Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Zimelidine

# Overview
Zimelidine (Normud, Zelmid) was the first marketed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant.  It is a pyridylallylamine, structurally different from other antidepressants.  The substance was developed in the early 1980s by the Swedish company Astra AB following a search for drugs with structures similar to chlorpheniramine (it is a derivative of Chlorphenamine), an antihistamine with antidepressant activity.  It was then licensed to other drug producers.
Zimelidine has been banned worldwide due to serious, sometimes fatal, cases of central and/or peripheral neuropathy known as Guillain-Barre syndrome and due to a peculiar hypersensitivity reaction involving many organs including skin exanthema, flu-like symptoms, arthralgias, and sometimes eosinophilia. Additionally, zimelidine was charged to cause an increase in suicidal ideation and/or attempts among depressive patients. After its ban, it was succeeded by fluvoxamine and fluoxetine (derived from the antihistamine diphenhydramine) in that order, and the other SSRIs.

# Mechanism of action
The mode of action is a strong reuptake inhibition of serotonin from the synaptic cleft. Postsynaptic receptors are not acted upon.

# Other uses
Zimelidine was reported by Montplaisir and Godbout to be very effective for cataplexy in 1986, back when this was usually controlled by tricyclic antidepressants, which often had anticholinergic effects. Zimelidine was able to improve cataplexy without causing daytime sleepiness.

# Side effects
Most often reported were:
- Dry mouth, dryness of pharyngeal and nasal membranes
- Increased sweating (hyperhidrosis)
- Vertigo
- Nausea

# Interactions
- MAO inhibitors - severe or life-threatening reactions possible

# Dosage
The former doses were 200 to 400mg daily in outpatients and up to 600mg in inpatients.
Elan vital
Elan vital, coined by French philosopher Henri Bergson in his 1907 book Creative Evolution, was translated in the English edition as "vital impetus", but is usually translated by his detractors as "vital force".  It is a hypothetical explanation for evolution and development of organisms, which Bergson linked closely with consciousness. It was the existence of this vital force, which made people at that time believe that they were not able to synthesize organic molecules.
It was believed by others that this essence (elan vital) could be harvested and embedded into an inanimate substance and activated with electricity, perhaps taking literally another of Bergson's metaphorical descriptions, the "current of life". The British biologist Julian Huxley remarked that Bergsons elan vital is no better an explanation of life than is explaining the operation of a railway engine by its elan locomotif ("locomotive driving force"). However, Huxley himself subscribed to the notion of an elan vital as may be seen from the following excerpt:
"When I was just last in New York, I went for a walk, leaving Fifth Avenue and the Business section behind me, into the crowded streets near the Bowery. And while I was there, I had a sudden feeling of relief and confidence. There was Bergsons elan vitalthere was assimilation causing life to exert as much pressure, though embodied here in the shape of men, as it has ever done in the earliest year of evolution: there was the driving force of progress"
A distant precursor of Bergson can be found in the work of the pre-Christian Stoic philosopher Posidonius, who postulated a "vital force" emanated by the sun to all living creatures on the earth's surface.  The concept of elan vital is very similar to Schopenhauer's concept of the will-to-live.
The French philosopher Gilles Deleuze attempted to recoup the novelty of Bergson's idea in his book Bergsonism, though the term itself underwent substantial changes by Deleuze. No longer considered a mystical, elusive force acting on brute matter, as it was in the vitalist debates of the late 19th century, elan vital in Deleuze's hands denotes a substance in which the distinction between organic and inorganic matter is indiscernible, and the emergence of life undecidable.
Some movie critics have likened Bergsonian theory of the elan vital as an influence on George Lucas or as a source on which he could have possibly based his ideas of The Force in his Star Wars saga. The way Obi-wan Kenobi explains The Force to Luke in the 1977 movie is particularly fitting as it is the almost heterodox vison of The Force mantained by Obi-wan's mentor Qui-Gon Jinn.
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2-Nonenal
2-Nonenal is an unsaturated aldehyde (CAS: 2463-53-8; MW: 140.22) which some research has associated with human body odor alterations during aging.
In the April 2001 issue of the Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Shinichiro Haze et al published an article entitled: "2-Nonenal, Newly Found in Human Body Odor Tends to Increase with Aging". 
In this article they reported on their work which involved the analysis of body odor components collected, via headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, from shirts worn for 3 days by subjects between the ages of 26 and 75 .  They found that the concentration of many components of body odor were unaffected by age.  However, they did find that the concentration of 2-nonenal tended to increase with the age of the subjects.  Furthermore, they determined that that 2-nonenal is generated by the oxidative degradation of omega-7 unsaturated fatty acids, such as palmitoleic acid and vaccenic acid, found on the skin surface.
They analyzed concentrations of various lipids on the skin surface by collecting samples in a gauze pad sewn into the shirts and then extracting the lipids with a hexane solvent.  The article reported that concentrations of omega-10 fatty acids such as sapienic acid showed no change with age.  However, concentrations of omega-7 fatty acids do increase with age.
2-Nonenal has an unpleasant greasy and grassy odor.  Because of these findings, some observers have concluded that Haze's team has identified the cause of the phenomenon commonly known as "old lady smell", "old man smell" or "old person smell", an odor that is characteristically associated with the elderly.
Old Person Smell also refers to a meme found in pop culture.
310 helix
A 310 helix is a type of secondary structure found (rarely) in proteins.

