Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Stellaria media
The common chickweed (Stellaria media) is a cool-season annual plant native to Europe, which is often eaten by chickens. It is commonly also called Chickenwort, Craches, Maruns, Winterweed. The plant germinates in fall or late winter, then forms large mats of foliage. Flowers are small and white, followed quickly by the seed pods. This plant flowers and sets seed at the same time.
In both Europe and North America this plant is an invasive weed of gardens , fields, and disturbed grounds. Control is difficult due to the heavy seed sets, although herbicides are effective when the plants are small.  Common Chickweed is very competitive with small grains, and can produce up to 80% yield losses among barley.

# Folklore
The plant has uses in folk medicine. 17th century herbalist John Gerard recommended it as a remedy for mange. Modern herbalists prescribe it for skin diseases, bronchitis, rheumatic pains, arthritis and period pain. a poultice of chickweed can be applied to cuts, burns and bruises. Not all of these uses are supported by scientific evidence.
Stent infection

# Overview
Coronary artery stent infection is a rare complication of intracoronary stent placement.

# Pathophysiology
The incubation period is less than one month.  Most often the infection is due to staphylococcus aureus.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Coronary artery stent infection has occured in approximately 2 dozen cases as of 2012.

# Risk Factors
The risk may be greater for drug eluting stents.

# Natural History, Complications, Prognosis
The condition is associated with serious morbidity and a high mortality

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
- Fever
- Chest pain

# Treatment
Medical and potentially surgical therapy is required.
Stereoblindness
Stereoblindness (also stereo blindness) is the inability to see in 3D using stereo vision, resulting in inability to perceive stereoscopic depth.
Individuals with only one eye always have this condition; the condition also results when two eyes do not work in proper concert.
It has been asserted that the Dutch painter Rembrandt may have been stereoblind, which would have aided him in flattening what he saw for the production of 2D works  .
Steroid hormone
Steroid hormones are steroids which act as hormones. Mammalian  steroid hormones can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they bind: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and progestagens. Vitamin D derivatives are a sixth closely related hormone system with homologous receptors, though technically sterols rather than steroids.

# Overview
The natural steroid hormones are generally synthesized from cholesterol in the gonads and adrenal glands. These forms of hormones are lipids. They can enter the cell membrane quite easily and enter right into the nuclei. Steroid hormones are generally carried in the blood bound to specific carrier proteins such as sex hormone binding globulin or corticosteroid binding globulin. Further conversions and catabolism occurs in the liver, other "peripheral" tissues, and in the target tissues.
Because steroids and sterols are lipid soluble, they can diffuse fairly freely from the blood through the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm of target cells. In the cytoplasm the steroid may or may not undergo an enzyme-mediated alteration such as reduction, hydroxylation, or aromatization. In the cytoplasm, the steroid binds to the specific receptor, a large metalloprotein. Upon steroid binding, many kinds of steroid receptor dimerize: two receptor subunits join together to form one functional DNA-binding unit that can enter the cell nucleus. In some of the hormone systems known, the receptor is associated with a heat shock protein which is released on the binding of the ligand, the hormone. Once in the nucleus, the steroid-receptor ligand complex binds to specific DNA sequences and induces transcription of its target genes.

# Synthesis

# Synthetic steroids and sterols
A variety of synthetic steroids and sterols have also been contrived. Most are steroids but some non-steroidal molecules can interact with the steroid receptors because of a similarity of shape. Some synthetic steroids are weaker, some much stronger, than the natural steroids whose receptors they activate.
Some examples of synthetic steroid hormones:
- Glucocorticoids: prednisone, dexamethasone, triamcinolone
- Mineralocorticoid: fludrocortisone
- Vitamin D: dihydrotachysterol
- Androgens: oxandrolone, decadurabolin (also known as anabolic steroids)
- Estrogens: diethylstilbestrol (DES)
- Progestins: norethindrone, medroxyprogesterone acetate

# Steroid abuse
Steroid hormone abuse must be differentiated from other causes of irregular menses and hirsutism.
Strychnine tree
The Strychnine tree (Strychnos nux-vomica L.) also known as Nux vomica, is an evergreen tree native to southeast Asia, a member of family Loganiaceae. It is a medium-sized tree growing in open habitats. Its leaves are ovate and 3.5 by 2 inches in size.
It is a major source of the highly poisonous alkaloids strychnine and brucine, derived from the seeds inside the tree's round, green to orange fruit. The seeds contain approximately 1.5% strychnine, and the dried blossoms contain 1.023%. However, the tree's bark also contains poisonous compounds, including brucine.

