Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Breast disease
Breast diseases can be classified either with disorders of the integuement, or disorders of the reproductive system.

# Cancer
A majority of breast diseases are noncancerous.

# Breast Pain

# Infections and inflammations
These may be caused among others by trauma, secretory
stasis/milk engorgement, hormonal stimulation, infections
-r autoimmune reactions.
Repeated occurrence unrelated to lactation requires
endocrinological examination.

# Pre-malignant diseases
- Carcinoma in situ, a pre-malignant condition which can progress to a malignant cancer

# Malignant diseases
Malignant diseases include:
- Breast cancer
- Pagets disease of the nipple, also known as Pagets disease of the breast

# Benign conditions
Benign conditions include:
- Congenital disorders
inverted nipple
supernumerary nipples/supernumerary breasts (polymazia / polymastia) /duplicated nipples
- inverted nipple
- supernumerary nipples/supernumerary breasts (polymazia / polymastia) /duplicated nipples
- Aberrations of normal development and involution
cyclical nodularity
breast cysts
fibroadenoma - benign tumor
gynecomastia (males)
nipple discharge, galactorrhea
mammary fistula
- cyclical nodularity
- breast cysts
- fibroadenoma - benign tumor
- gynecomastia (males)
- nipple discharge, galactorrhea
- mammary fistula
- Fibrocystic disease / Fibrocystic changes
cysts
epithelial hyperplasia
epithelial metaplasia
papillomas
adenosis
- cysts
- epithelial hyperplasia
- epithelial metaplasia
- papillomas
- adenosis
- Pregnancy-related
galactocoele
- galactocoele

# Fibrocystic Breast Condition
Also called:  fibrocystic breast disease, Chronic cystic mastitis, Diffuse cystic mastopathy, Mammary dysplasia

# Discharge from the nipples

# Abnormal  nipples
Nipples

# Inverted nipples
Inverted nipple

# Mastitis
- bacterial mastitis
mastitis from milk engorgement or secretory stasis
mastitis of mumps
chronic intramammary abscess
chronic subareolar abscess
tuberculosis of the breast
syphilis of the breast
retromammary abscess
actinomycosis of the breast
Mondors disease
duct ectasia syndrome
breast engorgement
- bacterial mastitis
- mastitis from milk engorgement or secretory stasis
- mastitis of mumps
- chronic intramammary abscess
- chronic subareolar abscess
- tuberculosis of the breast
- syphilis of the breast
- retromammary abscess
- actinomycosis of the breast
- Mondors disease
- duct ectasia syndrome
- breast engorgement
Nasal fracture

# Overview
A nasal fracture, commonly referred to as a broken nose, is a fracture of the bone or cartilage of the nose.  Because of the protrusion of the nose from the face and the fragility of the bones of the nose, a broken nose is one of the most common facial injuries, comprising almost 40% of all facial injuries.

# Causes
Nasal fractures are caused by physical trauma to the face.  Common sources of nasal fractures include sports injuries, fighting, falls, and car accidents.

# Symptoms
Symptoms of a broken nose include bruising, swelling, tenderness, pain, deformity, and/or bleeding of the nose and nasal region of the face.  The patient may have difficulty breathing, or excessive nosebleeds (if the nasal mucosa are damaged).

# Diagnosis
Nasal fractures are usually identified visually and through physical examination.  Diagnosis may be confirmed with X-rays or CT scans, particularly if other facial injuries are suspected.

# Treatment
Minor nasal fractures are allowed to heal on their own.  Doctors may prescribe ice, pain medication, and nasal decongestants to ease discomfort during the healing process.  For nasal fractures where the nose has been deformed, the doctor may attempt to realign the broken bone and cartilage pieces.  This can be done manually, or, for more serious breaks, with an outpatient surgical procedure.

# Notes
-  MayoClinic.com. "Broken nose."  Retrieved on 2008-10-16
Bronchomalacia

# Overview
Bronchomalacia is a term for weak cartilage in the walls of the bronchial tubes, occurring in children under six months, presented with noisy breathing and/or wheezing. There is collapse of a main stem bronchus, on expiration. There are two types of Bronchomalacia. Primary Bronchomalacia is due to a deficiency in the cartilaginous rings. Secondary Bronchomalacia may occur by extrinsic compression from an enlarged vessel, a vascular ring or a bronchogenic cyst.

