Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
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# Using talk pages
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Temocillin

# Overview
Temocillin is a -lactamase-resistant penicillin introduced by Beecham, marketed by Eumedica Pharmaceuticals as Negaban. It is used primarily for the treatment of multiple drug-resistant, Gram-negative bacteria.  It is a carboxypenicillin.

# Pharmacology
Temocillin is a -lactamase-resistant penicillin.  It is not active against Gram-positive bacteria or bacteria with altered penicillin-binding proteins.
It is normally active against Moraxella catarrhalis, Brucella abortus, Burkholderia cepacia, Citrobacter species, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Yersinia enterocolitica.  It is also active against some Enterobacter species, Morganella morganii, and Serratia species.  Temocillin has no useful activity against Acinetobacter species or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Its primary use is against Enterobacteriaceae, and in particular against strains producing extended-spectrum -lactamase or AmpC -lactamase.

# Dosage
The common dose is 2 g intravenously every 12 hours.  Theoretical reasons exist for giving temocillin as a continuous intravenous infusion in severe disease: a single loading dose of 2 g is given intravenously followed by a 4-g infusion over 24 hours.  Temocillin for intravenous injection is diluted in 20 ml of sterile water; it is diluted in less than 2.7 ml of sterile water when being prepared for intramuscular injection; the continuous infusion is diluted in 48 ml of sterile water for ease of administration (1 ml per half hour).  To reduce pain, the intramuscular injection may be made up using sterile 1% lignocaine instead of sterile water.
Temocillin may be given to patients with impaired renal function.  No adjustment needs to be made to the dose in mild to moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance greater than 30 ml/min).    Temocillin is cleared by haemodialysis, so in dialysis patients, the dose should be given after dialysis.
No oral preparation of temocillin is licensed.

# Adverse effects
The undesirable effects of temocillin are those of any -lactam antibiotic.  In particular, it has been associated with angioedema and anaphylaxis in penicillin-allergic patients.  Animal studies have not shown any induction of Clostridium difficile infection.  As with any other penicillin, convulsions can occur if very high doses are given.

# Synthesis
Temoporfin

# Overview
Temoporfin (INN) is a photosensitizer (based on chlorin) used in photodynamic therapy for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
It is marketed in the European Union under the brand name Foscan.  The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) declined to approve Foscan in 2000.  The EU approved its use in June 2001.
Good results were obtained in 21 of 35 patients treated in Germany.
It is photoactivated at 652 nm i.e. by red light.
Patients can remain photosensitive for several weeks after treatment.

# Further reading
- Relationship between subcellular localisation of Foscan and caspase activation in photosensitised MCF-7 cells. Marchal et al. 2007
Tendinosis
Tendinosis, sometimes called chronic tendinitis, chronic tendinopathy or chronic tendon injury, is damage to a tendon at a cellular level.  It is thought to be caused by microtears in the connective tissue in and around the tendon.
Tendinosis is typically diagnosed as tendinitis due to the limited understanding of tendinopathies by the medical community.
The suffix 'itis' means inflammation leading to anti-inflammatories being prescribed, despite there being limited support for this treatment in clinical trials. The strongest evidence for treatment of tendinosis is for nitric oxide patches and for forms of resistance training exercises that 'load' the affected tendon.
The U Wave

# Overview
U waves were described by Einthoven in 1903 and normally have same polarity as T waves

# Pathophysiology
There are three hypotheses regarding the origin of the U wave:
- Late repolarization of Purkinje fibers,
- Late repolarization of some other portions of left ventricle,
- Alteration in the normal action potential shape by after potentials.

# Appearance
- Ordinarily the U wave has the same polarity as the T wave and is 5 to 25% of the T wave amplitude.
- Tallest in leads V2 and V3, usually not greater than 1.0 mm.
- Considered abnormally large if the U wave is greater than 1.5 mm in any lead.