# Uses in Homeopathy
In homeopathy, Nux-v.  as it is commonly abbreviated  is one of the most commonly prescribed remedies, used for patients who are competitive, ambitious, driven,and irritable.
A passage taken from Dorland's Medical Dictionary (1938) follows:
A passage taken from New International Encyclopedia follows:
Subclavian vein

# Overview
In human anatomy, the subclavian veins are two large veins, one on either side of the body. Its diameter is approximately that of a man's small finger. It is divided into right and left subclavian vein.

# Path
Each subclavian vein is a continuation of the axillary vein and runs from the outer border of the first rib to the medial border of anterior scalene muscle.
From here it joins with the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein (also known as "innominate vein"). The angle of union is termed the venous angle.
The subclavian vein follows the subclavian artery and is separated posteriorly by the insertion of anterior scalene.

# Lymph
The thoracic duct drains into the left subclavian vein, near its junction with the left internal jugular vein.
It carries lymph (water and solutes) from the lymphatic system, as well as chylomicrons or chyle, formed in the intestines from dietery fat and lipids.

# Etymology
The term subclavian can be broken down to: sub= below, and clavian= pertaining to the clavicle.
Subcostal nerve
The anterior division of the twelfth thoracic nerve (subcostal nerve) is larger than the others; it runs along the lower border of the twelfth rib, often gives a communicating branch to the first lumbar nerve, and passes under the lateral lumbocostal arch.
It then runs in front of the Quadratus lumborum, perforates the Transversus, and passes forward between it and the Obliquus internus to be distributed in the same manner as the lower intercostal nerves.
It communicates with the iliohypogastric nerve of the lumbar plexus, and gives a branch to the Pyramidalis.
It also gives off a lateral cutaneous branch that supplies sensory innervation to the skin over the hip.

# Additional images
- Nervous system
- The posterior divisions of the sacral nerves.
- Plan of lumbar plexus.
- Cutaneous nerves of right lower extremity. Posterior view.
Xiphoid process
The xiphoid process, also known as the xiphisternum is a small cartilaginous extension to the lower part of the sternum which is usually ossified in the adult human. Subxiphoid means to place a needle or transducer below the xiphoid process. By age 15 to 29, the xiphoid usually fuses to the body of the sternum with a fibrous joint. Unlike the synovial articulation of major joints, this is non movable. Much the way the first seven ribs articulate with the sternum, the cartilage in the solar plexus joins on the xiphoid process, reinforcing it, and indirectly attaches the costal cartilage to the sternum.

# Bifurcation
The xiphoid process can be bifurcated, and sometimes perforated, naturally. These variances in morphology are inheritable, which can help group family members together when dealing with burial remains. These morphological differences pose no health risk, and are simply a difference in form.

# Clinical significance
Pressure on the xiphoid process should be avoided when administering chest compressions in CPR, as this can cause the xiphoid process to break off and be driven into the heart lining and muscle, resulting in punctures or lacerations of the diaphragm.

# Xiphoid process in birds
In birds, the xiphoid process is a long structure, often following the direction of the carina.

# Etymology
The word derives from the Greek word xiphos for straight sword, the tip of which the process somewhat resembles.

# Additional images
- The human rib cage.
- Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages.
- The diaphragm. Under surface.
de:Processus xiphoideus
Sulfite oxidase
Sulfite oxidase (EC 1.8.3.1) is an enzyme in the mitochondria of all eukaryotes. It oxidizes sulfite to sulfate and, via cytochrome c, transfers the electrons produced to the electron transport chain, allowing generation of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation.  This is the last step in the metabolism of sulfur-containing compounds and the sulfate is excreted.
Sulfite oxidase is a metallo-enzyme that utilizes a molybdopterin cofactor and a heme group.  It is one of the cytochromes b5 and belongs to the enzyme super-family of molybdenum oxotransferases that also includes DMSO reductase, xanthine oxidase, and nitrite reductase.
In mammals, the expression levels of sulfite oxidase is high in the liver, kidney, and heart, and very low in spleen, brain, skeletal muscle, and blood.

