Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Angiopathy
Angiopathy is the generic term for a disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries). The best known and most prevalent angiopathy is the diabetic angiopathy, a complication that may occur in chronic diabetes.
There are two types of angiopathy: macroangiopathy and microangiopathy. In macroangiopathy, fat and blood clots build up in the large blood vessels, stick to the vessel walls, and block the flow of blood. In microangiopathy, the walls of the smaller blood vessels become so thick and weak that they bleed, leak protein, and slow the flow of blood through the body. The decrease of blood flow through stenosis or clot formation impair the flow of oxygen to cells and biological tissues (called ischemia) and lead to their death (necrosis and gangrene, which in turn may require amputation). Thus, tissues which are very sensitive to oxygen levels, such as the retina, develop microangiopathy and may cause blindness (so-called proliferative diabetic retinopathy). Damage to nerve cells may cause peripheral neuropathy, and to kidney cells, diabetic nephropathy (Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome).
Macroangiopathy, on the other hand, may cause other complications, such as ischemic heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease which contributes to the diabetic foot ulcers and the risk of amputation.
Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of adult kidney failure worldwide. It also the most common cause of amputation in the US, usually toes and feet, often as a result of gangrene, and almost always as a result of peripheral vascular disease. Retinal damage (from microangiopathy) makes it the most common cause of blindness among non-elderly adults in the US.
"Diabetic dermopathy" is a manifestation of diabetic angiopathy. It is often found on the shin.
There is also Neuropathy; also associated with diabetes mellitus; type 1 and 2.
Anisocoria
Anisocoria is a condition characterized by an unequal size of the pupils.

# Causes
To a certain extent, this is normal.  Anisocoria to a mild degree (generally 0.3 to 0.5 mm) can be found in about 20% of people.  This form is termed "simple anisocoria."  When pathological, it may be seen in a variety of nervous system pathologies such as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
In the absence of any deformities of the iris or eyeball proper, anisocoria is usually the result of a defect in efferent nervous pathways controlling the pupil traveling in the oculomotor nerve (parasympathetic fibers) or the sympathetic pathways. Physical lesions and drugs causing anisocoria will do so via disruption of these pathways.
Some examples of drugs which may affect the pupils include pilocarpine, cocaine, tropicamide and scopolamine.
Additionally, dilation of the pupil is termed mydriasis and constriction of the pupil is termed miosis.

# Complete Differential Diagnosis of Anisocoria
In alphabetical order  
- Adie's Syndrome
- Alcohol intoxication
- Aniridia
- Argyll-Robertson Pupil
- Arsenic poisoning
- Botulism
- Brain tumor
- Cavernous sinus thrombosis
- Cerebral aneurysm
- Congenital
- Degenerative neurologic disorders
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Diphtheria
- Drugs
- Encephalitis
- Herpes Zoster
- Horner's Syndrome
- Injury to the iris
- Internal carotid artery aneurysm
- Intracranial hemorrhage
- Iridocyclitis
- Ischemia
- Keratitis
- Lead poisoning
- Meningitis
- Multiple Sclerosis
- Narrow Angle Glaucoma
- Neoplastic
- Neurofibromatosis
- Ocular prosthesis
- Retinal disease
- Syphilis
- Syringomyelia
- Tabes Dorsalis
- Trauma
- Tuberculosis

# Interpretation
Clinically, it is important to establish which of the two pupils is behaving abnormally.
- If the smaller of the two pupils is the abnormal one,  dimming the ambient light will not cause it to dilate, in which case a defect in sympathetic fibers is suspected, as seen in Horner's syndrome.
- Alternatively, if the abnormal pupil is the larger one, it will fail to contract in response to light, raising suspicion for a parasympathetic nerve defect, possibly an oculomotor nerve palsy.
A relative afferent pupillary defect or RAPD also known as a Marcus Gunn pupil does not cause anisocoria.
When anisocoria occurs and the examiner is unsure whether the abnormal pupil is the constricted or dilated one, if a one-sided ptosis is present then the abnormally sized pupil can be presumed to be the one on the side of the ptosis.
Piperidine
Piperidine is an organic compound with the molecular formula C5H11N.  It is a heterocyclic amine with a six-membered ring containing five carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. It is a clear liquid with a pepper-like odor.
The piperidine structural motif is present in numerous natural alkaloids such as piperine and quinine, and is the main active chemical agent in black pepper and relatives (Piper sp.), hence the name.  Piperidine is also a structural element of many pharmaceutical drugs such as raloxifene, minoxidil, thioridazine and mesoridazine.
Piperidine is listed as a Table II precursor under the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances due to its use (peaking in the 1970s) in the clandestine manufacture of PCP (also known as angel dust).
Piperidine is often used as a solvent for its mild basic properties, most notably in Fmoc-strategy solid phase peptide synthesis.
The major industrial application of piperidine is for the production of dipiperidinyl dithium tetrasulfide, which is used as a rubber vulcanization accelerator.
Piperidine is naturally found in fire ant venom, and is the cause of the burning sensation associated with the bite of these insects.
Piperidine is also commonly used in chemical degradation reactions, such as the DNA sequencing method invented by Walter Gilbert in 1977, for cleavage of particular modified nucleotides.  Piperidine is also commonly used as a strong base for the deprotection of amino acids in solid-phase peptide synthesis.