# Causes of Abnormal U wave Prominence
- Bradycardia
- CNS disease
- Drugs such as:
- amiodarone
- digitalis
- disopyramide
- epinephrine
- phenothiazines
- procainamide
- quinidine
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Hypokalemia
- Hypomagnesemia
- Hypercalcemia
- Hyperthyroidism
- Left ventricular hypertrophy
- Long QT syndrome
- Mitral valve prolapse

# Causes of U Wave Inversion
- Left ventricular hypertrophy (in I, V5, V6)
- Right ventricular hypertrophy (in II, III)
- Ischemic heart disease
- May occur during anginal episode
- U wave inversion during an exercise tolerance test is considered indicative of ischemia by some
Theaflavin
Theaflavin and its derivatives, known collectively as theaflavins, are polyphenols that are formed from catechins such as in tea leaves during the enzymatic oxidation (called fermentation by the tea trade) of tea leaves, such as in black tea.  Several tea polyphenols, especially those with galloyl moiety, can inhibit HIV-1 replication with multiple mechanisms of action. It is showed that the theaflavin derivatives had more potent anti-HIV-1 activity than catechin derivatives.
- Theaflavin-3'-monogallate (TF-2) causes apoptosis in colon cancer cells.
- Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TF3) binds to gp41 of HIV as well as inhibit 3CLPro of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
- 3-Isotheaflavin-3-gallate (TF2B) inhibits 3CLPro of SARS.
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a catechin in green tea, binds to gp120, which works in conjunction with gp41 of HIV to enter into  healthy human immune cells.  Like EGCG, Theaflavins and Thearubigins compounds found in black teas penetrate the blood brain barrier, and have been shown to be effective against age and AIDS related dementia in vitro.   Since modern anti-retroviral meds do not reach the brain, HIV can maintain reservoirs for reinfection.
Theaflavins were also found to reduce blood cholesterol levels.
Theobromos
Theobromos is the scientific name for chocolate as used in The Company series of science fiction novels by Kage Baker. Theobromos' effects on immortals are unique from theobromine effects on humans.
In the novels, Theobromos induces mood elevation and other emotional effects in immortals. Overindulgence causes inebriation similar to the effects of alcohol, including disorientation, loss of balance, and emotional effusiveness. Overindulgence also results in a morning-after hangover, characterized by an intense headache, skin irritation, and ravenous hunger.
Theobromos is typically ingested orally in the form of chocolate or hot chocolate. Powdered cocoa can also be nasally insufflated, just as one would snort cocaine.
Thorianite
Thorianite is a rare mineral, originally discovered by Ananda Coomaraswamy in 1904 as uraninite, but recognized as a new species by W. R. Dunston. It was so named on account of its high percentage of thorium (about 70% ThO2); it also contains the oxides of uranium, lanthanum, cerium and didymium. Helium is present, and the mineral is slightly less radioactive than pitchblende but harder to shield due its high energy gamma rays. It is relatively more common in the alluvial gem-gravels of Sri Lanka, where it occurs mostly as water worn, small, heavy, black, cubic crystals. The largest crystals (sizes usually up to around 1.5 cm; very rare are sizes greater than 2.5 cm; largest is 6 cm and 2.2 kilos) came from Madagascar.

# Chemistry
Based on color, specific gravity and composition three types of thorianite are distinguished:
-  - thorianite
-  - thorianite
-  - thorianite
Thorianite and uraninite form a complete solid solution series in synthetic and natural material. The division between the two species is at Th:U = 1:1 with U up to 46.50% and Th 45.3% to 87.9%. Rare earths, chiefly Ce, substitute for Th in amounts up to 8% by weight.  Ce is probably present as Ce4+. Complete series is known in synthetic material between CeO2 - PrO2 - ThO2 - UO2. Small amounts of Fe3+ and Zr also may be isomorphous with Th. Pb present is probably radiogenic.

# Varieties
- Aldanite - a variety of thorianite containing 14.9% to 29.0% UO2 and 11.2% to 12.5% PbO.
- Uranothorianite
- Thorianite Cerian
- Thorianite La bearing

# Occurrence
Usually found in alluvial deposits, beach sands heavy mineral placers and pegmatites.
- Sri Lanka - In stream gravels, Galle district, Southern Province; Balangonda district; near Kodrugala, S'abaragamuwa Province; and from a pegmatite in Bambarabotuwa area.
- India - Reported from beach sands of Travancore (Kerala).
- Madagascar - Found in alluvial deposits of  Betroka and Andolobe. Also as very large crystals from Tolanaro (Fort Dauphin); at Andranondambo and other localities.
- Russia - In black sands of a gold placer on Boshogoch River, Transbaikalia, Siberia; in the Kovdor massif, Kola Peninsula; in the Yenisei Range, Siberia.
- United States - reported from Easton, Pennsylvania; black sands in Missouri River, near Helena, Montana; Scott River, Siskiyou County, California; black sands in Nixon Fork and Wiseman districts, Alaska.
- Canada - Reported with uraninite in a pegmatite on Charlebois Lake, east of Lake Athabasca; Uranon variety reported from pegmatite and metesomatized zones in crystalline limestones from many locations in Quebec and Ontario.
- South Africa - Occurs with baddeleyite as an accessory in carbonatite at Phalaborwa, Eastern Transvaal.
- Belgian Congo
Thorotrast

