Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Witch-hazel
Witch-hazel (Hamamelis) is a genus of four species of flowering plants in the family Hamamelidaceae, with two species in North America (H. virginiana and H. vernalis), and one each in Japan (H. japonica) and China (H. mollis).
They are deciduous shrubs or (rarely) small trees growing to 3-8 m tall, rarely to 12 m tall. The leaves are alternately arranged, oval, 4-16 cm long and 3-11 cm broad, with a smooth or wavy margin.  The horticultural name means "together with fruit"; its fruit, flowers, and next year's leaf buds all appear on the branch simultaneously, a rarity among trees.  The flowers are produced on the leafless stems in winter, thus one alternative name for the plant, "Winterbloom".  Each flower has four slender strap-shaped petals 1-2 cm long,  pale to dark yellow, orange, or red. The fruit is a two-part capsule 1 cm long, containing a single 5 mm glossy black seed in each of the two parts; the capsule splits explosively at maturity in the autumn about 8 months after flowering, ejecting the seeds with sufficient force to fly for distances of up to 10 m, thus another alternative name  "Snapping Hazel". 
Hamamelis species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Feathered Thorn.
The name Witch has its origins in Middle English wiche, from the Old English wice, meaning "pliant" or "bendable". Hazel is derived from the use of the twigs as divining rods, just as hazel twigs were used in England.
The Persian Ironwood, a closely related tree formerly treated as Hamamelis persica, is now given a genus of its own, as Parrotia persica, as it differs in the flowers not having petals. Other closely allied genera are Parrotiopsis, Fothergilla and Sycopsis (see under Hamamelidaceae). Witch-hazels are not closely related to the hazels.

# Cultivation and uses
They are popular ornamental plants, grown for their clusters of rich yellow to orange-red flowers which begin to expand in the autumn as or slightly before the leaves fall, and continue throughout the winter. Numerous cultivars have been selected for use as garden shrubs, many of them derived from the hybrid H.  intermedia Rehder (H. japonica  H. mollis).
The bark and leaves are astringent; the extract, also referred to as witch hazel, is used medicinally. Extracts from its bark and leaves are used in aftershave lotions and lotions for treating bruises and insect bites. Witch-hazel is the active ingredient in many hemorrhoid medications. The seeds contain a quantity of oil and are edible.
Xanthelasma
Synonyms and keywords:: Xanthelasma palpebrarum.

# Overview
Xanthelasma (or xanthelasma palpebrarum) is a sharply demarcated yellowish collection of cholesterol underneath the skin, usually on or around the eyelids. The plural is "xanthelasmata". The root of the word is from Greek xanthos, , "yellow".
Xanthelasma are distinct from xanthoma which are larger and nodular, lesions. Xanthelasma are sometimes classified as a subtype of xanthoma.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
A study of 12,745 people from Denmark identified xanthelasmata in 4.4% of participants aged 20-93.

# Natural History, Complications, Prognosis
The lesions themselves are not harmful or painful.  They may, however, be a marker of underlying atherosclerosis.

## Association with Atherosclerosis
In a prospective population based cohort study (The Copenhagen City Heart Study), a total of 12,745 participants who were free of ischemic heart disease and aged 20-93 years were followed for a mean of 22 years .  The mulivariate adjusted risk (hazard/odds ratios adjusted for confounders including cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations) of an adverse outcome associated with the presence of xanthelasmata were as follows:
- Myocardial infarction: 1.48 (95% confidence interval 1.23 to 1.79)
- Ischemic stroke: 0.94 (0.73 to 1.21)
- Death: 1.14 (1.04 to 1.26) for death.
Thus, independent of other cardiac risk factors, the presence of a xanthelasma appers to be an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic heart disease. In the same study, arcus senilis was not identified as an independent risk factor.

