Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
IZUMO1
Izumo sperm-egg fusion 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IZUMO1 gene. In mammalian fertilisation, IZUMO1 binds to its egg receptor counterpart,  Juno, to facilitate recognition and fusion of the gametes. 

# Function
The sperm-specific protein Izumo, named for a Japanese shrine dedicated to marriage, is essential for sperm-egg plasma membrane binding and fusion.
Studies have shown that male Izumo knockout mice are sterile because their sperm are unable to fuse to the oocyte membrane. Izumo -/- mice produced morphologically normal sperm that were able to penetrate the zona pellucida, but could not fuse with to the eggs. In fact, it is necessary to relocate the IZUMO1 to the site of oocyte fusion . In-vitro human experiments have also been conducted, suggesting that Izumo is required for human gamete fusion. 
Through the use of Western Blot analyses, it has been shown that Izumo is only expressed in the testis and is found on mature spermatozoa.  Izumo-1 located on mature spermatozoa that have undergone capacitation binds to its receptor Juno, which is located on the oolemma of eggs.
Injury

# Introduction
Injury is damage or harm caused to the structure or function of the body caused by an outside agent or force, which may be physical or chemical. Injury may also refer to injured feelings or reputation rather than injuries to the body. A severe and perhaps life-threatening injury is called a physical trauma.

# Injury
- Bruise is a hemorrhage under the skin caused by contusion.
- Wound: cuts and grazes are injuries to or through the skin, that cause bleeding (i.e., a laceration).
- Burns are injuries caused by excess heat, chemical exposure, or sometimes cold (frostbite).
- Fractures are injuries to bones.
- Joint dislocation is a displacement of a bone from its normal joint, such as a dislocated shoulder or finger.
- Concussion is mild traumatic brain injury caused by a blow, without any penetration into the skull or brain.
- Sprain is an injury which occurs to ligaments caused by a sudden over stretching; a strain injures muscles.
- Shock is a serious medical condition where the tissues cannot obtain sufficient for oxygen and nutrients.
- Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma or surgery.
Serious bodily injury is any injury or injuries to the body that substantially risks death of the victim.

# Legal issues
Various legal remedies may be available for personal injury (eg. under the law negligence) or some other type of injury (eg. see damages and restitution).
In the United States, the legal definition of malicious injury is any injury committed with malice, hatred or one committed spitefully or wantonly. Such an action must be willfully committed with the knowledge that it is liable to cause injury. Injury involving element of fraud, violence, wantonness, willfulness, or criminality. An injury that is intentional, wrongful and without just cause or excuse, even in the absence of hatred, spite or ill will.

# Feigning Injury
Injuries may be feigned by a person or even non-human animal for various causes. Faking an injury may allow a person to receive compensation, injury cover, or may result in a team being awarded a penalty in a game of football. Birds such as the killdeer are known to feign injury to lead a predator away from their nest. The predator gives chase, believing them to be easy prey, but the bird then flies away, hopefully having distracted the predator sufficiently to prevent it from finding its nest.
Pelvis
The pelvis (pl. pelvises or pelves) is the bony structure located at the base of the spine (properly known as the caudal end). It is part of the appendicular skeleton.  Each os coxae (hipbone) consists of three bones: the illium, ischium, and the pubis.  The illium is the largest and upper most part, the ischium is the posterior-inferior (back-lower) part, and the pubis is the anterior (front) part of the hipbone.   The two hipbones  are joined anteriorly  at the symphysis pubis and posteriorly to the sacrum.  The pelvis incorporates the socket portion of the hip joint for each leg (in bipeds) or hind leg (in quadrupeds). It forms the lower limb (or hind-limb) girdle of the skeleton.

