Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Isotopes of iron
Naturally occurring iron (Fe) consists of four isotopes: 5.845% of radioactive 54Fe (half-life: >3.11022 years), 91.754% of stable 56Fe, 2.119% of stable 57Fe and 0.282% of stable 58Fe.
60Fe is an extinct radionuclide of long half-life (1.5 million years).
Much of the past work on measuring the isotopic composition of Fe has centered on determining 60Fe variations due to processes accompanying nucleosynthesis (i.e., meteorite studies) and ore formation. In the last decade however, advances in mass spectrometry technology have allowed the detection and quantification of minute, naturally occurring variations in the ratios of the stable isotopes of iron. Much of this work has been driven by the Earth and planetary science communities, although applications to biological and industrial systems are beginning to emerge.
The isotope 56Fe is of particular interest to nuclear scientists. A common misconception is that this isotope represents the most stable nucleus possible, and that it thus would be impossible to perform fission or fusion on 56Fe and still liberate energy. This is not true, as both 62Ni and 58Fe are more stable, being the most stable nuclei. However, since 56Fe is much more easily produced from lighter nuclei in nuclear reactions, it is the endpoint of fusion chains inside extremely massive stars and is therefore common in the universe, relative to other metals.
In phases of the meteorites Semarkona and Chervony Kut a correlation between the concentration of 60Ni, the daughter product of 60Fe, and the abundance of the stable iron isotopes could be found which is evidence for the existence of 60Fe at the time of formation of the solar system. Possibly the energy released by the decay of 60Fe contributed, together with the energy released by decay of the radionuclide 26Al, to the remelting and differentiation of asteroids after their formation 4.6 billion years ago. The abundance of 60Ni present in extraterrestrial material may also provide further insight into the origin of the solar system and its early history.
Of the stable isotopes, only 57Fe has a nuclear spin (1/2).
Standard atomic mass: 55.845(2) u

# Table
Isotopes of lead
Lead (Pb)  has four stable isotopes - 204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb and one common radiogenic isotope 202Pb with a half-life of ~53,000 years. The standard atomic mass is 207.2(1) u. It is the heaviest discovered element to have a stable isotope. (The more massive 209Bi, long considered to be stable, actually has a half-life of 1.91019 years)
Isotopes of lead occurring within the radioactive disintegration chains of actinium, radium, and thorium were known as
- radium G: 206Pb
- actinium D: 207Pb
- thorium D: 208Pb
- radium D, radio-lead or radiolead: 210Pb
- actinium B: 211Pb
- thorium B: 212Pb
- radium B: 214Pb
206Pb being the end of the Uranium/Radium series from U-238.
207Pb being the end of the Actinium series from U-235.
208Pb being the end of the Thorium series from Th-232.

# Table

## Notes
- Evaluated isotopic composition is for most but not all commercial samples.
- The precision of the isotope abundances and atomic mass is limited through variations. The given ranges should be applicable to any normal terrestrial material.
- Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
Isotopes of zinc
Naturally occurring zinc (Zn) is composed of the 5 stable isotopes 64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn, and 70Zn with 64Zn being the most abundant (48.6% natural abundance). Twenty-one radioisotopes have been characterised with the most abundant and stable being 65Zn with a half-life of 244.26 days, and 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 14 hours and the majority of these have half lives that are less than 1 second. This element also has 4 meta states.
Zinc has been proposed as a "salting" material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of isotopically enriched 64Zn, irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, would transmute into the radioactive isotope Zn-65 with a half-life of 244 days and produce approximately 2.27 MeV of gamma radiation, significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout for several days. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used.
Standard atomic mass: 65.409(4) u

# Table

## Notes
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
Job satisfaction
Job satisfaction is "personal satisfaction relative to the work situation". About 71% of Americans are satisfied with their jobs..
Job satisfaction differs from measuring life satisfaction.
Satisfaction has been similarly measured for life in general with single questions.
Companies with high job satisfaction have higher earnings.

