Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
SUCLG1
Succinyl-CoA ligase  subunit alpha, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SUCLG1 gene.

# Structure
The enzyme encoded by SUCLG1 can exist in either a phosphorylated form or a dephosphorylated form. In the dephosphorylated structure, a phosphate ion works in coordination with a histidine residue in the active site and the two alpha helices, one contributed by each subunit of the alphabeta-dimer to stabilize the structure. One of the alpha helices contains amino acids, the modification of which result in conformational changes that accommodate either the bound phosphoryl group or the free phosphate ion.

# Function
This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the heterodimeric enzyme succinate coenzyme A ligase. This enzyme is targeted to the mitochondria and catalyzes the conversion of succinyl CoA and ADP or GDP to succinate and ATP or GTP. Mutations in this gene are the cause of the metabolic disorder fatal infantile lactic acidosis and mitochondrial DNA depletion.

# Clinical significance
Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency is responsible for encephalomyopathy  with mitochondrial DNA depletion and mild methylmalonic aciduria. Mutations in SUCLG1 lead to complete absence of SUCLG1 protein and are responsible for a very severe disorder with antenatal manifestations. Furthermore, it is shown that in the absence of SUCLG1 protein, no SUCLA2 protein is found in fibroblasts by western blot analysis. This result is consistent with a degradation of SUCLA2 when its heterodimer partner, SUCLG1, is absent. As mitochondrial DNA depletion in muscle is not a constant finding in SUCLG1 patients, diagnosis should not be based on it; additionally, it may be that alternative physiopathological mechanisms may be considered to explain the combined respiratory chain deficiency observed in these patients.

# Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. 
-  The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "TCACycle_WP78"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
SUCLG2
Succinyl-CoA ligase  subunit beta, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SUCLG2 gene on chromosome 3.
This gene encodes a GTP-specific beta subunit of succinyl-CoA synthetase. Succinyl-CoA synthetase catalyzes the reversible reaction involving the formation of succinyl-CoA and succinate. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 5 and 12. 

# Structure
SCS, also known as succinyl CoA ligase (SUCL), is a heterodimer composed of a catalytic  subunit encoded by the SUCLG1 gene and a  subunit encoded by either the SUCLA2 gene or the SUCLG2 gene, which determines the enzyme specificity for either ADP or GDP. SUCLG2 is the SCS variant containing the SUCLG2-encoded  subunit. Amino acid sequence alignment of the two  subunit types reveals a homology of ~50% identity, with specific regions conserved throughout the sequences.
SUCLG2 is located on chromosome 3 and contains 14 exons.

# Function
As a subunit of SCS, SUCLG2 is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate and acetoacetyl CoA, accompanied by the substrate-level phosphorylation of GDP to GTP, as a step in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The GTP generated is then consumed in anabolic pathways. However, since GTP is not transported through the inner mitochondrial membrane in mammals and other higher organisms, it must be recycled within the matrix. In addition, SUCLG2 may function in ATP generation in the absence of SUCLA2 by complexing with the mitochondrial nucleotide diphosphate kinase, nm23-H4, and thus compensate for SUCLA2 deficiency. The reverse reaction generates succinyl-CoA from succinate to fuel ketone body and heme synthesis.
While SCS is ubiquitously expressed, SUCLG2 is predominantly expressed in tissues involved in biosynthesis, including liver and kidney. SUCLG2 has also been detected in the microvasculature of the brain, likely to support its growth. Notably, both SUCLA2 and SUCLG2 are absent in astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes in the brain; thus, in order to acquire succinate to continue the TCA cycle, these cells may instead synthesize succinate through GABA metabolism of -ketoglutarate or ketone body metabolism of succinyl-CoA.

# Clinical significance
Though mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion syndrome has been largely attributed to SUCLA2 deficiency, SUCLG2 may play a more crucial role in mtDNA maintenance, as it functions to compensate for SUCLA2 deficiency and its absence results in decreased mtDNA and OXPHOS-dependent growth. Moreover, no mutations in the SUCLG2 gene have been reported, indicating that such mutations are lethal and selected against.
SUCLG2 may also play a role in clearing cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-beta 142 (A142) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and, thus, reducing neuronal death.
SUPT7L
STAGA complex 65 subunit gamma is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUPT7L gene.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of SUPT7L function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Supt7ltm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty four tests were carried out on mutant mice and two significant abnormalities were observed. No homozygous mutant embryos were identified during gestation, and therefore none survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice but no further abnormalities were observed.