# Description
Bronchomalacia can best be described as a birth defect of the bronchus in the respiratory tract. Congenital malacia of the large airways is one of the few causes of irreversible airways obstruction in children, with symptoms varying from recurrent wheeze and recurrent lower airways infections to severe dyspnea and respiratory insufficiency.

# Classification
- Primary Bronchomalacia
- Secondary Bronchomalacia

## Primary Bronchomalacia
- Primary Bronchomalacia is classified as congenital.
- Primary Bronchomalacia is caused by a deficiency in the cartilaginous rings.
- Primary airway malacia was defined as airway malacia in otherwise normal infants.

## Secondary Bronchomalacia
- Secondary Bronchomalacia is acquired.
- Secondary Bronchomalacia may occur by extrinsic compression from an enlarged vessel, a vascular ring or a bronchogenic cyst.
- Secondary airway malacia was defined as airway malacia secondary to esophageal atresia, VATER/VACTERL association (condition with vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, congenital heart disease, tracheoesophageal fistula or esophageal atresia, renourinary anomalies, or radial limb defects), vascular or other external compression of the airways, or specific syndromes.

# Diagnosis
- Bronchoscopy

# Treatment
- Time
Minimally Invasive, usually in conjunction with Continuous Positive Airflow Pressure.
- Minimally Invasive, usually in conjunction with Continuous Positive Airflow Pressure.
- Continuous Positive Airflow Pressure
A method of respiratory ventilation.
- A method of respiratory ventilation.
- Tracheotomy
Surgical procedures on the neck to open a direct airway through an incision in the trachea (the windpipe).
- Surgical procedures on the neck to open a direct airway through an incision in the trachea (the windpipe).

# Notes
-  Carden, KA, Boiselle, PM, Waltz, DA, et al (2005) Tracheomalacia and tracheobronchomalacia in children and adults: an in-depth review. Chest 127,984-1005.
-  Clements, B Congenital malformations of the lungs and airways. Taussig, LM Landau, LI eds. Pediatric respiratory medicine 1999,1106-1136 Mosby. St. Louis, MO
-  Austin, J, Ali, T Tracheomalacia and bronchomalacia in children: pathophysiology, assessment, treatment and anaesthesia management. Paediatr Anaesth 2003;13,3-11
-  McNamara, VM, Crabbe, DC Tracheomalacia. Paediatr Respir Rev 2004;5,147-154
-  Benjamin, B Tracheomalacia in infants and children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1984;93,438-442
Tooth brushing

# Overview
Tooth brushing is the act of cleaning teeth with a toothbrush.
Modern medical research has shown that brushing teeth properly can prevent cavities, gingivitis, and periodontal, or gum disease, which causes at least one-third of adult tooth loss. If teeth are not brushed correctly and frequently, it could lead to the calcification of saliva minerals, forming tartar.
Brushing one's teeth has long been considered an important part of dental care. As long ago as 3000 B.C. ancient Egyptians constructed crude toothbrushes from twigs and leaves to clean their teeth. Similarly, other cultures such as the Greeks, Romans, and Indians cleaned their teeth with twigs. Some would fray one end of the twig so that it could penetrate between the teeth more effectively.

# Brushing process
Brushing is essential for cleaning teeth and gums effectively. Use a toothbrush with soft, nylon, round-ended bristles that will not scratch and irritate teeth or damage gums.
- Place toothbrush at a 45-degree angle against the gums.
- Move the brush up and down gently in short (tooth-wide) strokes.
- Brush the outer tooth surfaces, the inner tooth surfaces, and the chewing surfaces of the teeth.
- Use the "toe" of the brush to clean the inside surfaces of the front teeth, using a gentle up-and-down stroke.
- Brush tongue to remove bacteria and freshen your breath.

# Toothbrush
The toothbrush is an instrument used to clean teeth, consisting of a small brush on a handle. Toothpaste, often containing fluoride, is commonly added to a toothbrush to aid in cleaning. Toothbrushes are offered with varying textures of bristles, and come in many different sizes and forms. Most dentists recommend using a toothbrush labelled "Soft", since firmer bristled toothbrushes can damage tooth enamel and irritate gums as indicated by the American Dental Association. Toothbrushes are often made from synthetic fibers, although natural toothbrushes are also known in many parts of the world.

