Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Tuber cinereum

# Overview
The tuber cinereum is a hollow eminence of gray matter situated between the mammilary bodies, behind, and the optic chiasma, in front. The tuber cinereum is part of the hypothalamus.

# Structure
Laterally it is continuous with the anterior perforated substances and anteriorly with a thin lamina, the lamina terminalis.
The infundibulum, a hollow conical process, projects from the tuber cinereum. The infundibulum extends forward and down where it is attached to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
It houses the nuclei:
- tuberal nucleus
- tuberomamillary nucleus 

## Tuberomamillary nucleus
The tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) is the sole source of histamine in the brain. 

# Function

## Circadian rhythm
By its release of histamine, the tuberomamillary nucleus of the tuber cinereum regulates the circadian cycle.
Tyndall effect

# Overview
The Tyndall effect is the effect of polarity scattering on the equilibrium of molecules in colloid systems, such as suspensions or emulsions. It is named after the 19th century Irish scientist John Tyndall. The Tyndall effect is used to tell the difference between the different types of mixtures, namely solution, colloid, and suspension. For example, the Tyndall effect is noticeable when car headlights are used in fog.
The light with shorter wavelengths scatters better, thus the color of scattered light has a bluish tint. This is also the reason why the sky looks blue when viewed away from the sun: the blue light from the sun is scattered to a greater degree and is therefore visible far from its source. This effect occurs because short wavelengths of light towards the blue end of the spectrum hit the air molecules in the earth's atmosphere and are reflected down to the earth's surface. Longer wavelengths towards the red end of the spectrum are less affected by the particles and pass on through the earth's atmosphere.
Blue light scatters more readily than does red light. At sunset the pathlength of the light through the atmosphere is larger than at any other time of day, and is sufficiently long that the blue components of the light have undergone multiple scattering events such that the intensity at such a great viewing distance is minimal.  Due to the prolonged pathlength, the red light shows obvious scattering effects as observed by the sky appearing different hues of red. The red light is visible only at such great distances through the atmosphere because it is less affected (scattered) by the particles of air than the blue light, which is no longer visible. This phenomenon is also responsible for the blue-white or "Golconda" diamonds (type IIa).
The Tyndall effect is more commonly referred to as Rayleigh scattering in introductory physics text books.
Umbilical vein
The umbilical vein is a blood vessel present during fetal development that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the growing fetus.

# Circulation
Attached to the uterine lining, the placenta is the site of gas exchange between mother and fetus. The singular umbilical vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus, while two umbilical arteries return deoxygenated blood to the placenta. The three vessels coil around one another within the Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord and enter the abdomen at the umbilicus.
Inside the fetus, the vein courses alongside the falciform ligament and then to the liver's underside. At the transverse fissure, the vein divides into two vessels, one larger than the other. The larger of the two is joined by the portal vein, and together they enter the right lobe of the liver. The smaller vessel, now called the ductus venosus, diverges away from the liver and joins with the inferior vena cava.

# Closure
Within a week of birth, the infant's umbilical vein is completely obliterated and is replaced by a fibrous cord called the round ligament of the liver (also called the ligamentum teres hepatis, from the Latin meaning the same). It extends from the umbilicus to the transverse fissure, where it joins with the ligamentum venosum to separate the left and right lobes of the liver.
Closure of the umbilical vein usually occurs after the umbilical arteries have closed. This prolongs the communication between the placenta and fetal heart, allowing for a sort of autotransfusion of remaining blood from the placenta to the fetus.

# Recanalization
Under extreme pressure, the round ligament may reopen to allow the passage of blood. Such recanalization is common in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Patients with cirrhosis experience rapid growth of scar tissue in and around the liver, often functionally obstructing nearby vessels. Vessel occlusion increases vascular resistance and therefore leads to hypertension. In portal hypertension, the vessels surrounding the liver are subjected to abnormally high blood pressureso high, in fact, that the force of the blood pressing against the round ligament is sufficient to recanalize the structure.

