Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Fibrillation
Fibrillation is the rapid, irregular, and unsynchronized contraction of the muscle fibers of the heart. There are two major classes of fibrillation, atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation.
- Atrial fibrillation can be a chronic condition, usually treated with anticoagulation and sometimes with  conversion to  normal sinus rhythm.
- Ventricular fibrillation is rapidly fatal if not reversed by defibrillation.
Fibrillation may sometimes be used after heart surgery to stop the heart from beating while any minor leaks are stitched up. Medifib

# Links
- Simulated Ventricular Fibrillation Interactive Java applet, with information.
- Simulated Atrial Fibrillation Interactive Java applet, with information.
Fibrinolysin

# Overview
Fibrinolysin is an enzyme derived from plasma of bovine origin or extracted from cultures of certain bacteria. It is used locally only and exclusively together with the enzyme desoxyribonuclease (extracted from bovine pancreas). Fibrinolysin and desoxyribonuclease both act as lytic enzymes. The combination is available as ointment containing 1 BU (Biological Unit) fibrinolysin and 666 BUs desoxyribonuclease per gram.
Fibrinolysin attacks and inactivates fibrin molecules occurring in undesirable exudates on the surface of the human body and on human mucosa, e.g., in superficial wounds and burns, while desoxyribonuclease targets and destroys (human) DNA. The combination of the two enzymes has a synergistic effect on necrotic but not on living tissue. According to the manufacturer the ointment provides enhanced wound cleaning and accelerates the healing process.
Both enzymes are marginally resorbed into systemic circulation because of their very high molecular weight and their macromolecular structure.
The activity of both enzymes is almost completely exhausted after 24 hours. Usually, it is necessary to repeat the application (and renew the dressing) every 6 to 8 hours until healing becomes complete.
The ointment is marketed by Pfizer under the brand name Fibrolan in a variety of countries (e.g. Switzerland). It is currently not approved in the USA.
Where approved, Fibrolan has been licensed on the basis of claimed good therapeutical experience, but adequate and well controlled studies are still lacking.
In the past, combinations with the antibiotic chloramphenicol were available, but because chloramphenicol in any form of application has led to aplastic anemia and death, these  were banned. Additionally, combinations with the antifibrinolytic agent tranexamic acid have been withdrawn from pharma markets.

# Indications
Enzymatic wound cleaning to assist healing of minor burns, superficial wounds, ulcus cruris, and superficial hematoma.

# Contraindications and Precautions
The ointment should not be used in patients with a known hypersensitivity to any ingredient. It should be used with caution in patients with hypersensitivity to bovine proteins in general and in pregnant women (category C), because no human data is available.

# Side-Effects
Infrequently, local reactions such as increased pain or a stitching/burning sensation are noticed. No systemic anticoagulant activity has been seen due to the exclusively local character of treatment.

# Interactions
Not known.

# External References
- Swiss scientific product information
-  (on chemical/biochemical properties)
Fibromodulin
Fibromodulin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FMOD gene.
Fibromodulin is a 42kDa protein of a family of small interstitial leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans (SLRPs). It can have up to four N-linked keratan sulfate chains attached to the core protein within the leucine-rich region. It shares significant sequence homology with biglycan and decorin.

# Function
Fibromodulin participates in the assembly of the collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix. It binds to the same site on the collagen type I molecule as lumican. It also inhibits fibrillogenesis of collagen type I and collagen type III in vitro. It regulates TGF-beta activities by sequestering TGF-beta into the extracellular matrix.