# Toothpaste
Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used to clean and improve the aesthetic appearance and health of teeth. It is almost always used in conjunction with a toothbrush.    Toothpaste use can promote good oral hygiene: it can aid in the removal of dental plaque and food from the teeth, it can aid in the elimination and/or masking of halitosis, and it can deliver active ingredients such as fluoride to prevent tooth and gums (Gingiva) disease.
Buccal pumping
Buccal pumping is a method of respiration using the throat muscles. Animals using this method will typically move the floor of the mouth or throat in a rhythmic manner that is externally apparent.
This method has several stages.  These will be described for an animal starting with lungs in a deflated state:  First, the glottis (opening to the lungs) is closed, and the nostrils are opened. The floor of the mouth is then depressed (lowered), drawing air in.  The nostrils are then closed, the glottis opened, and the floor of mouth raised, forcing the air into the lungs for gas exchange.  To deflate the lungs, the process is reversed.
This method of ventilation is inefficient, but is nonetheless used by all air-breathing amphibians and is utilized to a varying extent by various reptile species. Mammals, in contrast, use the thoracic diaphragm to inflate and deflate the lungs more directly.
Common animals that use this method include amphibians, as they lack the diaphragm, the muscular sheet directly below the lungs.
Buerger's test
Buerger's test is used to assess the adequacy of the arterial supply to the leg. It is performed in two stages.

# How to perform?
- With the patient supine, elevate both legs to an angle of 45 degrees and hold for one to two minutes.
- Observe the color of the feet.
- Pallor indicates ischemia. It occurs when the peripheral arterial pressure is inadequate to overcome the effects of gravity.
- The poorer the arterial supply, the less the angle to which the legs have to be raised for them to become pale.
- Then sit the patient up and ask them to hang their legs down over the side of the bed at an angle of 90 degrees.
Gravity aids blood flow and color returns in the ischemic leg. The skin at first becomes blue, as blood is deoxygenated in its passage through the ischemic tissue, and then red, due to reactive hyperemia from post-hypoxic vasodilatation.
Both legs should examined simultaneously as the changes are most obvious when one leg has a normal circulation.
CME Category::Cardiology
Burst fracture

# Overview
A burst fracture is a type of traumatic spinal injury in which a vertebra breaks from a high-energy axial load, with pieces of the vertebra shattering into surrounding tissues and sometimes the spinal canal.

# Classification
Burst fractures are categorized by the "severity of the deformity, the severity of (spinal) canal compromise, the degree of loss of vertebral body height, and the degree of neurologic deficit impact the determination of whether these injuries are unstable."

# Causes
Burst fractures are most often caused by car accidents or by falls.

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
In the long-term, varying degrees of pain, function, and appearance may affect the traumatized region during the patient's lifetime. A burst fracture results in a permanent decrease in anterior height, varying degrees of kyphosis, and possible changes in neurological signal intensity with possible deterioration over time.

# Diagnosis
Immediate hospitalization is required, as such injuries may result in varying degrees of spinal cord injury with possible paralysis.

## X Ray
X-rays and MRIs are taken to determine whether the burst fracture can be managed with or without surgery.

# Treatment

## Surgery
Surgical management is required when the burst fracture is unstable.  Different surgical treatments are available, the most common involving fusion of the remaining vertebra in the traumatized area, and removal of the larger loose vertebra pieces.  A "spinal fusion" surgery entails two or more vertebra being permanently immobilized through surgery using titanium implants.  Another less common technique is to replace the burst vertebra with an artificial one. This latter strategy has been used successfully in elderly patients, and has not yet been attempted in younger patients due to the unknown stability over the long-term.
Nonsurgical management is possible when the burst fracture patient is intact neurologically.  Nonsurgical treatment involves the use of a full-body, exterior brace, normally a Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Orthosis (TLSO), often custom-molded to the patient's body.  X-rays and MRIs are again taken with the patient every 3 weeks in the TLSO to determine whether the spine will remain stable.  The TLSO is worn for 2 months 24/7.  The patient undergoes several months of physical therapy to strengthen atrophied muscles and basically learn how to walk again.  It is probable that the patient may exhibit some spinal dislocation after removal of the TLSO, and it is well within expected parameters with little neurological impact experienced by month 3.  If no further major dislocation or subluxation occurs, no other external stabilization may be required.
Burton Richter
	Burton Richter (born March 22 1931) is a Nobel Prize-winning American physicist.

