Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Primary lymphedema
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# Overview
Primary lymphedema is a form of lymphedema which is not directly attributable to another medical condition.
It can be divided into three forms, depending upon age of onset: congenital lymphedema, lymphedema praecox, and lymphedema tarda.
It can be familial.
Lymphedema tarda occurs in patient above 35 years of age
Lymphedemadistichiasis syndrome is a medical condition associated with the FOXC2 gene.:849

# Reference
-  #showall
-  Walter Siegenthaler (21 March 2007). Differential diagnosis in internal medicine: from symptom to diagnosis. Thieme. pp. 387. ISBN 978-1-58890-551-2. Retrieved 20 May 2011..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.;  et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Primary metabolite
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A primary metabolite a metabolite is directly involved in normal growth, development, and reproduction.
Conversely, a secondary metabolite is not directly involved in those processes, but usually has an important ecological function.
Prolactin receptor
The prolactin receptor (PRLR) is a type I cytokine receptor encoded in humans by the PRLR gene on chromosome 5p13-14. The PRLR binds prolactin (PRL) as a transmembrane receptor. Thus the PRLR contains an extracellular region to bind PRL, a transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmatic region. The PRLR can also bind to and be activated by growth hormone (GH) and human placental lactogen (hPL), in addition to prolactin.
Expression of the PRLR protein is found within cells of the mammary glands in accordance with its role in lactation, but also is the subject of attention for its diverse and emerging roles by its expression in adipose tissue, pancreatic islet cell proliferation, and immune responses.
The PRLR is a cytokine receptor and second messenger cascades include the JAK-STAT pathway, JAK-RUSH pathway, Ras-Raf-MAPK, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Disruption of PRLR signaling pathways have been linked to tumorigenesis and breast cancer development.
The PRLR has been found to be essential for lobuloalveolar maturation of the mammary glands during pregnancy, as evidenced by the fact that PRLR knockout mice show severely impaired development of lobuloalveolar structures.
Propylketobemidone
Propylketobemidone is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of ketobemidone. It was developed in the 1950s during research into analogues of pethidine and was assessed by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime but was not included on the list of drugs under international control, probably because it was not used in medicine or widely available.
Propylketobemidone is so named because it is the propyl ketone analogue of bemidone (hydroxypethidine). The more commonly used ethyl ketone ("ethylketobemidone") is simply called ketobemidone, as it is the only drug of this family to have been marketed.
Presumably propylketobemidone produces similar effects to ketobemidone and other opioids, such as analgesia and sedation, along with side effects such as nausea, itching, vomiting and respiratory depression which may be harmful or fatal.
Protocol amendment
If a sponsor intends to conduct a study that is not covered by a protocol already contained in their IND application, the sponsor is expected to submit to FDA a protocol amendment containing a copy of the new protocol and a brief description of the most clinically significant differences between it and the previous protocols.
A sponsor of an IND application is expected to submit a protocol amendment in cases when there are changes in the existing protocol that significantly affect safety of subjects, scope of the investigation, or scientific quality of the study. Such amendment should contain a brief description of the change and reference (date and number) to the submission that contained the original protocol.  
For example, changes requiring an amendment to an IND application may include:
Any increase in drug dosage or duration of exposure of individual subjects to the drug beyond that described in the current protocol, or any significant increase in the number of subjects under study.
Any significant change in the design of a protocol (such as the addition or elimination of a control group).
Addition of a new test or procedure intended to improve monitoring for, or reduce the risk of, a side effect or adverse event; or elimination of a test intended to monitor safety.
Note: a protocol change intended to eliminate an apparent immediate hazard to human subjects may be implemented immediately, provided that FDA is subsequently notified by protocol amendment and the reviewing IRB is also notified.
A sponsor of an IND application is expected to submit a protocol amendment when a new investigator is added to carry out a previously submitted protocol. The amendment should include the investigator's name, the qualifications to conduct the investigation, and any reference to the previously submitted protocol, if relevant. FDA should be notified within 30 days of the investigator being added.
Prout's hypothesis
Prout's hypothesis was an early 19th century attempt to explain the existence of the various chemical elements through a hypothesis regarding the internal structure of the atom.  In 1815 and 1816, the English chemist William Prout published two papers in which he observed that the atomic weights that had been measured for the elements known at that time appeared to be whole multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen.  He then hypothesized that the hydrogen atom was the only truly fundamental object, and that the atoms of other elements were actually groupings of various numbers of hydrogen atoms.