# Catheterization
A newborn baby has a patent umbilical vein for at least a few months. This umbilical vein may be catheterised for ready intravenous access. It may be used as a site for regular transfusion in cases of erythroblastosis or hemolytic disease.

# Additional images
- Model of human embryo 1.3 mm. long.
- Scheme of placental circulation.
- Diagram of the vascular channels in a human embryo of the second week.
- Human embryo with heart and anterior body-wall removed to show the sinus venosus and its tributaries.
- Schematic figure of the bursa omentalis, etc. Human embryo of eight weeks.
- Liver with the septum transversum. Human embryo 3 mm. long.
- Tail end of human embryo twenty-five to twenty-nine days old.
Upper Cervical
Upper Cervical Specific Chiropractic is a branch of chiropractic developed by Dr. B. J. Palmer of Davenport, Iowa, USA. The oldest chiropractic institution in the world, Palmer College of Chiropractic, has more information on history on its web site .
Many others have contributed to the development of this chiropractic specialisation - See List of Techniques below.
Upper Cervical Chiropractors follow the work of BJ Palmer - with minor variations - in the diagnosis, analysis, correction and monitoring of kinematic imbalances, vertebral subluxations,
The techniques are characterised by:
1. Main influence on the upper cervical articulation consisting of Occiput, Atlas and Axis vertebrae
2. Focus on vector calculation based upon theory that kinematic joint dysfunction is related to a positional disturbance.
3. Radiographic analysis of positional disturbance based on a cartesian co-ordinate system
4. Documentation of post-adjustment result with objective measures
5. Use of specific vectored force which differs from generalised manipulative procedures

# Who practices it?
Registered chiropractors throughout the world whom have completed post-graduate study in one of the recognised Upper Cervical Specific Techniques.

# List of Techniques
(Alphabetical Order)
Atlas Orthogonal
Blair
NUCCA
Toggle Recoil
Kale Brainstem
Knee-Chest Specific
(more to be added)

# Science
The science behind upper cervical is complex, and can be discovered through journals such as Spine, textbooks such as Gray's Anatomy. From a chiropractic perspective much of what can be found on-line is mere personal opinion.
There are excellent books such as Eriksen's comprehensive book that puts together a convincing argument for it in practice and clinical results. Other books will be listed here soon.
A TN patient reports his ordeal with pain until an upper cervical doctor straightens his alignment with Sonar in 'What Time Tuesday' by James Tomasi
Urachal cancer

# Overview
Urachal cancer is a rare form of cancer that can sometimes involve the bladder, but does not arise from the urothelium and is therefore not bladder cancer in the usual sense. The disease arises from malignant transformation of rests of enteric epithelium in the urachus, an embryonic structure located between dome of the bladder and the umbilicus. Urachal cancer can occur at any site along the urachal tract. The most common locations are the umbilicus and the dome of the bladder. Urachal cancer was first described in 1863 by Hue and Jaequin.

# Symptoms
Urachal cancer can exist for some years without any symptoms.  Sometimes the first symptom is haematuria (blood in the urine), but this can have many other causes.

# Diagnosis
The diagnosis of Urachal cancer can be difficult, and unfortunately there are no specific symptoms. The CT appearance is quite characteristic.  Not only does it often progress silently, but because the most common presentation involves blood in the urine, it is commonly confused with conventional bladder cancer initially.

# Treatment
Urachal cancer does not seem to respond to the usual chemotherapy treatments for bladder cancer, but recently there seems to have been more success using chemotherapy regimens used for bowel cancer.  Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for clinically localized disease, and has been shown to be more successful when the entire urachal remnant and bladder dome are taken "en bloc."

