Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Metaphosphate

# Overview
Metaphosphates are condensation products of orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4) with the sum formula (M'PO3)n, where n=1, 2, 3, ..., (M': univalent cation). Metaphosphates are used in the manufacture of commercial products and occur naturally.

# Introduction
A metaphosphate is a salt or an ester of metaphosphoric acid, HPO3. Phosphoric acids can occur in rings (cyclic structures), chains (catena), branched, ultraphosphoric acids (cyclic and branched), or combinations, usually referred to as polyphosphoric acids. Each of the possible oligophosphates is linked together by HPO3 units. As an example trimetaphosphate can form a 6-membered ring. Tetrametaphosphates form a similar 8-membered ring.

# Sodium metaphosphates
Trimetaphosphates were used in detergents, but they caused environmental problems; specfiically, extensive colonies of algae in lakes, resulting in eutrophication. As trimetaphosphates are now banned in many parts of the world because of water pollution risks, they have been replaced in powder detergents by zeolites.
Although sodium metaphosphate is the general term for any sodium polyphosphate salt with four or more phosphate units, the four-phosphate unit version of sodium metaphosphate has been used commercially as an oral care agent; i.e., a chelating agent in cosmetic formulations. The four-phosphate unit version is cyclic.
Sodium trimetaphosphate has served as a buffering agent and sodium hexametaphosphate as a corrosion inhibitor. Both of these sodium metaphosphates are staight chains. Because of the corrosive nature of each of these sodium metaphosphates, these ingredients can be used safely if each formulation is prepared to avoid skin irritation.

# Alkali and alkali-earth metaphosphates
The chain metaphosphates NaCa(PO3)3 and NaSr(PO3)3 are isostructural, crystallise in space group P(-1), and contain anionic metaphosphate chains of (PO3)n with ionic contacts to Na+ ions in distorted octahedral sites and Ca2+ (or Sr2+) in distorted dodecahedral sites.

# Transition metal metaphosphates
Thyroxine has a catalytic effect on the oxidation of As(III) by Mn(III) metaphosphate, wherein the reaction rate can be increased by the presence of orthophosphoric acid.

# Metaphosphate glasses
In Pb-Al-metaphosphate glasses, (1 - x)Pb(PO3)2.xAI(PO3)3 with 0 < or = x < or = 1, the glass transition temperature and density vary as a function of the Al concentration, and the bonding preferences determined for Al are consistent with the behavior observed in Na-AI and Ca-AI metaphosphates.
Zinc oxide (0 up to 20 mol%) dopant incorporation into phosphate glasses, developed for biomedical applications, produces a significant increase in density; however, the thermal properties presented in glass transition, and melting temperatures are reduced. The proportion of NaZn(PO3)3 increases with increasing zinc oxide content, NaCa(PO3)3 occurs as a second main phase, with CaP2O6 in minor amounts. Regardless of the high hydrophilicity and surface reactivity of these zinc oxide containing glasses, they had lower biocompatibility, in particular 10-20 mol% ZnO, compared to both zinc free glasses.
Methyl orange
Methyl orange is a pH indicator frequently used in titrations.
It is often chosen to be used in titrations because of its clear colour change. Because it changes colour at the pH of a mid-strength acid, it is usually used in titrations for acids. Unlike a universal indicator, methyl orange does not have a full spectrum of colour change, but has a sharper end point.

# Indicator colours
In a solution becoming less acidic, methyl orange moves from red to orange and finally to yellow with the reverse occurring for a solution increasing in acidity.  It should be noted that the entire colour change occurs in acidic conditions.
In an acid it is reddish and in alkali it is yellow.

