Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Rudbeckia hirta
Rudbeckia hirta (common names: Black-eyed Susan, Blackiehead,  Brown Betty, Brown Daisy, Brown-eyed Susan, Gloriosa Daisy, Golden Jerusalem, Poorland Daisy, Yellow Daisy, Yellow Ox-eye Daisy) is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is an upright annual (sometimes biennial or perennial) native to most of North America, and is one of a number of plants with the common name Black-eyed Susan that also has purple on the side.
The plant can reach a height of 1-2 m. It has alternate, mostly basal leaves 20-75 cm long, covered by coarse hair. It flowers from June to August, with inflorescences measuring 10-15 cm in diameter (up to 30 cm in some cultivars), with yellow ray florets circling a brown, domed center of disc florets.
There are four varieties:
- Rudbeckia hirta var. angustifolia. Southeastern United States (South Carolina to Texas).
- Rudbeckia hirta var. floridana. Florida, endemic.
- Rudbeckia hirta var. hirta. Northeastern United States (Maine to Alabama).
- Rudbeckia hirta var. pulcherrima. Widespread in most of North America (Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Alabama and New Mexico; naturalized Washington to California).

# Symbolism and uses
Black-eyed Susan was designated the state Floral Emblem of Maryland in 1918.
Numerous cultivars have been selected for garden planting; some popular ones include 'Double Gold', 'Indian Summer', and 'Marmalade'.
The roots but not seedheads of Rudbeckia hirta can be used much like the related Echinacea purpurea.  It is an astringent used as in a warm infusion as a wash for sores and swellings.  The Ojibwe used it as a poultice for snake bites.  and to make an infusion for treating colds and worms in children.  The plant is diuretic and was used by the Menominee and Potawatomi.   Juice from the roots had been used as drops for earaches.
The plant contains anthocyanins. 
- Inflorescence and involucral bracts
Inflorescence and involucral bracts
- Rudbeckia hirta 'Indian summer'
Rudbeckia hirta 'Indian summer'
- Rudbeckia hirta 'Indian summer'
Rudbeckia hirta 'Indian summer'
- Rudbeckia hirta in southern Maine.
Rudbeckia hirta in southern Maine.
-  #BlackeyedSusan
-  Moerman. D. Native American Ethnobotany Timber Press. Oregon. 1998 ISBN 0-88192-453-9
Sinoatrial node

# Overview
The sinoatrial node (abbreviated SA node or SAN, also called the sinus node) is the impulse generating (pacemaker) tissue located in the right atrium of the heart, and thus the generator of sinus rhythm. It is a group of cells positioned on the wall of the right atrium, near the entrance of the superior vena cava. These cells are modified cardiac myocytes. They possess some contractile filaments, though they do not contract.

# Role as a pacemaker
Although all of the heart's cells possess the ability to generate the electrical impulses (or action potentials) that trigger cardiac contraction, the sinoatrial node is what normally initiates it, simply because it generates impulses slightly faster than the other areas with pacemaker potential. Because cardiac myocytes, like all muscle cells, have refractory periods following contraction during which additional contractions cannot be triggered, their pacemaker potential is overridden by the sinoatrial node.
Cells in the SA node will naturally discharge (create action potentials) at about 60-100 times/minute. Because the sinoatrial node is responsible for the rest of the heart's electrical activity, it is sometimes called the primary pacemaker.
If the SA node does not function, or the impulse generated in the SA node is blocked before it travels down the electrical conduction system, a group of cells further down the heart will become the heart's pacemaker. These cells form the atrioventricular node (AV node), which is an area between the atria and ventricles, within the atrial septum.

# Innervation
The SA node is richly innervated by parasympathetic nervous system fibers (CN X: Vagus Nerve) and by sympathetic nervous system fibers (T1-4, Spinal Nerves). This makes the SA node susceptible to autonomic influences.
- Stimulation of the vagus nerve (parasympathetic fibers) causes a decrease in the SA node rate (thereby  decreasing the heart rate and force of contraction).
- Stimulation via sympathetic fibers causes an increase in the SA node rate (thereby increasing the heart rate and force of contraction).

