Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Fcal-oral route
Many diseases can be passed when fecal particles from one host are introduced into the mouth of another potential host. This is referred to as  the fecal-oral route (or alternatively, the oral-fecal route or orofecal route).
There are, usually, intermediate steps, sometimes many of them. Amongst the more common causes are: Water that has come in contact with feces and poorly treated before drinking; food that has been handled with feces present; poor sewage treatment; poor or absent cleaning after handling feces or anything that has been in contact with feces.
Some sexual practice  such as anal-oral sex, coprophilia  can also spread disease by the fecal-oral route.
Some diseases that can be passed via the fecal-oral route:
- Giardiasis
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis E
- Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)
- Typhoid fever
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections
- Polio
- Cholera
Galanin receptor
The galanin receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor, or metabotropic receptor which binds galanin.
Galanin receptors can be found throughout the peripheral and central nervous systems and the endocrine system. So far three subtypes are known to exist: GAL-R1, GAL-R2, and GAL-R3. The specific function of each subtype remains to be fully elucidated, although as of 2009 great progress is currently being made in this respect with the generation of receptor subtype-specific knockout mice, and the first selective ligands for galanin receptor subtypes. Selective galanin agonists are anticonvulsant, while antagonists produce antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in animals, so either agonist or antagonist ligands for the galanin receptors may be potentially therapeutic compounds in humans.

# Ligands

## Agonists
- Galanin
- Galanin 1-15 fragment
- Galanin-like peptide - agonist at GAL1 and GAL2 but not GAL3
- Galmic
- Galnon
- NAX 5055
- D-Gal(7-Ahp)-B2
- M617
- M1154 - has no GalR3 interaction
- Galanin 2-11 amide - also called AR-M 1896, anticonvulsant in mice, CAS# 367518-31-8
- M1145 - seletive compared to both GalR1 and GalR3 
- M1153 - seletive compared to both GalR1 and GalR3
- CYM 2503 (positive allosteric modulator)

## Antagonists
- M35 peptide
- SCH-202,596
- M871 peptide
- SNAP-37889 
- SNAP-398,299
Gene expressions
Gene expressions is a suite of genes, and their isoforms, that appear to be biochemically involved in the appearance of a trait.

# Gene records
"The minimum set of data necessary for a gene record, therefore, is: a unique identifier, or GeneID, assigned by NCBI; a preferred symbol; and either defining sequence information, map information, or official nomenclature from an authority list."
"A unique GeneID is assigned to each new record. There are currently two number generators being used by Gene; one that is assigning values in the range of 7,000,000  99,999,999 and another that is assigning values > 100,000,000. Thus the sequence of GeneIDs is expected to have gaps."

# Funding
The Cure Brain Cancer Foundation is planning to provide grants of up to $200,000 each to encourage innovative new research. "The Innovation Grant will address this gap by funding higher-risk, big ideas and allow researchers to explore new projects that could improve brain cancer survival, which has barely improved in more than 30 years."
"The Innovation Grant will provide up to $200,000 over two years to researchers with new ideas, including those who work in areas outside of brain cancer."
"It will also enable researchers to produce proof-of-concept data, and establish whether ideas are feasible for ongoing funding."
"Applications for the Innovation Grants are now open and close on 7 July."

# Hypotheses
- The transcription of each gene, or its isoforms, is an opportunity to influence under or over expression.
- Like simvastatin, the product of some genes that may produce harmful effects can be muted by a biochemical that uses up some of the gene product before it produces unhealthy levels of that product.
- Gene expressions can be altered such as with the birth control pill that alters the apparent hormone balance to appear as if the woman is pregnant so as to prevent pregnancy.
Genital tubercle

