Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Recovery, Inc.

# Processes
Recovery's method is essentially cognitive therapy; helping a person to be aware of possible errors or misconceptions in their perception of reality. Because its methods do not conflict with other therapies, it can be used in conjunction with twelve-step programs and is often recommended to patients by mental health professionals as an adjunct to their therapy.
At the meetings, members share examples from their lives that caused nervous symptoms (e.g. physical sensations, racing thoughts) and try to "spot" the thoughts that occurred just beforehand. Other members offer alternative ways of looking at the situation and suggest how to better handle similar symptoms in the future. For example, a person may experience depression (or "lowered feelings" in Recovery language) because they are aiming for a perfect performance. Trying to be perfect or trying to appear perfect leads one to feel down if one makes even the slightest mistake. Members are encouraged to "endorse" (to give themselves credit) for their effortsnot for their successes. All improvements are acknowledged, no matter how small. Members are are taught only to compare themselves to themselves, not to other people. Longstanding members are encouraged to share their success with the Recovery methods to help newcomers.

# Effectiveness
Following participation in Recovery, Inc., former mental patients reported no more anxiety about their mental health than the general public. Members rated their life satisfaction levels as high, or higher, than the general public. Members who had participated two years or more reported the highest levels of satisfaction with their health. Conversely, members who had participated less than two years tended to be still taking medication, living below the poverty level and having smaller social networks.
Participation in Recovery, Inc. decreased members' symptoms of mental illness and the amount of psychiatric treatment needed. About half of the members had been hospitalized before joining. Following participation less than 8% had been hospitalized. Members' scores of neurotic distress decreased, and scores of psychological well-being for longstanding members were no different from members of a control group in the same community. Long-term members were being treated with less psychiatric medication and psychotherapy than newer members.
Reducing sugar
A reducing sugar is any sugar that,  in basic solution, forms some aldehyde or ketone. This allows the sugar to act as a reducing agent, for example in the Maillard reaction and Benedict's reaction.This can be obtained through any good chemical stores.
Reducing sugars include glucose, fructose, glyceraldehyde, lactose, arabinose and maltose. All monosaccharides which contain ketone groups are known as ketoses, and those which contain aldehyde groups are known as aldoses. Significantly, sucrose is not a reducing sugar. It is in fact known as a non-reducing sugar.
Benedict's reagent is used to determine if a reducing sugar is present. If it is a reducing sugar, the mixture will turn green/orange/red. Fehling's solution can also be used for the same purpose, as both contain copper (II) ions, which are reduced to a brick red precipitate of copper (I) oxide when the solution is heated.
A reducing sugar occurs when its anomeric carbon is free.
Since sugars occur in a chain as well as a ring structure, it is possible to have an equilibrium between these two forms. When the hemi-acetal or ketal hydroxyl group is free, i.e. it is not locked, not linked to another (sugar)molecule, the aldehyde (or keto-) form (i.e. the chain-form) is available for reducing copper (II) ions. When a sugar is oxidized its carbonyl group (i.e. aldehyde or ketone group) is converted to a carboxyl group.
Reichert value
The Reichert value (or more fully, the Reichert-Meissl-Wollny value or Reichert-Meissl-Wollny number) is a value determined when examining fat. The Reichert value is an indicator of how much volatile fatty acid can be extracted from fat through saponification.  It is equal to the number of mililiters of 0.1 normal hydroxide solution necessary for the neutralization of the water-soluble volatile fatty acids distilled and filtered from 5 grams of a given saponified fat. (The hydroxide solution used in such a titration is typically made from sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or barium hydroxide.)
This number is a useful indicator of non-fat compounds in edible fats, and is especially high in butter.
The value is named for the chemists who developed it, Emil Reichert and Emerich Meissl. 
The Polenske value and Kirschner value are related numbers based on similar tests.
Relay For Life

# Overview
Relay For Life (often shortened to Relay) is a fundraising event of the American Cancer Society, and is now held in many other countries. It is an overnight event designed to spread awareness of cancer prevention, treatments and cures, celebrate survivorship and raise money for research to find more cures for cancer.

