Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
EIF2S1
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 (eIF2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF2S1 gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is the alpha () subunit of the translation initiation factor eIF2 complex which catalyzes an early regulated step of protein synthesis initiation, promoting the binding of the initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAiMet) to 40S ribosomal subunits. Binding occurs as a ternary complex of methionyl-tRNA, eIF2, and GTP. eIF2 is composed of 3 nonidentical subunits, alpha (, 36 kD, this article), beta (, 38 kD), and  gamma (, 52 kD). The rate of formation of the ternary complex is modulated by the phosphorylation state of eIF2.

# Clinical significance
After reperfusion following brain ischemia, there is inhibition of neuron protein synthesis due to phosphorylation of eIF2. There is colocalization between phosphorylated eIF2 and cytosolic cytochrome c, which is released from mitochondria in apoptosis. Phosphorylated Eif2-alpha appeared before cytochrome c release, suggesting that phosphorylation of eIF2 triggers cytochrome c release during apoptotic cell death.
Mice heterozygous for the S51A mutation become obese and diabetic on a high-fat diet. Glucose intolerance resulted from reduced insulin secretion, defective transport of proinsulin, and a reduced number of insulin granules in beta cells. Hence proper functioning of eIF2 appears essential for preventing diet-induced type II diabetes.

# Dephosphorylation inhibitors
Salubrinal is a selective inhibitor of enzymes that dephosphorylate eIF2. Salubrinal also blocks eIF2 dephosphorylation by a herpes simplex virus protein and inhibits viral replication. eIF2 phosphorylation is cytoprotective during endoplasmic reticulum stress.
EIF2S2
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 2 (eIF2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF2S2 gene.

# Function
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2) functions in the early steps of protein synthesis by forming a ternary complex with GTP and initiator tRNA and binding to a 40S ribosomal subunit. eIF2 is composed of three subunits, alpha (), beta (, this article), and gamma (), with the protein encoded by this gene representing the beta subunit. The beta subunit catalyzes the exchange of GDP for GTP, which recycles the eIF2 complex for another round of initiation.

# Regulation
Both eIF2 and eIF2 expression is regulated by the NRF1 transcription factor.
EIF4E3
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF4E3 gene.
EIF4E3 belongs to the EIF4E family of translational initiation factors that interact with the 5-prime cap structure of mRNA and recruit mRNA to the ribosome.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of EIF4E3 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Eif4e3tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists  at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty four tests were carried out on mutant mice but no significant abnormalities were observed.
ENTPD2
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ENTPD2 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is the type 2 enzyme of the ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase family (E-NTPDase). E-NTPDases are a family of ecto-nucleosidases that hydrolyze 5'-triphosphates. This ecto-ATPase is an integral membrane protein. Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants.
It has been shown, by scientists from the University of Warwick, that E-NTPDase2 stimulates the growth of the eye: by testing the enzyme on tadpoles, the tadpoles were found to develop extra eyes on their body.
ENTPD6
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ENTPD6 gene.

# Function
ENTPD6 is similar to E-type nucleotidases (NTPases). NTPases, such as CD39, mediate catabolism of extracellular nucleotides. ENTPD6 contains 4 apyrase-conserved regions which is characteristic of NTPases.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of ENTPD6 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Entpd6tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed:  - In-depth immunological phenotyping
EN 207
EN 207 is the European norm for laser safety eyewear. Any laser eye protection sold within the European Community must be certified and labeled with the CE mark. According to this standard, laser safety glasses should not only absorb laser light of a given wavelength, but they should also be able to withstand a direct hit from the laser without breaking or melting. In this respect, the European norm is more strict than the American norm (ANSI Z 136) that only regulates the required optical density. More precisely, the safety glasses should be able to withstand a continuous wave laser for 10 seconds, or 100 pulses for a pulsed laser.
An EN 207 specification might read IR 315--532 L6. Here, the letters IR indicate the laser working mode, in this case a pulsed mode. The range 315--532 indicates the wavelength range in nanometers. Finally, the scale number L6 indicates a lower limit for the optical density, i.e. the transmittance within this wavelength range is less than 10-6.

