Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
NAIP (gene)
Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NAIP gene.
This gene is part of a 500 kb inverted duplication on chromosome 5q13. This duplicated region contains at least four genes and repetitive elements which make it prone to rearrangements and deletions. The repetitiveness and complexity of the sequence have also caused difficulty in determining the organization of this genomic region. This copy of the gene is full length; additional copies with truncations and internal deletions are also present in this region of chromosome 5q13. It is thought that this gene is a modifier of spinal muscular atrophy caused by mutations in a neighboring gene, SMN1.
The protein encoded by this gene contains regions of homology to two baculovirus inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, and it is able to suppress apoptosis induced by various signals. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene.
NAPA (gene)
N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor Attachment Protein Alpha, also known as SNAP-, is a protein that is involved in the intra-cellular trafficking and fusing of vesicles to target membranes in cells.

# Function
The 'SNARE hypothesis' is a model explaining the process of docking and fusion of vesicles to their target membranes. According to this model, membrane proteins from the vesicle (v-SNAREs) and proteins from the target membrane (t-SNAREs) govern the specificity of vesicle targeting and docking through mutual recognition. Once the 2 classes of SNAREs bind to each other, they form a complex that recruits the general elements of the fusion apparatus, namely NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) and SNAPs (soluble NSF-attachment proteins), to the site of membrane fusion, thereby forming the 20S fusion complex. Alpha- and gamma-SNAP are found in a wide range of tissues and act synergistically in intra-Golgi transport. The sequence of the predicted 295-amino acid human protein encoded by NAPA shares 37%, 60%, and 67% identity with the sequences of yeast, Drosophila, and squid alpha-SNAP, respectively. Platelets contain some of the same proteins, including NSF, p115/TAP, alpha-SNAP (this protein), gamma-SNAP, and the t-SNAREs syntaxin-2 and syntaxin-4, that are used in many vesicular transport processes in other cell types. Platelet exocytosis uses a molecular mechanism similar to that used by other secretory cells, such as neurons, although the proteins used by the platelet and their modes of regulation may be quite different.

# Clinical significance
NAPA is abnormally expressed in fetuses of both IVF and ICSI, which may contribute to the increased risk of birth defects in these methods of assisted reproductive technology, ART.

# Interactions
NAPA has been shown to interact with:
- NSF,
- SNAP23,
- STX1A,
- STX4,
- STX5.
- ORAI1, STIM1.
NFIB (gene)

# Embryonic Development
The NFIB gene is a part of the NFI gene complex that includes three other genes (NFIA, NFIC and NFIX). The NFIB gene is a protein coding gene that also serves as a transcription factor. This gene is essential in embryonic development and it works together with its gene complex to initiate tissue differentiation in the fetus. NFIB has the highest concentrations in the lung, skeletal muscle and heart but is also found in the areas of the developing liver, kidneys and brain.
Through knockout experiments, researchers found that mice without the NFIB gene have severely underdeveloped lungs. This mutation does not seem to cause spontaneous abortions because in utero the fetus does not use its lungs for respiration. However, this becomes lethal once the fetus is born and has to take its first breath. It is thought that NFIB plays a role in down regulating the transcription factors TGF-1 and Shh in normal gestation because they remained high in knockout experiments. The absence of NFIB also leads to insufficient amounts of surfactant being produced which is one reason why the mice cannot breathe once it is born. The knockout experiments demonstrated that NFIB has a significant role in fore-brain development. NFIB is typically found in pontine nuclei of the CNS, the cerebral cortex and the white matter of the brain and without NFIB these areas are dramatically affected.
Absence of one copy is associated with macrocephaly and intellectual disability. This associated was confirmed in mouse modelswhere deletion of one copy resulted in enlargement of the brain while preserving its overall organisation.

# General Information
Nuclear factor 1 B-type is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NFIB gene.
Nitroethane
Nitroethane is an organic compound having the chemical formula C2H5NO2.  Similar in many regards to nitromethane, nitroethane is an oily liquid at standard temperature and pressure.  Pure nitroethane is colourless, and has a fruity odor.  It is a high volume chemical, with over 1 million pounds of nitroethane being produced or imported into the United States of America per year.

