Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Trabecula
A trabecula (plural trabeculae. From Latin for small beam.) is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, generally having a mechanical function, and usually but not necessarily composed of dense collagenous tissue.
On histological section, a trabecula can look like a septum, but in three dimensions they are topologically distinct, with trabeculae being roughly rod or pillar-shaped and septa being sheet-like.
Trabeculae are usually composed of dense fibrous tissue, i.e. mainly of collagen, and in most cases provide mechanical strengthening or stiffening to a soft solid organ, such as the spleen.
They can be composed of other materials, such as bone or muscle.
When crossing fluid-filled spaces, trabeculae may have the function of resisting tension (as in the penis) or providing a cell filter (as in the eye.)
Multiple perforations in a septum may reduce it to a collection of trabeculae, as happens to the walls of some of the pulmonary alveoli in emphysema.

# Examples of trabeculae
- trabeculae of bone
- trabeculae of corpora cavernosa of penis
- trabeculae of corpus spongiosum of penis
- trabecular meshwork of the eye
- trabeculae of spleen
- trabeculae carneae
- septomarginal trabecula

# Etymology
Diminutive form of Latin trabs, which means a beam or bar. In the 19th century, the neologism trabeculum (with an assumed plural of trabecula) became popular, but is less etymologically correct. Trabeculum persists in some countries as a synonym for the trabecular meshwork of the eye, but this can be considered poor usage on the grounds of both etymology and descriptive accuracy.
Treatment

# Overview
Compliance with avoidance is important. The key to avoidance is proper evaluation and detection of causative allergen. Wear appropriate clothing to protect against irritants at home and in a work environment.  

# Treatment
High-potency topical corticosteroids, e.g. clobetasol propionate 0.05% cream, may be used to reduce the inflammation.  As a general rule, high-potency corticosteroids should not be used on thin skin, e.g. face, genitals, intertriginous areas, to avoid the risk of skin atrophy. Antihistamines such as hydroxyzine and cetirizine are recommended to control pruritus. Systemic steroids are advised in severe cases but should be tapered gradually to prevent recurrences. Friction should be avoided as well as the use of soaps, perfumes, and dyes. Emollients are used for hydrating the skin. Tacrolimus ointment and pimecrolimus cream are immunomodulating drugs that inhibit calcineurin and are helpful in allergic contact dermatitis.

# Reference
-  Soltanipoor M, Kezic S, Sluiter JK, de Wit F, Bosma AL, van Asperen R;  et al. (2019). "Effectiveness of a skin care programme for the prevention of contact dermatitis in healthcare workers (the Healthy Hands Project): A single-centre, cluster randomized controlled trial". Contact Dermatitis. 80 (6): 365373. doi:10.1111/cod.13214. PMC 6593800 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 30652317.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  Nedorost S (2018). "A diagnostic checklist for generalized dermatitis". Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 11: 545549. doi:10.2147/CCID.S185357. PMC 6217130. PMID 30464569.
-  Vernon HJ, Olsen EA (1990). "A controlled trial of clobetasol propionate ointment 0.05% in the treatment of experimentally induced Rhus dermatitis". J Am Acad Dermatol. 23 (5 Pt 1): 82932. doi:10.1016/0190-9622(90)70297-u. PMID 2147698.
Triclofos

# Overview
Triclofos is a sedative drug used rarely for treating insomnia, usually as a second-line treatment after other drugs have failed. Triclofos may cause dependence and should not be withdrawn suddenly. This drug should only be used for the short term relief of severe insomnia and should not be mixed with alcohol or other depressant drugs. Patients should not drive or use machinery after taking triclofos.
Triclofos is a prodrug which is metabolised in the liver into the active drug trichloroethanol. This delayed action means that the half-life of triclofos is fairly long and it may cause drowsiness the next day. Trichloroethanol may cause liver damage and triclofos should not be used for extended periods.

# Side effects
Side effects may include: headache, rash, dizziness, flatulence, confusion, nightmares, dependence, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and ataxia.
Triflusal

# Overview
Triflusal is a platelet aggregation inhibitor that was discovered and developed in the Uriach Laboratories, and commercialised in Spain since 1981. Currently, it is available in 25 countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and America. It is a drug of the salicylate family but it is not a derivative of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Trade names include Disgren, Grendis, Aflen and Triflux 

# Mechanism of action
Triflusal is a selective platelet antiaggregant through;
- blocks cyclooxygenase inhibiting thromboxane A2, preventing aggregation
- preserves vascular prostacyclin, thus promoting anti-aggregant effect
- blocks phosphodiesterase thereby increasing cAMP concentration, thereby promoting anti-aggregant effect due to inhibition of calcium mobilization

# Indication
Triflusal is indicated for;
- Prevention of cardiovascular events such as stroke
- Acute treatment of cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction
- Thromboprophylaxis due to atrial fibrillation

# Prevention of Stroke
In the 2008 guidelines for stroke management from the European Stroke Organization, triflusal was for the first time recommended as lone therapy, as an alternative to acetylsalicylic acid plus dipyridamole, or clopidogrel alone for secondary prevention of atherothrombotic stroke. This recommendation was based on the double-blind, randomised TACIP and TAPIRSS trials, which found triflusal to be equally as effective as Aspirin in preventing post-stroke vascular events, while having a more favourable safety profile.

