Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Mark I NAAK
The Mark I NAAK, or MARK I Kit, is United States military nomenclature for the "Nerve Agent Antidote Kit". It is a dual-chamber auto-injector: Two anti-nerve agent drugs   --  atropine sulfate and pralidoxime chloride  --  each in injectable form, constitute the kit. The individual using the kit places each injector against his thigh and presses a button, releasing a sprung needle which is designed to penetrate clothing.
Typically, U.S. servicemembers are issued three MARK I Kits when operating in circumstances where chemical weapons are considered a potential hazard. Along with the three kits are issued one CANA (Convulsive Antidote, Nerve Agent) for simultaneous use. (CANA is the drug diazepam or Valium, an anticonvulsant.) Both of these kits are intended for use in "buddy aid" or "self aid" administration of the drugs prior to decontamination and delivery of the patient to definitive medical care.
A newer model, the ATNAA (Antidote Treatment Nerve Agent Auto-Injector), has both the atropine and the pralidoxime in one syringe, allowing for simplified administration.
Medial cord
The Medial cord is a division of the brachial plexus.
The medial cord gives rise to the following nerves:
- The median pectoral nerve, C8 and T1, to the pectoralis muscle
- The medial brachial cutaneous nerve, T1
- The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, C8 and T1
- The median nerve, partly. The other part comes from the lateral cord. C7, C8 and T1 nerve roots. The first branch of the median nerve is to the pronator teres muscle, then the flexor carpi radialis, the palmaris longus and the flexor digitorum superficialis. The median nerve provides sensation to the anterior palm, the anterior thumb, index finger and middle finger. It is the nerve compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome.
- The ulnar nerve originates in nerve roots C7, C8 and T1. It provides sensation to the ring and pinky fingers. It innervates the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, the flexor digitorum profundus muscle to the ring and pinky fingers, and the intrinsic muscles of the hand (the interosseous muscle, the lumbrical muscles and the flexor pollicus brevis muscle). This nerve traverses a groove on the elbow called the cubital tunnel, also known as the funny bone. Striking the nerve at this point produces an unpleasant sensation in the ring and little fingers.
MedlinePlus
MedlinePlus, with the MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, is a website network containing health information from the world's largest medical library, the United States National Library of Medicine, in cooperation with the National Institutes of Health.
The website also contains an online medical dictionary, drug/herbal index, and a news service for medical news reports. The site is intended to be used by health care providers and patients, and designed to provide up-to-date, authoritative information. MedlinePlus is updated daily.
MedlinePlus provides:
- information from the National Institutes of Health and other sources on over 740 diseases and conditions
- interactive health tutorials
- lists of hospitals and physicians
- a medical encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc. Health Illustrated Encyclopedia)
- a medical dictionary (Merriam-Webster)
- health information in Spanish
- extensive information on prescription and nonprescription drugs
- health information from the media
- links to local health resources via the Go Local projects
- links to thousands of clinical trials
- links to pre-formulated searches of the MEDLINE/PubMed database for recent research articles on selected health topics
There is no advertising on the site and MedlinePlus does not endorse companies or products.

# Notes
-  Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 
  "MedlinePlus Health Information" (home page, overview),
  MedlinePlus website, U.S. National Library of Medicine,
  8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, and
  National Institutes of Health, USA, October 2007, webpage:
  MedlinePlus-Gov.
Meglitinide
The meglitinide class of drugs treat diabetes type 2 by blocking the potassium channels in beta cells, which closes the  ATP-dependent potassium channels and opens the cells' calcium channels. The resulting calcium influx causes the cells to secrete insulin.

# Drugs
The main branded drug in the meglitinide class is Novo Nordisk's repaglinide (Prandin), which gained FDA approval in 1997.  Another type of drug in this class is nateglinide (Starlix).
These drugs should be taken 0-30 minutes prior to eating.  Follow the instructions given to you by your physician/nurse.

# Side-effects
Side effects include weight gain and hypoglycemia.  While the potential for hypoglycemia is less than for those on sulfonylureas, it is still a serious potential side effect that can be life-threatening.  Patients on this medication should know the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia and appropriate action to take.
Menotropins

# Overview
Menotropin (also called human menopausal gonadotropin or hMG) is a hormonally active medication for the treatment of fertility disturbances. Frequently the plural is used as the medication is a mixture of gonadotropins. Menotropins are extracted from the urine of postmenopausal women.

