Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Leydig cell
Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle. They can secrete testosterone and are often closely related to nerves. Leydig cells have round vesicular nuclei and a granular eosinophilic cytoplasm.

# Nomenclature
Leydig cells are named after the German anatomist Franz Leydig, who discovered them in 1850.

# Functions
Leydig cells release a class of hormones called androgens (19-carbon steroids). They secrete testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), when stimulated by the pituitary hormone luteinizing hormone (LH). LH increases cholesterol desmolase activity (an enzyme associated with the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone), leading to testosterone synthesis secretion by Leydig cells.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) increases the response of Leydig cells to LH by increasing the number of LH receptors expressed on Leydig cells.

# Ultrastructure
Leydig cells are polygonal, eosinophilic cells with a round vesicular nucleus and contain lipid droplets. They contain abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which accounts for their eosinophilia. Frequently, lipofuscin pigment and rod-shaped crystal-like structures (Reinke's crystals) are found.

# Development
Leydig cells form during the 16th and 20th week of gestation and are quiescent until puberty.

# Additional images
- Section of a genital cord of the testis of a human embryo 3.5 cm. long.
Linda Peeno
Linda Peeno is a physician, ethicist and lecturer from Louisville, Kentucky known for being a whistleblower for the United States managed healthcare industry.
Following employment as a medical reviewer for Humana and medical director at Blue Cross/Blue Shield Health Plans, she became a critic of how U.S. HMOs drive profits through denial of care.
On May 30, 1996, Peeno testified before Congress as to the downside of managed care.
In the 2002 Showtime docudrama Damaged Care, Laura Dern portrayed Peeno as she transitioned from health care industry employee to whistleblower.  In 2007, Peeno was prominently featured in the Michael Moore movie Sicko, which included portions of her May 1996 appearance before Congress.
On June 28, 2007, in a statement about Sicko, Humana declared that Peeno was never a Humana associate, but rather a "part-time contractor".  Humana also disputed the portions of Congressional testimony that were shown by saying that because the patient's specific healthcare plan didn't cover heart transplants, the denial of coverage was valid.
Linda Sloan
Linda Sloan is a Canadian politician and current municipal councillor in Edmonton, Alberta.
Sloan graduated from the Foothills Hospital School of Nursing in 1982 and began work as a registered nurse.  She soon became involved in the Staff Nurses Associations of Alberta (which she led from 1992 until 1997), the National Federation of Nurses Unions, and the Alberta Association of Registered Nurses.
In 1997, she ran for the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in the riding of Edmonton Riverview as a candidate for the Liberal Party of Alberta.  She defeated her closest rival, Progressive Conservative Gwen Harris by more than 900 votes.
While in the legislature, Sloan served as Liberal opposition critic for social services, child welfare, and disability programs.  In this capacity, she supported extending adoption rights to homosexual couples and sponsored a private member's bill calling for the creation of a children's advocate who would report directly to the legislature.
When Liberal leader Grant Mitchell resigned in 1998, Sloan became one of four candidates to replace him.  Nancy MacBeth won on the first ballot.
Sloan declined to seek re-election in 2001, and ran for city council in 2004.  She finished second of nine candidates in Ward 1 (behind incumbent councillor and Sloan's former Liberal caucus colleague Karen Leibovici) and was elected.  While on city council, she has served as councillor responsible for the Senior Citizens portfolio.
Linda Sloan is married with two children.
Linea negra

# Overview
Linea negra (Latin for "black line") also known as Linea nigra is a dark vertical line that appears on the abdomen during pregnancy.

# Pathophysiology
It is a type of hyperpigmentation resulting from increased production of the pigment melanin thought to be caused by increased estrogen, the same process that causes the areolas to darken. Why this process of hyperpigmentation occurs on the midline of the abdomen is uncertain. Fair-skinned women show this symptom less often than women with darker pigmentation. Before it appears it may be more faintly visible as a linea alba ("white line").

# Epidemiology and demographics
Linea nigra tends to appear around the second trimester. Some research suggests there may be a link between linea nigra and insulin.

