Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Diabetes UK
Diabetes UK is a British patient, healthcare professional and  research charity dedicated to improving the lives of people with diabetes and to working towards a future without the chronic condition diabetes.
Founded in 1934 as The Diabetic Association (by H. G. Wells and Dr R. D. Lawrence), the organisation has since had two name changes - in 1954 to The British Diabetic Association and again in 2000 to Diabetes UK.
It also has a website that includes information about diabetes for healthcare professionals and people living with diabetes.
The membership of over 180K comprises people with diabetes, their carers and healthcare professionals.
Diabetes UK's first voluntary group was set up in 1939 - 350 are now spread out across the UK. There are also local offices across England and national offices in Northern Ireland, Scotland & Wales.  They run conferences for their volunteers and healthcare professionals in the field of diabetes.
Diabetes UK campaigns for improvements in the care and treatment of people with diabetes.
The charity has been running care holidays since the 1930s for children. Families and adult holidays have been introduced since. The holidays aim to provide support and advice in a fun surrounding.
In 1993, a counselling line for patients, family and friends was launched, the Careline is contactable by a lo-call number, email and post.
The charity also has an internal library and provides a science enquiry service. 
Diabetes UK funds UK based research into the causes and treatment of diabetes and its complications. The first research grant was made in 1936.
Produces a range of information booklets and various magazines, including Balance (for patients) (formerly The Diabetic Journal, first published in 1935, changing its name to Balance in 1961 and Diabetes Update (for professionals). It also via Blackwell Publishing produces the academic journal, Diabetic Medicine. Previous issues were published by John Wiley and Sons (Volume 1, 1984 to Volume 17, mid 2000).
Diabetology

# Overview
Diabetology is the clinical science of diabetes mellitus, its diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. It can be considered a specialised field of endocrinology.
The term diabetologist is used in several ways. In North America over the last 40 years it is most often used for an internist who through practice and interest develops expertise in diabetes care without having formal training or board certification in endocrinology. Diabetology is not a recognized medical specialty and has no formal training programs leading to board certification. In other contexts the term diabetologist refers to any physician, including endocrinologists, whose practice and/or research efforts are concentrated mainly in diabetes care.
Apart from regulating medication (e.g. insulin) dosage and timing, a diabetologist will also concern himself with the potential consequences of diabetes, e.g. retinopathy, nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy.
Dicotyledon
Magnoliopsida is the botanical name for a class of flowering plants.  By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its circumscription can otherwise vary, being more inclusive or less inclusive depending upon the classification system being discussed.

# Cronquist and Takhtajan systems
In the Takhtajan system and the Cronquist system the name is used for the group known as dicotyledons.

## Magnoliopsida in the Takhtajan system
The Takhtajan system used this internal taxonomy:
- class Magnoliopsida 
subclass Magnoliidae
subclass Nymphaeidae
subclass Nelumbonidae
subclass Ranunculidae
subclass Caryophyllidae
subclass Hamamelididae
subclass Dilleniidae
subclass Rosidae
subclass Cornidae
subclass Asteridae
subclass Lamiidae

## Magnoliopsida in the Cronquist system
The Cronquist system used this internal taxonomy (in the 1981 version):
- class Magnoliopsida 
subclass Magnoliidae
subclass Hamamelidae
subclass Caryophyllidae
subclass Dilleniidae
subclass Rosidae
subclass Asteridae

# Dahlgren and Thorne systems
The Dahlgren system and the Thorne system (1992) use the name Magnoliopsida for the flowering plants (angiosperms). However, the Cronquist system has been very popular and there have been many versions of the system published. In some of these Cronquist-based systems the name Magnoliopsida (at the rank of class) refers to the flowering plants (the angiosperms).
- class Magnoliopsida 
subclass Magnoliidae 
subclass Liliidae 

# Reveal system
The Reveal system uses the name Magnoliopsida for a group of the primitive dicotyledons, corresponding to about half of the plants in the magnoliids:
- class 1. Magnoliopsida
superorder 1. Magnolianae
superorder 2. Lauranae

