Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Prognosis
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# Overview
Prognosis (older Greek , modern Greek  - literally fore-knowing, foreseeing) is a medical term denoting the doctor's prediction of how a patient's disease will progress, and whether there is chance of recovery. Since the 20th century, the word has been increasingly used in non-medical contexts as well, for example in corporate finance.

# Methodology

## Disease and Prognostic Indicators
In medicine today, doctors search for methods of predicting how a patient (given their condition) may respond to treatment.  Symptoms and tests may indicate favorable treatment with standard therapies.  Likewise, a number of symptoms, health factors, and tests may indicate a less favorable treatment result with standard treatment - this may indicate that a more aggressive treatment plan may be desired.
Two areas where this type of prognosis prediction, or the use of prognostic indicators, is with Hodgkin's lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.  Specifically with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, physicians have developed the International Prognostic Index to predict patient outcome.
Prognostic scoring is also used for other cancer outcome predictions.  A Manchester score is an indicator of prognosis in small cell lung cancer.
Other medical areas prognostic indicators are used is in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) (Hy's Law) and use of an exercise stress test as a prognostic indicator after myocardial infarction.

## End of Life
Large areas of medicine are still missing statistical figures on the exact prognosis - in these matters the doctor's previous experiences largely guides pronouncements in this matter. Medical studies have demonstrated that most doctors are overly optimistic when giving prognostic information, that is, they tend to overstate how long the patient might live.  For patients who are critically ill, particularly those in an intensive care unit, there are numerical prognostic scoring systems that are more accurate.  The most famous of these is the APACHE II scale.  However, this scale is most accurate in the seven days prior to a patient's predicted death.
Knowing the prognosis helps determine whether it makes more sense to attempt certain treatments or to withhold them, and thus plays an important role in end-of-life decisions.

# History
For the great 19th century physicians, particularly the French school, the main aim of medicine was not to cure disease, but rather to diagnose it and achieve a satisfying prognosis of the patient's chances. Only several decades later did the focus of efforts in Western medicine shift to curing disease.
Pronation
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# Overview
Pronation is an anatomical term to describe a rotation movement. Such movement can occur in the forearm (at the radioulnar joint) and the foot (at the subtalar and talocalcaneonavicular joints).
For the forearm, when standing in the anatomical position  pronation will move the palm of the hand from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position without an associated movement at the shoulder (gleno-humeral joint). For the foot pronation will cause the sole of the foot to face more laterally than when standing in the anatomical position.
Pronation is the opposite of supination.

# Pronation of the Forearm
It is performed by the Pronator quadratus and Pronator teres muscle.
Pronation of the forearm should not be confused with medial rotation of the shoulder. When standing in the anatomical position, medial rotation of the shoulder can perform part of the movement to change the palm from facing anteriorly to posteriorly. Pronation of the forearm occurrs at the radioulnar joint so such a movement does not constitute it. To isolate medial rotation in the shoulder from pronation of the forearm one can stand with ones elbows tucked against the trunk, with the elbows flexed to 90 degrees with the forearms pointing directly in front of the body with the palms of the hands facing upwards. Keeping ones elbows tucked at the sides, the act of moving ones forearms so that the palms are facing downwards is pronation of the forearm.

# Pronation of the Foot
The pronated foot is one in which the heel bone angles inward and the arch tends to collapse.  A "knock-kneed" person has overly pronated feet.  This flattens the arch as the foot strikes the ground in order to absorb shock when the heel hits the ground, and to assist in balance during mid-stance.  If habits develop, this action can lead to foot pain as well as knee pain, shin splints, achilles tendonitits and plantar fasciitis..
Properdin
Properdin is the only known positive regulator of complement activation that stabilizes the alternative pathway convertases. It is found in the blood serum of more complex animals.

# Structure
Properdin is a gamma globulin protein composed of multiple identical protein subunits with a separate ligand-binding site. Native properdin occurs in head-to-tail dimers, trimers and tetramers in the fixed ratio 22:52:28.

# Function
It is known that it participates in some specific immune responses. It plays a part in tissue inflammation as well as the engulfing of pathogens by phagocytes. In addition it is known to help to neutralize some viruses.
The properdin promotes the association of C3b with Factor B and provides a focal point for the assembly of C3bBb on a surface. It binds to preformed alternative pathway C3-convertases. Properdin also inhibits the Factor H  mediated cleavage of C3b by Factor I.
The alternative pathway is not dependent on antibodies. This branch of the complement system is activated by IgA immune complexes and bacterial endotoxins, polysaccharides, and cell walls, and results in producing anaphylatoxins, opsonins, chemotactic factors, and the membrane attack complex, all of which help fight pathogens.