# Pharmacokinetics
It is absorbed in the small intestine and its bio-availability ranges from 83% to 100%.
Triiodide
In chemistry, triiodide (sometimes written tri-iodide) can have several meanings. Triiodide primarily refers to the triiodide ion, I3, a polyatomic anion composed of three iodine atoms.  For some chemical compounds, triiodide indicates a salt of the named cation with the triiodide anion. Examples include sodium triiodide,  thallium triiodide, and ammonium triiodide (NH4I3). Each of these compounds has a iodide counterpart. For other chemical compounds, triiodide indicates that each molecule contains three iodine atoms that are not bonded to each other, not forming the triiodide ion. Examples include nitrogen triiodide (NI3), phosphorus triiodide, antimony triiodide, and gallium triiodide (Ga2I6). Some anions have the theoretical possibility to form either kind of triiodide. Thallium triiodide is described as thallium(I) triiodide; thallium(III) iodide is unknown.

# Trioidide ion
The triiodide ion, is the simplest polyiodide; several higher polyiodides exist.  In solution, it appears yellow in low concentration, and brown at higher concentration.  The triiodide ion is responsible for the well-known blue-black color which arises when iodine solutions react with starch. Iodide does not react with starch; nor do solutions of iodine in nonpolar solvents.  Lugol's iodine contains potassium iodide as well, so that significant amounts of triiodide ion can exist in solution. Tincture of iodine contains significant amounts of triiodide.

# Formation and structure
The following endergonic equilibrium gives rise to the triiodide ion:
In this reaction, iodide is viewed as a Lewis base, and the iodine is a Lewis acid.  The process is analogous to the reaction of S8 with sodium sulfide, except that the higher polyiodides have branched structures.
The ion is linear, as predicted by VSEPR theory. A common explanation for the hypervalent bonding on the central atom involves a three-center four-electron bond.  The bond lengths and angles of triiodide vary, depending on the compound. The dimensions of the tri-iodide IaIbIc bonds in a few sample compounds are shown below:
Triplegia
Triplegia is a medical condition is which the patient has paralysis of three limbs. It is frequently associated with cerebral palsy, although other medical conditions, such as a stroke, can also lead to it.  Triplegia has also been found to be due to an increase in intracranial pressure associated with hydrocephalus resulting from traumatic brain injury.  A person with triplegia can be referred to as a triplegic.
In cases of cerebral palsy, triplegia is often thought of as hemiplegia overlapping with diplegia.  It may also be due to quadriplegia with much less involvement of one limb.  In most cases, both of the legs and one arm are affected, but both arms and one leg can be affected also. Resources for children with quadriplegia are generally the most beneficial for children with triplegia.
A similar condition is triparesis, in which the patient suffers from paresis in three limbs, meaning that the limbs are very weak, but not completely paralyzed.
Tubulinea
The Tubulinea are a major class of Amoebozoa, including most of the larger and more familiar amoebae like 
Amoeba, Arcella, and Difflugia.  During locomotion most Tubulinea have a roughly cylindrical 
form or produce numerous cylindrical pseudopods.  Each cylinder advances by a single central stream of cytoplasm, 
granular in appearance, and has no subpseudopodia.  This distinguishes them from other amoeboid groups, although in 
some members this is not the normal type of locomotion.
This class was anticipated by some biologists like Jahn, who grouped all amoebae with granular pseudopodia together, but most split the lobose amoebae into testate Testacealobosia and naked Gymnamoebia.  The latter are polyphyletic, but molecular trees by Bolivar et al. identified a core monophyletic subgroup.  Subsequent studies showed the testate lobose amoebae belong to the same group, which was thus renamed Lobosea sensu stricto or Tubulinea.
Tyloxapol

