Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Lead(II) chromate
Lead(II) chromate (PbCrO4) is a chemical compound.  It has a vivid yellow color and is practically insoluble in water, and as a result, is used in paints under the name "chrome yellow". Previously, its use was wider. It and "white lead", or lead(II) carbonate, were the most common lead-based paint pigments.  It is commonly made in the laboratory by reacting a lead(II) salt (such as lead(II) nitrate) with a chromate or dichromate salt (such as potassium chromate or potassium dichromate) in solution in water, producing a very deep yellow to orange precipitate of lead(II) chromate.
Lead (II) Chromate may also be known as chrome yellow, chromic acid lead (II) salt, canary chrome yellow 40-2250, chrome green, chrome green UC61, chrome green UC74, chrome green UC76, chrome lemon, crocoite, dianichi chrome yellow G, lemon yellow, king's yellow, Leipzig yellow, lemon yellow, Paris yellow, pigment green 15, plumbous chromate, pure lemon chrome L3GS, and various other names.
Conditions/substances to avoid are: strong reducing agents, combustibles and organic materials.
Due to containing both lead and hexavalent chromium, lead(II) chromate is profoundly toxic.
Lead(II) chromate is used in some pyrotechnic compositions, especially delay compositions, as an oxidizer.

# Reactions
Heating in hydroxide solution produces chrome red, a red or orange powder made by PbO and CrO3.
Also, in hydroxide solution lead chromate partially dissolves forming plumbite complex.

# Dangers of lead (II) chromate
Lead (II) chromate is a poison, and can be fatal if swallowed or inhaled.
Lead (II) chromate is a known carcinogen, developmental toxicant, and reproductive toxicant.  It is also suspected that lead (II) chromate is a cardivascular or blood toxicant, immunotoxicant, kidney toxicant, neurotoxicant, respiratory toxicant, and a skin toxicant or sense organ toxicant.

## If swallowed
If swallowed, lead (II) chromate poisoning can lead to abdominal pain and spasms, nausea, vomiting, and headaches.  If the poisoning is not severe, you may experience lead line on the gums, a metallic taste, muscle weakness, and dizziness.  The symptoms appear to get worse as the poisoning becomes more severe.  Severe poisoning can lead to a coma and even death.

## If inhaled
If inhaled, and the poisoning is not severe, you may experience symptoms such as a sore throat, coughing, shortness of breath, and labored breathing.  Severe poisoning may lead to pulmonary edema, as well as several symptoms experienced from indigestion
Left colic artery
The left colic artery runs to the left behind the peritoneum and in front of the psoas major muscle, and after a short, but variable, course divides into an ascending and a descending branch; the stem of the artery or its branches cross the left ureter and left internal spermatic vessels.
The ascending branch crosses in front of the left kidney and ends, between the two layers of the transverse mesocolon, by anastomosing with the middle colic artery; the descending branch anastomoses with the highest sigmoid artery.
From the arches formed by these anastomoses branches are distributed to the descending colon and the left part of the transverse colon.

# Additional images
- Superior and inferior duodenal foss.
- Duodenojejunal fossa.
Leon S. Robertson
Leon S. Robertson is a retired injury epidemiologist.
From 1978 to 1998, Robertson occupied various positions in the Institution for Social and Policy Studies and the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health at Yale University. He previously served on the faculties of Harvard University Medical School (1966-70) and Wake Forest University (1962-65). He was also Senior Behavioral Scientist in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (1970-78).
Robertson has contributed more than 140 articles and chapters to scientific literature. He was also a member of the National Research Council/Institute of Medicine Committee on Trauma Research that produced the report Injury in America: A Continuing Public Health Problem and was vice-chair of the NRC committee that reviewed the injury control program of the Centers for Disease Control. He also served on the National Research Council Panel on Occupational Safety and Health Statistics and chaired the special interest group on Injury Control and Emergency Health Services of the American Public Health Association.

