Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
X-linked dominant

# Overview
X-linked dominant is mode of inheritance in which a gene on the X chromosome is dominant.  Females can be more frequently affected than males since they have two X chromosomes that could potentially carry the abnormal gene, whereas a male has only one. However, the Lyon hypothesis states that X-inactivation renders only one copy of the X chromosome active in each cell hence on average one would expect only one half of the cells to express the abnormal gene. The chance of passing on an X-linked dominant disorder differs between men and women.
As a disease inheritance pattern, it is less common than X-linked recessive.

# Inheritance
Females usually have two X chromosomes, while most males have one X and one Y chromosome. If a child has inherited the mutation from the X chromosome of one of their parents they will have the condition. A woman with an X-linked dominant disorder has a 50% chance of having an affected daughter or son with each pregnancy. The sons of a man with an X-linked dominant disorder will not be affected (since they inherit their only X chromosome from their mother), but his daughters will all inherit the condition.
- A woman with an X-linked dominant disorder has a 50% chance of having an affected child.
- The daughters of a man with an X-linked dominant disorder will all inherit the condition.
Some X-linked dominant conditions such as Aicardi Syndrome are fatal to boys, therefore only girls with these conditions survive. Similarly, individuals with Klinefelter's Syndrome are referred to as "47,XXY Males".
Xg antigen system
The XG antigen is a red blood cell surface antigen discovered in 1962. by researchers at the MRC Blood Group Unit.
The PBDX gene that encodes the antigen is located on the short arm of the X chromosome. Since males normally have one X chromosome they are considered hemizygotes. Since women have two copies of the gene and could be heterozygotic for the presence or absence of the functioning gene they could (through the process of lyonisation) express the functioning protein on just some of their red blood cells.

# Footnotes
-  Tippett P, Ellis NA (October 1998). "The Xg blood group system: a review". Transfus Med Rev. 12 (4): 23357. doi:10.1016/S0887-7963(98)80001-1. PMID 9798268..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  Mann, J. D., Cahan, A., Gelb, A. G., Fisher, N., Hamper, J., Tippett, P., Sanger, R., Race, R. R A sex-linked blood group. Lancet. 1962;279:8.
-  Ellis NA, Tippett P, Petty A,  et al. (November 1994). "PBDX is the XG blood group gene". Nat. Genet. 8 (3): 28590. doi:10.1038/ng1194-285. PMID 7533029.
-  LINDSTEN J, FRACCARO M, POLANI PE, HAMERTON JL, SANGER R, RACE RR (February 1963). "Evidence that the Xg blood group genes are on the short arm of the X chromosome". Nature. 197 (4868): 6489. doi:10.1038/197648a0. PMID 13930842.
-  Harrison et al. (1977): Human biology  An introduction to human evolution, variation, growth and ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-857165-0.
Youth development
Youth development or adolescent development is the process through which adolescents (alternately called youth or young adults) acquire the cognitive, social, and emotional skills and abilities required to navigate life. The experience of adolescence varies for every youth: culture, gender, and socioeconomic class are important influences on development. This development occurs throughout a young person's life, including formal and informal settings such as home, church, or school; and similar relationships, such as peer friendships, work, parenting, teaching, or mentoring.

# Background
Youth is an important developmental period described in, most psychological theories of human development from Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, Carl Jung, and in particular Erik Erikson.

# Stages
Erikson's stages of psychosocial development identified adolescence is a time of identity formation). During each stage, behavior changes in response to biological maturation and changes in the social environment. The process of entering adulthood entails many decisions both conscious and not. The examination of this stage of life is rooted in the child development theories of John Dewey, Jean Piaget, and Erik Erikson.
Anthropologist Margaret Mead also added a great deal of understanding to this field. Regarding the successive evolution of youth as a social phenomenon, Mead reportedly wrote,

# Field
Youth development has been at the core of the mission of many youth organizations for almost 100 years. It is increasingly identified as an important component of school reform, led primarily by initiatives of the Carnegie Corporation and the Forum for Youth Investment. Other important international organizations include The European Knowledge Centre for Youth Policy and the Australian Clearinghouse for Youth Studies.
The sociological field of study that examines youth development is separated into myriad political examinations of young people, including positive youth development, or PYD, and community youth development, or CYD. Each of these entails particular connotations of the particular relevance or importance of young people to their families, schools, and communities. Important factors in each of these theories include youth/adult partnerships and youth voice. CYD also places high value on youth leadership and civic engagement.
PYD is the idea that all young people need support, guidance, and opportunities during adolescence. It also looks toward creating supportive communities for all young people and at the same time, engaging youth to contribute to the well-being of the larger community.
Various organisations use this 'youth development' process to empower individuals; one such organisation is BSES Expeditions

# Academic and scholarly journals
- New Directions for Youth Development
- The Prevention Researcher
Yucca filamentosa
Yucca filamentosa, commonly known as Adam's needle, is a medicinal plant native to eastern North America.
Usually trunkless Yucca filamentosa is a multisuckering plant with heads of 30 inch (75cm) long, filamentous, blue green strappy leaves. The plant is fully hardy. Yucca filamentosa is readily identified from other Yucca by white threads (filaments) on the leaf margins. See image 
Flower stems up to 10ft (3 metres) tall bear masses of pendulous cream flowers, in summer.

