Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Alpha-lactalbumin
Lactalbumin, alpha-, also known as LALBA, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LALBA gene.

# Function
-Lactalbumin is a protein that regulates the production of lactose in the milk of almost all mammalian species.  In primates, alpha-lactalbumin expression is upregulated in response to the hormone prolactin and increases the production of lactose.
-Lactalbumin forms the regulatory subunit of the lactose synthase (LS) heterodimer and -1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4Gal-T1) forms the catalytic component. Together, these proteins enable LS to produce lactose by transferring galactose moieties to glucose.  As a multimer, alpha-lactalbumin strongly binds calcium and zinc ions and may possess bactericidal or antitumor activity.   A folding variant of human alpha-lactalbumin that may form in acidic environments such as the stomach, called HAMLET, probably induces apoptosis in tumor and immature cells. The corresponding folding dynamics of alpha-lactalbumin is thus highly unusual.
When formed into a complex with Gal-T1, a galactosyltransferase, -lactalbumin, enhances the enzyme's affinity for glucose by about 1000 times, and inhibits the ability to polymerise multiple galactose units. This gives rise to a pathway for forming lactose by converting Gal-TI to Lactose synthase.

# Physical properties
The structure of alpha-lactalbumin is well known and is composed of 123 amino acids and 4 disulfide bridges. The molecular weight is 14178 Da, and the isoelectric point is between 4.2 and 4.5. One of the main structural differences with beta-lactoglobulin is that it does not have any free thiol group that can serve as the starting-point for a covalent aggregation reaction. As a result, pure -lactalbumin will not form gels upon denaturation and acidification.

# Evolution
The sequence comparison of -lactalbumin shows a strong similarity to that of lysozymes, specifically the Ca2+-binding c-lysozyme. So the expected evolutionary history is that gene duplication of the c-lysozyme was followed by mutation. This gene predates the last common ancestor of mammals and birds, which probably puts its origin at about 300 Ma.
Interferon type I

# Overview
Human type I interferons comprise a vast and growing group of IFN proteins.
All type I IFNs bind to a specific cell surface receptor complex known as the IFN- receptor (IFNAR) that consists of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 chains.
Homologous molecules to type I IFNs are found in many species, including most mammals, and some have been identified in birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish species.

# Types
The types are designated IFN- (alpha), IFN- (beta), IFN- (kappa), IFN- (delta), IFN- (epsilon), IFN- (tau), IFN- (omega) and IFN- (zeta, also known as limitin).

## IFN-
The IFN- proteins come in 13 subtypes that are called IFNA1, IFNA2, IFNA4, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNA7, IFNA8, IFNA10, IFNA13, IFNA14, IFNA16, IFNA17, IFNA21.  These genes for these IFN- molecules are found together in a cluster on chromosome 9.

## IFN-
Two types of IFN- have been described, IFN-1 (IFNB1) and IFN-3 (IFNB3) (a gene designated IFN-2 is actually IL-6).

## IFN-, , -, and 
IFN-, , -, and  appear, at this time, to come in a single isoform in humans, IFNK.

## IFN-
IFN-, although having only one functional form described to date (IFNW1), has several pseudogenes: IFNWP2, IFNWP4, IFNWP5, IFNWP9, IFNWP15, IFNWP18, and IFNWP19.