# Measurement
Single items questions correlation with scales with R = 0.63 to . The recommended threshold is R = 0.7.
- The Dunham faces single item question uses pictures of female faces for Likert anchors .

# Physicians

## Measuring physician satisfaction
The SGIM Career Satisfaction Study Group (CSSG) has used literature review and focus groups to develop
and refine the Physician Worklife Survey to measure satisfaction and its antecedents. Its scales are:
- Autonomy
- Relationships with colleagues
- Patient care issues (originally labeled relationships with patients)
- Relationships with staff
- Personal time
- Relationships with patients (originally labelled 'intrinsic')
- Community
- Pay
- Administration
- Resources
Other surveys have been developed including:
- AAFP TransforMED PCMH National Demonstration Project.
Key factors contributing to well-being have been isolated using factor analysis.

## Studies of physician satisfaction
Several multisite studies have measured job satisfaction:
- ACP-MEMO (Minimizing Error, Maximizing Outcome)
- AMA-RAND, 20143
- California community clinics and health centers, 2016
- Multi-state Commonwealth PCMH study, 2012. Included questions from the ACP-MEMO study
- SGIM Worklife and Wellness, 2016
Juniperus sabina
Juniperus sabina (Savin Juniper or Savin) is a shrubby juniper, very variable in shape, reaching 1-4 m tall. It is native to the mountains of central and southern Europe and western and central Asia, from Spain east to eastern Siberia, typically growing at altitudes of 1,000-3,300 m.
The leaves are of two forms, juvenile needle-like leaves 5-10 mm long, and adult scale-leaves 1-2 mm long on slender shoots 0.8-1 mm thick. Mature shrubs sometimes continue to bear some juvenile foliage as well as adult, particularly on shaded shoots low in the crown. It is largely dioecious with separate male and female plants, but some individual plants produce both sexes. The cones are berry-like, 5-9 mm in diameter, blue-black with a whitish waxy bloom, and contain 1-2 seeds; they are mature in about 18 months. The male cones are 2-4 mm long, and shed their pollen in early spring.
There are two varieties, treated by some botanists as distinct species:
- Juniperus sabina var. sabina. Juvenile foliage rare in adult plants.
- Juniperus sabina var. davurica (J. davurica Pallas). Juvenile foliage frequent in adult plants.
Juniperus sabina is a popular ornamental shrub in gardens and parks, with numerous named cultivars selected.
All parts of Juniperus sabina are poisonous due to several toxic compounds including ethereal oils, sabinene  and podophyllotoxin.
The hybrid between Juniperus chinensis and Juniperus sabina, known as Juniperus  pfitzeriana (Pfitzer Juniper, synonym J.  media), is found in the wild where the two species meet in northwestern China, and is also very common as a cultivated ornamental plant. It is a larger shrub, growing to 3-6 m tall.
Klotho (biology)
Klotho is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the KL gene.
This gene encodes a type-I membrane protein that is related to -glucuronidases. Reduced production of this protein has been observed in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), and this may be one of the factors underlying the degenerative processes (e.g., arteriosclerosis, osteoporosis, and skin atrophy) seen in CRF. Also, mutations within this protein have been associated with ageing, bone loss and alcohol consumption. Transgenic mice that overexpress Klotho live longer than wild-type mice.