# Clinical significance
There is an age-dependent decline in the synthesis of keratan sulfate chains, so non-glycated forms of fibromodulin can accumulate in tissues such as cartilage.
Fibromodulin is found in the epidermis of human skin and is expressed by skin cells (keratinocytes) in culture. Mice with the gene for fibromodulin knocked out (Fmod-/-) have very fragile skin and  abnormal tail and Achilles tendons. The collagen fiber bundles in these tendons are fewer and disorganised and there is less endotenon surrounding the tendon tissue. The levels of lumican, a SLRP with one of the same collagen binding sites as fibromodulin, is increased 4 fold in the tail tendons of Fmod-knockout mice.
Flammability

# Overview
Flammability is the ease with which a substance will ignite, causing fire or combustion. The degree of difficulty required to cause the combustion of a substance is subject to quantification through fire testing. Internationally, a variety of test protocols exist to quantify flammability. The ratings achieved are used in building codes, insurance requirements, fire codes and other regulations governing the use of building materials as well as the storage and handling of highly flammable substances inside and outside of structures and in surface and air transportation. For instance, changing an occupancy by altering the flammability of the contents requires the owner of a building to apply for a building permit to make sure that the overall fire protection design basis of the facility can take the change into account.

# Important Characteristics

## Vapour pressure
- The vapour pressure is an important parameter in determining the ease of ignition. The higher the vapour pressure, the more flammable vapour is evolved from a free liquid surface at a given temperature.

# Examples of flammable liquids
Flammable liquids include, but are not limited to:
- gasoline
- ethanol
- acetone
- Diesel

# Examples of nonflammable liquids
- Water
- Sodium silicate

# Linguistics: Flammable vs. inflammable
The word "inflammable" came from Latin inflammare = "to set fire to", where the prefix in- means "in" as in "inside" (compare English "in flames"). But there have been instances of people thinking that this "in-" prefix means "not" as in "invisible" and "incombustible" etc, and thus wrongly thinking that "inflammable" means "cannot burn". To avoid this safety hazard, the shortened word "flammable" has come into use in recent years.
Floctafenine

# Overview
Floctafenine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).

# Synthesis
The scheme involves first the conversion of ortho-trifluoromethyl aniline (1) to a quinolol. The compound is thus condensed
with EMME (Ethoxy Methylene Malonic Diethyl Ester) and cyclized thermally (2). That intermediate is then saponified; the
resulting acid is decarboxylated and finally converted to the 4-chloroquinoline (3) by reaction with phosphorus oxychloride. The displacement of chlorine with methyl anthranilate (4) then affords the coupled intermediate (5). An ester interchange
-f that product with glycerol leads to the glyceryl ester. There is thus obtained the NSAID floctafenine.
Prostacyclin
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# Overview
Prostacyclin is a member of the family of lipid molecules known as eicosanoids. A synthetic form of prostacyclin, used as a medicine, is referred to as epoprostenol.

# Production
It is produced in endothelial cells from prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) by the action of the enzyme prostacyclin synthase. Although prostacyclin is considered an independent mediator, it is called PGI2 (prostaglandin I2) in eicosanoid nomenclature, and is a member of the prostanoids (together with the prostaglandins and thromboxane).
The series-3 prostaglandin PGH3 also follows the prostacyclin synthase pathway, yielding another prostacyclin, PGI3.(Fischer, 1985)   The unqualified term 'prostacyclin' usually refers to PGI2.  PGI2 is derived from the -6 arachidonic acid.  PGI3 is derived from the -3 EPA.

# Mode of action
Prostacyclin acts chiefly to prevent platelet formation and clumping involved in blood clotting. It is also an effective vasodilator. Prostacyclin's interactions in contrast to thromboxane, another eicosanoid, strongly suggest a mechanism of cardiovascular homeostasis between the two hormones in relation to vascular damage.

