Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Efferent nerve

# Overview
In the nervous system, efferent nerves  otherwise known as motor or effector neurons  carry nerve impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors such as muscles or glands (and also the ciliated cells of the inner ear). The term can also be used to describe relative connections between nervous structures. The opposite activity of direction or flow is afferent.
The motor nerves are efferent nerves involved in muscular control. The cell body of the efferent neuron  is found in the central nervous system where it is connected to a single, long axon and several short dendrites projecting out of the cell body itself. This axon then forms a neuromuscular junction with the effectors. The cell body of the motor neuron is satellite-shaped. The motor neuron is present in the grey matter of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata, and forms an electrochemical pathway to the effector organ or muscle.

# Etymology and Mnemonics
Both afferent and efferent come from French, evolved from Latin (the basis of many terms in medicine and biology) for the terms, respectively, ad ferens (latin verb ferre: carry), meaning carrying into, and ex ferens, meaning carrying away. Ad and ex give an easy mnemonic device for remembering the relationship between afferent and efferent: afferent connection arrives and an efferent connection exits.
Electron shell

# Overview
An electron shell, also known as a main energy level, is a group of atomic orbitals with the same value of the principal quantum number n. Electron shells are made up of one or more electron subshells, or sublevels, which have two or more orbitals with the same angular momentum quantum number l. Electron shells make up the electron configuration of an atom. It can be shown that the number of electrons that can reside in a shell is equal to 2n^2 .

# History
The existence of electron shells was first observed experimentally in Charles Barkla's and Henry Moseley's X-ray absorption studies. Barkla labelled them with the letters K, L, M, etc. (The origin of this terminology was alphabetic. K for hypothetical spectral lines that were never discovered.) These letters were later found to correspond to the n-values 1, 2, 3, etc. They are used in the spectroscopic Siegbahn notation.
The name for electron shells originates from the Bohr model, in which groups of electrons were believed to orbit the nucleus at certain distances, so that their orbits formed "shells" around the nucleus.

# Valence shell
The valence shell is the outermost shell of an atom in its uncombined state, which contains the electrons most likely to account for the nature of any reactions involving the atom and of the bonding interactions it has with other atoms. The outermost shell of an ion is not commonly termed valence shell. Electrons in the valence shell are referred to as valence electrons.  The physical chemist Gilbert Lewis was responsible for much of the early development of the theory of the participation of valence shell electrons in chemical bonding.  Linus Pauling later generalized and extended the theory while applying insights from quantum mechanics.
In a noble gas, an atom tends to have 8 electrons in its outer shell (except helium, which is only able to fill its shell with 2 electrons).  This serves as the model for the octet rule which is mostly applicable to main group elements of the second and third periods.  In terms of atomic orbitals, the electrons in the valence shell are distributed 2 in the single s orbital and 2 each in the three p orbitals.
For coordination complexes containing transition metals, the valence shell consists of electrons in these s and p orbitals, as well as up to 10 additional electrons, distributed as 2 into each of 5 d orbitals, to make a total of 18 electrons in a complete valence shell for such a compound.  This is referred to as the eighteen electron rule.
Each shell (n=1, 2, 3, 4) can hold 2, 8, 18, or 32 electrons, or 2n^2 electrons. It is important to note that the number of valence electrons is not necessarily equal to the total number of electrons in a given electron shell.  For example, because the 3d subshell has a higher energy than the 4s subshell, the 3d electrons are considered to be part of the 4th valence shell.  So, while the 3rd electron shell can contain a total of 18 electrons (2 in the 3s orbital, 6 in the 3p orbitals, and 10 in the 3d orbitals), the 3rd valence shell contains only 8 electrons as the 3d electrons are typically not part of the 3rd valence shell.
Enrico Fazzini
Enrico Fazzini, is a neurologist.  He is considered an expert on Parkinson's disease and has published numerous research publications on the subject, and been involved in a number of clinical trails for new pharmaceutical treatments for Parkinson's.  Fazzini's is a D.O., or a doctor of osteopathic medicine.  He attended University of Osteopathic Medicine and Health Sciences in Des Moines, Iowa.  He is board certified in neurology and psychiatry, by both the allopathic and osteopathic medical board.  He is currently a professor at the New York University School of Medicine and the New York College of Osteopathic Medicine.

