Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Hypouricemia

# Overview
Hypouricemia is a condition where the level of uric acid is below a certain threshold (between 2 mg/dL and 4 mg/dL, according to different sources.)  The upper end of the normal range is 530 micromol/L (6 mg/dL) for women and 619 micromol/L (7 mg/dL) for men. 

# Causes
Hypouricemia is associated with several conditions, including:
- Hyperthyroidism
- Nephritis
- Fanconi syndrome
- Wilson's disease
- Myeloma
- Multiple Sclerosis 
Half of the cases can be associated with drugs (allopurinol) and toxic agents. Uric acid clearance should also be performed, increase in clearance points to proximal tubular defects in the kidney, normal or reduced clearance points to a defect in xanthine oxidase.
It can also be associated with total parenteral nutrition. AJCN
Vegetarian diet has been found to result in mean serum uric acid values as low as 239 micromol/L (2.7 mg/dL)  .  While a vegetarian diet is typically seen as beneficial with respect to conditions such as gout , care should be taken to avoid hypouricemia and associated health conditions.
A specific condition, Dalmatian hypouricemia, is known to have a genetic component. (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 220150)
In one study, hypouricemia was found in 4.8% of hospitalized women and 6.5% of hospitalized men. (The definition was less than 0.14 mmol l-1 for women and less than 0.20 mmol l-1 in men.) PMID 8140400
Hysteroscopy

# Overview
Hysteroscopy is the inspection of the uterine cavity by endoscopy. It allows for the diagnosis of intrauterine pathology and serves as a method for surgical intervention (operative hysteroscopy).

# Method
The hysterocope has an optical system usually now connected to a video system, a light bearing system with fiberoptics, and a channel for delivery of a distention medium. The uterine cavity is a potential cavity, for inspection it needs to be distended. Thus during hysteroscopy either fluid (saline, sorbitol, or a dextrane solution) or CO2 gas is introduced to expand the cavity. 
After cervical dilation, the hysteroscope is guided into the uterine cavity and an inspection is performed. If abnormalities are found, an operative hysteroscope also has a channel to allow specialized instruments to enter the cavity and perform surgery.
Typically hysteroscopic intervention is done under anesthesia, but a diagnostic procedure can be performed without anesthesia with instruments of smaller caliber.

# Indications
Hysteroscopy is useful in a number of uterine conditions:
- Asherman syndrome
- Endometrial polyp
- Gynecologic bleeding
- Uterine fibroids
- Uterine malformations

# Complications
The most common problem is a uterine perforation when the instrument breaches the wall of the uterus. This can lead to bleeding and to damage to other organs. Distention media also can lead to an embolus or water intoxication.

# Variations
A contact hysteroscope is a hysteroscope that does not use distention media. A resectoscope is a variation of a hysteroscope that contains an electric loop to resect a submucous leiomyoma.
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ICF syndrome
ICF syndrome (or Immunodeficiency, Centromere instability and Facial anomalies syndrome) is a very rare autosomal recessive immune disorder.

# Genetics
ICF syndrome can be caused by a mutation in the DNA-methyltransferase-3b (Dnmt3b) gene.

# Presentation
It is characterized by variable reductions in serum immunoglobulin levels which cause most ICF patients to succumb to infectious diseases before adulthood. ICF syndrome patients exhibit facial anomalies which include hypertelorism, low-set ears, epicanthal folds and macroglossia.
Idiosyncrasy
Idiosyncrasy comes from Greek  "a peculiar temperament", "habit of body" (idios "one's own" and sun-krasis "mixture"). It is defined as a structural or behavioral characteristic peculiar to an individual or group. The term can also be applied to symbols. Idiosyncratic symbols mean one thing for a particular person, as a blade could mean war, but to someone else, it could symbolize a knighting.
By the same principle, linguists state that words are not only arbitrary, but also largely idiosyncratic signs.
The word idiosyncratic is often used as a label to denote a group attitude or opinion that regards the own group as righteous and superior, everyone else or a selected outgroup as an evil enemy, while at the same time regarding all criticisms towards the own position as hostile attacks.

