Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Medical oddity
A medical oddity is an unusual predicament or event which takes place in a medical context.  Some examples of medical oddities might include: "lost and found" surgical instruments (in the body), grotesquely oversized tumors, (human) male pregnancy, rare or "orphan" illnesses, rare allergies (such as to water), strange births (extra or missing organs), and bizarre syndromes (such as Capgras delusion).
Medical oddities can also include unusual discoveries in purchased food, such as finding a severed finger or thumb in a hamburger.
Medical oddities are also known as medical curiosities.  While not strictly paranormal, they are classically Fortean.

# Further reading

## Books
- Gould, George Milbry, Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine, W. B. Saunders, 1896, Philadelphia, LC Control Number: 07028696
- Jones, Kenneth Lyons, Smith's Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation, Saunders, 1997, Philadelphia, LC Control Number: 96016722, ISBN 0-7216-6115-7

## Periodicals
- Fortean Times
Melanosis coli

# Overview
Melanosis coli is a disorder of pigmentation of the wall of the colon, identified at the time of colonoscopy.  It is benign, and has no significant correlation with disease.  The name is considered a misnomer: the brown pigment seen in the colon is actually lipofuscin, not melanin as the name implies.
The most common cause of melanosis coli is the surreptitious use of laxatives, and commonly anthraquinone containing laxatives such as Senna and other plant glycosides.    Endoscopically, the mucosa shows a brownish discoloration in a moire pattern.  On biopsy, melanosis coli shows characteristic pigment-laden macrophages within the submucosa on PAS staining.
No adverse effects or consequences of melanosis coli have been identified.  The condition is unrelated to Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, which can cause pigmentation of the skin and mucous surfaces with melanin, and polyps in the digestive tract.
Melanoses of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract have also been reported, and are of unclear relevance.  Patients with colostomies can have melanosis involving the stoma, which is also of no significance.
Melorheostosis

# Overview
Melorheostosis is usually discovered in childhood, occasionally in adulthood. The male-to-female ratio is usually 1:1. It can occur in a single limb, and the lower extremity is more commonly affected than the upper extremity. The epicenter is periosteal or endosteal. The appearance consists of cortical hyperostosis in one or multiple bones, often with intervening soft-tissue calcification or ossification. The limb involved with melorheostosis often demonstrates joint pain, swelling, and limitation of motion in childhood. There is often associated growth disturbance, muscular contraction, and limb length discrepancy. There may be overlying skin changes. At pathologic analysis, thickened and enlarged osseous trabeculae are noted, associated with fibrous tissue replacement of the marrow space. There is controversy involving the distribution of melorheostosis. It has been suggested that the distribution mimics that of the sclerotomes (zones supplied by individual spinal sensory nerves), implying a neurogenic origin.

# Diagnosis
The imaging findings are
- At radiography, contiguous bones of an extremity are often involved, although there may be involvement of a single bone.
- There is cortical hyperostosis with intervening soft-tissue calcification or ossification. Dripping candle wax appearance.
- There may be endosteal hyperostosis with obliteration of the medullary space.
- Dripping candle wax
Memory T cells
Memory T cells are a specific type of infection-fighting T cell (also known as a T lymphocyte) that can recognize foreign invaders such as bacteria or viruses, that were encountered during a prior infection or vaccination. At a second encounter with the invader, memory T cells can reproduce to mount a faster and stronger immune response than the first time the immune system responded to the invader. This behaviour is utilized in T lymphocyte proliferation assays, which can reveal exposure to specific antigens.

# Sub-populations
Within the human cytotoxic T cell population, three distinct sub-populations have now been described:
- central memory (TCM). The TCM cells are thought to represent memory stem cells. TCM display a capacity for self-renewal due to high levels of phosphorylation of an important transcription factor known as STAT5. 
- two highly related effector memory sub-types, which strongly express genes for molecules essential to the cytotoxic function of CD8 T cells:
effector memory (TEM)
effector memory RA (TEMRA)
- effector memory (TEM)
- effector memory RA (TEMRA)
Memory T cells can be recognized by the differential expression of certain molecules.
- Central memory TCM cells express L-selectin and the chemokine receptor CCR7, they secrete IL-2, but not IFN or IL-4.
- Effector memory TEM cells, however,  do not express L-selectin or CCR7 but produce effector cytokines like IFN and IL-4.
Antigen-specific memory T cells against viruses or other microbial molecules can be found in both TCM and TEM subsets. Although most information is currently based on observations in the Cytotoxic T cells (CD8-positive) subset, similar populations appear to exist for both the Helper T cells (CD4-positive) and the cytotoxic T cells.
Methaemoglobin

