Charges
Charge is usually thought of as a property of matter that is responsible for electrical phenomena, existing in a positive or negative form.

# Theoretical charges
Def. "the quantity of unbalanced positive or negative ions in or on an object; measured in coulombs" is called charge, or electric charge.

# Chargons
Def. "a quasiparticle produced as a result of electron spin-charge separation" is called a chargon.
A chargon possesses the charge of an electron without a spin.
A spinon, in turn, possesses the spin of an electron without charge. The suggestion is that an elementary particle such as a positron may consist of at least two parts: spin and charge.
In the figure at the top of the page "the 1D parabola tracks the spin excitation (spinon)."
Def. a "quasiparticle, corresponding to the orbital energy of an electron, which can result from an electron apparently splitting under certain conditions" is called an orbiton.
Both an orbiton and a spinon are kinetic or kinematic concepts applied to an electron.
Def. "a discrete particle having zero rest mass, no electric charge, and an indefinitely long lifetime" is called a photon.
An electron may be thought of as a stable subatomic particle with a charge of negative one.

# Electrons
The electron is a subatomic particle with a negative charge, equal to -1.60217646x10-19 C. Current, or the rate of flow of charge, is defined such that one coulomb, so 1/-1.60217646x10-19, or 6.24150974x1018 electrons flowing past a point per second give a current of one ampere. The charge on an electron is often given as -e. Note that charge is always considered positive, so the charge of an electron is always negative."
Def. the "quantity of matter which a body contains, irrespective of its bulk or volume" is called mass.
"The electron has a mass of 9.10938188x10-31 kg, or about 1/1840 that of a proton. The mass of an electron is often written as me."
"When working, these values can usually be safely approximated to:
It has no known components or substructure; in other words, it is generally thought to be an elementary particle. The intrinsic angular momentum (spin) of the electron is a half-integer value in units of , which means that it is a fermion.

# Positrons
Def. "he antimatter equivalent of an electron, having the same mass but a positive charge" is called a positron.

# Muons
"TeV muons from  ray primaries ... are rare because they are only produced by higher energy  rays whose flux is suppressed by the decreasing flux at the source and by absorption on interstellar light."
The muon from the Greek letter mu () used to represent it) is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with unitary negative electric charge (1) and a spin of 12. Together with the electron, the tau, and the three neutrinos, it is classified as a lepton. As is the case with other leptons, the muon is not believed to have any sub-structure at all (i.e., is not thought to be composed of any simpler particles).
The muon is an unstable subatomic particle with a mean lifetime of 69942200000000000002.2 s. This comparatively long decay lifetime (the second longest known) is due to being mediated by the weak interaction. The only longer lifetime for an unstable subatomic particle is that for the free neutron, a baryon particle composed of quarks, which also decays via the weak force. Muon decay produces three particles, an electron plus two neutrinos of different types.
Like all elementary particles, the muon has a corresponding antiparticle of opposite charge (+1) but equal mass and spin: the antimuon (also called a positive muon). Muons are denoted by Template:SubatomicParticle and antimuons by Template:SubatomicParticle.