# Overview
A genital tubercle is a body of tissue present in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It forms in the ventral, caudal region of mammalian embryos of both sexes, and eventually develops into a phallus. In the human fetus the genital tubercle develops around week 4 of gestation, and by week 9 becomes recognizably either a clitoris or penis.
Even after the phallus is developed, the term genital tubercle remains, but only as the terminal end of it, which develops into either the glans penis or the glans clitoridis.
The genital tubercle is sensitive to dihydrotestosterone and rich in 5-alpha-reductase, so that the amount of fetal testosterone present after the second month is a major determinant of phallus size at birth.
German Chamomile
German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita), also spelled Camomile, is an annual plant of the sunflower family Asteraceae. Synonyms are: Chamomilla chamomilla, Chamomilla recutita (accepted name according to the Flora Europaea), Matricaria chamomilla, and Matricaria suaveolens.
It usually grows near populated areas all over Europe and temperate Asia. It is widely introduced in temperate North America and Australia. As the seeds need open soil to survive, it often grows near roads, around landfills and in cultivated fields as a weed.
Other names include Wild Chamomile, Hungarian Chamomile, and Scented Mayweed.
The branched stem is erect and smooth and grows to a height of 15-60 cm. The long and narrow leaves are bipinnate or tripinnate.
The flowers are borne in paniculate capitula. The white ray florets are furnished with a ligule, while the disc florets are yellow. The hollow receptacle is swollen and lacks scales. This property distinguished German Chamomile from Corn Chamomile (Anthemis arvensis), which has a receptacle with scales. The flowers have a strong, aromatic smell, and bloom in early to mid summer.

# Uses

## Herbalism
German Chamomile is used medicinally against sore stomach, irritable bowel syndrome, and as a gentle sleep aid. It can be taken as an herbal tea, two teaspoons of dried flower per cup of tea. For a sore stomach, some recommend taking a cup every morning without food for two to three months. It is also used as a mouthwash against oral mucositis. It has acaricidal properties against certain mites, such as Psoroptes cuniculi.  The primary active ingredient of the essential oil from German Chamomile is bisabolol.
The active ingredients are essential oils, notably chamazulene, flavonoids and coumarin.
Chamomile is also used cosmetically, primarily to make a rinse for blonde hair.

## Agriculture
Chamomile is sometimes known as "the plant doctor", because it is thought to help the growth and health of many other plants, especially ones that produce essential oils. It is thought to increase production of those oils, making certain herbs, like mints (spearmint, sage, oregano) and basil taste stronger in scent and flavor.
Chamomile "tea" is also thought to be useful to suppress fungal growth, for example misting it over seedlings may prevent damping off.
Chamomile is frequently an invasive species in agricultural fields.  Farmers often must control chamomile's spread to maintain productivity of their fields.

# Gallery
- File:Chamomile@original size.jpg
- File:Matricaria recutita.jpg
- File:Cabbage butterfly.jpg
Germanium iodide
Germanium iodide is a chemical compound of germanium and iodine. Two such compounds exist: germanium(II) iodide GeI2 and germanium(IV) iodide GeI4 .
germanium(II) iodide is a crystalline solid which decomposes on melting. Its specific density is 5.37 and it can be sublimed at 240C in a vacuum.
germanium(IV) iodide is a crystalline solid with melting point 144C and boiling point 440 C (with decomposition). Its specific density is 4.32.
Gero-Informatics
Gero-informatics (sometimes termed Geroinformatics) is the development, application, and study of health informatics in geriatrics.  Whereas gerontechnology refers to "matching technological environments to health, housing, mobility, communication, leisure and work of older people", gero-informatics concerns the role of information, information systems, and information technology in geriatric medicine and geriatrics care.  It includes aspects of electronic health records, personal health records, and telehealth.
Gero-informatics is part of health informatics but focuses on areas of informatics that are specific to geriatrics.  This is necessary, because implementation of clinical informatics at many medical institutions has often excluded, or insufficiently addressed, information about older patients.  For example, electronic health records infrequently have comprehensive ways to represent the following kinds of data.
- Advance directives
- Physical functional status
- Cognitive status
- Patients' preferences for care
- Key information about caregivers
In addition, better clinical decision support is needed to address routine preventive and medical care of older adults.

# History

# Current trends
In 2006, commercial developments in gero-informatics focused on tools for remote monitoring, such as for older adults living alone with distant caregivers.
Get Started Here

# Welcome to WikiDoc!
Thank you for visiting WikiDoc! WikiDoc is the first and largest wiki dedicated to medicine. WikiDoc was created in the spirit of "Internet 2.0", and is an online community where anyone can contribute to and edit the world's largest free living textbook of medicine in a process we term "Co-creation". The additions are monitored by medical professionals (Editors-In-Chief). You only need to know how to use a word processor to contribute. Hundreds of individuals are contributing to WikiDoc, and you can see their most recent contributions and edits by clicking on the Recent Changes page.