# Gender differences
- Infrapubic angle is greater than 90  in females and less than 90  in males
- Pelvic inletin males is more heart-shaped, while in females it is more round or oval
- Greater sciatic notch narrower in males
- Acetabulum in males faces more laterally, while it faces more anteriorly in females
- Sacrum more triangular in females
There are four main types of pelvis
- Gynaecoid
Normal female p elvis
Round with enlarged transverse diameter
- Normal female p elvis
- Round with enlarged transverse diameter
- Android
Normal male pelvis
Heart shaped
- Normal male pelvis
- Heart shaped
- Anthropoid
Long anterior to posterior diameter
- Long anterior to posterior diameter
- Platypelloid
Long transverse diameter
- Long transverse diameter
Iodate
An iodate is a salt of iodic acid. In the iodate anion,  iodine is bonded to three oxygen atoms and the molecular formula is IO3.  The molecular geometry of iodate is trigonal pyramid.
Iodate can be obtained by reducing periodate with a thioether. The biproduct of the reaction is a sulfoxide.
Iodates are a class of chemical compounds containing this group. Examples are sodium iodate (NaIO3), silver iodate (AgIO3), and calcium iodate (Ca(IO3)2). Iodates resemble chlorates with chlorine instead of iodine.
In acid conditions, iodic acid is formed. Potassium hydrogen iodate (KH(IO3)2) is a double salt of potassium iodate and iodic acid and an acid as well. Iodates are used in the Iodine clock reaction.
Iodide
An iodide ion is an iodine atom with a 1 charge. Compounds with iodine in formal oxidation state 1 are called iodides. This can include ionic compounds such as caesium iodide or covalent compounds such as carbon tetraiodide.  This is the same naming scheme as is seen with chlorides and bromides The chemical test for an iodide compound is to acidify the aqueous compound by adding some drops of acid, to dispel any carbonate ions present, then adding lead nitrate, yielding a bright yellow precipitate of lead iodide. Most ionic iodides are soluble, with the exception of yellow silver iodide and yellow lead iodide. Iron(III) iodide does not exist because iron(III) ions oxidize iodide ions in aqueous solution. Aqueous solutions of iodide dissolve iodine better than pure water due to the formation of complex ions:
The colour of the triiodide ion formed is brown.

# Examples
Examples or common iodides include:
- hydrogen iodide (HI)
- sodium iodide (NaI)
- potassium iodide (KI)
- carbon tetraiodide (CI4)
- silver iodide (AgI)
- nitrogen triiodide (NI3)

# Iodide as an antioxidant

# Clinical Use
Iodide (>6mg/day) can be used to treat patients with hyperthyroidism due to its ability to block the release of thyroid hormone (TH), known as the Wolff-Chaikoff Effect, from the thyroid gland. In fact, prior to 1940, iodides were the predominant antithyroid agents. In large doses, iodides inhibit proteolysis of thyroglobulin. This permits TH to be synthesized and stored in colloid, but not released into the bloodstream.
Of note, this treatment is seldom used today as a stand-alone therapy despite the rapid improvement of patients immediately following administration. The major disadvantage of iodide treatment lies in the fact that excessive stores of TH accumulate, slowing the onset of action of thioamides (TH synthesis blockers). Additionally, the functionality of iodides fade after the initial treatment period. An "escape from block" is also a concern, as extra stored TH may spike following discontinuation of treatment.
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JARID2
Protein Jumonji is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JARID2 gene. JARID2 is a member of the alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylase superfamily.
Jarid2 (jumonji, AT rich interactive domain 2) is a protein coding gene that functions as a putative transcription factor. Distinguished as a nuclear protein necessary for mouse embryogenesis, Jarid2 is a member of the jumonji family that contains a DNA binding domain known as the AT-rich interaction domain (ARID). In vitro studies of Jarid2 reveal that ARID along with other functional domains are involved in DNA binding, nuclear localization, transcriptional repression, and recruitment of Polycomb-repressive complex 2 (PRC2). Intracellular mechanisms underlying these interactions remain largely unknown.
In search of developmentally important genes, Jarid2 has previously been identified by gene trap technology as an important factor necessary for organ development. During mouse organogenesis, Jarid2 is involved in the formation of the neural tube and development of the liver, spleen, thymus and cardiovascular system. Continuous Jarid2 expression in the tissues of the heart, highlight its presiding role in the development of both the embryonic and the adult heart. Mutant models of Jarid2 embryos show severe heart malformations, ventricular septal defects, noncompaction of the ventricular wall, and dilated atria. Homozygous mutants of Jarid2 are found to die soon after birth. Overexpression of the mouse Jarid2 gene has been reported to repress cardiomyocyte proliferation through it close interaction with retinoblastoma protein (Rb), a master cell cycle regulator. Retinoblastoma-binding protein-2 and the human SMCX protein share regions of homology between mice and humans.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of JARID2 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Jarid2tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists  at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty six tests were carried out and two phenotypes were reported. Homozygous mutant embryos were identified during gestation but almost half showed signs of oedema, and in a separate study, only 1% survived until weaning (significantly less than the Mendelian ratio). The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice; no significant abnormalities were observed in these animals.
SEMA7A
Semaphorin 7A, GPI membrane anchor (John Milton Hagen blood group) (SEMA7A) also known as CD108 (Cluster of Differentiation 108), is a human gene.
SEMA7A is a membrane-bound semaphorin that associates with cell surfaces via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. SEMA7A is also known as the John-Milton-Hagen (JMH) blood group antigen, an 80-kD glycoprotein expressed on activated lymphocytes and erythrocytes.