# Description and usage
Urine of postmenopausal women reflects the hypergonadotropic state of menopause -levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are high - and contain a mixture of these gonadotropins. Other protein substances may be present, including small amounts of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). In 1949 Piero Donini found a relatively simple method to extract gonadotropins from urine of postmenopausal women.  Menotropins were successfully introduced into clinical use by Bruno Lunenfeld in 1961 While earlier menotropin medications contained FSH and LH at a 1:1 ratio, the recognition that it is FSH that is critical for follicle stimulation has led to development of newer preparations that contain a much higher FSH/LH ratio, Fertinex being an example.
Menotropin preparations are designed for use in selected women where they stimulate the ovaries to mature follicles, thus making them more fertile. They are administered by typically daily injection, intramuscularly or subcutaneously, for about ten days under close supervision to adjust dose and duration of therapy. They can also be used in hypogonadal men to stimulate sperm production.
Human urinary-derived menotropin preparations are exposed to the theoretical risk of infection from menopausal donors of urine. Nevertheless, the failure to irrefutably demonstrate infectivity following intracerebral inoculation with urine from transmissible spongiform encephalopathy(TSE)-infected hosts suggests that the risk associated with products derived from urine is merely theoretical
Recombinant gonadotropins have to a large degree replaced hMG in fertility treatments. The recombinant process allows for the production of pure FSH or LH not "contaminated" by other proteins that may be present after urinary extraction. While some head-on studies seem not to suggest that "pure FSH" gives better results than hMG., others claim that recombinant FSH is more efficient and reduces costs.A Cochrane Collaboration analysis did not reveal major differences in clinical outcomes when comparing urinary versus recombinant FSH.
The Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine reported:Compared with earlier crude animal extracts, modern highly purified urinary and recombinant gonadotropin products have clearly superior quality, specific activity, and performance. There are no confirmed differences in safety, purity, or clinical efficacy among the various available urinary or recombinant gonadotropin products.

# List of hMG preparations
A number of drug companies have and had marketed hMG preparations that include:
- Humegon (Organon),
- Menopur (Ferring Pharmaceuticals), 75 IU FSH and 75 IU LH activity
- Menogon,
- Metrodin (Serono),
- Repronex (Ferring Pharmaceuticals), 75 IU FSH and 75 IU LH
- Pergonal (Serono),
- HMG Massone, 75 IU FSH and 75 IU LH
Mequitazine

# Overview
Mequitazine (trade name Primalan) is an antihistamine and anticholinergic of the phenothiazine chemical class. It is used to treat allergies and rhinitis.

# Contraindications
Severe liver disease; premature infants or full-term neonates .

# Special precautions
Pregnancy, lactation; severe CardioVascular disorders; asthma; angle-closure glaucoma, urinary retention, prostatic hyperplasia, pyloroduodenal obstruction; renal and hepatic impairment; elderly, children; epilepsy. May impair ability to drive or operate machinery.

# Adverse drug reactions
CNS depression including slight drowsiness to deep sleep, lassitude, dizziness, incoordination. Headache, psychomotor impairment and antimuscarinic effects. Rarely, rashes and hypersensitivity reactions, blood disorders, convulsions, sweating, myalgia, paraesthesias, extrapyramidal effects, tremor, confusion, sleep and GI disturbances, tinnitus, hypotension, hair loss. Photosensitivity, jaundice.

# Drug Interactions
Enhanced effects of CNS depressants e.g. alcohol, barbiturates, hypnotics, opioid analgesics, anxiolytic sedatives and antipsychotics. Can mask signs of ototoxicity caused by aminoglycosides. QT prolongation reported with spiramycin.
Mesonephros

# Overview
The mesonephros (Latin for "middle kidney") is one of three excretory organs that develop in vertebrates. It serves as the main excretory organ of aquatic vertebrates and as a temporary kidney in higher vertebrates. The mesonephros is included in the Wolffian body after Caspar Friedrich Wolff who described it in 1759. (The Wolffian body is composed of : mesonephros + paramesonephrotic blastema)

# Structure
The mesonephros is composed of the mesonephric duct (also called the Wolffian duct), mesonephric tubules, and associated capillary tufts. A single tubule and its associated capillary tuft is called a mesonephric excretory unit; these units are similar in structure and function to nephrons of the adult kidney. The mesonephros is derived from intermediate mesoderm in the vertebrate embryo.

