Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Vital heat
Vital heat, also called innate or natural heat, or calidum innatum, is a term that has generally referred to the heat produced within the body, usually the heat produced by the heart and the circulatory system.
According to Ancient Greek physicians, vital heat was produced by the heart, maintained by the pneuma (spirit or soul), and circulated throughout the body by blood vessels, which were thought to be intact tubes using blood to transmit heat. Aristotle supported this argument by showing that when the heart is made cold compared to other organs, the individual dies. He believed that the heat produced in the heart caused blood to react in a similar way to boiling, expanding out through the blood vessels with every beat. This extreme heat, according to him, can lead to a self-consuming flame if it is not cooled by air from the lungs.
Galen wrote in On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body (170): "The heart is, as it were, the hearthstone and source of the innate heat by which the animal is governed." In the 11th century, Avicenna agreed with this notion, stating that the heart produced breath, the "vital power or innate heat" within the body, in his Canon of Medicine.
Later, the term innate heat was attributed to friction caused by the motion of blood through arteries, as evidenced by the Cyclopaedia (1728):
Innovation
In organizational psychology, Innovation is defined as "Introduction of changes which are new to the organization...".
"Innovative performance can be improved by both acquiring knowledge from outside sources and employing external paths to commercialize knowledge resources developed internally".
- Internal - adopting and adapting. Various issues affect knowledge sharing within an organization.
- External (inbound) - incorporating external information

# Measurement
Scales to measure:
- Team Climate Inventory (TCI) has five scales: vision, participative safety, support for innovation, task orientation, interaction frequency
- Hurley has five dimensions: Innovativeness, Participative Decision-Making, Power Sharing, Support and Collaboration, Learning and Development
- Sisodiya developed a scale based on responses by managers
External - incorporating external information
- My organization actively seeks out external sources of knowledge and technology (e.g., published research, regional and national meetings, professional societies, external colleagues) when developing new ideas

# Promoton of innovation
Greenhalgh has described a spectrum of management roles in the diffusion of innovation:
- Let it happen, based on emergence in complexity science
- Help it happen
- Make it happen
Static hierarchies of staff positions may reduce knowledge sharing.
Stress at work can paradoxically increase innovation.
Recommendations to promote knowledge sharing are available
Stress at work may increase creativity.

## Growth mindsets
Growth mindsets in both employees and management may be important.

## Employee characteristics

### Idea elaboration
Regarding idea elaboration, "inside-out network sequencingthat is, mobilizing input and support from inner-circle ties before outer-circle onesyields an innovation performance advantage".

### Conscientiousness
Conscientiousness, "propensity to plan and coordinate with others ", increased the effectiveness of proactivity

## Leadership approaches

### Complexity leadership; enabling leadership

### Humble leadership

### Hubristic leadership

# Barriers to innovation
The "not invented here syndrome" likely stymies innovation.
Interplast
Interplast is the first international humanitarian organization to provide free reconstructive surgery in developing countries, primarily to children with cleft lip and palate and  burn scar contractures.
Interplast was founded in 1969 by plastic surgeon Donald Laub, and as of 2007, has treated more than 64,000 children worldwide. The first patient was a 13-year-old boy who had come to Stanford University Medical Center from his home in Mexicali, Mexico to receive surgery to repair his cleft lip and palate. Soon after, Laub and other surgeons began organizing regular trips to a charity hospital in Mexicali to treat children with disabling deformities.
Over time, Interplast  began organizing surgical volunteer trips to other parts of Latin America, and eventually to Asia and Africa as well. As medical infrastructures improved throughout the developing world, Interplast shifted its focus towards educating and empowering doctors in developing countries by providing surgical outreach directors with the resources (money, education, supplies, etc) to offer high-quality care in their own communities.
Interplast was the subject of "A Story of Healing," winner of the 1997 Academy Award for Documentary Short Subject.  In 2007, "A Story of Healing" became the first Academy Award-winning film to be released under a Creative Commons license.
Invaginate
Invagination means to fold inward or to sheath. In biology, this can refer to a number of processes.
- Invagination is the morphogenetic processes by which an embryo takes form, and is the initial step of gastrulation, the massive reorganization of the embryo from a simple spherical ball of cells, the blastula, into a multi-layered organism, with differentiated germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.  More localized invaginations also occur later in embryonic development, to form coelom, etc.
- Invagination is the formation of a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in animal cells.
- The inner membrane of a mitochondrion invaginates to form cristae, thus providing a much greater surface area to accommodate the protein complexes and other participants that produce ATP.
- Invagination occurs during endocytosis and exocytosis when a vesicle forms within the cell and the membrane closes around it.
In the humanities:
- Used to explain a special kind of meta narrative. Used by Rosalyn Krauss and Jacques Derrida (The Law of Genre, Glyph 7 (1980).
de:Invagination
Involucrin
Involucrin is a protein component of human skin and in humans is encoded by the IVL gene. In binding the protein loricrin, involucrin contributes to the formation of a cell envelope that protects corneocytes in the skin.

