Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Heinz body
Heinz bodies (also referred to as "Heinz-Ehrlich bodies") are inclusions within red blood cells composed of denatured hemoglobin.
They are named after Robert Heinz (1865-1924), a German physician who in 1890 described these inclusions in connection with cases of hemolytic anemia.

# Form and appearance
Heinz bodies appear as small round inclusions within the red cell body, though when stained with Romanowsky dyes they may appear as projections from the cell. They appear clearly when supravitally stained (e.g., with methylene blue or bromocresyl green).

# Etiology and associated disorders
Heinz bodies are formed by damage to the hemoglobin component molecules, usually through oxidations, which causes the damaged molecules to precipitate and damage the cell membrane. Damaged cells are attacked by macrophages in the spleen, where the precipitate and damaged membrane is removed, leading to characteristic "bite cells". The denaturing process is irreversible and the continual elimination of damaged cells leads to Heinz body anemia.
There are several pathways leading to the hemoglobin damage. In -thalassemia the Hemoglobin H molecules, being composed of four beta chains, are unstable and become damaged with time. G6PD (Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase) deficiency brought on by administration of oxidant drugs (e.g., primaquine) also can result in Heinz bodies.
In veterinary medicine Heinz bodies are especially associated with the consumptions of onions by cats, dogs, and various primates, and a symptom of paracetamol poisoning in cats. Thiosulfate compounds in the flesh of onions have been identified as the cause.

# Treatment
There is no specific treatment for Heinz bodies; however they are important as a diagnostic indicator for the causative conditions listed above.
Hemiacetal
A hemiacetal is a functional group, or a compound containing this functional group, in the form of:
File:Hemiacetal.png
where R and R' are any alkyl groups.
A hemiacetal can react with an alcohol under acidic conditions
to form an acetal, and can dissociate to form an aldehyde and an alcohol.

# Reactions

## Synthesis
In organic synthesis, hemiacetals can be prepared in a number of ways:
- Nucleophilic addition of an alcohol to a carbonyl group of an aldehyde
- Nucleophilic addition of an alcohol to a resonance stabilized hemiacetal cation
- Partial hydrolysis of an acetal
Hemiacetals can be converted into acetals:
- hemiacetal + alcohol + acid (catalyst)  acetal + water
An aldehyde dissolved in water exists in equilibrium with low concentrations of its hydrate, R-CH(OH)2. Similarly, in excess alcohol, the aldehyde, its hemiacetal, and its acetal all exist in solution.
Hemiacetal results from addition of the alcohol's hydroxyl group to the carbon in the C=O bond. Acetals are products of substitution reactions catalyzed by acid. The presence of acid improves the leaving capacity of the hydroxyl group and enables its substitution with an alkoxyl group (-OR). The conversion of a hemiacetal to an acetal is an SN1 reaction.
Ketones give hemiketals and ketals. These do not form as readily as hemiacetals and acetals. To increase yields of ketals or acetals, water formed during the reaction can be removed.
Hemiacetals and hemiketals are generally unstable compounds. In some cases however, stable cyclic hemiacetals and hemiketals can be readily formed. Glucose and many other sugars exist as cyclic hemiacetals.
Heparanase
Heparanase, also known as HPSE, is an enzyme that acts both at the cell-surface and within the extracellular matrix to degrade polymeric heparan sulfate molecules into shorter chain length oligosaccharides.

# Synthesis and structure
The protein is originally synthesised in an inactive 65 kDa proheparanase form in the golgi apparatus and transferred to late endosomes/lysosomes for transport to the cell-surface. In the lysosome it is proteolytically processed into its active form. Proteolytic processing results in the production of three products,
- a linker peptide
- an 8 kDa proheparanase fragment and
- a 50 kDa proheparanase fragment
The 8 kDa and 50 kDa fragments form a heterodimer and it is this heterodimer that constitutes the active heparanase molecule. The linker protein is so called because prior to its excision it physically links the 8 kDa and 50 kDa proheparanase fragments.  Complete excision of the linker peptide appears to be a prerequisite to the complete activation of the heparanase enzyme.
Crystal structures of both proheparanase and mature heparanase are available, showing that the linker peptide forms a large helical domain which blocks heparan sulfate molecules from interacting with heparanase.  Removal of the linker reveals an extended cleft on the enzyme surface, which contains the heparanase active site.

