Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Autocatalysis
A single chemical reaction is said to have undergone autocatalysis, or be autocatalytic, if the reaction product is itself the catalyst for that reaction.
A set of chemical reactions can be said to be "collectively autocatalytic" if a number of those reactions produce, as reaction products, catalysts for enough of the other reactions that the entire set of chemical reactions is self sustaining given an input of energy and food molecules (see autocatalytic set).

# Rate law in autocatalytic reactions
The rate law for the second order autocatalytic reaction A + B \rightarrow \;2B  is \ v = k.
The concentrations of A and B vary in time according to =\frac{_0+_0}{1+\frac{_0}{_0}e^{(_0+_0)kt}} and =\frac{_0+_0}{1+\frac{_0}{_0}e^{-(_0+_0)kt}}.
The graph for these equations is a sigmoid curve, which is typical for autocatalytic reactions: these chemical reactions proceed slowly at the start because there is little catalyst present, the rate of reaction increases progressively as the reaction proceeds a the amount of catalyst increases and then it again slows down as the reactant concentration decreases. If the concentration of a reactant or product in an experiment follows a sigmoid curve, the reaction is likely to be autocatalytic.

# Abiogenesis hypothesis
British ethologist Richard Dawkins wrote about autocatalysis as a potential explanation for abiogenesis in his 2004 book The Ancestor's Tale.  He cites experiments performed by Julius Rebek and his colleagues at the Scripps Research Institute in California in which they combined amino adenosine and pentafluorophenyl ester with the autocatalyst amino adenosine triacid ester (AATE).  One system from the experiment contained variants of AATE which catalysed the synthesis of themselves.  This experiment demonstrated the possibility that autocatalysts could exhibit competition within a population of entities with heredity, which could be interpreted as a rudimentary form of natural selection.

# Examples of autocatalytic reactions
- Tin pest
- Reaction of Permanganate with Oxalic Acid
- Vinegar syndrome
- Binding of oxygen by hemoglobin
- The spontaneous degradation of aspirin into salicylic acid and acetic acid, causing very old aspirin in sealed containers to smell mildly of vinegar.

# Involvement in life processes
Two researchers, Robert Ulanowicz  and Stuart Kauffman. have suggested that autocatalytic reactions played a central role in the evolution of life, and continue to constitute a basic element in life architecture. See also Relational order theories

# references
-  Ecology, the Ascendent Prespective, Robert Ulanowicz, Columbia Univ. Press 1997
-  Investigations, Stuart Kauffman, Oxford University Press

# See Also
Autocatalytic reactions and order creation
Autoeroticism
Autoeroticism is the practice of stimulating oneself sexually. The term was popularised toward the end of the 19th century by British sexologist Havelock Ellis, who defined autoeroticism as "the phenomena of spontaneous sexual emotion generated in the absence of an external stimulus proceeding, directly or indirectly, from another person." The most common autoerotic practice is masturbation, and the two terms are often used as synonyms, although masturbation can also occur with a partner.
Many people use dildos, vibrators, anal beads, Sybian machines, and other sex toys while alone. Autofellatio, the act of orally stimulating one's own penis, occurs in less than 1% of the male population. It is rare because performing it requires great physical flexibility.  Autoerotic behavior is considered to be a normal part of human development, beginning when children are able to stimulate themselves sexually.
Some people, for religious or personal reasons, believe autoeroticism to be wrong. For example, masturbation is considered wrong by the Roman Catholic Church because it does away with the procreative and unitive dimensions of the sexual act and only gives one pleasure, and is therefore an offence against chastity.
A few autoerotic practices are considered unsafe, sometimes even leading to death.  These include autoerotic asphyxiation and self-bondage. The potential for injury or even death that exists while engaging in the partnered versions of these fetishes (the choking game and bondage, respectively) becomes drastically increased due to the isolation and lack of assistance in the event of a problem.

# Autoeroticism in other animal species
Animal autoeroticism has been observed in many species, both in the wild and in captivity. Individuals of some species have been known to create tools for autoerotic purposes.

