Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
PTPRZ1
Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase zeta also known as phosphacan is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPRZ1 gene.

# Function
This gene is a member of the receptor tyrosine phosphatase family and encodes a single-pass type I membrane protein with two cytoplasmic tyrosine-protein phosphatase domains, an alpha-carbonic anhydrase domain and a fibronectin type III domain.  Alternative splice variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined.

# Clinical significance
Expression of this gene is induced in gastric cancer cells, in the remyelinating oligodendrocytes of multiple sclerosis lesions, and in human embryonic kidney cells under hypoxic conditions. Both the protein and transcript are overexpressed in glioblastoma cells, promoting their haptotactic migration.
PYCARD
PYCARD, often referred to as ASC (Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PYCARD gene. It is localized mainly in the nucleus of monocytes and macrophages. In case of pathogen infection, however, it relocalizes rapidly to the cytoplasm, perinuclear space, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and it is a key adaptor protein in activation of the inflammasome .
NMR structure of full-length ASC: PDB ID 2KN6 

# Function
This gene encodes an adaptor protein that is composed of two proteinprotein interaction domains: a N-terminal PYRIN-PAAD-DAPIN domain (PYD) and a C-terminal caspase-recruitment domain (CARD). The PYD and CARD domains are members of the six-helix bundle death domain-fold superfamily that mediates assembly of large signaling complexes in the inflammatory and apoptotic signaling pathways via the activation of caspase. In normal cells, this protein is localized to the cytoplasm; however, in cells undergoing apoptosis, it forms ball-like aggregates near the nuclear periphery.
PYCARD can occur in four different isoforms. Isoform 1, often referred to as canonical PYCARD, and isoform 2 are the activatory isoforms. They co-localize with nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) and caspase-1. Unlike isoform 1, isoform 2 is involved in direct IL-1 processing regulation. Isoform 3 is an inhibitory isoform, so that it only co-localizes with caspase-1, but not with NLRs. Isoform 4 is not able to act as an adaptor protein in NLR signalling and its role remains elusive.

# Interactions
PYCARD has been shown to interact with MEFV.
Palate

# Overview
The palate (Template:IPAEng) is the roof of the mouth in humans and vertebrate animals. It separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. The palate is divided into two parts, the anterior bony hard palate, and the posterior fleshy soft palate or velum. The maxillary nerve branch of the trigeminal nerve (V) supplies sensory innervation to the palate.

# Etymology
The name is middle English and is probably derived from the Latin palatum or the Old French palat.

# Function
When functioning in conjunction with other parts of the mouth the palate produces certain sounds, particularly velar consonant, palatal consonant, palatalized, postalveolar consonant, alveolo-palatal consonant, and uvular consonants.
Pannus
Pannus is a medical term for a hanging flap of tissue. When involving the stomach, it is called a Panniculus and consists of skin, fat, and sometimes contents of the internal abdomen as part of a hernia. A pannus can be the result of loose hanging tissues after pregnancy or weight loss.  It can also be the deformity of obesity. A pannus can come in many different sizes and shapes and can get very large hanging down below the knees. The extra tissue of a hanging pannus can make personal hygiene difficult.  Skin conditions such as yeast infections under the pannus are common problems. A massive hanging pannus can get in the way of walking.  A smaller pannus can be an annoyance with clothing as the individual sits or stands.  Pannus can be removed by plastic surgery operation called a panniculectomy (which is a type of tummy tuck).
In people suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, pannus tissue eventually forms in the joint affected by the disease, causing loss of bone and cartilage.
In ophthalmology, "'pannus'" refers to the growth of blood vessels into the peripheral cornea. In normal individuals, the cornea is avascular. Chronic local hypoxia (such as that occurring with overuse of contact lenses) or inflammation may lead to peripheral corneal vascularization, or pannus. Pannus may also develop in diseases of the corneal stem cells, such as aniridia. It is often solved by peritomy.
Papule
A papule is a small, solid and usually conical elevation of the skin. Papules do not contain pus, which distinguishes them from pustules. Papules often occur in clusters and can accompany rashes.
A condition that causes a papule is called a "Papulosis". Examples of papuloses include:
- Lymphomatoid papulosis
- Bowenoid papulosis
- Clear cell papulosis

# Causes
Papules can be caused by:
- Inflammation (which in turn is often caused by infection or abrasion of the skin)
- Accumulated secretion of skin tissue (hyperplasia) or glandular fluids.
- Presence of an infection such as disseminated histoplasmosis.
- Hypertrophy of skin cells
- Acne
- Drugs like Azficel-T
Peptic

# Overview
Peptic is an adjective that refers to any part of the body that normally has an acidic lumen. 'Peptic' is medical and veterinary terminology, most often used in the context of humans.