# Selected bibliography
- Injuries: Causes, Control, Strategies and Public Policy (D.C. Heath, 1983)
- Injury Epidemiology (Oxford University Press, 1992)
- Injury Epidemiology Research and Control Strategies (Oxford University Press, 1998)
- Injury Epidemiology: Third Edition (Oxford University Press, 2007)
- The Expert Witness Scam (Mightywords.com, 2000; www.lulu.com, 2006)
- Hillbilly to Harvard to Yale (www.lulu.com, 2006)

# Awards
The American Public Health Association gave Robertson the Distinguished Career Award. Robertson was also honored by Johns Hopkins University, who has named a professorship in his honor.
Leonotis leonurus
Leonotis leonurus, also known as Wild Dagga or Lion's Tail, is a species of plant in the Leonotis genus and the Lamiaceae (mint) family native to southern Africa.

# Related Species
There are about thirty species of plants from the family Lamiaceae in the genus Leonotis, but only one other, L. nepetifolia (Klip Dagga), shares the entheogenic properties of L. leonurus. The main difference between the species is that L. nepetifolia's flowers sprout from a round prickly ball.

# Uses

## Medicinal Uses
Leonotis has been used to treat various conditions including epilepsy, diabetes, bites and stings, skin diseases, muscular cramps, respiratory disorders, hypertension, headaches, viral hepatitis, intestinal worms, obesity and eczema .
In 1992, Wild Dagga was shown to reduce breast tumors in mice.
In most common uses the leaves are picked, dried, and then brewed as a tea.

# Chemical Constituents
- Leonurine, a mild vasodilator and smooth muscle relaxant.

# See Also
- Motherwort
Vestibular nuclei

# Overview
The vestibular nuclei are the cranial nuclei for the vestibular nerve.

# Subnuclei
There are 4 subnuclei; they are situated at the floor of the fourth ventricle.
- The medial vestibular nucleus (dorsal or chief vestibular nucleus), corresponding to the lower part of the area acustica in the rhomboid fossa; the caudal end of this nucleus is sometimes termed the descending or spinal vestibular nucleus.
- The lateral vestibular nucleus or nucleus of Deiters, consisting of large cells and situated in the lateral angle of the rhomboid fossa; the dorso-lateral part of this nucleus is sometimes termed the nucleus of Bechterew.
- Modern sources also include a inferior vestibular nucleus and superior vestibular nucleus

# Path from medial and lateral nuclei
The fibers of the vestibular nerve enter the medulla oblongata on the medial side of those of the cochlear, and pass between the inferior peduncle and the spinal tract of the trigeminal.
They then divide into ascending and descending fibers. The latter end by arborizing around the cells of the medial nucleus, which is situated in the area acustica of the rhomboid fossa. The ascending fibers either end in the same manner or in the lateral nucleus, which is situated lateral to the area acustica and farther from the ventricular floor.
Some of the axons of the cells of the lateral nucleus, and possibly also of the medial nucleus, are continued upward through the inferior peduncle to the roof nuclei of the opposite side of the cerebellum, to which also other fibers of the vestibular root are prolonged without interruption in the nuclei of the medulla oblongata.
A second set of fibres from the medial and lateral nuclei end partly in the tegmentum, while the remainder ascend in the medial longitudinal fasciculus to arborize around the cells of the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve.
Fibres from the lateral vestibular nucleus also pass via the vestibulospinal tract, to anterior horn cells at many levels in the spinal cord, in order to co-ordinate head and trunk movements.
Levacetylmethadol

# Overview
Levacetylmethadol (INN), levomethadyl acetate (USAN), OrLAAM (trade name) or levo--acetylmethadol (LAAM) is a synthetic opioid similar in structure to methadone. It has a long duration of action due to its active metabolites. It was approved in 1993 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in the treatment of opioid dependence. In 2001, Orlaam was removed from the European market due to reports of life-threatening ventricular rhythm disorders. In 2003, Roxane Laboratories, Inc. discontinued Orlaam in the US.

# Indications
LAAM is indicated as a second-line treatment for the treatment and management of opioid dependence if patients fail to respond to drugs like methadone or buprenorphine. Before August 1993, LAAM was classified as a schedule I drug in the United States. LAAM is not approved for use in Australia and Canada.  At present, it is a Schedule II Narcotic controlled substance in the United States with a DEA ACSCN of 9648 and a national aggregate annual manufacturing quota of 4 grammes as of 2013.

