Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Telogen effluvium
Telogen effluvium is characterized by sudden, diffuse hair loss caused by an interruption in the normal hair growth cycle.

# Causes
This interruption is often the result of trauma, such as chemotherapy, childbirth, puberty, major surgery, severe stress, and severe chronic illness.  This trauma causes large numbers of hair follicles to enter a stage of telogen, or rest, simultaneously.  After roughly 3 months of the telogen cycle the follicles will enter the anagen cycle, a stage of growth.  The old hair will be forced out of the follicle by a new hair that is formed beneath it.  This will cause a period of diffuse hair shedding.  This condition is usually self correcting and can affect people of all ages.

# Classification
There is also another form of telogen effluvium referred to as 'chronic'. This is essentially the same except it is on-going.

# Presentation in pregnancy
A typical example of telogen effluvium is seen after pregnancy.  In this condition women lose a significant amount of hair a few months after delivery  when the protective effect of estrogen is removed.  This shedding usually stops spontaneously and these patients will re-grow hair after 3 months.
Temporalis muscle

# Overview
The temporalis muscle is one of the muscles of mastication.

# Structure
It arises from the temporal fossa and the deep part of temporal fascia.  It passes medial to the zygomatic arch and inserts onto the coronoid process of the mandible.
The temporalis muscle is covered by the temporal fascia, also known as the temporal aponeurosis.
The muscle can be felt if one places their fingers on their temples (on the sides of their head, just behind the eyebrows), while clenching and unclenching their teeth.

# Innervation
As with the other muscles of mastication, control of the temporalis muscle comes from the third (mandibular) branch of the trigeminal nerve.  Specifically, the temporalis is innervated by the deep temporal nerves.

# Actions
Contraction of the temporalis muscle elevates the mandible.  The somewhat horizontal fibers of the posterior part of the muscle retract the mandible.

# Additional images
- Muscles of head and neck
- Frontal bone. Outer surface.
- Sphenoid bone. Anterior and inferior surfaces.
- Mandible. Outer surface. Side view.
- Mandible. Inner surface. Side view.
- Mandibular division of the trifacial nerve.
Tetrabromomethane
Tetrabromomethane, CBr4, also known as carbon tetrabromide, is a carbon bromide. Both names are acceptable under IUPAC nomenclature, depending on whether it is considered as an organic or an inorganic compound.

# Physical properties
Tetrabromomethane has two allotropes: crystaline II below 46.9 C (320.0 K) and crystalline I above 46.9 C. Monoclinic allotrope has space group C2/c with lattice constants: a = 20.9, b = 12.1, c = 21.2 (.10-1 nm),  = 110.5. Bond energy of C-Br is 235 kJ.mol-1.
Due to its symmetrically substituted tetrahedral structure, its dipole moment is 0 Debye. Critical temperature is 439 C (712 K) and critical pressure is 4.26 MPa.

# Chemical reactions
In combination with triphenylphosphine, CBr4 is used in the Appel reaction, which converts alcohols to alkyl bromides. It is significantly less stable than lighter tetrahalomethanes.
It is prepared by methane bromination using HBr or Br2. It can be also prepared by more economical reaction of tetrachloromethane with aluminium bromide at 100 C.

# Uses
It is used as a solvent for greases, waxes and oils, in plastic and rubber industry for blowing and vulcanization, further for polymerization, as a sedative and as an intermediate in manufacturing agrochemicals. Due to its non-flammability it is used as an ingredient in fire resistant chemicals. It is also used for separating minerals because of its high density.
The JUPITER Trial
The JUPITER Trial: Justification for the Use of statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin
A Randomized Trial of Rosuvastatin in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Events Among 17,802 Apparently Healthy Men and Women With Elevated Levels of C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP)

# Slidesets

### ACC 2009
- CRP, LDL and CV Events
- VTE Prevention Slides
- Controversies in JUPITER

### AHA 2008
- The Jupiter Trial

# Videos

### ACC 2009
- Dr. Paul Ridker and Dr. C. Michael Gibson discuss the JUPITER Trial at the 2009 ACC Scientific Sessions in Orlando, FL

