Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Nodular sclerosis
Nodular sclerosis (or "NSHL") is a form of Hodgkin's lymphoma which is the most common subtype of HL in developed countries. It usually affects females more than males and has a median age of onset at ~28 years.  It is composed of large tumor nodules with lacunar Reed-Sternberg cell (RS cells) surrounded by fibrotic collagen bands.
The British National Lymphoma Investigation further categorized NSHL based upon Reed-Sternberg cells into "nodular sclerosis type I" (NS I) and "nodular sclerosis type II" (NS II), with the first subtype responding better to treatment. 

# Reference
-   Mauch, Peter (1999). Hodgkin's Disease. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 107. ISBN 0-7817-1502-4. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help).mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
Northern Colletes
Northern Colletes is a species of bee within the genus Colletes. Northern Colletes are solitary bees, though females may nest in what are termed aggregations  sites where the bees nest close together, but do not form colonies as social bees do. They nest underground in soft (often sandy) soil, digging burrows up to 20 times the length of their bodies. It is often to be found nesting in coastal sand dunes and, on Hebridean islands, machair (coastal grassland).

# Appearance
The bees are medium sized (with a head-to-body length of around 815 mm) and slender. They have a black abdomen, with narrow white bands on each segment. Tawny hairs cover the top of the thorax, with somewhat paler hairs on the face. They are very similar to other species within the Colletes genus and, if more than one of these species shares the same habitat, microscopic exmination can be necessary to distinguish between them. Females are slightly larger than the males, possessing slightly longer abdomens, which are also darker and glossier.

# Life cycle
Adult Northern Colletes emerge in late June, and are active until late August. The bees are active only when the temperature is warm. The males emerge one or two days before the females. The females probably mate soon after emergence. The males then die, while the female constructs a burrow which may be as much as 26 cm deep. The female produces a secretion from glands in the mouth, forming a cellophane-like coating for the burrow. Each egg is sealed inside an individual cell, with enough regurgitated nectar and pollen to feed the larva throughout the winter. The larva lives underground, pupating in its burrow and emerging the following June as an adult. As Northern Colletes do not form colonies, there are no worker bees.

# Distribution
This is a rare bee. It can be found in the British Isles, where it nests on the Atlantic coasts of Ireland and northern England, while in Scotland it can be found on islands as well as coastal areas of the mainland. Elsewhere in Northern Europe, it is present in low densities in Scandinavia, again in coastal areas. It appears to prefer south-facing slopes with low, sparse vegetation; the bee forages in nearby flower-rich areas. In Southern Europe, however, it inhabits higher altitudes, being found in the Pyrenees, Carpathians and Altay Mountains.
One of the most significant habitats for this species of bee is the machair (coastal duneland) of the Outer Hebrides in Scotland where it was reported in September, 2007 that eleven previously unknown colonies had been discovered.
Norwood procedure

# Overview
The Norwood Procedure is a surgery performed on the heart.  This procedure is most often performed to treat Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, certain types of mitral atresia, or other conditions that result in single ventricle circulation.
Entry to the body cavity for the Norwood Procedure is gained by a vertical incision above the sternum.  Separation of the sternum is necessary.
This surgery is complex and may vary slightly depending on the diagnosis and overall condition of the heart.  The main pulmonary artery is separated from the left and right portions of the pulmonary artery and joined with the upper portion of the aorta.  Widening of the pulmonary artery is often necessary, and may be accomplished by using the patient's existing biological tissue, or appropriate animal tissue.  This allows the blood, oxygenated and deoxygenated, to be pumped to the body via the pulmonary valve.
Either a Sano Shunt or a modified Blalock-Taussig Shunt is then placed.  Both are achieved with the use of a Gore-Tex tube.  The Sano Shunt is performed by attaching the tube to the center of the left and right portions of the pulmonary artery.  The other end of the tube is placed in the right ventricle, which allows blood to be pumped directly to the lungs.  This tube, in effect, takes the place of the main pulmonary artery.  The Blalock Taussig Shunt attaches the subclavian artery to the pulmonary artery.  This method allows the blood pumped toward the lungs to bypass the heart altogether.
After this first step (switching the right ventricle in functional position of the absent left ventricle) the following two steps are the same as in the Fontan procedure.

# Sources
- , Health Centers Online
- The Children's Heart Foundation (2004). It's My Heart. Children's Heart Foundation. ISBN 0-9711542-2-8.
- University of Michigan - HLHS - Stage 1 Norwood Procedure
Nursing diagnosis
Assistant Editor-In-Chief: Michelle Lew

# Overview
A nursing diagnosis is a standardized statement about the health of a client (who can be an individual, a family, or a community) for the purpose of providing nursing care. Nursing diagnoses are developed based on data obtained during the nursing assessment.
The main organization for defining standard diagnoses in North America is the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, now known as NANDA-International. Other international associations are AENTDE (Spanish), AFEDI (French language) and ACENDIO (Europe).
Nursing diagnoses are part of a movement in nursing to standardize the terminology involved. This includes standard descriptions of diagnoses, interventions and outcomes. Nurses who support of standardized terminology believe that it will help nursing become more scientific and evidence-based. Other nurses feel that nursing diagnoses are an ivory tower mentality and neither help in care planning nor in differentiating nursing from medicine.