# Diagnosis

## Signs and symptoms
The brownish streak is usually about a centimeter in width. The line runs vertically along the midline of the abdomen from the pubis to the xiphoid process  the bottom-most part of the rib cage in the center or tip of the sternum.

# Treatment
No treatment is required. Supplementing the diet with folic acid is said to reduce the discoloration. After birth, the line fades slowly, but may never disappear entirely, and sun exposure may cause it to recur.
Lipoprotein

# Overview
Lipoproteins are complex particles composed of a water-repelling core of mainly lipids as non-polar cholesterol esters (CEs) and triglycerides (TGs) surrounded by an amphipathic phospholipid monolayer that includes unesterified free cholesterol (FC) and proteins known as apolipoproteins or aproteins.
Apolipoproteins provide a framework for lipoprotein assembly; determine the metabolic fate of the lipoprotein by activating or inhibiting key enzymes; and finally act as ligands for receptor molecules.
Lipoproteins are classified into five classes, defined by their respective density on electrophoresis as Chylomicrons, Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL), Intermediate Density Lipoproteins (IDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and High Density Lipoproteins (HDL).

# Definition

# Classification
Lipoproteins can be classified according to their density, size and constituents. It is also possible to classify lipoproteins as "alpha" and "beta", akin to the classification of proteins in serum protein electrophoresis.
The lipoproteins that have a low density are the triglyceride rich proteins which include chylomicrons, chylomicron remnants and VLDL.  LDL, HDL and lipoprotein(a) have a less triglyceride content and a higher density.
Shown below is a table summarizing the structure of each lipoprotein.

# Function
The lipids are often an essential part of the complex, even if they seem to have no catalytic activity themselves. To isolate transmembrane lipoproteins from their associated membranes, detergents are often needed.
All cells use and rely on fats and, for all animal cells, cholesterol as building blocks to create the multiple membranes which cells use to both control internal water content, internal water soluble elements and to organize their internal structure and protein enzymatic systems.
Lipoproteins in the blood, a water medium, carry fats around the body. The protein particles have charged groups aimed outward so as to attract water molecules; this makes them soluble in the salt water based blood pool. Triglyceride-fats and cholesterol are carried internally, shielded by the protein particle from the water.
The interaction of the proteins forming the surface of the particles with (a) enzymes in the blood, (b) with each other and (c) with specific proteins on the surfaces of cells determine whether triglycerides and cholesterol will be added to or removed from the lipoprotein transport particles.
Regarding atheroma development and progression vs. regression, the key issue has always been cholesterol transport patterns, not cholesterol concentration itself.
Shown below is a table summarizing the function of each lipoprotein.
Longissimus

# Overview
The longissimus is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis. It is the longest subdivision of the sacrospinalis that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae.

# Longissimus dorsi
The Longissimus dorsi is the intermediate and largest of the continuations of the Sacrospinalis.
In the lumbar region, where it is as yet blended with the Iliocostalis lumborum, some of its fibers are attached to the whole length of the posterior surfaces of the transverse processes and the accessory processes of the lumbar vertebr, and to the anterior layer of the lumbodorsal fascia.
In the thoracic region it is inserted, by rounded tendons, into the tips of the transverse processes of all the thoracic vertebr, and by fleshy processes into the lower nine or ten ribs between their tubercles and angles.

# Longissimus cervicis
The Longissimus cervicis (Transversalis cervicis), situated medial to the Longissimus dorsi, arises by long thin tendons from the summits of the transverse processes of the upper four or five thoracic vertebr, and is inserted by similar tendons into the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae from the second to the sixth inclusive.

