Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Visceroptosis
Synonyms and keywords:splanchnoptosis, abdominal ptosis, Glenard's disease

# Overview
Visceroptosis (or enteroptosis) is a prolapse or a sinking of the abdominal viscera below their natural position.  Any or all of the organs may be displaced downward.
When the intestines are involved, the condition is known as enteroptosis;  when the stomach is found below its normal position, the term gastroptosis is used.
The disease exists in all degrees of severity and may give rise to no symptoms whatsoever.
Generally, however, there is loss of appetite, nervous dyspepsia, constipation, or diarrhea, abdominal distention, headache, vertigo, emaciation, and loss of sleep. Any or all of these symptoms may be present. The condition is brought about by loss of muscular tone, particularly of the abdominal muscles, intestinal autointoxication, with relaxation of the ligaments which hold the viscera in place.
In women, tight lacing has been held to be a frequent cause. The symptoms may be alleviated by supporting the organs with a properly applied bandage, or other similar device.  Rest in bed, attention to diet, hygiene, exercise, and general muscular up building will cure the majority of cases.  In others operation may become necessary.
- Dr. Frantz Glenard (1848-1920)
Visceroptosis is also called splanchnoptosis, abdominal ptosis, and Glenard's disease, after a French physician Frantz Glenard (1848-1920).
- Glenard's test  The examiner, standing behind the patient, places his arms around the patient, so that his hands meet in front of the patient's abdomen;  he squeezes and raises the viscera and then allows them to fall suddenly.  If the patient feels relieved by the raising pressure and experiences distress on the release, the condition is probably one of splanchoptosis.  Also called girdle test.
- Glenard's theory  The theory that abdominal ptosis is a nutritional disease with atrophy and prolapse of the intestine.
- Stiller's theory  The theory that gastroptosis is due to universal asthenia characterized by weakness and laxity of the viscera.

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

# Causes

# Differentiating Visceroptosis from other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

## Natural History

## Complications

## Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Prevention
Gnathostomata
Gnathostomata is the group of vertebrates with jaws.
The group is traditionally a superclass, including the familiar classes of fish, birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, and a sister group of the jawless vertebrates Agnatha.  However, recent genetic studies are causing a reassessment of Gnathostomata as a grouping.
New fossil founds suggests thelodonts as the closest relatives of the Gnathostomata.
It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively - the buccal pump mechanism. The mouth could then grow bigger and wider, making it possible to capture larger prey. This close and open mechanism would with time become stronger and tougher, being transformed into real jaws.
Placoderms used sharp bony plates as teeth instead, and newer research indicates the jaws in placoderms evolved independently of the rest of the remaining gnathostomates.
Other distinguishing characteristics of living gnathostomates are the myelin sheathes of neurons, and an adaptive immune system.
The Gnathostomata first appeared in the Ordovician period and became common in the Devonian period.

# Taxonomy and phylogeny
Gordon Zubrod

# Overview
Dr Charles Gordon Zubrod (1914-January 19 1999) was an American oncologist who played a prominent role in the introduction of chemotherapy for cancer. He was one of the recipients of the 1972 Albert Lasker Awards in recognition of his contributions to the field, amongst many other doctorates and awards.

# Life and work
Dr. Zubrod, an alumnus of the Georgetown Preparatory School (class of 1932) and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons (1940 class), served in the U.S. army medical corps during World War II, where he worked on a replacement for quinine in the treatment of malaria. The unit eventually discovered chloroquine.
In 1946 he commenced work at Johns Hopkins University Medical School, and was appointed assistant professor of medicine and director of research at Saint Louis University in 1953. This position lasted briefly: he became clinical director of the National Institutes of Health in 1954 and became head of the Division of Cancer Treatment of the National Cancer Institute in 1956 and scientific director in 1961. Here, he put an emphasis on the development of new chemotherapy agents and their use in clinical trials. He is credited with the introduction of the platinum-containing compounds (e.g. cisplatin). Several other new classes of chemotherapeutics were identified under Zubrod's leadership.
Dr. Zubrod's name is also connected to a widely used assessment scale for performance of cancer patients, the Performance Status of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) for Patients with Cancer (Zubrod scale).
Zubrod left the NCI in 1974, and became a professor and chair of the department of oncology at the University of Miami School of Medicine (now the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine) and served at the director of the Florida Comprehensive Cancer Center. He retired from this position in 1990.
Gram-positive

# Overview
Gram-positive bacteria are those that retain a crystal violet dye during the Gram stain process. Gram-positive bacteria appear blue or violet under a microscope, while Gram-negative bacteria appear red or pink. The Gram classification system is empirical, and largely based on differences in cell wall structure. The purpose of Gram staining is to visually differentiate groups of bacteria, primarily for identification.