# Prognosis
The prognosis for patients with metastatic or recurrent disease is poor, with median survivals reported in the range of 1 to 2 years. There are anecdotal reports of long-term survival with bowel cancer regimens, but these are clearly exceptional.
Uranyl acetate
Uranyl acetate (UO2(CH3COO)22H2O) is a yellow free-flowing crystalline solid of yellow rhombic crystals with a slight acetic odor.
It is used as a negative stain in electron microscopy. In fact, most procedures in electron microscopy for biology require the use of uranyl acetate. 1% and 2% uranyl acetate solutions are used as an indicator, and a titrant in stronger concentrations in analytical chemistry, as it forms an insoluble salt with sodium (the vast majority of sodium salts are water-soluble). Uranyl acetate solutions show evidence of being sensitive to light, especially UV and will precipitate if exposed.
Commercial preparations of uranyl acetate are made from depleted uranium and have a typical radioactivity of 0.37 - 0.51 Ci/g.  This mild radioactivity level is not sufficient to be harmful while the material remains external to the body. However it is very toxic by ingestion and if inhaled as dust or by skin contact if skin is cut or abraded and there is a danger of cumulative effects from long term exposure.
Uranyl nitrate
Uranyl nitrate (UO2(NO3)2) is a water soluble yellow uranium salt. Its molecular weight is 394.04 g/mol (anhydrous) The yellow-green crystals of uranium nitrate hexahydrate are triboluminescent.
Uranyl nitrate can be prepared by reaction of uranium salts with nitric acid. It is soluble in water, ethanol, acetone, and ether, but not in benzene, toluene, and chloroform.

# Uses
During the first half of the 19th century, many photosensitive metal salts had been identified as candidates for photographic processes, among them uranyl nitrate. The prints thus produced were alternately referred to as uranium prints, urbanities, or more commonly uranotypes.
The first uranium printing processes were invented by a Scotsman, J. Charles Burnett, between 1855 and 1857, and used this compound as the sensitive salt. Burnett, authored an 1858 article comparing "Printing by the Salts of the Uranic and Ferric Oxides"
The basis for the process lies in the ability of the uranyl ion to pick up two electrons and reduce to the lower oxidation state of uranium(IV) under ultraviolet light.
Uranotypes can vary from print to print from a more neutral, brown russet to strong Bartolozzi red, with a very long tone grade. Surviving prints are slightly radioactive, a property which serves as a means of non-destructively identifying them.
Several other more elaborate photographic processes employing the compound sprung up and vanished throughout the second half of the century with names like Wothlytype, Mercuro-Uranotype and the Auro-Uranium process. Uranium papers were manufactured commercially at least until the end of the 19th century, vanishing in the face of the superior sensitivity and practical advantages of the silver halides. Nevertheless between the 1930s through the 1950s Kodak Books still described a uranium toner (Kodak T-9) using uranium nitrate hexahydrate. Some alternative process photographers including artists Blake Ferris & Robert Schramm continue to make uranotype prints today.
Along with uranyl acetate it is used as a negative stain for viruses in electron microscopy; in tissue samples it stabilizes nucleic acids and cell membranes.
Uranyl nitrate was used to fuel Aqueous Homogeneous Reactors in the 1950s. However it proved too corrosive in this application, and the experiments were abandoned.
Uranyl nitrate is important for nuclear reprocessing; it is the compound of uranium that results from dissolving the decladded spent nuclear fuel rods or yellowcake in nitric acid, for further separation and preparation of uranium hexafluoride for isotope separation for preparing of enriched uranium.

# Health and environmental issues
Uranyl nitrate is an oxidizing and highly toxic compound and should not be ingested; it causes severe renal insufficiency and acute tubular necrosis and is a lymphocyte mitogen. Target organs include the kidneys, liver, lungs and brain. It also represents a severe fire and explosion risk when heated or subjected to shock in contact with oxidizable substances.
Uterine artery
The uterine artery is an artery in females that supplies blood to the uterus.

# Structure
The uterine artery usually arises from the anterior division of the internal iliac artery. It travels to the uterus, crossing the ureter anteriorly.
It travels through the parametrium of the inferior broad ligament of the uterus.
It commonly anastomoses (connects with) the vaginal artery.  The vaginal artery sometimes arises from the uterine artery, instead of arising directly from the internal iliac artery.