# Laser working modes
EN 207 specifies four laser working modes:

# Scale numbers
The scale numbers range from L1 to L10, where the number is a lower
limit for the optical density, i.e. Ln means that OD>n, or
T , where T is the transmittance. The
minimum scale number for a given laser depends on the working mode and
the wavelength as follows:
- the laser operates at 1064 nm and has a pulse duration of 10 ns, 100 mJ/cm2 (or 103 J/m2). You have goggles that are specified as DIR 1064 L5. The pulse duration indicates that we should look at the R specification, with scale number n=5, which gives an upper limit of 5102 J/m2, which means that these goggles do not offer suitable protection for this particular laser.
- the laser operates at 780 nm, is continuous wave with a power of 50 mW/cm2 (P = 500 W/m2). This means you need a D protection level of log(500)-1=1.69, which is rounded up to 2. In other words, the safety goggles should be at least D 780 L2.
From the scale it can be inferred that the power densities that correspond to n=0 are considered safe without protective eyewear.
ERGIC2
Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment protein 2 (ERGIC2)  is a gene located on human chromosome 12p11.  It encodes a protein of 377 amino acid residues. ERGIC2 protein is also known as PTX1, CDA14 or Erv41.
The biological function of ERGIC2 protein is unknown, although it was initially identified as a candidate tumor suppressor of prostate cancer, and has been shown to induce cell growth arrest and senescence, to suppress colony formation in soft agar, and to decrease invasive potential of human prostate cancer cell line (PC-3 cells).  It is now believed to be a chaperon molecule involved in protein trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and Golgi.  The protein contains two hydrophobic transmembrane domains that help anchoring the molecule on the ER membrane, such that its large luminal domain orients inside the ER lumen and both the N- and C-termini are facing the cytosol.  ERGIC2 forms a complex with two other proteins, ERGIC3 and ERGIC32, resulting in a shuttle for protein trafficking between ER and Golgi.  It has been shown to interact with a number of proteins, such as beta-amyloid, protein elongation factor 1alpha, and otoferlin. Therefore, it may play an important role in cellular functions besides of being a component of a protein trafficking shuttle.
More recently, a variant transcript of ERGIC2 has been reported.  It has a deletion of four bases at the junction of exons 8 and 9, resulting a frame-shift mutation after codon #189.  The variant transcript encodes a truncated protein of 215 residues, which loses 45% of the luminal domain and the transmembrane domain near the C-terminus. This effectively abrogates its function as a protein transporter. A similar variant is also reported in armadillo. So this is not a random mutation. The function of this truncated protein is unknown.
Ebriid
The Ebridea is a group of phagotrophic flagellate protist present in marine coastal plankton communities worldwide. Ebria tripartita is one of two (possibly four) described extant species in the Ebridea.
Members of this group are named for their idiosyncratic method of movement (ebrius, "drunk").
Ebriids are usually encountered in low abundance and have a peculiar combination of ultrastructural characters including a large nucleus with permanently condensed chromosomes and an internal skeleton composed of siliceous rods.
The taxonomic history of the group has been tumultuous and has included a variety of affiliations, such as silicoflagellates, dinoflagellates, 'radiolarians' and 'neomonads'.
Recently the Ebridea is treated as a eukaryotic taxon with an unclear phylogenetic position, but last molecular studies (Canadian Institute for Advanced Research) place of ebriids within the Cercozoa.
El Tor
El Tor is the name given to a particular strain of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. Also known as O1, it has been the dominant strain in the seventh global pandemic. It is distinguished from the classic strain at a genetic level, although both are in the O1 serogroup and both contain Inaba, Ogawa and Hikojima serotypes. It was first identified in 1905 at a camp in El-Tor, Egypt.
El Tor was identified again in an outbreak in 1937 but the pandemic did not arise until 1961 in Sulawesi. El Tor spread through Asia (Bangladesh in 1963, India in 1964) and then into the Middle East, Africa and Europe. From North Africa it spread into Italy by 1973. In the late 1970s there were small outbreaks in Japan and in the South Pacific.
The extent of the pandemic has been due to the relative mildness (lower expression level) of El Tor, the disease has many more asymptomatic carriers than is usual, outnumbering active cases by up to 50:1. El Tor also remains in the body for longer and survives better than other known types. The actual infection is also relatively mild, or at least rarely fatal. Additionally El Tor is capable of host-to-host transmission, unlike the classic strain.
fa:
Elafin
Elafin, also known as peptidase inhibitor 3 or skin-derived antileukoprotease (SKALP), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PI3 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes an elastase-specific protease inhibitor, which contains a WAP-type four-disulfide core (WFDC) domain, and is thus a member of the WFDC domain family. Most WFDC gene members are localized to chromosome 20q12-q13 in two clusters: centromeric and telomeric. This gene belongs to the centromeric cluster.

