Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Gastricsin
Gastricsin also known as pepsinogen C is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PGC gene.

# Function
Gastricsin is an aspartic proteinase that belongs to the peptidase family A1. The encoded protein is a digestive enzyme that is produced in the stomach and constitutes a major component of the gastric mucosa. This protein is also secreted into the serum. This protein is synthesized as an inactive zymogen that includes a highly basic prosegment. This enzyme is converted into its active mature form at low pH by sequential cleavage of the prosegment that is carried out by the enzyme itself.

# Clinical significance
Polymorphisms in this gene are associated with susceptibility to gastric cancers. Serum levels of this enzyme are used as a biomarker for certain gastric diseases including Helicobacter pylori related gastritis.
Geneticist

# Overview
A geneticist is a scientist who studies genetics, the science of heredity and variation of organisms.  A geneticist can be a physician, but not always.  A geneticist can also be employed as a teacher or researcher.  Some geneticists perform experiments and analyze data to interpret the inheritance of traits.

# Training
Most geneticists complete at least a Bachelors degree and many continue on to a more advanced degree.  Geneticists participate in courses from many areas, such as biology, chemistry, physics, microbiology, cell biology, English, and mathematics.  They also participate in more specific genetics courses such as molecular genetics, transmission genetics, population genetics, quantitative genetics, ecological genetics, and genomics.
Geneticists can work in many different fields, doing a variety of jobs.  There are many careers for geneticists in medicine, agriculture, wildlife, general sciences or many other fields.  Listed below are a few examples of careers a geneticist may pursue.
- Genetic counseling
- Gene therapy
- Pharmacogenomics
- Plant breeding
- Animal breeding
- Genomics
- Biotechnology
- Proteomics
- Microbial genetics
- Teaching
- Management of a Lab
- Sales and Marketing of science products
- Publishing of scientific material
- Patenting procedures
- Paternity testing
- Forensic DNA
- Chemical warfare
Genotyping
Genotyping refers to the process of determining the genotype of an individual with a biological assay.  Current methods of doing this include PCR, DNA sequencing, and hybridization to DNA microarrays or beads. The technology is intrinsic for test on father/motherhood and in clinical research for the investigation of disease-associated genes.
Due to current technological limitations, almost all genotyping is partial. That is, only a small fraction of an individuals genotype is determined. New innovations, like the Human-1 BeadChip developed by Illumina promise to provide whole-genome genotyping in the future.
When testing for father-/motherhood, scientists typically only need to look at 10 or 20 genomic regions (like Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) to determine relationship or lack thereof. That is a tiny fraction of the human genome, which consists of three billion or so nucleotides.
When genotyping transgenic organisms, a single genomic region may be all that scientists need to look at to determine the genotype. The mouse is the mammalian model of choice for much of medical research today. A single PCR assay is typically enough to genotype a transgenic mouse. Companies that provide mouse genotyping services include GeneTyper,TransnetYX and Mouse Genotype LLC.
Geothermal

# Overview
In geology, geothermal refers to heat sources within the planet. Strictly speaking, geo-thermal necessarily refers to the Earth but the concept may be applied to other planets.
Geothermal is technically an adjective (e.g., geothermal energy) but in U.S. English the word has attained frequent use as a noun (otherwise expressed as g. heat, g. source, or geotherm).
The planet's internal heat was originally generated during its accretion, due to gravitational binding energy, and since then additional heat has continued to be generated by the radioactive decay of elements such as uranium, thorium, and potassium. The heat flow from the interior to the surface is only 1/20,000 as great as the energy received from the Sun.

# Sources
Temperature within the Earth increases with increasing depth. Highly viscous or partially molten rock at temperatures between 1,200 and 2,200 F (650 to 1,200 C) is postulated to exist everywhere beneath the Earth's surface at depths of 50 to 60 miles (80 to 100 kilometers), and the temperature at the Earth's center, nearly 4,000 miles (6,400 kilometers) deep, is estimated to be 5650  600 kelvins.
- Much of the heat is believed to be created by decay of naturally radioactive elements. An estimated 45 to 90 percent of the heat escaping from the Earth originates from radioactive decay of elements within the mantle.
- Heat of impact and compression released during the original formation of the Earth by accretion of in-falling meteorites.
- Heat released from the sinking of abundant heavy metals (iron, nickel, copper) as they descended to the Earth's core.
- Some heat may be created by electromagnetic effects of the magnetic fields involved in Earth's magnetic field.
- Heat generated within the Earth's core may be in the range of 410 TW.
- Heat may be generated by tidal force on the Earth as it rotates, since land cannot flow like water it compresses and distorts, generating heat.