# Use in pharmaceutical drugs
Many pharmaceutical drugs contain a piperidine ring because the group tends to impart pharmacokinetics such as water solubility and bioavailability.  Examples of drugs that contain piperidines include mesoridazine, thioridazine, haloperidol, droperidol, PCP, benperidol, and risperidone.
Most piperidines induce the liver enzyme CYP2D6, resulting in faster metabolism of e.g. many beta-blockers and antiarrhythmics.
Animal fat
Animal fats are rendered tissue fats that can be obtained from a variety of animals.

# Human nutrition
Animal fats are often claimed to be unhealthy owing to their association with high cholesterol levels in the blood. Animal fat contains some cholesterol and saturated fat. Elevated blood cholesterol levels have been linked to heart disease, there is not necessarily a relationship between cholesterol intake and blood cholesterol level.
Some sources of animal fat include blubber, cod liver oil, lard pork fat, beef tallow, schmaltz or chicken fat.

# Pet nutrition
In pet nutrition it is the source of animal fat that has concerned food manufacturers. AAFCO states that animal fat is "obtained from the tissues of mammals and/or poultry in the commercial processes of rendering or extracting. It consists predominantly of glyceride esters of fatty acids and contains no additions of free fatty acids. If an antioxidant is used, the common name or names must be indicated, followed by the words "used as a preservative". In actuality the animal source is not specified or required to give the origin of slaughtered animals. The rendered animals can be obtained from any source. There is no control over quality or contamination and any animal can be used including dead, diseased, disabled, or dying prior to slaughter.

# Caloric Equivalent
100 grams of animal fat (bacon grease) contains 3750 kJ, or 900 kcal (4000 kcal/lb).
Annexin A2
Annexin A2 also known as annexin II is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANXA2 gene.
Annexin 2 is involved in diverse cellular processes such as cell motility (especially that of the epithelial cells), linkage of membrane-associated protein complexes to the actin cytoskeleton, endocytosis, fibrinolysis, ion channel formation, and cell matrix interactions.
It is a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein whose function is to help organize exocytosis of intracellular proteins to the extracellular domain. Annexin II is a pleiotropic protein meaning that its function is dependent on place and time in the body.

# Gene
The ANXA2 gene, located  at 15q22.2, has three pseudogenes located on chromosomes 4, 9 and 10, respectively. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

# Function
This protein is a member of the annexin family. Members of this calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein family play a role in the regulation of cellular growth and in signal transduction pathways. This protein functions as an autocrine factor which heightens osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Epigenetic regulation of Annexin A2 has been identified as a key determinant of mesenchymal transformation in brain tumors.
Annexin A2 has been proposed to function inside the cell in sorting of endosomes and outside the cell in anticoagulant reactions.

# Interactions
Annexin A2 has been shown to interact with Prohibitin, CEACAM1, S100A10, PCNA, complement Factor H, and a number of viral factors including the HPV16 minor capsid protein L2.
Annexin A3
Annexin A3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANXA3 gene.
It is abnormally expressed in fetuses of both IVF and ICSI, which may contribute to the increase risk of birth defects in these ART.
This gene encodes a member of the annexin family.  Members of this calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein family play a role in the regulation of cellular growth and in signal transduction pathways.  This protein functions in the inhibition of phospholipase A2 and cleavage of inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate to form inositol 1-phosphate. This protein may also play a role in anti-coagulation.
Annexin A5
Annexin A5 (or annexin V) is a cellular protein in the annexin group.  In flow cytometry, annexin V is commonly used to detect apoptotic cells by its ability to bind to phosphatidylserine, a marker of apoptosis when it is on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The function of the protein is unknown; however, annexin A5 has been proposed to play a role in the inhibition of blood coagulation by competing for phosphatidylserine binding sites with prothrombin and also to inhibit the activity of phospholipase A1. These properties have been found by in vitro experiments.

