Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Levobetaxolol
Levobetaxolol or Levobetxolol hydrochloride is a drug used to lower the pressure in the eye in treating conditions such as glaucoma.  It is typically marketed as a 0.5% opthalmic solution under the trade name Betaxon.  Levobetaxolol is a beta-adrenergic receptor inhibitor (beta blocker.

# Effect
Levobetaxolol inhibits the beta-1-adrenergic receptor.  When applied topically, it reduces intra-ocular pressure (IOP) by 16-23% depending on time of day and the individual.  It is indicated for IOP reduction in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.  Levobetaxolol has fewer cardiovascular side effects than other beta blockers.

# Contraindications and side effects
Levobetaxolol should not be used by people who have sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular block, cardiogenic shock, or overt cardiac failure.
The drug has been associated with bradycardia and hypertension.
Levomethadone

# Overview
Levomethadone (INN; L-Polamidon, L-Polamivet, Levadone, Levothyl), or levamethadone, is a synthetic opioid analgesic and antitussive which is marketed in Europe and is used for pain management and in opioid maintenance therapy. In addition to being used as a pharmaceutical drug itself, levomethadone, or R-()-methadone, is the active enantiomer of methadone, having approximately 50x the potency of the S-(+)-enantiomer as well as greater -opioid receptor selectivity. Accordingly, it is about twice as potent as methadone by weight and its effects are virtually identical in comparison. In addition to its activity at the opioid receptors, levomethadone has been found to act as a weak competitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex and as a potent noncompetitive antagonist of the 34 nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor.
There is now an asymmetric synthesis available to prepare both levomethadone  and dextromethadone .
The separation of the stereoisomers is one of the easier in organic chemistry and is described in the original patent.  It involves "treatment of racemic methadone base with d-(+)-tartaric acid in an acetone/water mixture  precipitates almost solely the dextro-methadone levo-tartrate, and the more potent levo-methadone can easily be retrieved from the mother liquor in a high state of optical purity" 

# Regulatory status
Levomethadone is listed under the Single Convention On Narcotic Drugs 1961 and is a Schedule II Narcotic controlled substance in the US as an isomer of methadone (ACSCN 9250) and is not listed separately, nor is dextromethadone.  It  is similarly controlled under the German Betaubungsmittelgesetz and similar laws in practically every other country.
Levosulpiride

# Overview
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Infobox references
Levosulpiride is a substituted benzamide antipsychotic, reported to be a selective antagonist of dopamine D2 receptor activity on both central and peripheral levels.  It is an atypical neuroleptic and a prokinetic agent. Levosulpiride is also claimed to have mood elevating properties. Levosulpiride is used in the treatment of psychoses, particularly negative symptoms of schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, dysthymia, vertigo, dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome and premature ejaculation.
Chemically, it is the (S)-enantiomer of sulpiride.

# Side effect
Side effects include amenorrhoea, gynaecomastia, galactorrhoea, changes in libido, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. It also effects  GI motility may be antagonized by anticholinergic agents, narcotics and analgesics.

# Mechanism of action
In contrast to most other neuroleptics which block both dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, sulpiride is more selective and acts primarily as a dopamine D2 antagonist. Sulpiride appears to lack effects on norepinephrine, acetylcholine, serotonin, histamine, or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. 

# Pharmacodynamics
Sulpiride is a substituted benzamide derivative and a selective dopamine D2 antagonist with antipsychotic and antidepressant activity. Other benzamide derivatives include metoclopramide, tiapride, and sultopride.
Levoverbenone