# Variant meaning
The word autoeroticism is occasionally used to refer to sexual feeling occurring without external stimulation.
Underarm hair
Axillary hair, also known as underarm hair, is the composition of hair in the underarm area. This hair, as most of the other body hair, normally starts to appear at puberty and growth is usually complete by the end of teen age. The release of pheromones from the axilla at this stage of human development suggests association of armpit hair with sexuality. The positive response to olfactory stimulus in mammals and the consequent intensification of the sex drive caused by release of pheromones offers useful clues as to the purpose and importance of axillary hair in humans. It has been suggested that the hair itself acts with a natural "anti-friction" quality between the upper arm and the thorax.

# Cultural attitudes
Today, in many countries, especially in much of the Western world, it is more common for women than men to shave off their underarm hair regularly for aesthetic reasons, a practice that may be connected to the overall body hair distribution of sexes. Prevalence of this practice varies widely, though. Some Western women sport a stubble as a mark of defiance against imposed cultural mores. In some East European countries as well as China, underarm shaving is less common and is not considered esthetically necessary.
Religious reasons and personal cleanliness requirements are sometimes cited; in Islamic culture, both men and women practice the removal of underarm hair for reasons of cleanliness. Underarm hair does provide increased surface area on which the bacteria can thrive, deodorants and antiperspirants have come to counterbalance these issues to a great extent, though.
Competitive swimmers remove all body hair, including underarms, to make their bodies more streamlined before taking part in races. It is also common amongst bodybuilders, for aesthetic reasons.

# History of underarm hair removal
In the West, the practice began around 1915 in the US and UK, when one or more magazines showed a woman in a dress with shaved underarms. Regular shaving became feasible with the introduction of the safety razor at the beginning of the 20th century. While underarm shaving was quickly adopted in English speaking countries, especially in the US and Canada, it did not become widespread on the Continent of Europe until well after WWII.

# Effects of shaving
It is a commonly believed myth that shaving hair will cause it to grow thicker over time. There is nothing about the practice of shaving that produces new follicles for hair to grow out of; this myth most likely persists because stubble does not taper like hair that is allowed to grow long and because short hairs feel coarser than longer hairs of the same thickness. Armpit hair removal must be performed more frequently than leg shaving, as underarm hair grows faster than leg hair. The armpit area can darken over a period of time and even with a close shave, an "evening shadow" may be visible. Because hair under the skin can contribute to a dark appearance of the underarm, waxing, by removing the hair from the root, can effectively reduce this darkness.
Axillary vein
In human anatomy, the axillary vein is a large blood vessel that conveys blood from the lateral aspect of the thorax, axilla (armpit) and upper limb toward the heart. There is one axillary vein on each side of the body.
Its origin is at the lower margin of the teres major muscle and a continuation of the brachial vein.
Its tributaries include the basilic vein and cephalic vein, which are both superficial veins.  It terminates at the lateral margin of the first rib, at which it becomes the subclavian vein.
It is accompanied along its course by a similarly named artery, the axillary artery.

# Additional images
- Intercostal nerves, the superficial muscles having been removed.
B-cell linker
The B-cell linker protein is encoded by the BLNK gene and is an adaptor protein also known as SLP-65, BASH, and BCA. BLNK is expressed in B cells and macrophages and plays a large role in B cell receptor signalling, in a fashion analogous to the role its paralogue SLP-76 plays in T cell receptor signalling. As it has no known intrinsic enzymatic activity, the function of BLNK is to temporally and spatially coordinate and regulate signalling effectors downstream of the B cell receptor.

# Function
The function of BLNK was first illustrated in BLNK deficient DT40 cells, a chicken B-cell line, which exhibited an abrogated intracellular calcium mobilisation response and impaired activation of MAP kinases p38, JNK, and to a lesser degree ERK upon B-cell receptor (BCR) activation as compared to wild type DT40 cells. In knockout mice, BLNK deficiency results in a partial block in B-cell development, and in humans BLNK deficiency results in a much more profound block in B-cell development.
Linker or adaptor proteins provide mechanisms by which receptors can amplify and regulate downstream effector proteins. The B-cell linker protein is essential for normal B-cell development.