# Differences between males and females
In human males, the mesonephros gives rise to the efferent ductules of the testis, the epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and vestigial structures such as the appendix testis, appendix epididymis, and paradidymis.
The mesonephros largely regresses in human females, though vestigial structures such as Gartner's cysts, the epoophoron, and paroophoron are common.

# Differences among species
The mesonephros persists and form the permanent kidneys in fishes and amphibians, but in reptiles, birds, and mammals, it atrophies and for the most part disappears rapidly as the permanent kidney (metanephros) develops begins during the sixth or seventh week, so that by the beginning of the fifth month only the ducts and a few of the tubules of the mesonephros remain.

# Additional images
- Broad ligament of adult, showing epoophoron.
Mesterolone

# Overview
Mesterolone is an orally applicable androgen, and DHT derivative. It is sold under the brand name Proviron, by Schering. In the late 70's and early 80's it was used with some success in controlled studies of men suffering from various forms of depression.
In one randomized, double-blind 4-week trial, 38 dysthymic men were administered 75mg daily. Itil & Colleagues reported  an improvement of symptoms which included anxiety, lack of drive and desire. 
Next, they administered a high dose (450mg/day) or placebo in a 6-week randomized trial of 52 men with a mean age of 40 years, suffering from dysthymia, unipolar and bipolar depression. Both the mesterolone and placebo groups improved significantly and there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. In this series of studies mesterolone lead to a significant decrease in LH and testosterone levels. This is probably as a result of the extremely high dose used.
In another, 100mg mesterolone cipionate was administered twice monthly. With regards to plasma T levels, there was no difference between the treated vs untreated group, and baseline LH levels were minimally affected.
Mesterolone is a relatively weak androgen and rarely used for replacement therapies.
Metallocene
A metallocene is a compound with the general formula (C5R5)2M consisting of two cyclopentadienyl anions (Cp) bound to a metal center in the oxidation state II.  Closely related to the metallocenes are the metallocene derivatives, e.g. titanocene dichloride.  Metallocenes of the type Cp2M are not useful for catalysis.   One of the more important commercial uses for metallocenes is olefin polymerization with cationic group 4 metallocene derivatives related to +.  Metallocenes are a subset of a broader class of organometallic compounds called sandwich compounds.

# Definition
The general name metallocene is derived from ferrocene, systematically bis(5-cyclopentadienyl)iron(II).  According to the definition by IUPAC, a metallocene contains a transition metal and two cyclopentadienyl ligands coordinated in a sandwich structure, i. e. the two cyclopentadienyl anions are co-planar with equal bond lengths and strengths. The nature of the bonding of the organic ligand to the metal is referred to as its "hapticity" and is indicated by the Greek letter eta (). The equivalent bonding of all 5 carbon atoms of each cyclopentadienyl ring is denoted as 5, pronounced "pentahapto".
In contrast to the more strict definition proposed by IUPAC, which requires a d-block metal and a sandwich structure, the term metallocene and thus the denotation -ocene, is applied in the chemical literature also to non-transition metal compounds, such as Cp2Ba, or structures where the aromatic rings are not co-planar, such as found in manganocene or titanocene dichloride, Cp2TiCl2.

# Physical properties and structures of metallocenes
A notable feature of some metallocenes is their high thermal stability (often > 500 C). Neutral metallocenes are soluble in common organic solvents and can generally be purified by vacuum sublimation.
In metallocenes of the type (C5R5)2M, the two cyclopentadienyl rings can be either eclipsed or staggered, as indicated by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies.  For non-substituted metallocenes the energy difference between the staggered and eclipsed conformations is only 8 kJ/mol.  Ferrocene and osmocene are  eclipsed conformation at low temperatures, wherea in the related bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) complexes the rings are in a staggered conformation to minimize steric hindrance between the methyl groups.