# Other Indicators
- Modified (or screened) methyl orange, an indicator consisting of a solution of methyl orange and xylene cyanol, changes from gray to green as the solution becomes more basic.
- A number of other common indicators are tabulated in the article on pH indicators.
Micrognathism
Synonyms and keywords: Micrognathia, mandibular hypoplasia

# Overview
Micrognathism is a condition where the jaw is undersized.

# Natural History, Complications, Prognosis
It is common in infants, but is usually self-corrected during growth, due to the jaws increasing in size.
It may be a cause of abnormal tooth alignment and in severe cases can cause hamper feeding.

# Causes
- 49,XXXXX syndrome
- Atkin-Flaitz-Patil syndrome
- Bowen-Conradi syndrome
- Camptomelic dysplasia
- Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome
- Carey-Fineman-Ziter syndrome
- Catel-Manzke syndrome
- Cerebrocostomandibular syndrome
- Cerebrohepatorenal syndrome
- CHARGE syndrome
- Chromosome 18 trisomy syndrome
- Chromosome 8 recombinant syndrome
- Chromosome 8 trisomy syndrome
- CODAS (cerebral, ocular, dental, auricular, skeletal) syndrome
- Coffin-Lowry syndrome
- Cohen syndrome
- Cornelia de Lange syndrome
- Craniomandibular dermatodysostosis
- Cri du chat syndrome 5p
- De la Chapelle dysplasia
- Diamond-Blackfan anemia
- DiGeorge's syndrome
- Dubowitz syndrome
- Femoral hypoplasia - unusual facies syndrome
- Fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence
- Fetal aminopterin-like syndrome
- Hurst's microtia-absent patellae-micrognathia syndrome
- Juvenile chronic arthritis
- Kyphomelic dysplasia
- Lathosterolosis
- Lethal congenital contracture syndrome
- Lethal restrictive dermopathy
- Loeys-Dietz syndrome
- Lujan-Fryns syndrome
- Marden-Walker syndrome
- Marfan's syndrome
- Micrognathia with peromelia
- Miller-Dieker syndrome
- Nager acrofacial dysostosis
- Noonan's syndrome
- Opitz-Frias syndrome
- Orofaciodigital syndrome type 4
- Otopalatodigital syndrome type 2
- Pallister-Hall syndrome
- Pierre Robin syndrome
- Postaxial acrofacial dysostosis syndrome
- Rothmund-Thomson syndrome
- Schwartz-Jampel-Aberfeld syndrome
- Scott craniodigital syndrome
- Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome
- Syphilis, congenital
- Ter Haar syndrome
- Toriello-Carey syndrome
- Treacher Collins-Franceschetti syndrome
- Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1
- Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 3
- Turner's syndrome
- Van Bogaert-Hozay syndrome
- Wagner vitreoretinal degeneration syndrome
- Weissenbacher-Zweymuller syndrome
- Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome
- Yunis-Varon syndrome
Its causes also include , , Hallerman-Streiff syndrome, Trisomy 13, Trisomy 18, X0 syndrome (Turner syndrome), Progeria, Treacher Collins syndrome, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, Russell-Silver syndrome, Seckel syndrome, Cri du chat syndrome and Marfan syndrome.

# Diagnosis

## Skull X ray
It can be detected by dental or skull X-Ray testing.
Mind at Large
Mind at Large is a concept from The Doors of Perception and Heaven and Hell by Aldous Huxley. Psychedelic drugs are thought to disable filters which block or suppress signals related to mundane functions from reaching the conscious mind. In this book, Huxley explores the idea that the human mind filters reality, partly because handling the details of all of the impressions and images coming in would be unbearable, partly because it has been taught to do so. He believes that psychotropic drugs can partly remove this filter, which leaves the drug user exposed to Mind at Large. Huxley was administered mescaline, and had an interviewer prompt him to comment on various stimuli around him, such as books and flowers. The conversation was recorded and the book mainly concerns Huxley's thoughts on what he says in the recordings. He observed that everyday objects lose their functionality and suddenly exist "as such." Space and dimension become irrelevant, and perceptions seem to be enlarged and at times even overwhelming.
According to The Doors of Perception by Aldous Huxley,
In Prometheus Rising, Robert Anton Wilson stated: "Mind" is a tool invented by the universe to see itself; but it can never see all of itself, for much the same reason that you cant see your own back (without mirrors). Or as Alan Watts liked to say, because the tongue ultimately cannot taste the tongue.
If the "mind" can be expanded to what Huxley called "Mind at Large", then perhaps the "mind" in this state is seeing the entire universe.
In The Doors of Perception, Huxley also stated: In the final stage of egolessness there is an "obscure knowledge" that All is in allthat All is actually each. This is as near, I take it, as a finite mind can ever come to "perceiving everything that is happening everywhere in the universe."
Mineral water