# Overview
Methemoglobin (pronounced MET-hemoglobin) is a form of the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin (British English: haemoglobin), in which the iron in the heme group is in the Fe3+ state, not the Fe2+ of normal hemoglobin. Methemoglobin is unable to carry oxygen. It is chocolate-brown in color. The NADH-dependent enzyme methemoglobin reductase (AKA diaphorase I) is responsible for converting methemoglobin back to hemoglobin.
Normally one to two percent of people's hemoglobin is methemoglobin; a higher percentage than this can be genetic or caused by exposure to various chemicals and depending on the level can cause health problems known as Methemoglobinemia. A higher level of methemoglobin will tend to cause a pulse oximeter to read closer to 85% regardless of the true level of oxygen saturation.

# Common causes
- Reduced cellular defense mechanisms
Children younger than 4 months exposed to various environmental agents
Methemoglobin reductase deficiency
G6PD deficiency
Hemoglobin M disease
Pyruvate kinase deficiency
- Children younger than 4 months exposed to various environmental agents
- Methemoglobin reductase deficiency
- G6PD deficiency
- Hemoglobin M disease
- Pyruvate kinase deficiency
- Various pharmaceutical compounds
Local anaesthetic agents, especially prilocaine as used in the Bier block
Amyl nitrite, chloroquine, dapsone, nitrates, nitrites, nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, phenacetin, phenazopyridine, primaquine, quinones and sulfonamides
- Local anaesthetic agents, especially prilocaine as used in the Bier block
- Amyl nitrite, chloroquine, dapsone, nitrates, nitrites, nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, phenacetin, phenazopyridine, primaquine, quinones and sulfonamides
- Environmental agents
Aromatic amines
Arsine
Chlorobenzene
Chromates
Nitrates/nitrites
- Aromatic amines
- Arsine
- Chlorobenzene
- Chromates
- Nitrates/nitrites

# Methemoglobinemia in infants
In children, this condition is known as blue baby syndrome, attributed primarily to excessive nitrate intake from drinking well water.
Metoidioplasty
Metoidioplasty, sometimes referred to as a meto or meta, is an alternative to phalloplasty for Transmen . With the effects of testosterone treatment, the clitoris enlarges, over time, to an average of 4-5 cm. In a metoidioplasty the enlarged clitoris is released from its position and moved forward to more closely approximate the position of a normal penis. In some cases the urethra is lengthened to end at the tip of the neophallus. The clitoris and penis are developmentally homologous organs.
The labia majora (see vulva) can be united to form a scrotum, where prosthetic testicles (usually made of silicone) can be inserted.
This procedure is technically simpler than a phalloplasty, and has fewer complications. Surgery itself is also considerably shorter (1-2 hours vs. 8-10 hours) and it is much less expensive (perhaps US$15,000 instead of US$85,000). Unlike a phalloplasty, an erectile prosthesis is usually not needed to achieve erection. The clitoris contains erectile tissue which responds to sexual arousal.  In most cisgender females, the clitoris is too small for the person to detect this erectile change significantly. In transmen and other female-bodied people whose clitoris is larger, this may be more visually apparent as it is in cisgender men.
If a metoidioplasty is performed without a urethral lengthening or scrotoplasty (formation of a scrotum from the labia majora), this is sometimes called a clitoral release. This is less expensive than a complete metoidioplasty but does not allow for urination (through the new penis) while standing. However this also offers surgery with less risk because the urinary system remains unaltered without a urethral extension and still affords some of the visual effects of a complete metoidioplasty.
Polychondritis