# History
Properdin was discovered in 1954 by Dr. Louis Pillemer of the Institute of Pathology (now the Department of Pathology at Case Western Reserve University).

# Deficiency
Properdin deficiency is a rare X-linked disease in which properdin is deficient. Affected individuals are susceptible to fulminant meningococcal disease.
Protein Z
Protein Z (PZ or PROZ) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PROZ gene.
Protein Z is a member of the coagulation cascade, the group of blood proteins that leads to the formation of blood clots. It is a gla domain protein and thus vitamin K-dependent, and its functionality is therefore impaired in warfarin therapy. It is a glycoprotein.

# Physiology
Although it is not enzymatically active, it is structurally related to several serine proteases of the coagulation cascade: factors VII, IX, X and protein C. The carboxyglutamate residues (which require vitamin K) bind protein Z to phospholipid surfaces.
The main role of protein Z appears to be the degradation of factor Xa. This is done by protein Z-related protease inhibitor (ZPI), but the reaction is accelerated 1000-fold by the presence of protein Z. Oddly, ZPI also degrades factor XI, but this reaction does not require the presence of protein Z.
In some studies, deficiency states have been associated with a propensity to thrombosis. Others, however, link it to bleeding tendency; there is no clear explanation for this, as it acts physiologically as an inhibitor, and deficiency would logically have led to a predisposition for thrombosis.

# Genetics
It is 62 kDa large and 396 amino acids long. The PROZ gene has been linked to the thirteenth chromosome (13q34).
It has four domains: a gla-rich region, two EGF-like domains and a trypsin-like domain. It lacks the serine residue that would make it catalytically active as a serine protease.

# History
Protein Z was first isolated in cattle blood by Prowse and Esnouf in 1977, and Broze & Miletich determined it in human plasma in 1984.

# Structure
Structural analysis of protein Z will allow better understanding of its function. The Ramachandran plot for protein Z indicates it will form alpha helices. The final structure, all alpha domain, was determined by x-ray diffraction. It consists of chain A and B, which are both helix-loop-helix motifs.
Pseudopod
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# Overview
Pseudopods or pseudopodia (false feet) are temporary projections of eukaryotic cells. Cells having this faculty are generally referred to as amoeboids.

# Formation
First, the cell surface extends a membrane process, termed a lamellipodium. Polymerization of actin takes place and form filaments at the leading edge, which subsequently will blend into one another to form networks. It is supposed that actin polymerization is at the origin of the force propelling the cell forwards.

# Function

### Mechanical role
Pseudopods are one of the three locomotion modes of unicellular organisms (together with flagella and cilia).

# Morphology
Pseudopods can be classified into several varieties according to their appearance:
- Lobopodia are bulbous, short and blunt in form, very typical of Amoebozoa.
- Fillopodia are more slender and filiform with pointed ends, consisting mainly of ectoplasm. These formations are supported by microfilaments.
- Reticulopodia, also known as reticulose pseudopods, are complex formations where individual pseudopods are blended together and form irregular nets.
- Axopodia are thin pseudopods containing complex arrays of microtubules and are enveloped by cytoplasm. Axopodia are responsible for phagocytosis, by rapidly retracting in response to physical contacts.  They are observed in radiolaria and heliozoa. This obviously takes a strain on the helix for after the sensory action has occurred, it then later on dies.
Puromycin
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Puromycin is an antibiotic that is a potent inhibitor of translation.

# Inhibition of translation
Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from the Streptomyces alboniger bacterium, that causes premature chain termination during translation taking place in the ribosome. Part of the molecule resembles the 3' end of the aminoacylated tRNA. It will enter the A site and transfer to the growing chain, causing premature chain release. The exact mechanism of action is unknown at this time, but, the 3' position contains an amide linkage instead of the normal ester linkage of tRNA, the amide bond makes the molecule much more resistant to hydrolysis and thus causes the ribosome to become stopped.
It is not selective for either prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
Also of note, puromycin is critical in mRNA display as it allows the growing peptide chain to be covalently bonded to its own mRNA template.
Pyritinol

