Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Satraplatin

# Overview
Satraplatin (INN, codenamed JM216) is a platinum-based antineoplastic agent that is under investigation as one treatment of patients with advanced prostate cancer who have failed previous chemotherapy. It has not yet received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. First mentioned in the medical literature in 1993, satraplatin is the first orally active platinum-based chemotherapeutic drug; other available platinum analoguescisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatinmust be given intravenously.
It is made available in the United States jointly by Spectrum Pharmaceuticals and GPC Biotech under the name SPERA (SatraPlatin Expanded Rapid Access).
The drug has also been used in the treatment of lung and ovarian cancers.  The proposed mode of action is that the compound binds to the DNA of cancer cells rendering them incapable of dividing.
Seal finger
Seal finger, also known as sealer's finger and spekk-finger (from the Norwegian for "blubber"), is an infection that afflicts the fingers of sealers and other people who handle pinnipeds, as a result of bites or contact with exposed seal bones; it has also been contracted by exposure to untreated seal pelts. It can cause cellulitis, debilitating joint inflammation, and edema of the bone marrow; historically, seal finger was treated by amputation of the afflicted digits once they became unusable.
The precise nature of the organism responsible for seal finger is unknown, as it has resisted culturing; however, as seal finger can be treated with tetracycline or similar antibiotics, the causative organism is most likely bacterial, or possibly fungal; in 1998, Baker, Ruoff, and Madoff showed that the organism is most likely a species of Mycoplasma called Mycoplasma phocacerebrale. This mycoplasma was isolated in an epidemic of seal disease occurring in the Baltic Sea.

# Notes
-  Baker AS, Ruoff KL, Madoff S.; November, 1998. "Isolation of Mycoplasma species from a patient with seal finger."  Clinical Infectious Diseases
Seidel test

# Overview
Seidels test is a test used to assess the presence of anterior chamber leakage in the cornea.  It is used as a screening test for many corneal disorders including post corneal trauma, corneal perforation and corneal degeneration.

# Name
Seidels test is named after the German Ophthalmologist Erich Seidel.

# Procedure
A fluorescein strip containing 10% fluorescein is applied topically to the affected area and is looked at with a cobalt blue filter.  At this point, the fluorescein appears dark orange in color.  Any changes in color of the fluorescein strip indicate presence corneal deformities.

# Results of the test
If the fluorescein strip turns pale upon application to the corneal surface, the person tests positive for corneal deformity he/ she is being tested for.  The change in the color of the fluorescein strip is due to dilution of fluorescein caused by the aqueous leakage in the cornea.

# Precautions
Do not apply pressure on the eye during test.  There is risk of tissue extrusion in doing so.
Self-hatred
Self-hatred, self-loathing, also sometimes autophobia refers to an extreme dislike of oneself, or being angry at oneself. The term is also used to designate a dislike or hatred of a group to which one belongs. For instance, 'ethnic self-hatred' is the extreme dislike of one's ethnic group.  Accusations of self-hatred are often used as an ad hominem attack.  
The term 'self-hatred' is used infrequently by psychologists and psychiatrists, who would usually describe people who hate themselves as 'persons with low self-esteem'. Some people think that self-hatred and shame are important factors in some or many mental disorders, especially disorders that involve a perceived defect of oneself (e.g. body dysmorphic disorder). "Ethnic self-hatred" is considered by some people as being a cultural issue, to which psychological theories have limited relevance.

# Types of self-hatred
The term self-hatred can refer to either a strong dislike for oneself, one's actions, or a strong dislike or hatred of one's own race, gender, nationality, sexual orientation et cetera.  When used in the latter context it is generally defined as hatred of one's identity based on the demographic in question, as well as a desire to distance oneself from this identity.

## Personal self-hatred
Personal self-hatred and self-loathing can result from an inferiority complex. Some sociology theorists such as Jerry Mander see television programming as being deliberately designed to induce self-hatred, negative body image, and depression, with the advertising then being used to suggest the cure . See also the arguments related to the Kill your television phenomenon.