# Structure of diagnoses
The NANDA-International system of nursing diagnosis provides for five categories.
- Actual diagnosis - a statement about a health problem that the client has and the benefit from nursing care. An example of an actual nursing diagnosis is: Ineffective airway clearance related to decreased energy as manifested by an ineffective cough.
- Risk diagnosis - a statement about health problems that a client doesn't have yet, but is at a higher than normal risk of developing in the near future. An example of a risk diagnosis is: Risk for injury related to altered mobility and disorientation.
- Possible diagnosis - a statement about a health problem that the client might have now, but the nurse doesn't yet have enough information to make an actual diagnosis. An example of a possible diagnosis is: Possible fluid volume deficit related to frequent vomiting for three days as manifested by increased pulse rate.
- Syndrome diagnosis - used when a cluster of nursing diagnoses are seen together. An example of a syndrome diagnosis is: Rape-trauma syndrome related to anxiety about potential health problems as manifested by anger, genitourinary discomfort, and sleep pattern disturbance.
- Wellness diagnosis - describes an aspect of the client that is at a low level of wellness. An example of a wellness diagnosis is: Potential for enhanced organized infant behaviour, related to prematurity and as manifested by response to visual and auditory stimuli.

# Process of diagnoses
- Collect data - statistical data relevant to achieving a diagnosis.
- Cues/patterns - changes in physical status. (for example: lower urinary output)
- Hypothesis - possible alternatives that could have caused previous cues/patterns.
- Validation - taking necessary steps to rule out other hypothesis, to single out one problem.
- Diagnosis - making a decision on the problem based on validation.
- Strategies - taking necessary action to solve the problem and/or to provide adequate nursing care.
Obstetric fistula
Synonyms and keywords: Vaginal fistula

# Overview
Obstetric fistula (or vaginal fistula) is a severe medical condition in which a fistula (hole) develops between either the rectum and vagina (see rectovaginal fistula) or between the bladder and vagina (see vesicovaginal fistula) after severe or failed childbirth, when adequate medical care is not available.

# Causes
The fistula usually develops when a prolonged labor presses the unborn child so tightly in the birth canal that blood flow is cut off to the surrounding tissues, which necrotise and eventually rot away.  More rarely, the injury can be caused by female circumcision, poorly performed abortions, or pelvic fractures.

# Presentation
The resulting disorders typically include incontinence, severe infections and ulcerations of the vaginal tract, and often paralysis caused by nerve damage.  Sufferers from this disorder are usually also subject to severe social stigma due to odor, perceptions of uncleanliness, a mistaken assumption of venereal disease and, in some cases, the inability to have children.

# Risk factors
Primary risk factors are early and/or closely-spaced pregnancies and lack of access to emergency obstetric care; a 1993 study in Nigeria found that 55 percent of the victims were under 19 years of age, and 94 percent gave birth at home or in poorly equipped local clinics.  When available at all, cesarean sections and other medical interventions are usually not performed until after tissue damage has already been done.

# Incidence/prevalence
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 women develop obstetric fistulas each year and over two million women currently live with fistula injuries.
Obstructive shock

# Overview
Obstructive shock is a form of shock associated with physical obstruction of the great vessels or the heart itself. Pulmonary embolism and cardiac tamponade are considered forms of obstructive shock.
Obstructive shock has much in common with cardiogenic shock, and the two are frequently grouped together.
Some sources don't recognize obstructive shock as a distinct category, and categorize pulmonary embolism and cardiac tamponade  under cardiogenic shock.
Odontoid fracture

