Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Parasitic worm

# Overview
Parasitic worms or helminths are a division of eukaroytic parasites that, unlike external parasites such as lice and fleas, live inside their host. They are worm-like organisms that live and feed off living hosts, receiving nourishment and protection while disrupting their hosts' nutrient absorption, causing weakness and disease. Those that live inside the digestive tract are called intestinal parasites. They can live inside humans as well as other animals.
Helminthology is the study of parasitic worms and their effect on their hosts.
Parasitic worms are categorized into three groups: cestodes, nematodes, and trematodes.
These are the principal morphologic differences of the different families of helminths.
Diseases caused in humans by helminth infection include ascariasis, dracunculiasis, elephantiasis, hookworm, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, and trichuriasis.
- Hookworms attached to the intestinal mucosa
- The scolex, or head, of Taenia solium
- Two pinworms, captured on emergence from the anus
(Images courtesy of Dr Imtiaz Ahmed Wani)
- Enterotomy for worm removal
- Ascaris lumbricoides caused gangrene of ileum (shown worms removed from a child)

# Reproduction
Parasitic worms are sequential hermaphrodites and reproduce depending on the species of worm, either with the presence of a male and female worm, joining sperm and eggs, producing fertile eggs, such as hookworms, or by breaking off segments that contain both male and female sex organs that are able to produce fertile eggs without the presence of a male or female. (e.g., tapeworms)
All worm offspring are passed on through poorly-cooked meat, especially pork, wild fish, and beef, contaminated water, feces, mosquitoes, and, in general, areas of poor hygiene and food regulation standards such as parts of Africa, Central and South America, and Asia. However, it is estimated that 40 million Americans are infected with the most common roundworm, the pinworm. Medical experts theorize that widespread intestinal parasite infestation is leading to the rise of colon cancer in the United States.
Worm eggs or larvae or even adults enter the human body through the mouth, anus, nose, or skin, with most species attaching themselves to the intestinal tract. With the presence of digestive enzymes, worm egg shells are dissolved, releasing a brand-new worm; unlike its egg shell, the parasitic worm is protected from the body's powerful digestive enzymes by producing a protective keratin layer.

# Immune response
The immune response to worm infection in humans is a Th2 response in the majority of cases. This results in inflammation of the gut, and results in cyst-like structures forming around the egg deposits throughout the body. The host's lymphatic system is also heavily taxed the longer helminths propagate, which excrete toxins after feeding. These toxins are released into the intestines to be absorbed by the host's bloodstream. This phenomena makes the host susceptible to more common diseases such as seasonal viruses and bacterial infection.
Hematoma block

# Overview
A Hematoma block is an analgesic technique used to allow painless manipulation of fractures while avoiding the need for full anesthesia.
This procedure in normally only appropriate for fractures of the radius and/or ulna, and occasionally for fractures of the lower ends of the tibia and fibula.
When a bone is fractured as a result of an injury, the two fragments may or may not be displaced relative to each other. If they are not, usually no treatment other than immobilisation in an appropriate cast is required. If, however, displacement does occur, then the space separating the fragments fills with blood, shed by the damaged blood vessels within the bone. This collection, or pool, of blood is known as a hematoma.
Injection of a suitable local anesthetic by needle and syringe through the skin into this hematoma produces relief of the pain caused by the fracture, allowing the bones to be painlessly manipulated.
Megalencephaly

# Overview
Megalencephaly is a type of cephalic disorder. Also called macrencephaly, this is a condition in which there is an abnormally large, heavy, and usually malfunctioning brain. By definition, the brain weight is greater than average for the age and sex of the infant or child. Head enlargement may be evident at birth or the head may become abnormally large in the early years of life.
Symptoms of megalencephaly may include delayed development, convulsive disorders, corticospinal (brain cortex and spinal cord) dysfunction, and seizures. Megalencephaly affects males more often than females.
The prognosis for individuals with megalencephaly largely depends on the underlying cause and the associated neurological disorders. Treatment is symptomatic. Megalencephaly may lead to a condition called macrocephaly. Unilateral megalencephaly or hemimegalencephaly is a rare condition characterized by the enlargement of one-half of the brain. Children with this disorder may have a large, sometimes asymmetrical head. Often they suffer from intractable seizures and mental retardation. The prognosis for those with hemimegalencephaly is poor.
The prognosis for hemimegalencephaly ranges from poor to highly functioning.  In some cases, children with hemimegalencephaly are severely mentally retarded and must undergo a hemispherectomy to stop seizure activity.  In others, seizure activity can be controlled by medication; and the affected child develops mentally and physically trailing normal development by 1-2 years.
Hemipelvectomy