# Gene
This gene is mapped to 1q21, among calpactin I light chain, trichohyalin, profillaggrin, loricrin, and calcyclin.

# Function
Involucrin is a highly reactive, soluble, transglutaminase substrate protein present in keratinocytes of epidermis and other stratified squamous epithelia. It first appears in the cell cytosol, but ultimately becomes cross-linked to membrane proteins by transglutaminase thus helping in the formation of an insoluble envelope beneath the plasma membrane functioning as a glutamyl donor during assembly of the cornified envelope.
Involucrin is synthesised in the stratum spinosum and cross linked in the stratum granulosum by the transglutaminase enzyme that makes it highly stable. Thus it provides structural support to the cell, thereby allowing the cell to resist invasion by micro-organisms.
Apigenin, a plant-derived flavanoid that has significant promise as a skin cancer chemopreventive agent, has been found to regulate normal human keratinocyte differentiation by suppressing involucrin, and this is associated with reduced cell proliferation without apoptosis.

# Clinical significance
As one of the precursor proteins of the cornified cell envelope, involucrin is markedly increased in inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis
Lamellar ichthyosis involves a decrease in expression of involucrin. This decrease could contribute to the altered desquamation process seen in the disease, since the clinical improvement associated with retinoid treatment is accompanied by increased expression of involucrin.

# Structure
Involucrin consists of a conserved N-terminal region of about 75 amino acid residues followed by two extremely variable length segments that contain glutamine-rich tandem repeats. The glutamine residues in the tandem repeats are the substrate for the transglutaminase in the cross-linking reaction. The total size of the protein varies from 285 residues (in dog) to 835 residues (in orangutan).
Iodic acid
Iodic acid, HIO3, can be obtained as a white solid. It is an isolable compound, unlike chloric acid or bromic acid.

# Preparation
Iodic acid can be produced by oxidizing I2 with chlorine in an aqueous solution

# Properties
Iodic acid is a relatively strong acid with a pKa of 0.75. It is strongly oxidizing in acidic solution, less so in basic solution.

# Uses
Iodic acid is used as a standard strong acid in analytical chemistry. It may be used to standardize solutions of both weak and strong bases, with methyl red or methyl orange as the indicator.
Iodine-123
Iodine-123 is a radioactive isotope of iodine often used in whole-body nuclear scanning. Its half-life is 13.13 hours; the decay emits gamma radiation.

# Medical application
Typically iodine-123 is injected or prescribed by pill; the patient is later imaged by a nuclear camera. Areas where the radioactive iodine (called radio-iodine) concentrates will show up on the nuclear camera.
Iodine-123 is most commonly used to detect cancers of the thyroid, as this is the organ most receptive to forms of iodine. Once the thyroid has absorbed the radio-iodine, any cancer present will have a differing uptake of radio-iodine than the natural, surrounding tissue. This difference can be analyzed by a doctor to determine whether there exists a possibility for thyroid cancer. A tissue biopsy may also be performed to further determine whether it is cancerous or not, and whether it is malignant or benign.
Iodine-124
Iodine-124 or 124I is an isotope of iodine.  This isotope is not stable and therefore is radioactive, also called a radioisotope. It has a half-life of 4.18 days. Modes of Decay: 74.4% electron capture, 25.6% positron emission. 124I decays to 124Te.