# Overview
Thorotrast is a suspension containing particles of the radioactive compound thorium dioxide, ThO2, used as a contrast medium in X-ray diagnostics in the 1930s and 40s (use in some countries, such as the U.S., continued into the 1950s).
The naturally abundant thorium nuclide 232Th is slightly unstable and decays through the emission of an alpha particle. Thorium compounds produce excellent images because of thorium's high opacity to X-rays (it has a high cross section for absorption).  Because the suspension offered high image quality and had virtually no immediate side-effects compared to the alternatives available at the time, Thorotrast became widely used after its introduction in 1931. 2-10 million patients worldwide have been treated with Thorotrast.
Even at the time of introduction, there was concern about the safety of Thorotrast. Following injection, the drug is distributed to the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone,where it is absorbed. After this initial absorption, redistribution takes place at a very slow pace.  Specifically, the biological half-life is estimated to be 22 years.  This means that the organs of patients who have been given Thorotrast will be exposed to the alpha-radiation it emits for much of the rest of their lives. The significance of this exposure was not fully understood in 1931.
Unfortunately, Thorotrast turned out to be extremely carcinogenic, because of these alpha particles. There is a high over-incidence of various cancers in patients who have been treated with Thorotrast. The cancers occur several (usually 20-30) years after injection of Thorotrast. The risk of getting liver cancer in former Thorotrast patients has been measured to be well above 100 times the risk of the rest of the population. The risk of leukemia appears to be 20 times higher in Thorotrast patients. These observations have led some to characterize Thorotrast as the most potent human carcinogen known.
The Danish director Nils Malmros's movie, Facing the Truth (original Danish title At Kende Sandheden) from 2002, portrays the dilemma that faced Malmros's father, Richard Malmros, when treating his patients in the 1940s. Richard Malmros was deeply concerned about the persistence of Thorotrast in the body but was forced to use Thorotrast, because the only available alternative (per-abrodil) had serious immediate side-effects, suffered from image quality problems and was difficult to obtain during the Second World War. The use of Thorotrast in Denmark ended in 1947 when safer alternatives became available. Today, barium sulfate is the most commonly-used X-ray contrast medium.
Thorotrast has also been used in research to stain neural tissue samples for examination by historadiography.
Thymectomy
A thymectomy is an operation to remove the thymus gland. It usually results in remission of myasthenia gravis with the help of medication including steroids. However, this remission may not be permanent.
A thymectomy is mainly carried out in an adult. This is because the thymus loses most of its functional capacity after adolescence, but does retain a small portion of its function during adulthood. This is shown in the decreasing size of the thymus with increasing age after adolescence.
The role of the thymus prior to adolescence is to educate T-cells to a specific response where they then populate the lymphoid organs, for storage until needed. Removal of the thymus as an adult has little immediate effect on the immune system as its role has been completed.
Thymic hypoplasia as may be seen in DiGeorge Syndrome results in no T-cell education, and therefore a severe compromise in T cell mediated and humoral responses.
ca:Timectomia
Tiletamine
Tiletamine is a dissociative anesthetic and pharmacologically classified as an NMDA receptor antagonist. It is related chemically and pharmacologically to other anesthetics in this family such as ketamine and phencyclidine...The appearance when in its raw form is a salt like crystal with a odourless smell .
It is used in veterinary medicine in the compound product Telazol (tiletamine/zolazepam, 50mg/ml of each in 5ml vial) as an injectable anesthetic. It is sometimes used in combination with xylazine (Rompun) to tranquilize large mammals such as bears and horses. Telazol is the only commercially available tiletamine product in the USA.
CONTRAINDICATED in patients of an ASA statues of III or greater and in animals with CNS signs, hyperthyroidism, cardiac disease, pancreatic or renal disease, pregnancy, glaucoma, or penetrating eye injuries.
Tiletamine/zolazepam products are classified as Schedule III controlled substances in the United States.
Tiocarlide

# Overview
Thiocarlide (or tiocarlide or isoxyl) is a thiourea drug used in the treatment of tuberculosis, inhibiting synthesis of oleic acid and tuberculostearic acid.
Thiocarlide has considerable antimycobacterial activity in vitro and is effective against multi-drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Isoxyl inhibits M. bovis with six hours of exposure, which is similar to isoniazid and ethionamide, two other prominent anti-TB drugs.  Unlike these two drugs, however, isoxyl also partially inhibits the synthesis of fatty acids.
Thiocarlide was developed by a Belgian company, Continental Pharma S.A. Belgo-Canadienne in Brussels, Belgium. The head researcher was Professor N. P. Buu-Hoi, head of Continental Pharma's Research Division.
Tipepidine