# Chemistry and pharmacology
Levacetylmethadyl acts as a mu-opioid receptor agonist. It also acts as a potent, noncompetitive 34 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist.
Levomethadyl acetate is the levo isomer of -methadyl acetate. The dextro isomer, alphacetylmethadol, is more potent but shorter acting. The levo isomer is also less toxic with an Template:LD50 in mice of 110 mg/kg s.c. and 172.8 mg/kg orally as opposed to Template:LD50s of 61 mg/kg s.c. and 118.3 mg/kg orally for dl--methadyl acetate. It has a melting point of 215 C and a molecular weight of 353.50. -methadyl acetate also exists, however it is more toxic and less active than -methadyl acetate and has no current medical use.
Levomethadyl acetate undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism to the active demethylated metabolite nor-LAAM, which is further demethylated to a second active metabolite, dinor-LAAM. These metabolites are more potent than the parent drug.

# Dosing
LAAM is used as an oral solution of levomethadyl acetate hydrochloride at a concentration of 10 mg/mL in bottles of 120 and 500 mL under the brand name Orlaam. The first dose of LAAM for patients who have not started treatment with methadone is 2040 mg. The first dose for patients who have been receiving methadone will be a little higher than the amount of methadone that was being taken every day, but not more than 120 mg. Afterwards, the dosage may be adjusted as needed. Unlike methadone, which requires daily administration, LAAM is administered two to three times a week.
Liddle's syndrome

# Overview
Liddle's Syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder that mimics hyperaldosteronism.  It involves problems with excess resorption of sodium and loss of potassium from the renal tubule.  Hypertension begins at a very early age, often in infancy.

# Pathophysiology
This syndrome is caused by dysregulation of an epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) due to a genetic mutation at the 16p12-p13 locus.  The mutation changes a domain in the channel so it is no longer degraded correctly by the Ubiquitin Proteasome system.  Specifically the PY motif in the protein is deleted or altered so the E3 ligase (Nedd4) no longer recognizes the channel.

# Differentiating Liddle's Syndrome from other diseases
Liddle's syndrome should be differentiated from other diseases causing hypertension and hypokalemia for example:
- Renal artery stenosis
- Cushing's syndrome
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency
11 beta hydroxylase deficiency
- 17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency
- 11 beta hydroxylase deficiency
- Primary hyperaldosteronism
- Diuretic use
- Licorice ingestion
- Renin-secreting tumors

# Epidemiology and Demographics
This syndrome is rare and may only be considered by the treating physician after the child's hypertension is found to be recalcitrant to antihypertensive agents.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
Children and aliens with Liddle's syndrome are frequently asymptomatic.

## Physical Examination

### Vitals
The first indication of the disease is often the incidental finding of hypertension during a routine physical exam.

## Laboratory Studies
Evaluation of the pediatric hypertensive patient usually involves analysis of blood electrolytes and an aldosterone level, as well as other tests.  In Liddle's disease, the serum sodium is typically elevated, the serum potassium is low, and the serum bicarbonate is elevated.  These findings are also found in hyperaldosteronism, another rare cause of pediatric hypertension.  Primary hyperaldosteronism (also known as Conn's syndrome), is due to an aldosterone-secreting adrenal tumor or adrenal hyperplasia.

# Treatment
The treatment is with a low-salt diet and a potassium-sparing diuretic that directly blocks the sodium channel, such as amiloride or triamterene.  Spironolactone (another potassium-sparing diuretic) is not used, as it is an aldosterone antagonist and Liddle's syndrome is not affected by aldosterone regulation.
Lindley's paradox
Lindley's paradox describes a counterintuitive situation in statistics in which the Bayesian and frequentist approaches to a hypothesis testing problem give opposite results for certain choices of the prior distribution.  The problem of the disagreement between the two approaches was discussed in Harold Jeffreys' textbook; it became known as  Lindley's paradox after Dennis Lindley called the disagreement a paradox in a 1957 paper.