# Uses
Iodine-124 is used in medicine as a radiotracer in the body.  It can be chemically bonded to a pharmaceutical and injected into the body.  Positron Emission Tomography or PET is used to visualize the isotope in the body.  Visualization is possible in PET because of the positron release by the iodine nucleus.

# Preparation
Iodine-124 can be made by numereous nuclear reactions via a cyclotron.  The most common starting material used is 124Te.
Iodine-129
Iodine-129 (129I) is a radioisotope of iodine.  It decays with a half-life of 15.7 million years with low-energy beta and gamma emissions, decaying to 129Xe.
129I has the longest halflife of any fission product, and is one of only 7 long-lived fission products. Its yield of 0.6576% per fission is about 10% as great as the yield of Tc-99, Zr-93, or Cs-135, but much larger than the yield of Pd-107, Se-79, or Sn-126.
Larger proportions of heavier iodine isotopes like 131I are produced, but because these all have short half-lives, iodine in cooled spent nuclear fuel consists of about 5/6 129I and 1/6 the only stable iodine isotope 127I.
Because 129I is long-lived and relatively difficult to immobilize in the environment, has a modest but sufficient neutron absorption cross section, and is relatively undiluted by other isotopes of the same element, 129I and 99Tc are the leading candidates among fission products for disposal by nuclear transmutation by re-irradiation with neutrons. (Actinide wastes, which are not fission products, are good candidates for disposal by fission in a fast reactor, accelerator-driven subcritical reactor, or fusion-fission reactor.)
Iodine-131
Iodine-131 (131I), also called radioiodine, is a radioisotope of iodine.
131I decays with a half-life of 8.0197 days with beta and gamma emissions. This nuclide of iodine atom has 78 neutrons in nucleus, the stable nuclide 127I has 74 neutrons. On decaying, 131I transforms into 131Xe:
 {^{131}_{53}I} \rightarrow \beta + {^{131}_{54}Xe} 
131I is a fission product with a yield of 2.8336%, and was released in nuclear weapons tests and the Chernobyl accident. However, the short half-life means it is not present in cooled spent nuclear fuel, unlike iodine-129.
It is used in nuclear medicine both diagnostically and therapeutically. Examples of its use in radiation therapy include the treatment of thyrotoxicosis and thyroid cancer. Diagnostic tests exploit the mechanism of absorption of iodine by the normal cells of the thyroid gland. As an example iodine-131 is one of the radioactive isotopes of iodine that can be used to test how well the thyroid gland is functioning.
131I is also used as a radioactive label for radiopharmaceuticals that can be used for imaging and therapy e.g. 131I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG) for imaging and treating phaeochromocytoma and neuroblastoma.
If 131I is present in high levels in the environment from radioactive fallout, it is absorbed by the body and may cause damage to the thyroid. This can be mitigated by taking iodine supplements, raising the total amount of iodine in the body and therefore reducing uptake and retention in tissues and lowering the relative proportion of radioactive iodine. Such supplements were distributed to the population living nearest to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant after the disaster.
Patients receiving radioiodine treatment are warned not to have sexual intercourse for one month (or shorter, depending on dose given), and women are told not to become pregnant for six months afterwards. These guidelines vary from hospital to hospital and will depend also on the dose of radiation given. One also advises not to hug or hold children when the radiation is still high, and a one or two metre distance to others may be recommended.
Many airports now have radiation detectors in order to detect the smuggling of radioactive materials that may be used in nuclear weapons manufacture. Patients should be warned that if they choose to travel by air, they may set off radiation detectors at airports up to 12 weeks after their treatment with 131I. A physician's letter does not exempt one from interrogation by airport security personnel, because these letters are easily forged. For security reasons, there is no information available in the public domain on which airports use radiation detectors.
Ipidacrine

# Overview
Ipidacrine (Neiromidin) is a novel substance synthesized by the National Research Center for Biologically Active Compounds in the Russian Federation. This compound contains the structure of 4-aminopyridine and is structurally very similar to tacrine.
Ipidacrine is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used in memory disorders of different origins.
Ipidacrine directly stimulates impulse transmission in the CNS and neuromuscular synapses by blocking membrane potassium channels. Neiromidin enhances not only choline, but also adrenaline, serotonin, histamine and oxytocin effects on smooth muscle.
Iron oxide