# Structure
The amino acids in a 310-helix are arranged in a right-handed helical structure.  Each amino acid corresponds to a 120 turn in the helix (i.e., the helix has three residues per turn), and a translation of 2.0 A (= 0.2 nm) along the helical axis.  Most importantly, the N-H group of an amino acid forms a hydrogen bond with the C = O group of the amino acid three residues earlier; this repeated i + 3  i hydrogen bonding defines a 310-helix.  Similar structures include the -helix (i + 4  i hydrogen bonding) and the -helix i + 5  i hydrogen bonding).
Residues in 310-helices typically adopt (, ) dihedral angles near (49, 26).  More generally,  they adopt dihedral angles such that the  dihedral angle of one residue and the  dihedral angle of the next residue sum to roughly 75.  For comparison, the sum of the dihedral angles for an -helix is roughly 105, whereas that for a -helix is roughly 125.
The general formula for the rotation angle  per residue of any polypeptide helix with trans isomers is given by the equation
3 \cos \Omega = 1 - 4 \cos^{2} \left(\frac{\varphi + \psi}{2} \right).
4-HO-DiPT
4-Hydroxy-di-isopropyl-tryptamine (4-HO-DiPT) is a synthetic hallucinogen. It is a close structural analogue of psilocin and classified as a tryptamine derivative. It goes by the street names "Ho-Dipped", "Tangerine", "Jitter", "Phour", and in areas of California in the Los Angeles county, "Aura".

# Effects
The effects of 4-HO-DiPT are broadly comparable to those of other serotonergic psychedelics such as LSD and psilocybin, but they are distinguished by their relative brevity.  4-HO-DiPT is orally active at 15-20 mg, and its effects last for 2-3 hours. Shulgin "doubt that there is another psychedelic drug, anywhere, that can match this one for speed, for intensity, for brevity, and sensitive to dose, at least one that is active orally." An idiosyncratic effect of the drug, also noted by Shulgin, is its tendency to induce tremors.
Some users have reported a minor audio distortion with lower dosages. Higher dosages increase the polarity of the distortion. It is defined as being slightly lower in pitch and creating several different effects, such as pitch bend, volume distortion, and rate distortion. As with most DiPT psychedelics, music can become more dissonant and less harmonious. Users have also reported a visual distortion widely comparable to the hallucinogen LSD.

# Analogues
4-Acetoxy-DIPT is metabolized to 4-HO-DIPT and can thus be regarded as a prodrug.  Both drugs appear to produce the same psychoactive effects.
49, XXXXX

# Overview
XXXXX syndrome (also called pentasomy X or 49,XXXXX) is the presence of three additional X chromosomes. Diagnosis is done by karyotyping. Approximately 25 females have been described in medical literature worldwide with this extremely rare condition. The condition was first described in 1963.