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# Differential Diagnosis of Associated Conditions
- Diabetes
- High cholesterol levels (specifically familial hypercholesterolemia)
- LDL receptor deficiency
- Menopause
- Primary biliary cirrhosis
- Vitamin E deficiency (familial isolated, autosomal recessive inheritance)

# Treatment
These minor growths may be disfiguring and can be removed.  Xanthelasmata can be removed with trichloroacetic acid peel, surgery, lasers or cryotherapy. Removal can cause scarring and pigment changes, but it is unusual after treatment with trichloroacetic acid.
Xanthinuria

# Overview
Xanthinuria, also known as xanthine oxidase deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder causing the accumulation of xanthine. It is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme xanthine oxidase.
It was first formally characterized in 1954.

# Causes
It can be caused by a deficiency of xanthine oxidase, which is an enzyme necessary for converting xanthine to uric acid. 

# Presentation
Sufferers have unusually high concentrations of xanthine in their blood and urine, which can lead to health problems such as renal failure and xanthine kidney stones, one of the rarest types of kidney stones.

# Treatment
There is no specific treatment beyond maintaining a high fluid intake and avoiding foods that are high in purine.
Zen Shiatsu
Zen Shiatsu is a derivative form of the Japanese therapy Shiatsu, and is particularly popular in the United Kingdom and United States. It was developed by Shizuto Masunaga, a graduate of the Japan Shiatsu College who published a book entitled Shiatsu in 1974. This was translated into English in 1977 and retitled Zen Shiatsu. The name "Zen Shiatsu" was not coined by  Masunaga himself but by Wataru Ohashi, the co-author of the English version.
Zen Shiatsu, also known as Masunaga Therapy, is a form of Meridian Shiatsu. A difference between Masunaga's Zen Shiatsu and earlier forms of Shiatsu is that Zen Shiatsu uses not only thumbs and palms but also fists, elbows, and knees.
Zen Shiatsu represents a return of the values of Traditional Chinese medicine, in comparison with anatomically or physiologically based Shiatsu (cf. Tsubo Shiatsu).  While the Namikoshi school emphasizes Westernization at the expense of Chinese medical understanding, Masunaga advocated a return to Chinese Taoist practices such as Do-In and Ankyo within the context of Japanese Shiatsu.
The meridian system represents the "crosstalk" between tsubos or acupoints of the human body.  It also represents divisions of the complete function of the human organism into discrete spheres of influence.  Masunaga advocated treating the whole meridian system through pressure and stretching to achieve systemic change for the entire body.
Shizuto Masunaga founded a Japanese institute called the Iokai Center.  "Io" means king/master of medicine, and "kai" means group/association.  This center continues to the present day, propagating Masunaga's methods.  Zen Shiatsu has proven to be widely influential throughout the US and UK.  Students of Masunaga include Wataru Ohashi, Pauline Sasaki, Ryokyu Endo and Stephen Brown.
The primary precept of Zen Shiatsu is the importance of remaining in a Zen-like, present state when practicing shiatsu; nourishing weak kyo areas and dispersing excess jitsu areas; using two-handed technique to better feel the flow of qi (life force); working from the hara (belly), which is the body's energy center; and using perpendicular pressure to access the qi. Masunaga moreover expanded the meridian system, discovering extensions of the classical Chinese meridians, and developed an effective new system of hara diagnosis predicated on his experience as a Western-trained psychologist.
Zinc iodide
Zinc iodide is composed of Zinc and Iodine. It is an inorganic compound with a molecular weight of 319.22. It is a white, granular, odorless solid that absorbs water from the atmosphere and then dissolves into a solution. At 1150C, zinc iodide vapor dissociates into zinc and iodine.
Zinc iodide is often used as an x-ray opaque penetrant in industrial radiography to improve the contrast between the damage and intact composite.
United States Patent 4109065 describes a rechargeable aqueous zinc-halogen cell which includes an aqueous electrolytic solution containing a zinc salt selected from the class consisting of zinc bromide, zinc iodide, and mixtures thereof, in both positive and negative electrode compartments.
5-MeO-DALT
5-MeO-DALT (N,N-diallyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a psychedelic tryptamine believed to be first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin.

# Chemistry
The full name of the chemical is N-allyl-N-prop-2-en-1-amine. It is very closely related to the compound 5-MeO-DPT and DALT.