### AHA 2008
- Dr. Steve Nissen and Dr. C. Michael Gibson discuss the results of the JUPITER Trial at the 2008 AHA Scientific Sessions     in New Orleans, LA
- Dr. Sanjay Kaul and Dr. C. Michael Gibson discuss JUPITER, COURAGE and SEAS at the 2008 AHA Scientific Session in New Orleans, LA

# News
JUPITER Trial Demonstrates Effectiveness of Statin Therapy in Reducing Cardiovascular Events among Healthy Patients
Theodor Escherich
Theodor Escherich (29 November 1857  15 February 1911) was a German-Austrian pediatrician  and a professor at universities in Munich, Graz, and Vienna. He discovered the bacterium Escherichia coli, which was named after him in 1919, and determined its properties.  He was born in Ansbach, Kingdom of Bavaria, and he died in Vienna, Austria-Hungary.

# Life
Theodor Escherich was awarded a doctorate in medicine in 1881.  Early on he devoted himself to the study of bacteriology. 
He discovered Escherichia coli in 1885
In 1890 Escherich became Professor of Pediatrics at the Karl-Franz University of Graz and in 1894 only the third ordentliche Professor (full professor) in this area of medicine.  In 1902 he became Professor of Pediatrics in Vienna, where he directed the St.-Anna-Kinderspital (~ St. Anna Childrens' Hospital).
Escherich became renowned in 1903 when he founded the "Sauglingsschutz" (~ Infant Defence Society) and started a high profile campaign for breastfeeding.

# WEW
- 1906  Awarded title of k. k.  Hofrat (Advisor to the Royal Court)
Therapeutic index
The therapeutic index (also known as therapeutic ratio), is a comparison of the amount of a therapeutic agent that causes the therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxic effects. Quantitatively, it is the ratio given by the dose required to produce the toxic effect divided by the therapeutic dose. A  commonly used measure of therapeutic index is the lethal dose of a drug for 50% of the population (LD50) divided by the minimum effective dose for 50% of the population (ED50).
\mbox{Therapeutic ratio} = \frac{\mathrm{LD}_{50}}{\mathrm{ED}_{50}}
Generally, a drug with a narrow therapeutic range (i.e. with little difference between toxic and therapeutic doses) may have its dosage adjusted according to measurements of the actual blood levels achieved in the person taking it. This may be achieved through therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) protocols. Examples of drugs with a narrow therapeutic range, that may require drug monitoring both to achieve therapeutic levels and minimise toxicity, include: digoxin, dimercaprol, theophylline, and lithium carbonate. Some antibiotics require monitoring primarily to minimise adverse effects, including: gentamicin, vancomycin, amphotericin B, and polymyxin B.
An important related factor is the leverage of targeting. For example, shaping radiation beams precisely to the profile of a tumor in the "beam's eye view" can increase the delivered dose without increasing toxic effects, though such shaping might not change the therapeutic index. Similarly, when chemotherapy or radiotherapy is infused or injected, the delivery ratio can be much higher when the chemotherapy agent or radioisotope is attached to an oncophilic substance  as is done in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy for neuroendocrine tumors and in chemoembolization or radioactive microspheres therapy for liver tumors and metastases  again, that might not change the therapeutic index.
Thrombotic lesion

# Overview
A thrombus is a blood clot in an intact blood vessel. The presence of angiographically evident thrombus (AET)  is associated with embolization and impaired myocardial perfusion.

# Thrombus Grading
In order to more objectively and quantitatively characterize thrombus on a coronary angiogram, the PERFUSE study group developed the following thrombus grading system:
- PERFUSE Grade 0
- PERFUSE Grade 1
- PERFUSE Grade 2
- PERFUSE Grade 3
- PERFUSE Grade 4
- PERFUSE Grade 5
- PERFUSE Grade 6

# Management of the Thrombotic Lesion
The presence of angiographically apparent thrombus is associated with poorer outcomes in patients undergoing PCI. Thrombus often embolizes distally and causes no reflow and associated myonecrosis. There are two broad strategies to reduce thrombus burden: mechanical strategies and pharmacologic strategies.
Thyroid cartilage
The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx.