# Famous patients
Fazzini was consulted by Vatican physicians on the treatment of Pope John Paul II, who suffered from Parkinson's.

# Publications
Dr. Fazzini's publications are listed on PubMed. 
-  Education and Training. New York University Medical Center. 
-  Catholic news. Feb 2005.
Ephedra sinica
Ephedra sinica is a member of the ephedraceae family, native to China. It is also known as "Chinese Ephedra", Ma Huang, "Mormon tea", and "ephedra".

# Ethnomedical uses
- Dried aerial parts are used to treat asthma, allergic rhinitis, upper respiratory infection, colds, and is used as a general stimulant.

# Side Effects
Ephedrine can cause heart problems and addiction.

# Legality
As of April 21st, 2006, the FDA's decision to ban nutritional/diet supplements from containing the plant or extracts thereof of ephedra was upheld by the Tenth Circuit courts.
U.S. federal congress is currently discussing the scheduling of pseudoephedrine into Schedule V. Jan 2005. The bill created in Congress is S 103, Jan 24, 2005.
Epidural space

# Overview
In the spine, the epidural space is the space outside the tough membrane called the dura mater (sometimes called the "dura"), and within the spinal canal, which is formed by the surrounding vertebrae. Adherent to the inside of the dura is a much thinner and more fragile membrane, the arachnoid mater. Enclosed within the arachnoid is the subarachnoid space, which contains the cerebrospinal fluid, and the spinal cord.

# In humans
In the spine, the epidural space contains lymphatics, spinal nerve roots, loose fatty tissue, small arteries, and a network of large, thin-walled blood vessels called the epidural venous plexus.
The upper limit of the epidural space is the foramen magnum, which is the point where the spine meets the base of the skull. The lower limit is at the tip of the sacrum, at the sacrococcygeal membrane.
In the head, the dura is continuous with the periosteum, the tough fibrous lining of the inside of the skull. This means that, in the head, the epidural space is known as a potential space, which means that normally it does not exist. In rare circumstances, a torn artery (e.g. the middle meningeal artery) may cause bleeding which is sufficient to separate both the dura and periosteum from the bone; this is an epidural hematoma.
The space between the dura and the arachnoid (in both head and spine), the subdural space, is also a potential space. Bleeding may also occur here.

# In other mammals
In other mammals, the relationship between the spinal canal and its contents is similar to that in humans, although many species possess a tail into which the epidural space is prolonged.
A unique property of the epidural venous plexus is that the veins are prevented from collapsing due to external pressure because the bony spinal canal prevents that pressure being transmitted. This means that for many diving mammals, e.g. whales, when diving a large fraction of venous return to the heart takes place via the epidural space, as veins such as the vena cava may be substantially compressed by the pressure at depth.
Epigaea repens
Epigaea repens (Mayflower or Trailing Arbutus) is a low, spreading shrub in the Ericaceae family. It is found from Newfoundland to Florida, west to Kentucky and the Northwest Territory.  It can also be found in parts of Central Europe and Western Africa.
The species flowers are pink, fading to nearly white, very fragrant, about 1/2 in. across when expanded, few or many in clusters at ends of branches. Calyx of 5 dry overlapping sepals; corolla salver-shaped, the slender, hairy tube spreading into 5 equal lobes; 10 stamens; 1 pistil with a column-like style and a 5-lobed stigma. Stem: Spreading over the ground (Epigaea = on the earth); woody, the leafy twigs covered with rusty hairs. Leaves: Alternate, oval, rounded at the base, smooth above, more or less hairy below, evergreen, weather-worn, on short, rusty, hairy petioles.
Slow growing, it prefers moist, acidic (hummus) soil, and shade.
Epigaea repens is the floral emblem of both Massachusetts and Nova Scotia.
Ernst Witebsky
Ernst Witebsky, also Ernest Witebsky (- 3 September 1901 in Frankfurt am Main;  7 December 1969) was a German-American immunologist.
From 1920 to 1926 Witebsky studied medicine at the University of Frankfurt and the University of Heidelberg.  He stayed at Heidelberg after graduating and worked with Dr. Hans Sachs.  At Heidelberg he primarily worked with brain and organ tissue, as well as blood group antigens.
Leaving Germany as a result of Nazi pressure, he joined the Medical School of the University of Buffalo in 1935.

