Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Tallow
Tallow is a rendered form of beef or mutton fat, processed from suet. Unlike suet, tallow can be stored for extended periods without the need for refrigeration to prevent decomposition, provided it is kept in an airtight container to prevent oxidation.
Rendered fat obtained from pigs is known as lard.

# Uses
It is used in animal feed, to make soap, for cooking, and as a bird food.  It can be used as a raw material for the production of biodiesel and other oleochemicals. Historically, it was used to make tallow candles, which were a cheaper alternative to wax candles.
Industrially, tallow is not strictly defined as beef or mutton fat. In this context, tallow is animal fat that conforms to certain technical criteria, including its melting point, which is also known as titre. It is common for commercial tallow to contain fat derived from other animals, such as pigs.
Amid concerns in the 1990s over high cholesterol content, and protests from Hindus (many of whom do not consume food derived from beef) and vegetarians, McDonald's french fries were cooked in a mixture 93% beef tallow and 7% cottonseed oil.
Tallow is used in the steel rolling industry to provide the required lubrication as the sheet steel is compressed through the steel rollers. There is a trend towards replacing tallow based lubrication with synthetic oils in rolling applications for surface cleanliness reasons.
Tallow can also be used as flux for soldering.

# Composition
The composition of the fatty acids is typically as follows:
- Saturated fatty acids:
Palmitic acid: 26 %
Stearic acid: 14 %
Myristic acid: 3 %
- Palmitic acid: 26 %
- Stearic acid: 14 %
- Myristic acid: 3 %
- Monounsaturated fatty acids:
Oleic acid: 47 %
Palmitoleic acid: 3 %
- Oleic acid: 47 %
- Palmitoleic acid: 3 %
- Polyunsaturated fatty acids:
Linoleic acid: 3 %
Linolenic acid: 1 %
- Linoleic acid: 3 %
- Linolenic acid: 1 %
TaqMan
In molecular biology, quantitative real time PCR methods using a dual-labelled fluorogenic probe called a TaqMan probe is a rapid fluorophore-based real-time PCR method . The TaqMan Real-time PCR measures accumulation of a product via the fluorophore during the exponential stages of the PCR, rather than at the end point as in conventional PCR. The exponential increase of the product is used to determine the threshold cycle, CT, i.e. the number of PCR cycles at which a significant exponential increase in fluorescence is detected, and which is directly correlated with the number of copies of DNA template present in the reaction.
The set up of the reaction is very similar to a conventional PCR, but is carried out in a real-time thermal cycler that allows measurement of fluorescent molecules in the PCR tubes. Different from regular PCR, in TaqMan real-time PCR  a probe is added to the reaction, i.e., a single-stranded oligonucleotide complementary to a segment of 20-60 nucleotides within the DNA template and located between the two primers. A fluorescent reporter or fluorophore (e.g., 6-carboxyfluorescein, acronym: FAM, or tetrachlorofluorescin, acronym: TET) and quencher (e.g., tetramethylrhodamine, acronym: TAMRA, of dihydrocyclopyrroloindole tripeptide minor groove binder, acronym: MGB) are covalently attached to the 5' and 3' ends of the probe , respectively. The close proximity between fluorophore and quencher attached to the probe inhibits fluorescence from the fluorophore. During PCR, as DNA synthesis commences, the 5' to 3' exonuclease activity of the Taq polymerase degrades that proportion of the probe that has annealed to the template (hence its name: Taq polymerase + PacMan). Degradation of the probe releases the fluorophore from it and breaks the close proximity to the quencher, thus relieving the quenching effect and allowing fluorescence of the fluorophore. Hence, fluorescence detected in the real-time PCR thermal cycler is directly proportional to the fluorophore released and the amount of DNA template present in the PCR.