# APG systems
In the APG and APG II systems botanical names are used only at the rank of order and below. Above the rank of order, these systems use their own names, such as angiosperms, eudicots, monocots, rosids, etc. These names refer to clades (unranked). This class Magnoliopsida is not defined. Note that the idea that dicotyledons could be a taxonomic unit and get a formal name is rejected by the APG: the dicots are considered to be paraphyletic.
ca:Magnoliopsid
cs:Nizsi dvoudelozne
de:Einfurchenpollen-Zweikeimblattrige
et:Kaheidulehelised
fa:
hsb:Magnoliopsida
id:Magnoliopsida
it:Magnoliopsida
he:- 
lb:Magnoliopsida
lt:Magnolijainiai
ms:Magnoliopsida
nl:Magnoliopsida
-c:Magnoliopsida
qu:Ch'ulla khata sisayuq
sq:Magnoliopsida
scn:Magnoliopsida
simple:Magnoliopsida
th:
to:Lautengaiua
bat-smg:Magnolejaine
Digoxigenin
Digoxigenin (DIG) is a steroid found exclusively in the flowers and leaves of the plants Digitalis purpurea and Digitalis lanata.

# Use in biotechnology
Its small size and relative ease with which it can be attached to biological molecules, along with the availability of antibodies in order to target it, makes it a useful tool in biochemistry.  Along with fluorescein, it has become the standard immunohistochemical marker for in situ hybridisation.  In this case it is conjugated to a single species of RNA nucleotide triphosphate (typically Uridine), which is then incorporated into the riboprobe as it is synthesised.
It may also be conjugated with sugars, allowing the incorporation of specific sugars into glycoproteins to be imaged in a similar way.
Imidazoline

# Overview
Imidazoline is a nitrogen-containing heterocycle derived from imidazole. The ring contains an imine bond, and the carbons at the 4 and 5 positions are singly bonded, rather than doubly bonded for the case of imidazole. Imidazolines are structurally related to guanidines and amidines.
Like imidazole, imidazoline-based compounds have been used as N-heterocyclic carbene ligands on various transition metals. It is found in the commercially available second generation Grubbs' catalyst.

# Biological role
Many imidazolines are biologically active. Most bio-active derivatives bear a substituent (aryl or alkyl group) on the carbon between the nitrogen centers. Some brand names include oxymetazoline, xylometazoline, tetrahydrozoline, and naphazoline.
1,4-Dioxane

# Overview
1,4-Dioxane, often just called dioxane, is a clear, colorless heterocyclic organic compound which is a liquid at room temperature and pressure.  It has the molecular formula C4H8O2 and a boiling point of 101C.  It is commonly used as an aprotic solvent.  1,4-Dioxane has a weak smell similar to that of diethyl ether.  There are also two other less common isomeric compounds, 1,2-dioxane and 1,3-dioxane.  1,2-Dioxane is a peroxide which forms naturally in old bottles of tetrahydrofuran.
1,4-Dioxane is classified as an ether, with each of its two oxygen atoms forming an ether functional group.  It is more polar than diethyl ether, which also has four carbons, but only one ether functional group.  Diethyl ether is rather insoluble in water, but 1,4-dioxane is miscible with water and is hygroscopic.  Its higher polarity and slightly higher molecular mass also gives it a substantially higher boiling point than diethyl ether.  When used as a solvent for a grignard reaction, Dioxane favorably affects the formation of magnesium halide salts in the Schlenk equilibrium.
The name dioxane should not be confused with dioxin, which is a different compound but is also a diether (two ether functional groups).

# Uses
1,4-Dioxane is primarily used in solvent applications for the manufacturing sector; however, it is also found in fumigants and automotive coolant. Additionally, the chemical is also used as a foaming agent and appears as an accidental byproduct of the ethoxylation process in cosmetics manufacturing. It may contaminate cosmetics and personal care products such as deodorants, shampoos, toothpastes and mouthwashes.
It is also commonly used as an internal standard for calibrating chemical shifts in NMR, as tetramethylsilane (the compound to which all chemical shifts are ultimately referenced) is not soluble in D2O.