# Overview
Altogether there are sixteen known iron oxides and oxyhydroxides.

# Oxides
- FeO, iron(II) oxide, (wustite)
- Fe3O4, iron(II,III) oxide, (magnetite)
- Fe2O3, iron(III) oxide, (-Fe2O3,hematite; -Fe2O3 maghemite)

# Hydroxides
- iron(II) hydroxide (Fe(OH)2)
- iron(III) hydroxide (Fe(OH)3), (bernalite)

# Oxide-hydroxides
- goethite (-FeOOH),
- akaganeite (-FeOOH),
- lepidocrocite (-FeOOH),
- feroxyhyte (-FeOOH),
- ferrihydrite (Fe5HO84H2O approx.)
- high-pressure FeOOH
- schwertmannite
- green rusts

# Uses
Some of these oxides are widely used in ceramic applications, particularly in glazing. Many metal oxides provide the colours in glazes after being fired at high temperatures.
Iron oxides yield pigments (see Iron oxide pigments).  Natural iron oxides pigments are called ochers. Many classic paint colors, such as raw and burnt siennas and umbers, are iron-oxide pigments.  These pigments have been used in art since the earliest art prehistoric art known, the cave paintings at Lascaux and nearby sites.  Iron (III) oxide is typically used.
Iron pigments are also widely used in the cosmetic field. They are considered to be nontoxic, moisture resistant, and nonbleeding. Iron oxides graded safe for cosmetic use are produced synthetically in order to avoid the inclusion of ferrous or ferric oxides, and impurities normally found in naturally occurring iron oxides.  Typically, the Iron(II) oxide pigment is black, while the Iron(III) oxide is red or rust-colored.  (Iron compounds other than oxides can be other colors.)
Magnetite (under the name Black Oxide) is used for coating steel tools .  This protects them from corrosion and gives a pleasing appearance.

# Properties
- Iron(II) oxide (FeO) or ferrous oxide is also known as wustite in its mineral form. As a powder this black oxide can cause explosions as it readily ignites.
- Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) or ferric oxide is also known as hematite (alpha form) or maghemite (gamma form) in its mineral form. As an industrial chemical it is commonly called rouge. Purified, it is used as a coating in magnetic audio and computer media. In a dry or alkaline environment it can cause passivation and inhibits rust, yet it is also a major component of rust.
- Iron(II,III) oxide  (Fe3O4) or ferrous ferric oxide is also known as  magnetite or lodestone in its mineral form, a major iron ore. Magnetite forms readily when iron oxidizes underwater, and so is often found inside tanks or below the waterline of ships.
It is not difficult to extract iron from ore as compared to the similarly abundant  elements aluminum and titanium.
Irritation

# Overview
Irritation or exacerbation, in biology and physiology, is a state of inflammation or painful reaction to allergy or cell-lining damage. A stimulus or agent which induces the state of irritation is an irritant. Irritants are typically thought of as chemical agents (for example phenol and capsaicin) but mechanical, thermal (heat) and radiative stimuli (for example ultraviolet light or ionising radiations) can also cause irritation.
Irritation also has non-clinical usages referring to bothersome physical or psychological pain or discomfort.