# Genetics
This protein is known to have eight variants in the extracellular region: seven lie within the Sema domain and one within the PSI domain.

# Molecular biology
This protein forms dimers.

# Notes
This protein acts as a receptor for the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
JMJD1C
Jumonji domain containing 1C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JMJD1C gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene interacts with thyroid hormone receptors and contains a jumonji domain. It is a candidate histone demethylase and is thought to be a coactivator for key transcription factors. It plays a role in the DNA-damage response pathway by demethylating the mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1 (MDC1) protein, and is required for the survival of acute myeloid leukemia. Mutations in this gene are associated with Rett syndrome and intellectual disability.

# Epigenetic regulation of spermatogenesis
Jmjd1C belongs to the Jmjd1 family genes. Jmjd1C encodes a histone H3K9 demethylase. In addition, the JMJD1c gene has a role in mouse spermatogenesis.  In male homozygous Jmjd1C mouse knockouts are unable to produce sperm.  The mechanism may be the absence of interaction between JMJD1C with JMJD1c's partner proteins, for example, MDC1 and HSP90.
Jambul
Jambul or Jamun or Jamblang (Syzgium cumini) is an evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant family Myrtaceae, native to India, Pakistan and Indonesia. It is also grown in other areas of southern and southeastern Asia including the Philippines, Myanmar, and Afghanistan. The tree was also introduced to Florida, USA in 1911 by the USDA, and is also now commonly planted in Suriname. In Brazil, where it was introduced from India during Portuguese colonization, it has dispersed spontaneously in the wild in some places, as its fruits are eagerly sought by various native birds such as thrushes,  tanagers and the Great Kiskadee. The various names for this fruit are (in Java) plum, jambul, jamun, jaman, black plum, faux pistachier, Indian blackberry, jambol, doowet, jambolan, jambolao, nava pazham (Tamil: / ), duhat (Tagalog), and pring (Khmer). Scientific synonyms include Syzygium jambolanum, Eugenia cumini and Eugenia jambolana.
A fairly fast growing species, it can reach heights of up to 30 m and can live more than 100 years. Its dense foliage provides shade and is grown just for its ornamental value. The wood is strong and is water resistant. Because of this it is used in railway sleepers and to install motors in wells. It is sometimes used to make cheap furniture and village dwellings though it is relatively hard to work on.
Jamun trees start flowering from March to April. The flowers of Jamun are fragrant and small, about 5 mm in diameter. The fruits develop by May or June and resemble large berries. The fruit is oblong, ovoid, starts green and turns pink to shining crimson black as it matures. A variant of the tree produces white coloured fruit. The fruit has a combination of sweet, mildly sour and astringent flavour and tends to colour the tongue purple. The seed is also used in various alternative healing systems like Ayurveda (to control diabetes, for example.), Unani and Chinese medicine for digestive ailments. The leaves and bark are used for controlling blood pressure and gingivitis. Wine and vinegar are also made from the fruit. It has a high source in vitamin A and vitamin C.
KCNAB2
Voltage-gated potassium channel subunit beta-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNAB2 gene.