# Structure
It is composed of two plate-like laminae that come together on the anterior side of the cartilage to form a peak, called the laryngeal prominence. This prominence is often referred to as the "Adam's apple". The laryngeal prominence is obvious in both sexes, but it tends to be somewhat more robust in the adult male.
The lip of the thyroid cartilage just superior to the laryngeal prominence is called the thyroid notch or superior thyroid notch.

# Layers and articulations
The two laminae that make up the main lateral, surfaces of the thyroid cartilage extend obliquely to cover either side of the trachea.
The posterior edge of each lamina articulates with the cricoid cartilage inferiorly at a joint called the cricothyroid joint.
Movement of the cartilage at this joint produces a change in tension at the vocal folds, which in turn produces variation in voice.
The entire superior edge of the thyroid cartilage is attached to the hyoid bone by the hyothyroid membrane.

# Function
The thyroid cartilage forms the bulk of the anterior wall of the larynx, and serves to protect the vocal folds ("vocal cords") which are located directly behind it.
It also serves as an attachment for several laryngeal muscles.

# Additional images
- Larynx
- Tracheotomy neck profile
- Muscles of the pharynx and cheek.
- The cartilages of the larynx. Posterior view.
- Ligaments of the larynx. Posterior view.
- Sagittal section of the larynx and upper part of the trachea.
- Coronal section of larynx and upper part of trachea.
- The entrance to the larynx, viewed from behind.
- Side view of the larynx, showing muscular attachments.
- Muscles of larynx. Side view. Right lamina of thyroid cartilage removed.
- Muscles of the larynx, seen from above.
- Front view of neck.
- Cut through the larynx of a horse
Tidiacic arginine

# Overview
Tidiacic is a hepatoprotective drug.  It is a component of tidiacic arginine.
Tidiacic arginine (trade name Tiadilon) is a 1:1 combination of the amino acid arginine and tidiacic (thiazolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid), which acts as a sulfur donor.
In France, its indications and use have been described as "identical to those of silymarin".
Tolonium chloride
Tolonium chloride (INN, also known as toluidine blue O) is a compound used in histology.

# Test for lignin
Toluidine blue solution is used in testing for lignin, a complex organic molecule that bonds to cellulose fibres and strengthens and hardens the cell walls in plants. A positive toluidine blue test causes the solution to turn from blue to blue-green. A similar test can be performed with phloroglucinol-HCl solution, which turns red.
Toluidine Blue is often used to identify Mast cells.  It is also used to stain proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans in tissues such as cartilage.
Toner (skin care)
In cosmetics, toner refers to a lotion designed to cleanse the skin and shrink pores, usually used on the face. Some people dispute whether toner is actually necessary, and prefer to use plain water instead. Toners can be applied to the skin in different ways:
- On damp cotton wool. (most frequently used method)
- Spraying onto the face using a vaporiser
- By applying a tonic gauze facial mask - a piece of gauze is covered with toner and left on the face for a few minutes.
After toning, blot the face almost dry with a tissue and apply the moisturiser.

# Types of toners

## Skin bracers or fresheners
These are the mildest form of toners; they contain virtually no alcohol (0-10%), water, and a humectant such as glycerine.  Humectants help to keep the moisture in the upper layers of the epidermis by preventing it from evaporating.  A popular example of this is rosewater.
These toners are the kindest to skin, and are most suitable for use on dry, dehydrated, sensitive and normal skins.

## Skin tonics
These are slightly stronger and contain a small quantity of alcohol (up to 20%), water and a humectant ingredient. Orange flower water is an example of a skin tonic. Skin tonics are suitable for use on normal, combination, and oily skin.