# Overview

# Clssification
- Type 1 odontoid fractures: Occur at the tip of the odontoid and are stable and heal with conservative treatment.
- Type 2 odontoid fractures: Run transversely at the base of the odontoid. They are considered to be unstable and sometimes do not heal adequately with simple external fixation. Internal fixation may be performed.
- Type 3 odontoid fractures: Involve the vertebral body of C-2 below the level of the odontoid. They are usually stable and heal adequately.
Type 1 Odontoid fracture
Oenothera biennis
Oenothera biennis (Common evening primrose or Evening star), is a biennial flowering plant growing to 1.2 m (3 to 4 ft), with easy germination.  It is also known as Weedy evening-primrose, German rampion, hog weed, King's cure-all, and fever-plant.
Its hermaphrodite, pale yellow flowers bloom for most of the summer, from June to September. They open in the evening, hence the name "evening primrose", and are pollinated by Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflies) and bees.
The mature seeds contain approximately 7-10% gamma-linolenic acid, a rare essential fatty acid. The O. biennis seed oil is used to reduce the pains of premenstrual stress syndrome and is beneficial to the skin of the face. Also, poultices containing O. biennis were at one time used to ease bruises and speed wound healing.
The flower has an unusual response to ultraviolet light .  A brilliantly colored center, invisible in visible light, is boldly apparent under ultraviolet.
Olfactory fatigue
Olfactory fatigue or adaptation is the temporary, normal inability to distinguish a particular odor after a prolonged exposure to that airborne compound.  For example, when entering a restaurant initially the odor of food is often perceived as being very strong, but after time the awareness of the odor normally fades to the point where the smell is not perceptible or is much weaker.  After leaving the area of high odor, the sensitivity is restored with time.  Anosmia is the permanent loss of the sense of smell, and is different from olfactory fatigue.
It is a commonly used term in wine tasting, where one loses the ability to smell and distinguish wine bouquet after sniffing at wine(s) continuously for an extended period of time.
The term is also used in the study of indoor air quality, for example, in the perception of odors from people, tobacco, and cleaning agents.
Olfactory fatigue is an example of neural adaptation or sensory adaptation. Our bodies become desensitised to stimuli in order to prevent the over loading of our nervous system, thus allowing it to respond to new stimuli that is out of the ordinary
Oliguria overview

# Overview
Oliguria and anuria are the decreased or absent production of urine, respectively.
Oliguria is defined as a urine output that is less than 1 mL/kg/h in infants, less than 0.5 mL/kg/h in children, and less than 400 mL or 500 mL per 24h in adults - this equals 17 or 21 mL/hour.  For example, in an adult weighing 70 kg it equals 0.24 or 0.3 ml/hour/kg.  Alternatively, however, the value of 0.5 mL/kg/h is commonly used to define oliguria in adults as well.
Olig- (or oligo-) is a Greek prefix meaning small or few.
Anuria is defined as less than 50mL urine output per day.
Surgical oncology

# Overview
Surgical oncology is the branch of surgery which focuses on the surgical management of malignant neoplasms (cancer).
Whether surgical oncology constitutes a medical specialty per se is the topic of a heated debate. Today, some would agree that it is simply impossible for any one surgeon to be competent in the surgical management of all malignant disease.  However, there are currently 14 surgical oncology fellowship training programs in the United States that have been approved by the Society of Surgical Oncology.  While many general surgeons are actively involved in treating patients with malignant neoplasms, the designation of "surgical oncologist" is generally reserved for those surgeons who have completed one of the approved fellowship programs.  However, this is a matter of semantics, as many surgeons who are thoroughly involved in treating cancer patients may consider themselves to be surgical oncologists.
Most often, surgical oncologist refers to a general surgical oncologist (cf. General Surgery), but thoracic surgical oncologists, gynecologic oncologists and so forth can all be considered surgeons who specialize in treating cancer patients.
The importance of training surgeons who sub-specialize in cancer surgery lies in evidence, supported by a number of clinical trials, that outcomes in surgical cancer care are positively associated to surgeon volume -- i.e. the more cancer cases a surgeon treats, the more proficient he becomes, and his or her patients experience improved survival rates as a result. This is another controversial point, but it is generally accepted -- even as common sense -- that a surgeon who performs a given operation more often, will achieve superior results when compared with a surgeon who rarely performs the same procedure. This is particularly true of cancer resections such as pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure) for pancreatic cancer, and gastrectomy with extended (D2) lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer.
The specialty of Surgical Oncology has evolved in steps similar to Medical Oncology out of Hematology and Radiation Oncology out of Radiolgy. The Ewing Society known today as the Society of Surgical Oncology was started by surgeons interested in promoting the field of oncology. Though is not blessed by a specialty Board certification, the area of expertise is coming to its own by the sucess of combined treatment with chemotherapy, radiation and targeted biologic treatments. The proliferation of cancer centers will further popularize the field as will developments in minimally invasive techniques, palliative surgery, neoadjuvant treatments and cancer prevention.
Operating theatre
An operating theatre, operating room, or a surgery suite is a room within a hospital within which surgical operations are carried out.
Operating theatres were so-called in the United Kingdom because they traditionally consisted of semi-circular amphitheatres to allow students to observe the medical procedures.
The Old Operating Theatre in London is one of the oldest, dating back to 1822.  It is a similar age to the Etherdome in Boston built in 1824.
Historic anatomical theatres, which were used for dissection of both human and animal corpses for instructional purposes, exist in Padua, Leiden, Uppsala, and a few other places.
An operating theatre can also be designated as an area of refuge ensuring that an operation may continue for a maximum period of time specified by the local building code in the event of an accidental fire in the hospital.
The Operating Theatre Journal is published in the United Kingdom.
Ophthalmic artery

# Overview
The ophthalmic artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery which supplies branches to supply the eye and other structures in the orbit.