# Overview
Tyloxapol is a nonionic liquid polymer of the alkyl aryl polyether alcohol type. It is used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucopurulent(containing mucus and pus) bronchopulmonary secretions, or with a stream of oxygen.
With intraperitoneal injection, tyloxapol also blocks plasma lipolytic activity, and thus the breakdown of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. This mechanism is used to induce experimental hyperlipidemia in animals.
Tyloxapol is the main active ingredient of the medical device Tacholiquin. Tacholiquin is an Expectorant designated for inhalation and instillation reaching the upper and lower airways.
Other brand names of pharmaceutical products containing Tyloxpol are: Exosurf, Alevaire
UN number
UN numbers or UN IDs are four-digit numbers that identify hazardous substances, and articles (such as explosives, flammable liquids, toxic substances, etc.) in the framework of international transport. 
Some hazardous substances have their own UN numbers (e.g. acrylamide has UN2074), while sometimes groups of chemicals or products with similar properties receive a common UN number (e.g. flammable liquid, not otherwise specified, have UN1993). A chemical in its solid state may receive a different UN number than the liquid phase if their hazardous properties differ significantly; substances with different levels of purity (or concentration in solution) may also receive different UN numbers.
UN numbers range from UN0001 to about UN3500 and are assigned by the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods. They are published as part of their Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, also known as the Orange Book. These recommendations are  adopted by the regulatory organization responsible for the different modes of transport.
For more details, see List of UN Numbers.
NA numbers (North America), also known as DOT numbers are issued by the United States Department of Transportation and are identical to UN numbers, except that some substances without a UN number may have an NA number. These additional NA numbers use the range NA8000 - NA9999.
Associated with each UN number is a hazard identifier, which encodes the general hazard class and subdivision (and, in the case of explosives, their compatibility group). For instance, the hazard identifier of acrylamide is 6.1 and the one of cigarette lighters is 2.1. If a substance poses several dangers, then subsidiary risk identifiers may be specified. It is not possible to deduce the hazard class(es) of a substance from its UN number: they have to be looked up in a table.
Venus Hum
Synonyms and keywords:Nun's murmur, Bruit de diable

# Pathology
- Venous hum is a benign phenomena, which is caused by blood flow over jugular veins.
- At rest approximately 20% of Cardiac out put pass through internal carotid and vertebral bodies.
- It may result in a continuous humming noise.
- Typically it is heard in upper chest near clavicle.
- It can be differentiated from cardiac murmurs only by placing a finger on jugular vein which abolish or change the murmur however cardiac born murmurs will not change by this maneuver.
- the murmur is also position dependent and can change in intensity if the patient lies in supine form or turn their head to one side.
VerifyNow

# Overview
The VerifyNow system (Accumetrics, San Diego, Ca,  USA; ) is a bedside test that allows for monitoring of the efficacy of thienopyridines, aspirin, and glycoprotein IIbIIIa inhibitors.
Formerly known as the Ultegra rapid platelet function analyzer, the VerifyNow system is a turbidimetric based optical detection system which measures platelet induced aggregation as an increase in light transmittance.
This system is a point-of-care and consists of an instrument, a disposable assay device and controls. The assay device contains a lyophilized preparation of human fibrinogen-coated beads, platelet agonist, preservative and buffer.
Three assays are currently available, which differ according to the platelet agonist contained in the mixing chamber:
After activation, the GP IIb/IIIa receptors on platelets will bind to the fibrinogen-coated microbeads and cross link to other microbeads resulting in a clearing of the beads and platelets within the detection well. The instrument uses light transmittance to measure the rate at which this clearing occurs.
The main advantage of this test is that the patient sample is a low sample volume of 3.2% citrated whole blood, which is automatically dispensed from the blood collection tube into the assay device by the instrument, with no blood handling required by the user. Another advantage is that the instrument provides the results in minutes.
Vero cell
Vero cells are lineages of cells used in cell cultures.
The Vero lineage was isolated from kidney epithelial cells extracted from African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops).  The lineage was developed on 27 Mar 1962, by Yasumura and Kawakita at the Chiba University in Chiba, Japan.    The original cell line was named after an acronym of "Verda Reno" and was matched to the word "Vero", which means "green kidney" and "truth" in esperanto, respectively.
Vero cells are used for many purposes, including:
- screening for the toxin of E. coli, first named Vero toxin after this cell line, and later called Shiga-like toxin due to its similarity to Shiga toxin isolated from Shigella dysenteriae.
- as host cells for growing virus; for example, to measure replication in the presence or absence of a research pharmaceutical, or testing for the presence of rabies virus.
- as host cells for eukaryotic parasites, specially of the Trypanosomatids.
The Vero cell lineage is continuous and aneuploid. A continuous cell lineage can be replicated through many cycles of division and not become senescent. Aneuploidy is the characteristic of having an abnormal number of chromosomes.

# Lineages
- Vero (ATCC No. CCL-81)
- Vero 76 (ATCC No. CRL-1587)
- Vero E6 (ATCC No. CRL-1586)
- Research strains transfected with viral genes:
Vestibule
Vestibule or Vestibulum can have the following meanings, each primarily based upon a common origin, from early 17th century French, derived from Latin vestibulum, -i n. "entrance court".

