Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
User:Navneet

# Navneet Kaur, M.B.,B.S.
Contact:
Email: mann.navneet94@gmail.com

# Medical Education
August 2012  Jan 2020
- Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (M.B.B.S.) from Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (SGRDIMSR), Baba Farid University of Health Sciences (BFUHS), Amritsar, Punjab, India.

# Professional Affiliations
- ECFMG Certified  March 2020.
- Registered General practitioner, India.
- Member of Medical Student Association of India.

# US Clinical Experience
June 2021- present
- RESEARCH SCHOLAR, at WikiDoc Scholar Program, under Dr. Michael Gibson, Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School and Researcher at Baim Institute for Clinical Research
June 2021- July 2021
- CLINICAL TELE-ROTATION, with Dr. Charles L. Lawler, MD, Board Certified Internist, Former Program Director, Associate Professor University of Illinois, Elmhurst Health Care, Elmhurst, IL
July 2020 -August 2020
- EXTERNSHIP, at SUNY Downstate under Dr. Rattanjit Kohli, MD (Internal Medicine) Brooklyn, New York.
April 2019
- OBSERVERSHIP, under Dr. Gurkaramjit S Khaira, MD, Hospitalist (Clinical Medicine) at Geisinger Health System, GCMC hospital, Scranton, PA

# Publications

## Peer Reviewed Journal Articles/Abstract
- BITEMPORAL HEMIANOPIA- AN INDICATION OF ETHAMBUTOL TOXICITY. Dinesh Kumar, Navneet Kaur, Snimer Kaur Sidhu, Zoya Gurpreet Paul, Rahul VC Tiwari. JCR. 2020; 7(11): 2730-2732. doi:10.31838/jcr.07.19.398 
- Case report on Morvan syndrome. Arveen Kaur, Navneet Kaur. Published in International Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, CIBTech - Syndrome.pdf

## Oral presentation
- Anti microbial Resistance and COVID-19, an awareness campaign, Navneet Kaur, Ravneet Kaur, Yashjot Kaur. Presented at: MSAI with support from WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION (WHO-INDIA Office); 
- HerChoice- Pro women, Pro Choice, an awareness session followed by group discussion about Safe Abortion, abortion care , abortion as a human right, and the stigma attached.Navneet Kaur, Yashjot Kaur, Ravneet Kaur, Jasleen Kaur. Oral Presentation presented at: Medical Student Association of India; Amritsar, IND; 
- Case presentation of Morvan syndrome, a rare neurological disorder, from North India, in a young male. Navneet Kaur Oral Presentation presented at: MSAI Online MedFest 2020; IND 

# Communication Languages
- English
- Hindi
- Punjabi
- Urdu
Neosalvarsan
Neosalvarsan is a synthetic antibiotic that is an organoarsenic compound.  It became available in 1912 and superseded the more toxic and less water-soluble salvarsan as an effective treatment for syphilis.    Because both of these arsenicals carried considerable risk of side-effects, they were replaced for this indication by penicillin in the 1940s.
Both salvarsan and neosalvarsan were developed in the laboratory of Paul Ehrlich in Frankfurt, Germany.  Their discoveries were the result of the first organized team effort to optimize the biological activity of a lead compound through systematic chemical modifications.  This scheme is the basis for most modern pharmaceutical research. Both salvarsan and neosalvarsan are prodrugs, that is to say that they are metabolised to the active drug in the body.

