear, and severe craniofacial defects are prevalent. Research utilizing Dlx5/6-nulls suggests that these genes have both unique and redundant functions.

# Developmental Stage
DLX5 begins to express DLX5 protein in the facial and branchial arch mesenchyme, otic vesicles, and frontonasal ectoderm at around day 8.5-9. By day 12.5, DLX5 protein begins to be expressed in the brain, bones, and all remaining skeletal structures. Expression in the brain and skeleton begins to decrease by day 17.

# Interactions
DLX5 has been shown to interact with DLX1, DLX2, DLX6, MSX1 and MSX2.
DNM2
Dynamin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNM2 gene.

# Function
Dynamins represent one of the subfamilies of GTP-binding proteins. These proteins share considerable sequence similarity over the N-terminal portion of the molecule, which contains the GTPase domain. Dynamins are associated with microtubules. They have been implicated in cell processes such as endocytosis and cell motility, and in alterations of the membrane that accompany certain activities such as bone resorption by osteoclasts. Dynamins bind many proteins that bind actin and other cytoskeletal proteins. Dynamins can also self-assemble, a process that stimulates GTPase activity. Four alternatively spliced transcripts encoding different proteins have been described. Additional alternatively spliced transcripts may exist, but their full-length nature has not been determined.

# Interactions
DNM2 has been shown to interact with:
- SHANK1,
- SHANK2, and
- SNX9.

# Clinical relevance
Mutations in this gene have been associated to cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia,
-r congenital myopathy (centronuclear type).
DOK2
Docking protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DOK2 gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated in hematopoietic progenitors isolated from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients in the chronic phase. It may be a critical substrate for p210(bcr/abl), a chimeric protein whose presence is associated with CML. This encoded protein binds p120 (RasGAP) from CML cells.

# Interactions
DOK2 has been shown to interact with INPP5D and TEK tyrosine kinase.
DPM1
Dolichol-phosphate mannosyltransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DPM1 gene.

# Function
Dolichol-phosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man) serves as a donor of mannosyl residues on the lumenal side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).  Lack of Dol-P-Man results in defective surface expression of GPI-anchored proteins.  Dol-P-Man is synthesized from GDP-mannose and dolichol-phosphate on the cytosolic side of the ER by the enzyme dolichyl-phosphate mannosyltransferase.  Human DPM1 lacks a carboxy-terminal transmembrane domain and signal sequence and is regulated by DPM2.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of DPM1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Dpm1tm1b(KOMP)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed:  - In-depth immunological phenotyping
DPM2
Dolichol phosphate-mannose biosynthesis regulatory protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DPM2 gene.

# Function
Dolichol-phosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man) serves as a donor of mannosyl residues on the lumenal side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Lack of Dol-P-Man results in defective surface expression of GPI-anchored proteins, defective N-linked glycosylation and deficient O-mannosylation of -dystroglycan. Dol-P-Man is synthesized from GDP-mannose and dolichol-phosphate on the cytosolic side of the ER by the enzyme dolichyl-phosphate mannosyltransferase. The protein encoded by this gene is a hydrophobic protein that contains 2 predicted transmembrane domains and a putative ER localization signal near the C-terminus. This protein associates with DPM1 in vivo and is required for the ER localization and stable expression of DPM1 and also enhances the binding of dolichol-phosphate to DPM1.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital disorder of glycosylation.
DPM3
dolichyl-phosphate mannosyltransferase polypeptide 3, also known as DPM3, is a human gene.

# Function
Dolichol-phosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man) serves as a donor of mannosyl residues on the lumenal side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Lack of Dol-P-Man results in defective surface expression of GPI-anchored proteins. Dol-P-Man is synthesized from GDP-mannose and dolichol-phosphate on the cytosolic side of the ER by the enzyme dolichyl-phosphate mannosyltransferase. The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of dolichyl-phosphate mannosyltransferase and acts as a stabilizer subunit of the dolichyl-phosphate mannosyltransferase complex.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1O.
DPYD
Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase  is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DPYD gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a pyrimidine catabolic enzyme and the initial and rate-limiting factor in the pathway of uracil and thymidine catabolism. Genetic deficiency of this enzyme results in an error in pyrimidine metabolism associated with thymine-uraciluria and an increased risk of toxicity in cancer patients receiving 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy.

# Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.
-  The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "FluoropyrimidineActivity_WP1601"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
DPYS
Dihydropyrimidinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DPYS gene.
Dihydropyrimidinase catalyzes the conversion of 5,6-dihydrouracil to 3-ureidopropionate in pyrimidine metabolism.  Dihydropyrimidinase is expressed at a high level in liver and kidney as a major 2.5-kb transcript and a minor 3.8-kb transcript.  Defects in the DPYS gene are linked to dihydropyrimidinuria.

# Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.
-  The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "FluoropyrimidineActivity_WP1601"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
DTNA
Dystrobrevin alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DTNA gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the dystrobrevin subfamily and the dystrophin family. This protein is a component of the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DPC). The DPC consists of dystrophin and several integral and peripheral membrane proteins, including dystroglycans, sarcoglycans, syntrophins and alpha- and beta-dystrobrevin. The DPC localizes to the sarcolemma and its disruption is associated with various forms of muscular dystrophy. This protein may be involved in the formation and stability of synapses as well as the clustering of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in DTNA are associated to                 Meniere's disease            .