# Function
Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both functional and structural standpoints. Their diverse functions include regulating neurotransmitter release, heart rate, insulin secretion, neuronal excitability, epithelial electrolyte transport, smooth muscle contraction, and cell volume. Four sequence-related potassium channel genes - shaker, shaw, shab, and shal - have been identified in Drosophila, and each has been shown to have human homolog(s). This gene encodes a member of the potassium channel, voltage-gated, shaker-related subfamily. This member is one of the beta subunits, which are auxiliary proteins associating with functional Kv-alpha subunits. This member alters functional properties of the KCNA4 gene product. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.
In melanocytic cells KCNAB2 gene expression may be regulated by MITF.

# Interactions
KCNAB2 has been shown to interact with KCNA2.
KCNJ10
ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNJ10 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of the inward rectifier-type potassium channel family, Kir4.1, characterized by having a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into, rather than out of, a cell. Kir4.1, may form a heterodimer with another potassium channel protein and may be responsible for the potassium buffering action of glial cells in the brain. Mutations in this gene have been associated with seizure susceptibility of common idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndromes.

# EAST syndrome
Humans with mutations in the KCNJ10 gene that cause loss of function in related K+ channels can display Epilepsy, Ataxia, Sensorineural deafness and Tubulopathy, the EAST syndrome (Gitelman syndrome phenotype) reflecting roles for KCNJ10 gene products in the brain, inner ear and kidney. The Kir4.1 channel is expressed in the Stria vascularis and is essential for formation of the endolymph, the fluid that surrounds the mechanosensitive stereocilia of the sensory hair cells that make hearing possible.

# Interactions
KCNJ10 has been shown to interact with Interleukin 16.
KCNJ15
Potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 15, also known as KCNJ15 is a human gene, which encodes the Kir4.2 protein.

# Function
Potassium channels are present in most mammalian cells, where they participate in a wide range of physiologic responses. Kir4.2 is an integral membrane protein and inward-rectifier type potassium channel. Kir4.2 has a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into a cell rather than out of a cell. Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
The existing literature describing KCNJ15 and Kir4.2 is sparse. In spite of some initial channel nomenclature confusion, in which the gene was referred to as Kir1.3 the channel was first cloned from human kidney by Shuck and coworkers in 1997. Shortly thereafter it was shown that mutation of an extracellular lysine residue resulted in 6-fold increase in K+ current. Two years later, in 1999, voltage clamp measurements in xenopus oocytes found that intracellular acidification decreased the potassium current of Kir4.2. Also activation of protein kinase C decreased the current although in a non-reversible fashion. Furthermore, it was found that coexpression with related potassium channel Kir5.1, changed these results somewhat, which the authors concluded was likely to be a result of heterodimerization. Further voltage clamp investigations found the exact pH sensitivity (pKa = 7.1), open probability (high) and conductance of ~25 pS. In 2007 the channel was found to interact with the Calcium-sensing receptor in human kidney, using a yeast-two-hybrid system. This co-localization was verified at the protein level using both immunofluorescence techniques and coimmunoprecipitation of Kir4.2 and the Calcium-sensing receptor. Also a mutational study of Kir4.2 has demonstrated that removal of a c-terminal tyrosine increased the K+ current more than 10-fold. Because the channel has a very high open probability, the authors of this last article conclude that this increase is mediated by increased trafficking of the protein to the membrane and not increased single-channel conductance. This same line of reasoning is applicable to the initial work of Derst and coworkers.