# Interactions
SUPT7L has been shown to interact with TAF9 and Transcription initiation protein SPT3 homolog.
SYNPO2
Myopodin protein, also called Synaptopodin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYNPO2 gene. Myopodin is expressed in cardiac, smooth muscle and skeletal muscle, and localizes to Z-disc structures.

# Structure
Myopodin is a 117.4 kDa protein composed of 1093 amino acids, although four alternatively-spliced isoforms have been described. Myopodin contains one PPXY motif, multiple PXXP motifs, and two potential nuclear localization sequences (one N-terminal and one C-terminal). PPXY motifs have been shown to mediate interactions, and PXXP motifs represent potential sites of interaction for SH3 domain-containing proteins. Myopodin contains a novel actin binding site (between amino acids 410 and 563) in the center of the protein.

# Function
During myotube differentiation, myopodin interacts with stress fibers prior to co-localizing with alpha actinin-2 at Z-discs in mature striated muscle cells. Myopodin has been shown to shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm in myoblasts and myotubes in response to stress; its export from the nucleus is sensitive to lemtomycin B. The nuclear localization of myopodin is sensitive to Importin 13, which directly binds myopodin and facilitates its translocation. Importin binding and nuclear import of myopodin appears to be mediated by serine/threonine phosphorylation-dependent binding of myopodin to 14-3-3 beta  Myopodin appears to regulate compartmentalized, intracellular signal transduction between the Z-disc and nucleus in cardiac muscle cells, by forming a Z-disc signaling complex with alpha actinin-2, calcineurin, CaMKII, muscle-specific A-kinase anchoring protein, and myomegalin. Specifically, phosphorylation by protein kinase A or CaMKII, and dephosphorylation by calcineurin facilitates the binding or release, respectively, of 14-3-3-beta, and the corresponding nuclear or cytoplasmic localization, respectively, of myopodin.

# Interactions
Myopodin interacts with:
- 14-3-3 beta,
- Actin, alpha, cardiac muscle 1,
- Actinin, alpha 2,
- Calcineurin,
- CaMKII,
- Importin 13, and
- Protein kinase A.
Sacsin
Sacsin also known as DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 29 (DNAJC29) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SACS gene. Sacsin is a Hsp70 co-chaperone.

# Function
This gene consists of nine exons including a gigantic exon spanning more than 12.8k bp. It encodes the sacsin protein, which includes a UBQ region at the N-terminus, a HEPN domain at the C-terminus and a DnaJ region upstream of the HEPN domain. This modular protein is essential for normal mitochondrial network organization. The gene is highly expressed in the central nervous system, also found in skin, skeletal muscles and at low levels in the pancreas. Mutations in this gene result in autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by early-onset cerebellar ataxia with spasticity and peripheral neuropathy.

# Clinical significance
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is a very rare neurodegenerative genetic disorder that results from mutations in the gene that produces Sacsin. Afflicted persons suffer from loss of balance, loss of muscle control and spasticity.
Sclera
The sclera is the opaque (usually white), fibrous, protective layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fibers. In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the old, however, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow.
The sclera forms the posterior five sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe. The sclera maintains the shape of the globe, offering resistance to internal and external forces, and provides an attachment for the extraocular muscle insertions. The thickness of the sclera varies from 1mm at the posterior pole to 0.3 mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions.

# Additional images
- Interior of anterior half of bulb of eye.
- The terminal portion of the optic nerve and its entrance into the eyeball, in horizontal section.
- The interior of the posterior half of the left eyeball.
Senile

# Overview
Senile means related to aging. For example, senile weakness is a form of weakness happening in old people.
The word senile comes from the latin sen meaning "old". This word was first coined in 1661. In Persian language, "" (pronounced as "sen") means "age".
Senile may also refer to Dementia, which is a disease typically seen in the elderly.
Seroma
A seroma is a pocket of clear serous fluid that sometimes develops in the body after surgery. When small blood vessels are ruptured, blood plasma can seep out; inflammation caused by dying injured cells also contributes to the fluid.
Seromas are different from hematomas which contain red blood cells and from abscesses which contain pus and result from an infection.
Seromas can sometimes be caused by a new type of partial-breast radiation therapy, as explained in a recent article in the International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics.
Seromas can also sometimes be caused by injury such as when the initial swelling from a blow or fall does not fully subside.  The remaining serous fluid causes a seroma that the body usually gradually absorbs over time (often taking many weeks); however, a knot of calcified tissue sometimes remains.
Seroma is particularly common after mastectomy surgery for breast cancer and many women find that it makes their initial recovery period more difficult. Some women need repeated visits to their doctor to have the seroma fluid drained.
Slides

# Step 1: Use WikiDoc's Slide Template to Prepare Your Slides
All WikiDoc slides follow the same template. Click on the image below to download the slides template.