# Branches and organs supplied
- round ligament of the uterus
- ovary ("Ovarian branches")
- uterus
myometrium (helicine branches of uterine artery)
- myometrium (helicine branches of uterine artery)
- vagina ("Vaginal branches" - azygos arteries of the vagina)
- uterine tube ("Tubal branch")

# Additional images
Vibrio harveyi
Vibrio harveyi is a species of bioluminescent marine bacteria. Ecologically similar to Vibrio fischeri, V. harveryi has both a free-living form, as well a symbiotic relationship with other marine organisms. V. harveyi may be a more common cause of luminous vibriosis in commercially farmed marine invertebrates.
Based on samples taken by vessels, Vibrio harveyi is thought to be the cause of the milky seas effect, in which, during the night, a uniform white glow is emitted from the seawater. Some glows can cover nearly 6,000 square miles.
While similar to V. fisheri in many ways, the quorum sensing-based signalling system in V. harveryi appears to be significantly more diverse and complex.
Vaccine critic
Vaccine critic is a poorly defined concept describing people including:
- A penumbra of those who are not entirely anti-vaccinationist but campaign to prevent or avoid some aspect of vaccination such as a single component of a particular vaccine for one or more specific reasons applying only to that component
- Anti-vaccinationists (those opposed to all vaccination) who describe themselves as critics.
The concept can be identified from viewing various of the anti-vaccination websites and is referred to in a Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2005) review describing the differences between contemporary anti-vaccination campaigns and those before 1907
Vaccine critics should be distinguishable from anti-vaccinationists by being in favour of some specific immunisations for some specific people in some specific circumstances, and explaining those clearly.

# Vaccine critics
- Neil Z. Miller
- Alan Cantwell
- Edward Yazbak

# Anti-vaccinationists
- National Anti-Vaccination League
- Gerhard Buchwald
- Robert S. Mendelsohn
- Viera Scheibner
- Charles Creighton
- Beddow Bayly
- Hans Ruesch

# Note
-  Durbach, Nadja (2005). Bodily matters: The anti-vaccination movement in England, 1853-1907. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 0822334127, ISBN 0822334232..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
Vaginal artery
The vaginal artery is an artery in females that supplies blood to the vagina.

# Structure
The vaginal artery is usually a branch of the internal iliac artery.  It descends to the vagina, supplying its mucous membrane.  It can send branches to the bulb of the vestibule, the fundus of the bladder, and the contiguous part of the rectum.
Some texts consider the inferior vesical artery to be found only in males, and that this structure in females is a vaginal artery.
The vaginal artery is frequently represented by two or three branches.
Vein stripping

# Overview
Vein stripping is a surgical procedure done under general anaesthetic to remove varicose veins. The surgeon makes an incision at the groin, and inserts a special wire into the vein. He/she ties the vein to the wire and advances it through the vein, all the way to the calf or even the ankle. The vein is then pulled out from the leg. The two incisions are stitched up, and pressure dressings are applied to the leg.
A patient might need to stay in the hospital overnight. The pressure bandage will stay on the affected leg for a few days and following that, there might be a need for special elastic stockings. For full recovery most people need at least two weeks off.
Like with any surgery that requires anaesthesia, patients might experience some complications.
Some risks include:
- allergic reactions
- post operative bleeding
- infection
Venice treacle
Venice treacle, also called Andromachi theriaca, Theriacum Andromachi or treacle of Andromachus, in pharmacy, was a honey- or molasses-based alexipharmic composition once thought to be good against venom. It was first developed in Italy, then exported throughout Europe from Venice.