# Peptic anatomy
The peptic areas of the human body under normal circumstances are the stomach and duodenum. A person with gastroesophageal reflux disease may have an acidic esophagus, particularly at the inferior (lower) end. Also, a person with a Meckel's diverticulum may have cells that produce acid within the diverticulum and therefore may be prone to peptic ulcers and perforation.
A person with an unusual anatomy, such as one who has had a gastrectomy or an esophagectomy with transplantation of the ileum to replace the esophagus, may experience acidity in parts of the body that would not normally be acidic.
In all normal humans and in almost all humans, only the gastrointestinal tract is peptic.

# Peptic diseases
A common problem with the peptic areas of the body is peptic ulcer. These ulcers are most commonly caused by bacteria, and not by the acidic environment.
Persin
Persin is a fungicidal toxin present in the avocado, isolated only recently. It is generally harmless to humans, but when consumed by domestic animals in large quantities it is dangerous. It has been suggested as a treatment for breast cancer.
The chemistry of persin is not yet understood, but it is similar to a fatty acid, carried in an oil, and it leaches into the body of the fruit from the pits. Negative effects in humans seem to be primarily in allergic individuals.

# Pathology
Feeding avocados or guacamole to any non-human animal should be avoided completely. The symptoms include gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory distress, congestion, fluid accumulation around the tissues of the heart and even death. Birds seem to be particularly sensitive to this toxic compound.
Pits may lodge in the intestinal tract of cats and dogs and require surgery for removal.
- In birds, the symptoms are: increased heart rate, myocardial tissue damage, labored breathing, disordered plumage, unrest, weakness, and apathy. High doses cause acute respiratory syndrome (asphyxia), with death approximately 12 to 24 hours after consumption.
- Lactating rabbits and mice: non-infectious mastitis and agalactia after consumption of leaves or bark.
- Rabbits: cardial arrhythmia, submandibular edema and death after consumption of leaves.
- Cows and goats: mastitis after consumption of leaves or bark.
- Horses: mastitis after consumption of leaves or bark.
- Hares, pigs, rats, sheep, ostriches, chickens, turkeys and fish: symptoms of intoxication similar those described above. The lethal dose is not known; the effect is different depending upon the animal species.

# Medical uses
Persin has recently been discovered to kill breast cancer cells. It has also been shown to enhance the effect of the breast cancer fighting drug Tamoxifen. This could potentially reduce the necessary dosage of current cancer drugs. Persin is however highly insoluble, and more research will be needed to put it into a soluble tablet form. The result was announced by the Garvan Institute at the Australian Society for Medical Research meeting held at the Powerhouse Museum, Ultimo, on 4 June 2007.
Piedra
Piedra is a hair disease caused by a fungus.
Types include:
- White piedra
- Black piedra

# Gallery
- Under a relatively-low magnification of 100X, this photomicrograph reveals some of the pathologic morphology displayed by a primate hair shaft indicative of the disease known as, black piedra, also known as trichosporosis, which is caused by the fungal organism, Piedraia hortae. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- This is a photomicrograph of a hair shaft with a condition called black piedra due to Piedraia hortae. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- This is a photomicrograph of the mycelium of the fungus Piedraia hortae, magnified 475X. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- This is a plate culture of Piedraia hortae, strain A272. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).
Pilosa
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The order Pilosa is a group of placental mammals, extant today only in the Americas. It includes the anteaters and sloths.
The origins of the order can be traced back as far as the early Tertiary (about 60 million years ago, or only a short time after the end of the dinosaur era). The presence of these animals in North America is explained by the Great American Interchange.
Until recently, Pilosa was lumped with the armadillos in the order Xenarthra. Xenarthra is now generally regarded as a superorder. In the past, these families were classified together with the pangolins and Aardvark as the order Edentata (meaning toothless, because the members do not have front incisor teeth or molars, or have poorly-developed molars). It was subsequently realized that Edentata was polyphyleticthat it contained unrelated families and was thus invalid.