# Overview
A hemipelvectomy is a high level pelvic amputation.  Along with hip-disarticulations, hemipelvectomies are the rarest of lower extremity amputations.  In some cases, an internal hemipelvectomy can be performed, which is a limb-sparing procedure.  A complete hemipelvectomy, however, is the amputation of half of the pelvis and the leg on that side.  This type of procedure is also called transpelvic amputation.
Hemipelvectomies may be required for several reasons, such as a car accident or cancer.  Examples of cancers that can require hemipelvectomies are sarcomas like Ewing's Sarcoma, osteosarcoma or chondrosarcoma.
People who have experienced a hemipelvectomy may or may not qualify for a prosthesis.  They may use adaptive devices such as a wheelchair, underarm crutches, forearm crutches, or, in the case of internal hemipelvectomies, a cane.
Physical therapy can be useful to those with hemipelvectomies to build strength and prevent problems like back pain and scoliosis.  Because a hemipelvectomy is a rare type of amputation, a physical therapist trained in the special needs of a post-hemipelvectomy patient is important.
Hepatic plexus
The hepatic plexus, the largest offset from the celiac plexus, receives filaments from the left vagus and right phrenic nerves.
It accompanies the hepatic artery, ramifying upon its branches, and upon those of the portal vein in the substance of the liver.
Branches from this plexus accompany all the divisions of the hepatic artery.
A considerable plexus accompanies the gastroduodenal artery and is continued as the inferior gastric plexus on the right gastroepiploic artery along the greater curvature of the stomach, where it unites with offshoots from the lienal plexus.
Herbal extract
Herbal extract is a liquid solution of herbs and alcohol. The dried or fresh herbs are combined with alcohol, then the solid matter is removed leaving only the oils of the herbs mixed with the alcohol. This process is called extraction, hence the name, herbal extract. For example an extract made from peppermint and alcohol would be called "peppermint extract."
Most commercially sold extracts have a herb to alcohol ratio printed on the label. When dry herbs were used to make the extract the ratio is commonly 1 part dried plant to 4 parts liquid, (alcohol and water). When fresh herbs are used the most common ratio is 1:1. This does not indicate the amount of that herb in the bottle, rather the ratio used in making the extract. Example: Dry herb strength: 1:4 means that the mixture used to produce the extract was 4 parts liquid, (alcohol and water) and one part dried plant. This is not the same as an ingredients list which is also present on most commercial extracts.
Herbal extracts are sold as dietary supplements and alternative medicine and commonly used for flavoring in baking and other cooking much like vanilla extract.
Herbal extracts are often referred to as tinctures by herbalists and alternative medicine practitioners.
HighWire Press
HighWire Press is a division of the Stanford University Libraries that produces the online versions of high-impact, peer-reviewed journals and other scholarly content. Recipient of the 2003 Association for Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) Award for "Service to Not-for-Profit Publishing", HighWire collaborates with scholarly societies, university presses and publishers to host a large body of clinical and research literature. Over 70 of the 200 most-frequently-cited journals in science are hosted on HighWire.

# Content
A division of the Stanford University Libraries, HighWire Press hosts the largest repository of high impact, peer-reviewed content, with over 1100 journals and over 4 million full text articles from over 130 scholarly publishers. HighWire-hosted publishers collectively make over 1.5 million articles available for free.
In 1995, the Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC) appeared online through HighWire. Since then a number of high-impact prestigious journals have joined the service, including Science, the New England Journal of Medicine, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and JAMA.
In 2005 the website underwent a redesign, which was greeted in professional reviews. In addition, the "citation map" feature allows researchers to follow a paper's citation through other articles journals.