# Blood supply
In the majority of patients, the SA node receives blood from the right coronary artery.
Salicylaldehyde
Salicylaldehyde, or 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, is the chemical compound with the formula C6H4CHO-2-OH.  This colourless oily liquid has a bitter almond odor. Salicylaldehyde is a key precursor to a variety chelating agents, some of which are commercially important.  It can be prepared from phenol and chloroform by heating with sodium hydroxide in a Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
Salicylaldehyde is a common highly functionalized arene that has often been exploited as a precursor to still other chemicals, which are shown in the figure.
- Salicylaldehyde is converted to chelating ligands via condensation with amines.  With ethylenediamine, it condenses to give the popular diprotic ligand H2salen. Hydroxylamine gives salicylaldoxime.
- oxidation with hydrogen peroxide gives catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene).
- condensation with diethyl malonate gives a derivative of the heterocycle coumarin.
- etherification with chloroacetic acid followed by cyclisation gives the heterocycle benzofuran.
Sandbox/abdpain

# Definitions

# Causes

## Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
- Abdominal aortic aneurysm
- Acute bowel obstruction
- DKA
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Mesenteric ischemia
- Myocardial infarction
- Perforated viscus (including peptic ulcer, bowel, esophagus, or appendix)
- Placental abruption
- Splenic rupture (It is usually secondary to trauma, EBV or leukemia)
- Volvulus

## Common Causes
- Acute pancreatitis
- Adnexal pathology (cyst or tumor that caused torsion, bleeding or rupture)
- Appendicitis
- Biliary disease (Acute cholecystitis)
- Bladder distension
- Chronic heroin or morphine use
- Crohn's disease
- Diverticulitis
- Dyspepsia
- Endometriosis
- Endometritis
- Hemophilia
- Hiatus hernia
- High dose steroids
- HIV infection (affecting the GI and hepatobiliary systems)
- Kidney stones
- Mesenteric infarction
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Peritonitis
- Sickle cell disease (as a part of vasoocclusive crisis)
- Splenic abscess
- Splenic  infarction
- Ulcerative colitis

## Common extraabdominal diseases
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Alcoholic ketoacidosis
- Pneumonia (involving the lower lobes)
- Pulmonary embolus
- Herpes zoster

# Management

# Do's

# Don'ts
Sandbox:Amuneeb
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage
1.      Please make the page 100% similar to ABC page. Now you missed these topics: Overview, historical perspective, screening.2.      In the diagnosis part, you should have these subgroups: Diagnostic study of choice, history and symptoms, physical examination, laboratory findings, ECG, X-ray, echocardiography, CT scan, MRI, other imaging findins, other diagnostic studies.3.      In the treatment section, complete the primary prevention.
4.      Hyperlink the whole page
5.      Put every sentence in a separate bullet. To understand better take a look at another completed page.
6.    most of the page doesn't have reference, you should put reference for every sentence or paragraph you write
7.    for writing the epidemiology for example, you should take a look at ABC page and write whatever you see there. you see incidence, gender, age and...
Sandbox:CT scan

# Overview
- There are no CT scan findings associated with .
OR
-  CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of . Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of  include , , and .
OR
- There are no CT scan findings associated with . However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of , which include , , and .