# Overview
Levoverbenone is an expectorant.  It is the L-isomer of verbenone.

# Use of Levoverbenone for insect control
The southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis), a bark beetle, is a major threat to pine trees in the southeastern United States. Its reproductive cycle is controlled by varying ratios of certain natural chemicals, including verbenone. To reproduce, pine bark beetles aggregate in large numbers in their host pine trees. At the beginning of an attack, various chemicals produced by infested trees and by the beetles attract additional beetles of the same species. When the numbers of adults and larvae approach the maximum that the tree can support, antiaggregation signal chemicals, i.e., verbenone, are produced, reducing the likelihood that additional beetles will land and attack the tree. Forest managers frequently try to control infestations of the Southern pine bark beetle by cutting down and sometimes burning infested trees and nearby healthy trees. They then place verbenone formulations on nearby susceptible healthy trees to repel and confuse the beetles.
Levoverbenone or (-)Verbenone is also used to manage mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) infestations. Verbenone is the principal antiaggregation pheromone of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, a notable forest insect capable of causing extensive levels of tree mortality in western North America. Although several formulations of verbenone have been registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency  for tree protection, failures in efficacy are rather common.  Unlike previous formulations, a new formulation of ()-verbenone registered as SPLAT Verb  (ISCA Technologies Inc., Riverside, CA) was found to be extremely efficient in protecting individual lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud., and small stands of P. contorta from mortality attributed to D. ponderosae. 
SPLAT Verb applications resulted in complete individual P. contorta tree protection while 93.3% mortality occurred in the untreated controls; furthermore significantly fewer P. contorta were killed by D. ponderosae within 0.041-ha circular plots (11-m radius) surrounding P. contorta treated with SPLAT Verb compared to the untreated control.
Linoleic acid

# Overview
Linoleic acid (LA) is an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid. It is a colorless liquid.  In physiological literature, it is called 18:2(n-6).   Chemically, linoleic acid is a carboxylic acid with an 18-carbon chain and two cis double bonds; the first double bond is located at the sixth carbon from the omega end.
The word linoleic comes from the Greek word linon (flax). Oleic means of, relating to, or derived from oil or of or relating to oleic acid since removing the omega-6 double bond produces oleic acid.

# In Physiology
Linoleic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins.  It is found in the lipids of cell membranes.  It is abundant in  many vegetable oils, especially safflower and sunflower oils.
To be fully utilised by the body, LA must be converted into gamma-linolenic acid, a reaction catalysed by the enzyme delta-6-desaturase (D6D).
Linoleic acid is a member of the group of essential fatty acids called omega-6 fatty acids, so called because they are an essential dietary requirement for all mammals.  The other group of essential fatty acids is the omega-3 fatty acids, for example Alpha-linolenic acid. Omega-6 deficiency symptoms include dry hair, hair loss,
and poor wound healing. It is easy to meet the daily requirement for these fatty acids (even for people consuming low fat diets) and most people get plenty of omega-6 fatty acids in their diet by consuming approximately a tablespoon of polyunsaturated plant oils per day.

# Industrial uses
Linoleic acid is used in making soaps, emulsifiers, and quick-drying oils. Reduction of linoleic acid yields linoleyl alcohol.
Linoleic acid has become increasingly popular in the beauty products industry because of its beneficial properties on the skin.  Research points to linoleic acid's affective properties when applied topically on the skin, ie. anti-inflammatory, acne reduction, moisture retention properties.  Noni seed oil is abundant in linoleic acid, and a number of beauty products contain noni seed oil.

# Foods
Oils and foods that contain linoleic acid include safflower oil (78%), poppy seed oil (70%), walnut oil, grass fed cow milk, olive oil, palm oil, sunflower oil, soybean, lard, coconut oil, egg yolks (16%), spirulina, peanut oil, okra, rice bran oil, wheat germ oil, grape seed oil, macadamia oil, pistachio oil, sesame oil.
Lipoprotein-X

# Overview
Lipoprotein-X (Lp-X) is an abnormal low density lipoprotein found in cholestasis.

# Structure
Lipoprotein-X is a lamellar particle of 30 to 70 nm in diameter as revealed by electron microscopy. It is characterized by its high content of phospholipids (66% by weight) and unesterified cholesterol (22%), and its low content of protein (6%), cholesterol esters (3%), and triglycerides (3%). The protein component is dominated by albumin, located in the core, and by apolipoprotein C, located on the surface of the particle. Using zonal ultracentrifugation, lipoprotein-X can be divided into three distinct populations: Lp-X1, Lp-X2, and Lp-X3, differing in density and apolipoprotein composition.

# Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of lipoprotein-X in cholestasis is not totally resolved. Normally, the liver excretes lipoprotein complexes into the bile showing phospholipid and unesterified cholesterol concentrations similar to Lipoprotein-X. The in vitro incubation of these bile lipoproteins with serum or albumin leads to the appearance of Lp-Xlike particles. These findings suggest that the reflux of bile into the plasma compartment causes the formation of lipoprotein-X in cholestasis as a result of a physicochemical, nonmetabolic process. On the other hand, lipoprotein-X particles found in familial LCAT deficiency are identical to those in cholestasis regarding ultrastructure and biochemical composition. It has been supposed that reduced LCAT activities, common in patients with hepatocellular disease, cause, alone or in combination with other factors, the formation of Lipoprotein-X in cholestasis. Lipoprotein-X is mainly removed by the reticuloendothelial system of the liver and the spleen, as shown by studies using radioactively labeled lipoprotein-X in rats. Other organs, such as the kidney, also actively clear Lipoprotein-X from the plasma.

# Literature
- Seidel D, Alaupovic P, Furman RH. A lipoprotein characterizing obstructive jaundice. I. Method for quantitative separation and identification of lipoproteins in jaundiced subjects. J Clin Invest. 1969 Jul;48(7):1211-23. PubMed abstract
- Seidel D, Alaupovic P, Furman RH, McConathy WJ. A lipoprotein characterizing obstructive jaundice. II. Isolation and partial characterization of the protein moieties of low density lipoproteins. J Clin Invest. 1970 Dec;49(12):2396-407. PubMed abstract
- Soros P, Bottcher J, Maschek H, Selberg O, Muller MJ. Lipoprotein-X in patients with cirrhosis: its relationship to cholestasis and hypercholesterolemia. Hepatology. 1998 Nov;28(5):1199-205. PubMed abstract
Liquid oxygen
Liquid oxygen (also LOx, LOX or Lox in the aerospace, submarine and gas industry)  is a form of the element oxygen. It has a pale blue color and is strongly paramagnetic. Liquid oxygen has a density of 1.141 g/cm3 (1.141 kg/L) and is moderately cryogenic (freezing point: 50.5 K (222.65 C), boiling point: 90.188 K (182.96 C) at 101.325 kPa (760 mm Hg). In commerce, liquid oxygen is classified as an industrial gas and is widely used for industrial and medical purposes. Liquid oxygen is obtained from the oxygen found naturally in air by fractional distillation. Liquid oxygen has an expansion ratio of 860:1, and because of this, is used in commercial and military aircraft today.
Due to its cryogenic nature, LOX can cause the materials it touches to become extremely brittle. Liquid oxygen is also a very powerful oxidising agent: organic materials will burn rapidly and energetically in liquid oxygen. Further; if soaked in LOX some can detonate unpredictably on subsequent contact. Petrochemicals often exhibit this behavior, including asphalt.
LOX is a common liquid oxidizer propellant for spacecraft rocket applications, usually in combination with liquid hydrogen or kerosene. It was used in the very first rocket applications like the V2 missile and Redstone, R-7 Semyorka or Atlas boosters. LOX is useful in this role because it creates a high specific impulse. LOX was also used in some early ICBMs, although more modern ICBMs do not use LOX because its cryogenic properties and need for regular replenishment to replace boiloff make it harder to maintain and launch quickly. Despite this, many modern rockets do use LOX, including the main engines on the Space Shuttle. During World War II, liquid oxygen was used as an oxidizer in several Nazi Germany military rocket designs, under name A-Stoff and Sauerstoff.
LOX also had extensive use in making oxyliquit explosives, but is rarely used now due to a high rate of accidents.
The tetraoxygen molecule (O4) was first predicted in 1924 by Gilbert N. Lewis, who proposed it as an explanation for the failure of liquid oxygen to obey Curie's law. Today it seems Lewis was off, but not by far: computer simulations indicate that although there are no stable O4 molecules in liquid oxygen, O2 molecules do tend to associate in pairs with antiparallel spins, forming transient O4 units.
Liquid nitrogen has a significantly lower boiling point, at 196 C (77 K) than oxygen's 183 C (90 K), and vessels containing liquid nitrogen can condense oxygen from air: when most of the nitrogen has evaporated from such a vessel there is a risk that liquid oxygen remaining can react violently with organic material. Conversely, liquid nitrogen or liquid air can be oxygen-enriched by letting it stand in open air; atmospheric oxygen dissolves in it, while nitrogen evaporates preferentially.
Lithium amide

# Overview
Lithium amide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Li+NH2-, i.e. it is composed of a lithium cation, and the conjugate base of ammonia. It is a white solid with a tetragonal crystal structure.