# Anatomy
In general, vestibule is a small space or cavity at the beginning of a canal.
- The vulval vestibule is the anatomical name for the entrance to the vagina (it is the boundary between the external genitalia (vulva) and internal genitalia (vagina), where the Bartholin's glands are located).
- The nasal vestibule is the anatomical name for the nostrils. It is simply lined with an extension of skin epithelium. The nasal cavity on the other hand, is lined with respiratory epithelium.
- The vestibule of the ear refers to the central part of the labyrinth, as used in the vestibular system.
- The vestibule of the larynx is between the epiglottis and rima glottidis.
- The aortic vestibule is the part of the left ventricle of the heart just below the aortic valve.
- The vestibule of mouth

# Architecture
See: Vestibule (architecture)
- a large entrance
- a lobby, entrance hall, or passage between the outer door and the interior of a building
- an enclosed area between two rail cars
- a reception area
- a footstool
- a toilet
- a bar-stool
- an antechamber
- an entry room
- a laundry shoot in an American apartment building
- a passageway acting as an airlock between two environments
Related:
- a covered section between the outer opening and inner opening of a tent, typically used for the storage of boots, packs and small equipment.

# Music
- Vestibule (Texas band), a Christian worship/rock band in North and South Texas.
- Vestibule (Oxford band), a Rock/Post-rock band from Oxford, UK.
- A song by They Might Be Giants

# Other
- The Vestibules (formerly known as Radio Free Vestibule), a Canadian comedy troupe.
- An IGN message board
- Vestibulum (wasp), a wasp genus
Vitamin O
Vitamin O is a dietary supplement, which has been marketed and sold by Rose Creek Health Products Inc. since 1998. It is not recognized by nutritional science as a vitamin.  It has been claimed that taking the supplement has a beneficial effect on a wide variety of ailments, including angina, anaemia, and various forms of cancer, as well as increasing vigour and improving state of mind. The given reason for this is that vitamin O is "a special supplemented oxygen taken in liquid form and produced through electrical-activation with a saline solution from the ocean," and that the substance increases the amount of oxygen present in the blood. This would in turn promote cellular oxygen uptake.
As a result of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act, the product could be sold without approval by the Food and Drug Administration, provided claims were never made by the producers of the supplement about its medical efficacy. Rose Creek complied, instead collecting statements from users who attributed wide-ranging benefits to taking it. However, later ads also ran statements from "experts", who provided anecdotal evidence from small-scale clinical trials showing positive results in several patients. Because of this, the Federal Trade Commission filed an injunction in March 1999 against Rose Creek Health Products Inc., stating that the ads being run in both print and online sources, including USA Today, were "blatantly false". Studies run on vitamin O showed it to be composed largely of salt water as well as a small quantity of germanium, which would provide no benefits not attributable to the placebo effect.
On April 28 2000, Donald L. Smyth, CEO of Rose Creek Health Products Inc., agreed to pay a cash settlement of $375,000 for consumer redress, and to abstain from making claims as to the scientific accuracy of beneficial effects attributed to the supplement, or promoting its efficacy in treating life-threatening illnesses.
Voglibose
Voglibose (INN and USAN) is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor used for lowering post-prandial blood glucose levels in people with diabetes mellitus. It is made in India by Ranbaxy Labs and sold under the trade name Volix.
Glenmark is also producing voglibose under brand name vocarb.
Diabetes is chronic metabolic disorder characterised by hyperglycemia which is due to relative or absolute deficiency of insulin or insulin resistance.
PPHG is termed as Post Prandial Hyperglycemia which is primarily due to first phase insulin secretion. Alpha glucosidase inhibitor is one agent which delays the glucose absorption at the intestine level and thereby prevents sudden surge of glucose post meal.
There are three molecules which belong to this class namely, Acarbose, Miglitol and Voglibose. Voglibose is the latest molecule in this class. Voglibose scores over both Acarbose and MIglitol in terms of potency and side effect profile.
There are several trials supporting the use of Voglibose in the management of PPHG. Also, it has been established that it is PPHG not FPG which is marker of cardiovascular disorders associated with diabetes. So, controlling PPHG is imperative and Voglibose is indicated for the management of PPHG.
Sun Pharmaceuticals launched Voglibose 0.2 / 0.3 mg under the brand name VOLIBO.
Water gas
Water gas is a synthesis gas, containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen.  It is a useful product but requires careful handling because of the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning.  The gas is made by passing steam over red-hot coke:
The reaction is endothermic so the coke must be continually re-heated to keep the reaction going.  This was usually done by alternating the steam stream with an air stream.

# Variations
Water gas had a lower calorific value than coal gas so the calorific value was often boosted by passing the gas through a heated retort into which oil was sprayed.  The resulting mixed gas was called carburetted water gas.
Semi-water gas is a mixture of water gas and producer gas made by passing a mixture of air and steam through heated coke.  The heat generated when producer gas is formed keeps the temperature of the coke high enough to allow water gas to be formed.
Pure hydrogen can be obtained from water gas by using the Water gas shift reaction.