# Overview
Pyritinol also called pyridoxine disulfide or pyrithioxine (European drug names Encephabol, Encefabol, Cerbon 6) is a semi-natural water soluble analog of vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine HCl). It was produced in 1961 by Merck Laboratories by bonding 2 vitamin B6 compounds (pyridoxine) together with a disulfide bridge. Since the 1970s, it has been a prescription and OTC drug in several countries for cognitive disorders and learning disorders in children. Since the early 1990s it has been sold as a nootropic dietary supplement in the United States.
It is approved for "symptomatic treatment of chronically impaired brain function in dementia syndromes" and for "supportive treatment of sequelae of craniocerebral trauma" in various European countries, including Austria, Germany, France, Italy, Portugal, and Greece.
In France it is also approved for rheumatoid arthritis as a disease modifying drug, on the basis of the results of clinical trials.
It is not licensed for use in the United Kingdom, but in many countries it is available over the counter and is widely advertised on the internet as being for "memory disturbances." From the known sales data, it is estimated that more than 100 000 individuals in European Union countries have taken pyritinol in the past five years.
One small study, with 12 subjects given pyritinol, showed an improvement in performance on tests of reaction time, but not on memory tests.
Some studies have found large doses of Pyritinol can help to reduce hangovers.
Common dosages are 100-1,600 mg daily, taken in 1-3 doses during the day.

# Adverse effects
Adverse effects include nausea, headache, and rarely allergic reaction.  A 2004 survey of six case reports suggested a link between pyritinol and severe cholestatic hepatitis when on several drugs for certain diseases.
Other rare side effects: acute pancreatitis and photoallergic eruption.
Pyrvinium

# Overview
Pyrvinium is an anthelmintic effective for pinworms. Several forms of pyrvinium have been prepared with variable counter anions, such as halides, tosylate, triflate and pamoate.
Pyrvinium salts can also inhibit the growth of cancer cells. More specifically, the pamoate salt has been shown to have preferential toxicity for various cancer cell lines during glucose starvation.

# Synthesis
One synthetic method is based on Skraup synthesis and Paal-Knorr synthesis. More recently, an alternative convergent, synthetic strategy to pyrvinium triflate salts through Friedlander synthesis was reported.
Quercetin

# Overview
Quercetin is a flavonoid and more specifically a flavonol. It is the aglycone form of a number of other flavonoid glycosides, such as rutin and quercitrin found in citrus fruit. Quercetin is found to be the most active of the flavonoids in studies, and many medicinal plants owe much of their activity to their high quercetin content. Quercetin has demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity because of direct inhibition of several initial processes of inflammation. For example, it inhibits both the manufacture and release of histamine and other allergic/inflammatory mediators. In addition, it exerts potent antioxidant activity and vitamin C-sparing action.
Quercetin forms the glycosides quercitrin and rutin together with rhamnose and rutinose respectively.
Quercetin also shows anti-tumour properties. A study in the British Journal of Cancer showed that when treated with a combination of quercetin and ultrasound at 20 kHz for 1 minute duration, skin and prostate cancers show a 90% mortality within 48 hours with no visible mortality of normal cells.  Note that ultrasound also promotes topical absorption by up to 1,000 times making the use of topical quercetin and ultrasound wands an interesting proposition.
Quercetin may have positive effects in combating or helping to prevent cancer, prostatitis, heart disease, cataracts, allergies/inflammations, and respiratory diseases such as bronchitis and asthma.
Foods rich in quercetin include capers (1800mg/kg), lovage (1700mg/kg), apples, tea (Camellia sinensis), onions (higher concentrations of quercetin occur in the outermost rings), red grapes, citrus fruits, broccoli and other leafy green vegetables, cherries, and a number of berries including raspberry, bog whortleberry (158 mg/kg, fresh weight), lingonberry (cultivated 74mg/kg, wild 146 mg/kg), cranberry (cultivated 83 mg/kg, wild 121 mg/kg), chokeberry (89 mg/kg), sweet rowan (85 mg/kg), rowanberry (63 mg/kg), sea buckthorn berry (62 mg/kg), crowberry (cultivated 53mg/kg, wild 56 mg/kg), and the fruit of the prickly pear cactus. A recent study found that organically grown tomatoes had 79% more quercetin than conventionally grown.
A study by the University of Queensland, Australia, has also indicated the presence of quercetin in varieties of honey, including honey derived from eucalyptus and tea tree flowers.
In plants, it is a naturally-occurring polar auxin transport inhibitor.
Recent studies have supported that quercetin can help men with chronic prostatitis, possibly because of its action as a mast cell inhibitor.
Quinoline

# Overview
Quinoline, also known as 1-azanaphthalene, 1-benzazine, or benzopyridine, is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. It has the formula C9H7N and is a colourless hygroscopic liquid with a strong odour.
As it ages, if exposed to light, the liquid tends to become yellow and later brown. It is only slightly soluble in water but dissolves readily in many organic solvents.
Quinoline is an intermediate in metallurgical processes and in dye, polymer, and agrochemical production. It is also a preservative, disinfectant, and solvent.
It is toxic: short-term exposure to the vapour causes irritation of the nose, eyes, and throat as well as dizziness and nausea. Longer-term effects are uncertain, but quinoline has been linked to liver damage.