# Influence
Prout's hypothesis remained influential in chemistry throughout the 1820s.  However, more careful measurements of the atomic weights, such as those compiled by Jons Jakob Berzelius in 1828 or Edward Turner in 1832, "disproved" the hypothesis.  In particular the atomic weight of chlorine, which is 35.45 times that of hydrogen, could not at the time be explained in terms of Prout's hypothesis. Some came up with the ad hoc claim that the basic unit was one-half of a hydrogen atom, but further discrepancies surfaced. This resulted in hypothesis that one-quarter of a hydrogen atom was the common unit. Although these turn out to be wrong, these conjectures catalyzed further measurement of atomic weights, a great benefit to chemistry.
The discrepancy in the atomic weights was later understood to be the result of multiple isotopes of the same element. Although all elements are the product of nuclear fusion of hydrogen into higher elemets, it is now understood that atoms consist of both protons (hydrogen nuclei) and neutrons. Neutrons in nuclei decay into protons by emission of beta radiation.
The modern version of Prout's rule is that the atomic mass of a nucleus of proton number P and neutron number N is equal to sum of the masses of its constituent protons and neutrons minus its binding energy.
Proximal phalanges
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# Overview
Proximal phalanges are bones found in the limbs of most vertebrates. In humans, they are the bones at the base of a toe or finger, the prominent, knobby ends of which are often called the knuckles.
In other vertebrates, proximal phalanges have a similar placement in the corresponding limbs, be they paw, wing or fin. In many species, they are the longest and thickest phalanx ("finger" bone).
Pseudobulbar palsy

# Overview
Pseudobulbar palsy is bilateral impairment of the function of the lower cranial nerves 9, 10, 11 and 12 due to upper motor neurone lesion of the bulbar muscles from lesions of the corticobulbar pathways in the pyramidal tract.

# Causes
- Vascular causes: Bilateral hemisphere infarction
- Degenerative disorders: motor neuron disease
- Inflammatory disorders: Multiple sclerosis
- Malignancy: High brain stem tumors

# Symptoms
These include:
- Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing)
- Labile affect
- Dysarthria

# Signs
These include:
- Speech is slow, thick and indistinct
- Gag reflex is normal or exaggerated
- Tongue is small, stiff and spastic
- Jaw jerk is brisk
- There may be upper motor neurone lesion of the limbs.
Bulbar palsy is a similar disorder but is caused by lower motor neurone lesions
Pseudohyponatremia

# Overview
Pseudohyponatremia is defined as a falsely low level of sodium in the bloodstream.

# Pathophysiology
Certain conditions that interfere with laboratory tests of serum sodium concentration (such as extraordinarily high blood levels of lipid (hyperlipidemia/hypertriglyceridemia) or protein (hyperparaproteinemia) may lead to an erroneously low measurement of sodium.  This is called pseudohyponatremia, and can occur when laboratories use the flame-photometric and indirect (but not direct) ion-selective electrode assays.  This is distinct from a true dilutional hyponatremia that can be caused by an osmotic shift of water from cells to the bloodstream after large infusions on mannitol or intravenous immunoglobulin.
It is associated with hyperlipidemia more frequently than with elevated protein.

# Causes
- Hyperlipidemia
- Hypertriglyceridemia
Pseudomonas putida
Pseudomonas putida is a gram-negative rod-shaped saprophytic soil bacterium. Based on 16S rRNA analysis, P. putida has been placed in the P. putida group, to which it lends its name.
It demonstrates very diverse metabolism, including the ability to degrade organic solvents such as toluene. This ability has been put to use in bioremediation, or the use of microorganisms to biodegrade oil. Use of P. putida is preferable to some other Pseudomonas species capable of such degradation as it is a safe strain of bacteria, unlike P. aeruginosa for example, which is an opportunistic human pathogen.

# Uses

## Bioremediation
The diverse metabolism of P. putida may be exploited for bioremediation; for example, it is used as a soil inoculant to remedy naphthalene contaminated soils.
P. putida is capable of converting styrene oil into the biodegradable plastic PHA. This may be of use in the effective recycling of Polystyrene foam, otherwise thought to be non-biodegradable.

## Biocontrol
P. putida has demonstrated potential biocontrol properties, as an effective antagonist of damping off diseases such as Pythium and Fusarium.

# Genome Sequencing Projects
The genome of Pseudomonas putida strain KT2440 has been sequenced, and sequencing of P. putida F1 is in progress.