# Real Time Thermal Cycler
A real-time PCR cycler has a lid with built-in fiber optic cables that measure the fluorescence in the reaction tubes (using laser beams for excitation and detection of the fluorescent emission from the fluorophore). Fluorescence intensities are logged and data stored at each PCR cycle, and then used to create amplification plots of Rn (fluorescent signal detected - background) vs cycle number to identify the threshold cycle, CT, which is used to quantitatively determine the amount of DNA template present in the PCR.
Tektin
Tektins are cytoskeletal proteins found in cilia and flagella as structural components of outer doublet microtubules. They are also present in centrioles and basal bodies. They are polymeric in nature, and form filaments.

# Structure
Tektin filaments are 2 to 3 nm diameter with two alpha helical segments. They have the consensus amino acid sequence of RPNVELCRD. Different types of tektins, designated as A (53 kDa), B (51 kDa), C (47 kDa) form dimers, trimers and oligomers in various combinations and are also associated with tubulin in the microtubule. Tektins A and B form heteropolymeric protofilaments whereas tektin C forms homodimers. Tektin filaments are present in a supercoiled state.  This structure of tektins suggests that they are evolutionarily related to intermediate filaments.

# Function
Tektins as integral components of microtubules are essential for their structural integrity. A mutation in the tektin-t genes may lead to defects in flagellar activity which could manifest, for instance, as immotility of sperm leading to male infertility.  Tektins are thought to be involved in the assembly of the basal body.  The study of tektins has also been found to be useful in phylogeny, to establish evolutionary relationship between organisms. Amino acid sequences of tektins are well conserved, with significant similarity between mouse and human homologs.
Thiram

# Overview
Synonyms and keywords: Tetramethylthiuram disulfide

# Overview
Thiram is an ectoparasiticide. It is used to prevent fungal diseases in seed and crops. It is also used as an animal repellent to protect fruit trees and ornamentals from damage by rabbits, rodents and deer.  It is effective against Stem gall of coriander, damping off, smut of millet, neck rot of onion, etc. Thiram has been used in the treatment of human scabies, as a sun screen and as a bactericide applied directly to the skin or incorporated into soap.

# Chemical properties
Thiram is a type of sulfur fungicide. It has been found to dissolve completely in chloroform, acetone and ether. It is available as dust, flowable, wettable powder, water dispersible granules, and water suspension formulations and in mixtures with other fungicides. 
Thiram is nearly immobile in clay soils or in soils of high organic matter. It is not expected to contaminate groundwater because of its in-soil half life of 15 days and tendency to stick to soil particles. 

# Acute Toxicity
Thiram is moderately toxic by ingestion, but it is highly toxic if inhaled. Acute exposure in humans may cause headaches, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal complaints. 
Thiram is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. It is a skin sensitizer. Symptoms of acute inhalation exposure to thiram include itching, scratchy throat, hoarseness, sneezing, coughing, inflammation of the nose or throat, bronchitis, dizziness, headaches, fatigue, nausea, diarrhea and other gastro-intestinal complaints. Persons with chronic respiratory or skin disease are at increased risk from exposure to thiram.

# Chronic Toxicity
In addition to the symptoms of acute exposure, symptoms of chronic exposure to thiram in humans include drowsiness, confusion, loss of sex drive, incoordination, slurred speech and weakness. Repeated or prolonged exposure to thiram can also cause allergic reactions such as dermatitis, watery eyes, sensitivity to light and conjunctivitis.
Theria
Theria (Template:PronEng, from the Greek , wild beast) is a subclass of mammals that give birth to live young without using a shelled egg, including both eutherians (placental mammals) and metatherians (marsupials and their ancestors).

# Extent
The subclass includes humans. They have external ears, most can suckle on a nipple, and have an ankle specialized for power and range of motion. Therians are often classified by their specialized dentition.
Almost all currently extant (not extinct) mammals are therians. The only exceptions are the platypus and the echidnas (spiny anteater), both of which are prototherian monotremes.