# Branches
The branches of the ophthalmic artery are often subdivided into an orbital group and an ocular group .

## Orbital group
The orbital group, distributing vessels to the orbit and surrounding parts, includes:
- Lacrimal artery
- Supraorbital artery
- Posterior ethmoidal artery
- Anterior ethmoidal artery
- Internal palpebral artery
- Supratrochlear artery, also known as the frontal artery
- Dorsal nasal artery

## Ocular group
The ocular group, distributing vessels to the eye and its muscles, includes:
- Long posterior ciliary arteries
- Short posterior ciliary arteries
- Anterior ciliary artery
- Central retinal artery
- Muscular artery

# Blood supply
Branches of the ophthalmic artery supply:
- Frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle
- Inferior oblique muscle
- Inferior rectus muscle
- Lacrimal gland
- Lateral rectus muscle
- Levator palpebrae superioris muscle
- Medial rectus muscle
- Nasalis muscle
- Procerus
- Superior oblique muscle
- Superior rectus muscle

# Occlusion
As with central retinal artery occlusions, ophthalmic artery occlusions may result from systemic cardiovascular diseases; however, a cherry red spot is typically absent and the vision is usually worse. Amaurosis fugax is a temporary loss of vision that occurs in two conditions which cause a temporary reduction in ophthalmic artery pressure: orthostatic hypotension and positive acceleration.

# Additional images
- Dura mater and its processes exposed by removing part of the right half of the skull, and the brain.
Order of reaction
The Order of reaction  with respect to a certain reactant is defined, in chemical kinetics, as the power to which its concentration term in the rate equation is raised.
For example, given a chemical reaction A + 2B  C with a rate equation r = k12, the reaction order with respect to A would be 1 and with respect to B would be 2, the total reaction order would be 2+1=3. It is not necessary that the order of a reaction is a whole number - zero and fractional values of order are possible - but they tend to be integers. Reaction orders can be determined only by experiment. Their knowledge allows conclusions about the reaction mechanism.
The reaction order is not necessarily related to the stoichiometry of the reaction, unless the reaction is elementary. Complex reactions may or may not have reaction orders equal to their stoichiometric coefficients
For example :
- The alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl acetate is a complex reaction:
- The rate equation for imidazole catalyzed hydrolysis is
- In the reaction of aryldiazonium ions with nucleophiles in aqueous solution ArN2+ + X-  ArX + N2 the rate equation is
Reactions can also have an undefined reaction order with respect to a reactant, for example one can not talk about reaction order in the rate equation found when dealing with a bimolecular reaction between adsorbed molecules:
If the concentration of one of the reactants remains constant (because it is a catalyst or it is in great excess with respect to the other reactants) its concentration can be included in the rate constant, obtaining a pseudo constant: if B is the reactant whose concentration is constant then  r= k =k'. The second order rate equation has been reduced to a pseudo first order rate equation. This makes the treatment in order to obtain an integrated rate equation much easier.
Zero-order reactions are often seen for thermal chemical decompositions where the reaction rate is independent of the concentration of the reactant (changing the concentration has no effect on the speed of the reaction):
In broken-order reactions the order is a non-integer typical of reactions with a complex reaction mechanism. For example the chemical decomposition of ethanal into methane and carbon monoxide proceeds with an order of 1.5 with respect to ethanal. The decomposition of phosgene to carbon monoxide and chlorine has order 1 with respect to phosgene itself and order 0.5 with respect to chlorine.
In a mixed-order reaction the order of a reaction changes in the course of a reaction as a result of changing variables such as pH. An example is the oxidation of an alcohol to a ketone by a ruthenate (RuO42-) and a hexacyanoferrate, the latter serving as the sacrificial catalyst converting Ru(IV) back to Ru(VI) : the disappearing-rate of the ferrate is zero-order with respect to the ferrate at the onset of the reaction (when its concentration is high and the ruthenium catalyst is quickly regenerated) but changes to first-order when its concentration decreases.
Negative order reactions are rare, for example the conversion of ozone (order 2) to oxygen (order -1).
Orlistat overdose

# Overdosage topics
Overdose
Treatment

## Overdose
Single doses of 800 mg XENICAL and multiple doses of up to 400 mg three times a day
for 15 days have been studied in normal weight and obese subjects without significant
adverse findings. Return to top

## Treatment
Should a significant overdose of XENICAL occur, it is recommended that the patient be
-bserved for 24 hours. Based on human and animal studies, systemic effects attributable
to the lipase- inhibiting properties of orlistat should be rapidly reversible. Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.