Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Pramocaine

# Overview
Pramocaine (INN and BAN, also known as pramoxine or pramoxine HCI) is a topical anesthetic discovered at Abbott Laboratories in 1953 and used as an antipruritic. Chemically, it is p-n butoxyphenyl gammamorpholinopropyl ether hydrochloride. During research and development, pramoxine hydrochloride stood out among a series of alkoxy aryl alkamine ethers as an especially good topical local anesthetic agent. Pharmacologic study revealed it to be potent and of low acute and subacute toxicity, well tolerated by most mucous membranes and of a low sensitizing index in man. Like other local anesthetics, paramoxine decreases the permeability of neuronal membranes to sodium ions, blocking both initiation and conduction of nerve impulses. Depolarization and repolarization of excitable neural membranes is thus inhibited, leading to numbness.
The popular itch creams Gold Bond and Calamine Lotion use pramocaine hydrochloride to numb sensitive skin, as does the pain relief variant of Neosporin and some formulations of Sarna. The hydrochloride salt form of pramocaine is water-soluble.

# Usage
Topical anesthetics are used to relieve pain and itching caused by conditions such as sunburn or other minor burns, insect bites or stings, poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac, and minor cuts and scratches. Pramocaine and dibucaine are also common ingredients in over the counter hemorrhoid preparations.

# Synthesis
Pranlukast

# Overview
Pranlukast is a cysteinyl leukotriene receptor-1 antagonist.  This drug works similarly to Merck & Co.'s Singulair (montelukast).
Medications of this class, which go under a variety of names according to whether one looks at the American, British or European system of nomenclature, have as their primary function the antagonism of bronchospasm caused, principally in asthmatics, by an allergic reaction to accidentally or inadvertently encountered allergens.
Medications of this group are normally used as an adjunct to the standard therapy of inhaled steroids with inhaled long- and/or short-acting beta-agonists. There are several similar medications in the group; all appear to be equally effective.
Prem Reddy
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Dr. Prem Reddy (born 1948) is a cardiologist, philanthropist and a major owner of Prime Healthcare Services, Inc., which owns several hospitals in California in the United States.
Prem Reddy was born in a rural village in Southern India. He and his wife immigrated to the United States in 1976.
Reddy, holding an MD, FACC, and FCCP is a board-certified physician in Internal Medicine and Cardiology. He is a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology and the American College of Chest Physicians. During his over two decades of practice, Dr. Reddy has performed more than 5,000 
cardiac procedures (such as coronary angiography and angioplasty, and permanent pacemaker implantations).

# Business activity
Dr. Reddy founded Desert Valley Medical Group, a multi-specialty medical group, in 1985, which later became PrimeCare International, Inc. He also founded and served as CEO and Chairman of the Board of PrimeRX.Com, Inc.
In 2001 Reddy founded Prime Healthcare Services, Inc., which currently owns and operates eight acute care hospitals in Southern California. The company is reportedly seeking to purchase more hospitals in the near future.
An important aspect of the Reddy intervention in his hospitals is the improvement of services in the emergency room, as he claims these are the entrances to his hospitals.

# Alcohol
In a lawsuit won by two former nurses at the Desert Valley Hospital they claimed to have been improperly fired after they accused the hospital of inediaquote care and Reddy of working under the influence of alcohol. Reddy acknowledged having had an alcohol problem but said he never treated patients after drinking.
Prevotella

# Overview
Prevotella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria.
Bacteroides melaninogenicus has been reclassified and split into Prevotella melaninogenica and Prevotella intermedia.
Prevotella spp. are members of the  oral and vaginal flora, and are recovered from anaerobic infections of the respiratory tract. These infections include aspiration pneumonia, lung abscess, pulmonary empyema, and chronic otitis media and sinusitis. They have been isolated from abscesses and burns in the vicinity of the mouth, bites, paronychia, urinary tract infection, brain abscesses, osteomyelitis, and bacteremia associated with upper respiratory tract infections. Prevotella spp. predominate in periodontal disease and periodontal abscesses. 
In a study of gut bacteria of children in Burkina Faso (in Africa), Prevotella made up 53% of the gut bacteria, but were absent in age-matched European children. Studies also indicate that long-term diet is strongly associated with the gut microbiome compositionthose who eat plenty of protein and animal fats typical of Western diet have predominantly Bacteroides bacteria, while for those who consume more carbohydrates, especially fibre, the Prevotella species dominate.
P. copri is possibly connected to rheumatoid arthritis.
A recent study on Prevotella derived from humans compared the gene repertoires of its species derived from different body sites of human. It also reported an open pan- genome showing vast diversity of gene pool. 