# Longissimus capitis
The Longissimus capitis (Trachelomastoid muscle) lies medial to the Longissimus cervicis, between it and the Semispinalis capitis.
It arises by tendons from the transverse processes of the upper four or five thoracic vertebr, and the articular processes of the lower three or four cervical vertebrae, and is inserted into the posterior margin of the mastoid process, beneath the Splenius capitis and Sternocleidomastoideus.
It is almost always crossed by a tendinous intersection near its insertion.
Lotka's law
Lotka's law, named after Alfred J. Lotka, is one of a variety of special applications of Zipf's law.  It describes the frequency of publication by authors in any given field. It states that the number of authors making n contributions is about 1/n^{a} of those making one contribution, where a nearly always equals two.  More plainly, the number of authors publishing a certain number of articles is a fixed ratio to the number of authors publishing a single article.  As the number of articles published increases, authors producing that many publications become less frequent.  There are 1/4 as many authors publishing two articles within a specified time period as there are single-publication authors, 1/9 as many publishing three articles, 1/16 as many publishing four articles, etc.  Though the law itself covers many disciplines, the actual ratios involved (as a function of 'a') are very discipline-specific.
The general formula says:
X^n Y = C
-r
Y = C / X^n
where X is the number of publications, Y the relative frequency of authors with X publications, and n and C are constants depending on the specific field (n \approx 2)
This law is believed to have applications in other fields for example in the military for fighter pilot kills.

# Example
For 100 authors, who on average each write one article each over a specific period, we have also:
-f those making one contribution, i.e. a power law, where a is often nearly 2.  It is an empirical observation rather than a necessary result.  This form of the law is as originally published and is sometimes referred to as the "discrete Lotka power function".
Lucinactant

# Overview
Lucinactant (trade name Surfaxin) is a liquid medication used to treat infant respiratory distress syndrome. It was approved for use in the United States by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on March 6, 2012.

# Medical uses
Lucinactant is indicated to improve lung function and reduce duration and risk of mechanical ventilation in children. It can be used up to two years of age and is specified for children who are diagnosed with acute respiratory failure following exposure to a pathogen such as RSV or influenza, including H1N1. Lucinactant is also used to treat meconium aspiration syndrome.

# Physical and chemical properties
Lucinactant contains the peptide sinapultide (KL4 acetate), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol (as the sodium salt), and palmitic acid.

# History
The scientific groundwork for lucinactant was laid in the laboratory of Charles Cochrane at The Scripps Research Institute in the 1990s. The drug was then developed by Discovery Laboratories of Warrington, PA. The path through the approval process was unusually long, reflecting in part challenges in the manufacturing process that needed to be addressed before approval was granted.

# Legal status
Lucinactant is listed as an Orphan Drug Product by the US Food and Drug Administration for several conditions:
- 07-30-1996	Treatment of meconium aspiration syndrome in newborn infants
- 07-17-1995	Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults.
- 05-23-2006	Prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants
- 10-21-2005	Treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants.
- 10-18-1995	Treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in premature infants.
Clinical trials in Latin America were criticized for protocol based in potentially unethical principles.  A placebo was used and considered ethical by design since infants born in Latin America usually do not have access to life saving treatment. The intent of Discovery Labs was always to market Surfaxin in the United States, implying burdens on the Latin American children that outweighed the benefits.
Lumiracoxib

# Overview
Lumiracoxib (rINN) is a COX-2 selective inhibitor non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, manufactured by Novartis and still sold in few countries, including Mexico, South Africa, and Brazil, under the trade name Prexige (sometimes misquoted as "Prestige" by the media). The TARGET study (Therapeutic Arthritis Research and Gastrointestinal Event Trial) was conducted with more than 18,000 patients to test its gastrointestinal and cardiovascular safety against Naproxen and Ibuprofen and also study its efficacy against these two NSAIDs.
In November 2006, Prexige received marketing approval for all European Union countries through a common procedure called MRP. As of 2007, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not yet granted approval for its sale in the United States.
Lumiracoxib has a different structure from the standard COX-2 inhibitors (e.g. celecoxib). It more closely resembles the structure of diclofenac (one chlorine substituted by fluorine, the phenylacetic acid has another methyl group in meta position), making it a member of the arylalkanoic acid family of NSAIDs. It binds to a different site on the COX-2 receptor than the standard COX-2 inhibitors. It displays extremely high COX-2 selectivity.
The FDA rejected Prexige as a trade name for lumiracoxib in 2003.  The FDA Division of Medication Errors and Technical Support (DMETS) subsequently recommended against the alternative name Prexede. The planned trade name for lumiracoxib in the US has not been disclosed to the public.
On September 27, 2007, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a not approvable letter for lumiracoxib, requiring additional safety data.

