Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Beta secretase
-Secretase  also called BACE1 (-site of APP cleaving enzyme) or memapsin-2  is an aspartic-acid protease important in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, and in the formation of myelin sheaths in peripheral nerve cells. The transmembrane protein, contains two active site aspartate residues in its extracellular protein domain and may function as a dimer.

# Function in Alzheimer's
Generation of the 40 or 42 amino acid-long amyloid- peptides that aggregate in the brain of Alzheimer's patients requires two sequential cleavages of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Extracellular cleavage of APP by BACE releases a soluble extracellular fragment and is followed by APP cleavage within its transmembrane domain by -secretase.  The second cleavage releases the intracellular domain of APP and amyloid-.  Since -secretase cleaves APP closer to the cell membrane than BACE does, it removes a fragment of the amyloid- peptide. Initial cleavage of APP by -secretase rather than BACE prevents eventual generation of amyloid-.
Unlike APP and the presenilin proteins important in -secretase, no known mutations in the gene encoding BACE cause the early-onset, familial Alzheimer's disease.  However, levels of this enzyme have been shown to be elevated in Alzheimer's. The physiological purpose of BACE's cleavage of APP and other transmembrane proteins is unknown.  BACE2 is a close homolog of BACE1.

# BACE inhibitors
Drugs to block this enzyme (BACE inhibitors) in theory would prevent the build up of beta-amyloid and may help slow or stop the disease. Several companies are in the early stages of development and testing of this new potential class of treatment.
Biennial plant
A biennial plant is a flowering plant that takes two years to complete its lifecycle. In the first year the plant grows leaves, stems, and roots (vegetative structures), then it enters a period of dormancy over the colder months. Usually the stem remains very short and the leaves are low to the ground, forming a rosette.  Many biennials require a cold treatment, or vernalization, before they will flower. The next spring or summer the stem of the biennial plant elongates greatly, or "bolts".  The plant then flowers, producing fruits and seeds before it finally dies. There are far fewer biennials than either perennials or annuals.
Under extreme climatic conditions, a biennial plant may complete its life cycle in a very short period of time (e.g. three or four months instead of two years). This is quite common in vegetable or flower seedlings that were exposed to cold conditions, or vernalized, before they were planted in the ground. This behavior leads to many normally biennial plants being treated as annuals in some areas.  Flowering can be induced in some biennials without vernalization by application of the plant hormone gibberellin, but this is rarely done commercially.
From a gardener's perspective, a plant's status as annual, biennial, or perennial often varies based on location or purpose. Biennials grown for flowers, fruits, or seeds need to be grown for two years. Biennials that are grown for edible leaves or roots are grown as annuals, e.g. beets, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, celery, lettuce, parsley, and Swiss chard. If a normally biennial plant is grown in extremely harsh conditions, it is likely to be treated as an annual because it will not survive the winter cold. Conversely, an annual grown under extremely favorable conditions may have highly successful seed propagation, giving it the appearance of being biennial or perennial. Some short-lived perennials may appear to be biennial rather than perennial. True biennials flower only once, while many perennials will flower every year once mature.
Examples of biennial plants are parsley, Lunaria, silverbeet, Sweet William, colic weed, and carrot.  Plant breeders have produced annual cultivars of several biennials that will flower the first year from seed, e.g. foxglove, stock, and hollyhock.
BioSand Filter
BioSand Water Filters are a technological adaptation of the centuries old slow sand filtration process. While implementations exist in many different sizes and varieties, the most common design is intended for use in rural homes where naturally safe or treated water sources are not available.
BioSand Filters remove 95.0 to 99.0% of organic contaminants, including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, worms, and particles. Safe water produced by the filters is free of discoloration, odor, and unpleasant taste , and can be used for drinking, food preparation, personal hygiene, and sanitation. Most common home-based models can produce between 20 and 60 litres of water per hour.