## Astringents
These are the strongest form of toner and contain a high proportion of alcohol (20-60%), antiseptic ingredients, water, and a humectant ingredient.  These are commonly recommended for oily skins as they are drying, but note that the removal of oil from the skin can lead to excess oil production as the skin tries to compensate for this and prevent moisture loss.  Witch hazel is an example of an astringent.  To prevent dehydration, astringent is best applied only to problem areas of skin, such as spots.
Tracheal stenosis
Tracheal stenosis is a narrowing of the trachea.  It can  be idiopathic- caused for unknown reasons or because of trauma-  accidents; chemical exposure; intubation, etc. Hermes Grillo (deceased 2006) pioneered the tracheal resection surgery.  Sometimes tracheal stenosis is a symptom of Wegener's granulomatosis.
Symptoms can include, but are not limited to the following:  shortness of breath also known as Dyspnea; wheezing also known as stridor);   Several patients have reported being initially diagnosed with asthma.
There are differing opinions on treating with laser surgery.
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Trachoma overview

# Overview
Trachoma is an infectious eye disease, and the leading cause of the worlds preventable blindness.

# Causes
Trachoma is caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis and it is spread by direct contact with eye, nose, and throat secretions from affected individuals, or contact with fomites (inanimate objects), such as towels and/or washcloths, that have had similar contact with these secretions.

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination
An eye exam may reveal scarring on the inside of the upper eye lid, redness of the white part of the eyes, and new blood vessel growth into the cornea.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
Antibiotics can prevent long-term complications if used early in the infection. Antibiotics include erythromycin and doxycycline. In certain cases, eyelid surgery may be needed to prevent long-term scarring, which can lead to blindness if not corrected.

## Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Globally this disease results in an estimated US $2.9 billion in lost productivity every year by affecting 84 million people from active infection and nearly 8 million people, who are visually impaired as a result of this disease.
Tramadol overdose

# Overdosage topics
General
Treatment

## General
A single or multiple overdose with Tramadol may be a potentially lethal polydrug overdose,
and consultation with a regional poison control center is recommended. Return to top

## Treatment
In treating an overdose of Tramadol, primary attention should be given to maintaining adequate
ventilation along with general supportive treatment. While naloxone will reverse some, but not all,
symptoms caused by overdosage with tramadol, the risk of seizures is also increased with naloxone
administration. In animals, convulsions following the administration of toxic doses of tramadol could
be suppressed with barbiturates or benzodiazepines but were increased with naloxone. Naloxone
administration did not change the lethality of an overdose in mice. Based on experience with tramadol,
hemodialysis is not expected to be helpful in an overdose because it removes less than 7% of the
administered dose in a 4-hour dialysis period. Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Trends (journals)

# Overview
Trends is a series of scientific journals owned by Elsevier that publish review articles in a range of areas of biology. They are currently part of Elsevier's Cell Press group of journals.
The Trends series was founded in 1976 with Trends in Biochemical Sciences (TIBS), rapidly followed by Trends in Neurosciences (TINS), Trends in Pharmacological Sciences (TIPS) and Immunology Today. Swift expansion of the formula during the 1980s and 1990s included  non-biological titles, Trends in Food Science and Technology and Trends in Polymer Science, which were later discontinued or removed from the series.
Immunology Today, Parasitology Today and Molecular Medicine Today changed their names to Trends in... in 2001. Drug Discovery Today was spun off as an independent brand.
Originally published in Cambridge, UK, the Trends Editorial Office moved to London during the mid-1990s, after Elsevier acquired Pergamon Press.

# Titles
The current set of Trends journals are:
- Trends in Biochemical Sciences (TIBS) (biochemistry) (1976)
- Trends in Biotechnology (biotechnology) (1983)
- Trends in Cell Biology (cell biology) (1991)
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (cognitive science) (1997)
- Trends in Ecology & Evolution (TREE) (evolutionary ecology) (1986)
- Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism (endocrinology and metabolism) (1990)
- Trends in Genetics (TIG) (genetics) (1985)
- Trends in Immunology (immunology) (1980) -- formerly Immunology Today
- Trends in Microbiology (TIM) (microbiology) (1993)
- Trends in Molecular Medicine (molecular medicine) (1995) -- formerly Molecular Medicine Today
- Trends in Neurosciences (TINS) (neuroscience) (1978)
- Trends in Parasitology (parasitology) (1985) -- formerly Parasitology Today
- Trends in Pharmacological Sciences (TIPS) (pharmacology) (1979)
- Trends in Plant Science (botany) (1996)
All are published monthly, except Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism which has ten issues per year.
Tricaine mesylate