# CT scan
- There are no CT scan findings associated with .
OR
-  CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of . Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of  include:
OR
- There are no CT scan findings associated with . However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of , which include:
Sandbox:Debduti
For Dizziness page:
1) The home page doesn't have any content ( I already changed it)
2) All synonyms should be redirected to the main page ( By using #REDIRECTthe name of the main page like dizziness)( I already did that for dizziness)
3) I added some parts that they were missing (interventions, historical perspective, screening, diagnostic study of choice, x-ray, echocardiography) and added templates for you, please complete them.
4) Please complete the overview parts, and take a look at written parts if there are needed to be more comprehensive make them, and also check based on plagiarism.
5) for classification part, pls merge your content and the content that was written before and delete the extra parts (we can't have two classification parts on one page).
6) if you want to make subtitle use (*) rather than(-) in the edit source part (I already did for the new episodic... part of the classification, pls change the other parts based on that).
7) Pathophysiology part needs to be updated and make it easier to read (like use tables, algorithms, subtitles,.. if possible)
Sandbox:Mehrian

# Pathophysiology

## Microscopic Pathology
Images shown below are courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission  PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology
- Glomerulonephritis: Micro H&E med mag; an excellent example of AGN with many neutrophils
- Acute Glomerulonephritis: Micro H&E high mag; an  excellent example of acute exudative glomerulonephritis.

## Glomerulonephritis Videos

### Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

### Chronic glomerulonephritis

## Images
Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission  PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology
- This is a low-power photomicrograph of a saggital section of end stage chronic glomerulonephritis (GN). Note the marked thinning of the cortex (arrow).
- This is a higher-power photomicrograph of hyalinized glomeruli (arrows) and glomeruli with thick basement membranes.
- This is a higher-power photomicrograph of hyalinized glomeruli (1) and glomeruli with thickened basement membranes (2).
- This is a photomicrograph of interstitial and vascular lesions in end stage renal disease.
- This is an immunofluorescent photomicrograph of granular membranous immunofluorescence (immune complex disease). The antibody used for these studies was specific for IgG.
- This is an electron micrograph of subepithelial granular electron dense deposits (arrows) which correspond to the granular immunofluorescence seen in the previous image.
- This is a photomicrograph of a glomerulus from another case with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. In this case the immune complex glomerular disease is ongoing with necrosis and accumulation of neutrophils in the glomerulus.
- This immunofluorescent photomicrograph of a glomerulus from a case of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis shows a granular immunofluorescence pattern consistent with immune complex disease. The primary antibody used for this staining was specific for IgG; however antibodies for complement would show a similar pattern.
- This electron micrograph demonstrates scattered subepithelial dense deposits (arrows) and a polymorphonuclear leukocyte in the lumen.
- For comparison this is an immunofluorescent photomicrograph of a glomerulus from a patient with Goodpasture's syndrome. The linear (arrows) immunofluorescence is characteristic of Goodpasture's syndrome.

## Images:
- Crescentic GN
- Chronic GN
Sandbox: mahda1
Overview
The exact pathogenesis of  is not fully understood.
OR
It is thought that  is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either , , or .
OR
 is usually transmitted via the  route to the human host.
OR
Following transmission/ingestion, the  uses the  to invade the  cell.
OR
 arises from s, which are  cells that are normally involved in .
OR
The progression to  usually involves the .
OR
The pathophysiology of  depends on the histological subtype.
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis
The exact pathogenesis of  is not fully understood.
OR
It is thought that  is the result of / is mediated by / is produced by / is caused by either , , or .
 is usually transmitted via the  route to the human host.
Following transmission/ingestion, the  uses the  to invade the  cell.
 arises from s, which are  cells that are normally involved in .
The progression to  usually involves the .
The pathophysiology of  depends on the histological subtype.
Genetics
 is transmitted in  pattern.
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of  include , , and .
The development of  is the result of multiple genetic mutations.
Associated Conditions
Gross Pathology
On gross pathology, , , and  are characteristic findings of .
Microscopic Pathology
On microscopic histopathological analysis, , , and  are characteristic findings of .
References
Category: (name of the system)
Sandbox:history

# Overview
- The term hairy cell leukemia was first used to describe the malignancy by Dr. R. Schrek and Dr. W. J. Donnelly, in 1966.

