Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Hemiplegia

# Overview
Hemiplegia is a condition where there is paralysis in one vertical half of a patient's body.  This is not hemiparesis wherein one half of the body is weakened, i.e. one arm and its corresponding leg are weak. Hemiplegia is similar to hemiparesis, but hemiparesis is considered less severe.

# Causes
It can be congenital (occurring before, during, or soon after birth) or acquired (as from illness or stroke).
It is usually the result of a stroke, although disease processes affecting the spinal cord and other diseases affecting the hemispheres are equally capable of producing this clinical state. Hemiplegia can be a more serious consequence of stroke than spasticity.
Cerebral palsy can also affect one hemisphere, resulting in limited function. This does not cause paralysis but instead causes spasms. Cerebral palsy where this is the only symptom is often referred just as hemiplegia.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus can lead to transient hemiplegia.
A rare cause of hemiplegia is due to local anaesthetic injections given intra-arterially rapidly, instead of given in a nerve branch.

## Common Causes
- Stroke
- Intracranial hemorrhage
- Encephalitis
- Cerebral abscess
- Cerebral palsy
- Traumatic cerebral hemorrhage
- Neoplasm
- Cerebral agenesis

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order

# Hemiplegic migraine
Hemiplegic migraine is a form of migraine during which the person will experience the feeling of numbness on one side of their body.  This feeling will usually pass within 2-12 hour.
Ichthyosis
For patient information on this page, click here
Synonyms and keywords: Scaling skin, Fish scale disease

# Overview
Ichthyosis is a family of genetic dermatological conditions seen in humans and domestic animals.  People or animals with ichthyosis have scaly skin which can vaguely resemble the scales of a fish.

# Historical Perspective
The word comes from Greek  lit. "forming fish", as people or animals with ichthyosis have scaly skin which can vaguely resemble the scales of a fish.
The term ichthyosis is sometimes used to refer to the specific condition ichthyosis vulgaris.  Ichthyosis was formerly referred to as "pseudo-leprosy," as it can produce an appearance superficially similar to that of leprosy.

# Classification
While ichthyosis acquisita is acquired (as its name indicates), most forms of ichthyosis are considered congenital. These types include:
Some types of ichthyosis include:
- Ichthyosis vulgaris
- X-linked ichthyosis
- Ichthyosis lamellaris
- Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis
- Harlequin type ichthyosis
- Netherton's syndrome
- Sjogren-Larsson syndrome

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Ethnicity is not associated with ichthyosis.

# Ichthyosis in domestic dogs
Ichthyosis of varying severity is well-documented in some popular breeds of domestic dogs.  The most common breeds in which this condition manifests itself are Golden retrievers, American bulldogs, Jack Russell terriers, and Cairn terriers.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
- Dry skin
- Scaly skin
- Thick skin

## Physical Examination
- Dry, scaly skin
- Icthyosis vulgaris. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Icthyosis vulgaris. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Icthyosis vulgaris. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Icthyosis vulgaris. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Icthyosis vulgaris. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Icthyosis vulgaris. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Icthyosis vulgaris. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Icthyosis vulgaris. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Icthyosis vulgaris. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Icthyosis vulgaris. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

## Lab tests
- Skin biopsy

# Treatments
Treatments for ichthyosis often take the form of topical application of creams and emollient oils, in an attempt to hydrate the skin.  Retinoids are also used for some conditions. Exposure to sunlight may improve or worsen the condition.
There can be ocular manifestations of ichthyosis, such as corneal and ocular surface diseases.  Vascularizing keratitis, which is more commonly found in congenital keratitis-ichythosis-deafness (KID), may worsen with isotretinoin therapy.  Ectropion, if it occurs, can be treated surgically after skin hydration.
As of now, there is no way to prevent ichthyosis.
Coq au vin
Coq au vin  (French: "rooster with wine") is a French fricassee of rooster cooked with wine, lardons, mushrooms, and garlic.  Older roosters are traditionally used because they contain a lot of connective tissue, which creates a richer broth when cooked.
Many regions of France have variants of coq au vin using the local wine, such as coq au vin jaune (Jura), coq au Champagne, and so on.  The most extravagant version is coq au Chambertin, but this generally involves Chambertin more in name than in practice.