# Overview
Mineral water is water containing minerals or other dissolved substances that alter its taste or give it therapeutic value. Salts, sulfur compounds, and gases are among the substances that can be dissolved in the water. Mineral water can often be effervescent. Mineral water can be prepared or can occur naturally.
Traditionally mineral waters would be used or consumed at their source, often referred to as taking the waters or taking the cure, and such sites were referred to as spas, baths or wells. Spa would be used when the water was consumed and bathed in, bath when the water was not generally consumed, and well when the water was not generally bathed in. Often an active tourist centre would grow up around a mineral water site (even in ancient times; see Bath). Such tourist development resulted in spa towns and hydropathic hotels (often shortened to Hydros).
In modern times, it is far more common for mineral waters to be bottled at source for distributed consumption. Travelling to the mineral water site for direct access to the water is now uncommon, and in many cases not possible (because of exclusive commercial ownership rights). There are over 3000 brands of mineral water available commercially worldwide.
The U.S. FDA classifies mineral water as water containing at least 250 parts per million total dissolved solids (TDS), and is also water coming from a source tapped at one or more bore holes or spring, originating from a geologically and physically protected underground water source. No minerals may be added to this water.
Molar (tooth)

# Overview
Molars are the rearmost and most complicated kind of tooth in most mammals. In many mammals they grind food; hence the Latin name mola, "millstone".

# Human molars
Adult humans have twelve molars, in four groups of three at the back of the mouth.  The third (rearmost) molar in each group is called a wisdom tooth.  It is the last tooth to appear, breaking through the surface of the gum at about the age of twenty, although this varies by ethnicity.
The types of molars in the human mouth are:
- maxillary first molars, maxillary second molars, and maxillary third molars
- mandibular first molars, mandibular second molars, and mandibular third molars

# Molars among species
Molars differ considerably from one species to another, so there are many terms describing them:
- Tribosphenic: This kind is found in insectivores and young platypuses (adults have no teeth). Upper molars look like three-pointed mountain ranges; lowers look like two peaks and a third off to the side.
- Quadrate: This kind is found in humans and various other species. Four cusps are arranged in a rectangle; there may be a fifth.
- Bunodont: The cusps, instead of being sharp peaks, are rounded hills. The entire tooth is covered in enamel, and is most common among omnivores such as the pig, the bear and humans.
- Hypsodont: There is a lot of enamel and dentine above the gumline and the top of the pulp. This kind of molar is found in mammals that wear their teeth a lot, such as the horse.
- Zalambdodont: The tooth has two ridges that meet at an angle, forming the letter lambda.
- Dilambdodont: Like zalambdodont, but there are two lambdas on one tooth.
- Lophodont: The tooth has a few ridges perpendicular to the jaw.
- Selenodont: The tooth has a crescent-shaped ridge or ridges.
- Loxodont: The tooth has several parallel oblique ridges on its surface. The elephant Loxodonta is named for this feature.

# Tribosphenic molar
The molar design that is considered one of the most important characteristics of mammals is a three-cusped shape called a tribosphenic molar.  This design of molar has two important features: the trigonoid, or shearing end, and the talinoid, or crushing heel.  With the exception of Jurassic mammal Shuotherium, the talinoid is posterior the triginoid.
The tribosphenic design appears in all species of mammals.  In monotremes, it seems to have developed independently, rather than from common ancestry with marsupials and placentals.