# Structure
The structure of Salvarsan and, presumably this derivative, was once believed to feature an As=As bond as shown in the figure..  In 2005, Salvarsan was shown to be a mixture of the cyclic trimer and a pentamer.  The revised structure features As-As single bonds, not double bonds.
Nephrologist
A nephrologist is a physician who has been trained in the diagnosis and management of kidney disease, by regulating blood pressure, regulating electrolytes, balancing fluids in the  body, and administering dialysis. Nephrologists treat many different kidney disorders including acid-base disorders, electrolyte disorders, nephrolithiasis (kidney stones), hypertension (high blood pressure), acute kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Nephrology is a subspecialty of internal medicine. In the United States, after medical school nephrologists complete a three year residency in internal medicine followed by a two year (or longer) fellowship in nephrology.
Knowledge of internal medicine is required to obtain certification. To become a nephrologist requires many years of school and training. Nephrologists also must be approved by the board.  To be approved, the physician must fulfill the requirements for education and training in nephrology in order to qualify to take the board's examination. If a physician passes the examination, then he or she can become a nephrology specialist. Typically, nephrologists also need two to three years of training in an ACGME accredited program in nephrology. Things that a nephrologist learns in this program are fluid and acid base and electrolyte physiology, medical management of acute and chronic renal failure, glomerular and casuclar disorders, tubular/interstitial disorders, mineral metabolism, clinical pharmacology, hypertension, epidemiology, thics, and nutrition. Once training is satisfactorily completed, the physician is eligible to take the ABIM nephrology examination.
Nephrologists may further specialize in pediatric nephrology (treatment of kidney diseases in children) or adult nephrology. Certification in these subspecialties requires satisfactory completion of additional education and training and passing an examination.

# Popular culture
Dr. Gregory House on the fictional TV show House is a nephrologist and infectious disease specialist.
Neuregulin 4
Neuregulin 4 also known as NRG4 is a member of the neuregulin protein family which in humans is encoded by the NRG4 gene.

# Function
The neuregulins, including NRG4, activate erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 4 (ERBB4) to initiating cell signaling through cytosolic tyrosine phosphorylation.

# Clinical significance
Loss of expression of NRG4 is frequently seen in advanced bladder cancer while increased NRG4 expression correlates to better survival.
Phakomatoses
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
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Phakomatoses (or "neurocutaneous syndromes") are disorders of central nervous system that additionally result in lesions on the skin and the retina. These tissues have a common ectodermal origin. The term, which means "spot", was introduced by  Jan van der Hoeve in the 1920s, before the distinct genetic basis of each of these diseases was understood.

# Examples of phakomatoses
- Neurofibromatosis
- Tuberous sclerosis
- Ataxia telangiectasia
- Sturge-Weber syndrome
- von Hippel-Lindau disease
- Incontinentia pigmenti
Neurogenin-3
Neurogenin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NEUROG3 gene.
Neurogenin-3 is expressed in endocrine progenitor cells and is required for endocrine cell development in the pancreas and intestine. It belongs to a family of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors involved in the determination of neural precursor cells in the neuroectoderm.
Neurogenin 3 (NGN3) is expressed by 2-10% of acinar and duct cells in the histologically normal adult human pancreas. NGN3+ cells isolated from cultured exocrine tissue by coexpressed cell surface glycoprotein CD133 have a transcriptome consistent with exocrine dedifferentiation, a phenotype that resembles endocrine progenitor cells during development, and a capacity for endocrine differentiation in vitro. Human and rodent exocrine cells have been reprogrammed into cells with an islet cell-like phenotype following direct expression of NGN3 or manipulation that leads to its expression.

# Detail
Much more at Neurogenins#Neurogenin-3
Neuromedin B
Neuromedin B (NMB) is a bombesin-related peptide in mammals. It was originally purified from pig spinal cord, and later shown to be present in human central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract.

# Sequence
The sequence of the C-terminal decapeptide is highly conserved across mammalian species: GNLWATGHFM-(NH2); this decapeptide is sometimes noted as neuromedin B, but it is more accurately described as neuromedin B 23-32. The sequence of neuromedin B (in rat) is : TPFSWDLPEPRSRASKIRVHPRGNLWATGHFM-(NH2).