# Sources and functions
IFN- and IFN- are secreted by many cell types including lymphocytes (NK cells, B-cells and T-cells), macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, osteoblasts and others. They stimulate both macrophages and NK cells to elicit an anti-viral response, and are also active against tumors.
IFN- is released by leukocytes at the site of viral infection or tumors.
IFN- acts as a pyrogenic factor by altering the activity of thermosensitive neurons in the hypothalamus thus causing fever.  It does this by binding to opioid receptors and eliciting the release of prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2).
A similar mechanism is used by IFN- to reduce pain; IFN- interacts with the -opioid receptor to act as an analgesic.
Alternaria solani
Alternaria solani is a fungal pathogen, producing a disease in tomato and potato plants called early blight.
It produces small, darkened lesions on the plants, that spread into growing black spots of dead tissue, often killing most of the plant in the long run. Seeds infected with the disease may even damp off during germination.
This disease can be prevented with some fungicides, including azoxystrobin, potassium bicarbonate, hydrogen dioxide as well as the biological control agent Bacillus subtilis.
Other preventative measures include ensuring the healthy circulation of air in garden rows, rotating crops so that solanaceous plants are only present every three years, and choosing resistant cultivars.
Altitude training
Altitude training traditionally called training at an altitude camp, or now commonly using altitude simulation tents or mask based hypoxicator systems is the practice by some endurance athletes of training at high altitude, usually over 2,500 m (8,000 ft) above sea level, for several weeks. At this altitude although the air still contains approximately 20.9% oxygen, the barometric pressure and thus the partial pressure of oxygen is reduced.  The body adapts to the relative lack of oxygen by increasing the concentration of red blood cells and hemoglobin. Proponents claim that when such athletes return to sea level (where they are competing) they will still have a higher concentration of red blood cells for 10-14 days.  Some athletes live permanently at high altitude, only returning to sea level to compete, but their training may suffer due to less available oxygen for workouts.
A larger concentration of red blood cells allows more oxygen to be supplied to the muscles allowing higher performance. Increases in red blood cell mass are stimulated by an increase in EPO. The body naturally produces EPO to regulate red blood cell mass and should not be confused with synthetic EPO. Synthetic EPO injections and blood doping are illegal in athletic competition because they cause an increase in red blood cells beyond the individual athlete's natural limits. This increase, unlike the increase caused by altitude training, can be dangerous to an athlete's health as the blood may become too thick and cause heart failure.  The natural secretion of EPO by the human kidneys can be increased by altitude training, but the body has limits on the amount of natural EPO that it will secrete, thus avoiding the harmful side effects of the illegal doping procedures.
Scientific studies have shown that altitude training can produce increases in speed, strength, endurance, and recovery.  Opponents of altitude training argue that an athlete's red blood cell concentration returns to normal levels within days of returning to sea level and that it is impossible to train at the same intensity that one could at sea level, reducing the training effect and wasting training time due to altitude sickness. With the advent of altitude simulation systems that are portable, however, none of these detrimental side effects should be a problem.
In Finland, a scientist named Heikki Rusko has designed a "high-altitude house". The air inside the house, which is situated at sea level, is at normal pressure but modified to a low concentration of oxygen, about 15.3% (below the 21% at sea level), the same concentration as that at the altitudes often used for altitude training. Athletes live and sleep inside the house but perform their training outside (at normal oxygen concentrations at 20.9%). Rusko's results show improvements of EPO and red-cell levels. His technology has been commercialized and is being used by thousands of competitive athletes in cycling, triathlon, olympic endurance sports, professional football, basketball, hockey, soccer, and many other sports that can take advantage of the improvements in strength, speed, endurance, and recovery.
Aluminium amalgam
Aluminium amalgam is a solution of aluminium in mercury. Aluminium amalgam may be prepared by either grinding aluminium pellets or wire in mercury, or by allowing aluminium wire to react with a solution of mercury(II) chloride in water.
This amalgam is used as a chemical reagent to reduce compounds, such as the reduction of imines to amines. Since this reaction produces waste mercury metal, it is best avoided in favor of more environmentally friendly reagents such as hydrides; the mercury-containing reaction waste is troublesome to dispose of as well.
This reaction was popularized by Alexander Shulgin in his book PiHKAL, but has few virtues beyond being inexpensive and using chemicals that are readily available.