# Clinical significance
Elafin has been found to have utility in serving as a biomarker for graft versus host disease of the skin.
Elafin plays some role in gut inflammation.
Elixir
An elixir (From Arabic, Al-Ikseer) is a pharmaceutical preparation containing an active ingredient (such as morphine) that is dissolved in a solution that contains some percentage of ethyl alcohol and is designed to be taken orally.
Elixir may also refer to:
- Elixir bhu, a cultural festival organized each year in the second half of February at the Institute of Medical Sciences
- Elixir (metal band), a British heavy metal band.
- Elixir of life, also known as the elixir of immortality
- Elixir (band), Goa trance music
- Elixir Studios, a British video game developer
- Elixir (comics), a fictional mutant in the Marvel Universe
- Elixir Strings, for electric, acoustic, and bass guitars as well as banjo and mandolin
- L'elisir d'amore, The Elixir of Love, an opera
Virola
Virola, also known as Epena, is a genus of medium-sized trees native to the South American rainforest and closely related to other Myristicaceae, such as nutmeg. It has glossy, dark leaves with clusters of tiny yellow flowers and emits a pungent odor.
The dark-red resin of the tree bark contains several hallucinogenic alkaloids, most notably 5-MeO-DMT(Virola calophylla), 5-OH-DMT (Bufotenine), and also N,N-DMT, perhaps the most "powerful" member of the Dimethyltryptamine family; it also contains beta-carboline harmala alkaloids, MAOIs that greatly potentiate the effects of DMT. The bark resin is prepared and dried by a variety of methods, often including the addition of ash or lime, presumably as basifying agents, and a powder made from the leaves of the small Justicia bush. Ingestion is similar to that of Yopo, consisting of assisted insufflation, with the snuff being blown through a long tube into the nostrils by an assistant. According to Schultes, the use of Virola in magico-religious rituals is restricted to tribes in the Western Amazon Basin and parts of the Orinoco Basin.

# Traditional medicine
The tops of Virola oleifera have been shown to produce lignan-7-ols and verrucosin that have antifungal action regarding Cladosporium sphaerospermum in doses as low as 25 micrograms. Lignan-7-ols oleiferin-B and oleiferin-G worked for C. cladosporoides starting as low as 10 micrograms.
Epimer
In chemistry, an epimer is a stereoisomer of another compound that has a different configuration at only one of several stereogenic centers. Stereoisomers include enantiomers and diastereomers, both which contain a stereogenic center (excluding geometric isomers, which is a class of diastereomers).
For example, the sugars -glucose and -glucose are epimers.  In -glucose, the -OH group on the first (anomeric) carbon is in the direction opposite the methylene group. In -glucose, the -OH group is oriented in the same direction as the methylene group . These two molecules are both epimers and anomers.
In this case -D-glucopyranose and -D-mannopyranose are epimers because the differ only in the stereochemistry at the 2 position. The hydroxyl group in -D-glucopyranose is equatorial (in the "plane" of the ring) while in -D-mannopyranose the 2 hydroxyl group is axial (up from the "plane" of the ring). These two molecules are epimers but not anomers.
In chemical nomenclature one of the epimeric pairs is given the prefix epi- for example in quinine and epi-quinine. When the pairs are enantiomers the prefix becomes ent-.
Ergine
LSA, also known as d-lysergic acid amide, d-lysergamide, ergine, and LA-111, is an alkaloid of the ergoline family that occurs in various species of vines of the Convolvulaceae and some species of fungi. As the dominant alkaloid in the hallucinogenic seeds of Rivea corymbosa (ololiuhqui), Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian baby woodrose) and Ipomoea tricolor (morning glories, tlitliltzin), it is often stated that ergine and/or isoergine (its epimer) is responsible for the psychedelic activity. In fact, the effects of synthetic LSA and iso-LSA are not particularly psychedelic, see Mixing the Kykeon below for a summary of human trials, and Chapter 17 and entry #26 of TiHKAL for further discussion. As a precursor to LSD, ergine is a DEA schedule III drug in the United States.