# Function
Neuromedin regulates the following functions:
- exocrine and endocrine secretions
- cell growth
- body temperature
- blood pressure and glucose level

# Neuromedin signaling pathway
NMB acts by binding to its high affinity cell surface receptor, neuromedin B receptor (NMBR). This receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor with seven transmembrane spanning regions, hence the receptor is also denoted as a 7-transmembrane receptor (7-TMR). Upon binding several intracellular signaling pathways are triggered (see Figure 2).
When NMB binds to its 7-TMR, the heterotrimeric G protein that is attached to the receptor is activated. The G-protein is called heterotrimeric because it consists of 3 polypeptides:  subunit,  subunit, and  subunit.  In the activated NMBR/G-protein complex, there occurs an exchange of GTP for GDP bound to G- subunit.  The G- subunit, in turn, dissociated form the G- subunits. The free G- inactivates adenylate cyclase (AC), which, in turn, catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP, the latter of which functioning as a second messenger. cAMP activates of the enzyme Protein Kinase A (PKA). PKA enters the nucleus and activates the cAMP response element-binding protein. The activated CREB binds along with CREB binding protein, co-activator to the CRE region of the DNA in the nucleus. CREB and CBP are held together by leucine zippers. CRE is the control that activates number of growth factors, and thus cell proliferation and some anti-apoptotic genes.  In the brain, CREB plays a role in long-term memory and learning.
Neuropilin 1
Neuropilin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NRP1 gene. In humans, the neuropilin 1 gene is located at 10p11.22. This is one of two human neuropilins.

# Function
NRP1 is a membrane-bound coreceptor to a tyrosine kinase receptor for both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; MIM 192240) and semaphorin (see SEMA3A; MIM 603961) family members. NRP1 plays versatile roles in angiogenesis, axon guidance, cell survival, migration, and invasion.

# Interactions
Neuropilin 1 has been shown to interact with Vascular endothelial growth factor A.

# Implication in cancer
Neuropilin 1 has been implicated in the vascularization and progression of cancers. NRP1 expression has been shown to be elevated in a number of human patient tumor samples, including brain, prostate, breast, colon, and lung cancers and NRP1 levels are positively correlated with metastasis.
In prostate cancer NRP1 has been demonstrated to be an androgen-suppressed gene, upregulated during the adaptive response of prostate tumors to androgen-targeted therapies and a prognostic biomarker of clinical metastasis and lethal PCa. In vitro and in vivo mouse studies have shown membrane bound NRP1 to be proangiogenic and that NRP1 promotes the vascularization of prostate tumors.
Elevated NRP1 expression is also correlated with the invasiveness of non-small cell lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo.

## Target for cancer therapies
As a co-receptor for VEGF, NRP1 is a potential target for cancer therapies. A synthetic peptide, EG3287, was generated in 2005 and has been shown to block NRP1 activity. EG3287 has been shown to induce apoptosis in tumor cells with elevated NRP1 expression. A patent for EG3287 was filed in 2002 and approved in 2003. As of 2015 there were no clinical trials ongoing or completed for EG3287 as a human cancer therapy.
Soluble NRP1 has the opposite effect of membrane bound NRP1 and has anti-VEGF activity. In vivo mouse studies have shown that injections of sNRP-1 inhibits progression of acute myeloid leukemia in mice.
Neutrophilia

# Overview
Neutrophilia (also called neutrophil leukocytosis or occasionally neutrocytosis) is leukocytosis of neutrophils, that is, a high number of neutrophil granulocytes in the blood.
A "left shift" refers to the presence of increased proportions of younger, less well differentiated neutrophils and neutrophil-precursor cells in the blood.  This generally reflects early or premature release of myeloid cells from the bone marrow, the site where neutrophils are generated.  A severe neutrophilia with left shift is referred to as a leukemoid reaction. The leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) score, which refers to the amount of alkaline phosphatase per neutrophil, will increase. In a severe infection, toxic granulation changes happen to the neutrophils.
This can resemble Pelger-Huet anomaly.

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

# Causes
Neutrophil are the primary white blood cells that respond to a bacterial infection, so the most common cause of neutrophilia is a bacterial infection, especially pyogenic infections.
Neutrophils are also increased in any acute inflammation, so will be raised after a heart attack, other infarct or burns.
Some drugs, such as prednisone, have the same effect as cortisol and adrenaline (epinephrine), causing marginated neutrophils to enter the blood stream. Nervousness will very slightly raise the neutrophil count because of this effect.
A neutrophilia might also be the result of a malignancy. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML or chronic myeloid leukaemia) is a disease where the blood cells proliferate out of control. These cells may be neutrophils. Neutrophilia can also be caused by appendicitis and splenectomy.
Primary neutrophilia can additionally be a result of Leukocyte adhesion deficiency.