# Idiosyncrasy in medicine

## Disease
Idiosyncrasy defined the way physicians conceived diseases in the nineteenth century. They considered each disease as a unique condition, related to each patient. This understanding began to change in the 1870s, when discoveries made by researchers in Europe permitted the advent of a 'scientific medicine', a precursor to the Evidence-Based Medicine that is the standard to practice today.

## Pharmacology
In contemporary medicine (as of 2007), the term Idiosyncratic drug reaction denotes a non-immunological hypersensitivity to a substance, without connection to pharmalogical toxicity.. Idiosyncratic stresses here the fact that other individuals would react differently, or not at all, and that the reaction is an individual one based on a specific condition of the one who suffers it. Most commonly, this is caused by an enzymopathy, congenital or acquired, so that the triggering substance cannot be processed properly in the organism and causes symptoms by accumulating or blocking other substances to be processed. An idiosyncrasy causing symptoms like an allergy is also called pseudoanaphylaxis .

## Psychiatry
In psychiatry, the term means a specific and unique mental condition of a patient, often accompanied by neologisms. In psychoanalysis and behaviorism, it is used for the personal way a given individual reacts, perceives and experiences a common situation: a certain dish made of meat may cause nostalgic memories in one person and disgust in another. These reactions are called idiosyncratic.

# Idiosyncrasy in economics
In portfolio theory, risks of price changes due to the unique circumstances of a specific security, as opposed to the overall market, are described as idiosyncratic risk. This risk can be virtually eliminated from a portfolio through diversification. It is also often called unsystematic or specific risk. It means there is no compensation for risk, no matter how risky the asset is, and no matter how risk averse we are.
In econometrics, idiosyncratic error is used to describe error from panel data that both changes over time and across units (individuals, firms, cities, etc.)
Ilex guayusa
Ilex guayusa, commonly known as "guayusa", is a tree of the holly genus, native to the Ecuadorian Amazon Rainforest.  It is a distant relative of both Yerba Mate and Yaupon Holly (the plant used to make the "black drink").  The leaves have the highest caffeine content of any known plant.
The leaves are boiled to produce a tea; due to the high caffeine content, the same leaves are often used multiple times, sometimes for several days.  Fresh leaves are used as well as dried leaves, which are dried in rolls and strung together as a wreath resembling a Hawaiian lei.
In addition to the stimulant effects, the tea is used to enhance dream recall.  To achieve this effect, it is believed that the tea must be drunk consistently in the early morning, just after waking, before the sunrise.  For many Ecuadorian indigenous, the morning drinking of guayusa is a social ritual.
In areas in which it grows, it is also a common admixture to the powerful entheogenic brew ayahuasca. It is added both in addition to the more common DMT containing plants as well as in the place of them.  According to the Ecuadorian indigenous, it is also slightly hallucinogenic on its own, when drunk in high enough quantities.
Guayusa is sold under the brand name "Qat TeaTM", but is unrelated to the stimulant plant known as qat.
Ilium (bone)

# Overview
The ilium of the pelvis is divisible into two parts, the body and the ala; the separation is indicated on the internal surface by a curved line, the arcuate line, and on the external surface by the margin of the acetabulum.  The name comes from the Latin, meaning "groin" or "flank." 

# Body (corpus oss. ilii)
The body enters into the formation of the acetabulum, of which it forms rather less than two-fifths.
Its external surface is partly articular, partly non-articular; the articular segment forms part of the lunate surface of the acetabulum, the non-articular portion contributes to the acetabular fossa.
The internal surface of the body is part of the wall of the lesser pelvis and gives origin to some fibers of the Obturator internus.
Below, it is continuous with the pelvic surfaces of the ischium and pubis, only a faint line indicating the place of union.