# Lithium amides
The anionic conjugate bases of amines are known as amides. Thus lithium amide may also refer to lithium salts of amines e.g. Li+NR2-. An example of a lithium amide is lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), which is quite commonly used.
Lithium amide can be made by adding lithium metal to liquid ammonia:
Lithium amides in general can be similarly formed, substituting ammonia with the appropriate amine:
Lithium amides are very reactive compounds and can act as strong  bases. Unless the nitrogen atom is hindered, as in the case of LDA, they can also act as nucleophiles.

## Examples
The lithium salt of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine has been crystalised as a tetramer:
On the other hand, the lithium derivative of di-(1-phenylethyl)amine crystallises as a trimer:
It is also possible to make mixed oligomers of metal alkoxides and amides.  These are related to the super bases which are mixtures of metal alkoxides and alkyls. The cyclic oligomers form when the nitrogen of the amide forms a sigma bond to a lithium while the nitrogen lone pair binds to another metal centre.
Other organolithium compounds (such as BuLi) are generally considered to exist in and function via high-order, aggregated species.
Lithium oxide

# Overview
Lithium oxide (Li2O) or lithia is an inorganic chemical compound. Lithium oxide is formed along with small amounts of lithium peroxide when lithium metal is burned in the air and combines with oxygen:
Pure  Li2O can be produced by the thermal decomposition of lithium peroxide, Li2O2 at 450C

# Structure
In the solid state lithium oxide adopts an antifluorite structure which is related to the CaF2, fluorite structure with  Li cations substituted for fluoride anions and oxide anions substituted for calcium cations.
The ground state gas phase Li2O molecule is linear with a bond length consistent with strong ionic bonding. VSEPR theory would predict a bent shape similar to H2O.

# Uses
Lithium oxide is used as a flux in ceramic glazes; and creates blues with copper and pinks with cobalt. Lithium oxide reacts with water and steam, and should be isolated from them.
Its usage is also being investigated for non-destructive emission spectroscopy evaluation and degradation monitoring within thermal barrier coating systems. It can be added as a co-dopant with yttria in the zirconia ceramic top coat, without a large decrease in expected service life of the coating. At high heat, lithium oxide emits a very detectable spectral pattern, which increases in intensity along with degradation of the coating. Implementation would allow in situ monitoring of such systems, enabling an efficient means to predict lifetime until failure or necessary maintenance.
Loblolly Pine
Pinus taeda (Loblolly Pine) is one of several pines native to the southeastern United States. The trees reach a height of 30-35 m (100-115 ft) with a diameter of 0.4-1.5 m (1.5-5 ft). Exceptional specimens may reach 45 m (150 ft) tall, the largest of the southern pines. Its needles are in bundles of three, sometimes twisted, and measure 12-22 cm (5-9 inches) long: an intermediate length for southern pines, shorter than those of the Longleaf Pine or Slash Pine, but longer than those of the Shortleaf Pine and Spruce Pine. The cones are green, ripening pale buff-brown, 7-13 cm (3-5 inches) in length, 2-3 cm (0.8-1.2inches) broad when closed, opening to 4-6 cm (1.5-2.5 inches) wide, each scale bearing a sharp 3-6 mm spine.
The name loblolly means a low wet place, but these trees are not limited to that specific habitat. Other old names, now rarely used, include: Oldfield Pine, due to loblolly's status as an early colonizer of abandoned fields; Bull Pine, due to its size (several other yellow pines are also often so named, especially large isolated specimens); and Rosemary Pine, due to loblolly's distinctive fragrance compared to the other southern pines (the fragrance is more akin to that of gin than rosemary).
With the advent of fire control, Loblolly Pines have come to dominate areas in the deep south that were once populated with greater numbers of Longleaf Pine and, especially in Florida, Slash Pine. Loblolly's rate of growth is rapid, even among the generally fast-growing southern pines. The yellowish, resinous wood is highly prized for lumber, but is also used for pulp fibers. This tree is commercially grown in extensive plantations, along with Slash Pine.
Although Loblolly Pine grows primarily in the deep south, it ranges north along the mid-Atlantic coast to southern New Jersey, in the interior north to extreme southeastern and southwestern Kentucky, and as far west as the southeast corner of Oklahoma and central Texas. Loblolly Pine is the pine of the "Lost Pines" area around Bastrop, Texas and in McKinney Roughs along the Texas Colorado River. These are isolated populations on areas of acidic sandy soil, surrounded by alkaline clays that are poor for pine growth.
The famous "Eisenhower Tree" on the 17th hole of Augusta National Golf Club is a loblolly pine. U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, an Augusta National member, hit the tree so many times that, at a 1956 club meeting, he proposed that it be cut down. Not wanting to offend the President, the club's chairman, Clifford Roberts, immediately adjourned the meeting rather than reject the request outright.