# Additional images
- Molar 47 (left), molar 46 and premolar 45(right)
Molar 47 (left), molar 46 and premolar 45(right)
- Mouth (oral cavity)
- Left maxilla. Outer surface.
- Base of skull. Inferior surface.
- The permanent teeth, viewed from the right.
Mole fraction
In chemistry, the mole fraction of a component in a mixture is the relative proportion of molecules belonging to the component to those in the mixture, by number of molecules.  It is one way of measuring concentration.  It provides the most symmetrical way of representing thermodynamic functions of mixtures.  For each component i, the mole fraction x_i is the number of moles n_i divided by the total number of moles in the system, n.
where
The sum is over all components, including the solvent in the case of a chemical solution. As indicated above, the same ratio is obtained using the number of molecules of i, N_i, and the total number of molecules of all kinds, N.
where N_A is  Avogadro's number  6.022 x 1023. By definition, the sum of the mole fractions equals one, a normalization property.
Mole fractions are one way of representing the concentrations of the various chemical species. They are an ideal-mixture approximation to the effect of concentration on the equilbrium or rate of a reaction. In practice (except for very dilute solutions or for gasses at atmospheric pressure), all measures of concentration must be multiplied by correction factors called activity coefficients in order to yield accurate results.
The mole fraction is sometimes denoted by the lower case Greek letter \chi (chi) instead of a Roman x.
Mole fractions are dimensionless numbers. Other ways of representing concentrations, e.g., molarity and molality, yield dimensional quantities (per litre, per kilogram, etc.). When chemical formulas seem to be taking the logarithms of dimensional quantities, there is an implied ratio, and such expressions can always be rearranged so that the arguments of the logarithms are dimensionless numbers, as they must be.
As an example, if a mixture is obtained by dissolving 10 moles of NaCl in 90 moles of water, the mole fraction of NaCl in that mixture is 0.1.
For mixtures of molecules of differing sizes, see: volume fraction.
Monoglyceride
A monoglyceride, more correctly known as a monoacylglycerol, is a glyceride consisting of one fatty acid chain covalently bonded to a glycerol molecule through an ester linkage.
Monoacylglycerol can be broadly divided into two groups; 1-monoacylglycerols and 2-monoacylglycerols, depending on the position of the ester bond on the glycerol moiety.
Monoacylglycerols can be formed by both industrial chemical and biological processes. They are formed biochemically via release of a fatty acid from diacylglycerol by diacylglycerol lipase or hormone sensitive lipase. Monoacylglycerols are broken down by monoacylglycerol lipase.
Mono- and Diglycerides are commonly added to commercial food products in small quantities. They act as emulsifiers, helping to mix ingredients such as oil and water that would not otherwise blend well.
The commercial source may be either animal (cow- or hog-derived) or vegetable, and they may be synthetically made as well. They are often found in bakery products, beverages, ice cream, chewing gum, shortening, whipped toppings, margarine, and confections.
One special monoacylglycerol, 2-arachidonoylglycerol, is a full agonist of the cannabinoid receptors and thus classified as an endocannabinoid.
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Mood disorder