# History
The BioSand Water Filter (BSF) was developed by Dr. David Manz, while a professor and researcher at the University of Calgary, in Calgary, Alberta. BSF development began in 1990 and has continued, involving numerous individuals and organizations that actively develop and deploy the technology. While several commercial and community-scale implementations exist, the largest use of BSF technology has been in the humanitarian arena. The relief organization Samaritan's Purse has installed 70,000 filters world-wide , and has recently embarked on an initiative, called Turn on the Tap to install at least 65,000 more filters by 2010.

# Filtration Process
Most BioSand Filters are constructed from concrete, though new plastic models are being tested. Gravel and sand are layered inside the filter with a PVC collection pipe situated at the base of the filter. Contaminated water from rain, surface, or ground sources is poured through the top of the filter and passes through a plate that diffuses the stream and blocks large contaminants (e.g. stones, large twigs, leaves).
The top few centimeters of the sand trap the bulk of micro-organisms, which accumulate and develop into a highly active food chain, called the Biological Layer or Schmutzdeke. The biological layer, which must remain partially wet, traps and feeds on the micro-organisms and contaminants in the water. Further filtration occurs in the lower layers of sand and gravel, which removes contaminants that cause odour, cloudiness, and taste.

# Health Benefits
A 2007 study conducted by the School of Public Health at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill indicates that BioSand Water Filters can reduce the incidence of diarrheal illness by up to 40 percent.

# Maintenance
Over time, the top layers of sand may become clogged with material, causing flow rates to drop. A simple stirring or skimming of the top layer of sand is usually sufficient to restore optimal flow. Frequency of needed maintenance is dependent on the quality of the source water.  Although longitudinal studies have not been completed, Samaritan's Purse reports that filters have remained in effective operation for over ten years.
Biocybernetics
Biocybernetics is the application of cybernetics to the biological science, comprised of biological disciplines that benefit from the application of cybernetics: neurology, multicellular systems and others. Biocybernetics plays a major role in systems biology, seeking to integrate different levels of information to understand how biological systems function.
Biocybernetics as an abstract science is a part of theoretical biology, and based upon the principles of systemics.

# Terminology
Biocybernetics is a cojoined word from bio (Greek:  / life) and cybernetics (Greek:  / controlling-governing). It is sometimes written together or with a blank or written fully as biological cybernetics, whilst the same rules apply. Most write it together though, as Google statistics show. The same applies to neuro cybernetics which should also be looked up as neurological, when doing extensive research.

## Same or familiar fields
As those disciplines are dealing on theoretical/abstract foundations and are in accordance with the popularity of computers. Thusly papers and research is in greater numbers going on under different names: e.g. molecular cybernetics -> molecular computational systems OR molecular systems theory OR molecular systemics OR molecular information/informational systems
Please heed this when you engage in an extensive search for information to assure access to a broad range of papers.

# Categories
- bio cybernetics - the study of an entire living organism
- neuro cybernetics - cybernetics dealing with neurological models. (psycho-cybernetics was the title of a self-help book, and is not a scientific discipline)
- molecular cybernetics - cybernetics dealing with molecular systems (e.g. molecular biology cybernetics)
- cellular cybernetics - cybernetics dealing with cellular systems (e.g. information technology/cell phones,.. or biological cells)
- evolutionary cybernetics - study of the evolution of informational systems (See also evolutionary programming, evolutionary algorithm)
- any distinct informational system within the realm of biology
Black cardamom
Black cardamom (Urdu:   ) (also known as brown cardamom, thao qua and tsao-ko) is a plant in the family Zingiberaceae. Its seed pods have a strong, smoky, anise-like flavor.
The pods are used as a spice, in a manner similar to the green Indian cardamom pods, but those have a drastically different flavor. Unlike green cardamom, this spice is rarely used in sweet dishes. Its smoky flavor and aroma derive from traditional methods of drying over open flames.