# Reactivity
Aluminium in air is ordinarily protected by a molecule-thin layer of its own oxide which is not porous to oxygen. Mercury coming into contact with this oxide does no harm. However, if any elemental aluminium is exposed (even by a recent scratch), the mercury may combine with it, starting the process described above, and potentially damaging a large part of the aluminium before it finally ends (Ornitz 1998).
The net result is similar to the mercury electrodes often used in electrochemistry, except instead of providing electrons from an electrical supply they are provided by the aluminium which becomes oxidized in the process.  The reaction that occurs at the surface of the amalgam may actually be a hydrogenation rather than a reduction.
The presence of water in the solution is reportedly helpfuleven necessary; the electron rich amalgam will oxidize aluminium and reduce H+ from water, creating aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) and hydrogen gas (H2).
Due to the reactivity of aluminium amalgam, restrictions are placed on the use and handling of mercury in proximity with aluminium. In particular, mercury is not allowed aboard aircraft under most circumstances because of the risk of it forming amalgam with exposed aluminium parts in the aircraft. In the Second World War, mercury was used to sabotage aircraft.
Aluminium nitrate
Aluminium nitrate is a  salt of aluminium and nitric acid, existing normally as a crystalline hydrate, most commonly as aluminium nitrate nonahydrate, Al(NO3)39H2O, with a molecular formula weight of 375.13.

# Synthesis
Aluminium nitrate can be easily prepared by the reaction of aluminum hydroxide with nitric acid.
The synthesis from aluminium metal has many problems since aluminium is not attacked by nitric acid because of its protective oxide layer. The process involves an initial basic attack with KOH, followed by partial neutralization with nitric acid to precipitate the hydroxide. The hydroxide is then filtered and washed thoroughly to remove soluble potassium nitrate. After this, the filtered aluminium hydroxide is reacted with excess nitric acid. The crystals are very deliquescent and must be stored in dry conditions.

# Uses
Aluminium nitrate is a strong oxidizing agent. It is used in tanning leather, antiperspirants, corrosion inhibitors, extraction of uranium, petroleum refining, and as a nitrating agent.
It is used in the laboratory and classroom such as in the reaction Al(NO3)3 + 3NaOH --> Al(OH)3 + 3NaNO3
Aminotransferases

# Overview
- Aminotransferases act as catalysts in chemical reactions in the cells, where an amino group is transferred from a donor molecule to a recipient molecule
- An underlying disease pathology is present when aminotransferases appear in the blood stream
- Aminotransferases serve as diagnostic tools for liver, bile ducts, muscles, skeleton, and heart
- The tow most sensitive aminotransferases are:
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
- Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
- Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

## Reference Range

# Differential Diagnosis

## Increased Aminotransferases
- Acute hepatitis
- Alcoholic hepatopathy
- Cholangitis
- Cholestasis
- Chronic active hepatitis
- Cirrhosis
- Dermatomyositis
- Drugs
- Epstein-Barr Virus
- Fatty liver
- Hepatic tumor
- Hypothyroid myopathy
- Malignant hyperthermia
- Malignancy
- Myocardial Infarction
- Myositis
- Open heart surgery
- Perimyocarditis
- Polymyositis
- Primary biliary cirrhosis
- Progressive myodystrophia
- Pulmonary Embolism
- Renal infarction
- Seizure
- Severe muscle trauma
- Spasms, muscle injuries
- Strong physical work
Ammonium chloride

# Overview
Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) (also Sal Ammoniac, salmiac, nushadir salt, zalmiak, sal armagnac, sal armoniac, salmiakki, salmiak and salt armoniack) is, in its pure form, a clear white water-soluble crystalline salt of ammonia. The aqueous ammonium chloride solution is mildly acidic.

# History
The modern name "ammonium" comes from sal ammoniac.  The substance was known as nushadir salt (Arabic and Persian: ) in Arabic-speaking countries and Persia, naosha (Template:Zh-cp) in China, nao sadar in India.  The Romans called the ammonium chloride deposits they collected from near the Temple of Jupiter Amun (Greek  Ammon) in ancient Libya 'sal ammoniacus' (salt of Amun) because of proximity to the nearby temple.
It was considered one of the four alchemical "spirits".  While the way that it dissociates into two corrosive materials (ammonia and hydrochloric acid) which attack metals convinced some eager alchemists that it might hold the key to converting one metal to another, Arabs used it as a source of ammonia:

# Sources
In nature, the substance occurs in volcanic regions, forming on volcanic rocks near fume-releasing vents.  The crystals deposit directly from the gaseous state, and tend to be short-lived, as they dissolve easily in water.
Ammonium chloride is prepared commercially by reacting ammonia (NH3) with hydrogen chloride (HCl):