# Cultivars
- Bright Edge is a dwarf cultivar with yellow-edged foliage and creamy flowers tinged with green.
- Golden Sword is similar to Bright Edge but larger.
- Ivory Tower has creamy white flowers tinged with green.
Zolpidem overdose

# Overdosage topics
Signs and symptoms
Recommended treatment
- Hypotension and CNS depression
- Sedatives
- Dialysis

## Signs and symptoms
In postmarketing experience of overdose with Zolpidem alone, or in combination with CNS-depressant agents, impairment of consciousness ranging from somnolence to coma, cardiovascular and/or respiratory compromise, and fatal outcomes have been reported. Return to top

## Recommended treatment
General symptomatic and supportive measures should be used along with immediate gastric lavage where appropriate. Intravenous fluids should be administered as needed. 
Flumazenil may be useful; however, flumazenil administration may contribute to the appearance of neurological symptoms (convulsions). As in all cases of drug overdose, respiration, pulse, blood pressure, and other appropriate signs should be monitored and general supportive measures employed. Return to top

### Hypotension and CNS depression
Hypotension and CNS depression should be monitored and treated by appropriate medical intervention. Return to top

### Sedatives
Sedating drugs should be withheld following Zolpidem overdosage, even if excitation occurs. Return to top

### Dialysis
The value of dialysis in the treatment of overdosage has not been determined, although hemodialysis studies in patients with renal failure receiving therapeutic doses have demonstrated that Zolpidem is not dialyzable. 
As with the management of all overdosage, the possibility of multiple drug ingestion should be considered. The physician may wish to consider contacting a poison control center for up-to-date information on the management of hypnotic drug product overdosage. Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Echocardiography

# Overview

# Echocardiography
- Echocardiography (echo) is a test that uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your heart. The picture shows how well your heart is working and its size and shape. There are several types of echo, including stress echo.
- Stress echo can show whether you have decreased blood flow to your heart, a sign of coronary heart disease. Another type of echo is transesophageal (tranz-ih-sof-uh-JEE-ul) echo, or TEE.
- TEE provides a view of the back of the heart. For this test, a sound wave wand is put on the end of a special tube. The tube is gently passed down your throat and into your esophagus (the passage leading from your mouth to your stomach). Because this passage is right behind the heart,

# General Principles of Echocardiography
- Basic physical principles of ultrasound
- Quantification of pressure gradients
- Echocardiographic evaluation of ventricular dyssynchrony
- Echocardiography terminology
- Guidelines for echocardiography

# Principal Echocardiographic Modalities
- Transthoracic echo (TTE): standard views and measurements
- Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): standard views
- M-mode echo: principles and classic findings
- Doppler echocardiography
- Tissue Doppler imaging
- Contrast echocardiography
- Stress echocardiography
- Three-dimensional echocardiography
- Myocardial contrast echocardiography
- Intraoperative echocardiography

# Echocardiographic Diagnosis and Evaluation of Specific Cardiovascular Disorders
- Echo in emergencies
- Echo in coronary artery disease
- Echo in pericardial diseases: effusion, cardiac tamponade, constriction
- Echo in dilated cardiomyopathies
- Echo in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Echo in restrictive cardiomyopathies
- Echo in pulmonary hypertension
- Echo in pulmonary embolism
- Endocarditis (TTE and TEE)
- Echo in patients with atrial fibrillation
- Echo in cardiac tumors and masses
- Echo in diseases of the aorta
- Echo in congenital heart disease
- Echo in non-cardiac systemic disease