# Classification
Order Pilosa
- Suborder Vermilingua
Family Cyclopedidae
Silky Anteater, Cyclopes didactylus
Family Myrmecophagidae
Giant Anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla
Northern Tamandua, Tamandua mexicana
Southern Tamandua, Tamandua tetradactyla
- Family Cyclopedidae
Silky Anteater, Cyclopes didactylus
- Silky Anteater, Cyclopes didactylus
- Family Myrmecophagidae
Giant Anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla
Northern Tamandua, Tamandua mexicana
Southern Tamandua, Tamandua tetradactyla
- Giant Anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla
- Northern Tamandua, Tamandua mexicana
- Southern Tamandua, Tamandua tetradactyla
- Suborder Folivora
Family Bradypodidae: three-toed sloths
Pygmy Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus pygmaeus
Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus variegatus
Pale-throated Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus tridactylus
Maned Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus torquatus
Family Megalonychidae: two-toed sloths
Hoffman's Two-toed Sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni
Southern Two-toed Sloth, Choloepus didactylus
- Family Bradypodidae: three-toed sloths
Pygmy Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus pygmaeus
Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus variegatus
Pale-throated Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus tridactylus
Maned Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus torquatus
- Pygmy Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus pygmaeus
- Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus variegatus
- Pale-throated Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus tridactylus
- Maned Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus torquatus
- Family Megalonychidae: two-toed sloths
Hoffman's Two-toed Sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni
Southern Two-toed Sloth, Choloepus didactylus
- Hoffman's Two-toed Sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni
- Southern Two-toed Sloth, Choloepus didactylus
Piping
Within industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids and gases, from one location to another. The engineering discipline of piping design studies the best and most efficient manner of transporting fluid to where it is needed.
Industrial process piping (and accompanying in-line components) can be manufactured from wood, glass, steel, aluminum, plastic, copper, and concrete. The in-line components, known as fittings, valves, and other devices, typically sense and control the pressure, flow rate and temperature of the transmitted fluid, and usually are included when one discusses the concept of piping design. Piping systems are documented in Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams. If necessary, pipes can be cleaned by the tube cleaning process.
Plumbing is a piping system that most people are familiar with, as it constitutes the form of fluid transportation that is used to provide potable water and fuels to their homes and business.  Plumbing pipes also remove waste in the form of sewage, and allow venting of sewage gases to the outdoors.  Fire sprinkler systems also use piping, and may transport potable or nonpotable water, or other fire-suppression fluids.
Piping also has many other industrial applications, which are crucial for moving raw and semi-processed fluids for refining into more useful products. Some of the more exotic materials of construction are titanium, chrome-moly and various other steel alloys.

# Pipe stress analysis
Process piping and power piping are typically checked by pipe stress engineers to verify that the routing, nozzle loads, hangers, and supports are properly placed and selected such that allowable pipe stress is not exceeded under the appropriate ASME code. This checking is usually done with the assistance of a finite element pipe stress analysis program such as Caesar II, ROHR2, CAEPIPE and AUTOPIPE.
Plexus
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# Overview
A plexus is a network. It has more specific meanings in multiple fields.

# Biology
In biology, plexus has multiple meanings.

## Nervous system
In many animals the processes of neurons join together to form a plexus or nerve net. This is the characteristic form of nervous system in the coelenterates and persists with modifications in the flatworms. The nerves of the radially symmetric echinoderms also take this form, where a plexus underlies the ectoderm of these animals and, deeper in the body, other nerve cells form plexuses of limited extent.
In vertebrates nerves branch and rejoin in some parts of the body, for example the brachial plexus made up of the spinal nerves which enter the arm and the solar plexus above the stomach.
Almost a hundred such plexuses have been named in the human body, but the four primary nerve plexuses are the cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, and the sacral plexus.

## Circulatory system
A plexus is also a network of blood vessels, with the choroid plexuses of the brain being the most commonly mentioned example. Choroid plexuses are very thin and vascular roof plates of the most anterior and most posterior cavities of the brain which expand into the interiors of the cavities. Other vascular plexuses are found elsewhere in the body.
de:Plexus (Medizin)
Potash
Potash (or carbonate of potash) is an impure form of potassium carbonate (K2CO3).
Potash has been used since
antiquity in the manufacture of glass and soap and as a fertilizer.  The name comes from the English words pot and ash, referring to its discovery in the water-soluble fraction of wood ash.
The term has become somewhat ambiguous due to the substitution in fertilizers of cheaper potassium salts, such as potassium chloride (KCl) or potassium oxide (K2O), to which the same common name is now sometimes also applied.  In addition, potassium hydroxide (KOH) is commonly called caustic potash, an additional source of confusion.
The element potassium derives its English name from potash. A number of chemical compounds containing potassium use the word potash in their traditional names:

# Potash production and trade

## History
Since the 14th century, potash was widely produced by Ethiopia.  It was their number one export up until the 20th century; however after the Ethiopian War against Kenya it became irrelevant.  Potash was one of the most important industrial chemicals in Canada.  It was refined from the ashes of broadleaved trees and produced primarily in the forested areas of Europe, Russia, and North America.  The first U.S. patent was issued in 1790 to Samuel Hopkins for an improvement "in the making Pot ash and Pearl ash by a new Apparatus and Process."
Potash production provided late-18th and early-19th century settlers in North America a way to obtain badly needed cash and credit as they cleared their wooded land for crops.  To make full use of their land, excess wood, including stumps, needed to be disposed.  The easiest way to accomplish this was to burn any wood not needed for fuel or construction.  Ashes from hardwood trees could then be used to make lye, which could either be used to make soap or boiled down to produce valuable potash.  Hardwood could generate ashes at the rate of 60 to 100 bushels per acre (500 to 900 m3/km2). In 1790, ashes could be sold for $3.25 to $6.25 per acre ($800 to $1500/km2) in rural New York State  nearly the same rate as hiring a laborer to clear the same area.