# Description of the paradox
Consider a null hypothesis H0, the result of an experiment x, and a prior distribution that favors H0 weakly.  Lindley's paradox occurs when
- The result x is significant by a frequentist test, indicating sufficient evidence to reject H0, say, at the 5% level, and
- The posterior probability of H0 given x is high, say, 95%, indicating  strong evidence that H0 is in fact true.
These results can happen at the same time when the prior distribution is the sum of a sharp peak at H0 with probability p and a broad distribution with the rest of the probability 1-p.  It is a result of the prior having a sharp feature at H0 and no sharp features anywhere else.

## Example: heavier-than air flight
To see why this might happen, consider the example of an experiment in a very well-established field of science, such as gravitation, and consider the null hypothesis to be something like, "what we currently believe about gravity is true." The prior probability for this hypothesis is of course very large.
Now, suppose that in this particular experiment, something very unusual happens, and for whatever reason the results of observations appear to be inconsistent with gravitation as we understand it (e.g., a 1,000 ton metal structure lifts off the ground and flies at near the speed of sound). The conditional probability of this occurrence is small given the null hypothesis, and so a frequentist ought to reject it.
Yet a Bayesian knows that the prior probability of the null hypothesis is so high that this experiment is not sufficient to actually conclude that the null hypothesis is false, but rather that something unusual is going on (i.e. powered air flight). In practice, even scientists who consider themselves "frequentist" would adopt this methodology, considering information outside the experiment in drawing their inferences.
Lisfranc fracture

# Overview
The Lisfranc fracture is a fracture and dislocation of the joints in the midfoot, where a cluster of small bones forms an arch on top of the foot between the ankle and the toes. From this cluster, five long bones, the metatarsals, extend until the toes.

# History
The fracture was first described by the French doctor and surgeon Jacques Lisfranc de St. Martin, who worked in Napoleon's army.

# Causes
This type of injury, which Lisfranc first described, occurred when a horseman fell while riding, having trapped his foot in the stirrup or fell into a drain. At present, such an injury happens typically when one steps into a hole and the foot twists heavily. Falling from a height of two or three stories can also cause this fracture. American football players occasionally get this injury, often when they have their foot pointing down and someone lands on their heel. Examples include New England Patriots defensive back Ty Law, who suffered this injury in October, 2004, and Indianapolis Colts defensive end Dwight Freeney, whose injury on November 11, 2007 ended his season. There are also other ways of receiving such an injury.

# X-ray
- Fracture-dislocation or fracture-subluxation of the tarsometatarsal joints
- Homolateral: Lateral dislocation of the 1st through 5th or 2nd through 5th metatarsals.
- Divergent: Medial dislocation of the 1st metatarsal and lateral dislocation of the 2nd through 5th metatarsals

# Treatment
Treatment options include operative or non-operative treatment. If the dislocation is less than 2mm, the fracture can be managed with a POP(plaster of Paris) or dynacast for 6 weeks. The patient's injured limb cannot bear weight during this period. For operative treatment, percutaneous screws +/- k-wire will be used for internal fixation of the fracture. Again, the patient's injured limb cannot bear weight. The screws/k-wires must be removed before weight bearing.
Loeffler syndrome
For patient information page on this topic click here
Synonyms and keywords: Loeffler's syndrome; Loffler disease; Loffler pneumonia; Loffler syndrome; Loffler's syndrome; Simple pulmonary eosinophilia; Tropical eosinophilic pneumonia

# Overview

# Historical Perspective

# Pathophysiology

# Causes

# Differentiating Loefflers syndrome from other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

# Diagnosis
History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | Chest X Ray | CT | Echocardiography or Ultrasound | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment
Medical Therapy | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

# Case Studies
Case #1

# Related Pages
- Eosinophilic pneumonia
- Parasitic pneumonia
- Pneumonia
Lolium temulentum
Lolium temulentum, typically known as darnel or cockle, is an annual plant that forms part of the Poaceae family and part of the Lolium genus. The plant stem can grow up to 1 meter tall, with inflorescence in the ears and purple grain. It grows plentifully in Syria and Palestine.
It usually grows in the same production zones as wheat and is considered a weed. The similarity between these two plants is so extensive that in some regions cockle is referred to as "false wheat." It bears a close resemblance to wheat until the ear appears.
It is also gives its name to another edible grain, aquatic cockle, known as "false rice."
The plant is mentioned in the Parable of the Tares in the Gospel of Matthew:
"Let both grow together until the harvest: and in the time of harvest I will say to the reapers, Gather ye together first the tares, and bind them in bundles to burn them: but gather the wheat into my barn."Template:Bibleverse
it:Lolium temulentum
Lordosis overview