## Self-injury as self-hatred
Self-harm is a psychological disorder, which may involve self-hatred, where the subject feels compelled to physically injure themselves.
Shaker gene
The shaker (Sh) gene, when mutated, causes a variety of atypical behaviors in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.  Under ether anesthesia, the flys legs will shake (hence the name); even when the fly is unanaesthetized, it will exhibit aberrant movements.  Sh-mutant flies have a shorter lifespan than regular flies; in their larvae, the repetitive firing of action potentials as well as prolonged exposure to neurotransmitters at neuromuscular junctions occurs.
In Drosophila, the shaker gene is located on the X chromosome. The closest human homolog is KCNA3.

# Function
The Sh gene plays a part in the operation of potassium ion channels, which are integral membrane proteins and are essential to the correct functioning of the cell.  A working Shaker channel is voltage-dependent and has four subunits, which form a pore through which ions flow, carrying type-A potassium current (IA).  A mutation in the Sh gene reduces the conductance of charge across the neuron since the channels do not work, causing the severe phenotypical aberrations mentioned above.  These types of ion channels are responsible for the repolarization of the cell.
The Shaker K channel is a homo tetrameric protein complex. When confronted with a stimulus, the tetramers undergo conformational changes; some of these changes are cooperative. The final step involved in the opening of the channel is highly synchronized.
Recently, the Shaker gene has also been identified as a gene that helps determine an organism's amount of sleep. The phenotype of the flies that need less sleep is called minisleep (mns).

# Blockers
The Shaker K channel is affected by various toxins, which effectively slow the opening of the channel, or reversibly block its functioning.
Toxins that affect the Shaker K channel include:
- Agitoxin
- Charybdotoxin
- Iberiotoxin
- Pandinotoxin
- 6-bromo-2-mercaptotryptamine (BrMT)
BrMT can be seen working in the K channel to prevent the early activation of the channel  before the cooperation has begun. Though its exact mechanism remains unknown, it is expected to work by forcing a conformational change in the pore domain of the channel. This part of the channel is expected to be altered instead of the voltage-sensing domain because of its connections to other subunits. When the conformational change is enacted, the BrMT sites on adjacent subunits are also affected, resulting in a widespread delayed activation of the K channel.
Side stitch
Synonyms and keywords: Side cramp

# Overview
When exercising, a side stitch is an intense stabbing pain under the lower edge of the ribcage. It is also referred to as exercise related transient abdominal pain (ETAP). This pain is caused by the internal organs (like the liver and stomach) pulling downwards on the diaphragm. It is therefore more likely to occur in sports involving up and down actions - like running, jumping and horse riding.

# Causes

## Possible Causes
There are more theories regarding ETAP than merely stretching of the visceral ligaments due to repeated vertical translation and jolting. Other theories include:
- Diaphragmatic ischemia
- Imbalances of the thoracic spine
- Irritation of the parietal peritoneum
The reasons for these theories include, in particular, the prevalence of ETAP during swimming.
Most of the time, side stitches occur on the right side of the body. This is due to the largest organ in the abdominal cavity, the liver, being on that side. Certain athletes also report a pain in the tip of their shoulder blade. This is believed to be because this is a referred site of pain for the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve.

# Treatment
Possible treatments for side stitches include:
- Stop exercising. With your fingers, push into your abdomen on the right side, and up under the rib cage. At the same time, forcefully let out a deep exhale while holding your lips closely together.
- Stop exercising until the pain goes away.
- Try belly breathing; Inhale while pushing out your abdomen, and on the exhale, relax your abdominal muscles.
- Stop exercising and touch your toes with your fingers, moving your liver away from your diaphragm.
- Breathe on different steps
- Reduce the frequency of breathing (e.g. in jogging, inhale for four steps and exhale for four steps)
- Lie down on your back and lift the knee on the side with the stitch up to your chest.