# Function
Klotho is a transmembrane protein that, in addition to other effects, provides some control over the sensitivity of the organism to insulin and appears to be involved in ageing. Its discovery was documented in 1997 by Kuro-o et al. The name of the gene comes from Klotho or Clotho, one of the Moirai, or Fates, in Greek mythology.
The Klotho protein is a novel -glucuronidase (EC number 3.2.1.31) capable of hydrolyzing steroid -glucuronides. Genetic variants in KLOTHO have been associated with human aging, and Klotho protein has been shown to be a circulating factor detectable in serum that declines with age.
The binding of certain fibroblast growth factors (FGF's) viz., FGF19, FGF20, and FGF23, to their fibroblast growth factor receptors, is promoted via their interactions as co-receptors with -Klotho.
Klotho-deficient mice manifest a syndrome resembling accelerated human aging and display extensive and accelerated arteriosclerosis. Additionally, they exhibit impaired endothelium dependent vasodilation and impaired angiogenesis, suggesting that Klotho protein may protect the cardiovascular system through endothelium-derived NO production.
Although the vast majority of research has been based on lack of Klotho, it was demonstrated that an overexpression of Klotho in mice might extend their average life span between 19% and 31% compared to normal mice. In addition, variations in the Klotho gene (SNP Rs9536314) are associated with both life extension and increased cognition in human populations.
The mechanism of action of klotho is not fully understood, but it changes cellular calcium homeostasis, by both increasing the expression and activity of TRPV5 and decreasing that of TRPC6. Additionally, klotho increases membrane expression of the inward rectifier channel ROMK.  Klotho-deficient mice show increased production of vitamin D, and altered mineral-ion homeostasis is suggested to be a cause of premature aginglike phenotypes, because the lowering of vitamin D activity by dietary restriction reverses the premature aginglike phenotypes and prolongs survival in these mutants.  These results suggest that aginglike phenotypes were due to klotho-associated vitamin D metabolic abnormalities (hypervitaminosis).
Kniest dysplasia
Kniest dysplasia is an uncommon inherited disorder of bone growth. The condition is characterized by dwarfism, enlarged joints and other skeletal abnormalities, and problems with vision and hearing. Kniest dysplasia is a subtype of collagenopathy, types II and XI.

# Presentation
People with this condition are short-statured from birth, with a short trunk, shortened limbs, and large joints. Adult height ranges from 42 inches to 58 inches (107 to 147 cm). Progressive joint enlargement and pain restrict joint movement, which limits activity and interferes with standing and walking. These joint problems can also lead to arthritis. Other skeletal signs include a progressively shortened spine due to spinal curvature (kyphoscoliosis and lumbar lordosis), severely flattened bones of the spine (platyspondyly), dumbbell-shaped bones in the arms and legs, long and knobby fingers, and occasionally a foot deformity called clubfoot.
People with Kniest dysplasia have round, flat faces with prominent and wide-set eyes. Some infants are born with an opening in the roof of the mouth (a cleft palate). Infants may also have breathing problems due to weakness of the windpipe. Severe nearsightedness (myopia) is common, as are other eye problems that can lead to blindness. Hearing loss resulting from recurrent ear infections is also possible.

# Genetics
Kniest dysplasia is one of a spectrum of skeletal disorders caused by mutations in the COL2A1 gene. The protein made by this gene forms type II collagen, a molecule found mostly in cartilage and in the clear gel that fills the eyeball (the vitreous). Type II collagen is essential for the normal development of bones and other connective tissues. Mutations in the COL2A1 gene that cause Kniest dysplasia interfere with the assembly of type II collagen molecules, which prevents bones from developing properly and causes the signs and symptoms of the disorder.
Kniest dysplasia is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means only one copy of the altered gene is necessary to cause the disorder. This condition is usually caused by new mutations in the COL2A1 gene.

# Eponym
It is named for Wilhelm Kniest.
Lamina (anatomy)
Lamina is a general anatomical term meaning "plate" or "layer." It is used in both gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy to describe structures.
Some examples include:
- The laminae of the thyroid cartilage: two leaflike plates of cartilage that make up the walls of the structure
- The vertebral laminae: plates of bone that form the posterior walls of each vertebra, enclosing the spinal cord
- The laminae of the thalamus: the layers of thalamus tissue
- The lamina propria: a connective tissue layer under the epithelium of an organ
Laminin, alpha 3
Laminin subunit alpha-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LAMA3 gene.