# Structure
As a homodimer, sulfite oxidase contains two identical subunits with an N-terminal domain and a C-terminal domain. These two domains are connected by ten amino acids forming a loop. The N-terminal domain has a heme cofactor with three adjacent antiparallel beta sheets and five alpha helices. The C-terminal domain hosts a molybdopterin cofactor that is surrounded by thirteen beta sheets and three alpha helices. The molybdopterin cofactor has a Mo(VI) center, which is bonded to a sulfur from cysteine, an ene-dithiolate from pyranopterin, and two terminal oxygens.  It is at this molybdenum center that the catalytic oxidation of sulfite takes place.

# Active site and mechanism
The active site of sulfite oxidase contains the molybdopterin cofactor and supports molybdenum in its highest oxidation state, +6 (MoVI).  In the enzyme's oxidized state, molybdenum is coordinated by a cysteine thiolate, the dithiolene group of molybdopterin, and two terminal oxygen atoms (oxos). Upon reacting with sulfite, one oxygen atom is transferred to sulfite to produce sulfate, and the molybdenum center is reduced by two electrons to MoIV. Water then displaces sulfate, and the removal of two protons (H+) and two electrons (e) returns the active site to its original state. A key feature of this oxygen atom transfer enzyme is that the oxygen atom being transferred arises from water, not from dioxygen (O2).

# Deficiency
Sulfite oxidase is required to metabolize the sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine and methionine in foods.  Lack of functional sulfite oxidase causes a disease known as sulfite oxidase deficiency. This rare but fatal disease causes neurological disorders, mental retardation, physical deformities, the degradation of the brain, and death. Reasons for the lack of functional sulfite oxidase include a genetic defect that leads to the absence of a molybdopterin cofactor and point mutations in the enzyme. A G473D mutation impairs dimerization and catalysis in human sulfite oxidase.
Supine position
The supine position is a position of the body; lying down with the face up, as opposed to the prone position, which is face down.
Using terms defined in the anatomical position, the posterior is down and anterior is up.
Using layman's terms, this is simply lying on your back staring upwards.

# Knee examination
During a knee examination there are several tests done while the patient is in the supine position:
- Masses
- Scars
- Lesions
- Signs of trauma/previous surgery
- Swelling (edema  particular in the medial fossa (the depression medial to the patella)
- erythema (redness)
- Muscle bulk and symmetry (in particular atrophy of the medial aspect of the quadriceps muscle  vastus medialis)
- Displacement of the patella (knee cap)

# Other examinations
The supine position is also used for other examinations including an internal autopsy, palpitation and auscultation of the abdominal organs, and cardiovascular assessment.
Surname project
A surname project is a genetic genealogy project which uses genealogical DNA tests to trace male lineage.
Because surnames are passed down from father to son in many cultures, and Y-chromosomes (Y-DNA) are passed from father to son with a predictable rate of mutation, people with the same surname can use genealogical DNA testing to determine if they share a common ancestor within recent history.
When two males share a surname, a test of their Y-chromosome markers will determine either that they are not related, or that they are related.  If they are related, the number of markers tested and the number of matches at those markers determines the range of generations until their most recent common ancestor (MRCA).  If the two tests match on 37 markers, there is a 50% probability that the MRCA was less than 5 generations ago and a 90% probability that the MRCA was less than 17 generations ago.

# Markers
A Y-DNA test ranges from 10 to 67 markers on the Y chromosome.  Most surname projects suggest at least 25 markers.  Test results tell how many repeats a given subject has at a particular marker; the variations of repeats are known as alleles.  For example, at DYS455, the results will show 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 repeats.  The specific results for a given individual are referred to as a haplotype.  When a surname project has enough participants, it can determine one or more modal haplotypes for the surname.

# Testing companies
Surname projects are now being hosted by testing companies. Group rates may be obtained for surname projects and some labs even store the submitted samples for a number of years at no cost to the participants.  This enables additional tests to be performed as they become available.

# Haplogroups
The Y chromosome has been studied intensely and divided into Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups, based upon the results of the number of alleles in certain positions called markers. These "markers" have been chosen for their demonstrated ability to predict the haplogroup of the tested individual. They are tightly guarded proprietary information. Each testing company used a different set, although many are overlapping. This has allowed Y-STR database websites such as Ybase and Ysearch to convert scores from several companies and find matches within their database for submitted results.