# Safety & environmental concerns
Dioxanes combine with atmospheric oxygen on standing to form explosive peroxides, similar to many other ethers. Distillation of dioxanes concentrates these peroxides increasing the danger. Appropriate precautions should be taken.
1,4-dioxane is a known eye and respiratory tract irritant. It is suspected of causing damage to the central nervous system, liver and kidneys.
Accidental worker exposure to 1,4-dioxane has resulted in several deaths. Dioxane is classified by the IARC as a Group 2B carcinogen: possibly carcinogenic to humans due to the fact that it is a known carcinogen in animals.
Like many solvents, 1,4-dioxane forms contamination plumes in groundwater when released to the environment.  Groundwater supplies have been adversely impacted in several areas.
1,4-dioxane is highly soluble in groundwater, does not readily bind to soils, and readily leaches to groundwater. It is also
resistant to naturally occurring biodegradation processes. Due to these properties, a 1,4-dioxane plume is often much larger
(and further downgradient) than the associated solvent plume.
Diploblasty

# Overview
Diploblasty is a condition of the ovum in which there are two primary germ layers: the ectoderm and endoderm.
Diploblastic organisms are organisms which evolve from such an ovum, and include cnidaria and ctenophores.
The endoderm allows them to develop true tissue. This includes tissue associated with the gut and associated glands. The ectoderm on the other hand gives rise to the epidermis, the nervous tissue, and if present, nephridia.
Simpler animals, such as sea sponges, have one germ layer and lack true tissue organisation.
All the more complex animals (from flat worms to man) are triploblastic with three germ layers (a mesoderm as well as ectoderm and endoderm). The mesoderm allows them to develop true organs.
Diprenorfin

# Overview
Diprenorphine (diprenorfin, Revivon, M5050) is an non-selective opioid antagonist, though it may have some slight partial agonist activity at the kappa-opioid receptor. It is used to reverse the effects of super-potent opioid analgesics such as etorphine and carfentanil that are used for tranquilizing large animals in veterinary medicine.
Diprenorphine is the strongest opiate antagonist that is commercially available (some 100 times more potent as an antagonist than nalorphine), and is used for reversing the effects of very strong opioids for which the binding affinity is so high that naloxone does not effectively or reliably reverse the narcotic effects. These super-potent opioids, with the single exception of buprenorphine, are not used in humans because the dose for a human is so small that it would be difficult to measure properly, so there is an excessive risk of overdose leading to fatal respiratory depression. However conventional opioid derivatives are not strong enough to rapidly tranquilize large animals such as elephants and rhinos, so drugs such as etorphine or carfentanil are available for this purpose.
Diprenorphine is considered the specific antagonist for etorphine and carfentanil, and is normally used to remobilise animals once veterinary procedures have been completed. Because diprenorphine also has some agonistic properties of its own, it should not be used on humans in the event that they are accidentally exposed to etorphine or carfentanil. Naloxone or naltrexone are the preferred human antagonists.
In theory, diprenorphine could also be used as an antidote for treating overdose of certain opioid derivatives which are used in humans, such as buprenorphine, for which the binding affinity is so high that naloxone does not reliably reverse the narcotic effects. However, diprenorphine is not generally available in hospitals; instead a vial of diprenorphine is supplied with etorphine or carfentanil specifically for reversing the effects of these drugs, so use of diprenorphine for treating e.g. a buprenorphine overdose is not usually carried out in practice.
Dirlotapide

# Overview
Dirlotapide is a drug used to treat obesity in dogs.  It is manufactured by Pfizer and marketed as Slentrol.
It works as a selective microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) inhibitor.  This blocks the assembly and release of lipoproteins into the bloodstream, thereby reducing fat absorption.  It also elicits a satiety signal from lipid-filled cells lining the intestine.
It is supplied as an oral solution.  It is not intended for use in humans, cats, or parrots.
On January 5, 2007, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Slentrol, the first time the FDA has approved a drug for obese dogs.
Dirlotapide is used to manage obesity in dogs and helps by reducing appetite. It should be used as part of an overall weight control program that also includes proper diet and exercise, under the supervision of a veterinarian. Side effects may include vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, drooling, or uncoordination. Allergic reaction to the medication may include, facial swelling, hives, scratching, sudden onset of diarrhea, vomiting, shock, seizures, pale gums, cold limbs, or coma.
Contact your veterinarian if you observe any of these signs. The dose of dirlotapide will need to be recalculated each month, based on your dog's weight.
Leukoplakia