# Features
Although all Relays vary, there are a few common features:
- An opening ceremony followed by a Survivors Lap
- A ceremony emphasizing "hope" and celebrating "cure"; this is variously called Luminaria, the Candle of Hope, or other names
- A closing ceremony, including one last lap around the track in which everyone takes part.
In 2007, the "closing ceremony" in most Relay communities will be renamed the "Fight Back Ceremony."  During this ceremony, Relay For Life participants will FIGHT cancer by making a pledge to help rid the world of the disease.  Pledges can range from personal health decisions to helping others learn about cancer.  This new ceremony is part of the new slogan and core values of Relay For Life: "Celebrate.  Remember.  Fight Back."

# Branding
Although the event name is commonly written out by participants and journalists as "Relay for Life" with a lowercase f, the name on all official Relay For Life merchandise and information contains an uppercase F for branding purposes.  This branding is ever important to the American Cancer Society.  As a non-profit organization with limited resources, the American Cancer Society continues to promote its brands through fundraising and awareness.

# Online
Relay has been exported to the online virtual world Second Life.
In 2007, Relay For Life volunteers worldwide were able to begin sharing ideas with each other on a support site listed at RelayForLife.org.This site is very helpful for common purposes.
After the Virginia Tech Massacre, shooting victim Caitlin Hammaren's Relay for Life online donation page was still active.  When it was publicized on MSNBC's Clicked blog the donations went from about $100 to many thousands.

# Links
- American Cancer Society Relay For Life
- Official Relay For Life Website
- Relay For Life Videos on YouTube
- Relay For Life Volunteer Photo Pool on Flickr
- Canadian Cancer Society Relay For Life
- Cancer Research UK Relay For Life
- Team MOA - New Zealand Relay For Life
Renin receptor
The renin receptor also known as ATPase H(+)-transporting lysosomal accessory protein 2, or the prorenin receptor, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATP6AP2 gene.

# Function
The renin receptor binds renin and prorenin. Binding of renin to this receptor induces the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
This protein is associated with adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases). Proton-translocating ATPases have fundamental roles in energy conservation, secondary active transport, acidification of intracellular compartments, and cellular pH homeostasis. There are three classes of ATPases- F, P, and V. The vacuolar (V-type) ATPases have a transmembrane proton-conducting sector and an extramembrane catalytic sector. This protein has been found associated with the transmembrane sector of the V-type ATPases.
Reset osmostat
In water-electrolyte imbalance, Reset osmostat is a cause of hyponatremia.
"The normal osmostat for vasopressin release is fixed between 275 and 295 mOsm/kg. When the serum osmolality is below 280 mOsm/kg in normal individuals, vasopressin levels are very low".
Rest osmostat have been reported in a healthy patient.

# Pathology
Reset osmostat may be a form of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) and has been proposed to possibly be either:
- A type B SIADH. Type B SIADH may include reset osmostat, "characterized by a decline in plasma copeptin levels with increasing saline-stimulated serum osmolality...baseline hypovolemia could not be identified "
- A type C SIADH. Reset osmostat may be a Type C rather than Type b, "reset osmostat may in part be considered as a less severe variant of the type C defect..., where responsivity to osmotic challenges is completely lost. Copeptin release in this subtype was stable at levels within the normal physiologic range but was not suppressed by hypotonicity or stimulated in response to osmotic stimulation; thus, it deviates from the previously described type C"
Alternatively, reset osmostat may not be a type of SIADH. Maesaka has proposed this due to the reliable normal fractional urate excretion (FEurate) values in reset osmostat.
Psychogenic polydipsia may be related to reset osmostat and has similar (normal) findings with the FEurate.

# Diagnosis
The fractional urate excretion (FEurate) in reset osmostat should be: 4%-11% (normal) and is superior to serum urate.
If the FEurate is high (higher than 11%), this suggests SIADH, thiazide-induced hyponatremia, or renal salt wasting.