# Step 2: Upload the Slides on the WikiDoc Server
Slides can be inserted into a WikiDoc page only if they have been uploaded onto the WikiDoc server (the computer that serves up all the pages you view).  If the slides you want to insert are not yet on the server, you can add them (a process called "uploading" them) onto the server.   To reach the upload page, you can either click Special:Upload| here] or search WikiDoc for Special:Upload.  This page has all of the details for adding or uploading the image to the server.
On the Upload file page you will see the following two boxes:
Where it says "Source file name:" you will click on the gray button "browse" and find the file on your computer's hard drive that you want to add to WikiDoc.
Where it says "Destination file name:" you will simply type in the name you want the slideset to have on WikiDoc. Please use a name that is descriptive of the slideset so that it will be found and cataloged by search engines.  This point must be stressed, name the file similar to a search criteria that you would use to find that image using a search engine's image function.
Next, click on the button that says "Upload file".
Next, the uploaded slideset will appear. Hint: copy the name of the file so that you can insert it on the WikiDoc page you would like.
Once you or anyone else have added a slideset  the server, that slideset can then be inserted on an any number of pages.
You can find the file names of the slides, images, videos and other media that have been uploaded to WikiDoc on the File list.  You will need to know the file name of the slideset to insert the image.

# Step 3: Placing the Slide Set into a Chapter
Now that you have uploaded your slideset to the server, you will be able to place a link to download the slideset in any chapter.  It is generally best to place the slideset at above the content to which it pertains and in such a manner that it is obvious to the viewer that it is available to them to download.
To create the link to a slideset you will create an internal link to the file, just as you would link to another page on WikiDoc using ].  An example can be found below.
Smegma
Smegma, a transliteration of the Greek word  for sebum, is a combination of exfoliated (shed) epithelial cells, transudated skin oils, and moisture, and can accumulate under the foreskin of males and within the vulva of females. It has a characteristic strong odor. Smegma is common to all mammals, male and female.  Mycobacterium smegmatis is the characteristic bacterium involved in smegma production, and is generally thought to form smegma from epidermal secretions.

# Mammalian smegma
In healthy animals, smegma helps clean and lubricate the genitals. In veterinary medicine, analysis of this smegma is sometimes used for detection of urinary infections, such as trichomoniasis. Some have recommended periodic cleaning of male genitals to improve the health of the animal.