# Withdrawal from market
On August 11, 2007, Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA, the Australian equivalent of the FDA) cancelled the registration of lumiracoxib in Australia due to concerns that it may cause liver failure.
According to the TGA's Principal Medical Adviser, Dr Rohan Hammett, as of 10 August 2007 the TGA had received 8 reports of serious adverse liver reactions to the drug, including two deaths and two liver transplants.
"The TGA and its expert advisory committee, the Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee (ADRAC), have urgently investigated these reports. ADRAC has today recommended the cancellation of the registration of Lumiracoxib due to the severity of the reported side effects associated with this drug," Dr Hammett said.
"The TGA has taken this advice to cancel the registration of Lumiracoxib in order to prevent further cases of severe liver damage.
"It seems that the longer people are on the medicine, the greater the chance of liver injury. The TGA is, therefore, advising people to stop taking the Lumiracoxib immediately and to discuss alternative treatments with their doctor," Dr Hammett said.
New Zealand has followed suit with Australia in recalling Prexige.
On October 3, 2007, Health Canada requested sales of Prexige to stop. Novartis has agreed to the request and has taken steps to do so.On December 13, 2007, the European Medicines Agency recommended the withdrawal for Prexige from all EU markets.
Lung (Zang)
As distinct from the Western medical concept of Lungs, the concept of Zang from Traditional Chinese Medicine is more a way of describing a set of interrelated parts than an anatomical organ.  (See Zang Fu theory)
To differentiate between western or eastern concepts of organs the first letter is capitalized (Liver, instead of liver, Spleen instead of spleen).  Because Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is wholistic, each organ cannot be explained fully unless the TCM relationship/homeostasis with the other organs is understood.  TCM also looks at the functions of the organs rather than fixed areas and, therefore, describes different organs that are not actually physical, like the Triple Burner (San Jiao).  This also leads to controversy about the validity of TCM, which comes a lot from the difficulty of translating and lack knowledge about TCM concepts and Chinese culture.  So, to avoid conflict and to keep an open mind, please realize that these notions evolved in a different culture and are a different way of viewing the human body.
The Lungs (Fei) is a Zang organ meaning it is a Yin organ.  The other Yin, or Zang, Organs are the Kidneys (Shen) Liver (Gan), Spleen (Pi), and Heart (Xin).  Sometimes the Pericardium (Xin Bao) is included.  Yin organs store, secrete, make, and transform Essence, Blood, Spirit, Qi, and Fluids.  These nourish the body.
The Lungs connect with the throat and open into the nose.  The Lungs govern Qi.   They take in clear and expel the turbid Natural Air Qi (Kong Qi).  The Lungs regulate the waterways.  Fluid secretion is sweat.  The Lungs govern the skins surface and body hair.  They house the Po.   The peak time for the Lungs is from 3-5am.
Nyctophobia

# Background
Nyctophobia (from Greek  nic-to-pho-bi-a:  "night" and phobia, also called scotophobia, from  - "darkness", lygophobia, from lyge - "twilight", or  noctiphobia) is a pathological fear of the dark.
Sufferers have an abnormal and persistent dread of the dark and experience anxiety even though they may rationally understand that the dark does not pose such a great threat. Treatment options are typical for any of specific phobias.
Nyctophobia is most often associated with children.
Nyctophobia is the pinnacle in the plot of the short story "Nightfall" by Isaac Asimov.
de:Nyktophobie
et:Nuktofoobia
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sv:Skotofobi
Lymecycline
Lymecycline is a tetracycline broad-spectrum antibiotic marketed by the pharmeceutical company Galderma. It is approximately 5000 times more soluble than tetracycline base and is unique amongst tetracyclines in that it is absorbed by the "active transport" process across the intestinal wall, making use of the same  fast and efficient mechanism by which carbohydrates are absorbed.
The greater absorption of Lymecycline allows for lower dosages to be used; the standard dose of 408 mg is equivalent to 300 mg tetracycline base, and in its action to 500 mg tetracycline hydrochloride. Lymecycline, unlike tetracycline hydrochloride, is soluble at all physiological pH values.