# Primary Prevention
- Improve fitness.
- Strengthen the diaphragm by using exercises such as those that aid respiratory rehabilitation.
- Strengthen core muscles (abdominals, lower back, obliques).
- Limit consumption of food and drink two to three hours before exercising (in particular, drinks of high carbohydrate content and osmolality (reconstituted fruit juices)).
- Drink water beforehand to prevent muscle cramps.
- Warm up properly.
- Gradually increase exercise intensity.
- When running:
Exhale when the left foot hits the ground, and inhale when the right foot hits the ground.
Run on soft surfaces.
- Exhale when the left foot hits the ground, and inhale when the right foot hits the ground.
- Run on soft surfaces.
Single Whip
Single Whip ( dan bian) is a common posture found in most forms of tai chi chuan. Typically at the end of the posture the left hand is in a palm outward push and the right hand held most commonly in the form of a hook or closed fist. Notable exceptions are the Single Whip in Sun style and Wu/Hao style tai chi chuan which finish with both hands open, palms outward.
Single Whip is one of the movements/postures most repeated in the solo training forms.  Its first appearance in most forms follows the Grasp Sparrow's Tail sequence (peng, lu, ji, an) and is seen later as a variant renamed Snake Creeps Down. There is also a posture in the Wu style sword form called Single Whip Fusing Throat.
The martial applications of Single Whip are many. There are various strikes, throws, changeups (using one hand to create an opening so that the other can strike) and kicks derived from this posture trained by different schools.
Sirenomelia

# Overview
Sirenomelia or Mermaid Syndrome is a very rare congenital deformity in which the legs are fused together, giving the appearance of a mermaid.  This condition is found in approximately one out of every 70,000 live births (about as rare as conjoined twins) and is usually fatal within a day or two of birth because of complications associated with abnormal kidney and bladder development and function.  It results from a failure of normal vascular supply from the lower aorta in utero.  Sirenomelia is associated with maternal diabetes.
There may be a connection to VACTERL association.
This disorder was formerly thought to be an extreme case of Caudal Regression Syndrome; however, it was reclassified to be considered a separate condition.

# Notable cases
Only a handful of patients who did not have the usual kidney and bladder complications have survived this condition, three of them being:
- Tiffany Yorks of the United States (born 1988) underwent successful surgery to correct her rare congenital defect, in order to separate her legs.
- Milagros Cerron of Peru (her name meaning "miracles" in Spanish.) Yorks's surgeon, Mutaz Habal, worked in an advisory capacity during Cerron's operation.
- Shiloh Pepin of Kennebunkport, Maine in the United States
Sitaxsentan
Sitaxsentan or sitaxsentan sodium (actual INN: sitaxentan) (marketed as Thelin by Encysive Pharmaceuticals) is a small molecule sodium salt that blocks the action of endothelin (ET) on the endothelin-A (ETA) receptor selectively (by a factor of 6000 compared to the ETB).  It is a sulfonamide class endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) and is undergoing Food and Drug Administration (FDA) review for treating pulmonary hypertension. The rationale for benefit compared to bosentan, a nonselective ET blocker, is negligible inhibition of the beneficial effects of ETB stimulation, such as nitric oxide production and clearance of ET from circulation. However, in clinical trials, the efficacy of sitaxsentan has been much the same as bosentan, but the liver toxicity has been better.  Therefore sitaxsentan is expected to be marketed as a safer drug than bosentan, but not necessarily more effective.
Thelin has been approved for marketing in both the European Union (on 10 August, 2006), in Canada and in Australia (on 7 March, 2007). It is already marketed in Germany, The Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Ireland. The medication is currently undergoing phase III clinical trials within the United States.
On the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) target action date of 24 March, 2006 the United States' FDA recommended an approvable status to Thelin but said it would not yet approve the product. On July 24, 2006 Thelin received a second approvable letter stating that efficacy outcome issues raised in the context of the STRIDE-2 study were still unresolved. In July 2007, Encysive commenced a formal dispute resolution process in a preliminary meeting with the FDA.