# Species
- Prevotella albensis
- Prevotella amnii
- Prevotella bergensis
- Prevotella bivia
- Prevotella brevis
- Prevotella bryantii
- Prevotella buccae
- Prevotella buccalis
- Prevotella copri
- Prevotella dentalis
- Prevotella denticola
- Prevotella disiens
- Prevotella histicola
- Prevotella intermedia
- Prevotella maculosa
- Prevotella marshii
- Prevotella melaninogenica
- Prevotella micans
- Prevotella multiformis
- Prevotella nigrescens
- Prevotella oralis
- Prevotella oris
- Prevotella oulorum
- Prevotella pallens
- Prevotella salivae
- Prevotella stercorea
- Prevotella tannerae
- Prevotella timonensis
- Prevotella veroralis
Primordium
A primordium, in embryology, is defined as an organ or tissue in its earliest recognizable stage of development. Cells of the primordium are called primordial cells.
A primordium can be considered as the simplest set of initial conditions capable of triggering growth.

# Primordium development in plants
Primordial development in plants is a very critical process for proper positioning and development of different plant organs. Different primordial types like the leaf and flower primordia arise from the shoot apical meristem. The process is intricately regulated by a set of genes that affect the positioning, growth and differentiation of the primordium.
The plant hormone Auxin has also been implicated in this process, with the new primordia being initiated at the site where the auxin concentration is the highest. Genes like SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM), CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUC) etc are involved in defining the borders of the newly formed primordium.
Pritumumab
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# Overview
Pritumumab is a human monoclonal antibody and which it is used to treat cancer.
Proctology
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# Overview
Proctology is a field in medicine dealing with diseases and disorders of the rectum, anus, colon and pelvic floor. The word Proctology is derived from the Greek words Proktos, meaning anus or hindparts, and Logos meaning science or study.
Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are more commonly called colorectal surgeons, as the term proctologist is outdated in the more traditional areas of medicine. A proctologist should be a surgeon by training. Proctologists often work closely with urologists.
In the United States, some surgeons (MDs) are certified by the American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery, while some osteopathic surgeons (DOs), which are also equally licensed proctologists, are certified by the American Osteopathic Board of Proctology.

# Scope of the specialty
Proctological disorders include:
- varicosities or swelling, and inflammation of veins in the rectum and anus (Hemorrhoids)
- unnatural cracks or tears in the anus (Anal fissures)
- abnormal connections or passageways between the rectum or other anorectal area to the skin surface (Fistulas)
- severe constipation conditions
- fecal incontinence
- protrusion of the walls of the rectum through the anus (Rectal prolapse)
- birth defects such as the imperforate anus
- cancer of the colon and rectum (Colorectal cancer)
- anal cancer (rare)
- any injuries to the anus
Proglumide

# Overview
Proglumide (Milid) is a drug which inhibits gastrointestinal motility and reduces gastric secretions.
Proglumide acts as a cholecystokinin antagonist. It was used mainly in the treatment of stomach ulcers, although it has now been largely replaced by newer drugs for this application.
An interesting side effect of proglumide is that it enhances the analgesia produced by opioid drugs, and can prevent or even reverse the development of tolerance to opioid drugs. This can make it a useful adjuvant treatment to use alongside opioid drugs in the treatment of chronic pain conditions such as cancer, where opioid analgesics may be required for long periods and development of tolerance reduces clinical efficacy of these drugs.
Prohibitin
Prohibitin, also known as PHB, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PHB gene.
The Phb gene has also been described in animals, fungi, plants, and unicellular eukaryotes. Prohibitins are divided in two classes, termed Type-I and Type-II prohibitins, based on their similarity to yeast PHB1 and PHB2, respectively. Each organism has at least one copy of each type of prohibitin gene.

# Discovery
Prohibitins are evolutionarily conserved genes that are ubiquitously expressed.  The human prohibitin gene, located on the BRCA1 chromosome region 17q21, was originally thought to be a negative regulator of cell proliferation and a tumor suppressor.  This anti-proliferative activity was later attributed to the 3' UTR of the PHB gene, and not to the actual protein. Mutations in human PHB have been linked to sporadic breast cancer.  However, over-expression of PHB has been associated with a reduction in the androgen receptor activity and a reduction in PSA gene expression resulting in a decrease of androgen-dependent growth of cancerous prostate cells.
Prohibitin is expressed as two transcripts with varying lengths of 3' untranslated region.  The longer transcript is present at higher levels in proliferating tissues and cells, suggesting that this longer 3' untranslated region may function as a trans-acting regulatory RNA.