# Derivatives
- ansa metallocenes: Derivatives of metallocenes include structures with an intramolecular bridge between the two cyclopentadienyl rings (ansa-metallocenes)
- half-sandwich compounds: derivatives with just one planar organic ligand, these include the so-called "piano stool complexes."
- Triple decker complexes: compounds with three Cp anions and two metal cations in alternating order, e.g. +.
- metallocenium cations: the most famous example is ferrocenium, +, derived from oxidation of ferrocene.
Methyl blue
Methyl blue, also known as Cotton blue, Helvetia blue, Acid blue 93, or C.I. 42780, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C37H27N3Na2O9S3. It is used as a stain in histology.  Methyl blue stains collagen blue in tissue sections. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. It can be used in the Mallory's connective tissue stain and Gomori's one-step trichrome stain. It is used in differential staining. It can also be used to mediate electron transfer in microbial fuel cells.
Methyl blue is also available in mixture with water blue, under name Aniline Blue WS, Aniline blue, China blue, or Soluble blue.
Methyl blue should not be confused with methyl violet or methylene blue, two other stains.
Methyl blue is also used to treat thallium poisoning.  It binds to the thallium.  ==External links==
Methylamine
Methylamine is the chemical compound with a formula of CH3NH2.  It is a derivative of ammonia, wherein one H atom is replaced by a methyl group. It is the simplest primary amine. It is usually sold as solutions in methanol (2M), ethanol (8M), THF (2M), and water (40%), or as the anhydrous gas in pressurized metal containers.  It has a strong odour similar to rotten fish. Methylamine is used as a building block for the synthesis of other organic compounds.  It is on the DEA watchlist for chemical precursors because of clandestine use in manufacture of the drug MDMA (ecstasy) and methamphetamine.

# Chemistry
Methylamine is a good nucleophile as it is highly basic and unhindered.  Its use in organic chemistry is pervasive.  For example, it is a precursor to CH3NCS.
The hydrochloride salt of methylamine, methylammonium chloride, CH3NH3Cl, is a colourless powder that can be converted to the amine.
Although methylamine is a gas at room temperature, liquid methylamine can be used as a solvent analogous to liquid ammonia. It shares some of the properties of liquid ammonia, but is better for dissolving organic substances, in the same way that methanol is better than water.

# Production
Methylamine is prepared commercially by the reaction of ammonia with methanol with zeolite as catalyst.
CH3OH + NH3  CH3NH2 + H2O
It can also be readily prepared by the reaction of hydrochloric acid with hexamine or by the reaction of formaldehyde with ammonium chloride.
NH4Cl + H2CO  CH2NHHCl + H2O
CH2NHHCl + H2CO + H2O  CH3NH2 + HCOOH
Methylamine serves as a buffering agent in the lumen of the chloroplast in plants, effectively siphoning off protons that are heading for ATP synthase.
Methyprylon
Methyprylon (Noludar) is a sedative of the piperidinedione derivative family developed by Hoffmann-La Roche.
This medicine was used for treating insomnia, but is now rarely used as it has been replaced by newer drugs with fewer side effects, such as benzodiazepines.
Methyprylon was withdrawn from the US market in June 1989 and the Canadian market in September 1990.
Some other trade names are Noctan and Dimerin.

# Adverse effects
Side effects can include skin rash, fever, depression, ulcers or sores in mouth or throat, unusual bleeding or bruising, confusion, fast heartbeat, respiratory depression, swelling of feet or lower legs, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, double vision, clumsiness, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, unusual weakness.

# Pharmacokinetics
A study of single oral doses of 300 mg in healthy volunteers found that the zero-order absorption model fit the data best. Mean (+/- SD) values for the half-life (9.2 +/- 2.2 h), apparent clearance, (11.91 +/- 4.42 mL/h/kg) and apparent steady-state volume of distribution, (0.97 +/- 0.33 L/kg) were found.
A case report found that the pharmacokinetics of methyprylon were not concentration dependent in an overdose case; explanations included saturation or inhibition of metabolic pathways. The generally accepted half-life for a therapeutic dose was not found appropriate in intoxicated patients and would underestimate the time required to reach a safe concentration of the drug.
Trichlorfon