# Effects

## Physical traits
XXXXX syndrome is associated with microcephaly (undersized head), micrognathia (undersized jaw), and round face. The ears are generally low-set and malformed. Eyes are upslanting and show palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, and strabismus. Usually the nose is shaped with a broad and depressed nasal bridge and epicanthus, with the mouth having a cleft palate, highly arched palate, dental abnormalities, and thick, furrowed, and everted lips. The neck is webbed, much like the underarms of a woman with Turner's Syndrome. 
The hands and feet are small with overlapping toes, camptodactyly, clinodactyly, talipes equinovarus, and metatarsus varus. Scoliosis generally affects the spine and hypotonia affects the muscles.

## Internal organs
The heart is usually affected by patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and aortic dextroposition. There is abnormal lobulation of the lungs and neonatal asphyxia. The ovaries are abnormally shaped with a small uterus and kidney hypoplasia.

## Growth and development
XXXXX syndrome causes mental, growth, and motor retardation. There is occasional delayed puberty.
Behavior and performance is affected by Opisthotonoid posture.  The 'rule of thumb' states that there will be a 10 to 15 IQ point decrease for each extra X chromosome.  Thus, the average IQ would be between 55 and 70..
5-MeO-AET
5-MeO--ET is a tryptamine that produces psychedelic, entactogenic, and stimulant effects.

# Chemistry
5-MeO--ET is short for 5-methoxy-alpha-ethyltryptamine.  The full name of the chemical is 1-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)butan-2-amine.  5-MeO--ET is a tryptamine, which belong to a larger family of compounds known as indolethylamines.  5-MeO--ET is closely related to the compounds 5-MeO-AMT and -ET.

# Dosage
5-MeO--ET, when used recreationally, is usually taken orally at dosages of 50-75 mg.

# Effects
5-MeO--ET produces entactogenic and stimulant effects that can last 4-6 hours.  However, little information exists on the psychopharmacological of this compound, thus considerable variation with regard to dosage and effects can be expected.

# Dangers
There have been no reported deaths or hospitalizations from 5-MeO--ET, but its safety profile is unknown.

# Legality
5-MeO--ET is unscheduled and uncontrolled in the United States, but possession and sales of 5-MeO--ET could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act because of its structural similarities to -ET and -MT.
5-MeO-DPT
5-MeO-DPT (also known as 5-methoxy-N,N-Dipropyltryptamine), is a hallucinogenic and entheogenic drug.

# Chemistry
The full chemical name is N--N-propylpropan-1-amine.  It is classified as a tryptamine derivative.

# Effects
Little is known about the subjective effects of 5-MeO-DPT, but the nature of the compound probably comparable to psilocybin/psilocin, or DPT, which are also psychedelic tryptamines/indoles. However, the duration of the above mentioned drugs vary considerably.

# Dosage
5-MeO-DPT is orally active, with 6-10 mg represents a fully effective dosage for most users.  Effects begin within an hour, and usually last 4-6 hours.
Acid-fast
Synonyms and keywords: AFB, AFB stain

# Overview
Acid-fastness is a physical property of some bacteria referring to their resistance to decolorization by acids during staining procedures.
Acid-fast organisms are difficult to characterize using standard microbiological techniques (e.g. Gram staining), though they can be stained using concentrated dyes, particularly when the staining process is combined with heat. Once stained, these organisms resist the dilute acid and/or ethanol-based de-colorization procedures common in many staining protocolshence the name acid-fast.
The high mycolic acid content of certain bacterial cell walls, like those of Mycobacterium, is responsible for the staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention. The most common staining technique used to identify acid-fast bacteria is the Ziehl-Neelsen stain, in which the bacteria are stained bright red and stand out clearly against a blue background.  Acid-fast bacteria can also be visualized by fluorescence microscopy using specific fluorescent dyes (auramine-rhodamine stain, for example). Some bacteria may also be partially acid-fast.
Only a few types of bacteria are acid-fast, notably members of the Mycobacterium. Most are rod-shaped, termed acid-fast bacilli (AFB), but other forms also occur. Medically the most important AFB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  Genera like Nocardia and Corynebacterium are also notable examples.
APACHE II

# Overview
APACHE II ("Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II") is a severity of disease classification system (Knaus et al., 1985), one of several ICU scoring systems. After admission of a patient to an intensive care unit, an integer score from 0 to 71 is computed based on several measurements; higher scores imply a more severe disease and a higher risk of death.