# Heat flow
Heat flows constantly from its sources within the Earth to the surface.
Global terrestrial heat flow is about 45 TW (1 TW = 1012 watts).

# Hot spots
Geothermal heat at the surface is highly concentrated where magma is close to the surface. This primarily occurs in volcanic and hotspot areas and at spreading ridge areas.
Gestrinone

# Overview
Gestrinone is a synthetic steroid with mixed progestogen and antiprogestogen (i.e., partial agonist) effects, and also has some mild androgenic activity. It is marketed  under the names Dimetriose, Dimetrose, and Nemestran, as a treatment for endometriosis. Gestrinone is available in many countries, but not in the USA. As it has anabolic effects, its use in competition has been banned by the International Olympic Committee.

# Method of action
Its mechanism of action consists of suppression of the release of pituitary gonadotropins. Gestrinone also interacts with the endometrium, inhibiting its growth. The inhibition is the result of gestrinone's interaction with the androgen receptor; this is also the reason for androgenic side effects. Gestrinone has been shown to interact with the estrogen receptor, the androgen receptor, and the progesterone receptor.

# Metabolism
The drug is well absorbed via the oral route, passed through the liver, and has a half-life of about 24 hours. It is metabolized by the liver and excreted by urine and feces.

# Contraindications and side effects
The drug is contraindicated in pregnancy, during lactation, and in patients with severe cardiac, renal or hepatic insufficiency. It is also contraindicated in patients who experienced metabolic and/or vascular disorders during previous estrogen or progestogen therapy, or who are allergic to the medication. The drug is contraindicated in children.
Side effects include vaginal spotting, and, in susceptible individuals, signs of increased androgen activity such as acne, oily skin, fluid retention, weight gain, hirsutism, voice change, or hair loss.

# Other uses
The drug has also been investigated for use as a prospective contraceptive agent and as a postcoital contraceptive.  It also has been used to shrink uterine fibroids and to reduce menorrhagia
Its androgenic properties are more exploited in a "designer steroid", the derivative tetrahydrogestrinone. THG was banned by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2003.
Ghon focus
A Ghon focus is a primary lesion caused by mycobacterium bacilli (tuberculosis) developed in the lung of a previously uninfected individual.  It is named for Anton Ghon (1866-1936), a Czech pathologist.
It is a small area of granulomatous inflammation, only detectable by chest X-ray if it calcifies or grows substantially (see tuberculosis radiology).  Typically these will heal, but in some cases, especially in immunosuppressed patients, it will progress to miliary tuberculosis (so named due to the calcified granulomas resembling millet seeds on a chest X-ray).
The classical location for primary infection is surrounding the lobar fissures, either in the upper part of the lower lobe or lower part of the upper lobe.
If the Ghon focus also involves infection of surrounding lymph nodes, it is known as the Ghon Complex.
Large cell

# Overview
Large cell is a term used in oncology. It doesn't refer to a particular type of cell; rather it refers to cells that are larger than would be normally expected for that type. It is frequently used when describing lymphoma and lung cancer.
It was more frequently used in the past than it is used today, when doctors often could tell little about a cell other than its size, and it was used for classification systems such as the "Working Formulation" for lymphoma. As such, the term lives on in the names of many conditions, even when the size of the cell is no longer one of the most important diagnostic criteria.
The phrase "Giant cell" is also frequently used, especially with carcinoma.
Glomerales
Glomerales is an order of symbiotic fungi within the phylum Glomeromycota.

# Biology
These Fungi are all biotrophic mutualists. Most employ the arbuscular mycorrhizal method of nutrient exchange with plants. They produce large (.1-.5mm) spores (azygospores and chlamydospores) with thousands of nuclei.

# Phylogeny
All members of their phylum were once thought to be related to the Endogonaceae, but have been found through molecular sequencing data, to be a closer to the Dikarya. Their fossil record extends back to the Ordovician period (460 million years ago).