# Irritation in organisms
In higher organisms, the allergic response may be cause of irritation. An allergen is defined distinctly from an irritant, however, as allergy requires a specific interaction with the immune system and is thus dependent on the (possibly unique) sensitivity of the organism involved while an irritant, classically, acts in a non-specific manner.
In humans, it is a mild form of suffering, often with anger about the suffering; in particular, if applicable, anger at the person who caused it. This can also be oneself, e.g. when forgetting something or doing something one deems to be stupid.
It is a form of stress, but conversely, if one is stressed by unrelated matters, mild imperfections can cause more irritation than usual: one is irritable; see also sensitivity (human).
In more basic organisms, assigning irritation the status of pain is the perception of the being stimulated - which is not observable although it may be shared (see gate control theory of pain).
It is not proven that oysters can feel pain, but it is known that they react to irritation. When an irritating object becomes trapped within an oyster's shell, it deposits layers of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), slowly increasing in size and producing a pearl. This serves no purpose to the oyster, pearls do not attract mates for the oyster or perform any other function. It seems impossible to find an evolutionary advantage for the ability to produce the pearl, thus it can be explained only as a reaction to an irritation.
It has also been observed that an amoeba avoids being prodded with a pin, but there is not enough evidence to suggest how much it feels this. Irritation is apparently the only universal sense shared by even single-celled creatures.
It is postulated that most such beings also feel pain, but this is a projection - empathy. Some philosophers, notably Rene Descartes, denied it entirely, even for such higher mammals as dogs or primates like monkeys - Descartes considered intelligence a pre-requisite for the feeling of pain.
Isocyanate
Isocyanate is the functional group of atoms N=C=O (1 nitrogen, 1 carbon, 1 oxygen), not to be confused with the cyanate functional group which is arranged as OCN. Any organic compound which contains an isocyanate group may also be referred to in brief as an isocyanate. An isocyanate may have more than one isocyanate group. An isocyanate that has two isocyanate groups is known as a diisocyanate. Diisocyanates are manufactured for reaction with polyols in the production of polyurethanes.

# Synthesis
The normal industrial route to the manufacture of diisocyanates, is to synthesise the desired molecular structure with amine functional groups at the positions to be occupied by the isocyanate groups. Reaction with phosgene replaces the amine groups with isocyanate groups.
Common methods for the synthesis of isocyanates in the laboratory are the Curtius rearrangement of acyl azides and the Lossen rearrangement of hydroxamic acids.

# Chemistry
The isocyanate group reacts with the hydroxyl functional group to form a urethane linkage. If a diisocyanate is reacted with a compound containing two or more hydroxyl groups (a polyol), long polymer chains are formed, known as polyurethanes.
The isocyanate group also reacts with the amine functional group. Reaction between a diisocyanate and a compound containing two or more amine groups, produces long polymer chains known as polyureas.
The isocyanate group can react with itself. Aliphatic diisocyanates can form trimers, known as biurets.

# Common compounds
A monofunctional isocyanate of industrial significance is methyl isocyanate (MIC), which is used in the manufacture of pesticides.
The global market for diisocyanates in the year 2000 was 4.4 million tonnes, of which 61.3% was methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), 34.1% was toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 3.4% was the total for hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and 1.2% was the total for various others.

# Hazards
The reactivity of isocyanates makes them harmful to living tissue. They are toxic and are known to cause asthma in humans, both through inhalation exposure and dermal contact. Exposure to isocyanates and their vapors should be avoided.
Isoetarine

# Overview
Isoetarine (INN) or isoetharine (USAN), trade names Bronkosol and Bronkometer, is a selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist. It can be called the "granddaughter of adrenalin" in the line of beta-two agonists that gave quick relief for bronchospasm and asthma.  Adrenalin or epinephrine was the first of these, and next came Isuprel.  Isoetharine was the third drug in this line, thus the third generation or granddaughter of the original.
In the western US it was the drug of choice in the late 1970s and early 1980s for nebulization ("breathing treatment") to relieve airway spasm.  It generally gave sharp relief of shortness of breath, starting within two to five minutes after the patient began breathing the nebulized mist.  This rapid onset is not as clearly present in later drugs.
All of the early beta-two agonist catecholamines used for bronchospasm had strong side effects, with increase in heart rate as the most common and most problematic.  This came because its "beta-two effect" was not quite as selective as might be hoped.  Beta-one receptors appeared to also be stimulated in some patients, causing cardiac and other CNS side effects.  With Bronkosol this effect tended to be transient and usually went away within a matter of minutes after the end of the treatment.  Increase in blood pressure also occurred in a small but significant percentage of cases, but also was almost invariably transient.
By the late 1980s  isoetharine was largely replaced in the marketplace by Alupent/metaproterenol, which seemed to have slightly less cardiac side effect and lasted a couple of hours longer.  Alupent in turn was replaced by albuterol.  Some practitioners still believe that these later aerosolized bronchodilators never gave quite as quick of relief from asthmatic shortness of breath as did Bronkosol.  Thus they see a continued specialty role in treatment of severe shortness of breath that does not improve in the first five minutes of albuterol treatment.