# Historical Perspective
- Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis was first described by Dr. O. Ewald, a German physician, in 1923.
- The first description of hairy cell leukemia as an independent clinicopathological entity was first reported by Dr. Bertha A. Bouroncle, in 1958.
- The term hairy cell leukemia was first used to describe the malignancy by Dr. R. Schrek and Dr. W. J. Donnelly, in 1966.
-  Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 Fanta PT, Saven A (2008). "Hairy cell leukemia". Cancer Treat Res. 142: 193209. PMID 18283787..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
Sandbox:surgery

# Overview
- Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of .
OR
- Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with . Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either , , and 
- The mainstay of treatment for  is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either , , and/or .
- The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of  at diagnosis.
OR
- Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for .

# Surgery
- Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of .
OR
- Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with . Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either , , and 
- The mainstay of treatment for  is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either , , and/or .
- The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of  at diagnosis.
OR
- Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for .

# Indications
Sandbox:survey2

# Questions

## General
- What is your occupation? -Please specify______________
- How old are you? 60
- Gender? Male Female Do not wish to disclose

## Work time and duration
- How many hours a day do you work?

## Sleepiness
- Are you diagnosed with a sleeping disorder? Yes No
- How likely are you to doze-off in the following situations:
(0 = would never doze
1 = slight chance of dozing
2 = moderate chance of dozing
3 = high chance of dozing)
- Watching TV: 0 1 2 3
Sitting and reading Sitting and reading: 0 1 2 3
Sitting, inactive in a public place (e.g. a theatre or a meeting): 0 1 2 3
As a passenger in a car for an hour without a break: 0 1 2 3
Lying down to rest in the afternoon when circumstances permit: 0 1 2 3
Sitting and talking to someone: 0 1 2 3
Sitting quietly after a lunch without alcohol: 0 1 2 3
In a car, while stopped for a few minutes in the traffic: 0 1 2 3
 What was your total score:  0-10 10-12 12-24
- Watching TV: 0 1 2 3
- Sitting and reading Sitting and reading: 0 1 2 3
- Sitting, inactive in a public place (e.g. a theatre or a meeting): 0 1 2 3
- As a passenger in a car for an hour without a break: 0 1 2 3
- Lying down to rest in the afternoon when circumstances permit: 0 1 2 3
- Sitting and talking to someone: 0 1 2 3
- Sitting quietly after a lunch without alcohol: 0 1 2 3
- In a car, while stopped for a few minutes in the traffic: 0 1 2 3
- What was your total score:  0-10 10-12 12-24
- How many near-miss accidents have you had during the past one month? 0 1-2 3-4 5-6 >6
- How many times did you feel sleepy while driving during the past one month? 0 1-2 3-4 5-6 >6
- At what time of the day did the sleepiness occur the most while driving?5am-10am 10am-3pm 3pm-8pm 8pm-12am 12am-5am
- In the past one month, how many times did you have to stop your car because of sleepiness while driving? 0 1-2 3-4 5-6 >6
- What was the primary cause of drowsiness during the past one month? Sleep deprivation Medications Sleep disorder Other

## Brief Medical History
- Do you take any medications that can cause drowsiness/sleepiness/syncope? Yes No
- Are you diagnosed with any medical illness that can cause drowsiness/sleepiness/syncope? Yes No
Saphenous nerve

# Overview
The Saphenous Nerve (long or internal saphenous nerve) is the largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve.
It approaches the femoral artery where this vessel passes beneath the Sartorius, and lies in front of it, behind the aponeurotic covering of the adductor canal, as far as the opening in the lower part of the Adductor magnus.
Here it quits the artery, and emerges from behind the lower edge of the aponeurotic covering of the canal; it descends vertically along the medial side of the knee behind the Sartorius, pierces the fascia lata, between the tendons of the Sartorius and Gracilis, and becomes subcutaneous.
The nerve then passes along the tibial side of the leg, accompanied by the great saphenous vein, descends behind the medial border of the tibia, and, at the lower third of the leg, divides into two branches:
- one continues its course along the margin of the tibia, and ends at the ankle.
- the other passes in front of the ankle, and is distributed to the skin on the medial side of the foot, as far as the ball of the great toe, communicating with the medial branch of the superficial peroneal nerve.