# Oligonucleotide Usage Signatures of the Pseudomonas putida KT2440 Genome
Di- to pentanucleotide usage and the list of the most abundant octa- to tetradecanucleotides are useful measures of the bacterial genomic signature. The Pseudomonas putida KT2440 chromosome is characterized by strand symmetry and intra-strand parity of complementary oligonucleotides. Each tetranucleotide occurs with similar frequency on the two strands. Tetranucleotide usage is biased by G+C content and physicochemical constraints such as base stacking energy, dinucleotide propeller twist angle or trinucleotide bendability. The 105 regions with atypical oligonucleotide composition can be differentiated by their patterns of oligonucleotide usage into categories of horizontally acquired gene islands, multidomain genes or ancient regions such as genes for ribosomal proteins and RNAs. A species-specific extragenic palindromic sequence is the most common repeat in the genome that can be exploited for the typing of P. putida strains. In the coding sequence of P. putida LLL is the most abundant tripeptide.
Psilocybe atlantis
Psilocybe atlantis is a rare psychedelic mushroom which contains psilocybin and psilocin as main active compounds. It is a close relative of Psilocybe mexicana and has been recorded only from Georgia.

# Description
The mushroom's hygrophanous cap ranges from 2.5 to 4 cm in diameter, bruising blue where damaged. Its form is conic to convex, smooth to slightly striate, sometimes with a small umbo. The cap surface is pale brown to reddish brown in color.  The gills are subadnate, thin and brown. The stipe is 5 cm by .3cm, equal, brownish with small brown scales especially towards the base, bruising blue where damaged.  The spore size is about 9 x 6 x 5.5 m with a broad germ pore. Odor and taste pleasant.

# Distribution and habitat
Psilocybe atlantis has been found in grassy lawns and vacant lots in Fulton County, Georgia.
- Psilocybe atlantis
Psilocybe atlantis
- Psilocybe atlantis
Psilocybe atlantis
- Psilocybe atlantis
Psilocybe atlantis
- Psilocybe atlantis
Psilocybe atlantis
- Psilocybe atlantis
Psilocybe atlantis
- Psilocybe atlantis
Psilocybe atlantis
- Psilocybe atlantis
Psilocybe atlantis
- Psilocybe atlantis
Psilocybe atlantis
Psilocybe mexicana
Psilocybe mexicana is a psychedelic mushroom of the Agaricales family, having psilocybin and psilocin as main active compounds. It is a close relative to the European liberty cap.

# Description
The mushroom's hygrophanous or glabrescent cap ranges from 0.5 to 2 cm in diameter, rarely up to 3 cm. Its form is conic-campanulate and often has a central papilla. The disk is ocherous or brown in color. The whole fungus is approximatively 0.4-1.9 cm high. The spore size is about 8-12 x 5-8 x 5-6.7m. They are obovoid and smooth. Spore deposits are sepia to dark purple-brown in color.
Psilocybe mexicana is known to form sclerotia, which are masses of mycelium harder than normal. Indeed, the fungus has an exceptional ability for forming sclerotia.

# Distribution and habitat
Psilocybe mexicana is found about 4000 to 5000 feet above sea level from the South of Mexico to Guatemala, especially in limestone regions. The species grows either isolated or sparsely in moss along roadsides and trails, humid meadows or cornfields, as well as in the margin of deciduous forests. Fruiting takes place from May to October.

# Consumption and cultivation
Like several other psychedelic mushrooms in the same genus, P. mexicana has been consumed by indigenous Central American peoples for its entheogenic effects. In the Nahuatl language, the fungus is known as Teonanacatlagglutinative form of the words teo(ti) ("god") and nanacatl ("mushroom")"god-mushroom."
In the western world p. mexicana is traded under pseudonyms truffles and Philosopher's Stone and often used as an alternative to psychedelic mushrooms.  P. mexicana has the advantage of being legal in some countries, as they only outlaw dry mushrooms, and P. mexicana retains around 90% water when fresh.
de:Mexikanischer Kahlkopf
gl:Psilocybe mexicana
Psychosis overview

# Overview
Psychosis is a generic psychiatric term for a mental state often described as involving a "loss of contact with reality". Stedman's Medical Dictionary defines psychosis as "a severe mental disorder, with or without organic damage, characterized by derangement of personality and loss of contact with reality and causing deterioration of normal social functioning."
People experiencing a psychotic episode may report hallucinations or delusional beliefs (e.g., grandiose or paranoid delusions), and may exhibit personality changes and disorganized thinking. This is often accompanied by lack of insight into the unusual or bizarre nature of their behaviour, as well as difficulty with social interaction and impairment in carrying out the activities of daily living.
A wide variety of nervous system stressors, both organic and functional, can cause a psychotic reaction. This has led to the belief that psychosis is the 'fever' of mental illnessa serious but nonspecific indicator.
However, most people have unusual and reality-distorting experiences at some point in their lives, without being impaired or even distressed by these experiences. For example, many people have experienced visions of some kind, and some have even found inspiration or religious revelation in them. As a result, it has been argued that psychosis is not fundamentally separate from normal consciousness, but rather, is on a continuum with normal consciousness. In this view, people who are clinically found to be psychotic, may simply be having particularly intense or distressing experiences (see schizotypy).
In pop culture, the term "psychotic" is often used incorrectly to refer to psychopathy.
Radioimmunotherapy