# Overview
Tipepidine (INN) (brand names Asverin, Antupex, Asvelik, Asvex, Bitiodin, Cofdenin A, Hustel, Nodal, Sotal), also known as tipepidine hibenzate (JAN), is a synthetic, non-opioid antitussive and expectorant of the thiambutene class. It acts as an inhibitor of G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs). The drug was discovered in the 1950s, and was developed in Japan in 1959. It is used as the hibenzate and citrate salts.
The usual dose is 20 mg every 46 hours. Possible side effects of tipepidine, especially in overdose, may include drowsiness, vertigo, delirium, disorientation, loss of consciousness, and confusion.
Tipepidine has recently garnered interest as a potential psychiatric drug. It is being investigated in depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Through inhibition of GIRK channels, tipepidine increases dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens, but without increasing locomotor activity or producing methamphetamine-like behavioral sensitization, and this action appears to be at least partly responsible for its antidepressant-like effects in rodents.
Tiratricol

# Overview
Tiratricol (also known as TRIAC or triiodothyroacetic acid) is a thyroid hormone analogue.

# Uses
It is indicated in the management of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome and is used, in combination with levothyroxine, to suppress thyroid-stimulating hormone production in patients with thyroid cancer.
It has been investigated for use in reducing goiter.
It has also shown some effectiveness in reducing the atrophy caused when using corticosteroids.
Tiratricol has also been widely marketed, under various trade names, as a weight loss aid. In 1999 and 2000, the United States Food and Drug Administration and Health Canada both issued warnings to the public regarding the use of dietary supplements containing tiratricol.

# Legal status
Tiratricol is not approved for sale in Canada or the United States. It was once an approved drug in Brazil, but its marketing authorization was suspended in 2003, effectively prohibiting its sale. Tiratricol is still available in France for therapy of thyroid hormone resistance and adjuvant therapy of thyroid cancer. It is available as an orphan drug to be prescribed by registered specialists in Europe.
Tolazoline

# Overview
Tolazoline is a non-selective competitive -adrenergic receptor antagonist. It is a vasodilator that is used to treat spasms of peripheral blood vessels (as in acrocyanosis). It has also been used successfully as an antidote to reverse the severe peripheral vasoconstriction which can occur as a result of overdose with certain 5-HT2A agonist drugs such as 25I-NBOMe, DOB and Bromodragonfly (prolonged severe vasoconstriction can lead to gangrene if untreated).
It is however most commonly used in veterinary medicine, to reverse xylazine-induced sedation.

# Chemistry
Tolazoline can be synthesized by the heterocyclation of the ethyl ester of iminophenzylacetic acid with ethylene diamine, which forms the desired product. The structure of tolazoline is strikingly similar to -adrenergic agonists, which are antiedema sympathomimetics.
Tospovirus
The Tospoviruses are a genus (Topsovirus) of plant viruses within the viral family Bunyaviridae. They are the sole group of plant infecting viruses in this family, with the majority of other viruses in the Bunyaviridae infecting animals. The genus takes its name from the discovery of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) in Australia in 1915. It remained the only member of the family until the early 1990's when genetic characterisation of viruses discovered in plants became more common. There are now at least twenty viral "species" in the family with more being recorded and described on a relatively regular basis.

# Transmission
Tospoviruses are transmitted by an insect vector, generally a thrips. The virus infects larval stage thrips, which upon adulthood, are able to infect new host plants.

# Agricultural importance
Plants which have been infected by a Tospovirus are incurable, and will only cause more infections if left in the field. resultingly all infected plants must be destroyed in order to prevent the spread of disease.
There are a large number of families that are known to be effected by viruses of the Tospovirus genus. These include both food crops (such as peanuts, watermelons, capsicums, tomatos, zucchinis, et al.) as well as ornamental species which are important to flower farms (calla lily, impatiens, crysanthemums, iris, et al.). For a more complete list of hosts examine the Tospovirus host list at Kansas State University.

# Resources
- The Complete Tospovirus Resource Page at KSU
- Tospoviruses:Bunyaviridae from Plant Viruses online
- Tospoviruses (Family Bunyaviridae, Genus Tospovirus) An article by Scott Adkins, Tom Zitter and Tim Momol.