# Overview
Metrifonate (INN) or trichlorfon (USAN) is an irreversible organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is a prodrug which is activated non-enzymatically into 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (DDVP).
It is used as an insecticide.
It can be used to treat schistosomiasis caused by Schistoma haematobium but is no longer commercially available.
It has been proposed for use in treatment of Alzheimer's disease, but use for that purpose is not currently recommended.
Microdontia

# Overview
Microdontia is a condition in which teeth appear smaller than normal.  In the generalized form, all teeth are involved.  In the localized form, only a few teeth are involved.  The most common teeth affected are the upper lateral incisors and third molars. The affected teeth may be of normal or abnormal morphology.

# Classification
There are 3 types of microdontia:
- True generalized microdontia
- Relative generalized microdontia
- Microdontia involving a single tooth

# True Generalized Microdontia
All the teeth are smaller in size, mainly reported in the case of pituitary dwarfism. All the teeth are well formed and small.

# Relative Generalized Microdontia
There is an illusion of true microdontia.

# Microdontia involving a single tooth
Commonly affects the maxilla, mainly lateral incisors and third molar. the lateral incisors become peg shaped.

# Causes
- Faciogenital dysplasia
- Focal dermal hypoplasia
- Incontinentia pigmenti
- Johanson-Blizzard syndrome
- Down syndrome
- Microcephaly, macrotia and mental retardation syndrome
- Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism with tooth abnormality
- Williams-Beuren syndrome
- Cranioectodermal dysplasia
- Ectodermal dysplasia, Margarita Island type
- Ellis-van Creveld syndrome
- Gorlin-Chaudhry-Moss syndrome
- Immunoosseous dysplasia, Schimke type
- Larsen syndrome
- Microcephalic osteodysplastic dwarfism, type II
- Odontotrichomelic syndrome
- Polydactyly, postaxial with dental and vertebral anomalies
- Rothmund-Thomson syndrome
- Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with abnormal dentition
- Coffin-Lowry syndrome
- Ectodermal dysplasia type I
- Ectodermal dysplasia, hypohidrotic with hypothyroidism and agenesis of the corpus callosum
- Cleft lip/palate ectodermal dysplasia
- Cartilage hair hypoplasia
- Witkop syndrome
- Uncombable hair, retinal pigmentary dystrophy, dental anomalies, brachydactyly
- Otodental dysplasia
- Symphalangism, Kantaputra type
- Oculodento-digital dysplasia
- Niikawa-Kuroki syndrome
- Hair-nail-skin-tooth dysplasia
- Ehlers-Danlos type VI
- Ectodermal dysplasia
- Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome
- Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate
Microsphere
This article largely refers to micropheres or protein protocells as small spherical units postulated by some scientists as a key stage in the origin of life.  The term microsphere is otherwise widely being used in various areas, such as, materials and pharmaceutical sciences, for spherical particles composed of various natural and synthetic materials with diameters in the micrometer range.
In 1953, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey demonstrated that many simple biomolecules could be formed spontaneously from inorganic precursor compounds under laboratory conditions designed to mimic those found on Earth before the evolution of life.  Of particular interest was the substantial yield of amino acids obtained, since amino acids are the building blocks for proteins.
In 1957, Sidney Fox demonstrated that amino acids could be encouraged to polymerize upon exposure to moderate heat.  These polypeptides formed spherical shellsmicrospheres.  Under appropriate conditions, microspheres will bud new spheres at their surfaces.
Although roughly cellular in appearance, microspheres in and of themselves are not alive.  They do not reproduce or pass on any type of genetic material.  However they may have been important in the development of life, providing a membrane-enclosed volume which is similar to that of a cell.
One useful discovery made from the research of microspheres is a way to fight cancer on a molecular level.
According to Wake Oncologists, 
"SIR-Spheres micropheres are radioactive polymer spheres that emit beta radiation. Physicians insert a catheter through the groin into the hepatic artery and deliver millions of micropheres directly to the tumor site. The SIR-Spheres microspheres target the liver tumors sparing healthy liver tissue. Approximately 55 physicians in the United States use Sirtexs SIR-Spheres micropheres in more than 60 medical centers."