# Pharmacology
Synthetic prostacyclin analogues (iloprost, cisaprost) are used intravenously, subcutaneously or by inhalation:
- as a vasodilator in severe Raynaud's phenomenon or ischemia of a limb;
- in pulmonary hypertension.
Its production is inhibited indirectly by NSAIDs, which inhibit the cyclooxygenase enzymes COX1 and COX2.  These convert arachidonic acid to PGH2, the immediate precursor of prostacyclin.
Formula unit
A formula unit in chemistry is the empirical formula of an ionic or covalent network solid compound used as an independent entity for stoichiometric calculations. It is the lowest whole number ratio of ions represented in an ionic compound. Examples include ionic NaCl and K2O and covalent networks such as SiO2 and C (as diamond or graphite).
Ionic compounds do not exist as individual molecules; a formula unit thus indicates the lowest reduced ratio of ions in the compound.
A formula unit shows the kinds and numbers of atoms in the smallest representative unit of a substance.
Fred Epstein
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# Overview
Fred J. Epstein, MD (July 26, 1937 - July 9, 2006) was an internationally renowned pediatric neurosurgeon credited for the development of pioneering neurosurgical techniques to treat children threatened by brain and spinal-cord tumors.
His surgical techniques and commitment to patient care saved thousands of children's lives and earned him a reputation as one of the world's leading pediatric neurosurgeons.

# Education
Born in Yonkers, New York, he graduated from New York University and New York Medical College. He did his internship and surgical residency at Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx and his neurosurgical residency at New York University-Bellevue Medical Center, while serving in the Army reserves, under the tutelage of Joseph Ransohoff.

# Career
In 1983, he was named professor of neurosurgery at New York University (NYU) and two years later director of the division of pediatric neurosurgery by Ransohoff, his former mentor. It was there that he saw the resemblance of operable tumors in the cerebellum and, until then, inoperable ones in the brain stem. He likened the technique he developed to removing lead from a pencil, the pencil being the spinal cord.
He founded the division of pediatric neurosurgery at New York University Medical Center, and he was the founding director of the Institute for Neurology and Neurosurgery (INN) at Beth Israel Hospital in New York City.
He was president of the International Society of Pediatric Neurosurgery and the American Society of Pediatric Neurosurgery. He published more than 175 scholarly papers and was editor in chief of The Journal of Pediatric Neurosurgery.
In 2001, the American Association of Neurological Surgeons awarded him its Lifetime Achievement Award.
He wrote two books for general readers: "If I Get to Five" and "Gifts of Time".
He was the subject of three segments of 20/20 and made news by operating on the son of the Yankee pitcher Tommy John and on a Tibetan monk for whom the Dalai Lama prayed at the institute. In 1997, he operated on a millionaires pug in exchange for a donation to help pay for surgery that Epstein then performed on a 5-year-old boy from rural Pennsylvania.
The cause of Epstein's death was melanoma.

# Quotation
The question, "Why do children suffer?" has no answer, unless it's simply, "To break our hearts."  Once our hearts get broken, they never fully heal. They always ache. But perhaps a broken heart is a more loving instrument. Perhaps only after our hearts have cracked wide open, have finally and totally unclenched, can we truly know love without boundaries.
Fritz London
Fritz Wolfgang London (March 7, 1900March 30, 1954) was a German-born American theoretical physicist. London's early work with Heitler  on chemical bonding is now treated in any textbook
-n physical chemistry. This paper was the first to properly explain the bonding in a homonuclear molecule as H2. It is no coincidence that the Heitler-London work appeared
shortly after the introduction of quantum mechanics by Heisenberg and Schrodinger, because quantum mechanics was crucial in their explanation of the covalent bond. Another necessary ingredient was the realization that electrons are indistinguishable, as expressed in the Pauli principle.
Other early work of London was in the area of intermolecular forces. He coined the expression "dispersion effect" for the attraction between two rare gas atoms at large (say about 1 nanometer) distance from each other. Nowadays this attraction is often referred to as "London force". In 1930 he gave (together with R. Eisenschitz)
a unified treatment of the interaction between two noble gas atoms that attract each other at large distance, but at short distance are repellent. Eisenschitz and London
showed that this repulsion is a consequence of enforcing the electronic wavefunction to be antisymmetric under electron permutations. This antisymmetry is required by the Pauli principle and the fact that electrons are fermions.
For atoms and nonpolar molecules, the London dispersion force is the only intermolecular forces and are responsible for the existence of the liquid and solid states. For polar molecules, this force is one part of the van der Waals force, along with forces between the permanent molecular dipole moments.
London was the first theoretical physicist to make the fundamental, and at the time controversial, suggestion that superfluidity is intrinsically related to the Einstein condensation of bosons, a phenomenon now known as BoseEinstein condensation (BEC).  However, note that Bose, whose contribution was to recognize that the statistics of massless photons could also be applied to massive particles, did not contribute to the theory of the condensation of bosons.
London was also one of the early authors (including Schrodinger) to have properly understood the principle of local gauge invariance (Weyl) in the context of the then new quantum mechanics. 
London was born in Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland).  After Hitler's Nazi Party passed the 1933 racial laws, London lost his position at the University of Berlin.  He took visiting positions in England and France, and eventually emigrated to the United States in 1939.  In 1945, he became a naturalized citizen.  He died in Durham, North Carolina.  London was in his later life a professor at Duke University. He was awarded the Lorentz Medal in 1953.