## Human smegma
Both males and females produce smegma. In males smegma is produced and accumulates under the foreskin of uncircumcised individuals; in females it collects around the clitoris and in the folds of the labia minora.
Smegma is noticeable as a smooth or moist texture until it is allowed to accumulate, when it takes on its characteristic texture and appearance described in many texts as "cheesy". Since smegma tends to accumulate under the foreskin in males, its presence is less common and less noticeable in circumcised males.
The subpreputial moisture keeps the glans moist and may lubricate the movement of the foreskin. However, if allowed to accumulate and decay in the foreskin cavity it can provide an ideal medium for potentially pathogenic bacteria to colonize; current medical opinion is that allowing smegma to accumulate freely is unhealthy. Accumulation of smegma can cause or aggravate a variety of irritations known as balanitis. Early medical studies such as those by Plaut (1947) and Heins et al (1958) claimed that smegma accumulation led to the development of penile cancer, but the American Cancer Society states that more recent studies have failed to support this.
Preventing accumulation is best done by rinsing the area with warm water. In females, the hood of the clitoris can be gently pulled back to wash away accumulated smegma. Some argue that soap is best avoided because it depletes natural skin oils and may cause non-specific dermatitis. Noticeably unpleasant odors can be an indicator of a potentially serious medical problem, or a need to gently wash away excess with water. Deodorant sprays or washes may cause thrush or thrush like conditionswashing using warm water only is recommended by health professionals.
Smegma has become part of a campaign being waged by a small but vocal anti-circumcision movement, with the movement citing the potential usefulness of smegma, which is generally lost following circumcision.
Medical opinion is split on the whether this may be true or not.
It is one of the few English words referring to aspects of human genitalia that are ultimately of Greek form and origin, rather than Latin.
Sorrel
Common sorrel, also known as spinach dock and either ambada bhaji or gongoora in Indian cuisine, is a perennial herb that is cultivated as a leaf vegetable.
Sorrel is a slender plant about 60 cm high, with roots that run deep into the ground, as well as juicy stems and edible, oblong leaves. The lower leaves are 7 to 15 cm in length, slightly arrow-shaped at the base, with very long petioles. The upper ones are sessile, and frequently become crimson. The leaves are eaten by the larvae of several species of Lepidoptera including blood-vein.
It has whorled spikes of reddish-green flowers, which bloom in June and July, becoming purplish. The stamens and pistils are on different plants; the ripe seeds are brown and shining.
Common sorrel has been cultivated for centuries. The leaves may be pureed in soups and sauces or added to salads and shav; they have a flavor that is similar to kiwifruit or sour wild strawberries. The plant's sharp taste is due to oxalic acid, and so may be contraindicated in people with rheumatic-type complaints, kidney or bladder stones. Sorrel is also a laxative.
In the Caribbean, sorrel typically refers to Jamaican Red Sorrel or Roselle.  A popular dark red sorrel beverage has a sweet, spiced flavor. Roselle is also used in tarts and jellies, and the fiber is used by craftspeople.
ca:Agrella
cs:Stovik kysely
de:Wiesen-Sauerampfer
eo:Okzalo
gl:Aceda
-s:
is:Tunsura
it:Rumex acetosa
hu:Soska
nl:Veldzuring
fi:Niittysuolaheina
sv:Angssyra
uk:
Stapes
The stapes or stirrup is the stirrup-shaped small bone or ossicle in the
middle ear which attaches the incus to the fenestra ovalis, the "oval window" which is adjacent to the vestibule of the inner ear. It is the smallest and lightest bone in the human body.
The stapes transmits the sound vibrations from the incus to the membrane of the inner ear inside the fenestra ovalis.
In non-mammalian vertebrates, the bone homologous to the stapes is usually called the columella; however, in reptiles, either term may be used.
- The stapes is the smallest bone in the body.
- Stapes.
- It consists of a capitulum (head) which articulates with the incus, a neck, two crura (anterior and posterior) and a footplate.The head neck and crura form the stapedial arch.
Sterol
Sterols, or steroid alcohols are a subgroup of steroids with a hydroxyl group in the 3-position of the A-ring. They are amphipathic lipids synthetised from acetyl-coenzyme A. The overall molecule is quite flat. The hydroxyl group on the A ring is polar. The rest of the aliphatic chain is non-polar.
Sterols of plants are called phytosterols and sterols of animals are called zoosterols. The most important zoosterols are cholesterol and some steroid hormones; the most important phytosterols are campesterol, sitosterol, and stigmasterol.
Sterols play essential roles in the physiology of eukaryotic organisms. For example cholesterol forms part of the cellular membrane where its presence affects the cell membrane's fluidity and serves as secondary messenger in developmental signaling.
Plant sterols are also known to block cholesterol absorption sites in the human intestine thus helping to reduce cholesterol in humans.
In humans sterols act to provide important signals and metabolic communications eg. circadian rhythms, blood clotting.
Stitch
Stitch may refer to:
A method of securing thread into textiles in embroidery and sewing or creating fabrics in knitting and crochet. It may also be a method of medical care to close wounds known as sutures or stitches.
- Blanket stitch, used to reinforce the edge of thick materials
- Cable knitting is a style of knitting in which the order of stitches is permuted
- Chain stitch in which a series of looped stitches form a chain-like pattern
- Cross-stitch
- Embroidery stitch
- Garter stitch, the most basic form of welting
- Lock stitch
Other meanings:
- Side stitch, an intense stabbing pain during exercise.
- Image stitching, the process of combining multiple images to produce a panorama or high-resolution image, most commonly through the use of computer software
- "Stitch and glue", a DIY method.
- Stitch (Lilo & Stitch), one of the main characters from the 2002 41st animated Disney film Lilo & Stitch.
Stitch! The Movie, a direct-to-video animated spinoff of Lilo & Stitch, released on August 26, 2003.
Stitch!, a scheduled anime produced by Disney and Madhouse.
- Stitch! The Movie, a direct-to-video animated spinoff of Lilo & Stitch, released on August 26, 2003.
- Stitch!, a scheduled anime produced by Disney and Madhouse.
- Stitch, a fictional Canadian superheroine from Marvel Comics.
- Stitches: The Journal of Medical Humour, a Canadian humour magazine
- Stitches (Australian band), an Australian experimental music group
- The Stitches, a U.S. punk rock band
- Stitches (Welsh band), a Welsh electronica band
- Stitch (breakcore), a UK free party / breakcore artist.
- "Stitches/Dissention" is a single by American synth rock band Orgy.
- "Stitches" is a single by American hard rock band Allele.
- Rick Thomas, the sampler for Mushroomhead who goes by the alias "ST1TCH".
- Stitch, a ridge between two furrows.
- "Stitch" (slang) can also refer to a marijuana shotgun where too much tobacco makes it difficult or impossible to smoke
de:Stich