# Species
There are at least two distinct species of black cardamom: Amomum subulatum (also known as Nepal cardamom) and Amomum costatum or A. tsao-ko.  The pods of A. subulatum, used primarily in the cuisines of India, are the smaller of the two, while the larger pods of A. costatum (Chinese: ; pinyin: caoguo; Vietnamese: thao qua) are used in Chinese cuisine, particularly that of Sichuan; and Vietnamese cuisine.

# Culinary uses
In India, black cardamom seeds are often an important component of the Indian spice mixture garam masala. Black cardamom is also commonly used in savory dal and rice dishes.
In China, the pods are used for long-braised meat dishes, particularly in the cuisine of the central-western province of Sichuan.
The pods are also often used in Vietnam, where they are called thao qua and used as an ingredient in the broth for the noodle soup called pho.
Black cardamom pods can be used in soups, chowders, casseroles, and marinades for smoky flavor, much in the way bacon is used.
Black cardamom is often erroneously described as an inferior substitute for green cardamom by those who are unfamiliar with the spice. Although the flavor differs from the more common green cardamom, black cardamom is sometimes used by large-scale commercial bakers because of its relative cheapness.

# Medicinal uses
In Chinese medicine, tsao-ko is used to treat stomach disorders and malaria.
Packages warn not to eat the product uncooked or as a snack food.
Blood boosting
Blood Boosting, sometimes called blood packing or blood doping, is a means to improve athletic performance through manipulation of blood chemistry/composition timed around athletic events.

# Methods
The practice most commonly known as blood boosting or "blood doping" involves removing plasma about two months before the event in question. The body replenishes itself in that time, and then shortly before the event, said plasma is injected back into the bloodstream causing a useful surplus of blood cells. It is possible to use plasma from other individuals as well, albeit with the normal risks. This type of blood boosting is known as Erythrocythemia.
Other practices include high-altitude training and other use of artificial environments or medications to cause the body to adjust its blood composition.

# Perspectives
Most forms of blood boosting have in recent times been banned from a number of athletic events, including the Olympics (in 1984). Some events test participants for elevated red blood cell counts--a sign of blood boosting.
Blood proteins
Blood proteins, also called serum proteins, are proteins found in blood plasma. They serve many different functions including circulatory transport molecules for lipids, hormones, vitamins and metals. They also serve as enzymes, complement components, protease inhibitors, and kininn precursors. Serum proteins play an important role in the regulation of acellular activity and functioning and in the immune system. Separating serum proteins by electrophoresis is a valuable diagnostic tool as well as a way to monitor clinical progress.
Types of blood proteins:
- Albumins- Normal level 3.5-5.0g/dl
- Globulins
- Fibrinogens - Normal level 200-450mg/dl
- Regulatory
All the plasma proteins are synthesized in liver except gamma globulins. Globulins are of three types- alpha,beta and gamma.
- alpha1-antiproteinase
- alpha2-macroglobulin
Other types of blood proteins include:
1) Lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL)
2) Transferrin
3) Prothrombin
60% of plasma proteins are made up of the protein albumin, which are major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma which assists in the transport of lipids and steroid hormones. Globulins make up 35% of plasma proteins and are used in the transport of ions, hormones and lipids assisting in immune function. 4% is fibrinogen and this is essential in the clotting of blood and can be converted into insoluble fibrin. Regulatory proteins which make up less than 1% of plasma proteins are proteins such as enzymes, proenzymes and hormones.  Current research regarding blood plasma proteins is centered on performing proteomics analyses of serum/plasma in the search for biomarkers.  These efforts started with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis efforts in the 1970s and in more recent times this research has been performed using LC-tandem MS  based proteomics.
Bodily orifice
A body orifice is any external opening in the body of an animal. In a typical mammalian body such as the human body, the body orifices are:
- The nostrils, for breathing and the associated sense of smell.
- The eyes, for the sense of sight and crying.
- The mouth, for eating, breathing and vocalizations such as speech.
- The ear canals, for the sense of hearing.
- The anus, for defecation.
- The urethra, for urination, and in males, also for ejaculation.
- In females, the vagina, for sexual intercourse, menstruation and childbirth.
- Orifices of nipples
- Orifices of sweat glands
- Navel or belly button left over from placental mammals after birth.
Body cleansing
Body cleansing or detoxification is a treatment in alternative medicine which proponents claim rid the body of accumulated harmful substances that exert a negative effect on individual health. Critics argue that such cleansings are often unnecessary, and are based on questionable or disproved scientific claims.
In the 19th century, cleansing proponentsTemplate:Who described the large intestine as a sewage system, claiming that stagnation caused toxins to be absorbed by the body. Laxatives, purges, and enemas were routinely recommended to prevent the accumulation of waste which could lead to this "autointoxication."
Various modalities of body cleansing are used, employing physical treatments (e.g. colon hydrotherapy), dietary restrictions (e.g. avoiding foods) or dietary supplements.  Some variants involve the use of herbs and supplements that purportedly speed or increase the effectiveness of the process of cleansing. Naturopathic and homeopathic remedies are also promoted for cleansing.  Cleansing agents and processes may be promoted as targeting specific organs, such as fiber for the colon or juices for the kidneys.  Others are represented as useful for 'whole body' cleansing, sometimes with the goal of eliminating unidentified 'parasites.'
Quackwatch describes body cleansing and detoxification as an elaborate hoax used by con artists to cure nonexistent illnesses.  The 'toxins' that are removed have been described as invented to give promoters something pretend they can fix.  Medical experts state that the body cleansing is unnecessary since the body is actually very good at maintaining itself, with several organs dedicated to cleansing the blood and gut.
Boswellic acid
Boswellic acids are a series of pentacyclic triterpene molecules which are produced by plants in the genus Boswellia. Like many other terpenes, boswellic acids appear in the resin of the plant which exudes them; it is estimated that they make up 30% of the resin of B. serrata.