# Adverse effects
Adverse effects observed with Thelin are class effects of endothelin receptor antagonists, and include :
- liver enzyme abnormalities (increased ALT and AST)
- headache
- oedema
- constipation
- nasal congestion
- upper respiratory tract infection
- dizziness
- insomnia
- flushing.
Because Thelin inhibits metabolism of warfarin, a decreased dose of warfarin is needed when co-administered with thelin. This is due to the fact that warfarin acts to prevent blood from clotting, and if it remains unmetabolized, it can continue to thin the blood.
Sleepeating

# Overview
Sleepeating or Nocturnal Eating Syndrome is a parasomnia where people experience recurrent episodes of eating during their sleep, without being aware of it.
Sleep-related eating might occur often enough to result in significant weight gain. Although it can affect all ages and both sexes, it is more common in young women. In Australia, Ambien is marketed as "Stilnox" and the Australian drug agency found sleepdriving, and sleepeating as side effects.
Episodes of sleepeating can on occasion be repeated throughout the night, with the affected individual sometimes eating the same food over and over again, which can occur during many separate visits to the fridge or cupboard until the desired foodstuff is gone. Certain medication and alcohol can make sleepwalking more likely in an individual prone to these episodes.
Slime layer
A slime layer in bacteria is an easily removed, diffuse, unorganised layer of extracellular material that surrounds bacteria cells. Specifically, this consists mostly of exopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.
The slime layer is not to be confused with the S-layer, a separate and highly organised glycoprotein layer surrounding many bacterial cells.
The function of the slime layer is to protect the bacteria cells from environmental dangers such as antibiotics and desiccation. The slime layer also allows bacteria to adhere to smooth surfaces such as prosthetic medical devices and catheters.  It may permit bacterial colonies to survive chemical sterilization with chlorine, iodine, and other chemicals, leaving autoclaving or flushing with boiling water as the only certain methods of decontamination.
A bacterial capsule is similar, but is a well ordered structure that is resistant to washing off.
Slug (mass)
The slug is an English unit of mass. It is a mass that accelerates by 1 ft/s2 when a force of one pound-force (lbf) is exerted on it.  Therefore a slug has a mass of about 32.17405 pound-mass or 14.5939 kg.
1\ \mbox{slug} =1 \cfrac{\mbox{lbf}\cdot\mbox{s}^2}{\mbox{ft}}
The slug is part of a subset of coherent units known as the gravitational foot-pound-second system (FPS), one of several such specialized systems of mechanical units developed in the late 19th and the 20th century.
The slug was first used in 1902 by Arthur Mason Worthington (18521916) in Dynamics of Rotation (OED), but it didn't see any significant use until decades later.  A 1928 textbook says: "No name has yet been given to the unit of mass and, in fact, as we have developed the theory of dynamics no name is necessary.  Whenever the mass, m, appears in our formulae, we substitute the ratio of the convenient force-acceleration pair (w/g), and measure the mass in lbs. per ft./sec.2 or in grams per cm./sec.2".
Another name for this unit in early literature is the geepound.
The unit slinch (derived from the words slug-inch )
is an inch version of the slug. (1 slinch = 1 lbfs2/in = 12 slugs)
The unit blob (bl) is also an inch version of the slug (1 lbfs2/in).
Source:
Sober Coach
A sober companion or sober coach is an addiction treatment professional who provides one-on-one assistance to newly recovering drug addicts and alcoholics. The therpeutic goal is to help the patient maintain sufficient abstinence from alcohol and drugs to establish healthy routines outside of a residential treatment facility.
A sober companion chaperones a recovering addict to help ensure they do not relapse.  They may be be hired to provide round the clock care, be on-call, or to accompany the recovering addict during particular activities.  A companion acts as an advocate for the newly recovering person and provides new ways for the client to act in their own living environment.  Companions use techniques such as meditation, prayer and affirmation of sober choices, common to other recovery methods like Alcoholics Anonymous and counseling.  They may also search for hidden drugs and restrain a client to prevent them from relapsing.
Companions are sometimes used as a replacement for residential addiction treatment or other forms of drug rehabilitation but companions such as Caine and rehabilitation center staff such as Dr. Hunsicker recommend a combined approach, particularly for people at high risk of relapse. They suggest that companions can help a patient successfully transition from a heavily structured, secure environment into the world where he or she previously failed to stay sober.
  Despite this some experts like Dr. Jennifer Schneider are skeptical of the companion approach and its dependence on a single individual.
Companion treatment usually last from one to four weeks, with ten to fourteen days being the norm. Ideally, a companion's presence in the patient's life will decrease as the patient proves his or her ability to confront family, work, and legal issues without relapse.  Some providers stay with their client for many months, and some offer only transportation services (for instance, to and from treatment facilities or sober living homes).
In keeping with several other forms of drug rehabilitation practitioners do not need to have any formal training.  Most companions are recovering addicts who, themselves, have been able to maintain multiple years of sobriety. While some companions will have some training in psychology, sociology, and/or medicine, in addition to a strong personal program of recovery, there are no professional associations or boards to set standards or monitor the state of the field.  This lack of oversight and accountability is a concern according to the California Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors.
Sober Companions are sometimes used in cases where an actor or a musicians will not attend treatment, but must remain abstinent to complete a film or recording project.  They are also depicted by some media outlets as adult babysitters for actors, musicians, and other celebrities.
  While some coaches do work with high-profile clients, most work anonymously with non-celebrities re-entering the world after residential treatment for alcohol and/or drug abuse.
Soda syphon
The soda syphon, also known as the seltzer bottle or syphon seltzer bottle is a device for dispensing soda water.
As early as 1790, the concept of an "aerosol" was introduced in France with self-pressurized carbonated beverages,
but the modern syphon was created in 1829, when two Frenchmen patented a hollow corkscrew which could be inserted into a soda bottle and by use of a valve allowed a portion of the contents to be dispensed while maintaining the pressure on the inside of the bottle and hence preventing the remaining soda going flat.
Soda syphons were popular in the 1920s and 1930s but the rise of bottled carbonated beverages and the destruction of many of their manufacturers' plants in Eastern Europe during World War II lead to a decline in their popularity in the years after the war.
Commercial production and delivery of pre-filled bottles of seltzer continued in the New York, USA region into the 1980s.
The seltzer bottle is an indispensable prop in classic physical comedy.