# Bibliography
- Vaughan, Terry A., James M. Ryan, and Nicholas J. Czaplewski. 2000. Mammalogy: Fourth Edition. Saunders College Publishing, 565 pp. ISBN 0-03-025034-X
Thymol
Thymol is a monoterpene phenol derivative of cymene, C10H13OH, isomeric with carvacrol, found in oil of thyme, and extracted as a white crystalline substance of a pleasant aromatic odor and strong antiseptic properties.  It is also called "hydroxy cymene". (from Webster's 1913 dictionary)
It has been found to be useful in controlling varroa mites in bee colonies.A minor use is in bookbinding: before rebinding, books with mold damage can be sealed in bags with thymol crystals to kill fungal spores.  It is also used as a preservative in halothane, an anaesthetic.
In a 1994 report released by five top cigarette companies, thymol was listed as one of 599 additives to cigarettes. It is added to improve the flavor.
Torpor

# Overview
Torpor is a (usually short-term) state of decreased physiological activity in an animal, usually characterized by a reduced body temperature and rate of metabolism. Animals that go through torpor include birds (even tiny hummingbirds) - notably Cypselomorphae - and some small mammals such as bats. During the active part of their day, these animals maintain normal body temperature and activity levels, but their body temperature drops during a portion of the day (usually night) to conserve energy. Torpor is often used to help animals survive during periods of colder temperatures, since it allows the organism to save the amount of energy that would normally be used to maintain a high body temperature.
Torpor may extend for a longer period of time. Some animals such as groundhogs, chipmunks, ground squirrels and jumping mice enter this intensely deep state of hibernation for the duration of the winter. Lungfish switch to the torpor state if their pool dries out; tenrecs switch to the torpor state if food is scarce during the summer (in Madagascar). Black bears, although often thought of as hibernators, do not truly enter a state of torpor: While their body temperatures lower along with respiration and heartbeat, they do not decrease as significantly as most animals in a state of torpor. Still, there is much debate about this within the scientific community: Some feel that black bears are true hibernators that employ a more advanced form of hibernation.

# Other uses of the word
- Torpor is alternately used as a reference to any non-physiological state of inactivity. As an example, recently naturalists have learned that the female crocodile enters a deep torpor without aggression during their short egg laying period.
- This definition is also commonly used to describe the "chill out" effects of a number of psychotropic drugs, such as psychedelic mushrooms and LSD.  However, these psychedelics actually raise body temperature.
- Torpor is also used in vampire mythology, to describe the state that a vampire enters during the daylight hours. Thus, the vampire needs to have or find a safe and secluded spot that is shielded from sunlight. In some mythologies, the vampire also uses a guardian to protect him during the state of torpor.
Trocar
A trocar (Fr. "three side") is a hollow cylinder with a sharply pointed end, often three-sided, that is used to introduce cannulas and other similar implements into blood vessels or body cavities.  Trocars are also used as ports in laparoscopic surgery.
The trocar is often passed inside a cannula, and functions as a portal for the subsequent placement of other devices, such as a chest drain, intravenous cannula etc.
Surgical trocars are used to perform laparoscopic ('keyhole') surgery. They are used as a means of introduction for laparoscopic hand instruments, such as scissors, graspers etc., to perform surgery hitherto carried out by making a large abdominal incision ('open' surgery), something that has revolutionized patient care. Surgical trocars are today most commonly a single patient use instrument and have graduated from the 'three point' design that gave them their name, to either a flat bladed 'dilating-tip' product, or something that is entirely blade free. This latter design offers greater patient safety due to the technique used to insert them.
Trocars are also used near the end of the embalming process to provide drainage of bodily fluids and organs after the vascular replacement of blood with embalming chemicals. It is attached to a suction hose (which usually is attached to a running water source and drain known as a hydroaspirator). The process of removing organs using the trocar is known as aspiration. The instrument is inserted into the body two inches above and two inches to the right of the belly button from the embalmer's perspective. After the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities have been aspirated, the end of the trocar's hose is detached from the hydroaspirator and attached to a bottle of high index cavity fluid. The bottle is held upside down in the air so as to let gravity take the embalming fluid through the trocar and into the cavities. The embalmer moves the trocar in the same manner that he or she used when aspirating the cavities in order to fully and evenly distribute the chemical.
After cavity embalming has been finished, the puncture is commonly sealed using a small, plastic object resembling a screw and called a trocar button.
Twitch
Twitch may refer to:
- Muscle twitch, a muscle contraction
Fasciculation, a small, local, involuntary muscle contraction
Myoclonic twitch, a jerk usually caused by sudden muscle contractions
Spasm, a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle, group of muscles, hollow organ, or orifice
Tic, a sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic movement or sound that involves discrete groups of muscles
- Fasciculation, a small, local, involuntary muscle contraction
- Myoclonic twitch, a jerk usually caused by sudden muscle contractions
- Spasm, a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle, group of muscles, hollow organ, or orifice
- Tic, a sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic movement or sound that involves discrete groups of muscles
In entertainment:
- Twitch (film), a short film directed by Leah Meyerhoff
- Twitch (album), by Ministry
- Twitch (Aldo Nova album)
- Twitch (EP), by Jebediah
- Max "Twitch" Williams, a police officer in the comic series Sam and Twitch, a spinoff of Spawn
In other uses:
- Twitch (device), a device used to restrain horses
- "Twitch", in birdwatching, to pursue and observe a rare bird
UBE2E1
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 E1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2E1 gene.