# Explore
- Anyone can explore WikiDoc by entering a topic of interest in the search box or clicking on one of the categories.
- To add to or edit the site and to get credit for your changes, you'll need to  create a username.
Gi alpha subunit
Gi alpha subunit (Gi, or Gi/G0 or Gi protein) is a heterotrimeric G protein subunit that inhibits the production of cAMP from ATP. A mnemonic for remembering this subunit is to look at first letter  (Gi = Adenylyl Cyclase inhibitor).

# Receptors
The following G protein-coupled receptors couple to the Gi subunit:
- Acetylcholine M2 & M4 receptors
- Adenosine A1 & A3 receptors
- Adrenergic 2A, 2B, & 2C receptors
- Apelin receptors
- Calcium-sensing receptor
- Cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2)
- Chemokine CXCR4 receptor
- Dopamine D2, D3, D4
- GABAB receptor
- Glutamate mGlu2, mGlu3, mGlu4, mGlu6, mGlu7, & mGlu8 receptors
- Histamine H3 & H4 receptors
- Melatonin MT1, MT2, & MT3 receptors
- Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors: HCA1, HCA2, & HCA3
- Opioid , , , & nociceptin receptors
- Prostaglandin EP1, EP3, FP, & TP receptors
- Serotonin 5-HT1 & 5-HT5 receptors
- Short chain fatty acid receptors: FFAR2 & FFAR3
- Somatostatin sst1, sst2, sst3, sst4 & sst5 receptors
- Trace amine-associated receptor 8

# Function
Gi mainly inhibits the cAMP dependent pathway by inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity, decreasing the production of cAMP from ATP, which, in turn, results in decreased activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Therefore, the ultimate effect of Gi is the opposite of cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
It is also attributed a minor role in activation of the phospholipase C pathway. Growth hormone is required for normal postnatal growth, bone growth, regulatory effects on protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. Although this is mainly a function of the Gq alpha subunit.

# Types
There are several types of Gi: Gia1, Gia2, Gia3 and Gia4

## Gia1
Gia1 or Gi1 is encoded by the gene GNAI1.

## Gia2
Gia2 or Gi2 is encoded by the gene GNAI2.

## Gia3
Gia3 or Gi3 is encoded by the gene GNAI3.
Girsanov theorem
In probability theory, the Girsanov theorem tells how stochastic processes change under changes in measure. The theorem is especially important in the theory of financial mathematics as it tells how to convert from the physical measure which describes the probability that an underlying instrument (such as a share price or interest rate) will take a particular value or values to the risk-neutral measure which is a very useful tool for evaluating the value of derivatives on the underlying.

# History
Results of this type were first proved by Cameron-Martin in the 1940s and by Girsanov in 1960.  They have been subsequently extended to more general classes of process culminating in the general form of Lenglart (1977).

# Significance
Girsanov's theorem is important in the general theory of stochastic processes since it enables the key result that if Q is a measure absolutely continuous with respect to P then every P-semimartingale is a Q-semimartingale.

# Statement of theorem
We state the theorem first for the special case when the underlying stochastic process is a Wiener process. This special case is sufficient for risk-neutral pricing in the Black-Scholes model and in many other models (eg all continuous models).
Let \{W_t\} be a Wiener process on the Wiener probability space \{\Omega,\mathcal{F},P\}. Let X_t be a measurable process adapted to the natural filtration of the Wiener process \{\mathcal{F}^W_t\}.
Given an adapted process X_t define
where \mathcal{E}(X) is the stochastic exponential (or Doleans exponential) of X with respect to W, i.e.
If Z_t is a martingale then a probability 
measure Q can be defined on \{\sigma,F\} such that Radon-Nikodym derivative
Then for each t the measure Q restricted to the unaugmented sigma fields \mathcal{F}^W_t is equivalent to P restricted to \mathcal{F}^W_t.\,
Furthermore if Y is a local martingale under P then the process
is a Q local martingale on the filtered probability space \{\Omega,F,Q,\{F^W_t\}\}.