# Uses
Nitroethane is most commonly used as a solvent for artificial polymers such as styrene, and particularly for dissolving cyanoacrylate adhesives.  It has been used as a component in artificial nail remover and in overhead ceiling sealant sprays, although it is not common in such applications.  Nitroethane is also used as a fuel additive for increasing the octane rating of gasoline, as a pure fuel in certain drag racing vehicles, and as a propellant.
In addition, nitroethane finds use as a reagent in various syntheses, primarily in organic chemistry (for example, in the artificial synthesis of piperonal and phenylacetone) and for production of pharmaceutical compounds.  Among the compounds for which nitroethane is useful, both methamphetamine and MDMA may be synthesized using nitroethane as an essential precursor; for this reason, nitroethane has been designated a List I precursor chemical under the Controlled Substances Act in the USA.

# Toxicity
Nitroethane is suspected for damage to the genes and nervous system. Typical TLV/TWA 100 ppm. Typical STEL 150 ppm. Skin contact with nitroethane is known to cause dermatitis in human beings; and in animal studies, the effects of nitroethane exposure were observed to include lacrimation; dyspnea, pulmonary rales, edema; liver, kidney injury; and narcosis.
Also, there have been instances of nitroethane poisoning in children due to accidental ingestion of artificial nail remover.
The LD50 for rats is reported as 1100 mg/kg.
NPH insulin
Neutral Protamine Hagedorn was created in 1946 when Nordisk formulated "isophane" porcine insulin by adding Neutral Protamine Hagedorn or NPH.
This is a suspension of crystalline zinc insulin combined with the positively charged polypeptide, protamine.  It has an intermediate duration of action, longer than that of regular insulin, but shorter than ultralente.

# History
Hans Christian Hagedorn (1888-1971) and August Krogh (1874-1949) obtained the rights for insulin from Banting and Best in Toronto. In 1923 they formed Nordisk  Insulinlaboratorium, and in 1926 with August Kongsted he obtained a Danish Royal Charters as a non-profit foundation.
In 1936 Hagedorn and B. Norman Jensen discovered that the effects of injected insulin could be prolonged by the addition of protamine obtained from the "milt" or semen of river trout. The insulin would be added to the protamine, but the solution would have to be brought to pH 7 for injection. Canada later produced ZPI insulin, a mixture of zinc, protamine and porcine insulin. This mixture only needed to be shaken before injection.
In 1946 Nordisk was able to form crystals of protamine and insulin and marketed it in 1950 as NPH insulin. NPH insulin has the advantage that it can be mixed with an insulin that has a faster onset to complement its longer lasting action.
Eventually all animal insulins were replaced by human recombinant insulin. Human insulin is also complexed with NPH.

# Timeline
- 1926 Nordisk receives Danish charter to produce insulin
- 1936 Hagedorn discovers that adding protamine to insulin prolongs the effect of insulin
- 1936 Canadians D.M. Scott and A.M. Fisher formulate zinc insulin mixture and license to Novo
- 1946 Nordisk crystallizes a protamine and insulin mixture
- 1950 Nordisk markets NPH insulin
- 1953 Nordisk markets "Lente" zinc insulin mixtures
Nasal cycle
The nasal cycle is the rhythmic, alternating side-to-side fluctuation in nasal airflow.    It is known to be regulated by the autonomic nervous system probably from the centres located in brainstem. 
Nasal Cycle is the name given by  western medicine for the readily noticeable pattern in human breathing - we do not breath equally (50:50) using both nostrils. At any given time, either the left or the right nostril is more actively breathing. Further, this one-sidedness reverses on a periodic basis. Much research has been done on the duration of nasal cycle.
Although readily noticeable, for some reason, this phenomenon has received very little attention under Western Medicine. The phenomenon was first noted by Kayser, a German rhinologist in Breslau, 1895. 
On the other hand, this alternate-nostril-breathing is central to various breathing practices such as Pranayama, in Yoga and also in various systems of Alternative medicines. As per these systems, breathing pattern is directly linked to the working of our minds. Balancing the left and right sides of the mind is ultimately desired.
In the field of Neurosciences, researchers can measure 'how active' each cerebral hemisphere is, at baseline and while performing specific tasks. It has been known for a long time that an ultradian rhythm of alternating cerebral hemispheric activity exists in humans and animals.  At any given time, either the left OR the right hemisphere of the brain is 'more active' than the other and this hemispherical dominance changes periodically. Recent findings in neuroscience have revealed that the nasal cycle is intricately linked to the ultradian rhythm of alternating cerebral hemispheric activity. Whenever the nasal cycle switches sides, the hemispheric dominance also seems to change. Although a clear association between the two has been established, causality is still arguable - whether the nostril-change causes the change in hemispherical-predominance or vice-versa.
Nasopharynx