# Importance
Recognizing reset osmostat maybe important as baseline sodium < 140 mEq/L is a predictor of thiazide-induced hyponatremia during thiazide therapy.
Reverse speech
Reverse speech is a hypothesis first put forward by David John Oates. It was widely publicized on the radio show of Art Bell.
Oates' claim is that on average, once every 15-20 seconds of casual conversation, a person conveys two related sentences, only the forward message we can hear consciously. The second message is embedded backwards unconsciously into the person's speech.  Backward messages in rehearsed and public speech do not occur as often; about once every 60-90 seconds a message is conveyed through reversed speech.
These two modes of speech, forward and backward, are dependent upon each other and form an integral part of human communication. One mode cannot be fully understood without the other mode. In the dynamics of interpersonal communication, both modes of speech combined communicate the total psyche of the person, conscious as well as unconscious.
This means that if a person's statement was recorded and played backwards, the speaker's unconscious thoughts could be heard. The most famous recording that allegedly demonstrates this is the speech given by Neil Armstrong at the time of the moon landing in 1969. If played backwards, the words "small step for man" sound somewhat like "Man will space walk!"
Many videos on YouTube that relate to reverse speech almost always lower the pitch of the reversal to make the subliminal words more clear
Intentional reversal of speech without a technical device is called phonetic reversal.
While the theory that the human brain can express otherwise hidden thoughts by embedding them as reversed speech into the intended speech is quite fascinating, there are simpler theories that explain these astonishing messages.
A quite simple and well published explanation for this phenomenon is, that the human brain desperately and partially successfully tries to make sense out of the noise, as soon as it expects that noise to be a spoken language.
Another likely explanation of Reverse Speech phenomena is that the power of suggestion is used to nudge the listener to hear what the presenter wants them to hear. David John Oates, for example, almost always tells the listener in advance what they should expect to hear, thereby planting a suggestion that would make the listener more likely to actually "hear" something. Independent studies have shown that when listening to the same clips without being told in advance what to expect, the average listener will either hear something entirely different, or just hear plain gibberish (see "Criticisms of Reverse Speech" in External Links).
Rickettsialpox

# Overview
Rickettsialpox is an illness caused by bacteria found in the Rickettsia family (Rickettsia akari).  The bacteria is originally found in mice and cause mites feeding on the mice to become infected.  Humans will get rickettsialpox when receiving a bite from an infected mite, not from the mice themselves.
The first symptom is a bump formed by the bite, eventually resulting in a black, crusty scab.  Many of the symptoms are flu-like including fever, chills, weakness and achy muscles but the most distinctive symptom is the rash that breaks out, spanning the infected person's entire body.
Rickettsialpox is generally mild and there are no known deaths resulting from the disease.
Those dwelling in urban areas (which typically experience rodent problems) have a higher risk of contracting Rickettsialpox.

# Differentiating Rickettsialpox from other diseases
Different rash-like conditions can be confused with rickettsialpox and are thus included in its differential diagnosis. The various conditions that should be differentiated from rickettsialpox include:
Rigshospitalet
Rigshospitalet, or simply Riget (as in Lars von Trier's mini-series The Kingdom) - is The Kingdom Hospital in Denmark, situated in Copenhagen. It is part of the Copenhagen University Hospital together with the faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Copenhagen.
Rigshospitalet was founded in 30th March 1757 under the name "Kongelig Frederiks Hospital", named after King Frederik V. It was back then located in Bredgade in central Copenhagen.
Rigshospitalet's mission is to be Denmark's leading hospital for patients needing highly specialized treatment.. Rigshospitalet's main specialist role has been enhanced in recent years by the decision that it should serve as the host institution for many of Copenhagen's speciality departments.
Because of this, other hospitals refer patients to Rigshospitalet for the unique expertise available there.
Rigshospitalets neighbor, Panum Institute, houses the Health Sciences Faculty of Copenhagen University, and this proximity optimizes a close cooperation between the two in the fields of research and development. The Nordic Cochrane Centre and the University Centre for Nursing and Care Research are both placed within Rigshospitalet.
With 1,120 beds, Rigshospitalet has responsibility for 65,000 inpatients and approximately 420,000 ambulant visits annually. In addition to its eight thousand personnel (seven thousand full-time equivalents), the hospital trains, hosts, and has the in-service advantages of students of medicine and other health care sciences, as well as scientists working within Rigshospitalet under a variety of research grants.
The hospital became internationally famous as the location of Lars von Trier's television horror mini-series The Kingdom.
It is also famous for being the hospital in which Crown Princess Mary of Denmark gave birth to her two children by Crown Prince Frederik, Prince Christian and Princess Isabella.
This year (2007) Rigshospitalet is celebrating its 250th anniversary.
In 2006/7, however, the Danish government has put forth a proposal for a new elite-hospital to surpass Rigshospitalet.