# Notes
-  Donald A. Bull (2001). "Cork Ejectors". Retrieved 2006-09-13..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 Bryan Grapentine (1998-05). "Seltzer Bottles" (PDF). Bottles & Extras. Retrieved 2006-09-13. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Sole (foot)

# Overview
The sole is the bottom of the human foot.  Anatomically, the sole of the foot is referred to as the plantar aspect. The equivalent surface in ungulates is the hoof.

# Description
The skin on the sole of the foot lacks the vellus hair and pigmentation found on the rest of the body, and has a high concentration of sweat pores.  The soles are crossed by a set of creases that form during embryogenesis and contain the thickest layers of skin on the human body due to the weight that is continually placed on them.  Like the palm, the sweat pores of the sole lack sebaceous glands.

## Innervation of the sole
The soles of the feet are extremely sensitive to touch due to a high concentration of nerve endings.  This makes them sensitive to surfaces that are walked on,  ticklish and some people find them to be erogenous zones.  Medically, the soles are the site of the plantar reflex, the testing of which can be painful due to the sole's sensitivity.  The feet can also be a used for torture.

## Arches
The sole of the adult foot is normally arched.  Arches may fail to develop during childhood or may flatten during pregnancy and old age resulting in flat feet.

# The sole of the foot in culture
In the Middle East the sole of the foot is considered unclean and it is considered insulting or offensive to prominently display a barefoot.  In Western culture the sensitivity of the sole makes it a target for tickling or sexual stimulation.