# Overview
Tricaine mesylate (Tricaine methanesulfonate, TMS, MS-222), is white powder used for anesthesia, sedation, or euthanasia of fish. TMS is the only anesthetic licensed in the United States for fin fish that are intended for human consumption.
The drug can have selective toxicity for poikilotherms due to their lower rate of metabolism in the liver.
TMS is a muscle relaxant that operates by preventing action potentials.By blocking action potentials, no signals can be exchanged between the brain and the extremities. There will be no sensory input or muscle contractions which would have been caused by action potential, which includes most muscles.
The optimum concentration may vary with the size and species of the fish, and other variables.
It is easily soluble in water (both fresh and salt) but it drastically decreases the pH of water, increasing the acidity, which may be toxic for fish.  Sodium bicarbonate can be used to buffer the solution to a pH range of 6.5-7.5. Usually an equal amount of buffer is added to attain a neutral pH. In salt/marine/sea water, the buffer use may not be necessary because sea water itself has buffering capacity.
The solution of TMS needs to be prepared freshly each time because TMS is light-sensitive and might form toxic by-products upon exposure to light.
Trichilemmal cyst

# Overview
A trichilemmal cyst, also known as a wen, pilar cyst or isthmus-catagen cyst,:779:677 is a common cyst that forms from a hair follicle. They are most often found on the scalp. The cysts are smooth, mobile and filled with keratin, a protein component found in hair, nails, skin, and horns. They are, however, clinically and histologically distinct from Trichilemmal HornsTemplate:Clarifyme, which are much more rare and not limited to the scalp.   Trichilemmal cysts may run in families and they may or may not be inflamed and tender, often depending on whether or not they've ruptured.  Rarely, these cysts may grow more extensively and form rapidly multiplying trichilemmal tumors, also called proliferating trichilemmal cysts, which are benign but may grow aggressively at the cyst site.  Very rarely, trichilemmal cysts can become cancerous.

# Cause
Trichilemmal cysts are derived from the outer root sheath of the hair follicle. Their origin is unknown, but it has been suggested that they are produced by budding from the external root sheath as a genetically determined structural aberration. They arise preferentially in areas of high hair follicle concentrations, therefore, 90% of cases occur on the scalp. They are solitary in 30% of cases and multiple in 70% of cases.
Histologically, they are lined by stratified squamous epithelium that lacks a granular cell layer and are filled with compact "wet" keratin.  Areas consistent with proliferation can be found in some cysts. In rare cases, this leads to formation of a tumor, known as a proliferating trichilemmal cyst. The tumor is clinically benign, although it may display nuclear atypia, dyskeratotic cells, and mitotic figures. These features can be misleading, and a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma may be mistakenly rendered.

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination

### Skin
- Trichilemmal cyst. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Trichilemmal cyst. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Trichilemmal cyst. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Trichilemmal cyst. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Trichilemmal cyst. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Trichilemmal cyst. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

# Treatment
Surgical excision is required to treat a trichilemmal cyst. The method of treatment varies depending on the physician's training. Most physicians perform the procedure under local anesthetic. Others prefer a more conservative approach. This involves the use of a small punch biopsy about 1/4 the diameter of the cyst. The punch biopsy is used to enter the cyst cavity. The content of the cyst is emptied, leaving an empty sac. As the pilar cyst wall is the thickest and most durable of the many varieties of cysts, it can be grabbed with forceps and pulled out of the small incision. This method is best performed on cysts larger than a pea which have formed a thick enough wall to be easily identified after the sac is emptied. Small cysts have walls which are thin, and easily fragmented on traction. This increases the likelihood of cyst recurrence. This method often results in only a small scar, and very little if any bleeding.