# Differentiating Neutrophilia from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

## Natural History

## Complications

## Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Prevention
Nevus of Ota

# Overview
Nevus of Ota (also known as "congenital melanosis bulbi", "nevus fuscoceruleus ophthalmomaxillaris", "oculodermal melanocytosis",:700 and "Oculomucodermal melanocytosis") is a blue hyperpigmentation that occurs on the face. It was first reported by Dr. M. T. Ota of Japan in 1939.
Nevus of Ota is caused by the entrapment of melanocytes in the upper third of the dermis. It is found on the face unilaterally and involves the first two branches of the trigeminal nerve. The sclera is involved in two-thirds of cases (causing an increased risk of glaucoma). It should not be confused with Mongolian spot, which is a birthmark caused by entrapment of melanocytes in the dermis but is located in the lumbosacral region. Women are nearly five times more likely to be affected than men, and it is rare among caucasian people. Nevus of Ota may not be congenital, and may appear during puberty.

# Diagnosis

## Physcial Examination

### Eye
- Naevus of ota. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.
- Naevus of ota- bilateral type. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.

# Treatment
A Q-switched laser has been successfully used to treat the condition.
Hydroquinone preparations are also helpful in partially treating this condition.
Nicotinamide

# Overview
Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide, is the amide of niacin (vitamin B(3)) which has the chemical formula C6H6N2O. Niacinamide is a derivative of vitamin B-3 can be used for the treatment of arthritis by aiding the body in its production of cartilage.This product is often used for energy drinks.
Nicotinamide is a water-soluble component of the vitamin B complex group. In vivo, Nicotinamide is incorporated into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). NAD and NADP function as coenzymes in a wide variety of enzymatic oxidation-reduction reactions essential for tissue respiration, lipid metabolism, and glycogenolysis.
Nicotinamide has demonstrated anti-inflammatory actions which may be of benefit in patients with inflammatory acne vulgaris, including but not limited to, suppression of antigen induced-lymphocytic transformation and inhibition of 3'-5' cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. Nicotinamide has demonstrated the ability to block the inflammatory actions of iodides known to precipitate or exacerbate inflammatory acne.
Nicotinamide lacks the vasodilator, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and hypolipemic actions of nicotinic acid or niacin. As such nicotinamide has not been shown to produce the flushing, itching and burning sensations of the skin as is commonly seen when large doses of nicotinic acid or niacin are administered orally.
Nicomorphine

# Overview
Nicomorphine (Vilan, Subellan, Gevilan, MorZet) is the 3,6-dinicotinate ester of morphine.   It is a strong opioid agonist analgesic two to three times as potent as morphine with a side effect profile similar to that of dihydromorphine, morphine, and diamorphine.  Nicomorphine was patented as Vilan by Lannacher Heilmittel Ges. m.b.H. of Austria in 1957 and was first synthesized in 1904 either there or at another firm in what was then Austria-Hungary.  The hydrochloride salt is available as ampoules of 10 mg/ml solution for injection, 5 mg tablets, and 10 mg suppositories.  It is possible that other manufacturers distribute 10 mg tablets and other concentrations of injectable nicomorphine in ampoules and multidose vials. It is used, particularly in the German-speaking countries and elsewhere in Central Europe and some other countries in Europe and the former USSR in particular, for post-operative, cancer, chronic non-malignant and other neuropathic pain.  It is commonly used in patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) units.  The usual starting dose is 510 mg given every 35 hours.
The 3,6-diesters of morphine are drugs with more rapid and complete central nervous system penetration due to increased lipid solubility and other structural considerations.  The prototype for this subgroup of semi-synthetic opiates is heroin and the group also includes dipropanoylmorphine, diacetyldihydromorphine, disalicylmorphine and others.  Whilst this produces an enhanced "bang" when the drug is administered intravenously, it cannot be distinguished from morphine via other routes, although the different side effect profile, including lower incidence of nausea, is very apparent.