# Interactions
DTNA has been shown to interact with dystrophin.
DUID
DUID is the acronym that stands for Driving Under the Influence of Drugs. It is akin to DUI or DWI for driving under the influence of alcohol or driving while intoxicated.
Several American states and European countries now have "per se" DUID laws that presume a driver is impaired if they are found to have any detectable quantity of controlled substances in their body while operating an automobile and that the driver has no doctor's prescription for the substance. This is similar to the "per se" DUI/DWI laws that presume a driver is impaired when their blood alcohol content is above a certain level (currently 0.08% in the United States). There is some controversy with "per se" DUID laws in that a driver with any detectable quantity of controlled substances may not in fact be impaired and the detectable quantity may be only the remnants of drug use in days or weeks past. However testing equipment is generally calibrated to only pick up recent typically impairing usage and to not detect more historic drug use.
The laws were passed in response to the problems reported by prosecutors who sometimes found it difficult to prove that a driver was impaired from using a controlled substance. Practical difficulties included the transient effects of some drugs wearing off before Police or Drs had a chance to assess many suspects for impairment. These laws make their cases much easier to win because they only have to prove the presence of a controlled substance in the blood or urine, without a prescription. The logic is that the trade off of more efficient prosecutions with wide benefit to road safety is worth the potential conviction or more often non criminal sanction of a driver who may have a slim chance of being unimpaired, because the driver was already violating the law by using a controlled substance without a prescription.

# External link
- Drugged Driving
DUX4
Double homeobox, 4 also known as DUX4 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the DUX4 gene.

# Gene
This gene is located within a D4Z4 repeat array in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4q35. The D4Z4 repeat is polymorphic in length; a similar D4Z4 repeat array has been identified on chromosome 10. Each D4Z4 repeat unit has an open reading frame (named DUX4) that contains two homeoboxes; the repeat-array and ORF is conserved in other mammals. There was no evidence for transcription from standard cDNA libraries however RTPCR and in-vitro expression experiments indicate that the ORF is transcribed.

# Function
The encoded protein has been reported to function as a transcriptional activator of paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1 (PITX1).

# Clinical significance
Inappropriate expression of DUX4 in muscle cells is the cause of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy.
DVL2
Segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DVL2 gene.
This gene encodes a member of the dishevelled (dsh) protein family. The vertebrate dsh proteins have approximately 40% amino acid sequence similarity with Drosophila dsh. This gene encodes a 90-kD protein that undergoes posttranslational phosphorylation to form a 95-kD cytoplasmic protein, which may play a role in the signal transduction pathway mediated by multiple Wnt proteins. The mechanisms of dishevelled function in Wnt signaling are likely to be conserved among metazoans.

# Interactions
DVL2 has been shown to interact with Zinc finger protein 165, DAB2 and Arrestin beta 1.
DVL3
Segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DVL3 gene.
This gene is a member of a multi-gene family which shares strong similarity with the Drosophila dishevelled gene, dsh. The Drosophila dishevelled gene encodes a cytoplasmic phosphoprotein that regulates cell proliferation.

# Interactions
DVL3 has been shown to interact with DAB2, DVL1 and PRPF3.
Diol

# Overview
A diol or glycol is a chemical compound containing two hydroxyl groups (-OH groups).  Vicinal diols have hydroxyl groups attached to adjacent atoms.  Examples of vicinal diol compounds are ethylene glycol and propylene glycol.  Geminal diols have hydroxyl groups bonded to the same atom.  In general, organic geminal diols readily dehydrate to form a carbonyl group.  For example, carbonic acid ((HO)2C=O) is unstable and has a tendency to convert to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).  Nevertheless, in rare situations the chemical equilibrium is in favor of the geminal diol.  For example, when formaldehyde (H2C=O) is dissolved in water the geminal diol (H2C(OH)2) is favored.
Examples of diols in which the hydroxyl functional groups are more widely separated include 1,4-butanediol and bisphenol A.

# Synthesis of diols
Because diols are a common functional group arrangement, numerous methods of preparation have been developed.
- Vicinal diols can be produced from the oxidation of alkenes, usually with dilute acidic potassium permanganate, also known as potassium manganate(VII).  Using alkaline potassium manganate(VII) produces a colour change from clear deep purple to clear green; acidic potassium manganate(VII) turns clear colourless.
- Osmium tetroxide can similarly be used to oxidize alkenes to vicinal diols.
- A chemical reaction called Sharpless bishydroxylation can be used to produce chiral diols from alkenes using an osmate reagent and a chiral catalyst.
- Another method is the Woodward cis-hydroxylation.
- In the Prins reaction 1,3-diols can be formed in a reaction between an alkene and formaldehyde.

# Reactions
- A diol reacts like an alcohol, such as esterification and ether formation.
- Diols such as ethylene glycol are used as co-monomers in polymerization reactions forming polymers including some polyesters and polyurethanes. A different monomer with two identical functional groups, such as a dioyl dichloride or dioic acid is required to continue the process of polymerization through repeated esterification processes.
- In glycol cleavage the C-C bond in a vicinal diol is cleaved with formation of two aldehyde groups.