# Pathology
Antibodies directed against annexin A5 are found in patients with a disease called the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), a thrombophilic disease associated with autoantibodies against phospholipid compounds.
Annexin A5 forms a shield around negatively charged phospholipid molecules. The formation of an annexin A5 shield blocks the entry of phospholipids into coagulation (clotting) reactions. In the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, the formation of the shield is disrupted by antibodies. Without the shield, there is an increased quantity of phospholipid molecules on cell membranes, speeding up coagulation reactions and causing the blood-clotting characteristic of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.
Annexin A5 showed upregulation in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

# Laboratory use
Annexin A5 is used as a non-quantitative probe to detect cells that have expressed phosphatidylserine (PS) on the cell surface, an event found in apoptosis as well as other forms of cell death. Platelets also expose PS and PE on their surface when activated, which serves as binding site for various coagulation factors.
The annexin A5 affinity assay typically uses a conjugate of annexin V and a fluorescent or enzymatic label, biotin or other tags, or a radioelement, in a suitable buffer (annexin V binding to aminophospholipids is Ca2+ dependent). The assay combines annexin V staining of PS and PE membrane events with the staining of DNA in the cell nucleus with propidium iodide (PI) or 7-Aminoactinomycin D (AAD-7), distinguishing viable cells from apoptotic cells and necrotic cells. Detection occurs by flow cytometry or a fluorescence microscope.

# Interactions
Annexin A5 has been shown to interact with Kinase insert domain receptor and Integrin, beta 5.
Annexin A6
Annexin A6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANXA6 gene.

# Function
Annexin VI belongs to a family of calcium-dependent membrane and phospholipid binding proteins. Although their functions are still not clearly defined, several members of the annexin family have been implicated in membrane-related events along exocytotic and endocytotic pathways. The annexin VI gene is approximately 60 kbp long and contains 26 exons.  It encodes a protein of about 68 kDa that consists of eight 68-amino acid repeats separated by linking sequences of variable lengths. It is highly similar to human annexins I and II sequences, each of which contain four such repeats.  Exon 21 of annexin VI is alternatively spliced, giving rise to two isoforms that differ by a 6-amino acid insertion at the start of the seventh repeat.  Annexin VI has been implicated in mediating the endosome aggregation and vesicle fusion in secreting epithelia during exocytosis.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of ANXA6 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Anxa6tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists  at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty six tests were carried out on mutant mice and one significant abnormality was observed: female homozygous mutant animals had an increased susceptibility to Citrobacter infection.

# Interactions
ANXA6 has been shown to interact with RAS p21 protein activator 1.
Annexin A9
Annexin A9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANXA9 gene.

# Function
The annexins are a family of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins. Members of the annexin family contain 4 internal repeat domains, each of which includes a type II calcium-binding site. The calcium-binding sites are required for annexins to aggregate and cooperatively bind anionic phospholipids and extracellular matrix proteins. This gene encodes a divergent member of the annexin protein family in which all four homologous type II calcium-binding sites in the conserved tetrad core contain amino acid substitutions that ablate their function. However, structural analysis suggests that the conserved putative ion channel formed by the tetrad core is intact.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of ANXA9 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Anxa9tm1b(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed:  - In-depth immunological phenotyping - in-depth bone and cartilage phenotyping
Antalarmin

# Overview
Antalarmin is a drug which acts as a CRF-1 antagonist.
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), also known as Corticotropin releasing hormone, is an endogenous peptide hormone which is released in response to various triggers such as chronic stress and drug addiction. This then triggers the release of corticotropin (ACTH), another hormone which is involved in the physiological response to stress. Chronic release of CRF and ACTH is believed to be directly or indirectly involved in many of the harmful physiological effects of chronic stress, such as excessive glucocorticoid release, stomach ulcers, anxiety, depression, and development of high blood pressure and consequent cardiovascular problems.
Antalarmin is a non-peptide drug which blocks the CRF-1 receptor, and consequently reduces the release of ACTH in response to chronic stress. This has been demonstrated in animals to reduce the behavioural responses to stressful situations, and it is proposed that antalarmin itself, or more likely newer CRF antagonist drugs still under development, could be useful for reducing the adverse health consequences of chronic stress in humans, as well as having possible uses in the treatment of conditions such as anxiety, depression and drug addiction.
Results so far have had limited success, with various CRF antagonists being tested, which showed some antidepressant effects, but failed to produce an effect comparable with conventional antidepressant drugs. However more positive results were seen when antalarmin was combined with an SSRI antidepressant, suggesting a potential for synergistic effect. Encouraging results have also been observed using antalarmin as a potential treatment for anxiety and stress-induced hypertension.
Chronic antalarmin treatment also showed antiinflammatory effects and has been suggested as having potential uses in the treatment of inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, as well as stress-induced gastrointestinal ulcers and irritable bowel syndrome.
Mixed results have been seen in research into the use of antalarmin and other CRF-1 antagonists in the treatment of drug addiction disorders. Tests of antalarmin on cocaine use in cocaine-addicted monkeys produced only slight reductions of use that were not statistically significant, however in tests on cocaine-addicted rats, antalarmin did prevent dose escalation with prolonged use, suggesting that it might stabilise cocaine use and prevent it increasing over time, although without consistently reducing it.
Antalarmin also showed positive effects in reducing withdrawal syndrome from chronic opioid use, and significantly reduced self-administration of ethanol in ethanol-addicted rodents.