# Life
A native of New York City, Richter was born in Brooklyn and was raised in the Queens neighborhood of Far Rockaway. He graduated from Far Rockaway High School, a school that also produced fellow laureates Baruch Samuel Blumberg and Richard Feynman. He attended Mercersburg Academy in Pennsylvania, then continued on to study at MIT, where he received his bachelor's degree in 1952 and his Ph.D. in 1956. He was director of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) from 1984 to 1999.
As a professor at Stanford University, Richter built a particle accelerator called SPEAR (Stanford Positron-Electron Asymmetric Ring) with the help of David Ritson and the support of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. With it he discovered a new subatomic particle he called a psi particle (now called a J/ particle).
The same discovery was made independently by Samuel Ting, and the two scientists were jointly awarded the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work.
Richter serves on the board of directors of Scientists and Engineers for America, an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government.
In May 2007, he visited Iran and Sharif University of Technology.
Butterfly weed
Butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa, also called Canada root, Chigger flower, Chiggerflower, Fluxroot, Indian paintbrush, Indian posy, Orange milkweed, Orange Swallow-wort,  Pleurisy root, Silky Swallow-wort, Tuber root, Yellow milkweed, White-root, Windroot) is a species of milkweed native to eastern North America. It is a perennial plant growing to 0.6-2 m (1 -2 feet) tall, with clustered orange or yellow flowers from early summer to early fall. The leaves are spirally arranged, lanceolate, 5-12 cm long and 2-3 cm broad.
This plant favors dry, sand or gravel soil, but has also been reported on stream margins.
The common name comes from the butterflies that are attracted to the plant by its color and its copious production of nectar. Butterfly weed is also the larval food plant of the Queen butterfly.

# Identification
The plant looks similar to the Lanceolate milkweed (Asclepias lanceolata), however the Butterfly weed is uniquely identified by the larger number of flowers and hairy stems that are not milky when broken.  It is most commonly found in fields with dry soil.

# Other common names
Canada-root, Chiggerflower, Indian posy, Orange-root, Orange swallowwort, Tuberroot, Whiteroot, Windroot, Yellow or Orange milkweed.

# Subspecies indicated
- Asclepias tuberosa interior, Central United States.
- Asclepias tuberosa rolfsii (Rolfs Milkweed), Southeast United States.
- Asclepias tuberosa tuberosa, Eastern United States.

# Gallery
- Entire plant from the ground to the flower
Entire plant from the ground to the flower
- A young leaf
A young leaf
- An emerging flower head
An emerging flower head
- A flower head closeup
A flower head closeup
- Closeup showing unopened, opening, and fully opened flower buds
Closeup showing unopened, opening, and fully opened flower buds
- "Hello Yellow"
"Hello Yellow"
- File:Asclepias tuberosa0.jpg
Bohlers angle
Synonyms and Keywords:  Heel Bone Fracture

# Overview
The calcaneus bone known as the largest tarsal bone.

# Historical Perspective
In early 1990s,Lorenz Bohler (1885-1973) introduced the Bohler's angle.

# Bohlers angle
Bohlers angle (Bohler angle, Boehler angle, calcaneal angle, or tuber joint angle):
Is located through two lines tangent to the calcaneus: the anterior and posterior aspects of the superior calcaneus and in normal healthy non-fractured calcaneal bone is ranged from 20 to 40. The lateral radiograph gives the best view of this angle. A value less than 20 can be seen in calcaneal fracture. In calcaneal fracture this angle decreases.
These two angles are useful for the calcaneal fracture severity evaluations and the related surgical managements.
- Normal Bohler's angle.
- Calcaneal fracture with a decreased Bohler angle to 14 degrees.
Candida krusei
Candida krusei is a budding yeast (a species of fungus) involved in chocolate production. While C. krusei is in the same genus as Candida albicans, the major cause of yeast infection in humans, it very rarely causes any problems to humans.