# Overview
A mood disorder is a condition whereby the prevailing emotional mood is distorted or inappropriate to the circumstances.
The two major types of mood disorders are depression (or unipolar depression) and bipolar disorder.
- Depression (or unipolar depression), including subtypes:
Major Depression
Major Depression (Recurrent)
Major Depression with psychotic symptoms (psychotic depression)
Dysthymia ( similar but milder form of MDD)
Postpartum depression
- Major Depression
- Major Depression (Recurrent)
- Major Depression with psychotic symptoms (psychotic depression)
- Dysthymia ( similar but milder form of MDD)
- Postpartum depression
- Bipolar disorder, a mood disorder formerly known as "manic depression" and described by alternating periods of mania and depression (and in some cases rapid cycling, mixed states, and psychotic symptoms). Subtypes include:
Bipolar I
Bipolar II
Cyclothymia ( similar but milder form of BD)
- Bipolar I
- Bipolar II
- Cyclothymia ( similar but milder form of BD)
de:Affektive Storung
et:Meeleoluhaire
nl:Stemmingsstoornis
fi:Mielialahairio
Morphometrics
Generally, morphometrics (from the Greek: "morph," meaning shape or form, and "metron, meaning measurement) comprises methods of extracting measurements from shapes. In most cases applied to biological topics in the widest sense.  Morphometrics studies the "form follows function" aspect of biology, mapping the changes in an organism's shape in regards to its function.  Schools of morphometrics are characterized by what aspects of biological "form" they are concerned with, what they choose to measure, and what kinds of questions they ask of the measurements once they are made. In many cases involves calculating angles, areas, volumes and other quantitative data from landmark and segmentation data.
The term is also used in geosciences to describe measurements of terrain. Geomorphometry  or more generally topography is the field specializing in this measurement.

# Bibliography
- Cadrin, Steven X. (2000). "Advances in morphometric identification of fishery stocks". Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 10: 91112..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
- McLellan, Tracy (June 1998). "The Relative Success of Some Methods for Measuring and Describing the Shape of Complex Objects". Systematic Biology. Society of Systematic Biologists. 47 (2): 264281. Retrieved 2007-03-22. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
- Swiderski, Donald L. (July 1998). "Why Morphometrics is not Special: Coding Quantitative Data for Phylogenetic Analysis". Systematic Biology. Society of Systematic Biologists. 47 (3): 508519. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
Mother liquor
Mother Liquor is a chemical name for the part of a solution that is left over after crystallization.
It is also an important process in the creation of cigarettes.
After reprocessing of unsold cigarettes, introduction of
new tobacco, and a chemical process to bring this mix
down to a liquid, it is sent to a large tank that creates
the Mother Liquor. Later this concoction is sprayed
-n paper for introduction to new cigarettes.
Mustard plant
Mustards are several plant species in the genera Brassica and Sinapis whose small mustard seeds are used as a spice and, by grinding and mixing them with water, vinegar or other liquids, are turned into a condiment also known as mustard. The seeds are also pressed to make mustard oil, and the edible leaves can be eaten as mustard greens.
Mild white mustard (Sinapis hirta) grows wild in North Africa, the Middle East and Mediterranean Europe and has spread farther by long cultivation; brown or Indian mustard (B. juncea), originally from the foothills of the Himalaya, is grown commercially in the UK, Canada and the US; black mustard (B. nigra) in Argentina, Chile, the US and some European countries. Canada grows 90% of all the mustard seed for the international market.
In addition to the mustards, the genus Brassica also includes cabbages, cauliflower, rapeseed and turnips.
Although the varieties of mustard are well-established crops in Hellenistic and Roman times, which leads to the assumption that it was brought into cultivation at an earlier time, Zohary and Hopf note that "there are almost no archeological records available for any of these crops." Wild forms of mustard and its relatives the radish and turnip can be found over west Asia and Europe, suggesting that their domestication took place somewhere in that area. However Zohary and Hopf conclude, "Suggestions as to the origins of these plants are necessarily based on linguistic considerations."
There has been recent research into varieties of mustards that have a high oil content for use in the production of biodiesel, a renewable liquid fuel similar to diesel fuel. The biodiesel made from mustard oil has good cold flow properties and cetane ratings. The leftover meal after pressing out the oil has also been found to be an effective pesticide. 
An interesting genetic relationship between many species of mustard has been observed, and is described as the Triangle of U.

## Diseases

# Notes
-  Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Domestication of plants in the Old World, third edition (Oxford: University Press, 2000), p. 139
ca:Mostassa
it:Senape
he:
id:Sesawi