# Structure
BLNK consists of a N-terminal leucine zipper motif followed by an "acidic" region, a proline-rich region, and a C-terminal SH2 domain. The leucine zipper motif allows BLNK to localise to the plasma membrane, presumably by coiled-coil interactions with a membrane protein. This leucine zipper motif distinguishes BLNK from its paralogue SLP-76 which, although having an N-terminal heptad-like organisation of leucine and isoleucine residues, has not been experimentally shown to have this motif. Recruitment of BLNK to the plasma membrane is also achieved by binding of the SH2 domain of BLNK to a non-ITAM phospho-tyrosine on Ig, a part of the B cell receptor complex.
The acidic region of BLNK contains several inducibly phosphorylated tyrosine residues, at least five in humans, that mediate protein-protein interactions between BLNK and PLC2, Btk, Vav, and Nck. A more recent mass spectrometry study of BLNK in DT40 cells found that at least 41 unique serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues are phosphorylated on BLNK.

# Interactions
B-cell linker has been shown to interact with Grb2, SH3KBP1, CD79A, MAP4K1 and Bruton's tyrosine kinase.

# Post-translational modification
Brugia malayi

# Overview
Brugia malayi is a filarial roundworm which causes filariasis in humans. Identified by Lichtenstein and named by Brug in 1927 as distinct from Wuchereria bancrofti, they called it Filaria malayi. In 1958 the separate genus Brugia was proposed by Buckley, and Filaria malayi became known as Brugia malayi.
B. malayi is limited to tropical regions of Asia.

# Life cycle
Infective larvae are transmitted by infected biting arthropods during a blood meal. The larvae migrate to the appropriate site of the host's body, where they develop into microfilariae-producing adults. The adults dwell in various human tissues where they can live for several years. The agents of lymphatic filariasis reside in lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. B. malayi dwells particularly in the lymphatics, as with Wuchereria bancrofti. The female worms produce microfilariae which circulate in the blood.
The microfilariae infect mosquitoes. Inside the mosquito, the microfilariae develop in 1 to 2 weeks into infective filariform (third-stage) larvae. During a subsequent blood meal by the insect, the larvae infect the vertebrate host. They migrate to the lymphatics, where they develop into adults, a slow process that can require up to 18 months.
Recently B. malayi was found to contain an endosymbiotic bacterium, Wolbachia, in all life stages. The genome sequence of this bacterium was determined at New England Biolabs. Experimental results indicate that the Wolbachia can be killed by treatment of the human host with doxycycline. Nematodes cured of the Wolbachia are sterile and have increased morbidity.

# Laboratory diagnosis
Identification of microfilariae by microscopic examination is the most practical diagnostic procedure.
Examination of blood samples will allow identification of microfilariae of Brugia malayi. It is important to time the blood collection with the known periodicity of the microfilariae. The blood sample can be a thick smear, stained with Giemsa or hematoxylin and eosin. For increased sensitivity, concentration techniques can be used. These include centrifugation of the blood sample lyzed in 2% formalin (Knott's technique), or filtration through a Nucleopore membrane.
Antigen detection using an immunoassay for circulating filarial antigens constitutes a useful diagnostic approach, because microfilaremia can be low and variable. Molecular diagnosis using polymerase chain reaction is also possible.
Identification of adult worms is possible from tissue samples collected during nodulectomies (onchocerciasis), or during subcutaneous biopsies or worm removal from the eye (loiasis).

## Genome deciphered
On September 20, 2007, scientists mapped the genome or genetic content of Brugia malayi, worm which cause elephantiasis (lymphatic filariasis). Figuring out the content of the genes might lead to development of new drugs and vaccines.
BAFF receptor
BAFF receptor (B-cell activating factor receptor, BAFF-R), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13C (TNFRSF13C) and BLyS receptor 3 (BR3), is a membrane protein of the TNF receptor superfamily which recognizes BAFF. In humans it is encoded by the TNFRSF13C gene.