# Overview
Polychondritis is an auto-immune disease in which the human body's immune system begins to attack and destroy the cartilage tissues in the body.
All cartilage areas can be affected, though in many cases the disease will affect several areas where cartilage is found in the body, and leave others entirely alone.  Parts of the body with cartilage, and therefore potentially affected by polychondritis, include the ears, nose, throat, heart valves and of course all areas where musculo-skeletal tissues are connected by cartilage.  Specific resultant conditions may include Type 3 Tracheomalacia and Vasculitis.
Reasons for disease onset are not known.  Treatment plans typically involve suppression of the immune system with medicines, which often result in a side effect of increasing the risk of other infections.
While the disease can come on at various times, most frequent time for onset is in the late 40's to early 50's.  Some literature reports a slightly higher occurrence in females than males, while other literature asserts that sex is apparently not a statistically significant factor in the occurrence rate of the disease. Polychondritis is one of many subclasses of disease in the area of Rheumatology.
Polychondritis is classified in Chapter 13 of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems:  ICD-10 Chapter XIII: Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue.  It is also known as Relapsing polychondritis, Chronic atrophic polychondritis, Meyenburg-Altherr-Uehlinger syndrome, von Meyenburg's disease, Generalized chondromalacia, or Systemic chondromalacia.

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination

### skin
- Polychondritis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Polychondritis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Polychondritis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Polychondritis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Polychondritis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
Michael Kaback
Michael M. Kaback, M.D. is a Professor of Pediatrics and Reproductive Medicine, and chief of the Division of Medical Genetics, at the University of California-San Diego.
He is best known for his role in the discovery and development of an enzyme assay method of screening for Tay-Sachs disease, a rare and fatal genetic disorder. This test allowed for cost-effective screening of large populations, the first such test in medical genetics. Because no large scale genetic screening had ever been done before, Kaback became involved in public health aspects of screening, including the education of target populations and genetic counseling.  Although no cure for Tay-Sachs disease has been found, antenatal genetic screening has virtually  eliminated the disease in the Ashkenazi Jewish population in both the United States and Israel.
In 1979, Kaback served on the first National Institutes of Health (NIH) panel to recommend antenatal diagnosis in cases where a couple might be at risk for conceiving a child with a hereditary disease or congenital defect. The panel brought together physicians, scientists, consumers, and others in order to develop a consensus statement for use by health care providers. In the NIH Consensus Development Program, panel members are selected for their expertise to serve as judges of evidence, and must have no prior conflicts of interest.  Panel members addressed issues concerning the relative risks and benefits of genetic screening, including the costs and risks of the screening procedures themselves. It was the first NIH panel to provide recommendations for genetic screening, and its findings have since been revised many times.
Micro syndrome
Micro Syndrome also known as WARBM, and Warburg Sjo Fledelius Syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by microcephaly, microcornea, congenital cataract, mental retardation, optic atrophy, and hypogenitalism.  The rare cases that have been examined are often within families, or the people that have cases of Micro Syndrome have a mutation in their genes.
Micro Syndrome can be identified in people several ways, one of the most common is ocular problems or other physical traits that don't appear natural. It is especially easy to identify Micro Syndrome in infants and in younger children. Mental retardation can seriously affect a patient in the way they think and move. So far according to studies all patients have had serious mental retardation, and hypotonia is found in all the patients during infancy.

# Treatment
There is no specific treatment for Micro Syndrome, but there are ways to help the disorders, and illnesses that come with it. Many victims of Micro Syndrome need permanent assistance from their disorders and inabilities to move and support themselves. Seizures are not uncommon and patients should get therapy to help control them, and many patients also require wheelchairs to move, so an assistant would be needed at all times.
Victims of Micro Syndrome are born appearing normal with slight hints of retardation. At the age of one, mental and physical retardation has started to show, along with some limb spasms. By the age of eight Micro Syndrome has already set in, and the patient will have joint contractures, Ocular Atrophy will become noticeable, the patient will most likely lose ability to walk, speak, and sometimes move at all.
Microphthalmia
Microphthalmia (or microphthalmos) means small eyes.

# Presentation
In mammals the failure of expression of a transcription factor, MITF (microphthalmia-associated transcription factor), in the pigmented retina prevents this structure from fully differentiating. This in turn causes a malformation of the choroid fissure of the eye, resulting in the drainage of vitreous humor fluid. Without this fluid, the eye fails to enlarge, thus the name microphthalmia.