# Orthography
The family name Glomeraceae upon which this order level name is based, was incorrectly spelled 'Glomaceae', hence the order name was incorrectly spelled 'Glomales'. Both are correctable errors, to Glomeraceae and Glomerales, as governed by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. The incorrect spellings are commonplace in the literature, unfortunately.
Glycogenin
Glycogenin is an enzyme involved in converting glucose to glycogen. It acts as a primer, by polymerizing the first few glucose molecules, after which other enzymes take over.  It is a homodimer of 37-kDa subunits and is classified as a glycosyltransferase.
It catalyzes the chemical reaction:
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-alpha-D-glucose and glycogenin, whereas its two products are UDP and alpha-D-glucosylglycogenin.

# Nomenclature
This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-alpha-D-glucose:glycogenin alpha-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include:
- glycogenin,
- priming glucosyltransferase, and
- UDP-glucose:glycogenin glucosyltransferase.

# Discovery
Glycogenin was discovered in 1984 by Dr. William J. Whelan, a fellow of the Royal Society of London and current professor of Biochemistry at the University of Miami.

# Function
The main enzyme involved in glycogen polymerisation, glycogen synthase in the liver and in the muscle glycogen synthesis is initiated by UDP-Glucose, can only add to an existing chain of at least 3 glucose residues. Glycogenin acts as the primer, to which further glucose monomers may be added. It achieves this by catalyzing the addition of glucose to itself (autocatalysis) by first binding glucose from UDP-glucose to the hydroxyl group of Tyr-194. Seven more glucoses can be added, each derived from UDP-glucose, by glycogenin's glucosyltransferase activity. Once sufficient residues have been added, glycogen synthase takes over extending the chain. Glycogenin remains covalently attached to the reducing end of the glycogen molecule.
Evidence accumulates that a priming protein may be a fundamental property of polysaccharide synthesis in general; the molecular details of mammalian glycogen biogenesis may serve as a useful model for other systems.

# Structure

# Isozymes
In humans, there are two isoforms of glycogenin  glycogenin-1, encoded by GYG1, and expressed in muscle; and glycogenin-2, encoded by GYG2,and expressed in the liver and cardiac muscle, but not skeletal muscle. Patients have been found with defective GYG1, resulting in muscle cells with the inability to store glycogen, and consequential weakness and heart disease.
Glycolipid

# Overview
Glycolipids are carbohydrate-attached lipids.  Their role is to provide energy and also serve as markers for cellular recognition.
They occur where a carbohydrate chain is associated with phospholipids on the exoplasmic surface of the cell  membrane. The carbohydrates are found on the outer surface of all eukaryotic cell membranes.
They extend from the phospholipid bilayer into the aqueous environment outside the cell where it acts as a recognition site for specific chemicals as well as helping to maintain the stability of the membrane and attaching cells to one another to form tissues.

# Types of glycolipids
The following is an incomplete listing of glycolipid types.
- Galactolipids
- Sulfolipids (SQDG)
- Glycosphingolipids
Cerebrosides
Galactocerebrosides
Glucocerebrosides
Gangliosides (the most complex animal glycolipids; contain negatively charged oligosacchrides with one or more sialic acid residues; more than 40 different gangliosides have been identified; they are most abundant in nerve cells)
Globosides
Sulfatides
Glycophosphosphingolipids (complex glycophospholipids from fungi, including yeasts, and in plants, where they were originally called "phytoglycolipids" by Herbert Carter, et al., may comprise as complicated a set of compounds as the negatively charged gangliosides in animals. The head group of a glycolipid is composed of sugars.
- Cerebrosides
Galactocerebrosides
Glucocerebrosides
- Galactocerebrosides
- Glucocerebrosides
- Gangliosides (the most complex animal glycolipids; contain negatively charged oligosacchrides with one or more sialic acid residues; more than 40 different gangliosides have been identified; they are most abundant in nerve cells)
- Globosides
- Sulfatides
- Glycophosphosphingolipids (complex glycophospholipids from fungi, including yeasts, and in plants, where they were originally called "phytoglycolipids" by Herbert Carter, et al., may comprise as complicated a set of compounds as the negatively charged gangliosides in animals. The head group of a glycolipid is composed of sugars.
Glypican 1
Glypican-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPC1 gene.