# Interactions
KCNJ15 has been shown to interact with Interleukin 16.
KCNMB2
Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNMB2 gene.
MaxiK channels are large conductance, voltage and calcium-sensitive potassium channels which are fundamental to the control of smooth muscle tone and neuronal excitability. MaxiK channels can contain two distinct subunits: a pore-forming alpha subunit and a modulatory beta subunit. Each complete MaxiK channel contains four copies of the pore-forming alpha subunit and up to four beta subunits. The protein encoded by the KCNMB2 gene is an auxiliary beta subunit which influences the calcium sensitivity of MaxiK currents and, following activation of MaxiK current, causes persistent inactivation. The subunit encoded by the KCNMB2 gene is expressed in various endocrine cells, including pancreas and adrenal chromaffin cells. It is also found in the brain, including the hippocampus. The KCNMB2 gene is homologous to three other genes found in mammalian genomes: KCNMB1 (found primarily in smooth muscle), KCNMB3, and KCNMB4 (the primary brain MaxiK auxiliary subunit).
Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-2 comprises two domains. An N-terminal cytoplasmic domain, the ball and chain domain, which is responsible for the fast inactivation of these channels, and a C-terminal calcium-activated potassium channel beta subunit domain. The N-terminal domain only occurs in calcium-activated potassium channel subunit beta-2, while the C-terminal domain is found in related proteins.
KvLQT2
Kv7.2 (KvLQT2) is a potassium channel protein coded for by the gene KCNQ2.
It is associated with benign familial neonatal epilepsy.

# Function
The M channel is a slowly activating and deactivating potassium channel that plays a critical role in the regulation of neuronal excitability.  The M channel is formed by the association of the protein encoded by this gene and a related protein encoded by the KCNQ3 gene, both integral membrane proteins. M channel currents are inhibited by M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and activated by retigabine, a novel anti-convulsant drug. Defects in this gene are a cause of benign familial neonatal convulsions type 1 (BFNC), also known as epilepsy, benign neonatal type 1 (EBN1). At least five transcript variants encoding five different isoforms have been found for this gene.

# Ligands
- ICA-069673: channel opener at KCNQ2/Q3, 20-fold selective over KCNQ3/Q5, no measurable activity against a panel of cardiac ion channels (hERG, Nav1.5, L type channels, and KCNQ1) and no activity on GABAA gated channels at 10 M. A range of related benzamides exhibited activity, of which compound number 40 is shown here.
- ML252: channel inhibitor, IC50 = 70nM.
KIFAP3
Kinesin-associated protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIFAP3 (also known as KAP3) gene. It is a non-motor, accessory subunit which co-oligomerizes with the motor subunits KIF3A and KIF3B or KIF3C, to form heterotrimeric kinesin-2 motor proteins. Kinesin-2 KAP subunits were initially characterized in echinoderms and mice.

# Function
The small G protein GDP dissociation stimulator (smg GDS) is a regulator protein having two activities on a group of small G proteins including the Rho and Rap1 family members and Ki-Ras; one is to stimulate their GDP/GTP exchange reactions, and the other is to inhibit their interactions with membranes. The protein encoded by this gene contains 9  Armadillo repeats and interacts with the smg GDS protein through these repeats. This protein, which is highly concentrated around the endoplasmic reticulum, is phosphorylated by                 v-src            , and this phosphorylation reduces the affinity of the protein for smg GDS. It is thought that this protein serves as a linker between human chromosome-associated polypeptide (HCAP) and KIF3A/B, a kinesin superfamily protein in the nucleus, and that it plays a role in the interaction of chromosomes with an ATPase motor protein.

# Interactions
KIFAP3 has been shown to interact with                 APC            ,                 SMC3             and                 RAP1GDS1            .
KIRREL
Kin of IRRE-like protein 1, also known as NEPH1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIRREL gene.

# Function
NEPH1 is a member of the NEPH protein family, which includes NEPH2 (KIRREL3, MIM 607761) and NEPH3 (KIRREL2, MIM 607762). The cytoplasmic domains of these proteins interact with the C terminus of podocin (NPHS2; MIM 604766). NEPH1 is expressed in filtration slits of kidney podocytes, cells involved in ensuring size- and charge-selective ultrafiltration of blood (Sellin et al., 2003). 

# Interactions
KIRREL has been shown to interact with Nephrin and Tight junction protein 1.