# Overview
Leukoplakia is a condition of the mouth that involves the formation of white leathery spots on the mucous membranes of the tongue and inside of the mouth. It is not a specific disease entity and is diagnosed by exclusion of diseases that may cause similar white lesions like candidiasis or lichen planus.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Leukoplakia affects less than one percent of the population, and is most common in adults within the 50-70 years age group.

# Diagnosis

## Common Causes
The cause in most cases is unknown, but many are related to tobacco use and chronic irritation. Bloodroot, otherwise known as sanguinaria, is also believed to be associated with causing leukoplakia.  A small proportion of cases, particularly those involving the floor of the mouth or the undersurface of the tongue is associated with a risk of cancer.
The so-called hairy leukoplakia associated with HIV infection and other diseases of severe immune deficiency does not have risks for cancer.

## Physical Examination

### Ear Nose and Throat
- The white lesion is an example of leukoplakia.
- Oral Hairy Leucoplakia (EBV, HIV).

### Vulvar leukoplakia
- Vulvar leukoplakia. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Vulvar leukoplakia. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

# Differential diagnosis
Oral leukoplakia must be differentiated from other mouth lesions such as oral candidiasis and aphthous ulcer

# Treatment
The treatment of leukoplakia mainly involves avoidance of predisposing factors like smoking, tobacco and betel chewing, alcohol,and removal of chronic irritants like sharp edges of teeth. In suspicious cases, a biopsy is also taken, and surgical excision done if pre-cancerous changes or frank cancer is detected.
Mediastinum

# Overview
The mediastinum is a non-delineated group of structures in the thorax (chest), surrounded by loose connective tissue.  It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. It contains the heart, the great vessels of the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and lymph nodes of the central chest.

# Anatomy
The mediastinum lies between the right and left pleura in and near the median sagittal plane of the chest. It extends from the sternum in front to the vertebral column behind, and contains all the thoracic viscera except the lungs. It may be divided for purposes of description into two parts:
- an upper portion, above the upper level of the pericardium, which is named the superior mediastinum with its superior limit at the superior thoracic opening and its inferior limit at the plane from the sternal angle to the disc of T4-T5 (Plane of Ludwig);
- and a lower portion, below the upper level of the pericardium. This lower portion is again subdivided into three parts, viz.:
that in front of the pericardium, the anterior mediastinum;
that containing the pericardium and its contents, the middle mediastinum;
and that behind the pericardium, the posterior mediastinum.
- that in front of the pericardium, the anterior mediastinum;
- that containing the pericardium and its contents, the middle mediastinum;
- and that behind the pericardium, the posterior mediastinum.
It is surrounded by the chest wall anteriorly, the lungs laterally and the spine posteriorly. It is continuous with the loose connective tissue of the neck, and extends inferiorly onto the diaphragm.
Note that clinical radiologists and anatomists categorize the mediastinum in slightly different ways.

# Role in disease
The mediastinum frequently is the site of involvement of various tumors.
Mediastinitis is inflammation of the tissues in the mediastinum, usually bacterial and due to rupture of organs in the mediastinum. As the infection can progress very quickly, this is a serious condition.
Pneumomediastinum is the presence of air in the mediastinum, which can lead to pneumothorax, pneumoperitoneum, and pneumopericardium if left untreated in some cases. However, that does not always happen and sometimes those conditions actually are the cause, not the result, of pneumomediastinum.
These two conditions frequently accompany Boerhaave's syndrome, or spontaneous esophageal rupture.
A widened mediastinum (usually found via a chest x-ray) is a classic hallmark sign of anthrax posioning. At this point, the disease is typically fatal.
Distraction

# Overview
Distraction is the diversion of attention of an individual or group from the chosen object of attention onto the source of distraction. Distraction is caused by one of the following: lack of ability to pay attention; lack of interest in the object of attention; greater interest in something other than the object of attention; or the great intensity, novelty or attractiveness of something other than the object of attention. Distractions come from both external sources (physical stimulus through the five senses), or internal sources (thought, emotion, daydreams, physical urges). Divided attention, as in multi-tasking could also be considered as distraction in situations requiring full attention on a single object (e.g., sports, academic tests, performance).  Distraction is a major cause of procrastination. Distraction is also a television game show hosted by Jimmy Carr both in the UK and the US.