# Surname projects with more than 100 participants
Surname projects with more than 100 participants include:
- the Harris Surname DNA Project
- the LEWIS Surname DNA Project
- Abe Okpik
Susan J. Kelley
Susan J. Kelley, Ph.D., R.N. is the Dean of the College of Health and Human Sciences at Georgia State University.  She is also currently the Director of the National Center on Grandparents Raising Grandchildren, and founder and director of Project Healthy Grandparents, at Georgia State University.
Prior to her current positions, Dr. Kelley had previously served as Chairperson and Professor, Department of Maternal-Child Health Nursing at Boston College.  She was also the Director of Nursing education at Massachusetts Emergency Medical Services and a pediatric nurse at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, and Boston City Hospital.  She has also served as a guest lecturer at George Mason University.
Dr. Kelley has specialized in the field of child abuse, since 1979.  She has appeared as a featured expert on child abuse on national programs including the Today Show, NBC Evening News and CBS Morning News.  Dr. Kelley has published "more than 40 journal articles and book chapters on various aspects of child abuse".
In 2000, Kelley served on the "Task Force for International Child Health Nursing Alliance".  Kelley is a reviewer for the academic journal Nursing Research, as part of their peer review process.

# Education
- Ph.D., Developmental Psychology, Boston College, 1988
- M.S., Nursing, Boston University, 1982
- B.S., Nursing, Boston University, 1977

# Awards and honors
- John G. Clark Award for Distinguished Scholarship in Cultic Studies
- American Journal of Nursing Book of the Year Award
- March of Dimes National Nurse of the Year Award
- American Nurses' Association Nurse of the Year Award
- Excellence in Research Award, Society of Pediatric Nursing
- Outstanding Service Award, American Professional Society on Abuse of Children

# Professional associations
- Former President, Georgia Professional Society on the Abuse of Children
- Fellow, American Academy of Nursing
- Member, Advisory Board, American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC)
- Member, Board of Directors, Georgia Council on Child Abuse
- Member, Board of Directors, Pediatric Services of America, Inc. (Nasdaq: PSAI)
- Member, editorial boards:
Child Maltreatment
Journal of Child Sexual Abuse
Trauma, Violence and Abuse: A Review Journal
- Child Maltreatment
- Journal of Child Sexual Abuse
- Trauma, Violence and Abuse: A Review Journal

# Publications

## Books
- Pediatric Emergency Nursing, published by Appleton & Lange, April 2, 1995, ISBN 0838577059 , ISBN 978-0838577059
- Recovery from Cults: Help for Victims of Psychological and Spiritual Abuse, Contributor, 1995

## Articles
More articles, Google Scholar
- Ritualistic Abuse of Children: Dynamics and Impact, Cultic Studies Journal, Vol. 5, No. 2
- "Grandmothers raising grandchildren: Are they at increased risk of health problems?", Health & Social Work , Volume: 26 Issue: 2 Page: 105-114, May 31, 2001
- "A multimodal intervention for grandparents raising grandchildren: Results of an exploratory study", Child Welfare , Volume: 80 Issue: 1 Page: 27-50, February 28, 2001
Suzuki reaction

# Overview
The Suzuki reaction is the organic reaction of an aryl- or vinyl-boronic acid with an aryl- or vinyl-halide catalyzed by a palladium(0) complex.  It is widely used to synthesize poly-olefins, styrenes, and substituted biphenyls.  Several reviews have been published.
The reaction also works with pseudohalides, such as triflates (OTf), instead of halides, and also with boron-esters instead of boronic acids.
First published in 1979 by Akira Suzuki, the Suzuki reaction couples boronic acids (containing an organic part) to halides.  The reaction relies on a palladium catalyst such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) to effect part of the transformation.  The palladium catalyst (more strictly a pre-catalyst) is 4-coordinate, and usually involves phosphine supporting groups.
In many publications this reaction also goes by the name Miyaura-Suzuki reaction. It is also often referred to as "Suzuki Coupling".