# Comparison
While HighWire is primarily a hosting facility, a 2007 study showed that its search engine outperformed PubMed in the identification of desired articles, and yielded a higher number of search results than when the same search was performed on PubMed. PubMed, however, was faster.
Hyperammonemia

# Overview
Hyperammonemia (or 'hyperammonaemia') is a metabolic disturbance characterised by an excess of ammonia in the blood. It is a dangerous condition that may lead to encephalopathy and death. It may be primary or secondary.
Ammonia is a substance that contains nitrogen. It is a product of the catabolism of protein. It is converted to the non-toxic substance urea prior to excretion in urine by the kidneys. The metabolic pathways that synthesise urea are located first in the mitochondria and then into the cytosol. The process is known as the urea cycle, which comprises several enzymes acting in sequence.

# Types

## Primary vs. secondary
- Primary hyperammonemia is caused by several inborn errors of metabolism that are characterised by reduced activity of any of the enzymes in the urea cycle.
- Secondary hyperammonemia is caused by inborn errors of intermediary metabolism characterised by reduced activity in enzymes that are not part of the urea cycle (e.g .Propionic acidemia, Methylmalonic acidemia) or dysfunction of cells that make major contributions to metabolism (eg hepatic failure).

## Specific types
In all cases Hyperammonemia results from defects of the Urea cycle. The following list includes such examples:
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 311250 - hyperammonemia due to ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 606762 - hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome (glutamate dehydrogenase 1)
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 238970 - hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome (ornithine translocase)
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 237310 - hyperammonemia due to N-acetylglutamate synthetase deficiency
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 237300 - hyperammonemia due to carbamoyl phosphate synthetase i deficiency (carbamoyl phosphate synthase I)
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 238750 - hyperlysinuria with hyperammonemia (genetics unknown)

# Sequelae
Hyperammonemia is one of the metabolic derangements that contribute to hepatic encephalopathy.

# Causes
- Drug side effects: Glycerol phenylbutyrate
Hilda Mahmoudi

# Educational History
-Principles and Practice of Clinical Research Senior Teaching Assistant certification: Harvard medical school, 2012
-Principles and Practice of Clinical Research Teaching Assistant certification: Harvard medical school, 2011
-Principles and Practice of Clinical Research scholar award certification: Harvard medical school, 2010
-Principles and Practice of Clinical Research certification: Harvard medical school 2010
-Community medicine national Iranian board (Third place): 2008
-Community Medicine Specialty :( 2005-2008) Community Medicine Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
-Master of Public Health (2005-2006): Community Medicine Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
-MD (1994-2001): Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

# Job Experience
-Senior Teaching Assistant of the Principle and Practice of clinical research course, Harvard medical school, 2013
-Senior Teaching Assistant of the Principle and Practice of clinical research course, Harvard medical school, 2012
-Teaching Assistant of the Principles and Practice of clinical research course, Harvard medical school, 2011
-Clinical Researcher in Anesthesiology and Critical Care Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (2009-2011).
-Clinical Researcher in Gastroenterology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (2008-2009).
-Experimental practice in community medicine field.
-Teaching "TQM"(Total Quality Management) and other lessons of health course for medical students, every month (2005-2008).
-Teaching "Basic of Medicine" courses for students of Shiraz University Faculty of Management & Medical Information Sciences (2006-2007).
Hirsh y Garcia
Hirsh y Garcia is a brand of hand-made premium cigar owned by Cigar King, Inc..

# History and Background
The brand was created by Jose "Pepin" Garcia and is manufactured at the El Rey de los Habanos factory in the Little Havana section of Miami, Florida.
The brand takes its name from the two men responsible for its creation: Mitchell Hirsch, owner of Cigar King, Inc., and Pepin Garcia.