# Function
Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans are composed of a membrane-associated protein core substituted with a variable number of heparan sulfate chains. Members of the glypican-related integral membrane proteoglycan family (GRIPS) contain a core protein anchored to the cytoplasmic membrane via a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol linkage.  These proteins may play a role in the control of cell division and growth regulation.

# Interactions
Glypican 1 has been shown to interact with SLIT2.

# Clinical significance
This protein is involved in the misfolding of normal prion proteins in the cell membrane to the infectious prion form.
In 2015 it was reported that the presence of this protein in exosomes in patients' blood is able to detect early pancreatic cancer with absolute specificity and sensitivity. However this conclusion is disputed. and in more recent overviews of potential markers for pancreatic cancer, Glypican 1 is not mentioned.
Glypican 2
Glypican 2 (GPC2), also known cerebroglycan, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GPC2 gene.

# Function
Cerebroglycan is a glycophosphatidylinositol-linked integral membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan found in the 
developing nervous system.  Cerebroglycan participates in cell adhesion and is thought to regulate the growth and guidance of axons. Cerebroglycan has especially high affinity for laminin-1.

# Implications in cancer
GPC2 is highly expressed in about half of neuroblastoma cases and that high GPC2 expression correlates with poor overall survival, suggesting GPC2 as a therapeutic target in neuroblastoma. GPC2 silencing inactivates Wnt/-catenin signaling and reduces the expression of N-Myc, an oncogenic driver of neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. Immunotoxins and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting GPC2 inhibit neuroblastoma growth in mouse models.
Glypican 3
Glypican-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPC3 gene. The GPC3 gene is located on human X chromosome (Xq26) where the most common gene (Isoform 2, GenBank Accession No.: NP_004475) encodes a 70-kDa core protein with 580 amino acids. Three variants have been detected that encode alternatively spliced forms termed Isoforms 1 (NP_001158089), Isoform 3 (NP_001158090) and Isoform 4 (NP_001158091).

# Structure and function
The protein core of GPC3 consists of two subunits, where the N-terminal subunit has a size of ~40 kDa and the C-terminal subunit is ~30 kDa. Six glypicans (GPC1-6) have been identified in mammals. Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans are composed of a membrane-associated protein core substituted with a variable number of heparan sulfate chains. Members of the glypican-related integral membrane proteoglycan family (GRIPS) contain a core protein anchored to the cytoplasmic membrane via a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol linkage. These proteins may play a role in the control of cell division and growth regulation. GPC3 interacts with both Wnt and frizzled (FZD) to form a complex and triggers downstream signaling.  A biochemical study has revealed that Wnt recognizes a heparan sulfate structure on GPC3 containing IdoA2S and GlcNS6S, and that the 3-O-sulfation in GlcNS6S3S significantly enhances the binding of Wnt to the glypican.

# Disease linkage
Deletion mutations in this gene are associated with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome.

# Diagnostic utility
Glypican 3 immunostaining has utility for differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and dysplastic changes in cirrhotic livers; HCC stains with glypican 3, while liver with dysplastic changes and/or cirrhotic changes does not.  Using the YP7 murine monoclonal antibody, GPC3 protein expression is found in HCC, not in cholangiocarcinoma. The YP7 murine antibody has been humanized and named as 'hYP7'.  GPC3 is also expressed to a lesser degree in melanoma, ovarian clear-cell carcinomas, yolk sac tumors, neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, Wilms' tumor cells, and other tumors. However, the significance of GPC3 as a diagnostic tool for human tumors other than HCC is unclear.