# History
Various legends trace coq au vin to ancient Gaul and Julius Caesar, but the food is not documented until the early 20th century, though it no doubt existed as a rustic country dish long before that.

# Preparation
Standard recipes call for chicken, wine (often a full bottle), often brandy, lardons (salt pork), button mushrooms, and usually garlic.  Recipes with vin jaune usually specify morels instead of white mushrooms. The preparation is similar in many respects to Beef Bourguignon. The lardons are cut as thin strips and then par-boiled to remove excess salt. They are then sauteed to render out the fat. Additional oil is added if needed in order to brown the chicken pieces. A mirepoix of diced carrots, onions, and celery is added along with minced garlic and allowed to briefly cook. Then the wine and stock are added to cover. The traditional seasonings are salt, pepper, thyme, and bay leaf (usually in the form of a bouquet garni). Mushroom stems and pieces will often be added at the beginning of the dish in order to contribute to the flavor of the sauce. Near the end of the preparation, the sauce may be strained to remove the cooked vegetables. The sauce is then returned to the chicken and the whole mushrooms and sometimes pearl onions are added for the last fifteen minutes of cooking.
The juices are thickened either by making a small roux at the beginning of cooking, or by adding blood at the end.

# Notes
-  Oxford Companion to Food, s.v. cock
Corn poppy
The Corn Poppy, Field Poppy, Flanders Poppy, or Red Poppy is the wild poppy of agricultural cultivationPapaver rhoeas. It is a variable annual plant. The four petals are vivid red, most commonly with a black spot at their base. In the northern hemisphere it generally flowers in late spring, but if the weather is warm enough other flowers frequently appear at the beginning of autumn. It has a variety of common names.
It is known to have been associated with agriculture in the Old World since early times. It has most of the characteristics of a successful weed of agriculture. These include an annual lifecycle that fits into that of most cereals, a  tolerance of simple weed control methods, the ability to flower and seed itself before the crop is harvested. Like many such weeds, it also shows the tendency to become a crop in its own right; its seed is a moderately useful commodity, and its flower is edible.
Its origin is not known for certain. As with many such plants, the area of origin is often ascribed by Americans to Europe, and by northern Europeans to southern Europe. The European Garden Flora suggests that it is Eurasia and North Africa; in other words, the lands where agriculture has been practised since the earliest times.
The leaves are mildly poisonous to grazing animals. The seed is harmless and is used sometimes as a condiment. The commonly grown decorative Shirley Poppy is derived from forms of this plant. 
The commonly used parts of the corn poppy are the seeds (in baking), the fresh green parts as vegetable, and the red petals by making syrups and alcoholic/non-alcoholic drinks. Red poppy syrup is a traditional beverage of Mediterranean regions like Bozcaada.
It has had an old symbolism and association with agricultural fertility.
It has become associated with wartime remembrance in the 20th century, especially during Remembrance Day in Commonwealth countries. As poppies bloomed in much of the western front in World War I, poppies are a symbol of military veterans, especially of that war.
Since the poppy symbol is largely associated with Remembrance Day in Canada, the Canadian Mint has released a series of quarters into circulation that have the poppy imprinted on them in the center of the coin.
Corncockle
Corncockle (Agrostemma githago - also Corn cockle and Corn-cockle) is a slender pink flower of European corn fields. In the 19th century, it was reported as a very common weed of wheat fields and its seeds were inadvertently included in harvested wheat seed and then re-sown the following season. It is very likely that until the 20th century, most wheat contained some corncockle seed. It is now present in many parts of the temperate world as an alien species, probably introduced with imported European wheat. It is known to occur throughout much of the USA and parts of Canada, parts of Australia and New Zealand. In parts of Europe such as the UK, intensive mechanised farming has put the plant at risk and it is now uncommon or local. This is partly due to increased use of herbicides but probably much more to do with changing patterns of agriculture with most wheat now sown in the autumn as winter wheat and then harvested before any corncockle would have flowered or set seed.
It is a stiffly erect plant up to 1 metre tall and covered with fine hairs. Its few branches are each tipped with a single deep pink to purple flower. The flowers are scentless, are 25 mm to 50 mm across and are produced in the summer months - May to September in the northern hemisphere, November to March in the southern hemisphere. Each petal bears 2 or 3 discontinous black lines. The five narrow pointed sepals exceed the petals and are joined at the base to form a rigid tube with 10 ribs. Leaves are pale green, opposite, narrowly lanceolate, held nearly erect against stem and are 45 mm to 145 mm long. Seeds are produced in a many-seeded capsule. All parts of the plant are reported to be poisonous.
It can be found in fields, roadsides, railway lines, waste places, and other disturbed areas.
Cornstarch