# Achievements
Witebsky helped develop procedures for the isolation and partial characterization of A and B blood antigens.  He also began the practice of neutralization of certain antibodies in the blood of universal blood donors.
Witebsky received the Karl Landsteiner Award in 1959 for his work with blood antibodies.
Erythroferrone
Erythroferrone is a protein hormone, abbreviated as ERFE, encoded in humans by the FAM132B gene.  Erythroferrone is produced by erythroblasts, inhibits the action of hepcidin, and so increases the amount of iron available for hemoglobin synthesis.

# Discovery
It was identified in 2014 in mice where the transcript was found in bone marrow, encoded by the mouse Fam132b gene.  The homologous gene in humans is FAM132B and the sequence is conserved in other species. The protein is synthesized by erythroblasts and secreted.  This sequence had previously been found expressed in mouse skeletal muscle, called myonectin (CTRP15), and linked to lipid homeostasis.

# Structure
Erythroferrone in humans is transcribed as a precursor of 354 amino acids, with a signal peptide of 28 amino acids.  The mouse gene encodes a 340 amino acid protein which is 71% identical.  Homology is greater at the C-terminal where there is a TNF-alpha-like domain.

# Function
Erythroferrone is a hormone that regulates iron metabolism through its actions on hepcidin.  As shown in mice and humans, it is produced in erythroblasts, which proliferate when new red cells are synthesized, such as after hemorrhage when more iron is needed (so-called stress erythropoiesis).  This process is governed by the renal hormone, erythropoietin.
Its mechanism of action is to inhibit the expression of the liver hormone, hepcidin.  This process is governed by the renal hormone, erythropoietin.  By suppressing this, ERFE increases the function of the cellular iron export channel, ferroportin.  This then results in increased iron absorption from the intestine and mobilization of iron from stores, which can then be used in the synthesis of hemoglobin in new red blood cells.
Mice deficient in the gene encoding erythroferrone have transient maturational hemoglobin deficits and impaired hepcidin suppression in response to plebotomy with a delayed recovery from anemia.
In its role as myonectin, it also promotes lipid uptake into adipocytes and hepatocytes.

# Regulation
Synthesis of erythroferrone is regulated by erythropoietin binding to its receptor and activating the Jak2/Stat5 signaling pathway.

# Clinical significance
The clinical significance in humans is becoming clear.  From parallels in the mouse studies, there may be diseases where its function could be relevant.  In a mouse model of thalassemia, its expression is increased, resulting in iron overload, which is also a feature of the human disease.  A role in the recovery from the anemia of inflammation in mice has been shown and involvement in inherited anemias with ineffective erythropoiesis, anemia of chronic kidney diseases and iron-refractory iron-deficiency anemia has been suggested.
Erythroferrone levels in blood have been shown by immunoassay to be higher after blood loss or erythropoetin administration. Patients with beta-thalassemia have very high levels, and these decrease after blood transfusion.
In children with iron-deficiency anemia, serum erythroferrone levels were raised. Inverse associations were shown between erythroferrone concentrations and hemoglobin, iron, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin.
Erythropoiesis

# Overview
Erythropoiesis is the process by which red blood cells (erythrocytes) are produced. In human adults, this usually occurs within the bone marrow. In the early fetus, erythropoiesis takes place in the mesodermal cells of the yolk sac. By the third or fourth month, erythropoiesis moves to the spleen and liver. In humans with certain diseases and in some animals, erythropoeiesis also occurs outside the bone marrow, within the spleen or liver. This is termed extramedullary erythropoiesis.
The tibia and femur cease to be important sites of hematopoiesis by about age 25; the vertebrae, sternum, pelvis and ribs continue to produce red blood cells throughout life.