# Overview
Lordosis (commonly referred to as swayback, saddle back, or hyper-lordosis) is a medical term used to describe an inward curvature of a portion of the vertebral column. Two segments of the vertebral column, namely cervical and lumbar, are normally lordotic, that is, they are set in a curve that has its convexity anteriorly (the front) and concavity posteriorly (behind), in the context of human anatomy. When referring to the anatomy of other mammals, the direction of the curve is termed ventral.  Curvature in the opposite direction, that is, apex posteriorly (humans) or dorsally (mammals) is termed kyphosis.
Lordotic curvatures of the vertebral column, also known as secondary curvatures are caused mainly because of the difference of thickness between the anterior and posterior part of the intervertebral disc. Those curvatures start to appear during the fetal period, but don't become evident until infancy.
Excessive lordotic curvature is also called hollow back, saddle back, and swayback. Common causes of excessive lordosis including tight low back muscles, excessive visceral fat, and pregnancy.  Loss of lordosis is sometimes seen with painful spinal conditions. If rigid, usually after spinal fusion surgery, it is known as flat-back.
The familiar concave shape of the horse's back is, by extension, described as lordotic.
Lordosis behavior refers to the position that some mammals (cats, mice, rats, etc.) display when they are ready to mate.
Lymphocryptovirus

# Overview
Lymphocryptoviruses (LCV, gamma-1 herpesviruses) are a genus of herpesviruses that include the human Epstein-Barr virus as well as viruses that infect both Old World monkeys and New World monkeys.   Other names for the Lymphocryptovirus genus include Lymphocryptoviridae and gamma-1 herpesviruses.

# Lymphocryptovirus species
- human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, Human herpesvirus 4, HHV-4)
- chimpanzee lymphocryptovirus (Pongine herpesvirus 1, PoHV-1, Herpesvirus pan)
- orangutan lymphocryptovirus (Pongine herpesvirus 2, PoHV-2, Orangutan herpesvirus)
- Herpesvirus gorilla|gorilla lymphocryptovirus]]  (Herpesvirus gorilla, Pongine herpesvirus 3, PoHV-3)
- baboon lymphocryptovirus (baboon herpesvirus, Herpesvirus papio, HVP, Cercopithecine herpesvirus 12, CeHV-12)
- African green monkey EBV-like virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 14, CeHV-14)
- rhesus lymphocryptovirus (rhesus LCV, RLV, Cercopithecine HV 15)
- marmoset lymphocryptovirus (Callitrichine HV 3, CalHV-3, CHV3)
ICTVdB Index of Viruses
Lysyl hydroxylase
Lysyl hydroxylases (or procollagen-lysine 5-dioxygenases) are alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases enzymes that catalyze the hydroxylation of lysine to hydroxylysine. Lysyl hydroxylases require iron and vitamin C as cofactors for their oxidation activity. It takes place (as a post-translational modification) following collagen synthesis in the cisternae (lumen) of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). There are three lysyl hydroxylases (LH1-3) encoded in the human genome, namely: PLOD1, PLOD2 and PLOD3. From PLOD2 two splice variant can be expressed (LH2a and LH2b), where LH2b differs from LH2a by incorporating the small exon 13A. LH1 and LH3 hydroxylate lysyl residues in the collagen triple helix, whereas LH2b hydroxylates lysyl residues in the telopeptides of collagen. In addition to its hydroxylation activity, LH3 has glycosylation activity that produces either monosaccharide (Gal) or disaccharide (Glc-Gal) attached to collagen hydroxylysines.
Collagen lysyl hydroxylation is the first step in collagen pyridinoline cross-linking, that is necessary for the  stabilization of collagen.

# Pathology
Mutations in the PLOD1 gene have been linked to Kyphoscoliotic EhlersDanlos syndrome (kEDS, in the past EDS VI).
Mutations in the PLOD2 gene have been linked to Bruck syndrome in humans.
A deficiency in its cofactor, vitamin C, is associated with scurvy.