# Function
Prohibitins may have multiple functions including:

## Mitochondrial function and morphology
Prohibitins are assembled into a ring-like structure with 1620 alternating Phb1 and Phb2 subunits in the inner mitochondrial membrane.  The precise molecular function of the PHB complex is not clear, but a role as chaperone for respiration chain proteins or as a general structuring scaffold required for optimal mitochondrial morphology and function are suspected. Recently, prohibitins have been demonstrated to be positive, rather than negative, regulators of cell proliferation in both plants and mice.

## Transcriptional modulation
Both human prohibitins have also been suggested to be localized in the nucleus and modulate transcriptional activity by interacting with various transcription factors, including nuclear receptors, either directly or indirectly. However, little evidence for nuclear targeting and transcription factor-binding of prohibitins has been found in other organism (yeast, plants, C. elegans, etc.), indicating that this may be a specific function in mammalian cells.

# Clinical significance
Human prohibitin 1 has some activity as a virus receptor protein, having been identified as a receptor for Chikungunya Virus  (CHIKV) and Dengue Virus 2 (DENV-2).  Little else is known about the activity of the prohibitins in viral pathogenesis.

# Interactions
Prohibitin has been shown to interact with:
- ANXA2
- C-Raf,
- E2F1,
- HDAC1,
- P53,
- RB1,
- RBL1,
- RBL2,
- SMARCA2,  and
- SMARCA4.

# Drugs that bind to prohibitin
- Aurilide 
- Fluorizoline 
- Rocaglamide A
Prokinetic

# Definition
Prokinetics are a class of drugs used on the digestive system. It includes all drugs whose primary effect is to augment the speed of intestinal transit, by increasing the frequency of contractions in the small intestine or making them stronger, but without disrupting their rhythm. They are mostly used to treat or prevent pathological reflux, or to speed up absorption of certain other drugs. Some of them can also be used to help in the treatment of nausea or other symptoms associated with dyspepsia.
Most of these drugs are grouped under ATC code A03F.

# Pharmacokinetics
Both cisapride and metoclopramide are serotonin receptor modulators.
Cisapride acts on 5HT4 receptor. Its metabolised by CYP3A4 so when combined with enzyme inhibitors as ketoconazole, erythromycin the increased serum level can produce prolonged QT interval in ECG and serious cardiac arrythmia.
Parasympathomimetics as bethanechol. They increase motility and secretions as well as motilin like agents e.g. erythromycin.

# Examples
Examples of this class of drug are:
- Domperidone
- Metoclopramide
- Cisapride

# Further reading
- Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Gilman AG. Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. ISBN 0-07-135469-7.
de:Prokinetikum
Prometrium
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Prometrium (Progesterone, USP) is a brand of micronized progesterone capsules from Solvay Pharmaceuticals, which has been FDA-approved for use in the United States. Solvay obtained US marketing rights from Schering-Plough Corporation in January 1998.
Synthesized from yams, prometrium is identical in chemical structure to the progesterone which is naturally produced in a woman's body. The inactive ingredients in prometrium capsules include peanut oil NF, gelatin NF, glycerin USP, lecithin NF, titanium dioxide USP and coloring
Prometrium is used as a prescription drug in hormone replacement therapy -- or bioidentical hormone replacement therapy, to be more precise. Micronization of progesterone greatly improves its absorption when taken orally. Prior to the use of prometrium micronized progesterone was only available from compounding pharmacies, but its production as an FDA-approved prescription drug by a major pharmaceutical company greatly increased availability.
Although prometrium capsules are most often taken orally, they are also available as vaginal suppositories.
Propanidid

# Overview
Propanidid is an ultra short-acting phenylacetate general anesthetic.  It was originally introduced by Bayer in 1963 but anaphylactic reactions caused it to be withdrawn shortly afterwards.
Even though Cremophor EL has been shown to cause anaphylactic reactions in humans in several cases (both when given intravenously and orally), it is still debated whether or not propanidid itself may have contributed to the reactions.
It has been argued that the toxic effects or reactions to Propanidid (and Althesin) were due to the drugs themselves. Several cases of negative reactions have been recorded for different drugs using Cremophor EL as solubilizer. This suggest that the negative reactions were mainly caused by Cremophor and not by the drug substances themselves.
Proscaline
Proscaline, or 4-propoxy-3,5-DMPEA is a psychedelic and hallucinogenic drug, used by some as an entheogen.  It has structural and pharmacodynamic properties similar to the drugs mescaline and escaline.