# Characteristics
The following characteristics are generally present in a Gram-positive bacterium:
- A very thick cell wall (peptidoglycan).
- If a flagellum is present, it contains two rings for support as opposed to four in Gram-negative bacteria because Gram-positive bacteria have only one membrane layer.
- Teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids are present, which serve to act as chelating agents, and also for certain types of adherence.

# History of Gram positive
In the original bacterial phyla, the Gram-positive forms made up the phylum  Firmicutes, a name now used for the largest group. It includes many well-known genera such as Bacillus, Listeria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Clostridium. It has also been expanded to include the Mollicutes, bacteria like Mycoplasma that lack cell walls and so cannot be stained by Gram, but are derived from such forms.
The actinobacteria are another major group of Gram-positive bacteria; they and the Firmicutes are referred to as the high and low G+C groups based on the guanosine and cytosine content of their DNA. If the second membrane is a derived condition, the two may have been basal among the bacteria; otherwise they are probably a relatively recent monophyletic group. They have been considered as possible ancestors for the archaeans and eukaryotes, both because they are unusual in lacking the second membrane and because of various biochemical similarities such as the presence of sterols.
The Deinococcus-Thermus bacteria also have Gram-positive stains, although they are structurally similar to Gram-negative bacteria.
Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria may have a membrane called an S-layer.  In Gram-negative bacteria, the S-layer is directly attached to the outer membrane. In Gram-positive bacteria, the S-layer is attached to the peptidoglycan layer. Unique to Gram-positive bacteria is the presence of teichoic acids in the cell wall. Some particular teichoic acids, lipoteichoic acids, have a lipid component and can assist in anchoring peptidoglycan, as the lipid component is embedded in the membrane.
Greater cornu
The greater cornua  project backward from the lateral borders of the body; they are flattened from above downward and diminish in size from before backward; each ends in a tubercle to which is fixed the lateral hyothyroid ligament.
The upper surface is rough close to its lateral border, for muscular attachments: the largest of these are the origins of the hyoglossus and Constrictor pharyngis medius which extend along the whole length of the cornu; the digastric muscle and stylohyoid muscle have small insertions in front of these near the junction of the body with the cornu.
To the medial border the hyothyroid membrane is attached, while the anterior half of the lateral border gives insertion to the thyrohyoid.
Gregarinasina
The gregarines are a group of Apicomplexan protozoa, classified as the Gregarinasina or Gregarinea.
The gregarines are able to move and change direction along a surface through gliding motility without the use of cilia, flagella, or lamellipodia .  This is accomplished through the use of an actin and myosin complex .  The complexes require an actin cytoskeleton to perform their gliding motions .  In the proposed capping model, an uncharacterized protein complex moves rearward, moving the parasites forward .
The large (roughly half a millimeter) parasites inhabit the intestines of a large number of invertebrates.  They are not found in humans.  However, Gregarinasina is closely related to both Toxoplasma and Plasmodium, which cause toxoplasmosis and malaria, respectively.  Both protists use protein complexes similar to those that are formed by the gregarines for gliding motility and to invade target cells .  This makes them an excellent model for studying gliding motility with the goal of creating toxoplasmosis and malaria treatment options.

# Bibliography
- Heintzelman, M B. 2004.  Actin and Myosin in Gregarina polymorpha.  Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 58:83-95.
- Menard, R. 2001. Gliding Motility and Cell Invasion by Apicomplexa: Insights from the Plasmodium sporozoite. Cell. Microbiol 3: 63-73.
- Meissner, M, Schluter, D and Soldati, D. 2002. Role of Toxoplasma Gondii Myosin a in Powering Parasite Gliding and Host Cell Invasion. Science 298: 837-841.
- Mitchison, T.J., and Cramer, L.P. 1996. Actin-based cell motility and cell locomotion. Cell 84: 371379
- Sibley, L.D., Hakansson, S, Carruthers, V. B. 1998.  Gliding motility: An efficient mechanism for cell penetration Curr. Biol. 8, 12.
- Walker, M M., C Mackenzie, S P Bainbridge, and C Orme. 1979.  A Study of the Structure and Gliding Movement of Gregarina garnhami.  J Protozool 26: 566-574.
Gross anatomy
Gross anatomy is the study of anatomy at the macroscopic level. The term gross distinguishes it from other areas of anatomical study, including microscopic anatomy, which must be studied with the aid of a microscope.