# Ala (ala oss. ilii)
Iliac artery
In human anatomy, iliac artery refers to several anatomical structures located in the pelvis:
- Common iliac artery - forms at terminus of the aorta.
- External iliac artery - forms when the common iliac artery bifurcates, continues as the femoral artery at the inguinal ligament.
- Internal iliac artery - forms when the common iliac artery bifurcates, supplies the perineum and sexual organs.
Index finger
The second digit of a human hand is also referred to as the index finger, pointer finger, forefinger, digitus secundus, or digitus II.
It is located between the first and third digits - that is, between the thumb and the middle finger. It is usually the most dextrous and sensitive finger of the hand, though not the longest. It may be used to point to things, for hunt and peck typing, to press an elevator button, or to tap on a window. A lone index finger often is used to represent the number 1, or when held up or moved side to side (finger-wagging), it can be an admonitory gesture. With the hand held palm out, it represents the letter d in the American Sign Language alphabet. In sports, it can also represent victory, as some championship-winning teams raise their index finger while posing for a championship team photo.
Studies have also found that a smaller index finger compared with the ring finger indicates a better athlete.

# Gestures
As mentioned above, the forefinger can be used for pointing. However, this gesture is considered rude in some countries (Brunei, for instance), and other gestures are used instead.
During the Bosnian war, Serbo-Bosnian troops raised three fingers in a sign of victory, Bosnian Croats raised the two-finger V-sign and Muslims (Bosniaks) raised one (after the strict monotheism of Islam).

# Unicode
There are six index finger symbols in Unicode.
- Black left pointing index: U+261A 
- Black right pointing index: U+261B 
- White left pointing index: U+261C 
- White up pointing index: U+261D 
- White right pointing index: U+261E 
- White down pointing index: U+261F
Index fossil
Index fossils (also known as guide fossils or zone fossils) are fossils used to define and identify geologic periods (or faunal stages).  They work on the premise that, although different sediments may look different depending on the conditions under which they were laid down, they may include the remains of the same species of fossil.  If the species concerned were short-lived (in geological terms, lasting a few hundred thousand years), then it is certain that the sediments in question were deposited within that narrow time period.  The shorter the lifespan of a species, the more precisely different sediments can be correlated, and so rapidly evolving types of fossils are particularly valuable.  The best index fossils are common, easy-to-identify at species level, and have a broad distributionotherwise the likelihood of finding and recognizing one in the two sediments is low.
Ammonites fit these demands well, and are the best-known fossils that have been widely used for this.  Other important groups that provide index fossils are the corals, graptolites, brachiopods, trilobites, and echinoids (sea urchins).  Conodonts may be identified by experts using light microscopy such that they can be used to index a given sample with good resolution. Fossilized teeth of mammals, have also been used.
Geologists use both large fossils (called macrofossils) and microscopic fossils (called microfossils) for this process, known as biostratigraphy.  Macrofossils have the advantage of being easy to see in the field, but they are rarer, and microfossils are very commonly used by oil prospectors and other industries interested in mineral resources when accurate knowledge of the age of the rocks being looked at is needed.

# Common Index Fossils

# In Popular Culture
Musical Group Bad Religion have a song titled "Part IV (The Index Fossil)" on their 1987 album Suffer.  The song suggests that one day humanity will be "an index fossil buried in  own debris".

