Horror vacui

# Overview
In visual art, horror vacui (/hrr vkjua/; from Latin "fear of empty space"), also kenophobia, from Greek "fear of the empty"), is the filling of the entire surface of a space or an Work of art|artwork with Complexity|detail.

# Origins
The term is associated with the Italian art critic and scholar Mario Praz, who used it to describe the suffocating atmosphere and clutter of interior design in the Victorian age. Older, and more artistically esteemed examples can be seen on Migration period art objects like the carpet pages of Insular art|Insular illuminated manuscripts such as the Book of Kells. This feeling of meticulously filling empty spaces also permeates Arabesque (Islamic art)|Arabesque Islamic art from ancient times to the present. Another example comes from ancient Greece during the Geometric Art|Geometric Age (1100 - 900 BCE), when horror vacui was considered a stylistic element of all art. The mature work of the French Renaissance engraver Jean Duvet consistently exhibits horror vacui.

# Examples
Some examples of horror vacui in art come from, or are influenced by, the mentally ill|mentally unstable and inmates of psychiatric hospitals, such as Richard Dadd in the 19th century, and many modern examples fall under the category of Outsider Art. Horror vacui may have also had an impact, consciously or unconsciously, on graphic design by artists like David Carson (graphic designer)|David Carson or Vaughan Oliver, and in the underground comix movement in the work of S. Clay Wilson, Robert Crumb, Robert Williams (artist)|Robert Williams, and on later comic artists such as Mark Beyer (comics)|Mark Beyer. The paintings of Williams, Faris Badwan, Emerson Barrett, Joe Coleman (painter)|Joe Coleman and Todd Schorr are further examples of horror vacui in the modern Lowbrow (art movement)|Lowbrow art movement.
The entheogen-inspired visionary art of certain indigenous peoples, such as the Huichol people|Huichol yarn paintings and the ayahuasca-inspired art of Pablo Amaringo, often exhibits this style, as does the psychedelic art movement of the 1960s counterculture. Sometimes the patterned art in clothing of indigenous peoples of Middle and South America exhibits horror vacui. For example the geometric Mola (art form)|molas of Kuna (people)|Kuna people and the traditional clothing on Shipibo-Conibo people.
The artwork in the Where's Wally? series of children's books is a commonly known example of horror vacui, as are many of the small books written or illustrated by the macabre imagination of Edward Gorey.
The Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga painting style of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania is a contemporary example of horror vacui. Other African artists such as Malangatana of Mozambique (Malangatana Ngwenya) also fill the canvas in this way.
The arrangement of Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs suggests an abhorrence of empty space. Signs are repeated or phonetic complements added to prevent gaps.

# Current usage and meaning
There is an inverse relationship between horror vacui and value perception, and commercial designers favour minimalism in shop window displays and advertising to appeal to affluent and well-educated consumers, on the premise that understatement and restraint appeals more to affluent and well-educated audiences.