# Function
The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene.

# Interactions
UBE2E1 has been shown to interact with Ataxin 1 and NEDD4.
UBE2L3
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 L3 (UBE2L3), also called UBCH7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2L3 gene. As an E2 enzyme, UBE2L3 participates in ubiquitination to target proteins for degradation. The role of UBE2L3 in the ubiquitination of the NF-B precursor implicated it in various major autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), celiac disease, Crohn's disease(CD), and systemic lupus erythematosus.

# Structure

## Gene
The UBE2L3 gene is located at chromosome 22q11.21, consisting of 6 exons.Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene.

## Protein
There are 38 E2 enzymes in humans. They all contain a conserved catalytic core domain that interacts with E1 and E3 and many E2s possess additional N- and/or C-terminal protein sequences. In contrast to other E2s, residues necessary for lysine reactivity are absent: the D87 and D117 residues (in UBCH5C numbering) are replaced by Pro and His residues.

# Function
The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s). E2s play a key role in the whole ubiquitin (Ub) transfer pathway and are responsible for Ub cellular signaling. Unlike many E2s that transfer Ub with RINGs, UBE2L3 has E3-independent reactivity with lysine. This enzyme is demonstrated to participate in the ubiquitination of p53, c-Fos, and the NF-B precursor p105 in vitro. UBE2L3 is primarily known for its role in the cell cycle. Specifically, UBE2L3 manages cell cycle regulatory protein levels via the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway (UPP) during the G1/S transition and during the actual S phase.

# Clinical significance
Through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), UBE2L3 has been associated with several autoimmune diseases, including RA, celiac disease, CD, and SLE via the ubiquitination of the NK-B precursor.

# Interactions
UBE2L3 has been shown to interact with:
- ARIH1,
- ARIH2,
- CBL,
- CHEK1,
- NEDD4,
- PARK2,
- SMURF2,
- TNFAIP3,
- TNFSF4,
- TNIP1,
- TRAF6,
- UBE3A,
- UBE3A,  and
- UBOX5.
UBE2V2
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBE2V2 gene. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant proteins constitute a distinct subfamily within the E2 protein family.

# Structure
UBE2V2 has sequence similarity to other ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes but lack the conserved cysteine residue that is critical for the catalytic activity of E2s. The protein encoded by this gene also shares homology with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1 and yeast MMS2 gene product.