# Overview
Cornstarch, or cornflour, is the starch of the corn (maize) grain. It is also grown from the endosperm of the corn kernel. It has a distinctive appearance and feel when mixed raw with water or milk, giving easily to gentle pressure but resisting sudden pressure (see Non-Newtonian fluid). It is usually included as an anti-caking agent in powdered sugar (10X or confectioner's sugar). For this reason, recipes calling for powdered sugar often call for at least light cooking to remove the raw cornstarch taste. Cornstarch or cornflour is also used as a thickening agent in soups and liquids.  As the starch is heated by the liquid, the molecule chains unravel, allowing them to collide with other starch chains to form a mesh - thus slowing the movement of water molecules. This results in thickening of the liquid, be it soup, stock or other culinary liquids.

# Manufacture
The corn is steeped for 30 to 48 hours, which ferments it a little. The germ is separated from the endosperm and those two components are ground separately (still soaked). Next the starch is removed from each by washing.  It is separated from the gluten and other substances, mostly in hydrocyclones and centrifuges, and dried.  (The residue from every stage is used in animal feed and other products.)  Finally the starch may be modified for specific purposes.

# Other
Amylophagia is a condition involving the compulsive consumption of excessive amounts of purified starch, often cornstarch.

# Other names and varieties
- Called cornflour in Commonwealth countries.
Corrective

# Corrective

## Arterial switch
The Jatene procedure surgery is the preferred, and most frequently used, method of correcting d-TGA; ideally, it is performed on an infant between 8-14 days old.
The heart and vessels are accessed via median sternotomy, and a cardiopulmonary bypass machine is used; as this machine needs its "circulation" to be filled with blood, a child will require a blood transfusion for this surgery. The procedure involves transecting both the aorta and pulmonary artery; the coronary arteries are then detached from the aorta and reattached to the neo-aorta, before "swapping" the upper portion of the aorta and pulmonary artery to the opposite arterial root. Including the anaesthesia and immediate post operative recovery, this surgery takes an average of approximately six to eight hours to complete.
Some arterial switch recipients may present with post-operative pulmonary stenosis, which would then be repaired with angioplasty, pulmonary stenting via heart cath or median sternotomy, and/or xenograft.

## Atrial switch
In some cases, it is not possible to perform an arterial switch, either because of late diagnosis, sepsis, or a contraindicative coronary artery pattern. In the case of sepsis or late diagnosis, a delayed Arterial Switch can sometimes be made possible by PAB, which may also require a concomitant construction of an aortic-to-pulmonary artery shunt.
When an arterial switch is impossible, an atrial switch will be attempted using either the Senning or Mustard procedure. Both methods involve creating a baffle to redirect red and blue blood flow to the appropriate artery. Since the late 1970s the Mustard procedure has been preferred.

# Post-operative
Following corrective surgery but prior to cessation of anaesthesia, two small incisions are made immediately below the sternotomy incision which provide exit points for chest tubes used to drain fluid from the thoracic cavity, with one tube placed at the front and another at the rear of the heart.
The patient returns to the ICU post-operatively for recovery, maintenance, and close observation; recovery time may vary, but tends to average approximately two weeks, after which the patient may be transferred to a Transitional Care Unit (TCU), and eventually to a cardiac ward.
Post-operative care is very similar to the palliative care received, with the exception that the patient no longer requires PGE or the surgical palliation procedures. Additionally, the patient is kept on a cooling blanket for a period of time to prevent fever, which could cause brain damage. The sternum is not closed immediately which allows extra space in the thoracic cavity, preventing excess pressure on the heart, which swells considerably following the surgery; the sternum and incision are closed after a few days, when swelling is sufficiently reduced.
Crack baby
Crack baby is a pejorative term for a child born to a mother who used crack cocaine during her pregnancy.
There remains some dispute as to whether cocaine use during pregnancy poses a genuine threat to the fetus. The official opinion of the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the United States warns about health risks while cautioning against stereotyping:

# Claims regarding threats to fetal and infant health
They also warn about the threat of breastfeeding: "It is likely that cocaine will reach the baby through breast milk."
The March of Dimes advises the following regarding cocaine use during pregnancy:
Craquelure
In art, craquelure is the fine pattern of cracks formed on old paintings. It is sometimes used to detect forged art, as craquelure is a hard-to-forge signature of authenticity.
The precise pattern of craquelure depends upon where the picture was painted. There appear to be distinct French, Italian and Dutch "styles" of craquelure.
Craquelure can furnish a record of the environmental conditions the painting has experienced during its lifetime, and also can reveal details about the painting's history of handling, transportation, and restoration.
de:Krakelee
id:Craquelure
it:Craquele
nl:Craquele (materiaalkunde)
Cresol Red
Cresol Red (full name: o-Cresolsulfonephthalein) is a triarylmethane dye frequently used for monitoring the pH in aquaria.
Cresol Red can be used in many molecular reactions instead of water. For example restriction digestion or PCR.
Cresol Red can also be used as a color marker to monitor the process of agarose gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In a 1% agarose gel it runs approximately at the size of a 125 base pair (bp) DNA molecule (it depends on the concentration of buffer and other component). Bromophenol blue and xylene cyanol can also be used for this purpose.
Cross-eyed
Cross-eyed may refer to:
- Strabismus, a condition in which the eyes are not properly aligned with each other, sufferers of which are often referred to as being "cross-eyed"
Esotropia, a form of strabismus in which the eyes point inwards, towards the nose
Exotropia, a form of strabismus in which the eyes point outwards away from the nose
- Esotropia, a form of strabismus in which the eyes point inwards, towards the nose
- Exotropia, a form of strabismus in which the eyes point outwards away from the nose
Cryogenine
Cryogenine is the name for two different unrelated chemical compounds:
Cryogenine is a name for the antipyretic medication phenicarbazide (1-phenylsemicarbazide).
Cryogenine is also the name for the biphenylquinolizidine lactone alkaloid, also known as vertine or
(10)-4,5-dimethoxy-2-hydroxylythran-12-one, from Heimia salicifolia and Heimia myrtifolia. This compound has anticholinergic properties and produces mild euphoria as well as aching of the muscles when taken in pure form in large doses.
The freebase form melts at 250-251 C and is soluble in moderatly polar organic solvents such as chloroform, methylene chloride, benzene, and methanol, but is insoluble in water and petroleum ether.
In the development of thin layer chromatography plates with diazotized p-nitroaniline spray, vertine produces a purple spot (as does sinicuichine, another biphenylquinolizidine lactone alkaloid found in the Heimias).

# See Also
- Sinicuichi
- List of Entheogens
Crystallin

# Overview
In biology, a crystallin is a water-soluble structural protein found in the lens of the eye, accounting for the transparency of the structure. It has also been identified in other places such as the heart
and aggressive breast cancer tumors 
Since it has been shown that lens injury may promote nerve regeneration,
crystallin has been an area of neural research. So far,  it has been demonstrated that crystallin  b2 (crybb2) may be a neurite promoting factor

# Function
The main function of crystallins at least in the lens (anatomy) of the eye is probably to increase the refractive index while not obstructing light. However, this is not their only function. It is becoming increasingly clear that crystallins may have a several metabolic and regulatory functions, both within the lens and in other parts of the body .

## Enzyme activity
Interestingly and perhaps excitingly from an evolutionary perspective, some crystallins are active enzymes. A number of crystallins are related to the serine and tyrosine proteases, and others to quinone oxidoreductases. Whether these crystallins are products of a happy accident of evolution, in that these particular enzymes happened to be transparent, or whether the enzymatic activity is a part of the protective machinery of the lens, is an active research topic.