# Description
The filler is a Nicaraguan blend, as is the binder. The wrapper is a chocolate-colored Nicaraguan Corojo.  It is a medium to full-bodied cigar and yields a rather spicy flavor. The band is red, with a white emblem. The brand consists of a single range of four vitolas.

# Models/Vitolas
Precursor mRNA
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# Overview
Precursor mRNA, more correctly termed heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA), is an immature single strand of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA). HnRNA is synthesized from a DNA template in the cell nucleus by a process called transcription.
Once hnRNA has been completely processed, it is termed "mature messenger RNA", "mature mRNA", or simply "mRNA".

# Processing
Eukaryotic hnRNA exists only briefly before it is fully processed into mRNA.  HnRNAs include two different types of segments, exons and introns.  Exons are segments that are retained in the final mRNA, while introns are removed in a process called splicing, which is performed by the spliceosome.
Additional  processing steps attach modifications to the 5' and 3' ends of the hnRNA.  These include a 5' cap of 7-methylguanosine and a poly-A tail.
When an hnRNA strand has been properly processed, becoming an mRNA sequence, it is exported out of the nucleus and eventually translated into a protein... a process accomplished in conjunction with ribosomes.
Hok/sok system
The host killing/suppressor of killing system, also known as hok/sok system, in molecular biology, is a postsegregational killing system of the plasmid R1 of Escherichia coli.
In simple words, the system is controlled by two genes, hok and sok, coding respectively what can be thought of as a long-lived poison and a short-lived antidote. After cell division, daughter cells without a copy of the plasmid dies, as the poison is still active from the parent cell, while the short-lived antidote is not stopping the poison anymore. Only cells with a plasmid can produce more antidote and survive. For this reason, the killing system is "postsegregational", since cell death occurs after segregation of the plasmid.
The hok gene codes for a 52 amino acid toxic protein which causes cell death by depolarization of the cell membrane. The translation of hok mRNA is, however, inhibited by the transcript of the sok gene, which is an antisense regulator and binds to the hok mRNA, forming a duplex which is recognized by the RNase III and degraded. The killing mechanism is obtained through differential decay rates of the hok and sok transcripts: while hok mRNA is quite stable, sok-RNA is rapidly degraded, which would allow hok to be expressed; however the higher rate of transcription of sok compensate, leaving hok mRNA untranslated in plasmid-containing cells. The loss of plasmid causes the hok mRNA not to be inhibited anymore by sok antisense, leading to protein expression and cell death.
Homo georgicus
Homo georgicus is a species of hominin that was suggested in 2002 to describe fossil skulls and jaws found in Dmanisi, Georgia in 1999 and 2001, which seem intermediate between Homo habilis and H. erectus. A partial skeleton was discovered in 2001. The fossils are about 1.8 million years old. The remains were first discovered in 1991 by Georgian scientist, David Lordkipanidze, accompanied by an international team which unearthed the hominin remains. Implements and animal bones were found alongside the ancient hominin remains.
At first, scientists thought they had found thirty or so skulls belonging to Homo ergaster, but size differences led them to consider erecting a new species, Homo georgicus, which would be the descendant of Homo habilis and ancestor of Asian Homo erectus.

# Interpretations
At around 600cc brain volume, the skull D2700 is dated to 1.8 million years old and in good condition offering insights in comparison to the modern human cranial morphology. The cranium was the smallest and most primitive hominine skull ever discovered outside of Africa where typical hominines, Australopithecines and early genus Homo represent two distinctive evolutionary paths sharing a common ancestor. In Georgia the specimens with a brain half the size compared to modern Homo sapiens were considered the smallest until the discovery of Homo floresiensis from the island of Flores. There is a strong sexual dimorphism present in the morphological beings revealing a primitive trait (less present in more modern humans in Europe (ie. Homo antecessor, Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis), with males being significantly larger than females. Due to the dwarf morphology of this hominine, no subsequent role of H. georgicus can be so far determined. Theories remain debatable whether or not these hominines had a greater intelligence closer in equivalence to modern humans than previous hominines despite the small cranial capacity. H. georgicus may be the first hominin species to settle in Europe, some 800,000 years before H. erectus.
Subsequently, four fossil skeletons were found, showing a species primitive in its skull and upper body but with relatively advanced spines and lower limbs, providing greater mobility. They  are now thought not to be a separate species, but to represent a stage soon after the transition between Australopithecus and Homo erectus, and have been dated at 1.8 million years before the present, according to the leader of the project, David Lordkipanidze.
Hunner's ulcer