# Structure
The boswellic acids are organic acids, consisting of a pentacyclic triterpene, a carboxyl group and at least one other functional group. Alpha-boswellic acid and beta-boswellic acid, C30H48O3 both have an additional hydroxyl group; they differ only in their triterpene structure. Acetyl-alpha-boswellic acid and acetyl-beta-boswellic acid, C32H50O4, replace the hydroxyl group with an acetyl group.
Other boswellic acids include the keto-boswellic acids and their acetyl counterparts.

# Uses
Beta-boswellic acid, keto-beta-boswellic acid and acetyl-keto-beta-boswellic acid have been implicated in apoptosis of cancer cells, particularly brain tumors and cells affected by leukemia or colon cancer.
Acetyl-boswellic acids also exhibit anti-inflammatory behaviour by inhibiting leukotriene synthesis. Specifically, it inhibits the activity of the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase through a non-redox reaction. Clinical trials have investigated the effectiveness of boswellic acids in treating ulcerative colitis, but a study on chemically induced colitis in mouse models showed little effectiveness. This latter study also linked large doses of boswellic acids to hepatotoxicity and increased lipid accumulation. Paradoxically, low doses of Boswellia serrata extract may have hepatoprotective effects.
Boswellic acids are also thought to decrease the symptoms of asthma; a small 1998 placebo-controlled trial of Boswellia extract for the treatment of asthma showed good results. Boswellia extracts are sold in tablet, capsule and tincture form, but no dosage guidelines have been developed. The risk of hepatotoxicity due to Boswellia administration has not been assessed.
Brain ischemia
Synonyms and keywords: Cerebral ischemia; ischemic encephalopathy

# Overview
Brain ischemia (or cerebral ischemia) is an ischemic condition where the brain or parts of the brain do not receive enough blood flow to maintain normal neurological function.