# Overview
The nasopharynx (nasal part of the pharynx) lies behind the nose and above the level of the soft palate: it differs from the and laryngeal parts of the pharynx in that its cavity always remains patent (open).
In front it communicates through the choanae with the nasal cavities.
On its lateral wall is the pharyngeal ostium of the auditory tube, somewhat triangular in shape, and bounded behind by a firm prominence, the torus or cushion, caused by the medial end of the cartilage of the tube which elevates the mucous membrane.
A vertical fold of mucous membrane, the salpingopharyngeal fold, stretches from the lower part of the torus; it contains the Salpingopharyngeus muscle.
A second and smaller fold, the salpingopalatine fold, stretches from the upper part of the torus to the palate.
Behind the ostium of the auditory tube is a deep recess, the pharyngeal recess (fossa of Rosenmuller).
On the posterior wall is a prominence, best marked in childhood, produced by a mass of lymphoid tissue, which is known as the pharyngeal tonsil.
Above the pharyngeal tonsil, in the middle line, an irregular flask-shaped depression of the mucous membrane sometimes extends up as far as the basilar process of the occipital bone; it is known as the pharyngeal bursa.

# Additional images
- Nose and nasal cavities
- External and middle ear, opened from the front. Right side.
Nasal polyp

# Overview
Nasal polyps are polypoidal masses arising mainly from the mucous membranes of the nose and paranasal sinuses.

# Diagnosis
They are overgrowths of the mucosa that frequently accompany allergic rhinitis.  They are freely moveable and non-tender.  Nasal polyps are usually classified into antrochoanal polyps and ethmoidal polyps. Antrochoanal polyps arise from the maxillary sinuses and are much less common, ethmoidal polyps arise from the ethmoidal sinuses. Antrochoanal polyps are usually single and unilateral whereas ethmoidal polyps are multiple and bilateral.

## History and Symptoms
Symptoms of polyps include nasal block, sinusitis, anosmia or loss of smell, and secondary infection leading to headache. 

## Physical Examination

### Ear Nose and Throat
The pathogenesis of nasal polyps is unknown. Nasal polyps are most commonly thought to be caused by allergy and rarely by cystic fibrosis although a significant number are associated with non-allergic adult asthma or no respiratory or allergic trigger that can be demonstrated.
These polyps have no relationship with colonic or uterine polyps. Irregular unilateral polyps particularly associated with pain or bleeding will require urgent investigation as they may represent an intranasal tumour.

## CT
CT images demonstrate a right nasal polyp

# Treatment
Nasal polyps are most often treated with steroids, topical or oral, but can also be treated with surgical methods.
Pre-post surgery, sinus rinses with a warm water (240ml / 8oz) mixed with a small amount (teaspoon) of salts (sodium chloride & sodium bicarbonate) can be very helpful to clear the sinuses. This method can be also used as a preventative measure to discourage the polyps from growing back and should be used in combination with a nasal steroid.
Mometasone furoate, commonly available as a nasal spray for treating common allergy symptoms, has been indicated in the United States by the FDA for the treatment of nasal polyps since December 2004.
Nasal voice
A nasal voice is a type of speaking voice characterized by speech with a "nasal" quality to it. It can also occur naturally because of genetic variation.  In vocal context, the opposite of nasal is adenoidal or denasal.
Nasal speech can be divided into hypo-nasal or hyper-nasal.

# Hypo-nasal speech
- Hypo-nasal speech is when there is a lack of appropriate nasal airflow during speech resulting in speech much as if someone has a bad cold.
Causes of hypo-nasal speech include anything that causes nasal obstruction including, but not limited to:
- adenoid hypertrophy
- turbinate hypertrophy
- allergies
- sinus infections
- viral upper respiratory infection
- deviated septum

# Hyper-nasal speech
Hyper-nasal speech is inappropriate increased airflow through the nose during speech, especially with plosives and fricatives (syllables that begin with a consonant).
Examples of hyper-nasal speech include cleft palate and velopharyngeal insufficiency.