# Isolation and synthesis
Quinoline is naturally found in coal tar and was first extracted from this source in 1834 by F. Runge. It can be prepared using various methods:
- Combes quinoline synthesis using anilines and -diketones.
- Conrad-Limpach synthesis using anilines and -ketoesters.
- Doebner-Miller reaction using anilines and ,-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
- Friedlander synthesis using 2-aminobenzaldehyde and acetaldehyde.
- Skraup synthesis using ferrous sulfate, glycerol, aniline, nitrobenzene, and sulfuric acid.
- Povarov reaction using an aniline, a benzaldehyde and an activated alkene.
- Camps quinoline synthesis utilizing an o-acylaminoacetophenone and hydroxide
RAB11FIP1
Rab11 family-interacting protein 1 (Rab11-FIP1) also known as Rab-coupling protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAB11FIP1 gene.

# Function
Proteins of the large Rab GTPase family (see for example RAB1A) have regulatory roles in the formation, targeting, and fusion of intracellular transport vesicles. RAB11FIP1 is one of many proteins that interact with and regulate Rab GTPases. RAB11FIP1 has been identified as a novel protein involved in the regulation of
adiponectin trafficking and release from the adipocyte. RAB11FIP1 expression, which is increased with increasing BMI in humans, inhibits the release of adiponectin from the adipocyte, potentially contributing to lower circulating levels of adiponectin observed in obese populations.

# Interactions
RAB11FIP1 has been shown to interact with RAB11A and RAB4A.
RAST test

# Overview
A RAST test (short for radioallergosorbent test) is a blood test used to determine what a person is allergic to. This is different from a skin allergy test, which determines allergy by the reaction of a person's skin to different substances. For assessing the presence of specific IgE antibodies, allergy skin testing, when possible, is the preferred method in comparison with various in vitro tests because it is more sensitive and specific, simpler to use, and less expensive (=).
A RAST test, using a person's extracted blood, detects the amount of IgE that reacts specifically with suspected or known allergens. IgE is the antibody associated with the allergic response: if a person exhibits a high level of IgE directed against pollen, the test may indicate the person is allergic to pollen (or pollen-like) proteins. It is worth noting that a person who has outgrown an allergy may still have a positive IgE years after exposure. Because there are other tests that help with confirmation, results are best interpreted by a doctor.
The RAST was introduced in the 1970's and replaced by a superior test in 1989. Advantages of the new test range from: improved sensitivity without loss of specificity, to excellent reproducibility across the full measuring range of the calibration curve. In general, this method of blood testing (in-vitro, out of body) vs skin-prick testing (in-vivo, in body) has a major advantage: it is not always necessary to remove the patient from an anthihistamine medication regimen, and if the skin conditions (such as eczema) are so widespread that allergy skin testing can not be done, RAST tests don't affect results, it's more invasive (one venipuncture needle versus many skin pricks with a plastic device).

# History
The market-leading RAST methodology was invented and marketed in 1974 by Pharmacia Diagnostics AB, Uppsala, Sweden, and the acronymn RAST is actually a brand name. In 1989, Pharmacia Diagnostics AB replaced it with a superior test named the ImmunoCAP Specific IgE blood test, which literature may also describe as: CAP RAST, CAP FEIA (fluorenzymeimmunoassay), and Pharmacia CAP. A review of applicable quality assessment programs shows that this new test has replaced the original RAST in approximately 80% of the world's commercial clinical laboratories, where specific IgE testing is performed. The newest version, the ImmunoCAP Specific IgE 0-100, is the only specific IgE assay to receive FDA approval to quantitatively report to its detection limit of 0.1kU/l. This clearance is based on the CLSI/NCCLS-17A Limits of Detection and Limits of Quantitation, October 2004 guideline.
RAST often are used to test for allergies when:
- a physician advises against the discontinuation of medications that can interfere with test results or cause medical complications;
- a patient suffers from severe skin conditions such as widespread eczema or psoriasis; or
- a patient has such a high sensitivity level to suspected allergens that any administration of those allergens might result in potentially serious side effects.