# Dosage
5-MeO-DALT is usually taken orally at dosages of 12-25mg.

# Effects
5-MeO-DALT produces rapid, intense entheogenic effects, and it is very short-acting; effects are usually over within 2-4 hours. According to many users, the compound is said to be completely void of visual/hallucinogenic activity, unlike other closely related substances.

# Dangers
There have been no reported deaths or hospitalizations from 5-MeO-DALT, but its safety profile is unknown.

# Legality
5-MeO-DALT is unscheduled and uncontrolled in the United States, but possession and sales of 5-MeO-DALT could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act because of its structural similarities to other Schedule I substances.
5-MeO-MiPT
5-MeO-MiPT is a psychedelic and hallucinogenic drug, used by some as an entheogen.  It has structural and pharmacodynamic properties similar to the drugs 5-MeO-DiPT and MiPT.

# Chemistry
5-MeO-MiPT is in a class of compounds commonly known as tryptamines, and is the N-methyl-N-isopropyl homologue of the organic psychedelic, 5-MeO-DMT.  The full name of the chemical is 5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine.

# Effects
Taken orally, 5-MeO-MiPT produces psychedelic effects that can last 4-6 hours.  When smoked, the effects are nearly instantaneous and can last up to 2 hours.
This is an anologue of the more popular drug 5-MeO-DiPT (foxy methoxy) and has been dubbed "moxy" in the RC community.  Some users report the tactile effects of moxy without some of the unwanted side effects.  At higher doses it becomes much more psychedelic and less tactile. But at doses of 4-10 milligrams users find 5-MeO-MiPT to be a very euphoric and tactile chemical.

# Dosage
Orally, 5-MeO-MiPT is active at 4-6 mg.  The drug can also be smoked, but unlike most other tryptamines, this route requires a much higher dosage.  12-20mg is usually smoked.  It typically produces a very strong odor.
Some users report activity as low as 1mg while others report no activity up to 20mg, this compound seems to be highly sensitive to the individual and any potential researchers should keep this in mind.  Titrating the dose would be especially important with this compound.
Some users report little to no visual activity until doses of 10mg or higher are taken. This chemical proves very useful for opening up and expressing ones self much like MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) and may be a useful chemical in psychedelic therapy.

# Pharmacology
The mechanism that produces the hallucinogenic and entheogenic effects of 5-MeO-MiPT is unknown, though is most likely attriutable to 5HT2A receptor agonsim, among others.

# Dangers
The toxicity of 5-MeO-MiPT is not known but as with all research chemicals doses should be carefully weighed on an accurate milligram scale and users should take caution because overdoses are not listed.

# Popularity
5-MeO-MiPT is rare on the black market, but is available through research chemical suppliers.

# Legality
5-MeO-MiPT is unscheduled and unregulated in the United States, however its close similarity in structure and effects to 5-MeO-DiPT could potentially subject possession and sale of 5-MeO-MiPT to prosecution under the Federal Analog Act. This seems to be the tact the federal government is taking in the wake of the DEA's Operation Web Tryp. A series of Court Cases in the US involving the prosecution of several online vendors in ongoing as of 2004.
5-MeO-MiPT is a Class A drug in the United Kingdom.
ABL (gene)
Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 also known as ABL1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ABL1 gene (previous symbol ABL) located on chromosome 9. c-Abl is sometimes used to refer to the version of the gene found within the mammalian genome, while v-Abl refers to the viral gene.