# Reaction mechanism
The mechanism of the Suzuki reaction is best viewed from the perspective of the palladium catalyst.  The first step is the oxidative addition of palladium to the halide 2 to form the organo-palladium species 3.  Reaction with base gives intermediate 4, which via transmetallation with the boron-ate complex 6 forms the organopalladium species 8.  Reductive elimination of the desired product 9 restores the original palladium catalyst 1.

## Oxidative addition
Oxidative addition proceeds with retention of stereochemistry with vinyl halides, while giving inversion of stereochemistry with allylic and benzylic halides.  The oxidative addition initially forms the cis-palladium complex, which rapidly isomerizes to the trans-complex.

## Reductive elimination
Using deuterium-labelling, Ridgeway et al. have shown the reductive elimination proceeds with retention of stereochemistry.
Swedish bitters
Swedish bitters is a traditional herbal tonic, said to have been formulated originally by Paracelsus and rediscovered by 18th Century Swedish medics Dr. Claus Samst and Dr. Urban Hjarne. In modern times it has been popularised by Maria Treben, an Austrian herbalist.  It is claimed to cure a large number of ailments and help digestion.  However these claims are presented with little in the way of scientific evidence to back them up.
One published recipe uses the ingredients:- aloe, myrrh, saffron, senna leaves, camphor, angelica root, zedvoary root, manna, theriac venezian, carline thistle root and rhubarb root.
There are variations on this recipe and herbal shops supply alcoholic and non-alcoholic versions of the drink.  The alcoholic Swedish bitters is reported as having a similar flavour to  Angostura bitters, though perhaps a little drier.

# Ingredients
The following herbs are added to alcohol to make Swedish Bitters 
- aloe (active ingredient)
- water extract of the following herbs:
 angelica root
carline thistle root
camphor
manna
myrrh
rhubarb root
saffron
senna
theriac venetaian
zedoary root
- angelica root
- carline thistle root
- camphor
- manna
- myrrh
- rhubarb root
- saffron
- senna
- theriac venetaian
- zedoary root
Swern oxidation
The Swern oxidation is a chemical reaction whereby a primary or secondary alcohol is oxidized to an aldehyde or ketone using oxalyl chloride, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and an organic base, such as triethylamine. The reaction is known for its mild character and wide tolerance of functional groups. 
The by-products are dimethyl sulfide (Me2S), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and  when triethylamine is used as base  triethylammonium chloride (Et3NHCl). Two of the by-products, dimethyl sulfide and carbon monoxide, are very toxic volatile compounds, so the reaction and the work-up needs to be performed in a fume hood. Dimethyl sulfide, is a volatile liquid (B.P. 37 C) with an unpleasant odour . A convenient way to reduce the stench of dimethyl sulfide is to treat the crude product mixture with oxone, whereupon the sulfide is converted to dimethyl sulfoxide, which has no odor.
Several reviews have been published.

# Mechanism
The first step of the Swern oxidation is the low-temperature reaction of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1a & 1b, with oxalyl chloride, 2. The first intermediate, 3, quickly decomposes giving off CO2 and CO and producing dimethylchlorosulfonium chloride, 4.
After addition of the alcohol 5, the dimethylchlorosulfonium chloride 4 reacts with the alcohol to give the key alkoxysulfonium ion intermediate, 6. The addition of at least 2 equivalents of base  typically triethylamine  will deprotonate the alkoxysulfonium ion to give the sulfur ylide 7. In a five-membered ring transition state, the sulfur ylide 7 decomposes to give dimethyl sulfide and the desired ketone (or aldehyde) 8.

# Variations
When using oxalyl chloride as the dehydration agent, the reaction must be kept colder than -60 C to avoid side reactions. With trifluoroacetic anhydride instead of oxalyl chloride, the reaction can be warmed to -30 C without side reactions.
In some cases, the use of triethylamine as the base can lead to epimerisation at the carbon alpha to the newly formed carbonyl. Using the bulkier base diisopropylethylamine (i-Pr2NEt, Hunig's base) can mitigate this side reaction.

# Considerations
Dimethyl sulfide, a byproduct of the Swern oxidation is one of the foulest odors known in organic chemistry.  Human olfactory glands can detect this compound in concentrations as low as parts per billion.  A simple remedy for this bothersome problem is to rinse used glassware with bleach (NaClO), which will oxidize the dimethyl sulfide, eliminating the hideous scent.