# Techniques of study
Gross anatomy is studied using both invasive and noninvasive methods with the goal of obtaining information about the macroscopic structure and organization of organs and organ systems. Among the most common methods of study is dissection, in which the body of an animal is surgically opened and its organs studied. Endoscopy, in which a video camera-equipped instrument is inserted through a small incision in the subject, may be used to explore the internal organs and other structures of living animals.
The anatomy of the circulatory system in a living animal may be studied noninvasively via angiography, a technique in which blood vessels are visualized after being injected with an opaque dye.
Other techniques of study include X-ray and MRI.
Anatomy is the study of the structure of the body, in medical schools the dissection of the human body (cadaver) is common place. Thought of the only way to learn and teach anatomy by many, many atlas and Dvd's are available as an aid but not a replacement for dissection.

# In education
Most medical schools require that students complete a course in gross human anatomy. Such courses aim to educate students in basic human anatomy and seek to establish anatomical landmarks that may later be used to aid medical diagnosis. Many schools provide students with cadavers for investigation by dissection, aided by dissectors such as Grant's Dissector, as well as cadaveric atlases (e.g. Rohen's).
sk:Topograficka anatomia
Growing pains
Growing pains are pain symptoms relatively common in children. Typically, they are located in the muscles, rather than the joints, of the leg and less commonly the arm. They are usually felt on both sides, and appear late in the day or at night, wakening the child, with pain varying from mild to very severe. Pain is absent by the morning, and there are no objective clinical signs of inflammation. Pain can recur nightly or be absent for days to months. Growing pain is not associated with other serious disease and usually resolves by late childhood, but frequent episodes are capable of having a substantial effect on the life of the child..

# Diagnosis
In the absence of limping, loss of mobility, or physical signs, laboratory investigation to exclude other diagnoses is not warranted. 
Restless leg syndrome is sometimes misdiagnosed as growing pains. 

# Epidemiology of growing pains
Reported prevalences of growing pains have been between 2% and 46% of children. 
Growing pains are said to typically occur in two periods during a child's life, firstly, between about 3 and 5 years old, then later in 8 to 12 year olds. There are however no published epidemiological studies to support this observation.

# Cause of growing pains
The causes of growing pains are unknown. They are not associated with growth spurts and some authors suggest that the term 'recurrent limb pain in childhood' be used instead. Theories of causation include faulty posture, vascular perfusion disorder, tiredness, or psychological causes. Some parents are able to associate episodes of pain with physical exercise or mood changes in the child.

# Differential Diagnosis of Growing pains

# Treatment
Parents and children can be substantially reassured by explaining the benign and self limiting nature of the pains.. There are no substantial studies of the effectiveness of any intervention but local massage or analgesic drugs such as paracetamol are often used. 
For growing pains in dogs, see panosteitis.
Growth factor

# Overview
The term growth factor refers to a naturally occurring protein capable of stimulating cellular proliferation and cellular differentiation. Growth factors are important for regulating a variety of cellular processes.
Growth factors typically act as signaling molecules between cells. Examples are cytokines and hormones that bind to specific receptors on the surface of their target cells.
They often promote cell differentiation and maturation, which varies between growth factors. For example, bone morphogenic proteins stimulate bone cell differentiation, while vascular endothelial growth factors stimulate blood vessel differentiation.

# Growth factors versus cytokines
Growth factor is sometimes used interchangeably among scientists with the term cytokine. Historically, cytokines were associated with hematopoietic (blood forming) cells and immune system cells (e.g., lymphocytes and tissue cells from spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes). For the circulatory system and bone marrow in which cells can occur in a liquid suspension and not bound up in solid tissue, it makes sense for them to communicate by soluble, circulating protein molecules.   However, as different lines of research converged, it became clear that some of the same signaling proteins the hematopoietic and immune systems used were also being used by all sorts of other cells and tissues, during development and in the mature organism.
While growth factor implies a positive effect on cell division, cytokine is a neutral term with respect to whether a molecule affects proliferation.  In this sense, some cytokines can be growth factors, such as G-CSF and GM-CSF.  However, some cytokines have an inhibitory effect on cell growth or proliferation. Yet others, such as Fas ligand are used as "death" signals; they cause target cells to undergo programmed cell death or apoptosis.