# Function
B-cell activating factor (BAFF) enhances B-cell survival in vitro and is a regulator of the peripheral B-cell population. The protein encoded by this gene is a receptor for BAFF and is a type III transmembrane protein containing a single extracellular phenylalanine-rich domain. It is thought that this receptor is the principal receptor required for BAFF-mediated mature B-cell survival.

# Clinical significance
Overexpression of BAFF in mice results in mature B-cell hyperplasia and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Also, some SLE patients have increased levels of BAFF in serum. Therefore, it has been proposed that abnormally high levels of BAFF may contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by enhancing the survival of autoreactive B cells.
Back to Sleep
"Back to Sleep" is an initiative backed by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) at the National Institutes of Health to encourage parents to have their infants sleep on their backs (supine position) to reduce the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, or SIDS. Since "Back to Sleep" was launched in 1994, the incidence of SIDS has declined by more than 50%.

# History
In 1992, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) issued the recommendation that babies sleep on their backs or sides to reduce the risk of SIDS (a statement that was later revised in 1996 to say that only the back was safest).  NICHD launched the "Back to Sleep" campaign in 1994 to spread the message.
The campaign was successful in that it significantly reduced the percentage of babies sleeping on their stomachs (prone position). It was found, however, that a significant portion of African-American babies were still sleeping on their stomachs; in 1999, an African-American baby was 2.2 times more likely to die of SIDS than a white baby. Thus, then Secretary of Health and Human Services Donna Shalala and Tipper Gore refocused the "Back to Sleep" campaign on minority babies..
Dental plaque

# Overview
Dental plaque is a biofilm (usually of a clear color) that builds up on the teeth. If not removed regularly, it can lead to dental cavities (caries) or periodontal problems (such as gingivitis).
The microorganisms that form the biofilm are almost entirely bacteria (mainly streptococcus mutans and anaerobes), with the composition varying by location in the mouth. Examples of such anaerobes include fusobacterium and Actinobacteria.
The microorganisms present in dental plaque are all naturally present in the oral cavity, and are normally harmless. However, failure to remove plaque by regular toothbrushing means that they are allowed to build up in a thick layer. Those microorganisms nearest the tooth surface convert to anaerobic respiration; it is in this state that they start to produce acids which consequently lead to demineralization of the adjacent tooth surface, and dental caries. Saliva is also unable to penetrate the build up of plaque and thus cannot act to neutralize the acid produced by the bacteria and remineralize the tooth surface.
Plaque build up can also become mineralized and form calculus.

# Prevention and treatment
Frequency of brushing and flossing with good technique is important, because the nature (i.e. composition) of the microorganisms change as the plaque ages. Therefore, plaque which is 12 hours old for example is much less damaging than plaque which has not been removed in days.
Oral hygiene practices have evolved largely during the time they have been most needed, i.e. the 20th and 21st centuries. The sudden increase in tooth decay is almost certainly attributable to changes in diet, such as the introduction of refined sugar and, later, candy. Presumably, teeth used for the processing of a natural diet (raw meat, fresh vegetables) would last a full lifetime.
Mouthwash (also mouth rinse) is used for oral hygiene. Antiseptic and anti-plaque mouth rinse claims to kill the bacteria that cause plaque, gingivitis, and halitosis. Anti-cavity mouthwash contains fluoride, protecting against tooth decay.
Brachydactyly

# Overview
Brachydactyly (Greek - = "short" plus  = "finger") is a medical term which literally means "shortness of the fingers and toes" (digits). The shortness is relative to the length of other long bones and other parts of the body. Brachydactyly is an inherited, usually dominant trait. It most often occurs as an isolated dysmelia, but can also occur with other anomalies as part of many congenital syndromes.
Nomograms for normal values of finger length as a ratio to other body measurements have been published. In clinical genetics the most commonly used index of digit length is the ratio of the 3rd (middle) finger in cm to the hand length in cm. Both are measured in an open hand from the fingertip to the principal creases where the finger joins the palm and where the palm joins the wrist. A nomogram can be found in the Appendix of Jones, ed. Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation, 5th edition, Philadelphia: Saunders (1997).