## Potash as baking aid
Potash along with hartshorn is also used as a baking aid similar to baking soda in old German Christmas bakery receipes such as Lebkuchen (ginger bread).

## Potash in the modern era
In 2005, Canada was the largest producer of potash with almost one-fourth of the world share followed by Russia and Belarus in Soligorsk, reports the British Geological Survey.
Natural potash deposits can also be mined; a substantial deposit is also located in New Brunswick.  The most significant reserve in New Brunswick occurs in formations held by the Windsor group, a Canadian investment bank, where a potash resource base of more than 1.6 billion t KCl has been  estimated.  Many other areas also have the resources for potash production.  It should be noted that unlike other producers, Israel's Dead Sea Works and Jordan's Arab Potash Company use solar evaporation pans in the Dead Sea to produce carnallite from which potassium chloride is produced.
Pulsus
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There are four separate findings that pulsus may refer to:

# Pulsus tardus et parvus
Pulsus tardus et parvus also known as Pulsus parvus et tardus, more commonly known as a "slow-rising" or "anacrotic" pulse, is a sign where, upon palpation, the pulse is weak/small (parvus), and late (tardus) relative to contraction of the heart. Classically, it is seen in aortic valve stenosis.
With respect to aortic stenosis, "typical findings include a narrow pulse pressure, a harsh late-peaking systolic murmur heard best at the right second intercostal space with radiation to the carotid arteries, and a delayed slow-rising carotid upstroke (pulsus parvus et tardus)."

# Pulsus bisferiens
Pulsus bisferiens also bisferious pulse or biphasic pulse, is a sign where, on palpation of the pulse, a double peak per cardiac cycle can be appreciated. Bisferious means striking twice. Classically, it is detected when aortic insufficiency exists in association with aortic stenosis, but may also be found in isolated but severe aortic insufficiency, and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

# Pulsus bigeminus
Pulsus bigeminus is a cardiovascular phenomenon characterized by groups of two heartbeats close together followed by a longer pause. The second pulse is weaker than the first. It is caused by premature contractions, usually of the ventricles, after every other beat. It can be a sign of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy or of many other types of heart disease. It can also be an innocent and passing phenomenon.

# Pulsus paradoxus
Pulsus paradoxus (PP), also paradoxic pulse and paradoxical pulse,  is an exaggeration of the normal variation in the pulse during the inspiratory phase of respiration, in which the pulse becomes weaker as one inhales and stronger as one exhales. It is a sign that is indicative of several conditions including cardiac tamponade and lung diseases (e.g. asthma, COPD).
The paradox in pulsus paradoxus is that, on clinical examination, one can detect extra beats on cardiac auscultation, during inspiration, when compared to the radial pulse.  It results from an accentuated decrease of the blood pressure, which leads to the (radial) pulse not being palpable and may be accompanied by an increase in the jugular venous pressure height (Kussmaul sign).  As is usual with inspiration, the heart rate is increased, due to increased venous return.
Purell
Purell is an instant hand sanitizer which claims to kill "99.99% of most common germs that may cause illness in as little as 15 seconds." Its active ingredient is ethyl alcohol (62%). It is used by wetting one's hands thoroughly with the product, then briskly rubbing one's hands together until dry.  Purell is the most popular hand sanitizer in the U.S.
Pfizer acquired the exclusive rights to distribute Purell in the consumer market from GOJO Industries in 2004, and on June 27 2006 Johnson & Johnson announced its acquisition of the Pfizer Consumer Healthcare division, which includes the Purell brand, for $16.6 billion.
In 2006, The New York Times reported that Purell is heavily used by politicians during election season, when they have to shake countless hands and remain in robust health.
The product is flammable and may discolor fabrics.  The inactive ingredients include water, isopropyl alcohol, glycerin, carbomer, fragrance, aminomethyl propanol, propylene glycol, isopropyl myristate, and tocopheryl acetate.

# Health Risks
The product is labelled as needing to be kept out of the reach of Children.  The Chicago Tribune reported that children have become inebriated by ingesting Purell.  One child's ingestion of the hand sanitizer caused her blood alcohol level to reach 0.218.