# People described as having nasal voices
- Fran Drescher
- Ray Romano
- Neil Young
- Bob Dylan
- John Lennon
- Billy Corgan
- The character Janice on the popular sitcom Friends
- Katie Carlile
- The character Clyde Donovan and Kyle Schwartz in the animated show South Park
Nephrostomy

# Overview
A nephrostomy is an artificial opening created between the kidney and the skin which allows for the drainage of urine directly from the upper part of the urinary system (renal pelvis).

# Indications
A nephrostomy is performed whenever a blockage keeps urine from passing from the kidneys, through the ureter and into the urinary bladder. Without another way for urine to drain, pressure would rise within the urinary system and the kidneys would be damaged.
The most common cause of blockage necessitating a nephrostomy is cancer, especially ovarian cancer and colon cancer. Nephrostomies may also be required to treat pyonephrosis and kidney stones.

# Procedure
Nephrostomies are created by surgeons or interventional radiologists and typically consist of a catheter which pierces the skin and rests in the urinary tract.
Urine is collected in an external bag which can be emptied as often as necessary.

# Complications
- Acute bleeding (< 5%)
- Delayed hemorrhage (< 0.5%)
- Emergency arterial embolization of the kidney (< 0.5%)
- Failed access (< 5%)
- Infection leading to septicemia (< 1%)
- Intraperitoneal injury (< 1%)
- Mortality (< 0.05%)
- Nephrectomy (< 0.2%)
- Perforation of the collecting system (< 30%)
- Periorgan injury, including bowel perforation, splenic injury, and liver injury (< 1%)
- Pleural effusion, hydrothorax, and pneumothorax (< 13%)
- Significant loss of functioning renal tissue (< 1%)
Neuroglobin
Neuroglobin is a member of the vertebrate globin family involved in cellular oxygen homeostasis. It is an intracellular hemoprotein expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system, cerebrospinal fluid, retina and endocrine tissues. Neuroglobin is a monomer that reversibly binds oxygen with an affinity higher than that of hemoglobin. It also increases oxygen availability to brain tissue and provides protection under hypoxic or ischemic conditions, potentially limiting brain damage. Neuroglobin were in the past found only in vertebrate neurons, but recently in 2013, were found in the neurons of unrelated protostomes, like photosynthesis acoel as well as radiata such as jelly fish. In addition to neurons, neuroglobin is present in astrocytes in certain pathologies of the rodent brain and in the physiological seal brain. This is thought to be due to convergent evolution. It is of ancient evolutionary origin, and is homologous to nerve globins of invertebrates. Recent research confirmed the presence of human neuroglobin protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Neuroglobin was first identified by Thorsten Burmester et al. in 2000.
The 3D structure of human neuroglobin was determined in 2003. The next year, murine neuroglobin was determined at a higher resolution.
A practical treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning based on binding of CO by neuroglobin (Ngb) with a mutated distal histidine (H64Q) appears to be possible.
Neurogranin
Neurogranin is a calmodulin-binding protein expressed primarily in the brain, particularly in dendritic spines, and participating in the protein kinase C signaling pathway. Neurogranin is the main postsynaptic protein regulating the availability of calmodulin, binding to it in the absence of calcium. Phosphorylation by protein kinase C lowers its binding ability. NRGN gene expression is controlled by thyroid hormones. Human neurogranin consists of 78 amino acids.
One study tells of potential link of neurogranin gene to the heightened risk of schizophrenia in males, another study gives evidence of lowered neurogranin immunoreactivity in the brains of people suffering from schizophrenia.
Prior to its identification in the bovine and rat brain in 1991, neurogranin was known as a putative protein kinase C-phosphorylated protein named p17. Human neurogranin was cloned in 1997 and turned out to be 96% identical to the rat protein.
Neuropraxia