# See Also
- Pexacerfont
- Corticotropin releasing hormone antagonist
Fontanelle
In human anatomy, a fontanelle (or fontanel) is one of two "soft spots" on a newborn human's skull.  There are, however, two more fontanelles of interest, the mastoid fontanelle, and the sphenoidal fontanelle.
Fontanelles are soft spots on a baby's head which, during birth, enable the soft bony plates of the skull to flex, allowing the head to pass through the birth canal. Fontanelles are usually completely hardened by a child's second birthday, and will eventually form the sutures of the neurocranium.
The skull of a newborn consists of five main bones: two frontal bones, two parietal bones, and one occipital bone. These are joined by fibrous sutures, which allow movement that facilitates childbirth and brain growth.
At birth, the skull features a small posterior fontanelle, an open area covered by a tough membrane, where the two parietal bones adjoin the occipital bone (at the lambda). This fontanelle usually closes during the first several months of an infant's life.
There is also a much larger, diamond-shaped anterior fontanelle where the two frontal and two parietal bones abut. This fontanelle remains open until the child is about two years of age. In cleidocranial dysostosis it is often late in closing or never closes.
The anterior fontanelle is useful clinically. Examination of an infant includes palpating the anterior fontanelle. A sunken fontanelle indicates dehydration, whereas a very tense or bulging anterior fontanelle indicates raised intracranial pressure.
Parents may worry that their infant may be more prone to injury at the fontanelles. In fact, although they may colloquially be called "soft-spots", the membrane covering the fontanelles is extremely tough and difficult to penetrate.
The fontanelles allow the infant brain to be imaged using ultrasonography. Once they are closed, most of the brain is inaccessible to ultrasound imaging, as the bony skull presents an acoustic barrier.
Anthracene

# Overview
Anthracene is a solid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of three fused benzene rings derived from coal-tar. Anthracene is used in the artificial production of the red dye alizarin. It is also used in wood preservatives, insecticides, and coating materials.  Anthracene is colorless but exhibits a blue (400-500 nm peak) fluorescence under ultraviolet light.

# Synthesis
A classic method for the preparation of anthracene in the laboratory is by cyclodehydration of o-methyl- or o-methylene-substituted diarylketones in the so-called Elbs reaction (named for the German chemist Karl Elbs).

# Reactions
Anthracene has the ability to photodimerize with irradiation by UV light. This results in considerable changes in the physical properties of the material.
The dimer is connected by two covalent bonds resulting from the  cycloaddition. The dimer reverts to anthracene thermally or with UV irradiation below 300 nm. The reversible bonding and photochromic properties of anthracenes is the basis of many potential applications using poly and monosubstituted anthracene derivatives. The reaction is sensitive to oxygen.
In most other reactions of anthracene, the central ring is also targeted, as it is the most highly reactive.  Electrophilic substitution occurs at the "9" and "10" positions of the center ring, and oxidation of anthracene occurs readily, giving anthraquinone, C14H8O2 (below).

# Uses
Anthracene can also have a hydroxyl group to form 1-hydroxyanthracene and 2-hydroxyanthracene, homologous to phenol and napthol, and hydroxyanthracene is also called anthrol, and anthracenol.
Hydroxyanthracene derivatives are pharmacologically active, and are contained in aloe for example.
Anthracene is an organic semiconductor.
Anthracene is used as a scintillator for detectors of high energy photons, electrons and alpha particles.  Plastics such as polyvinyltolulene can be doped with Anthracene to produce a plastic scintillator that is approximately water equivalent for use in radiation therapy dosimetry.  Anthracenes emission spectrum peaks at between 400 nm and 440 nm.