# Function
Laminins are basement membrane components thought to mediate the attachment, migration and organization of cells into tissues during embryonic development by interacting with other extracellular matrix components. The protein encoded by this gene is the alpha-3 chain of laminin 5, which is a complex glycoprotein composed of three subunits (alpha, beta, and gamma). Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.
Laminin 5 is thought to be involved in cell adhesion, signal transduction and differentiation of keratinocytes.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene have been identified as the cause of Herlitz type junctional epidermolysis bullosa. 
It may be associated with Laryngoonychocutaneous syndrome.

# Interactions
Laminin, alpha 3 has been shown to interact with SDC2.
Laminin, alpha 4
Laminin subunit alpha-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LAMA4 gene.

# Function
Laminins, a family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins, are the major noncollagenous constituent of basement membranes.  They have been implicated in a wide variety of biological processes including cell adhesion, differentiation, migration, signaling, neurite outgrowth and metastasis.
Laminins are composed of 3 non identical chains: laminin alpha, beta and gamma (formerly A, B1, and B2, respectively) and they form a cruciform structure consisting of 3 short arms, each formed by a different chain, and a long arm composed of all 3 chains.  Each laminin chain is a multidomain protein encoded by a distinct gene.  Several isoforms of each chain have been described.  Different alpha, beta and gamma chain isomers combine to give rise to different heterotrimeric laminin isoforms which are designated by Arabic numerals in the order of their discovery, i.e. alpha1beta1gamma1 heterotrimer is laminin 1.  The biological functions of the different chains and trimer molecules are largely unknown, but some of the chains have been shown to differ with respect to their tissue distribution, presumably reflecting diverse functions in vivo.
This gene encodes the alpha chain isoform laminin, alpha 4.  The domain structure of alpha 4 is similar to that of alpha 3, both of which resemble truncated versions of alpha 1 and alpha 2, in that approximately 1,200 residues at the N-terminus (domains IV, V and VI) have been lost. Laminin, alpha 4 contains the C-terminal G domain which distinguishes all alpha chains from the beta and gamma chains.  The RNA analysis from adult and fetal tissues revealed developmental regulation of expression, however, the exact function of laminin, alpha 4 is not known.

# Gene
Tissue-specific utilization of alternative polyA-signal has been described in literature.  Also, alternative splicing involving the first intron in the 5' UTR, and laminin alpha 4 like isoforms have been noted, however, the full-length nature of these products is not known.
Laminin, gamma 2
Laminin subunit gamma-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LAMC2 gene.
Laminins, a family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins, are the major noncollagenous constituent of basement membranes.  They have been implicated in a wide variety of biological processes including cell adhesion, differentiation, migration, signaling, neurite outgrowth and metastasis.  Laminins are composed of 3 non identical chains: laminin alpha, beta and gamma (formerly A, B1, and B2, respectively) and they form a cruciform structure consisting of 3 short arms, each formed by a different chain, and a long arm composed of all 3 chains.  Each laminin chain is a multidomain protein encoded by a distinct gene.
Several isoforms of each chain have been described.  Different alpha, beta and gamma chain isomers combine to give rise to different heterotrimeric laminin isoforms which are designated by Arabic numerals in the order of their discovery, i.e. alpha1beta1gamma1 heterotrimer is laminin 1.  The biological functions of the different chains and trimer molecules are largely unknown, but some of the chains have been shown to differ with respect to their tissue distribution, presumably reflecting diverse functions in vivo. This gene encodes the gamma chain isoform laminin, gamma 2.  The gamma 2 chain, formerly thought to be a truncated version of beta chain (B2t), is highly homologous to the gamma 1 chain; however, it lacks domain VI, and domains V, IV and III are shorter.  It is expressed in several fetal tissues but differently from gamma 1, and is specifically localized to epithelial cells in skin, lung and kidney.  The gamma 2 chain together with alpha 3 and beta 3 chains constitute laminin 5 (earlier known as kalinin), which is an integral part of the anchoring filaments that connect epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane.  The epithelium-specific expression of the gamma 2 chain implied its role as an epithelium attachment molecule, and mutations in this gene have been associated with junctional epidermolysis bullosa, a skin disease characterized
Laminin, gamma 3
Laminin subunit gamma-3 also known as LAMC3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LAMC3 gene.