# Function
The ABL1 proto-oncogene encodes a cytoplasmic and nuclear protein tyrosine kinase that has been implicated in processes of cell differentiation, cell division, cell adhesion, and stress response.  Activity of ABL1 protein is negatively regulated by its SH3 domain, and deletion of the SH3 domain turns ABL1 into an oncogene.  The t(9;22) translocation results in the head-to-tail fusion of the BCR and ABL1 genes, leading to a fusion gene present in many cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia. The DNA-binding activity of the ubiquitously expressed ABL1 tyrosine kinase is regulated by CDC2-mediated phosphorylation, suggesting a cell cycle function for ABL1.  The ABL1 gene is expressed as either a 6- or a 7-kb mRNA transcript, with alternatively spliced first exons spliced to the common exons 2-11.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in the ABL1 gene are associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).  In CML, the gene is activated by being translocated within the BCR (breakpoint cluster region) gene on chromosome 22.  This new fusion gene, BCR-ABL, encodes an unregulated, cytoplasm-targeted tyrosine kinase that allows the cells to proliferate without being regulated by cytokines. This, in turn, allows the cell to become cancerous.
This gene is a partner in a fusion gene with the BCR gene in the Philadelphia chromosome, a characteristic abnormality in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and rarely in some other leukemia forms. The BCR-ABL transcript encodes a tyrosine kinase, which activates mediators of the cell cycle regulation system, leading to a clonal myeloproliferative disorder. The BCR-ABL protein can be inhibited by various small molecules.  One such inhibitor is imatinib mesylate, which occupies the tyrosine kinase domain and inhibits BCR-ABL's influence on the cell cycle.  Second generation BCR-ABL tyrosine-kinase inhibitors are also under development
to inhibit BCR-ABL mutants resistant to imatinib.

# Interactions
Abl gene has been shown to interact with:
- ABI1,
- ABI2,
- ABL2,
- ATM,
- BCAR1,
- BCR,
- BRCA1,
- CAT,
- CBL,
- CRKL,
- DOK1,
- EPHB2,
- GPX1,
- GRB10,
- MTOR,
- GRB2,
- MDM2,
- NCK1,
- NEDD9,
- NTRK1,
- P73,
- PAG1,
- PAK2,
- PSTPIP1,
- RAD9A,
- RAD51,
- RB1,
- RFX1,
- RYBP,
- SHC1,
- SORBS2,
- SPTA1,
- SPTAN1,
- TERF1,
- VAV1, and
- YTHDC1.

# Regulation
There is some evidence that the expression of Abl is regulated by the microRNA miR-203.
ACD (gene)
Adrenocortical dysplasia protein homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACD gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a protein that is involved in telomere function. This protein is one of six core proteins in the telosome/shelterin telomeric complex, which functions to maintain telomere length and to protect telomere ends. Through its interaction with other components, this protein plays a key role in the assembly and stabilization of this complex, and it mediates the access of telomerase to the telomere. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. This gene, which is also referred to as TPP1, is distinct from the unrelated TPP1 gene on chromosome 11, which encodes tripeptidyl-peptidase I.
TPP1 is a component of the telomere-specific shelterin complex, which facilitats the replication of the double-stranded telomeric DNA tracts and protects the telomeric end from unregulated DNA repair activities. TPP1 mainly functions as a regulator of telomerase recruitment, activation, and regulation. Although TPP1 was originally described as a bridging factor between TRF1 and TRF2, which participate in a pathway with POT1 as a negative regulator of telomerase-dependent telomere length control,  more recent studies suggest that TPP1 could directly promotes telomerase activity at the telomere. A part of the TPP1 oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding (OB) fold named TEL patch that interacts with the catalytic subunit of telomerase, hTERT, has been proven essential for telomerase activation. Whats more, TPP1 has been demonstrated the only pathway required for recruitment of telomerase to chromosome ends, and it also defines telomere length homeostasis in hESCs.

# Interactions
ACD (gene) has been shown to interact with POT1 and TINF2.
- POT1 
- hTERT   
- TIN2 
- TRF1 
- TRF2 
- Telomerase
Beta-actin
Beta-actin (human gene and protein symbol ACTB/ACTB) is one of six different actin isoforms which have been identified in humans.  This is one of the two nonmuscle cytoskeletal actins.  Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in cell motility, structure and integrity.  Alpha actins are a major constituent of the contractile apparatus.