# Causes
Cerebral ischemia can be the result of various diseases, or the result of arterial obstruction such as strangulation.
- Drugs: Pergolide, Ramucirumab, Tiagabine

# History and Symptoms
Similarly to cerebral hypoxia, severe or prolonged cerebral ischemia will result in unconsciousness, brain damage or death,  mediated by the ischemic cascade.
An extensive review of mechanisms by which ischemia damages the nervous system has been published by Peter Lipton.

# Related Conditions
A related condition is subcortical ischemic depression, also known as vascular depression. This condition is most commonly seen in elderly depressed patients. Late onset depression is increasingly seen as a distinct variety of depression, and is commonly detected with an MRI.
Branchial arch

# Overview
In the development of vertebrate animals, the pharyngeal arches (also called branchial arches or gill arches in fish) develop during the fourth and fifth week in utero as a series of mesodermal outpouchings on the left and right sides of the developing pharynx. In fish, the branchial arches give rise to gills.

# Development
These grow and join in the ventral midline. The first arch, as the first to form, separates the mouth pit or stomodeum from the pericardium.  By differential growth the neck elongates and new arches form, so the pharynx has six arches ultimately.
Each pharyngeal arch has a cartilaginous bar, a muscle component which differentiates from the cartilagenous tissue, an artery, and a cranial nerve.
Each of these is surrounded by Mesenchyme. Arches do not develop simultaneously, but instead possess a "staggered" development.

# Relations
Pharyngeal or branchial pouches form on the endodermal side between the arches, and pharyngeal grooves (or clefts) form from the lateral ectodermal surface of the neck region to separate the arches. 
The pouches line up with the clefts, and these thin segments become gills in fish.
In mammals the endoderm and ectoderm not only remain intact, but continue to be separated by a mesoderm layer.

# Specific arches
There are six pharyngeal arches, but in humans the fifth arch only exists transiently during embryologic growth and development. Since no human structures result from the fifth arch, the arches in humans are I, II, III, IV, and VI. 
More is known about the fate of the first arch than the remaining four.  The first three contribute to structures above the larynx, while the last two contribute to the larynx and trachea.

# Use in staging
The development of the pharyngeal arches provide a useful morphological landmark with which to establish the precise stage of embryonic development.  Their formation and development corresponds to Carnegie stages 10 to 16 in mammals, and Hamburger-Hamilton stages 14 to 28 in the chicken.
Brassica nigra
Brassica nigra (black mustard) is an annual weedy plant cultivated for its seeds, which are commonly used as a spice. The plant is believed to be native to the southern Mediterranean region of Europe, and has been cultivated for thousands of years.
The spice is generally made from ground seeds of the plant, with the seed coats removed. The small (1 mm) seeds are hard and vary in color from dark brown to black.  They are very flavorful, although they have almost no aroma.   The seeds are commonly used in Indian cuisine, for example in curry.  The seeds are usually thrown into hot oil or ghee after which they pop, releasing a characteristic 'nutty' flavor.  The seeds have a significant amount of fatty oil. This oil is used often as cooking oil in India.
Ground seeds of the plant mixed with honey are widely used in eastern Europe as cough suppressant. In Eastern Canada, the use of "mouche de moutarde" to treat respiratory infections was popular before the advent of modern medicine. It consisted in mixing ground mustard seeds with flour and water, and creating a cataplasm with the paste. This cataplasm was put on the chest or the back and left until the person felt a stinging sensation.
The plant itself can grow from 2 to 8 feet tall with racemes of small yellow flowers. These flowers are usually up to 1/3" across, with 4 petals each. Its leaves are covered in small hairs. The leaves can wilt on hot days, but recover at night.
Since the 1950s, black mustard has become less popular as compared to brown mustard because some cultivars of brown mustard have seeds that can be mechanically harvested in a more efficient manner.
It is theorized that black mustard is the seed mentioned by Jesus in Template:Bibleverse.

# Similar plants
Black mustard is similar to white mustard (genus Sinapis), although black mustard has smaller seeds. Black mustard belongs to the same genus as cabbage.