# History
A traditional use of morning glory seeds by Mexican Native Americans was first described by Richard Schultes in 1941 in a short report documenting their use going back to Aztec times (cited in TiHKAL by Alexander Shulgin). Further research was published in 1960, when Don Thomes MacDougall reported that the seeds of Ipomoea tricolor were used as sacraments by certain Zapotecs, sometimes in conjunction with the seeds of Rivea corymbosa, another species which has a similar chemical composition, with lysergol instead of ergometrine. Ergine was assayed for human activity by Albert Hofmann in self-trials in 1947, well before it was known to be a natural compound. Intramuscular administration of a 500 microgram dose led to a tired, dreamy state, with an inability to maintain clear thoughts. After a short period of sleep the effects were gone, and normal baseline was recovered within five hours. .

# Natural occurrence
Ergine has been found in high concentrations of 20 mg/kg dry weight in the grass Stipa robusta (sleepygrass) infected with an Acremonium endophytic fungus together with other ergot alkaloids

# Extraction
LSA can be extracted from morning glory  seeds or Hawaiian baby woodrose.
Eschar
From the Greek word eschara (scab) an eschar (Template:IPAEng) is a piece of dead tissue that is cast off from the surface of the skin, particularly after a burn injury, but also seen in gangrene, ulcer, fungal infections and late exposure to anthrax. Eschar is sometimes called a "black wound" because the wound is covered with thick, dry, black necrotic tissue.
Eschar may be allowed to slough off naturally, or it may require surgical removal (debridement) to prevent infection, especially in immunocompromised patients (e.g. if a skin graft is to be conducted).
If eschar is on a limb, it is important to assess peripheral pulses of the affected limb to make sure blood and lymphatic circulation is not compromised.  If circulation is compromised, an escharotomy, or surgical incision through the eschar, may be indicated.
An escharotic is a substance that causes tissue to die and slough off. Examples include acids, alkalines, carbon dioxide, metallic salts, or electric cautery.
Flavin

# Overview
Flavin is a tricyclic heteronuclear organic ring based on pteridine whose biochemical source is the vitamin riboflavin. The flavin moiety is often attached with an adenosine diphosphate to form flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and in other circumstances, is found as flavin mononucleotide (or FMN), a phosphorylated form of riboflavin. It is in one or the other of these forms that flavin is present as a prosthetic group in flavoproteins.
The flavin group is capable of undergoing oxidation-reduction reactions, and can accept either one electron in a two step process or can accept two electrons at once. In the form of FADH2, it is one of the cofactors that can transfer electrons to the electron transfer chain.

# FAD
Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a prosthetic group bound to many enzymes including ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase, monoamine oxidase, D-amino acid oxidase, glucose oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and acyl CoA dehydrogenase.

# FADH / FADH2
FADH and FADH2 are reduced forms of FAD. FADH2 is produced as a prosthetic group in succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the citric acid cycle. In oxidative phosphorylation, two molecules of FADH2 typically yield 2.5 ATP.

# FMN
Flavin mononucleotide is a prosthetic group found in, amongst other proteins, NADH dehydrogenase, E.coli nitroreductase and old yellow enzyme.
FAM20A
FAM20A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM20A gene.