# History
Lymecycline was released onto the pharmaceutical market in 1963.

# Indications
Lymecycline, like other Tetracyclines, is used to treat a range of infections (see Tetracycline antibiotics group). Its better absorption profile makes it preferable to tetracycline for moderately severe acne and typically prescribed for 8 weeks at a time, but alternatives should be sought if no improvement occurs by 3 months.

# Dosage
The standard dose is 408mg (one capsule) twelve hourly by mouth. In particularly severe infections this dose may be increased to 1.224-1.632mg (three or four capsules) daily.
The 408mg once daily dosage for acne aids good drug compliance.

# Formulation
Capsules containing 408mg of Lymecycline (brand name Tetrlysal 300).
Lymphangion
A lymphangion is the functional unit of a lymph capillary or lymph vessel that lies between two semilunar (half moon-shaped) valves.
Lymph vessels are channels larger than the lymph capillaries that have thicker walls and smooth muscles in their walls, thus lymph vessel lymphangion would be muscular, and capable of contracting on its own. The capillary lymphangion on the other hand does not have smooth muscles, and the lymph in it is propelled forward only because of force exerted on its walls from the exterior. Such forces include skeletal muscle contractions and arterial pulsations. Also, the inspiration during respiration provides a suction pressure within the lumen.
The semilunar valves are directed towards the flow of the lymph and open when the pressure in the first lymphangion is greater than the pressure in the next lymphangion. Pressure in the first lymphangion may increase because of smooth muscle contraction (in lymph vessel) or because of pressure on the walls from outside (in a capillary) result because of. Alternatively, pressure within the next lymphangion may decrease because of negative pressure as a result of inspiration. Once, the lymph flows into the next lymphangion, it cannot return to the previous lymphangion, as the semilunar valves close tightly.
In conditions when the pressure in a lymphatic is sufficiently great, the valves may fail, and there can indeed be backward flow of lymph resulting in edema of the drained region. This may happen with blockade of lymph flow because of pathology in the draining lymph node or at some point in the vessel.
Lymphotoxin
Lymphotoxin (previously known as tumor necrosis factor-beta) is a lymphokine cytokine.
It is a protein that is produced by Th1 type T-cells and induces vascular endothelial cells to change their surface adhesion molecules to allow phagocytic cells to bind to them. It is also known to be required for normal development of Peyer's patches.
Lymphotoxin is homologous to Tumor Necrosis Factor beta, but secreted by T-cells. It is paracrine due to the small amounts produced.
The effects are similar to TNF-alpha, but TNF-beta is also important for the development of lymphoid organs.
Lynestrenol

# Overview
Lynestrenol is a progestogen hormone. It is a synthetic orally-available progestagen associated with numerous effects of the natural progesterone hormone. Lynestrenol has a strong progestational effect on the uterine endometrium (transforming proliferative endometrium into secretory one), inhibits secretion of gonadotropin, suppresses maturation of follicles in the ovaries and ovulation, reduces menstrual bleeding. 
This synthetic gestagen is associated with minimal estrogenic, androgenic and anabolic effects. 
Lynestrenol is used in treatment of hormonal disorders and diseases caused by insufficient secretion of the natural progesterone, except in case of risky pregnancies and prevention of miscarriage, since it is not efficient enough in this indication.

# Pharmacology
After oral administration lynestrenol is quickly resorbed and converted into pharmacologically active norethisterone, through which it demonstrates the main biological effects. The peak blood are reached within 24 hours after oral administration, 97% of the administered dose being bound to plasma proteins.
Lynestrenol and its metabolites are predominantly excreted in the urine, less through feces, active metabolite norethisterone elimination halftime being 16-17 h.