# Function
Heparanase has endoglycosidase activity and cleaves polymeric heparan sulfate molecules at sites which are internal within the polymeric chain. In ocular surface physiology this activity functions as an off/on switch for the prosecretory mitogen lacritin.  Lacritin binds the cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-1 only in the presence of active heparanase.  Heparanase partially or completely cleaves heparan sulfate to expose a binding site in the N-terminal 50 amino acids of syndecan-1.

# Clinical significance
The successful penetration of the endothelial cell layer that lines the interior surface of blood vessels is an important process in the formation of blood borne tumour metastases. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are major constituents of this layer and it has been shown that increased metastatic potential corresponds with increased heparanase activity for a number of cell lines. Due to the contribution of heparanase activity to metastasis and also to angiogenesis, the inhibition of heparanase activity it is considered to be a potential target for anti-cancer therapies.
Heparanase has been shown to promote arterial thrombosis and stent thrombosis in mouse models due to the cleavage of anti-coagulant heparan sulfate proteoglycans.
Heptaminol

# Overview
Heptaminol is an amino alcohol which is classified as a vasodilator (C01DX08 (WHO)). It is sometimes used in the treatment of low blood pressure, particularly orthostatic hypotension. It is a potent positive inotrope (improving cardiac contraction)
It is classified as a doping substance. In 2008, the cyclist Dmitriy Fofonov was tested positive at the Tour de France. In June 2010, the swimmer Frederick Bousquet was tested positive for the substance, allegedly for buying a medicine from the pharmacy.
In 2013, the cyclist Sylvain Georges was tested positive at the Giro d'Italia.
In 2014, baseball player Joel Piniero tested positive.
Herbimycin
Herbimycin is a benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic that binds to Hsp90 (Heat Shock Protein 90) and alters its function. HSP90 client proteins play important roles in the regulation of the cell cycle, cell growth, cell survival, apoptosis, angiogenesis and oncogenesis.
It was originally found by its herbicidal activity, and thus named.

# Synonyms
- Antibiotic Tan 420F
- Herbimycin A

# Biological activity
Herbimycin induces the degradation of proteins that are mutated in tumor cells such as v-Src, Bcr-Abl and p53 preferentially over their normal cellular counterparts. This effect is mediated via HSP90.
Herkinorin
Herkinorin is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of the natural product Salvinorin A. It was discovered in 2005 during structure-activity relationship studies into neoclerodane diterpenes, the family of chemical compounds of which Salvinorin A is a member.
Unlike Salvinorin A which is a selective -opioid agonist with no significant -opioid receptor affinity, herkinorin is a -opioid agonist with more than 100x higher -opioid affinity and 50x lower -opioid affinity compared to Salvinorin A. Herkinorin is a semi-synthetic compound made from Salvinorin B, which is made from Salvinorin A, which is extracted from the plant Salvia divinorum.
Presumably herkinorin produces similar effects to other -opioid agonists, such as analgesia and sedation, along with side effects such as nausea, itching, vomiting and respiratory depression which may be harmful or fatal. However unlike most -opioid agonists, herkinorin does not promote the recruitment of -arrestin-2 to the intracellular domain of the -opioid receptor, and so does not induce receptor internalisation. This means that herkinorin may not produce tolerance and dependence in the same way as other opioids, although some development of tolerance through other mechanisms has been observed.
Hetacillin

# Overview
Hetacillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic that is part of the aminopenicillin family. It is a prodrug and it has no antibacterial activity itself, but quickly splits of acetone in the human body to form ampicillin,which is active against a variety of bacteria.

# Administration
Hetacillin can be administered orally. The potassium salt, hetacillin potassium, is administered by injection, either intravenously or intramuscularly. It is sold under the trade name Hetacin for intramammary injection in veterinary use.
Hetacillin was removed from the market for human use when the discovery was made that it is actually cleaved in the gastrointestinal tract to formaldehyde and had no advantages over ampicillin.