# Corollary
If X is a continuous process and W is Brownian Motion under measure P then
is Brownian motion under Q.
The fact that  \tilde W_t is continuous is trivial; by Girsanov's theorem it is a Q local martingale, and by computing
it follows by Levy's characterization of Brownian Motion that this is a Q Brownian
Motion.

## Comments
In many common applications, the process X is defined by
For X of this form then a necessary and sufficient condition for X to be a martingale is Novikov's condition which requires that
The stochastic exponential \mathcal{E}(X) is the process Z which solves the stochastic differential equation
The measure Q constructed above is not equivalent to P on \mathcal{F}_\infty as this would only be the case if the Radon-Nikodym derivative were a uniformly integrable martingale, which the exponential martingale described above is not (for \lambda\ne0).

# Application to finance
This theorem can be used to show in the Black-Scholes model the unique risk neutral measure, i.e. the measure in which the fair value of a derivative is the discounted expected value, Q, is specified by
d W_s \right ).

# see also
Cameron-Martin theorem
Globus pharyngis
Synonyms and keywords: lump in the throat, lump in one's throat, globus hystericus, pharyngeal globus, globus

# Overview
Globus pharyngis is defined as the persistent sensation of having phlegm or some other sort of obstruction in the throat when there is none.

# Pathophysiology
The "lump in the throat" sensation that characterizes globus pharyngis is usually due to the inflammation of one or more parts of the throat such as the larynx or hypopharynx.  It may also be caused by anxiety disorders.

# Causes

## Causes In Alphabetic Order
- Anxiety
- Conversion disorder
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- Psychiatric condition

# Differentiating Globus from other Disorders
Swallowing can be performed normally, so it is not a true case of dysphagia, but it can become quite irritating.
Globular protein
Globular proteins, or spheroproteins are one of the two main protein classes, comprising globelike proteins that are more or less soluble in aqueous solutions (where they form colloidal solutions). This main characteristic helps distinguishing them from fibrous proteins (the other class),  which are practically insoluble.

# Globular structure and solubility
The term globular protein is quite old (dating probably from the 19th century) and is now somewhat archaic given the hundreds of thousands of proteins and more elegant and descriptive structural motif vocabulary. The globular nature of these proteins can be determined without the means of modern techniques, but only by using ultracentrifuges or dynamic light scattering techniques.
The spherical structure is induced by the protein's primary structure. The molecule's apolar (hydrophobic tails) groups are bounded towards the molecule's interior whereas polar (hydrophilic tails) ones are bound outwards, allowing dipole-dipole interactions with the solvent, which explains the molecule's solubility. Additionally, globular proteins have non-covalent bonds within one polypeptide, as opposed to fibrous proteins, which have non-covalent bonds between adjacent polypeptide chains.

# A wide range of roles in the organism
Unlike fibrous proteins which only play a structural function, globular proteins can act as:
- Enzymes, by catalyzing organic reactions taking place in the organism in mild conditions and with a great specificity. Different esterases fulfil this role.
- Messengers, by transmitting messages to regulate biological processes. This function is done by hormones, i.e. insulin etc.
- Transporters of other molecules through membranes
- Stocks of amino acids.

# Members
Among the most known globular proteins is hemoglobin, a member of the globin protein family. Other globular proteins are the immunoglobulins (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM), and alpha, beta and gamma globulins. See protein electrophoresis for more information on the different globulins. Nearly all enzymes with major metabolic functions are globular in shape, as well as many signal transduction proteins.
bg: 
de:Globuline
sq:Globulina
sk:Globularny protein
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Glutamate rich 5
Glutamate Rich Protein 5 is a protein in humans encoded by the ERICH5 gene, also known as Chromosome 8 open reading frame 47 (C8orf47).

# Gene
The ERICH5 gene is located on human chromosome 8 at 8q22.2 and spans 29 kb on the plus strand of the DNA.  ERICH5 contains three exons and two introns.  ERICH5 is also known as C8orf47 and Glutamate Rich 5.