# Causes
The gene encoding the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) is a member of the basic helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper (bHLH-ZIP) family. Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (WS type 2) in humans is also a type of microphthalmia syndrome. Mutations in MITF gene are thought to be responsible for this syndrome. The human MITF gene is homologous to the mouse MITF gene (aka mouse mi or microphthalmia gene); mouse with mutations in this gene are hypopigmented in their fur. The identification of the genetics of WS type 2 owes a lot to observations of phenotypes of MITF mutant mice.
Microphthalmia in newborns is also associated with infections during pregnancy, particularly rubella and cytomegalovirus (CMV),  and trisomy 13 ( Patau syndrome).
In addition, microphthalmia may also be a result of Fetal alcohol syndrome.
Micropolyspora
Micropolyspora is a now defunct genus of bacteria from family Nocardiaceae. Members of this genus were transferred to new genera in families Nocardiaceae, Streptosporangiaceae and Pseudonocardiaceae.  These changes effectively ended the official status of this genus, but the name persists in older research articles, and is occasionally used in contemporary settings.

# Family Nocardiaceae
- Micropolyspora brevicatena became Nocardia brevicatena.

# Family Streptosporangiaceae
- Micropolyspora angiospora became Microtetraspora angiospora, which became Nonomuraea angiospora.

# Family Pseudonocardiaceae
- Micropolyspora faeni became Micropolyspora rectivirgula, which became Faenia rectivirgula, which became Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula.
- Micropolyspora internatus became Saccharomonospora internatus, but this change has not yet been officially accepted.
Mie University
Mie University (; Mie Daigaku, abbreviated to  Miedai) is a national university in Tsu, Mie, Japan. As with other 'national' universities, 'Miedai' has been a national university corporation since April 2004, when state-funded universities were partially privatised.
Mie University was founded on May 31, 1949 with two faculties: Liberal Arts and Agriculture. These gave way to the establishment's present composition of six faculties: Humanities, Medicine, Education, Bioresources, Engineering and Common Education - the latter dealing with cross-faculty courses such as English language teaching. Its 'Center for International Exchange' promotes international links and issues involving the global community.
The university is Mie's only higher education institution, and is located in the city of Tsu in the Kansai region, within easy reach of Kyoto, Osaka and Nagoya. The campus is situated in the north-east of the city, close to the coast of Ise Bay. Though some students make use of nearby accommodation, larger numbers commute from the larger cities, as well as nearby towns such as Ise, Matsusaka and Toba.

# Organization

## Faculties
- Humanities and Social Sciences 
- Education 
- Medicine 
- Engineering 
- Bioresources
Military brace
The military brace is a body posture, sometimes known as scapular posterior depression or the costoclavicular maneuver.  It is a modification of standing at attention that is primarily used in military schools.  It is also used in the diagnosis of costoclavicular syndrome and thoracic outlet syndrome.
The position is described as first standing in a relaxed posture, with the head looking forward, then depressing and retracting the shoulders as if standing at attention, extending the humerus and abducting it 30 degrees, and hyperextending the neck and head.  A more informal description is to lie down on the floor on one's back and try to touch the floor with the back of one's neck, which will force one's chin down; and then to attempt to imitate that position whilst standing up or sitting.
VMI, The Citadel, and the United States Naval Academy are the only military schools which still enforce bracing.
Monarda didyma
Monarda didyma (Bergamot, Scarlet Beebalm, Scarlet Monarda, Oswego Tea, or Crimson Beebalm) is an aromatic herb in the family Lamiaceae, native to eastern North America from Maine west to Ohio and south to northern Georgia. Its name is derived from its odor which is considered similar to that of the bergamot orange. The scientific name comes from Nicolas Monardes, who described the first American flora in 1569.

# Description
This hardy perennial plant grows to 0.7-1.5 m in height, with the stems square in cross-section. The leaves are opposite on the square stems, 6-15 cm long and 3-8 cm broad, and dark green with reddish leaf veins and a coarsely-toothed margin; they are glaborous or sparsely pubescent above with spreading hairs below. It has ragged, bright red tubular flowers 3-4 cm long, borne on showy heads of about 30 together, with reddish bracts. It grows in dense clusters along stream banks, thickets and ditches, flowering from July to late August.