# Bibliography
- Gavroglu, Kostas Fritz London: A Scientific Biography (Cambridge, 2005)
Frontal bone

# Overview
The frontal bone is a bone in the human skull that resembles a cockleshell in form, and consists of two portions:
- a vertical portion, the squama frontalis, corresponding with the region of the forehead.
- an orbital or horizontal portion, the pars orbitalis, which enters into the formation of the roofs of the orbital and nasal cavities.

# Borders
The border of the squama temporalis is thick, strongly serrated, bevelled at the expense of the inner table above, where it rests upon the parietal bones, and at the expense of the outer table on either side, where it receives the lateral pressure of those bones; this border is continued below into a triangular, rough surface, which articulates with the great wing of the sphenoid. The posterior borders of the orbital plates are thin and serrated, and articulate with the small wings of the sphenoid.

# Structure
The squama and the zygomatic processes are very thick, consisting of diploic tissue contained between two compact lamin; the diploic tissue is absent in the regions occupied by the frontal air sinuses.
The orbital portion is thin, translucent, and composed entirely of compact bone; hence the facility with which instruments can penetrate the cranium through this part of the orbit; when the frontal sinuses are exceptionally large they may extend backward for a considerable distance into the orbital portion, which in such cases also consists of only two tables.

# Additional images
- The seven bones which articulate to form the orbit.
- Facial bones.
- Cranial bones
- Sphenoid bone visible center right.
- Side view of the skull.
- The skull from the front.
- Medial wall of left orbit.
- Floor of the skull.
- Sagittal section of skull.
Frontal vein
The frontal vein begins on the forehead in a venous plexus which communicates with the frontal branches of the superficial temporal vein.
The veins converge to form a single trunk, which runs downward near the middle line of the forehead parallel with the vein of the opposite side.
The two veins are joined, at the root of the nose, by a transverse branch, called the nasal arch, which receives some small veins from the dorsum of the nose.
At the root of the nose the veins diverge, and, each at the medial angle of the orbit, joins the supraorbital vein, to form the angular vein.
Occasionally the frontal veins join to form a single trunk, which bifurcates at the root of the nose into the two angular veins.
Fructosamine

# Overview
Fructosamine is a compound which can be considered as the result of a reaction between fructose and ammonia or an amine (with a molecule of water being released). A fructosamine is also formed when carbonyl group of glucose reacts with an amino group of a protein, as the double bond to oxygen moves from the end carbon atom to the next carbon atom and water is released. Fructosamines formed from blood proteins such as serum albumin are known as Glycated Serum Protein (GSP) or Glycated Albumin, and are used to identify the plasma glucose concentration over time and so assess diabetic control.

# Indications
More commonly diabetics have their glucose control assessed with the Glycosylated hemoglobin measurement that assesses average glucose levels over the preceding 6 weeks; as reflected by the permanent glycosylation of a small fraction of the hemoglobin molecules in their blood.  However, this is  not appropriate where there has been a recent change in diet or treatment within 6 weeks, nor if there are abnormalities of red blood cell aging process or mix of hemoglobin subtypes (predominantly HbA in normal adults). Hence people with recent blood loss or hemolytic anemia, or hemoglobinopathy such as sickle-cell disease are  not suitable for some glycosylated hemoglobin methods that do not account for higher-turnover hemoglobin. Fructosamine is used in these circumstances, as it also reflects an average of blood glucose levels, but over a shorter period of 2 to 3 weeks.  Fructosamine is also of use in conditions, such as pregnancy, in which hormonal changes cause greater short-term fluctuation in glucose concentrations.