# Chemistry
Hetacillin is prepared from ampicillin and acetone. In aqueous solutions it is unstable, with a half life of 15 to 30 minutes at 37 C (98.6 F) and pH 7, quickly releasing acetone again.
As opposed to ampicillin, hetacillin is only marginally broken down by the bacterial enzyme beta-lactamase, at least in vitro.
Percolozoa
The Percolozoa are a group of colourless protozoa, including many that can transform between amoeboid, flagellate, and encysted stages.  These are collectively referred to as schizopyrenids, amoeboflagellates, or vahlkampfids.  They also include the acrasids, a group of social amoebae that aggregate to form sporangia.  The entire group is usually called the Heterolobosea, but this may be restricted to members with amoeboid stages.
Most Percolozoa are found as bacterivores in soil, freshwater, and on feces.  There are a few marine and parasitic forms, including the species Naegleria fowleri, which can become pathogenic in humans and is often fatal.  The group is closely related to the Euglenozoa, and share with them the unusual though not unique characteristic of having mitochondria with discoid cristae.  The presence of a ventral feeding groove in the flagellate stage, as well as other features, suggests that they are part of the excavate group.
The amoeboid stage is roughly cylindrical, typically around 20-40 m in length.  They are traditionally considered lobose amoebae, but are not related to the others and unlike them do not form true lobose pseudopods.  Instead, they advance by eruptive waves, where hemispherical bulges appear from the front margin of the cell, which is clear.  The flagellate stage is slightly smaller, with two or four anterior flagella anterior to the feeding groove.
Usually the amoeboid form is taken when food is plentiful, and the flagellate form is used for rapid locomotion.  However, not all members are able to assume both forms.  The genera Percolomonas, Lyromonas, and Psalteriomonas are known only as flagellates, while Vahlkampfia, Pseudovahlkampfia, and the acrasids do not have flagellate stages.  As mentioned above, under unfavourable conditions, the acrasids aggregate to form sporangia.  These are superficially similar to the sporangia of the dictyostelids, but the amoebae only aggregate as individuals or in small groups and do not die to form the stalk.
The Heterolobosea were first defined by Page and Blanton in 1985 as a class of amoebae, and so only included those forms with amoeboid stages.  Cavalier-Smith created the phylum Percolozoa for the extended group, together with the enigmatic flagellate Stephanopogon.  He maintained the Heterolobosea as a class for amoeboid forms, but most others have expanded them to include the flagellates as well.
Hexetidine

# Overview
Hexetidine (Latin: Hexetidinum) is an anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agent commonly used in both veterinary and human medicine. It is a local anesthetic, astringent and deodorant and has antiplaque effects.
Hexetidine is the medicinal ingredient in Sterisol, which is labelled for "the symptomatic treatment of 'strep' throat, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, gingivitis, ulcerative stomatitis, oral thrush and Vincent's angina; postoperative hygiene following tonsillectomy, throat or oral surgery."
In the UK, Hexetidine is the active ingredient in the medicated mouthwash branded Oraldene. This is produced by Pfizer.  Oraldene mouthwash contains 0.1g/100ml of Hexetidine. In some Eastern European countries, the gargle solution Hexoral (by Pfizer) also contains Hexetidine as its active compound. Hexetidine can also be found in the mouthwash BactidolTM (by Pfizer) which is sold in many Asian countries.
Histiocyte
A histiocyte is a cell that is part of the human immune system; a tissue macrophage cell ("histo-" = "tissue", and "-cyte" = "cell".) Some sources also consider Langerhans cell derivatives to be histocytes.
All categories of histiocytes are derived from the bone marrow by multiplication from a stem cell.  The derived cells migrate from the bone marrow to the blood as monocytes. They circulate through the body and stop in various organs where they undergo differentiation into histiocytes which are part of the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS).