# References and Links
-  Index Fossils, from the US Geological Survey.  Updated July 28, 1997.
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Induced coma
A barbiturate-induced coma, or barb coma, is a temporary coma (a deep state of unconsciousness) brought on by a controlled dose of a barbiturate drug, usually pentobarbital or thiopental. Barbiturate comas are used to protect the brain during major surgery, and as a last line of treatment in certain cases of status epilepticus that have not responded to other treatments.
Barbiturates reduce the metabolic rate of brain tissue, as well as the cerebral blood flow. With these reductions, the blood vessels in the brain narrow, decreasing the amount of volume occupied by the brain, and hence the intra-cranial pressure. The hope is that, with the swelling relieved, the pressure decreases and some or all brain damage may be averted. Several studies have supported this theory by showing reduced mortality when treating refractory intracranial hypertension with a barbiturate coma.   
Controversy exists, however, over the benefits of using barbiturates to control intracranial hypertension. Some studies have shown that barbiturate-induced coma can reduce intracranial hypertension but does not necessarily prevent brain damage. Furthermore, the reduction in intracranial hypertension may not be sustained. Some randomized trials have failed to demonstrate any survival or morbidity benefit of induced coma in diverse conditions such as neurosurgical operations, head trauma , intracranial aneurysm rupture, intracranial hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, and status epilepticus. If the patient survives,  cognitive impairment may also follow recovery from the coma. 
About 55% of the glucose and oxygen utilisation by the brain is meant for its electrical activity and the rest for all other activities like metabolism. This is recognised by something such as an Electro encephalogram (EEG), which measures electrical activity in the brain.  When barbiturates are given to a brain injured patients for Induced coma, they act by reducing the electrical activity of the brain, which in theory reduces the metabolic and oxygen demand.  Once there is improvement in the patient's general condition, the barbiturates are withdrawn gradually and the patient regains consciousness.
Induced coma was used in the treatment of symptomatic rabies. See the case of Jeanna Giese.
Infibulation
see also Female genital cutting
Infibulation, in modern usage, is the practice of surgical closure of the labia majora (outer lips of the vulva) by sewing them together to partially seal the vagina, leaving only a small hole for the passage of urine and menstrual blood.  The legs are bound together for a fortnight (approximately) to allow the labia to heal into a barrier. The procedure is usually done on young girls before the onset of puberty, to ensure chastity.  It is usually performed at the same time as female circumcision (removal of the clitoris) The labia minora (inner lips of the vulva) are often also removed.
Infibulation is believed by practitioners to render women sexually inactive, unlikely to engage in intercourse, and the visibly intact barrier of infibulation assures a husband he has married a virgin.
The barrier produced by infibulation is usually penetrated at the time of a girl's marriage by the forcible action of the penis of her new husband, or, if he is unsuccessful, by cutting the connected tissue surgically. 
Female circumcision is often confused with infibulation, but they are distinct procedures.
Both procedures are typically performed without anesthetic, in unsanitary conditions, on children well below the age capable of giving informed consent. Some subjects of infibulation have experienced infections, severe reproductive disorders, and/or death.
These practices have been widely condemned by other cultures as barbaric and cruel.  According to the United Nations' End Fistula Campaign, this particular form of female genital cutting frequently results in organ damage, urinary incontinence, and obstetric fistula.
Historically, infibulation also referred to suturing the foreskin of the male organ.  This was performed on slaves in ancient Rome to ensure chastity, as well as voluntarily in some cultures.  Without removing tissue, it was intended to prevent sexual intercourse, but not masturbation.  The use of the word 'infibulation' has recently been applied to the more severe African practice.  Traditionally, the African practice was called pharaonic circumcision, and is not technically infibulation.
Ingrown hair
Ingrown hair is a condition where the hair curls back or grows sideways into the skin. It may or may not be accompanied by an infection of the hair follicle (folliculitis) or "razor bumps" (Pseudofolliculitis barbae). While ingrown hair most commonly appears in areas where the skin is shaved (beard, legs, pubic region), it can appear anywhere.

# Causes
Anything which causes the hair to be broken off short with a sharp tip can cause ingrown hair. Shaving is the leading cause, followed by tight clothing.  The embedded hair causes a localized inflammation (sometimes painful) response in the skin with prostanoid involvement.

# Symptoms
- rash (reddened skin area)
- itching skin
- hair which remains in spite of shaving

# Treatment
- Manually removing ingrown hairs with special tweezers
- Shaving in a different direction
- Allowing the hair to grow in order to cause the hair to come out straighter
- Using special razors that leave the hair longer
- Exfoliating with facial scrubs, sponges, towels, or creams containing acids
- Treatment with Ibuprofen or other NSAIDs promotes resolution of stubborn cases
- Prophylaxis with twice daily topical application of diluted Glycolic acid
- Ensuring skin and razor are sterile before shaving
If the area is infected, see a dermatologist.
Iniencephaly

# Overview
Iniencephaly is a type of cephalic disorder. It is a rare neural tube defect that combines extreme retroflexion (backward bending) of the head with severe defects of the spine.