# Function
FAM20A belongs to an evolutionarily conserved family of secreted proteins expressed in many tissues. This locus encodes a protein that is likely secreted and  may function in hematopoiesis.
A mutation at this locus has been associated with amelogenesis imperfecta and gingival hyperplasia syndrome. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified. 

# Clinical significance
A mutation in FAM20A was reported to be associated with amelogenesis imperfecta, an inherited enamel defect, and gingival hyperplasia syndrome.
Human mutations in FAM20A were also reported to cause Enamel-Renal Syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by severe enamel hypoplasia, failed tooth eruption, intrapulpal calcifications, enlarged gingiva, and nephrocalcinosis.
FAM40A
Protein FAM40A is a protein that is located on chromosome 1 in humans and is encoded by the FAM40A gene.

# Characteristics and secondary structure
FAM40A has an isoelectric point of 5.92 and a molecular weight of 95,575 daltons.  It is predicted to have three transmembrane domains, making it a transmembrane protein. FAM40A does not contain a signal peptide and is also predicted to bind to DNA, possibly making it a membrane protein in the nuclear membrane.
The secondary structure of FAM40A is predicted to contain twenty-six alpha helices and two beta sheets. The 5' untranslated region of FAM40A is predicted to contain one stem-loop and the 3' untranslated region is predicted to contain eight stem-loop structures. Two miRNAs are predicted to bind to two of the stem-loop structures present in the 3' UTR region.

# Homology
FAM40A has no paralogs. However, it does have orthologs stretching all the way back to yeast. It has been suggested that FAM40A is a homolog to the yeast gene FAR11, which is involved in the recovery from cell cycle arrest.
The following table represents a small selection of orthologs found using searches in BLAST and BLAT.  This is by no means a comprehensive list, however it does show the vast diversity of species where FAM40A orthologs are found.

# Expression
FAM40A is expressed in high levels during the blastocyst, eight-cell stage, and fetal stages of development. FAM40A has also been shown to be expressed in high levels in the mammary glands, brain, thymus, mouth and the testes. It has also been shown to be expressed in high levels in mammary gland tumors, leukemia cells, and germ cell tumors.

# Transcription Regulation
FAM40A is predicted to have a promoter region 789 base pairs upstream of the start of transcription. The SOX transcription factors are predicted to bind to the promoter region of the FAM40A gene, possibly indicating a role in sex determination.

# Interactions
FAM40A has been shown to interact with RP6-213H19.1, STRN, PDCD10, TRAF3IP3, STRN3, PPP2R1A, MOBKL3, CTTNBP2NL, STK24 and PPP2CA.
FAM46A
Protein FAM46A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM46A gene. Aliases for Fam46A include HBV X-Transactivated Gene 11 Protein, C6orf37, and XTP11. The gene contains 6 introns, and is 6982 base pairs long. The transcribed mRNA is 2231 base pairs long and contains  2 exons, 589 and 1128 base pairs, with 4 alternative splice isoforms.

# Expression
Expression of Fam46A is found to be exceptionally high in Placental tissue, Pineal Gland, and Pituitary Gland with low to moderate expression within Bone Marrow, Uterus, and Salivary glands.

# Protein
The human FAM46A protein is 461 Amino Acids long.

# Function
The function of Fam46A is currently unknown but there is a Variable Number Tandem Repeat in the first exon of Fam46A that has been explored within various populations and have been attempted to be linked to various retinal diseases as well as colon cancer.
FAM49A
Family with sequence similarity 49, member A, also known as FAM49A, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the FAM49A gene.

# Gene
Fam49A is located on human chromosome 2, at 2p24.3. It has 1512 base pairs in the reference sequence mRNA transcript.

# Protein
The Fam49A gene product is a 323 amino acid protein. The protein contains two domains: Residues 15-319 comprise the "Domain of Unknown Function 1394" (DUF1394, Pfam PF07159). Residues 67->281 comprise the "Cytoplasmic Fragile X Interacting Superfamily" region.