# Application
APACHE II was designed to measure the severity of disease for adult patients admitted to Intensive care units. The lower age is not specified in the original article, but a good limit is to use Apache II only for patients age 15 or older.
This scoring systems is used in many ways:
- Some procedures and some medicine is only given to patients with certain APACHE II score
- APACHE II score can be used to describe the morbidity of a patient when comparing the outcome with other patients.
- Predicted mortalities are averaged for groups of patients in order to specify the group's morbidity.
Even though newer scoring systems, like SAPS II have replaced APACHE II in many places, APACHE II continues to be used  extensively because so much documentation is based on it.

# Calculation
The point score is calculated from 12 routine physiological measurements (such as blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate etc.) during the first 24 hours after admission, information about previous health status and some information obtained at admission (such as age). The calculation method is optimized for paper schemas. The resulting point score should always be interpreted in relation to the illness of the patient.
After the initial score has been determined within 24 hours of admission, no new score can be calculated during the hospital stay. If a patient is discharged from the ICU and readmitted, a new APACHE II score can be calculated.
The appendix of the document that originally described the APACHE II score, makes an attempt to describe how to calculate a predicted death rate for a patient. In order to make this calculation of predicted mortality precise, the principal diagnosis leading to ICU admission was added as a category weight: the predicted mortality is computed based on the patient's APACHE II score and their prinicipal diagnosis at admission.

# APACHE III
A method to compute a refined score known as APACHE III was published in 1992.
Aprataxin
Aprataxin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APTX gene.
This gene encodes a member of the histidine triad (HIT) superfamily, some of which have nucleotide-binding and diadenosine polyphosphate hydrolase activities. The encoded protein may play a role in single-stranded DNA repair. Mutations in this gene have been associated with ataxia-ocular apraxia. Multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene, however, the full length nature of some variants has not been determined.

# Function
Aprataxin removes AMP from DNA ends following abortive ligation attempts by DNA Ligase IV during non-homologous end joining, thereby permitting subsequent attempts at ligation.

# DNA strand breaks
Ataxia oculomotor apraxia-1 is a neurological disorder caused by mutations in the APTX gene that encodes aprataxin.  The neurological disorder appears to be caused by the gradual accumulation of unrepaired DNA strand breaks resulting from abortive DNA ligation events.

# Premature aging
Aptx/ mutant mice have been generated, but they lack an obvious phenotype.  Another mouse model was generated in which a mutation of superoxide dismutase I (SOD1) is expressed in an Aptx/ mouse.   The SOD1 mutation causes a reduction in transcription recovery following oxidative stress.  These mice showed accelerated cellular senescence.  This study also demonstrated a protective role of Aptx in vivo and suggested that the loss of Aptx function results in progressive accumulation of DNA breaks in the nervous system, triggering hallmarks of systemic premature aging  (see DNA damage theory of aging).

# Interactions
Aprataxin has been shown to interact with:
- PARP1,
- P53,
- XRCC1, and
- XRCC4.
APTX 4869
APTX 4869 is a fictional poison in the anime and manga Case Closed.
The toxin is a derivative of an experimental immortality formula, adapted by Sherry to function as an untraceable, lethal poison.
APTX is an abbreviation of "Apoptoxin," and, as the name implies, it involves the activation of uncontrolled apoptosis which causes death by the destruction of cells. In addition, it can also activate telomerase.
The poison is designed to be untraceable in its victims. However, in very rare cases, it causes the apoptosis of non-neural cells only and the apoptosis would stabilise at some point, causing the victim's apparent age to be decreased. Conan Edogawa, the series' protagonist, is such a victim; later Shiho Miyano, who chooses to attempt suicide by using her own drug, was added to the very short list of people not killed by APTX-4869.
Throughout the series there are several instances in which the APTX was temporarily neutralized and Shinichi and Ai/Shiho were returned to their actual age forms. The main ingredient for this reversal is a component found in Chinese ginseng root schnaps, which Ai has already incorporated in a prototype - and as yet non-permanent - antidote for the APTX. It is to note that in the instances where Shinichi or Ai changed back, the recipient was suffering from a common cold while the component was ingested, indicating that the immune system somehow has to be taxed for the antidote to work.
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Acadesine

# Overview
Acadesine (INN), also known as 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1--D-ribofuranoside, AICA-riboside, and AICAR, is an AMP-activated protein kinase activator which is used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and may have applications in treating other disorders such as diabetes.
Acadesine is an adenosine regulating agent developed by PeriCor Therapeutics and licensed to Schering-Plough in 2007 for phase III studies. The drug is a potential first-in-class agent for prevention of reperfusion injury in CABG surgery. Schering began patient enrollment in phase III studies in May, 2009. The trial was terminated in late 2010 based on an interim futility analysis.