# Classification
Crystallins from a vertebrate eye lens are classified into three types: alpha, beta and gamma crystallins. These distinctions are based on the order in which they elute from a gel filtration chromatography column. These are also called ubiquitous crystallins. Beta- and gamma-crystallins are similar in sequence, structure and domains topology, and thus have been grouped together as a protein superfamily called -Crystallins. The -crystallin superfamily and -crystallins compose the major superfamily of proteins present in the crystalline lens.
In addition to these crystallins there are other taxon-specific crystallins which are only found in the lens of some organisms; these include delta, epsilon, tau, and iota-crystallins. For example, alpha, beta, and delta crystallins are found in avian and reptilian lenses, and the alpha, beta, and gamma families are found in the lenses of all other vertebrates.
Curry Tree
The Curry Tree or Curry-leaf Tree (Murraya koenigii; syn. Bergera koenigii, Chalcas koenigii) is a tropical to sub-tropical tree in the family Rutaceae, which is native to India.

# Description
It is a small tree, growing 4-6 m tall, with a trunk up to 40 cm diameter. The leaves are pinnate, with 11-21 leaflets, each leaflet 2-4 cm long and 1-2 cm broad. The flowers are small white, and fragrant. The small black, shiny berries are edible, but their seeds are poisonous.
The species name commemorates the botanist Johann Gerhard Koenig.

# Uses
Its leaves are highly aromatic and are used as a herb. Their form is small and narrow and they somewhat resemble the leaves of the Neem tree; therefore they are also referred to as Kari Baavu (translated to Black Neem) in the Kannada language and Karivepaku in Telugu, again translating to the same meaning.  In Tamil and Malayalam it is known as Karuveppilai, ilai meaning leaves and veppilai meaning Neem leaf. Other names include Kari Patta (Hindi), Bhursunga Patra (Oriya), Kadhi Limb (Marathi), Limda(Gujarati) and Karapincha (Sinhalese).
They are commonly used as seasoning in Indian and Sri Lankan cooking, much like bay leaves and especially in curries with fish or coconut milk. In their fresh form, they have a short shelf life though they may be stored in a freezer for quite some time. They are also available dried, though the aroma is inferior.
Various biological activities of Murraya koenigii include antidiabetic , antioxidant , antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-hypercholesterolemic etc.,
Cyfluthrin

# Overview
Cyfluthrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide and common household pesticide.  It is a complex organic compound and the commercial product is sold as a mixture of isomers. Like most pyrethroids, it is highly toxic to fish, invertebrates, and insects, but it is far less toxic to humans. It is generally supplied as a 10-25% liquid concentrate for commercial use and is diluted prior to spraying onto agricultural crops and outbuildings.

# Safety
In rats, the Template:LD50s are 500, 800 (oral), and 600 (skin) mg/kg.
Excessive exposure can cause nausea, headache, muscle weakness, salivation, shortness of breath and seizures. In humans, it is deactivated by enzymatic hydrolysis to several carboxylic acid metabolites, whose urinary excretion half-lives are in a range of 57 hours. Worker exposure to the chemical can be monitored by measurement of the urinary metabolites, while severe overdosage may be confirmed by quantification of cyfluthrin in blood or plasma.
Health and safety risks are controlled by right to know laws that exist in most developed countries. Cyfluthrin is regulated in the US by the EPA.

# Commercial use
Cyfluthrin is used in insecticidal sprays such as Temprid (Bayer) which uses a combination of  (beta-) cyfluthrin and imidacloprid.
Cystatin A
Cystatin-A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSTA gene.
The cystatin superfamily encompasses proteins that contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. Some of the members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, while others have lost or perhaps never acquired this inhibitory activity. There are three inhibitory families in the superfamily, including the type 1 cystatins (stefins), type 2 cystatins, and kininogens. This gene encodes a stefin that functions as a cysteine protease inhibitor, forming tight complexes with papain and the cathepsins B, H, and L. The protein is one of the precursor proteins of cornified cell envelope in keratinocytes and plays a role in epidermal development and maintenance. Stefins have been proposed as prognostic and diagnostic tools for cancer.

# Interactions
Cystatin A has been shown to interact with Cathepsin B and CTSL1.