# Therapeutic potential
Glypican 3 is a potential therapeutic target for treating liver cancer and other cancers. Several therapeutic anti-GPC3 antibodies have been developed. Humanized monoclonal antibodies (GC33, hYP7 ) recognize the C-lobe of GPC3. The laboratory of Dr. Mitchell Ho at the National Cancer Institute reported the human single-domain antibody HN3 targeting the N-lobe of GPC3 and the human monoclonal antibody HS20 targeting the heparan sulfate chains of GPC3 by phage display technology. Both HN3 and HS20 antibodies inhibit Wnt signaling in liver cancer cells . The immunotoxins based on HN3  and antibody-drug conjugates based on hYP7  have been developed for treating liver cancer.
Grahamites
Grahamites were the followers of Presbyterian minister, Rev. Sylvester Graham (1794-1851), an American dietary reformer and advocate of what would now be called alternative medicine, although the term did not exist in his day.
Grahamites accepted the teaching of their mentor with regard to all aspects of lifestyle.  As such, they practiced abstinence from alcohol, frequent bathing, vegetarianism, and a generally sparse lifestyle.  Graham also was an advocate of sexual abstinence, especially from masturbation, which he regarded as an evil that inevitably led to insanity.  He felt that all excitement was unhealthful, and spices were among the proscribed ingredients in his diet. As a result his dietary recommendations were inevitably bland, which led to the Grahamites consuming large quantities of Graham crackers, Graham's own invention. White bread was strongly condemned by Graham and his followers, however, as being essentially devoid of nutrition, a claim echoed by alternative medicine advocates and nutritionists ever since.  Some Grahamites lost faith when their mentor died at the age of fifty-seven.  Other than the crackers, the Grahamites' major contribution to American culture was probably their insistence on frequent bathing, and to this day Americans, for the most part, bathe far more than any other people.  However, Graham's doctrines found later followers in the persons of Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and his brother Will Keith Kellogg.  Their invention of corn flakes was a logical extension of the Grahamite approach to nutrition.
Grahamism was influential in the vegan movement.  Sylvester Graham focused on meat and milk, which he believed to be the cause of sexual urges.  In fact, he claimed animal byproducts produced lust; Grahamism thus rejected meat, animal byproducts, and alcohol in order to develop a purer mind and body.  Quite popular in the 1860s-1880s, this movement rapidly lost momentum and is now remembered mostly for its Graham crackers.
Grenz Rays
Grenz Rays are a type of ultrasoft radiation waves used in the treatment of skin conditions such as dermatitis, warts, psoriasis and hand eczma. This type of treatment is usually reserved for cases that have been unresponsive to other modern chemical treatments.
Grenz rays are x-rays produced at low kilovoltages in the 5-20 kev energy range, giving them a very low penetration power.  They have been used medically since the 1920s and used to be an important treatment for skin disorders. Their popularity declined with the creation of easier to administer treatments such as cortisone creams.
There are no mainstream peer-reviewed medical papers that have confirmed the effectiveness of Grenz Rays.
Gynophobia

# Background
Gynophobia (also spelled as gynephobia) is an abnormal fear of women.  In the past, the Latin term was used, horror feminae, literally meaning "fear of women".
The word caligynephobia is also coined to mean the fear of beautiful women. For the latter one also the expression venustraphobia is used .
It should not be confused with misogyny, which is dislike of or prejudice against women, although the term may be seen used in this meaning as well.
Gynophobia used to be considered as among driving forces toward homosexuality. Havelock Ellis in his 1896 Studies in the Psychology of Sex wrote:
It is, perhaps, not difficult to account for the horror - much stronger than that normally felt toward a person of the same sex - with which the invert often regards the sexual organs of persons of the opposite sex. It cannot be said that the sexual organs of either sex under the influence of sexual excitement are esthetically pleasing; they only become emotionally desirable through the parallel excitement of the beholder. When the absence of parallel excitement is accompanied in the beholder by the sense of unfamiliarity as in childhood, or by a neurotic hypersensitiveness, the conditions are present for the production of intense horror feminae or horror masculis, as the case may be. It is possible that, as Otto Rank argues in his interesting study, "Die Naktheit im Sage und Dichtung,"  this horror of the sexual organs of the opposite sex, to some extent felt even by normal people, is embodied in the Melusine type of legend.
Wilhelm Stekel in his book "Sadism and Masochism: The Psychology of Hatred and Cruelty" discusses horror feminae of a male masochist.
Among manifestations of gynophobia in human culture some author consider the myth about Amazons (Eva Keuls argues that violent amazons are the evidence of gynophobia in Classical Athens.) and mediaeval witch hunts. Both misogyny and gynophobia are prominently present in Christianity, starting from the blame for the original sin of Adam and Eve.