# Miscellaneous
- Incidental cardiac findings on echocardiography
- Noncardiac findings on echocardiography
3-Methylfentanyl
3-Methylfentanyl (3-MF, mefentanyl) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. 3-Methylfentanyl is one of the most potent drugs that has been widely sold on the black market, estimated to be between 400-6000 times stronger than morphine  depending on which isomer is used (with cis isomer being the more potent one).  
3-Methylfentanyl was first discovered in 1974  and subsequently appeared on the street as an alternative to the clandestinely produced fentanyl analogue -methylfentanyl. However it quickly became apparent that 3-methylfentanyl was much more potent than -methylfentanyl, and corespondingly even more dangerous. 
While 3-methylfentanyl was initially sold on the black market for only a short time between 1984-1985, its high potency made it an attractive target to clandestine drug producers, as racemic 3-MF is 10-15x more potent than fentanyl and so correspondingly larger amounts of cut product for street sales can be produced for an equivalent amount of effort as for producing fentanyl itself; one gram of 3-methylfentanyl might be sufficient to produce several thousand dosage units once diluted for sale. 3-MF has thus reappeared several times, at various places around the world, and is currently a problematic drug of abuse in Scandinavian and Eastern European countries such as Finland  and Estonia 
Other opioid analogues even more potent still than 3-MF are known, such as carfentanil and ohmefentanyl, but these are significantly more difficult to manufacture than 3-methylfentanyl and have not been so well accepted as street drugs.
3-Methylfentanyl has similar effects to fentanyl, but is far more potent due to increased binding affinity to its target site. Since fentanyl itself is already highly potent, 3-methylfentanyl is extremely dangerous when used recreationally, and has resulted in many deaths among opiate addicts using the drug. Side effects of fentanyl analogues are similar to those of fentanyl itself, which include itching, nausea and potentially serious respiratory depression which can be life-threatening.
3-Methylfentanyl was also reported by Russian media as the identity of the anaesthetic "gas" Kolokol-1 (actually an aerosol, of a free base dissolved in halothane) used in the Moscow theater hostage crisis in 2002, in which many hostages died from accidental overdoses of the narcotic.
5-Methylcytosine
5-Methylcytosine is a methylated form of cytosine in which a methyl group is attached to carbon 5, altering its structure without altering its base-pairing properties.

# In vivo
5-Methylcytosine is an epigenetic modification formed by the action of DNA methyltransferases. Its function varies significantly among species:
- In bacteria, 5-methylcytosine can be found at a variety of sites, and is often used as a marker to protect DNA from being cut by native methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes.
- In plants, 5-methylcytosine occurs at both CpG and CpNpG sequences.
- In fungi and animals, 5-methylcytosine predominantly occurs at CpG dinucleotides. Although most eukaryotes methylate only a small percentage of these sites, in vertebrates 70-80% of CpG cytosines are methylated.
While spontaneous deamination of cytosine forms uracil, which is recognized and removed by DNA repair enzymes, deamination of 5-methylcytosine forms thymine.  This conversion of a DNA base from cytosine (C) to thymine (T) can result in a transition mutation.

# In vitro
5-Methylcytosine can be deaminated to form thymine with use of reagents such as nitrous acid; cytosine deaminates to uracil under similar conditions.
5-Methylcytosine is resistant to deamination by bisulfite treatment, which deaminates cytosine residues; this property is often exploited to analyze DNA cytosine methylation patterns with bisulfite sequencing.

# Additional images
- Cytosine
Profunda brachii
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# Overview
The arteria profunda brachii (also known as deep artery of the arm) is a large vessel which arises from the medial and back part of the brachial, just below the lower border of the Teres major.
It follows closely the radial nerve, running at first backward between the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii, then along the groove for the radial nerve, where it is covered by the lateral head of the triceps brachii, to the lateral side of the arm; there it pierces the lateral intermuscular septum, and, descending between the brachioradialis and the brachialis to the front of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, ends by anastomosing with the radial recurrent artery.
It gives branches to the deltoid muscle and to the muscles between which it lies; it supplies an occasional nutrient artery which enters the humerus behind the deltoid tuberosity.
A branch ascends between the long and lateral heads of the triceps brachii to anastomose with the posterior humeral circumflex artery; the medial collateral artery, a branch, descends in the middle head of the triceps brachii and assists in forming the anastomosis above the olecranon; and, lastly, a radial collateral artery runs down behind the lateral intermuscular septum to the back of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, where it anastomoses with the interosseous recurrent and the inferior ulnar collateral arteries.