# Chemistry
Reaction of 2-bromo tribenzoyl ribose with 1,2-diaminomaleionitrile results in the displacement of the anomeric halogen by one of the amino groups and the formation of the aminosugar largely as the -anomer. Treatment of this product with methyl orthoformate in the presence of a base leads to the replacement of the alkoxy groups in orthoformate by the adjacent amines, resulting in the formation of the imidazole ring. Reaction with alkoxide then interestingly converts the nitrile nearest the sugar to an iminoester; the benzoyl groups are cleaved in the process. Hofmann rearrangement in the presence of a bromine and a base converts the iminoester to the corresponding primary amine. Basic hydrolysis then converts the remaining nitrile to an amide, affording acadesine.

# Pharmacology and use in doping
Acadesine acts as an AMP-activated protein kinase agonist. It stimulates glucose uptake and increases the activity of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases  and  in skeletal muscle tissue, as well as suppressing apoptosis by reducing production of reactive oxygen compounds inside the cell.
In 2008, researchers at the Salk Institute discovered that acadesine injected in mice significantly improved their performance in endurance-type exercise, apparently by converting fast-twitch muscle fibers to the more energy-efficient, fat-burning, slow-twitch type. They also looked at the administration of GW 501516 (also called GW1516) in combination with acadesine. Given to mice that did not exercise, this combination activated 40% of the genes that were turned on when mice were given GW1516 and made to exercise. This result drew attention to the compound as a possible athletic endurance aid. One of the lead researchers from this study has developed a urine test to detect it and has made the test available to the International Olympic Committee, and the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has added acadesine to the prohibited list from 2009 onwards. The British Medical Journal reported in 2009 that WADA had found evidence that acadesine was used by cyclists in the 2009 Tour de France.
Acalculia

# Overview
Acalculia (not to be confused with dyscalculia), from the Greek "a" meaning "not" and Latin "calculare", which means "to count", 
is an acquired impairment in which patients have difficulty performing simple mathematical tasks, such as adding, subtracting, multiplying and even simply stating which of two numbers is larger.  Acalculia is distinguished from dyscalculia in that acalculia is acquired late in life due to neurological injury such as stroke, while dyscalculia is a specific developmental disorder first observed during the acquisition of mathematical knowledge.

# Variations
Acalculia is associated with lesions of the parietal lobe (especially the angular gyrus) and the frontal lobe and can be an early sign of dementia.  Acalculia is sometimes observed as a "pure" deficit, but is commonly observed as one of a constellation of symptoms, including agraphia, finger agnosia and left-right confusion, after damage to the left angular gyrus, known as Gerstmann's syndrome (Gerstmann, 1940; Mayer et al., 1999).
Studies of patients with lesions to the parietal lobe have demonstrated that lesions to the angular gyrus tend to lead to greater impairments in memorized mathematical facts, such as multiplication tables, with relatively unimpaired subtraction abilities.  Conversely, patients with lesions in the region of the intraparietal sulcus tend to have greater deficits in subtraction, with preserved mulitiplication abilities (Dehaene and Cohen, 1997).  These double dissociations lend support to the idea that different regions of the parietal cortex are involved in different aspects of numerical processing.

# Related Chapters
- Gerstmann's syndrome
- Numerical cognition
Accessory
Accessory may refer to:
- Accessory (legal term), a person who assists a criminal but is not present at the crime
- Accessory (band), with members Dirk Steyer and Ivo Lottig
- Fashion accessory, i.e. an item used to complement a fashion or style
- Video game accessory, a piece of hardware used for playing video games
- Accessory nucleus, in anatomy, a cranial nerve nucleus
- Accessory nerve
- Accessory suite, a secondary dwelling on a parcel of land.