# Example of growth factors
Individual growth factor proteins tend to occur as members of larger families of structurally and evolutionarily related proteins.  There are dozens and dozens of growth factor families such as TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta), BMP (bone morphogenic protein), neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF, and NT3), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and so on.
Several well known growth factors are:
- Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-)
- Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
- Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
- Nerve growth factor (NGF)
- Neurotrophins
- Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
- Erythropoietin (EPO)
- Thrombopoietin (TPO)
- Myostatin (GDF-8)
- Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF9)
- Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF or FGF2)
- Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
- Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF]

# Uses in medicine
For the last two decades, growth factors have been increasingly used in the treatment of hematologic and oncologic diseases like:
- neutropenia
- myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
- leukemias
- aplastic anaemia
- bone marrow transplantation
Guidewire tip

# Overview
The tip of the coronary guidewire plays a critical role in determining the pushability, the steering, the tactile feel and torquability of the wire.  There are two general types of guidewire tips; a tip coil which is flexible in shippable and is often used in workhorse wires, and an A-tip in which the guidewire core extends all the way to the tip of the guidewire yielding a stiffer and more torquable tip which comes at the risk of vessel perforation

# Characterizing the Physical Characteristics of a Coronary Guidewire Using the Tip Load
One way of quantifying some of the physical features of a coronary guidewire is by using a strain gauge to measure the force needed to bend a wire when exerted on a straight guidewire tip, at a point 1 cm from the tip.  Using this method, the tip loads in ascending order are (from less stiff to more stiff) 3 gm, 4.5 gm, 6 gm, 9 gm and 12 gm (ultra stiff).  As stiffness increases the wire becomes prone to perforating the vessel.

# Determinants of Tip Flexibility
There can be one or more joints made of different materials in the tips of guidewires.  The number of joints and the nature of the joints can influence the clinical performance of the wires.  These joints can serve as hinge points and bend during guidewire passage.

# Core-to-tip Guidewires
When the core is extended to the tip, that increases pushability, precise steering, tip control, tactile feel and torquability. This can be a useful feature for example in probing chronic total occlusions.  If there is a two piece tip to the guidewire, then shaping is easy and the wire is likely to retain its shape, a property called wire memory.

# Shaping Ribbon
Incorporation of a shaping tip yields a softer tip that allows for shape retention.

# Spring Coil Tip
A spring coil tip may improve the performance of coronary guidewires. These tips are safer than hydrophilic coated or polymer tip wires and are associated with a lower risk of perforation.

# Tip Cover
The tip can be covered in either a polymer or plastic.  This covering can provide either lubricity or smooth tracking through vessel tortuosity.  A polymer cover instead of a spring coil with hydrophilic coating may improve guidewire trackability but may reduce tactile feedback / feel.  Examples of this design are the PT GraphixTM Intermediate Guide Wire, and the ChoICE PT wire.

# Combination Tips
There are several types of combination tips available:
- Tip coils plus
- Intermediate coils
- Bare core
- Plastic cover
- Polymer
- Polymer over tip coils
Harley Street
Harley Street is a road in the City of Westminster in London.  It is noted for its large number of private dentists, surgeons, and doctors.  Its name is synonymous with private medical care in the United Kingdom.  Since the 19th century the number of doctors, hospitals and medical organisations in and around Harley Street has greatly increased.  Records show that there were around 20 doctors in 1860, 80 by 1900 and almost 200 by 1914.  When the National Health Service was established in 1948 there were around 1,500.  Today, there are more than 3,000 people employed in the hospitals, clinics and medical practices in the Harley Street area.
Harley Street is owned by the de Walden family and managed by the de Walden Estate.
The Howard de Walden Estate dates from 1715 when Edward Harley, 2nd Earl of Oxford, began the development of Cavendish Square in London, and the streets around it. This land had previously formed part of the Marylebone Estate of the Dukes of Newcastle. It had passed from Margaret Holles, nee Cavendish, daughter of the 2nd Duke of Newcastle, to her daughter Henrietta Cavendish Harley. At the death of Henrietta's husband, Edward Harley, in 1741, this new Harley Estate passed to his only daughter, Margaret Cavendish Harley, who in 1734 had married William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland. It was subsequently known as the Portland, and was handed down to successive Dukes of Portland. In 1879, the 5th Duke of Portland died without issue and his estates were divided between his sisters, (according to the terms of the 4th Duke's will), and his cousin, who succeeded him as the sixth Duke. The Portland Estate eventually passed to the last surviving sister, Lucy Joan Ellis, who was the widow of the 6th Lord Howard de Walden, and has remained in this family since then.
The nearest tube stations are Regent's Park and Oxford Circus.
HeartSoundApp
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Heart chamber
Heart chamber is a general term used to refer to any of the four chambers of the mammalian heart (an organ):
- Right atrium: receives oxygen-depleted blood from the body via the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava and pumps it through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
- Right ventricle: receives oxygen-depleted blood from the right atrium and pumps it through the pulmonary valve into the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
- Left atrium: receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins and pumps it through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
- Left ventricle: receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it through the aortic valve to be delivered throughout the body, including to the heart muscle itself via the coronary arteries.