# References and external links
- Template:IUCN2006
- Flora of North America: Pinus taeda
- Pinus taeda images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
- Higher atmospheric carbon dioxide levels may help the loblolly pine endure ice storms - LiveScience.com
Loblolly Pine Calculator,
de:Weihrauch-Kiefer
no:Virakfuru
Loop of Henle

# Overview
In the kidney, the loop of henle is the portion of the nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. The loop has a hairpin bend in the renal medulla. The main function of this structure is to reabsorb water and ions from the urine. To do this, it uses a countercurrent multiplier mechanism in the medulla. It is named after its discoverer, F. G. J. Henle.

# Components
It can be divided into four parts:

# Blood supply
The loop of Henle is supplied by blood in a series of straight capillaries descending from the cortical efferent arterioles. These capillaries (called the vasa recta; recta is from the Latin for "straight") also have a countercurrent exchange mechanism that prevents washout of solutes from the medulla, thereby maintaining the medullary concentration. As water is osmotically driven from the descending limb into the interstitium, it readily enters the vasa recta. The low bloodflow through the vasa recta allows time for osmotic equilibration, and can be altered by changing the resistance of the vessels' efferent arterioles.
Also, the vasa recta still has the large proteins and ions which were not filtered through the glomerulus, which provides an oncotic pressure for ions to enter the vasa recta from the interstitium.

# Additional images
- Transverse section of pyramidal substance of kidney of pig, the bloodvessels of which are injected.
Lumbar nerves

# Overview
The lumbar nerves are the five spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar vertebrae. They are divided into posterior and anterior divisions.

# Posterior divisions
The medial branches of the posterior divisions of the lumbar nerves run close to the articular processes of the vertebr and end in the Multifidus.
The lateral branches supply the Sacrospinalis.
The upper three give off cutaneous nerves which pierce the aponeurosis of the Latissimus dorsi at the lateral border of the Sacrospinalis and descend across the posterior part of the iliac crest to the skin of the buttock, some of their twigs running as far as the level of the greater trochanter.

# Anterior divisions
The anterior divisions of the lumbar nerves (rami anteriores) increase in size from above downward.
They are joined, near their origins, by gray rami communicantes from the lumbar ganglia of the sympathetic trunk.
These rami consist of long, slender branches which accompany the lumbar arteries around the sides of the vertebral bodies, beneath the Psoas major.
Their arrangement is somewhat irregular: one ganglion may give rami to two lumbar nerves, or one lumbar nerve may receive rami from two ganglia.
The first and second, and sometimes the third and fourth lumbar nerves are each connected with the lumbar part of the sympathetic trunk by a white ramus communicans.
The nerves pass obliquely outward behind the Psoas major, or between its fasciculi, distributing filaments to it and the Quadratus lumborum.
The first three and the greater part of the fourth are connected together in this situation by anastomotic loops, and form the lumbar plexus.
The smaller part of the fourth joins with the fifth to form the lumbosacral trunk, which assists in the formation of the sacral plexus.
The fourth nerve is named the nervus furcalis, from the fact that it is subdivided between the two plexuses.

# Additional images
- The lumbar plexus and its branches.