# Cultivation and uses
Bergamot is extensively grown as an ornamental plant both within and outside its native range; it is naturalized further west in the United States and also in parts of Europe and Asia. It grows best in full sun, but tolerates light shade and will thrive in any moist soil that is well-drained. Several cultivars have been selected for different flower color, ranging from white through pink to dark red and purple.
The name Oswego Tea comes from the Oswego Indians who taught the immigrants how to use it for tea after the Boston tea party in 1773. The flowers and leaves are good ingredients for potpourri making.
Note that the bergamot herb is not the source of bergamot oil, used to flavor Earl Grey tea; that comes from the bergamot orange, a Mediterranean citrus fruit.
Mongolian spot
Synonyms and keywords:: Mongolian blue spot.

# Overview
A Mongolian Spot or Mongolian Blue Spot is a benign flat congenital birthmark with wavy borders and irregular shape, most common among people of East Asian descent, and named after Mongolians. It is also extremely prevalent among East Africans and Native Americans. It normally vanishes three to five years after birth and almost always by puberty.

# Origin
The Mongolian spot is a congenital developmental condition exclusively involving the skin. The blue colour is caused by melanocytes, melanin-containing cells, that are deep under the skin. Usually, as multiple spots or one large patch, it covers one or more of the lumbosacral area (lower back), the buttocks, flanks, and shoulders. It results from the entrapment of melanocytes in the dermis during their migration from the neural crest to the epidermis during embryonic development.
The condition is not linked to sex; and male and female infants are equally predisposed to Mongolian spot. The spots are harmless.
Among those who are not aware of the background of the Mongolian spots, it may sometimes be mistaken for a bruise.

# Prevalance
Mongolian spot is most prevalent among Mongols and other Asian groups, such as the Chinese, Koreans, Japanese, Vietnamese, etc. Nearly all East Asian infants are born with one or more Mongolian spot. The incidence of Mongolian spot among East Asian infants is 95-100%. It is also common if only one of the parents is East Asian.
Among East African infants it is found at rates between 90-95%, and 85-90% of Native American infants.
The incidence among Caucasians, that is, the indigenous peoples of Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and the Indian subcontinent (Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka) is between 1-10%.
Additionally, there is an incidence of 50-70% among Hispanics, presumably as a result of the Native American admixture found in mestizos (people of mixed European and Native American ancestry) who comprise the largest racial group among Hispanics.

# Physical examination

## Gallery

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Mononeuropathy
Mononeuropathy (or "mononeuritis") is a type of neuropathy that only affects a single peripheral or cranial nerve. It is diagnostically useful to distinguish them from peripheral neuropathy and autonomic neuropathy because the limitation in scope makes it more likely that the cause is a localized trauma or infection.
The "pins-and-needles" sensation of one's "foot falling asleep" (paresthesia) can be caused by a type of mononeuropathy, albeit a temporary one which can be resolved merely by moving around and adjusting to a more appropriate position.

# Examples of mononeuropathies
- Limbs
Thoracic outlet syndrome - Brachial plexus (varies)
Carpal tunnel syndrome - Median nerve
Radial neuropathy - Radial nerve
Winged scapula - Long thoracic nerve (usually)
Meralgia paraesthetica - Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
Tarsal tunnel syndrome - Tibial nerve
- Thoracic outlet syndrome - Brachial plexus (varies)
- Carpal tunnel syndrome - Median nerve
- Radial neuropathy - Radial nerve
- Winged scapula - Long thoracic nerve (usually)
- Meralgia paraesthetica - Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
- Tarsal tunnel syndrome - Tibial nerve
- Facial (note: although these are conditions which affect only a single nerve, they are less frequently called "mononeuropathies" than the conditions above)
Oculomotor nerve palsy - Oculomotor nerve (III)
Fourth nerve palsy - Trochlear nerve (IV)
Sixth nerve palsy - Abducens nerve (VI)
Bell's palsy - Facial nerve (VII)
- Oculomotor nerve palsy - Oculomotor nerve (III)
- Fourth nerve palsy - Trochlear nerve (IV)
- Sixth nerve palsy - Abducens nerve (VI)
- Bell's palsy - Facial nerve (VII)