# Overview
Histiocytes have common histological and immunophenotypical characteristics (demonstrated by immunostains).  Their cytoplasm is eosinophilic and contains variable amounts of lysosomes.  They bear membrane receptors for opsonins, such as IgG and the fragment C3b of complement.  They express LCAs (leucocyte common antigens) CD45, CD14, CD33 and CD4 (also expressed by T Helper Cells).  These histiocytes are part of the immune system by way of two distinct functions: phagocytosis and antigen presentation.  Phagocytosis is the main process of macrophages and antigen presentation the main property of dendritic cells (so called because of their star-like cytoplasmic processes).   Macrophages and dendritic cells are derived from common bone marrow precursor cells that have undergone different differentiation (as histiocytes) under the influence of various environmental (tissue location) and growth factors such as GM-CSF, TNF and IL-4.  The various categories of histocytes are distinguishable by their morphology, phenotype and size.
Macrophages are highly variable in size and morphology, their cytoplasm contains numerous acid phosphatase laden lysosomes - in relation to their specialised phagocytic function.  They express CD68.
Dendritic cells have an indented (bean shaped) nucleus and cytoplasm with thin processes (dendritic).  Their main activity is antigen presentation, they express Factor XIIIa, CD1c and Class II HLA antigens.
A subset of cells differentiates into Langerhans cells; this maturation occurs in the squamous epithelium, lymph nodes, spleen, and bronchiolar epithelium.  Langerhans cells are antigen presenting cells but have undergone further differentiation.  Skin Langerhans cells express CD1a as do cortical thymocytes (cells of the cortex of the thymus gland).  They also express S-100, and their nucleus contains tennis-racket like ultra-structural inclusions called Birbeck granules.
Histiocytoses describe neoplasias where the proliferative cell is the histiocyte.
Histone H1

# Overview
Histone H1 is one of the 5 main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin in  eukaryotic cells. A variant of the histone H1 protein is the histone H5, which has a similar structure and function.
Featuring a central globular domain and long C and N terminal tails H1 is involved with the packing of the 'beads on a string' structure into the '30nm solenoid' structure.
H1 is present in half the amount of the other four histones. This is because unlike the other histones, H1 does not make up the nucleosome 'bead'. Instead, it sits on top of the structure, keeping in place the DNA that has wrapped around the nucleosome.  Specifically, the H1 protein binds to the linker DNA (approximately 80 nucleotides in length) region between the histone beads, helping stabilize the zig-zagged 30nm chromatin fiber.
H1 histone seals off the nucleosome at the location at which the linker DNA enters and leaves.
hu:H1
de:Histon H1
HomoloGene

# Overview
HomoloGene, a tool of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), is a system for automated detection of homologs (similarity attributable to descent from a common ancestor) among the annotated genes of several completely sequenced eukaryotic genomes.
The HomoloGene processing consists of the protein analysis from the input organisms. Sequences are compared using blastp, then matched up and put into groups, using a taxonomic tree built from sequence similarity, where closer related organisms are matched up first, and then further organisms are added to the tree. The protein alignments are mapped back to their corresponding DNA sequences, and then distance metrics as molecular distances Jukes and Cantor (1969), Ka/Ks ratio can be calculated.
The sequences are matched up by using a heuristic algorithm for maximizing the score globally, rather than locally, in a bipartite matching (see complete bipartite graph). And then it calculates the statistical significance of each match. Cutoffs are made per position and Ks values are set to prevent false "orthologs" from being grouped together. Paralogs are identified by finding sequences that are closer within species than other species.

# Input Organisms
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Danio rerio, Rattus norvegicus, Pan troglodytes, Canis lupus familiaris, Arabidopsis thaliana, Gallus gallus, Oryza sativa, Anopheles gambiae,  Drosophila melanogaster, Magnaporthe grisea, Neurospora crassa, Caenorhabditis elegans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis, Eremothecium gossypii, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Plasmodium falciparum.

# Interface
The HomoloGene is linked to all Entrez databases and based on homology and phenotype information of these links:
- Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI),
- Zebrafish Information Network (ZFIN),
- Saccharomyces Genome Database (SGD),
- Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG),
- FlyBase,
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)
As a result HomoloGene displays information about Genes, Proteins, Phenotypes, and Conserved Domains.
Houttuynia
Houttuynia cordata (Template:Zh-cpl; Vietnamese: giap ca), the sole species in the genus Houttuynia, is a flowering plant native to Japan, southern China and Southeast Asia, where it grows in moist, shady places.
Houttuynia is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to between 20 and 80 cm. The proximal part of the stem is trailing and produces adventitious roots, while the distal part of the stem grows vertically. The leaves are alternate, broadly heart-shaped, 4-9 cm long and 3-8 cm broad. Flowers are greenish-yellow, borne on a terminal spike 2-3 cm long with 4-6  large white basal bracts.