# Role in chocolate production
Cacao beans have to be fermented in order to remove the bitter taste and break them down. This takes place with two fungi, C. krusei, and Geotrichum. Most of the time the two fungi are already present on the seed pods and seeds of the cacao plant, but in modern chocolate making, specific strains are used. Each chocolate company uses their own strains, which have been selected to provide optimum flavor and aroma to the chocolate. 
The yeasts reproduce every few hours, and soon there are thousands of individual yeast cells in a small area, which produce enzymes to break down the pulp on the outside of the beans. This makes acetic acid, killing the cacao embryo inside the seed, developing a chocolatey aroma and eliminating the bitterness in the beans.
CCDC88C (gene)
Coiled-coil domain containing 88C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCDC88C gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a ubiquitously expressed coiled-coil domain-containing protein that interacts with the dishevelled protein and is a negative regulator of the Wnt signalling pathway. The protein encoded by this gene has a PDZ domain binding motif in its C-terminus, with which it interacts with the dishevelled protein. Dishevelled is a scaffold protein involved in the regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway.
The Wnt signaling pathway plays an important role in embryonic development, tissue, and cancer progression. Mutations in this gene cause autosomal recessive, primary non-syndromic congenital hydrocephalus, a condition characterized by excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain (provided by RefSeq, Jan 2013).
CD64 (biology)
CD64 (Cluster of Differentiation 64) is a type of integral membrane glycoprotein known as an Fc receptor that binds monomeric IgG-type antibodies with high affinity.  It is more commonly known as Fc-gamma receptor 1 (FcRI).  After binding IgG, CD64 interacts with an accessory chain known as the common  chain ( chain), which possesses an ITAM motif that is necessary for triggering cellular activation.
Structurally CD64 is composed of a signal peptide that allows its transport to the surface of a cell, three extracellular immunoglobulin domains of the C2-type that it uses to bind antibody, a hydrophobic transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic tail.
CD64 is constitutively found on only macrophages and monocytes, but treatment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes with cytokines like IFN and G-CSF can induce CD64 expression on these cells.
There are three distinct (but highly similar) genes in humans for CD64 called FcRIA (CD64A), FcRIB (CD64B), and FcRIC (CD64C) that are located on chromosome 1.  These three genes produce six different mRNA transcripts; two from CD64A, three from CD64B, and one from CD64C; by alternate splicing of the genes.
COACH syndrome
Synonyms and keywords: Joubert syndrome with hepatic defect; cerebellar vermis hypoplasia - oligophrenia - congenital ataxia - coloboma - hepatic fibrosis; gentile syndrome; Joubert syndrome with congenital hepatic fibrosis.

# Overview
Joubert syndrome with hepatic defect is a very rare subtype of Joubert syndrome and related disorders (JSRD, see this term) characterized by the neurological features of Joubert syndrome associated with congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF).  The age of onset and severity of hepatic manifestations is variable. Some patients may also present chorioretinal or optic nerve colobomas and nephronophthisis (NPH), but these are not mandatory features.

# Pathophysiology

## Genetics
Over 70% of cases are due to mutations in the TMEM67 gene (8q22.1). Transmission is autosomal recessive.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence is unknown.
Cadmium iodide

# Overview
Cadmium iodide, CdI2, is a chemical compound of cadmium and iodine.  It is notable for its crystal structure, which is typical for compounds of the form MX2 with strong polarization effects.

# Crystal structure
Cadmium iodide forms crystals with hexagonal symmetry. The iodide anions form a hexagonal close packed arrangement while the cadmium cations fill alternating layers of octahedral sites.  The resultant structure consists of a layered lattice.  This same basic structure is found in many other salts and minerals.  Cadmium iodide is mostly ionically bonded but with partial covalent character.
Cadmium iodide's crystal structure is the prototype on which the crystal structures many other compounds can be considered to be based.  Compounds with any of the following characteristics tend to adopt the CdI2 structure:
- Iodides of moderately polarising cations; bromides and chlorides of strongly polarising cations
- Hydroxides of dications, i.e. compounds with the general formula M(OH)2
- Sulfides, selenides and tellurides (chalcogenides) of tetracations, i.e. compounds with the general formula MX2, where X = S, Se, Te

# Compounds with the CdI2 crystal structure

## Iodides
MgI2, TiI2, VI2, MnI2, FeI2, CoI2, CaI2, PdI2, PbI2.

## Chlorides and bromides
TiCl2, VCl2;
MgBr2, TiBr2, VBr2, MnBr2, FeBr2, CoBr2.

## Hydroxides of M2+
Mg(OH)2, Ni(OH)2, Ca(OH)2.

## Chalcogenides of M4+
TiS2, ZrS2, SnS2, -TaS2, PtS2;
TiSe2, ZrSe2, SnSe2, PtSe2;
SiTe2, TiTe2, CoTe2, NiTe2, PdTe2, PtTe2.

## Others
Ag2F, W2C.