# Overview
Hunner's Ulcers occur in 5 to 10 percent of people who have the bladder disease Interstitial cystitis. They form on the wall of the bladder and, like any ulcer, they can bleed, ooze, and may vary in size. They were first described by Dr. Guy LeRoy Hunner, 18681957, a Johns Hopkins gynecologist, in a paper delivered to the Boston Medical Society in 1915.

# Diagnosis
Hunner's Ulcers can only be accurately diagnosed via a cystoscopy with hydrodistention. The procedure is performed by a urologist either as an in office procedure or while the patient is under general anaesthesia as a day surgery.

# Treatment
The ulcers can be removed through fulguration (burned off with the use of electricity or a laser) or Segmental resection|resection (cutting around the ulcer, removing both the ulcer and the surrounding inflamed tissue). Some ulcers may recur in the same location.
Many patients choose to live with the ulcers and treat the symptoms associated with them through bladder instillations or/and pain medication/therapy.
Patients with interstitial cystitis may find relief by modifying their diet to remove foods and beverages that trigger symptoms. Caffeinated beverages, particularly coffee (regular and decaf), tea, green tea, soda, artificial sugars and fruit juices. Cranberry juice may also trigger intense pain and discomfort. However, studies about the impact of specific foods and drinks on Hunner's ulcer symptoms are limited.

# Prevention
The drug Elmiron helps to prevent the formation of Hunner's Ulcers by coating the bladder wall, thus making it harder for the acid in urine to irritate the bladder wall lining, which can lead to ulceration.
Hyaloid artery
The hyaloid artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery, which is itself a branch of the carotid artery.  It is contained within the optic stalk of the eye and extends through the vitreous humor to the lens. Usually fully regressed before birth, its purpose is to aid the development of the lens in the growing fetus.
During the tenth week of development, the lens grows independent of a blood supply and the hyaloid artery usually regresses. Its proximal portion remains as the central artery of the retina. The distal remnants of the hyaloid artery form Cloquet's canal, which is suspended in the vitreous humour. These remnants can sometimes be seen as "floaters". Cloquet's canal is named after the man who first described it, French physician Jules Germain Cloquet (1790-1883}.
Occasionally the artery may not fully regress, resulting in persistent hyaloid artery.
Polyhydramnios

# Overview
Polyhydramnios (polyhydramnion, hydramnios) is the medical condition of too much amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac. It is seen in 0.5 to 2% of pregnancies.
The opposite to Polyhydramnios  is Oligohydramnios. This is a deficiency in amniotic fluid. It is very rare.

# Etiology
Polyhydramnios is generally due to maternal diabetes (around 20% of cases) and results from hyperglycemia of the fetus which results in fetal polyuria (fetal urine is a major source of amniotic fluid). About 20% of the cases of polyhydramnios are associated with fetal anomalies that impairs the ability of the fetus to swallow (because the fetus normally swallows amniotic fluid and absorbs it through its intestinal villi). This includes:
- gastrointestinal abnormalities such as esophageal atresia and duodenal atresia
- chromosomal abnormalities such as Down's syndrome (which is itself often associated with GI abnormalities)
- neurological abnormalities such as anencephaly, which impair the swallowing reflex
In a multiple gestation pregnancy, twin-twin transfusion syndrome is usually the cause.

# Associated conditions
Fetuses with polyhydramnios are at risk for a number of other problems including cord prolapse, placental abruption and perinatal death. At delivery the baby should be checked for congenital abnormalities.

# Treatment
In some cases, amnioreduction has been used in response to polyhydramnios.