# Branches
The saphenous nerve, about the middle of the thigh, gives off a branch which joins the subsartorial plexus.
At the medial side of the knee it gives off a large infrapatellar branch, which pierces the Sartorius and fascia lata, and is distributed to the skin in front of the patella.
This nerve communicates above the knee with the anterior cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve; below the knee, with other branches of the saphenous; and, on the lateral side of the joint, with branches of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, forming a plexiform net-work, the plexus patellae.
The infrapatellar branch is occasionally small, and ends by joining the anterior cutaneous branches of the femoral, which supply its place in front of the knee.
Below the knee, the branches of the saphenous nerve are distributed to the skin of the front and medial side of the leg, communicating with the cutaneous branches of the femoral, or with filaments from the obturator nerve.

# Additional images
- Cross-section through the middle of the thigh.
- Cross-section through middle of leg.
- The femoral artery.
- Diagram of segmental distribution of the cutaneous nerves of the right lower extremity. Front view.
- Diagram of the segmental distribution of the cutaneous nerves of the right lower extremity. Posterior view.
- Diagram of the segmental distribution of the cutaneous nerves of the sole of the foot.
Diagram of the segmental distribution of the cutaneous nerves of the sole of the foot.
- Deep nerves of the front of the leg.
- Nerves of the dorsum of the foot.
Satellite cells
Satellite cells are mononuclear progenitor cells found in mature muscle between the basal lamina and sarcolemma. Satellite cells are able to differentiate and fuse to augment existing muscle fibres and to form new fibres. These cells are involved in the normal growth of muscle, as well as regeneration following injury or disease.
In undamaged muscle, the majority of satellite cells are quiescent; they neither differentiate nor undergo cell division. In response to mechanical strain, satellite cells become activated. Activated satellite cells initially proliferate as skeletal myoblasts before undergoing myogenic differentiation.

# Genetic markers of satellite cells
All satellite cells express a number of distinctive genetic markers including Pax7 and syndecan 4. Quiescent satellite cells can also express markers common to stem cells.
Activated satellite cells express myogenic transcription factors, such as MyoD and Myf5. They also begin expressing muscle-specific filament proteins such as desmin as they differentiate.

# Function in muscular repair
When muscle cells undergo injury, quiescent satellite cells are released from beneath the basal lamina. While normally in a post-mitotic state, they become activated and re-enter the cell cycle. Proliferating myoblasts then undergo myogenic differentiation, becoming post-mitotic, and form new myotubes and fuse with existing muscle fibres. This leads to repair of the injured site.
The presence of fibroblasts during muscle repair can lead to the formation of scar tissue that can lead to impaired muscle function.

# Plasticity
Upon minimal stimulation, satellite cells in vitro or in vivo will undergo a myogenic differentiation program.
Some research is underway to investigate the potential for satellite cells to differentiate into other cell types. One application for this would be cardiac cell therapy, should muscle satellite cells be able to be converted into viable cardiac muscle cells.
Satellite cells can also be converted in vitro into bone and cartilage cells, via the application of osteogenic bone morphogenetic proteins or transforming growth factor-beta.

# Regulation
Satellite cells are regulated by myogenic regulatory factors, such as MyoD, Myf5, myogenin, and MRF4. MEF2 family transcription factors can also promote myogenic differentiation.
There is also research indicating that satellite cells are negatively regulated by a protein called myostatin.  Increased levels of myostatin up-regulate a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor called p21 and thereby induce the differentiation of satellite cells.
Satellite cells are commonly linked to aid in muscular hypertrophy.