# Failure to test blood properly
Two patients were infected with HIV at Rigshospitalet in February 2007 after getting a blood transfusion with infected blood. The hospital has displayed no intention of going public with the details of either the infected patients or the blood donor. The contagion could, according to experts, probably have been discovered at the
time if the blood had been tested with a NAT-test, which is used by many other western countries.
Robert A. Good

# Overview
Robert Alan Good (May 21 1922  June 13 2003) was an American physician who performed the first successful human bone marrow transplant and is regarded as a founder of modern immunology.
Robert Good was born in Crosby, Minnesota, the second son of parents who worked as educators. He attended the University of Minnesota and its medical school, receiving a B.A. degree in 1944, and M.D. and Ph.D. degrees in 1947. He was the first student to undertake a combined M.D.-Ph.D curriculum at Minnesota.
While an undergraduate, he developed a polio-like illness that left him partially paralyzed. His mother pushed his wheelchair into his medical school classrooms. He eventually recovered from the illness, but retained a pronounced limp for the remainder of his life.
After obtaining his M.D. and Ph.D. degrees, Good undertook clinical training in pediatrics at the University of Minnesota Hospitals. After a fellowship year at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, he returned to the University of Minnesota Medical School in 1950, where he engaged in research on the immune system. Among his accomplishments, in 1962 he documented the importance of the thymus gland, in 1965 he documented the important role of the tonsils in developing the immune defense systems of mammals including humans, and in 1968 he led the team that performed the first successful human bone marrow transplant.  The patient who received the transplant was a 5-month-old boy with a profound immune deficiency that had earlier led to the deaths of eleven male members of his extended family. The boy received bone marrow transplanted from his 8-year-old sister. The transplant was successful and the boy grew up to become a healthy adult.
In 1972 he went to New York City to become president of the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research. At Sloan-Kettering he continued his research into the human immune system. He remained at Sloan-Kettering until 1982, but his tenure there was marred by the discovery in 1974 of serious scientific fraud perpetrated by William T. Summerlin, a member of his lab who had previously worked with him at Minnesota. In 1982 he moved to the Cancer Research Program at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation in Oklahoma City, where he remained until 1985, when he became Physician-in-Chief at the All Children's Hospital in St. Petersburg, Florida, where he remained until his death in 2003.
Good was the 1970 recipient of the Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research and the Gairdner Foundation International Award. Additionally, he received the American College of Physicians Award in 1972, and was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a charter member of the Institute of Medicine.
Good died from esophageal cancer at age 81 in St. Petersburg, Florida.
Robert Beamish
Robert Earl Beamish, C.M., O.M.(September 16, 1916  February 17, 2001) was a Canadian physician and cardiologist.
Born in Shoal Lake, Manitoba, the son of Henry and Mary May (McLeod) Beamish, Beamish graduated with a B.A. from Brandon College in 1937 and an M.D. from the University of Manitoba in 1942. He served in Canada with the Royal Canadian Military Corps from 1944 to 1946, retiring with the rank of Captain. From 1947 to 1948, he studied in London after being awarded a Nuffield Dominion Travelling Fellowship.
Upon returning to Canada, Beamish began his efforts to have the study and treatment of heart disease established as a legitimate field of medical specialty in Canada. He pioneered the idea that by lowering cholesterol the risk of heart disease was significantly lowered.
He served as a physician and cardiologist at the University of Manitoba, the Winnipeg Health Sciences Centre and the Manitoba Clinic, where he established the department of cardiology.  In 1970, he joined the Great West Life Assurance Co., becoming Vice President, Underwriting and Medical. He was appointed Professor Emeritus of the University of Manitoba in 1989 and received honorary degrees from Brandon University and the University of Manitoba.
He was a Founding Director of the Manitoba Heart Foundation and served on its Medical Committee for over 30 years. He was also chairman of the Medical Advisory Committee of the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada from 1970 to 1972. He was President of both the Manitoba Medical Association and the Manitoba College of Physicians and Surgeons.
He is the co-author of Manitoba Medicine: A Brief History (1999, ISBN 0-88755-660-4).
In 1990 he was made a Member of the Order of Canada. In 2000 he was awarded the Order of Manitoba.
In 1943, he married Mary Kathleen Weekes. They had three daughters: Catherine (born 1949), Judith (born 1953) and Mary Anne (born 1955).
Rogaine (drug)
Rogaine (now branded as Regaine outside the U.S.) is the brand name for minoxidil, when used as a topical drug to treat male pattern baldness.  The solution is applied to the scalp daily to stimulate hair growth and help prevent hair loss. It is available over-the-counter (OTC) in the U.S. in a 2% minoxidil solution and also as a 5% minoxidil solution (Rogaine Extra Strength for Men).  While the 2% solution can be used by either gender, the 5% solution is recommended for use by men only.
Clinical studies of the effectiveness of topical minoxidil have shown both a slowing of hair loss and some regrowth of hair in some (but not all) patients.  These studies also show that these measurable changes disappear fairly rapidly (within one to two years) after discontinuation of treatment.
In 2006 Rogaine Foam was released. Prior to the foam, Rogaine came only in liquid form. The foam is meant to allow for better and easier application with fewer side effects. It also allows the scalp to absorb the minoxidil more efficiently.