# Protein

## Isoforms
The ERICH5 protein has two isofroms. The longest isofrom, isofrom 1, spans 1,550 base pairs and is composed of 374 amino acids. The second isoform lacks the third and final exon and is 596 base pairs long.

## Domains and motifs
ERICH5 contains one conserved domain, a domain of unknown function called DUF4573. ERICH5 is predicted to contain two highly conserved motifs, an APC/C binding motif and the LIG_FHA_2 motif. The APC/C motif spans amino acid 222-226 and serves as a binding site for the Anaphase- promoting complex. The LIG_FHA_2 motif is involved in the cell checkpoint pathway and is found in many proteins localized in the nucleus that regulate cell cycle.

## Post-translational modifications
ERICH5 is predicted to undergo several post translational modifications including phosphorylation, O-glycosylation, and Sumolyation.  Many of the phosphorylation sites and O-glycosylation sites were predicted at the same amino acid. The post translational modifications shown are those conserved among ERICH5 orthologs. Several kinases were predicted to phosphorylate ERICH5 including PKC, cdc2, CKI, PKA, DNAPK, ATM, EGFR, and CKII.

## Secondary structure
ERICH5 was predicted to contain three alpha helices and two beta sheets as well as regions of random coils. 

## Sub-cellular localization
ERICH5 was predicted to be localized in the nucleus.

## Protein interactions
ERICH5 was predicted to interact with several proteins through yeast two hybrid screening and affinity chromatography. Several of the proteins ERICH5 was predicted to interact with were also localized in the nucleus.

# Expression

## Normal expression
ERICH5 shows elevated levels of expression in the fetal liver, liver, pancreas, and retina compared to other tissues.

## Expression in disease
ERICH5 shows increased expression in Alcoholic Hepatitis.

# Homology

## Paralogs
There are no known paralogs of ERICH5. 

## Orthologs
True orthologs of ERICH5 have only been identified among mammalian species. The most distantly related mammalian ortholog is the Monodelphis domestica  or the Gray Short Tailed Opossum.

## Distant orthologs
ERICH5 has distant orthologs among birds and reptiles. These distant orthologs contain only the third exon of ERICH5.
Glycoprotein 130
Glycoprotein 130 (also known as gp130, IL6ST, IL6-beta or CD130) is a transmembrane protein which is the founding member of the class of all cytokine receptors. It forms one subunit of the type I cytokine receptor within the IL-6 receptor family.  It is often referred to as the common gp130 subunit, and is important for signal transduction following cytokine engagement. As with other type I cytokine receptors, gp130 possesses a WSXWS amino acid motif that ensures correct protein folding and ligand binding.  It interacts with Janus kinases to elicit an intracellular signal following receptor interaction with its ligand.  Structurally, gp130 is composed of five fibronectin type-III domains and one immunoglobulin-like C2-type (immunoglobulin-like) domain in its extracellular portion.

# Characteristics
The members of the IL-6 receptor family all complex with gp130 for signal transduction. For example, IL-6 binds to the IL-6 Receptor. The complex of these two proteins then associates with gp130. This complex of 3 proteins then homodimerizes to form a hexameric complex which can produce downstream signals. There are many other proteins which associate with gp130, such as cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), oncostatin M (OSM), and IL-11. There are also several other proteins which have structural similarity to gp130 and contain the WSXWS motif and preserved cysteine residues. Members of this group include LIF-R, OSM-R, and G-CSF-R.

# Loss of gp130
gp130 is an important part of many different types of signaling complexes. Inactivation of gp130 is lethal to mice. Homozygous mice who are born show a number of defects including impaired development of the ventricular myocardium. Haematopoietic effects included reduced numbers of stem cells in the spleen and liver.

# Signal transduction
gp130 has no intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. Instead, it is phosphorylated on tyrosine residues after complexing with other proteins. The phosphorylation leads to association with JAK/Tyk tyrosine kinases and STAT protein transcription factors. In particular, STAT-3 is activated which leads to the activation of many downstream genes. Other pathways activated include RAS and MAPK signaling.

# Interactions
Glycoprotein 130 has been shown to interact with:
- Grb2,
- HER2/neu,
- Janus kinase 1
- Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor,
- PTPN11,
- SHC1,
- SOCS3,  and
- TLE1.