# Interactions
Beta-actin has been shown to interact with SPTBN2. In addition, RNA-binding protein Sam68 was found to interact with the mRNA encoding -actin, which regulates the synaptic formation of the dendritic spines with its cytoskeletal components.
Beta-actin has been shown to activate eNOS, thereby increasing NO production. An eight-amino acid residue (326-333) in actin has been shown to mediate the interaction between actin and eNOS

# Clinical relevance
Recurrent mutations in this gene have been associated to cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

# Applications
Beta actin is usually used as a loading control, for among others, the integrity of cells, protein degradation, in PCR and Western blotting. Its molecular weight is approximately 42 kDa.
Abfraction

# Overview
Abfraction is the loss of tooth structure from flexural forces.  This has not been supported yet by dental research but it is hypothesized that enamel, especially at the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), undergo this pattern of destruction by separating the enamel rods.
As teeth flex under pressure, the arrangement of teeth touching each other, known as occlusion, causes tension on one side of the tooth and compression on the other side of the tooth.  This is believed to cause V-shaped depressions on the side under tension and C-shaped depressions on the side under compression.
This theory does not fully satisfy many researchers because there are many teeth whose occlusion causes tension and compression on either side.  Consequently, it would be expected that many more teeth would show signs of abfraction, but this is not the case.  Research is ongoing to identify the role abfraction has on this pattern of tooth destruction.
Tryptamine
Tryptamine is a monoamine alkaloid found in plants and animals. It is based around the indole ring structure, and is chemically related to the amino acid tryptophan, from which its name is derived. Tryptamine is found in trace amounts in the brains of mammals and is believed to play a role as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter.
Tryptamine is also the backbone for a group of compounds known collectively as tryptamines. This group includes many biologically active compounds, including neurotransmitters and hallucinogens.
The concentration of tryptamine in rat brains is about 3.5 pmol/g.

# Plants containing tryptamine
Many if not most plants contain small amounts of tryptamine which is an intermediate in one biosynthetic pathway to the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (heteroauxin). Higher concentrations can be found in many Acacia species.
Tryptamine acts as a natural pesticide in plants.

# Tryptamine derivatives
The most well-known tryptamines are serotonin, an important neurotransmitter, and melatonin, a hormone involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Tryptamine alkaloids found in fungi, plants and animals are commonly used by humans for their psychotropic effects. Prominent examples include psilocybin (from "magic mushrooms") and DMT (from numerous plant sources, e.g. chacruna, often used in ayahuasca brews). Many synthetic tryptamines have also been made, including the migraine drug sumatriptan and its relatives. The tables below list some commonly encountered substituted tryptamines.
The tryptamine backbone can also be identified as part of the structure of some 
more complex compounds, for example: LSD, ibogaine and yohimbine.
A thorough investigation of dozens of tryptamine compounds was published by Ann and Alexander Shulgin under the title TiHKAL.
The Abramovitch-Shapiro tryptamine synthesis is an organic reaction for the synthesis of tryptamines starting from a beta-Carboline
Acetabulum
The acetabulum is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint.

# Structure
There are three bones of the os coxae (hip bone) that come together to form the acetabulum.  Contributing a little more than two-fifths of the structure is the ischium, which provides lower and side boundaries to the acetabulum.  The ilium forms the upper boundary, providing a little less than two-fifths of the structure of the acetabulum.  The rest is formed by the pubis, near the midline.
It is bounded by a prominent uneven rim, which is thick and strong above, and serves for the attachment of the glenoidal labrum (cotyloid ligament), which contracts its opening, and deepens the surface for formation of the hip joint.  At the lower part of the acetabulum is the acetabular notch, which is continuous with a circular depression, the acetabular fossa, at the bottom of the cavity of the acetabulum. The rest of the acetabulum is formed by a curved, crescent-moon shaped surface, the lunate surface, where the joint is made with the head of the femur.  Its counterpart in the pectoral girdle is the  glenoid fossa.
In reptiles and in birds, the acetabula are deep sockets.

# Etymology
The word acetabulum means "little vinegar cup", and was the Latin word for a small vessel for storing vinegar (see acetabulum).  The word was later also used as a unit of volume, equal to roughly 270 ml.

# Additional images
- Right hip bone. External surface.
- Plan of ossification of the hip bone.
- Symphysis pubis exposed by a coronal section.
- Left hip-joint, opened by removing the floor of the acetabulum from within the pelvis.
- Hip-joint, front view.
- Capsule of hip-joint (distended). Posterior aspect.
- Structures surrounding right hip-joint.