# Additional images
- The brachial artery.
- Arteries of the back of the forearm and hand.
ICD 10 Chapter I

# Certain infectious and parasitic diseases (A00-B99)
- Includes: diseases generally recognized as communicable or transmissible
- Use additional code for any associated drug resistance (Z16)
- Excludes 1: carrier or suspected carrier of infectious disease (Z22.-) certain localized infections, infectious and parasitic diseases complicating pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O98.-) influenza and other acute respiratory infections (J00-J22)
- Excludes 2: infectious and parasitic diseases specific to the perinatal period (P35-P39)
- A00-A09 Intestinal infectious diseases
- A15-A19 Tuberculosis
- A20-A28 Certain zoonotic bacterial diseases
- A30-A49 Other bacterial diseases
- A50-A64 Infections with a predominantly sexual mode of transmission
- A65-A69 Other spirochetal diseases
- A70-A74 Other diseases caused by chlamydiae
- A75-A79 Rickettsioses
- A80-A89 Viral infections of the central nervous system
- A90-A99 Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral hemorrhagic fevers
- B00-B09 Viral infections characterized by skin and mucous membrane lesions
- B10 Other human herpesviruses B15-B19 Viral hepatitis B20 Human immunodeficiency virus  disease
- B25-B34 Other viral diseases
- B35-B49 Mycoses
- B50-B64 Protozoal diseases
- B65-B83 Helminthiases
- B85-B89 Pediculosis, acariasis and other infestations
- B90-B94 Sequelae of infectious and parasitic diseases
- B95-B97 Bacterial, viral and other infectious agents
- B99 Other infectious diseases
Anti-SM antibody

# Overview
Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs, also known as anti-nuclear factor or ANF) are autoantibodies directed against contents of the cell nucleus.
They are present in higher than normal numbers in autoimmune disease.  The ANA test measures the pattern and amount of autoantibody which can attack the body's tissues as if they were foreign material.  Autoantibodies are present in low titers in the general population, but in about 5% of the pie, their concentration is increased, and about half of this 5% have an autoimmune disease.

# ANA test
One can check for the presence of ANAs in blood serum by means of a laboratory test.  There are also additional tests that allow one to test for individual ANAs.  The general ANA test is usually one of two types: indirect immunofluorescence or ELISA.

# Associated diseases
The normal titer of ANA is 1:40 or less. Higher titers are indicative of an autoimmune disease. The presence of ANA is indicative of lupus erythematosus (present in 80-90% of cases), though they also appear in some other auto-immune diseases such as Sjogren's syndrome (60%), rheumatoid arthritis (30-40%), autoimmune hepatitis, scleroderma and polymyositis & dermatomyositis (30%), and various non-rheumatological conditions associated with tissue damage.  Other conditions with high ANA titre include Addison disease, Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Hashimoto's, Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Type I diabetes mellitus, Mixed connective tissue disorder (MCTD).

## Sensitivity
The following table list the prevalence of different types of ANAs for different diseases, in this case what percentage of those with the disease have the ANA. Some ANAs appear in several types of disease, resulting in lower specificity of the test.

# ANA classification
Following detection of a high titer of ANAs (e.g. 1:160), various subtypes are determined. This is typically done on cells of the HEp-2 cell line. Examples include
- Anti-ENA (Extractable nuclear antigen)
Anti-Ro (SS-A)
Anti-La (SS-B)
Anti-Sm (Smith antigen)
Anti-nRNP (nuclear ribonucleoproteins)
Anti Scl-70 (topoisomerase I)
Anti-Jo
- Anti-Ro (SS-A)
- Anti-La (SS-B)
- Anti-Sm (Smith antigen)
- Anti-nRNP (nuclear ribonucleoproteins)
- Anti Scl-70 (topoisomerase I)
- Anti-Jo
- Anti-gp-210 (nuclear pore gp-210)
- Anti-p62 (Nucleoporin 62)
- Anti-dsDNA (double-stranded DNA)
- Anti-centromere

# History
The LE cell was discovered in bone marrow in 1948 by Hargraves et al. This was the first indication that processes affecting the cell nucleus were responsible for lupus erythematosus (LE). In the 1950s, progressively more sensitive and specific ANA serology tests became available.
Abducens nucleus
The abducens nucleus is the originating nucleus from which the abducens nerve emerges - a cranial nerve nucleus. This nucleus is located beneath the fourth ventricle in the caudal portion of the pons, medial to the sulcus limitans.
The abducens nucleus along with the internal genu of the facial nerve make up the facial colliculus, a hump at the caudal end of the medial eminence on the dorsal aspect of the pons.

# Clinical significance
Damage to the abducens nucleus causes monocular medial ophthalmoparesis: specifically, loss of the ability to move the ipsilateral eye outward (abduction).  This is also seen in damage of the abducens nerve.
In contrast, damage to the area of the nucleus can also result in lateral gaze paralysis: loss of the ability to move both eyes conjugately away from the side of the lesion.  This is due to damage to both the motoneurons and interneurons projecting through the medial longitudinal fasciculus to the contralateral medial rectus neurons.

# Additional images
- Nuclei of origin of cranial motor nerves schematically represented; lateral view.
- Primary terminal nuclei of the afferent (sensory) cranial nerves schematically represented; lateral view.
- Scheme showing central connections of the optic nerves and optic tracts.
- Figure showing the mode of innervation of the Recti medialis and lateralis of the eye.
- Axial section of the Brainstem (Pons) at the level of the Facial Colliculus
- Vestibulo-ocular reflex