# Overview
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) utilizes an antibody labeled with a radionuclide to deliver cytotoxic radiation to a target cell.  In cancer therapy, an antibody with specificity for a tumor-associated antigen is used to deliver a lethal dose of radiation to the tumor cells.  The ability for the antibody to specifically bind to a tumor-associated antigen increases the dose delivered to the tumor cells while decreasing the dose to normal tissues.  By its nature, RIT requires a tumor cell to express an antigen that is unique to the neoplasm or is not accessible in normal cells.

# History of available agents
These medications were the first agents of what is known as radioimmunotherapy, and they were approved for the treatment of refractory non-Hodgkins lymphoma.  This means they are used in patients whose lymphoma is refractory to conventional chemotherapy and the monoclonal antibody rituximab.

# Other applications (non-approved indications)
Other types of cancer for which RIT has therapeutic potential include prostate cancer , metastatic melanoma , ovarian cancer , neoplastic meningitis 
, leukemia , high-grade brain glioma , and metastatic colorectal cancer .
Rastelli procedure
The Rastelli procedure is an open heart surgical procedure developed by Italian physician and cardiac surgery researcher Giancarlo Rastelli, which is used to correct certain combinations of congenital heart defects (CHDs):
- dextro-Transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA), or overriding aorta, or double outlet right ventricle (DORV); and
- Ventricular septal defect (VSD); and
- Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO):
- pulmonary atresia; or
- pulmonary stenosis; or
- subpulmonary stenosis.

# Timing
The Rastelli procedure is typically performed between one and two years of age. Since d-TGA, overriding aorta, and DORV are cyanotic heart defects, the child is palliated with a Blalock-Taussig shunt in the meantime.

# Method
A Gore-Tex patch is used to direct oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the aorta, while at the same time closing the VSD. The pulmonary valve is surgically closed and an artificial conduit and valve are constructed from the pulmonary bifurcation to the right ventricle, allow oxygen depleted blood to travel to the lungs for reoxygenation.
Rate (mathematics)
A rate is a special kind of ratio, indicating a relationship between two measurements with the same units.

# Example
When dealing with rates, the division operator is sometimes expressed as per. If the units are expressed without abbreviation, the bottom unit is singular. If one travels 5 meters in 2 seconds, the following rate is:
Often rate is a synonym of rhythm or frequency, a count per second. Examples are heart rate or sample rate.

# Unit rate
A unit rate is a rate that is simplified so it has a denominator of 1. This type of rate is frequently used when referring to statistics.
The civics membership in the U.S. House of Representatives is based on a population in the preceding census. In 1990, the population of the United States was about 248,000,000. There are 435 members in the house. On average, how many people are represented by each member of the house?
Write the rate that compares the population size to the number of members of the house. Then divide both the numerator and the denominator by 435.
This rate says that each representative represents about 570,000 people.
Reaction Mechanism
In chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical change occurs .
Although only the net chemical change is directly observable for most chemical reactions, experiments can often be designed that suggest the possible sequence of steps in a reaction mechanism.
A mechanism describes in detail exactly what takes place at each stage of a chemical transformation. It describes the transition state and which bonds are broken, and in what order, which bonds are formed and in what order, and what the relative rates of the steps are. A complete mechanism must also account for all reactants used, the function of a catalyst, stereochemistry, all products formed and the amount each.
A reaction mechanism must also account for the order in which molecules react. Often what appears to be a single step conversion is in fact a multistep reaction. Consider the following example:
CO + NO2  CO2 + NO
In this reaction, it has been experimentally determined that this reaction takes place according to the rate law R = k2. Therefore, a possible mechanism by which this reaction takes place is:
2 NO2  NO3 + NO (slow)
NO3 + CO  NO2 + CO2 (fast)
Each step is called an elementary step, and each has its own rate law and molecularity. All of the elementary steps must add up to the original reaction. There are four types of elementary steps: 1) Addition, 2) Elimination, 3) Substitution and 4) Rearrangement.
When determining the overall rate law for a reaction, the slowest step is the step that determines the reaction rate. Because the first step is the slowest step, it is the rate-determining step. Because it involves the collision of 2 NO2 molecules, it is a bimolecular reaction with a rate law of R = k2. If one were to cancel out all the molecules that appear on both sides of the reaction, you would be left with the original reaction.
In organic chemistry one of the first reaction mechanisms proposed was that for the benzoin condensation in 1903 by A. J. Lapworth.