# Types
There are several types of Brachydactyly:
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism
- Turners syndrome hand

# Other syndromes
In the above brachydactyly syndromes, short digits are the most prominent of the anomalies, but in many other syndromes (Down's syndrome, Cushing syndrome, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, etc), brachydactyly is a minor feature compared to the other anomalies or problems comprising the syndrome.
Hemiballismus

# Overview
Hemiballismus is a neurological sign, a movement disorder, characterised by unilateral wild, large amplitude flinging movements of the arm and leg, normally causing falls and preventing postural maintenance.

# Causes
It is caused by a lesion or infarction in the contralateral subthalamic nucleus or its connections, usually in patients with a history of hypertension or diabetes, or following TB meningitis. The subthalamic nucleus normally regulates the globus pallidus by exciting the GPi, which in turn normally inhibits the ventral anterior nucleus, ventral lateral nucleus and lateral dorsal nucleus of the thalamus (see thalamus). The reduced discharge in both causes disinhibition of the thalamus and consequent involuntary stimulation of the motor cortex. Altered dopaminergic feedback mechanisms may also be involved.

# Treatment
Chemical treatment is via dopamine blockade, or via surgical lesions to the globus pallidus, lenticular fasciculus or VL nucleus of thalamus.
The prognosis is rather favourable both vitally and functionally
Barostriction
Barostriction refers to a restriction of pressure equalization ventilation that should normally be present.  Sealed containers such as Pelican cases and Skb cases 3I Waterproof Series, often have a pressure release vent that can become blocked and cause rupture of the container during change in elevation.  Similarly, acoustic suspension speakers have such need for ventilation.

# Barostriction in human hearing
Most notably, human hearing involves an equalization of air pressure inside and outside the ear.
An ear is said to be barostricted if there are problems with this pressure equalization.  Barostriction may arise from the common cold, or it may be chronic in certain individuals who have constant blockage.

# Intermittent nature of barostriction
Barostriction is often intermittent, e.g. on some days a person may be able to enter a pool from a 5m cement tower without pain, and other days, even entering from a 1m board may be quite painful.  Sometimes only one ear is barostricted.  For example, sleeping with the left ear against the pillow, one may wake up with a blocked left nostril and left ear, so that, when swallowing, only the right ear "pops".  Since the two ears are vented separately, the right Eustachian tube cannot alleviate pressure in the left ear.  Therefore it is advisable to make sure that both ears are free of barostriction prior to putting the head underwater, or engaging in other activity that might cause barotrauma.

# Temporary barostriction mitigation
Chronic barostriction may be partially mitigated with antihistamines, nasal decongestants, and the like, but these often have undesirable side-effects from prolonged use.  A product known as Flonase may also be useful for chronic barostriction, and may be used either continually, or just prior to swims.

# Activities likely to cause barotrauma in barostricted individuals
Barostriction leads to ear barotrauma, that may be associated with chronic clogging of the Eustachian tubes (e.g. catarrh), manifesting itself when:
- descending in elevators,
- landing in airplanes,
- driving in the mountains, etc.
- entering baths such as swimming pools, jumping baths, and being underwater in lakes, rivers, oceans, etc..
- scuba diving
- Skydiving
Bedtime story
A bedtime story is a traditional form of storytelling, where a  story is told to a child at bedtime to prepare them for sleep.
Bedtime stories have many advantages, for parents/adults and children alike. The fixed routine of a bedtime story before sleeping has a relaxing effect, and the soothing voice of a person telling a story makes the child fall asleep more easily. The emotional aspect creates a bond between the storyteller and the listener, often a parent and child.
Bedtime stories can be read from a book, or rather, fictional stories made up by the storyteller. The stories are mostly rather short, between one and five minutes, and have a happy ending. A different form of bedtime reading is using longer stories, but dividing them up, thus creating cliffhangers. Children will look forward to their bedtime story, and a fixed routine is installed.
de:Gutenachtgeschichte
fi:Iltasatu