# Presentation
The affected infant tends to be short, with a disproportionately large head. Diagnosis can be made immediately after birth because the head is so severely retroflexed that the face looks upward. The skin of the face is connected directly to the skin of the chest and the scalp is directly connected to the skin of the back. Generally, the neck is absent.
Most individuals with iniencephaly have other associated anomalies such as anencephaly, encephalocele (a disorder in which part of the cranial contents protrudes from the skull), hydrocephalus, cyclopia, absence of the mandible (lower jaw bone), cleft lip and palate, cardiovascular disorders, diaphragmatic hernia, and gastrointestinal malformation. The disorder is more common among females.

# Prognosis
The prognosis for those with iniencephaly is extremely poor. Newborns with iniencephaly seldom live more than a few hours. The distortion of the fetal body may also pose a danger to the mother's life.
Injury cover

# Overview
Injury cover may refer to the act of receiving or claiming compensation for work related injuries.
It also may be used in conjunction with:
Health Insurance - A form of group insurance, where individuals pay premiums or taxes in order to help protect themselves from high or unexpected healthcare expenses.
Workers' compensation - To protect employees who have incurred work-related injuries.
Damages - legal term referring to the financial compensation recoverable by reason of another's breach of duty; the money paid or awarded to a plaintiff.
Personal Injury Service - Service by which an injury related claim is made.
Lateral horn

# Overview
In the thoracic region, the postero-lateral part of the anterior column projects lateralward as a triangular field, which is named the lateral column (lateral cornu, lateral horn).

# Nerve Cells in the Lateral Column
These form a column (the intermedioloateral cell column) which is best marked where the lateral gray column is differentiated, viz., in the thoracic region; but it can be traced throughout the entire length of the medulla spinalis in the form of groups of small cells which are situated in the anterior part of the formatio reticularis. The intermediolateral cell column exists at vertebral levels T1 - L2 and mediates the entire sympathetic innervation of the body. Preganglionic, myelinated GVA fibers from viscera course through prevertebral and paravertebral (sympathetic) ganglia, white rami and dorsal roots to synapse with cells of the intermediolateral cell column. These cells then give rise to preganglionic GVE fibers which will pass through ventral spinal roots, white rami, and into paravertebral ganglia where some will synapse, thus sending unmyelinated, postganglionic fibers through gray rami and into peripheral nerves. Those fibers that do not synapse in the paravertebral ganglia will eventually synapse at prevertebral ganglia near target viscera. Postganglionic neurons in the prevertebral ganglia send postganglionic fibers to target tissues.
In the upper part of the cervical region and lower part of the medulla oblongata as well as in the third and fourth sacral segments this column is again differentiated.
In the medulla it is known as the lateral nucleus.
The cells of this column are fusiform or star-shaped, and of a medium size: the axons of some of them pass into the anterior nerve roots, by which they are carried to the sympathetic nerves: they constitute the white rami and are sympathetic or visceral efferent fibers; they are also known as preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system; the axons of others pass into the anterior and lateral funiculi, where they become longitudinal.
Invagination
Invagination means to fold inward or to sheath. In biology, this can refer to a number of processes.
(1) Invagination is the morphogenetic processes by which an embryo takes form, and is the initial step of gastrulation, the massive reorganization of the embryo from a simple spherical ball of cells, the blastula, into a multi-layered organism, with differentiated germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.  More localized invaginations also occur later in embryonic development, to form coelom, etc.
(2) Invagination is the formation of a cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in animal cells.
(3) Invagination in some bacteria (also called a mesosome) is a tightly-folded region of the cell membrane containing all the membrane-bound proteins required for respiration and photosynthesis. It can also be associated with the nucleoid.
(4) The inner membrane of a mitochondrion invaginates to form cristae, thus providing a much greater surface area to accommodate the protein complexes and other participants that produce ATP.
In development biology, dosal part of cells can inergrate adjacent cells into invagination. No matter what cell it is.
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