# Distraction by media
The media (television, reading, video games), can be a great source of distraction.
In many cases, media is viewed as more entertaining than the object of attention.  The brightly colored images and appealing sounds also divert attention.  The case of Shawn Woolley was a very extreme case; he became particularly involved in the computer game Everquest and quit his job to dedicate up to 12 hours a day playing the game.

# Distraction in wildlife, warfare, and crime
- Fake targets:
In open field with mass military strategy, sometimes a contingent of troops is used to distract the enemy army so their flank is exposed, or to draw them away from a key point or fortification, such as a city.
Flares can be used to divert the enemy soldiers' gaze
- In open field with mass military strategy, sometimes a contingent of troops is used to distract the enemy army so their flank is exposed, or to draw them away from a key point or fortification, such as a city.
- Flares can be used to divert the enemy soldiers' gaze
- Pickpockets and other thieves, especially those working in teams, sometimes apply distraction, such as asking a question, bumping into the victim, or deliberately dirtying the victim's clothing and then "helping" him/her to clean it.
- Animals with fake eyes on their back distract their predators with the fake eyes.
Dizocilpine
Dizocilpine, also known as MK-801, is a non-competitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor. It binds inside the ion channel of the receptor and thus prevents the flow of ions such as calcium (Ca2+) through the channel.  Dizocilpine blocks NMDA receptors in a use- and voltage-dependent manner, since the channel must open for the drug to bind inside it.  The drug is an anti-convulsant.

# Possible future medical uses
The effects of MK-801 at NMDA receptors are clear and significant.  NMDA receptors are key in the progression of excitotoxicity (a process in which an excessive amount of extracellular glutamate overexcites glutamate receptors and harms neurons).  Thus NMDA receptor antagonists including MK-801 have been extensively studied for use in treatment of diseases with excitotoxic components, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's, Alzheimer's, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.  MK-801 has shown effectiveness in protecting neurons in cell culture and animal models of excitotoxic neurodegeneration.   However, NMDA antagonists like MK-801 have largely failed to show safety and effectiveness in clinical trials, possibly due to inhibition of NMDA receptor function that is necessary for normal neuronal function.  Since MK-801 is a particularly strong NMDA receptor antagonist, this drug is particularly likely to have psychotomimetic side effects (such as hallucinations) that result from NMDA receptor blockade.  MK-801 had a promising future as a neuroprotective agent until neurotoxic-like effects, called Olney's Lesions, were seen in certain brain regions of test rats. Merck, a drug company, promptly dropped development of MK-801.

# Recreational use
Dizocilpine may be effective as a recreational drug, and may have an active dose in the 50-100g range. Little is known in this context about its effects, dosage, and risks. Dizocilpine's high potency makes its dosage more difficult to accurately control when compared to other similar drugs. As a result, the chances of overdosing are high. Users tend to report that the experience is not as enjoyable as other dissociative drugs, and it is often accompanied by strong auditory hallucinations. Also, dizocilpine is much longer-lasting than similar dissociative drugs such as ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP), and causes far worse amnesia and residual deficits in thinking, which have hindered its acceptance as a recreational drug.
Don Spencer
Don Spencer is considered the World's Fastest Hypnotist. He credits include training over 25,000 people, hypnotizing over 1,000,000 people around the globe. 
His professional work spans over 2 decades and includes Clinical work, Hypnotherapy Instructor, Entertainer, Author and Producer of the longest running weekly comedy hypnosis show.
His main site  is a plethora of hypnotic information including the #1 best selling How to Hypnotize home video ever on his site.