# Tauons
Because of their short lifetime, the range of the tau is mainly set by their decay length, which is too small for bremsstrahlung to be noticeable. Their penetrating power appears only at ultra-high velocity / ultra-high energy (above PeV energies), when time dilation extends their path-length.
The tau was anticipated in a 1971 paper by Yung-Su Tsai. Providing the theory for this discovery, the tau was detected in a series of experiments between 1974 and 1977 by Martin Lewis Perl with his and Tsai's colleagues at the SLAC-Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBL) group.
"We have discovered 64 events of the form
for which we have no conventional explanation."
The symbol  was derived from the Greek  (triton, meaning "third" in English), since it was the third charged lepton discovered.
The tau is the only lepton that can decay into hadrons  the other leptons do not have the necessary mass. Like the other decay modes of the tau, the hadronic decay is through the weak nuclear force (weak interaction).
The branching ratio of the dominant hadronic tau decays are:
- 25.52% for decay into a charged pion, a neutral pion, and a tau neutrino;
- 10.83% for decay into a charged pion and a tau neutrino;
- 9.30% for decay into a charged pion, two neutral pions, and a tau neutrino;
- 8.99% for decay into three charged pions (of which two have the same electrical charge) and a tau neutrino;
- 2.70% for decay into three charged pions (of which two have the same electrical charge), a neutral pion, and a tau neutrino;
- 1.05% for decay into three neutral pions, a charged pion, and a tau neutrino.
The branching ratio of the common purely leptonic tau decays are:
- 17.82% for decay into a tau neutrino, electron and electron antineutrino;
- 17.39% for decay into a tau neutrino, muon and muon antineutrino.
The tau lepton is predicted to form exotic atoms like other charged subatomic particles. One of such, called tauonium by the analogy to muonium, consists of an antitauon and an electron: Template:SubatomicParticleTemplate:SubatomicParticle.
Another one is an onium atom Template:SubatomicParticleTemplate:SubatomicParticle called true tauonium and is difficult to detect due to tau's extremely short lifetime at low (non-relativistic) energies needed to form this atom. Its detection is important for quantum electrodynamics.
An "upward traveling, radio-detected cosmic-ray-like impulsive event  characteristics closely matching an extensive air shower. This event, observed in the third flight of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), a NASA-sponsored long-duration balloon payload, is consistent with a similar event reported in a previous flight. These events may be produced by the atmospheric decay of an upward-propagating -lepton produced by a  interaction, although their relatively steep arrival angles create tension with the standard model (SM) neutrino cross section. Each of the two events have a posteriori background estimates of 102 events. If these are generated by -lepton decay, then either the charged-current  cross section is suppressed at EeV energies, or the events arise at moments when the peak flux of a transient neutrino source was much larger than the typical expected cosmogenic background neutrinos."
The upward traveling event is detected and described in the image and graph on the lower right. "Top: Interferometric map of the arrival direction of the anomalous CR event 15717147. Bottom: ANITA combined amplitude spectral density (ASD) for the event, from 50-800 MHz, including data from the ANITA Low Frequency Antenna (ALFA). A simulated upward-propagating extensive air shower spectral-density curve is overlain."

# Neutrinos
A neutrino is an electrically neutral, weakly interacting elementary subatomic particle with half-integer spin. Neutrinos do not carry electric charge, which means that they are not affected by the electromagnetic forces that act on charged particles such as electrons and protons. Neutrinos are affected only by the weak sub-atomic force, of much shorter range than electromagnetism, and gravity, which is relatively weak on the subatomic scale. They are therefore able to travel great distances through matter without being affected by it.
"If neutrinos have negligible rest mass, the present density expected for relic neutrinos from the big bang is n = 110 (T/2.7 K)3 cm3 for each two-component species. This is of order the photon density n, differing just by a factor 3/11 (i.e. a factor 3/4 because neutrinos are fermions rather than bosons, multiplied by 4/11, the factor by which the neutrinos are diluted when e+e annihilation boosts the photon density). This conclusion holds for non-zero masses, provided that mvc2 is far below the thermal energy (~ 5 MeV) at which neutrinos decoupled from other species and that the neutrinos are stable for the Hubble time. Comparison with the baryon density, related to  via nb = 1.5 x 105 b h2 cm3, shows that neutrinos outnumber baryons by such a big factor that they can be dynamically dominant over baryons even if their masses are only a few electron volts. In fact, a single species of neutrino would yield a contribution to  of v = 0.01 h2 (mv)eV, so if h = 0.5, only 25 eV is sufficient to provide the critical density."
"Neutrinos of nonzero mass would be dynamically important not only for the expanding universe as a whole but also for large bound systems such as clusters of galaxies. This is because they would now be moving slowly: if the universe had cooled homogeneously, primordial neutrinos would now be moving at around 200 (mv)-1eV km s1. They would be influenced even by the weak (~ 105 c2) gravitational potential fluctuations of galaxies and clusters. If the three (or more) types of neutrinos have different masses, then the heaviest will obviously be gravitationally dominant, since the numbers of each species should be the same."

# Photons
Def. "a discrete particle having zero rest mass, no electric charge, and an indefinitely long lifetime" is called a photon.

# Intermediate bosons
The Template:SubatomicParticle and Template:SubatomicParticle bosons are elementary particles with a spin of 1.
"The W field should exhibit a universal coupling strength for all the fundamental lepton doublets . This implies - apart from small phase-space corrections - equality of the branching ratios of the decay processes"

# Weak interactions
It "is the weak process
that controls the main burning reactions in the sun."

# Hypotheses
- Electron-positron annihilation is the reorientation of the spinons and chargons to generate two identical photons, or 0.511 MeV  rays, that are out of phase with each other and have their own kinematics including the spinons and chargons.
- Nucleons are composed of electrons, positrons and neutrinos.

# Acknowledgements
The content on this page was first contributed by: Henry A. Hoff.
Initial content for this page in some instances came from Wikiversity.