# Theriaca Andromachi Senioris
The following ingredients for the theriac were taken from d'Amsterdammer Apotheek 1686 and translated from the old Latin names into the Latin names now used where possible. Not all ingredients are known.
Roots: Iris, Balsamorhiza deltoidea, Potentilla reptans (creeping cinquefoil), Rheum rhabarbarum (garden rhubarb), Zingiber, Angustafolia odorata, Gentiana, Meum Athamanticum (spignel), Valeriana, Corydalis cava (hollowroot), Agaricus, Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Cinnamomum aromaticum (cassia)
Leaves: Teucrium scordium (water germander), Franxinus excelsior, Clinopodium calamintha (lesser calamint), Marrubium vulgare (white or common horehound), Cymbopogon citratus (West-Indian lemongrass), Teucrium chamaedrys (wall germander), Cupressasae, Laurus nobilis (bay laurel), Polium montanum, Piper nigrum (black pepper), Piper longum (long pepper), Juniperus (juniper), Syzygium aromaticum (clove)
Flowers: Rosa, Crocus sativus, Lavandula stoechas (French lavender), Cenetaurii minoris
Seeds: Brassica napus (rapeseed), Petroselinum (parsley), Nigella sativa, Pimpinella anisum (anise), Elettaria cardamomum, Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), Hypericum perforatum (st. john's wort), seseli, thlaspi, Daucus carota (carrot), Lavandula angustifolia (common or English lavender), Papaver somniverum (opium poppy), glycyrrhiza, Cytinus hypocistis, Acaciae (acacia), Styrax benzoin, Gummi arabicum, Sagapeni (wax of an unknown tree probably some kind of Ferula), Gummi Opopanax chironium, Gummi Ferula foetida, Dead sea bitumen, Commiphora (a tree from which myrrh is derived), incense, Turpentine from Cyprus, Boli armen. Verae (some kind of red clay), Chalciditis (copper containing substance), Castoreum, oil from Myristica fragans (nutmeg), Trochisci Viperarum, Magmatis Hedychroi, Canary Island wine, Narbonne white honey
Venous cutdown

# Overview
Venous cutdown is an emergency procedure to get vascular access, in which the vein is exposed surgically and then a cannula is inserted into the vein under direct vision. It is used in trauma and hypovolemic shock, when peripheral cannulation is difficult or impossible. The saphenous vein is commonly used, but antecubital and femoral vessels are also suitable. Complications of venous cutdown include cellulitis, hematoma, phlebitis, perforation of the posterior wall of the vein, venous thrombosis and nerve and arterial transection.
- 1. Prepare the skin of the ankle with antiseptic solution and drape the area
- 2. Infiltrate the skin if time permits
- 3. Identify the surface anatomy of the greater saphenous vein: 2 cm anterior and superior of the medial malleolus. Perform a full-thickness transverse skin incision of 2,5 cm
- 4. Identify the vein with blunt dissection and dissect it free from the accompanying structures.
- 5. Elevate and dissect the vein for a distance of approximately 2-cm, to free it from its bed.
- 6. Ligate the distal, mobilized vein, leaving the suture in place for traction
- 7. Pass a tie about the vein more proximally
- 8. Make a small transverse incision (venotomy) and gently dilate the venotomy with the tip of a closed hemostat.
- 9. Introduce a cannula through the venotomy and secure it in place by tying the upper ligature about the vein and cannula. The cannula should be inserted an adequate distance to prevent dislodging.
- 10. Attach the intravenous line to the cannula.
Veratrum album
Veratrum album, commonly known as the False Helleborine (but also known as White Hellebore, European White Hellebore, White Veratrum; syn. Veratrum lobelianum Bernh.) is a medicinal plant of the Liliaceae (lily family) which is native to Europe.

# Plant description
The plant is a perennial herb, with a stout vertical rhizome covered with remnants of old leaf sheaths. The stems are stout, simple, 50-175cm tall.  They have been mistaken for yellow gentian, Gentiana lutea, which is used in beverages, resulting in poisoning.

# Medical uses
It is also used as a homeopathic remedy. The root however is very poisonous, with a paralyzing effect on the nervous system.  In two cases of fatal poisoning from eating the seeds, the toxins veratridine and cevadine were present in the blood at 0.17-0.40 nanograms/milliliter and 0.32-0.48 nanograms/milliliter, respectively.  In 1983 sneezing powders produced from the herb in West Germany were reported to have caused severe intoxications in Scandinavia.