# Overview
Neurapraxia is part of Seddon's classification scheme used to classify nerve damage.
It is a transient episode of motor paralysis with little or no sensory or autonomic dysfunction.
Neurapraxia describes nerve damage in which there is no disruption of the nerve or its sheath. In this case there is an interruption in conduction of the impulse down the nerve fiber, and recovery takes place without true regeneration, as Wallerian degeneration does not occur. This is the mildest form of nerve injury. This is probably a biochemical lesion caused by concussion or shock-like injuries to the fiber. In the case of the role nerve, neurapraxia is brought about by compression or relatively mild, blunt blows, including some low-velocity missile injuries close to the nerve. There is a temporary loss of function which is reversible within hours to months of the injury ( the average is 6-8 weeks ). There is frequently greater involvement of motor than sensory function with autonomic function being retained.
This form of nerve-impulse interruption should not be ignored and the patient should refer to a physician as soon as possible. In sports neurapraxia is common and happens to most athletes during their sports life-span. Patients should also refrain from playing sports or putting stress on the injured area. Since sensation of that part of the body will be lost, any further damage or injury done will not be noticed or felt as profoundly as usual, and damage might go unnoticed.
de:Neurapraxie
Nick Tatham
Nick Tatham (born June 11, 1983 in Hong Kong) is a British singer/songwright who has dealt with Tourette syndrome for most of his life whilst writing and recording critically-acclaimed ballads, pop songs and other assorted modern music.
He can play both the guitar and piano to a professional standard - something which is made even more incredible by the fact that he is completely self-taught. His talent has been publicly-recognised.
Nick is currently signed to the En Masse Music & Publishing Ltd. label in the south of England and he has appeared in several television documentaries, most notably on the BBC. He also received the "Meridian Tonight Young Hero Award", live on TV in 2002, for his contributions to local music and his constant optimism and strength in dealing with his condition. Nick made his feature film debut in 2004 with Richard Booth's Live for the Moment, a drama which chronicled the life of a person with Tourette's syndrome. Although the condition cannot be cured in the literal sense (it can only be controlled through medication), when Nick sings or composes music, his whole body changes and he "becomes a different person".

# Discography
- Tourette Blues (2000)
- Love is All Around (2002)
- Nick Tatham (demo recordings) (2005 & 2006)

# Music videos
- Different (single) (2006), directed by Richard Booth

# Notes
-  CD Times. Nick Tatham - Love Is All Around
-  Tourette Syndrome Association - UK. Tatham
-  TSA. Victories:  Tatham (PDF)
Niclosamide

# Overview
Niclosamide is a teniacide ("tenia-" referring to tapeworm) in the anthelmintic family  especially effective against cestodes that infect humans.
It is stressed that while anthelmintics are a drug familiy used to treat worm infections, Niclosamide is used specifically to treat tapeworms and is not effective against worms such as pinworms or roundworms.
It is a chewable tablet taken orally, dosage depending on type of worm and patient's age and/or weight.
Niclosamide molecules are lethal to tapeworms upon contact.

# Category
Anthelmintic

# US Brand Names
NICLOCIDE, YOMESAN (DISCONTINUED)

# FDA Package Insert
Clinical Pharmacology

# Mechanism of Action
Niclosamide uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in the tapeworm.
Nicocodeine
Nicocodeine (Lyopect, Tusscodin) is an opiate derivative, closely related to dihydrocodeine and the codeine analogue of nicomorphine developed as a cough suppressant and analgesic. It is not commonly used in most countries, but has activity similar to other opiates. Nicocodeine and nicomorphine were introduced in the late 1950s by Lannacher Heilmittel of Austria.  Nicocodeine is metabolised in the liver by demethylation to produce nicomorphine, also known as 6-nicotinoylmorphine, and subsequently further metabolised to morphine. Side effects are similar to those of other opiates and include itching, nausea and respiratory depression.
Nicocodeine is regulated in most cases as is codeine and similar weak opiate drugs like ethylmorphine, benzylmorphine, dihydrocodeine and its other close derivatives like acetyldihydrocodeine (although not the stronger hydrocodone or oxycodone, which are regulated like morphine) and others of this class in the laws of countries and the Single Convention On Narcotic Drugs.  One notable example is the fact that nicocodeine is a Schedule I/Narcotic controlled substance in the United States along with heroin as nicocodeine was never introduced to medical use in the United States.
Nicodicodeine is a similar drug which is to nicocodeine as codeine is to dihydrocodeine.  The metabolites of nicodicodeine include dihydromorphine where nicocodeine is turned into morphine as noted above.
Nicocodeine cough medicines are available as syrups, extended-release syrups, and sublingual drops.  Analgesic preparations are also in the form of sublingial drops and tablets for oral administration.  Nicocodeine is approximately the same strength as hydrocodone.
CAS number of hydrochloride: 58263-01-7