# Side effects
Nicomorphine's side effects are similar to those of other opioids and include itching, nausea and respiratory depression.  It is considered by doctors to be one of the better analgesics for the comprehensive mitigation of suffering, as opposed to purely clouding the noxious pain stimulus, in the alleviation of chronic pain conditions.

# Legality
Nicomorphine is regulated in much the same fashion as morphine worldwide but is a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States and was never introduced there.
Nicomorphine may appear on rare occasions on the European black market and other channels for unsupervised opioid users.  It can be produced as part of a mixture of salts and derivatives of morphine by end users by means of treating morphine with nicotinic anhydride or related chemicals in an analogue of the heroin homebake process.
CAS number of hydrochloride:  35055-78-8
US DEA ACSCN: 9312
Free base conversion ratios of salts: 
Nicomorphine Hydrochloride: 0.93
Nitrobenzene

# Overview
Nitrobenzene, also known as nitrobenzol or oil of mirbane, is a poisonous organic compound with an almond odor and chemical formula C6H5NO2.  It may be found as either bright yellow crystals or an oily water-insoluble liquid.
It is used as a solvent and as a mild oxidizing agent. It is most frequently used specifically  in the manufacture of aniline, but also used in the manufacture of insulating compounds and polishes.

# Uses
While nitrobenzene is primarily used in the production of aniline and aniline derivatives, such as methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), it also finds use in the manufacture of rubber chemicals, pesticides, dyes, and pharmaceuticals.  Nitrobenzene is also used in shoe and floor polishes, leather dressings, paint solvents, and other materials to mask unpleasant odors.  Substitution reactions with nitrobenzene are used to form m-derivatives (Mannsville 1991; Sittig 1991). Redistilled, as oil of mirbane, nitrobenzene has been used as an inexpensive perfume for soaps.  A significant merchant market for nitrobenzene is its use in the production of the analgesic paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen) (Mannsville 1991). Nitrobenzene is also used in Kerr cells, as it has an unusually large Kerr constant.

# Production
There were four producers of nitrobenzene in the United States in 1991:  First Chemicals Corporation, Mobay, DuPont Chemicals, and Rubicon Inc.  In 1991, the estimated total production capacity of nitrobenzene in the U.S. was 617000 tonnes (Mannsville 1991).
The classic method for forming nitrobenzene is to react benzene with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and nitric acid. This mixture of acids forms an electrophile which reacts with the benzene in an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. This reaction is often known as a nitration reaction.
The nitric acid is protonated by the sulphuric acid to form H2NO3+ which then loses water to form NO2+. The concentrated sulphuric acid has a high affinity for the water, this helps the reaction go.
Nocardiaceae
The Nocardiaceae are a family of aerobic, non-fastidious, high G+C, Gram-positive actinomycetes that  are commonly found in soil and water. Some bacteria from this family are even indigenous to the Antarctic.  Nocardiaceae present coccobacilli, filamentous or, rarely, fragmented and palisading forms, and filamentous species grow in a branching morphological pattern similar to fungal hyphae.

# Pathogenic capacity
Some species colonize animals, and members of the Nocardia and Rhodococcus genera can cause infection in humans and livestock. Many members of this family integrate mycolic acids into their cell wall, and as a result, Nocardia spp. may be mistaken for mycobacteria when viewed under a microscope following an acid-fast stain.

# Environmental effects

## Wastewater foaming
Nocardia species are often responsible for the accumulation of foam that occurs in activate sludge during wastewater treatment.  Biological foaming can be problematic for the water treatment process, and foam accumulation is reduced by adding surfactants to the wastewater.

## Bioremediation of hydrocarbons
Soil Nocardiaceae can degrade hydrocarbons (e.g. petroleum distillates) and have been proposed as bioremediation agents for environmental spills.

# Nomenclature changes
In the 1980's, all Micropolyspora spp. were transferred to the genera Nocardia, Nonomuraea in family Streptosporangiaceae, or  Saccharopolyspora in family Pseudonocardiaceae.  This effectively ended the official status of this genus, but the name persists in older research articles.