# Function
Laminins, a family of extracellular matrix glycoproteins, are the major noncollagenous constituent of basement membranes. They have been implicated in a wide variety of biological processes including cell adhesion, differentiation, migration, signaling, neurite outgrowth and metastasis. Laminins are composed of 3 non identical chains: laminin alpha, beta and gamma (formerly A, B1, and B2, respectively) and they form a cruciform structure consisting of 3 short arms, each formed by a different chain, and a long arm composed of all 3 chains. Each laminin chain is a multidomain protein encoded by a distinct gene. Several isoforms of each chain have been described. Different alpha, beta and gamma chain isomers combine to give rise to different heterotrimeric laminin isoforms which are designated by Arabic numerals in the order of their discovery, i.e. alpha1beta1gamma1 heterotrimer is laminin 1.
The biological functions of the different chains and trimer molecules are largely unknown, but some of the chains have been shown to differ with respect to their tissue distribution, presumably reflecting diverse functions in vivo. This gene encodes the gamma chain isoform laminin, gamma 3. The gamma 3 chain is most similar to the gamma 1 chain, and contains all the 6 domains expected of the gamma chain. It is a component of laminin 12. The gamma 3 chain is broadly expressed in skin, heart, lung, and the reproductive tracts. In skin, it is seen within the basement membrane of the dermoepidermal junction at points of nerve penetration. However, it was also found that the gamma 3 is a prominent element of the apical surface of ciliated epithelial cells of lung, oviduct, epididymis, ductus deferens, and seminiferous tubules. The distribution of gamma 3-containing laminins along ciliated epithelial surfaces suggests that the apical laminins are important in the morphogenesis and structural stability of the ciliated processes of these cells.
A recent study found that LAMC3 plays a critical role in forming the convolution of the cerebral cortex. Particularly LAMC3 is expressed during the embryonic period, which contributes the formation of dentrites.
Lathyrus sativus
Lathyrus sativus, is a legume (family Fabaceae) commonly grown for human consumption and livestock feed in Asia and East Africa. It is a particularly important crop in areas that are prone to drought and famine, and is thought of as an 'insurance crop' as it produces reliable yields when all other crops fail. It is also known as grass pea, blue sweet pea, chickling vetch, Indian pea, Indian vetch, white vetch, almorta or alverjon (Spain), cicerchia (Italy), guaya (Ethiopia), and khesari (India); consumption of this pulse in Italy is limited to some areas in the middle part of the country, and is steadily declining. Seed is sold for human consumption at markets in Florence (organic growers) and could be procured through the company Manufactum several years ago.
Like other grain legumes, L. sativus produces a high-protein seed. The seeds also contain variable amounts of a neurotoxic amino acid -N-Oxalyl-L-,-diaminopropionic acid or ODAP. ODAP is considered as the cause of the disease neurolathyrism, a neurodegenerative disease that causes paralysis of the lower body: emaciation of Gluteal muscle (buttocks). The disease has been seen to occur after famines in Europe (France, Spain, Germany), North Africa, South Asia, and is still prevalent in Eritrea, Ethiopia and Afghanistan (pan handle) when Lathyrus seed is the exclusive or main source of nutrients for extended periods. Research has shown that ODAP concentration increases in plants grown under stressful conditions, compounding the problem.
Breeding programs are underway to produce lines of L. sativus that produce less ODAP.
Lawrence Einhorn

# Overview
Dr. Lawrence Einhorn is a Distinguished Professor of Medicine at Indiana University School of Medicine and an oncologist.
Dr. Einhorn pioneered the development of the life-saving medical treatment in 1974 for testicular cancer, increasing the survival rate from 10% to 95% (Einhorn & Williams 1980).

# Famous Patients
- Lance Armstrong - Dr. Einhorn led the medical team that treated and saved Lance Armstrong's life in 1996.