# Cultivation
The plant grows well in moist to wet soil and even slightly submerged in water in partial or full sun. Plants can become invasive in gardens and difficult to eradicate. Propagation is via division.
Houttuynia in temperate gardens is usually in one of its cultivated forms, including: Chameleon (synonymous with H.c. 'Court Jester', H.c. 'Tricolour', H.c. 'Variegata') this variety is slightly less vigorous than the species and has leaves broadly edged in yellow and flecked with red; Flore Pleno has masses of white bracts and the vigour of the parent species.

# Medicinal and culinary use
Grown as a leaf vegetable, particularly in Vietnam, where it is called giap ca or diep ca and is used as a fresh herbal garnish. The leaf has an unusual taste that is often described as fishy (earning it the nickname "fish mint"), so it is not enjoyed as universally as basil, mint, or other more commonly used herbs.
Houttuynia is also used in herbal medicine. The beverage dokudami cha (Japanese: ; literally "Houttuynia cordata tea") is an infusion made from Houttuynia cordata leaves, Oolong tea leaves, and Job's Tears.
In the southwestern Chinese provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan, roots are used as a root vegetable. English names include heartleaf and lizardtail.

# Invasive Weed
Lizard Tail is an invasive species in many areas in the United States. Even the less vigorous forms will spread beyond an apt gardener's control if planted in any moderately moist soil.  To prevent this, try planting in an old pot, sunk down into the garden soil.

# References and external links
-  Template:Citeweb
- Flora of China: Houttuynia
- Asian Vegetables (with photo)
- Flora, The Gardener's Bible, ABC Publishing, Ultimo, NSW, Australia, 2006 ISBN 0 7333 1439 2
Hydrophile

# Overview
Hydrophile, from the Greek (hydros) "water" and  (philia) "friendship," refers to a physical property of a molecule that can transiently bond with water (H2O) through hydrogen bonding. This is thermodynamically favorable, and makes these molecules soluble not only in water, but also in other polar solvents. There are hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of the cell membrane.
A hydrophilic molecule or portion of a molecule is one that is typically charge-polarized and capable of hydrogen bonding, enabling it to dissolve more readily in water than in oil or other hydrophobic solvents. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules are also known as polar molecules and nonpolar molecules, respectively.
Some hydrophilic substances don't dissolve. This type of mixture is called a colloid.
Soap has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, which allows it to dissolve in both waters and oils, therefore allowing the soap to clean a surface.
Hydroxycut

# Warning
The FDA has asked that Hydroxycut be removed from distribution by the manufacturer
Hydroxycut has been associated with liver failure and one fatiality from liver failure. 
It has been speculated that hydroxycitric acid, derived from a tropical fruit is the constiutent of the product that may be associated with liver failure.
Hydroxycut was a nutritional supplement marketed by Iovate Health Sciences Inc., designed to help consumers lose weight.  It is sold at retailers such as GNC and Wal-Mart as well as through direct television marketing.
Currently sold in the United States without ephedra, it is advertised as increasing metabolism and reducing hunger cravings.  Like many nutraceuticals, its efficacy is questionable.
Hydroxycut promotes itself as being created and endorsed by doctors.  Television advertisements for Hydroxycut feature Jon Marshall D.O., a 2005 graduate of Midwestern University's medical school, still in residency. Hydroxycut is also endorsed by Marvin Heuer, MD, FAAFP, Associate Clinical Professor in the Department of Family Medicine and Community Health at the University of Florida.

# Controversy
On March 27, 2003 Missouri's Attorney General Jay Nixon filed a lawsuit in St. Louis against Hydroxycut's manufacturer MuscleTech Research and Development, Inc stating that claims Hydroxycut was "clinically proven" to be a "fat-burner" were false, specifically:
Nixon also alleged that the "before" and "after" photographs were misleading, and that one woman's "before" photo was deceptive because she was recently pregnant.
MuscleTech paid $100,000 to settle the case while denying any wrongdoing.