# Chemistry
Proscaline is in a class of compounds commonly known as phenethylamines, and is the 4-propyloxy homologue of mescaline.  The full name of the chemical is 4-propyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine.

# Effects
Proscaline produces psychedelic effects that can last 12 hours.

# Pharmacology
The mechanism that produces proscalines hallucinogenic and entheogenic effects is unknown.

# Dangers
The toxicity of proscaline is not known.

# Popularity
Proscaline is unknown on the black market.  Limited accounts of proscaline can be found in journal articles, and in the book PiHKAL.

# Legality
Proscaline is unscheduled and unregulated in the United States, however its close similarity in structure and effects to mescaline could potentially subject possession and sale of proscaline to prosecution under the Federal Analog Act. This seems to be the tack the federal government is taking in the wake of the DEA's Operation Web Tryp. A series of Court Cases in the US involving the prosecution of several online vendors in ongoing as of 2004.
Psoas sign

# Overview
Elicited by the iliopsoas test, the psoas sign is an indicator of irritation to the iliopsoas group of hip flexors in the abdomen.

# Technique
The test is performed by passively extending the thigh of a patient with knees extended. In other words, the patient is positioned on his/her left side, and the right leg is extended behind the patient. If abdominal pain results, it is a positive psoas sign.

# Cause
Because the right iliopsoas muscle lies under the appendix when the patient is supine, a "positive psoas sign" may suggest appendicitis.
It could also be done by flexing the hip to 90 degrees -- with flexed knee -- asking the patient to actively flex their thigh against resistance.

# Video

# Related Chapters
- Abdominal exam
- Appendicitis
- Obturator sign
- Rovsing's sign
Pustulosis
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# Overview
Pustulosis is highly inflammatory skin condition resulting in large fluid-filled blister-like areas - pustules. Pustulosis typically occurs on the palms of the hands and/or the soles of the feet. The skin of these areas peels and flakes exfoliates.
Pyocyanase
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Pyocyanase was the first antibiotic drug to be used in hospitals. It is no longer used today.
Rudolf Emmerich and Oscar Low, two German physicians who were the first to make an effective medication from microbes, conducted experiments in the 1890s, roughly 30 years after Louis Pasteur showed that many diseases were caused by bacteria. They proved that the germs that caused one disease may be the cure for another.
Emmerich and Low isolated germs from infected bandages that caused green infections in open wounds. The germ was a bacteria called Bacillus pycyoneus. They then mixed the isolate with other bacteria.  They showed that Bacillus pycyoneus was able to destroy other strains of bacteria. The bacteria that it killed were those that caused cholera, typhoid, diphtheria, and anthrax.
From these experiments Emmerich and Low created a medication that they called pyocyanase. It was the first antibiotic to be used in hospitals. Unfortunately, its effectiveness was sporadic and did not work equally on all patients. As a result, the drug was eventually abandoned.
Pyrazolone
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# Overview
Pyrazolone, a five-membered-ring lactam, is a derivative of pyrazole that has an additional keto (=O) group.
It has a molecular formula of C3H4N2O.
Examples of derivatives include:
- Ampyrone
- Metamizole
- Phenazone
- Phenylbutazone
Pyrogallol

# Overview
Pyrogallol is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(OH)3.  It is a white solid although because of its sensitivity toward oxygen, samples are typically brownish.  It is one of three isomeric benzenetriols.

# Production, occurrence, reactions
It is produced in a manner it was first prepared by Scheele (1786): heating gallic acid.   Presently gallic acid is obtained from tannin.  Heating induces decarboxylation:
Because tannin is expensive, many alternative routes have been devised
An alternate preparation involves treating para-chlorophenoldisulphonic acid with potassium hydroxide, a variant on the time-honored route to phenols from sulfonic acids.
The aquatic plant Myriophyllum spicatum produces pyrogallic acid.
When in alkaline solution, it absorbs oxygen from the air, turning brown from a colourless solution. It can be used in this way to calculate the amount of oxygen in air, notably via the use of the Orsat apparatus.

# Uses
One can find its uses in hair dying, dying of suturing materials and for oxygen absorption in gas analysis. It also has antiseptic properties. Pyrogallol was also used as a developing agent in black-and-white developers, but its use is largely historical except for special purpose applications. (Hydroquinone is more commonly used today.)

# Safety
Pyrogallol use, e.g. in hair dye formulations, is declining because of concerns about its toxicity.
Its LD50 (oral, rat) is 300 mg/kg.