# Erythrocyte Differentiation
In the process of red blood cell maturation, a cell undergoes a series of differentiations. The following stages of development all occur within the bone marrow:
- pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
- multipotent stem cell
- unipotential stem cell
- pronormoblast
- basophilic normoblast/early normoblast
- polychromatophilic normoblast/intermediate normoblast
- orthochromatic normoblast/late normoblast
- reticulocyte
After these stages, the cell is released from the bone marrow, and ultimately becomes an "erythrocyte" or mature red blood cell circulating in the peripheral blood.
These stages correspond to specific appearances of the cell when stained with Wright's stain and examined by light microscopy, but correspond to other biochemical changes.
In the process of maturation a basophilic pronormoblast is converted from a cell with a large nucleus and a volume of 900 m3 to an enucleated disc with a volume of 95 m3. By the reticulocyte stage, the cell has extruded its nucleus, but is still capable of producing hemoglobin.

# Regulation of Erythropoiesis
A feedback loop involving erythropoietin helps regulate the process of erythropoiesis so that, in non-disease states, the production of red blood cells is equal to the destruction of red blood cells and the red blood cell number is sufficient to sustain adequate tissue oxygen levels but not so high as to cause sludging, thrombosis, or stroke. Erythropoeitin is produced in the kidney and liver in response to low oxygen levels. In addition, erythropoeitin is bound by circulating red blood cells; low circulating numbers lead to a relatively high level of unbound erythropoeitin, which stimulates production in the bone marrow.
Recent studies have also shown that the peptide hormone hepcidin may play a role in the regulation of hemoglobin production, and thus effect erthropoiesis. The liver produces hepcidin. Hepcidin controls iron absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and iron release from reticuloendothelial tissue.1 Iron must be released from macrophages in the bone marrow to be incorporated into the heme group of hemoglobin in erythrocytes.

# Fetal Erythropoiesis
The site of erythropoiesis varies according to the age of the fetus.  Fetal erythropoiesis occur in the following:
- Yolk sac: 3 weeks - 8 weeks
- Liver: 6 weeks - birth
- Spleen: 10 weeks - 28 weeks
- Bone marrow: 18 weeks - adulthood
Shown below is an image depicting erythropoiesis in the fetus and adults.
Estrogen patch
The estrogen patch is a delivery system for estradiol, which is used as hormone replacement therapy to treat the problems of menopause, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness, and to prevent osteoporosis.   The estrogen is given transdermally rather than via oral tablets, meaning that the estrogen patch carries similar risks and benefits that conventional forms of estrogen-only hormone replacement therapy have, but there are also important differences. For example, transdermal estrogen bypasses the liver so avoids the liver effects that occur with use of oral medications, and has slightly different effects on triglycerides and cholesterol than oral estrogens.

# Administration
Applied to fatty areas of the skin, preferably the lower abdomen or buttocks (never breasts!) twice weekly or weekly, depending on the brand.

# Brand names
- Alora (United States)
- Climara (United States)
- Dermestril (United Kingdom)
- Elleste Solo (United States)
- Esclim (United States)
- Estraderm (United Kingdom)
- Estradot (United Kingdom)
- Evorel (United Kingdom)
- Fematrix (United Kingdom)
- Fempatch (United States)
- FemSeven (United Kingdom)
- Menostar (United States)
- Vivelle-Dot (It was originally marketed as Vivelle (Novartis), but was superseded by a smaller version with better adhesion in 2000, so Vivelle was ultimately discontinued in 2003.)
Etilamfetamine

# Overview
Ethylamphetamine (Apetinil, Adiparthrol), also known as etilamfetamine (INN) or N-ethylamphetamine, is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It was invented in the early 20th century and was subsequently used as an anorectic or appetite suppressant in the 1950s, but was not as commonly used as other amphetamines such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, and benzphetamine, and was largely discontinued once newer drugs such as phenmetrazine were introduced.

# Chemistry
The molecular structure of ethylamphetamine is analogous to amphetamine's. It is a substituted amphetamine, with an ethyl group on the amphetamine backbone.