# Function
UBE2V2 has also been implicated as an intracellular sensor of reactive electrophilic species, which are present in high levels during periods of pathogenic and/or environmental stress. The C69 residue of UBE2V2 is capable of binding with various RES. It has been shown that binding of RES to UBE2V2 promotes UBE2V2-mediated activation of Ube2N, another E2 protein that complexes with UBE2V2. Activated Ube2N has been shown to play a major role in promoting DNA-damage responses. Thus, UBE2V2 may promote genome integrity by directly sensing RES and effecting DNA damage responses. It may also be involved in the differentiation of monocytes and enterocytes.

# Interactions
UBE2V2 has been shown to interact with HLTF. Although UBE2V2 itself lacks ubiquitin-conjugating activity, it can interact with different Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes to facilitate their catalytic activities. For instance, UBE2V2 can complex with UBE2N to form a heterodimer capable of synthesizing Lys-63 linked polyubiquitin chains. UBE2V2 may facilitate UBE2N activity by coordinating UBE2N's positioning to promote ubiquitin chain formation specifically at Lys-63, as the ubiquitin molecule has multiple potential Lysine binding sites. Similarly, it has been shown that UBE2V2 interact with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, Ubc13, to induce Ubc13 to adopt an active conformation that can create Lys-63 polyubituitin chains on various substrates.
Addition of Lys-63 polyubiquitin chains to intracellular targets is distinct from the canonical Lys-48 polyubiquitin chains in that Lys-63 chains do not mediate proteasomal degradation of its substrate. Although their function remains poorly characterized, Lys-63 chains have been shown to regulate signaling pathways by either activating or inhibiting its target protein function. For example, TRIM5alpha restriction of retroviral reverse-transcription is dependent on UBE2V2/UBE2N-mediated poly-ubiquitination. UBE2V2 has been shown to regulate TRIM21 antiviral activity in an analogous manner.
UBQLN1
Ubiquilin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBQLN1 gene.
Ubiquilins contain a N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain and a C-terminal ubiquitin-associated domain. They physically associate with both proteasomes and ubiquitin ligases, and thus are thought to functionally link the ubiquitination machinery to the proteasome to effect in vivo protein degradation.

# Possible Role In Preventing Alzheimers Disease
Ubiquilin has also been shown to modulate accumulation of presenilin proteins, and is found in lesions associated with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Higher levels of ubiquilin-1 in the brain decreased malformation of the APP molecule which plays a key role in triggering Alzheimers disease. Conversely, lower levels of ubiquilin-1 in the brain were associated with increased malformation of APP.

# Similarity to Other Proteins
Human UBQLN1 shares a high degree of similarity with related ubiquilins including UBQLN2 and UBQLN4.

# Interactions
UBQLN1 has been shown to interact with
- HERPUD1,
- MTOR,
- P4HB,
- PSEN1
- PSEN2, and
- UBE3A.
- TMCO6,
UBQLN2
Ubiquilin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UBQLN2 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a ubiquitin-like protein (ubiquilin) that shares high degree of similarity with related products in yeast, rat and frog. Ubiquilins contain a N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain and a C-terminal ubiquitin-associated domain. They physically associate with both proteasomes and ubiquitin ligases, and are thus thought to functionally link the ubiquitination machinery to the proteasome to effect in vivo protein degradation. This ubiquilin has also been shown to bind the ATPase domain of the Hsp70-like Stch protein.

# Similarity to other proteins
Human UBQLN2 shares a high degree of similarity with related ubiquilins including UBQLN1 and UBQLN4.

# Clinical significance
In a small proportion of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS), the UBQLN2 gene is mutated, causing formation of a non-functional Ubiquilin 2 enzyme. This non-functioning enzyme leads to the accumulation of ubiquinated proteins in the lower motor neurons and upper corticospinal motor neurons, due to the fact that ubiquilin 2 normally degrades these ubiquinated proteins, but cannot if the ALS mutation is present. The same accumulations occur in patients without UBQLN2 mutations, but with mutations in other genes, including TDP-43 and C9ORF72.

# Interactions
UBQLN2 has been shown to interact with HERPUD1 and UBE3A.