# Side effects
As a drug to combat hair loss, the most common side effect is itchy scalp. In some cases Minoxidil may initially cause an increase in hair loss.
There have been cases of allergic reactions to minoxidil or the non-active ingredient propylene glycol which is found in some forms of the topical version, such as Rogaine.  Large amounts of minoxidil can cause hypotension, and it has been found that using petroleum jelly or tretinoin on the scalp with minoxidil can cause too much of the drug absorption by the scalp, as can using the drug on sunburned scalps.
If a person uses minoxidil to stop hair loss for a length of time and then stops taking the drug, hair loss will occur again.
Other side effects include:
- acne on the area where it is being used as a topical solution
- headaches and/or lightheadedness
- very low blood pressure
- irregular or fast heart beat
- blurred vision
- chest pain
All the side effects in the above list except for acne may be an indicator that too much of the drug is being used.
It has also been found that the drug can be passed from a mother to a child via breast milk.
Rosa damascena
Rosa  damascena, more commonly known as the Damask rose or simply as "Damask" is a rose hybrid, derived from Rosa gallica and Rosa moschata (Huxley 1992).
It is a deciduous shrub growing to 2.2 m tall, the stems densely armed with stout, curved prickles and stiff bristles. The leaves are pinnate, with five (rarely seven) leaflets.
It is considered an important type of Old Rose, also for their prominent place in the pedigree of many other types.
The crusader Robert de Brie is given credit for bringing them from Persia to Europe sometime between 1254 and 1276. The name refers to Damascus, a major city in the region.
They are renowned for their fine fragrance, and their flowers are commercially harvested for rose oil used in perfumery.  The perfume industry often refers to this note as Damascus rose.
The hybrid is divided in two varieties (Huxley 1992):
- Summer Damasks (R.  damascena nothovar. damascena) have a short flowering season, only in the summer.
- Autumn Damasks (R.  damascena nothovar. semperflorens (Duhamel) Rowley) have a longer flowering season, extending into the autumn; they are otherwise not distinguishable from the summer damasks.
A still popular example of R.  damascena is the Ispahan rose
The hybrid Rosa  centifolia is derived in part from Rosa  damascena

# References and external links
- Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan.
- Damask Rose
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