# Recreational use
Ethylamphetamine can be used as a recreational drug and, while its prevalence is less than amphetamine's, it is still encountered as a substance taken for recreational purposes.
Ethylamphetamine produces effects similar to amphetamine and methamphetamine, its potency being slightly greater than amphetamine's and lesser than methamphetamine's.
Hypersexuality

# Overview
Hypersexuality is desire to engage in human sexual behavior at a level high enough to be considered clinically significant.
Hypersexuality is characterized by a debilitating need for frequent genital stimulation which, once achieved, may fail to result in the expected long-term emotional -- or sexual -- satisfaction. This dissatisfaction is what is believed to encourage the heightened frequency of sexual stimulation, as well as additional physiological and neurological symptoms.
The concept of hypersexuality replaces the older concepts of nymphomania (or furor uterinus) and satyriasis.  Nymphomania was believed to be a female psychological disorder characterized by an overactive libido and an obsession with sex. In males the disorder was called satyriasis (for etymology of the words, see nymph and satyr). "Nymphomania" and "satyriasis" are no longer listed as specific disorders in the DSM-IV, though they remain a part of ICD-10.
The threshold for what constitutes hypersexuality is subject to debate, and critics question whether a standardized diagnostic threshold even exists. Sex drive varies widely in humans; what one person would regard as a normal sex drive might be deemed to be excessive by some and low by others. The consensus among those who consider this a disorder is that the threshold is met when the behavior causes distress or impaired social functioning.
Hypersexuality may also be expressed in those with bipolar disorder during periods of mania.  People who suffer from bipolar disorder may often display tremendous swings in sex drive, depending on their mood. Sometimes this physiological need for sexual activity is much higher than what they would describe as "normal" and at other times it is far below that.
Extracorporeal
An extracorporeal medical procedure is a medical procedure which is carried outside the body.

# Circulatory procedures
It is usually a procedure in which blood is taken from a patient's circulation to have a process applied to it before it is returned to the circulation. All of the apparatus carrying the blood outside the body is termed the extracorporeal circuit.
- Hemodialysis
- Hemofiltration
- Plasmapheresis
- Apheresis
- Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
- Assisted blood circulation (heart-lung machine) during open heart surgery.

# Other procedures
It is also used to refer to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), which is unrelated to other extracorporeal therapies, in that the device used to break up the kidney stones is held completely outside the body, whilst the lithotripsy itself occurs inside the body.
It is also used in extracorporeal radiotherapy, where a large bone a tumour is removed and given a dose far exceeding what would otherwise be safe to give to a patient.
Limb (anatomy)
A limb (from the Old English lim) is a jointed, or prehensile (as octopus tentacles or new world monkey tails), appendage of the human or animal body; a large or main branch of a tree; a representative, branch or member of a group or organization.
Most animals use limbs for locomotion, such as walking, running, or climbing. Some animals can use their front limbs (or upper limbs in humans) to carry and manipulate objects. Some animals can also use hind limbs for manipulation.
In the human body, the upper and lower limbs are commonly called the arms and the legs. Human legs and feet are specialised for two-legged locomotion -- most other mammals walk and run on all four limbs. Human arms are weaker, but very mobile allowing us to reach at a wide range of distances and angles, and end in specialised hands capable of grasping and fine manipulation of objects.
FEV1/FVC ratio

# Overview
The FEV1/FVC ratio is a calculated ratio used in the diagnosis of obstructive and restrictive lung disease.
It represents the proportion of the forced vital capacity exhaled in the first second.

# Disease States
In obstructive lung disease, the FEV1 is reduced due to obstruction to air escape. Thus, the FEV1/FVC ratio will be reduced.
In restrictive lung disease, the FEV1 and FVC are equally reduced due to fibrosis or other lung pathology (not obstructive pathology). Thus, the FEV1/FVC ratio should be approximately normal.
Facet syndrome
Facet syndrome is defined as an irritation of one or more of the joints on the back of the spinal vertebrae. It is most often caused by whiplash and athletic injuries where the spine and/or neck spends a lot of time in extension. Young gymnasts, for example, are at risk for facet syndrome.
Pain from facet syndrome feels like a dull ache. Symptoms include:
- headaches
- neck pain
- radiating pain (into the upper back)
- loss of neck movement.
Pain from facet syndrome is often confused with pain from other vertebral structures nearby. It is important to get a diagnosis from a qualified physician to rule out other conditions such as disk disease.