# Interpretation of Results
There is no standard reference range available for this test. The reference values depends upon the factors of patient age, gender, sample population and test method. Hence each laboratory reports will include their specific reference range for the test.
An increase in fructosamine in lab testing results usually means an increase in glucose in the blood.
Approximately each change of 3.3 mmol (60 mg/dl) in average blood sugar levels will give rise to changes of 2% HbA1c and 75 mol fructosamine values.

# Related Chapters
- Diabetes mellitus
Fundus (eye)
The fundus of the eye is the interior surface of the eye, opposite the lens, and includes the retina, optic disc, macula, and posterior pole. The fundus can be viewed with an ophthalmoscope. The term may also be inclusive of Bruch's membrane and the choroid.
The eye's fundus is the only part of the human body where the microcirculation can be observed directly. The diameter of the blood vessels around the optic disc is about 150 m, and an ophthalmoscope allows observation of blood vessels with diameters as small as 10 m.

# Diagnosis
Medical signs that can be detected from observation of eye fundus include haemorrhages, exudates, cotton wool spots, blood vessel abnormalities (tortuosity, pulsation and new vessels) and pigmentation.

## Physical Examination

### Eyes
- Normal Fundus
- Example of eye fundus image
- Diabetic Fundus with hemorrhages
Furazolidine

# Overview
Furazolidone is a nitrofuran antibacterial. It is marketed by Roberts Laboratories under the brand name Furoxone and by GlaxoSmithKline as Dependal-M. Diafuron, medaron

# Uses
Furazolidone has been used in human and veterinary medicine. It has a broad spectrum of activity being active against
- Gram positive
Clostridium perfringens
Corynebacterium pyogenes
Streptococci
Staphylococci
- Clostridium perfringens
- Corynebacterium pyogenes
- Streptococci
- Staphylococci
- Gram negative
Escherichia coli
Salmonella dublin
Salmonella typhimurium
- Escherichia coli
- Salmonella dublin
- Salmonella typhimurium
- Protozoa
Giardia lamblia
Eimeria species
Histomonas meleagridis
- Giardia lamblia
- Eimeria species
- Histomonas meleagridis

## Use in humans
In humans it has used to treat diarrhoea and enteritis caused by bacteria or protozoan infections. It has been used to treat traveler's diarrhoea, cholera and bacteremic salmonellosis.
Use in treating Helicobacter pylori infections has also been proposed.
Furazolidone is also used for giardiasis (due to Giardia lamblia), though it is not a first line treatment.
As for all medicines the most recent local recommendations for its use should be always be followed. The usual dose is:
- Adult: 100 mg 4 times daily. Usual duration: 2-5 days, up to 7 days in some patients or 10 days for giardiasis.
- Child: 1.25 mg/kg 4 times daily, usually given for 2-5 days or up to 10 days for giardiasis.

## Use in animals
As a veterinary medicine, furazolidone has been used with some success to treat salmonids for Myxobolus cerebralis infections.
It has also been used in aquaculture.
Since furazolidone is a nitrofuran antibiotic, its use in food animals is currently prohibited by the FDA under the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act, 1994.

## Use in laboratory
It is used to differentiate micrococci and staphylococci.

# Mechanism
It is believed to work by crosslinking of DNA.

# Side effects
Furazolidone is no longer available in the US. Though an effective antibiotic when all others fail, against extremely drug resistant infections, it has many side effects, and as with other nitrofurans generally, minimum inhibitory concentrations also produce systemic toxicity (tremors, convulsions, peripheral neuritis, gastrointestinal disturbances, depression of spermatogenesis.) Nitrofurans are recognized by FDA as mutagens/carcinogens, and can no longer be used since 1991.