# Applications
Ammonium chloride is sold in blocks at hardware stores for use in cleaning the tip of a soldering iron and can also be included in solder as flux.
Other uses include a feed supplement for cattle, in hair shampoo, in textile printing, in the glue that bonds plywood, as an ingredient in nutritive media for yeast, in cleaning products, and as cough medicine. Its expectorant action is caused by irritative action on the bronchial mucosa. This causes the production of excess respiratory tract fluid which presumably is easier to cough up. It is also used in an oral acid loading test to diagnose distal renal tubular acidosis.
Ammonium chloride is used in snow treatment, namely on ski slopes at temperatures above 0 C, to harden the snow and slow its melting.
In several countries sal ammoniac is used to spice up liquorice-type dark candies (Finland's salmiakki, Sweden's lakrisal, the Netherlands' zoute drop and the Danish Dracula Piller are popular examples), and as a flavoring for vodkas.
Ammonium chloride is used as an expectorant, diuretic and systemic acidifying agent. It is used in the treatment of severe metabolic alkalosis, to maintain the urine at an acid pH in the treatment of some urinary-tract disorders or in  forced acid diuresis.
Ammonium salts are an irritant to the gastric mucosa and may induce nausea and vomiting.
Amodal perception

# Overview
Amodal perception is the term used to describe the full perception of a physical structure when it is only partially perceived. For example, a table will be perceived as a complete volumetric structure even if only part of it is visible; the internal volumes and hidden rear surfaces are perceived despite the fact that only the near surfaces are exposed to view, and the world around us is perceived as a surrounding void, even though only part of it is in view at any time.
Formulation of the theory is credited to the Belgian psychologist Albert Michotte and Fabio Metelli, an Italian psychologist, with their work developed in recent years by E.S. Reed and the Gestaltists.
Modal completion is a similar phenomena in which a shape is perceived to be occluding other shapes even when the shape itself is not drawn. Examples include the triangle that appears to be occluding three disks in the Kanizsa triangle and the circles and squares that appear in different versions of the Koffka cross.
Amtolmetin guacil
Amtolmetin guacil a NSAID which is a prodrug of tolmetin sodium.

# Background
Tolmetin sodium is an effective NSAID approved and marketed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. In humans, tolmetin sodium is absorbed rapidly with peak plasma levels observed 30 min after p.o. administration, but it is also eliminated rapidly with a mean plasma elimination t12 of approximately 1 hr. The preparation of slow release formulations or chemical modification of NSAIDs to form prodrugs has been suggested as a method to reduce the gastrotoxicity of these agents.
Amtolmetin guacil is a non-acidic prodrug of tolmetin, having similar NSAID properties like tolmetin with additional analgesic, antipyretic, and gastro protective properties. Amtolmetin is formed by amidation of tolmetin by glycine

# Pharmacology
- Almost is absorbed on oral administration. It is concentrated maximum in internal the gastric wall, and highest concentration reached in 2 hours after administration.
- Amtolmetin guacil hydrolysed in to following metabolites Tolmetin, MED5 and Guiacol.
- Elimination will complete in 24 hours. Happens mostly with urine in shape of gluconides products (77%), faecal (7.5 %).
- It is advised to take the drug on empty stomach.
- Permanent anti-inflammatory action is continued up to 72 hours, with single administration.

# Mechanism of action
Amtolmetin guacil stimulates capsaicin receptors present on gastro intestinal walls, because of presence of vanillic moiety and also releases NO which is gastro protective. It also inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and cyclooxygenase (COX).
Anamirta cocculus
Anamirta cocculus is an Southeast Asian and Indian climbing plant. Its fruit, Cocculus indicus, is the source of picrotoxin, a poisonous alkaloid with stimulant properties.
The plant is large-stemmed (up to 10cm in diameter); the bark is "corky gray" with white wood.  The "small, yellowish-white, sweet-scented" flowers vary between 6 to 10 centimeters across; the fruit produced is a drupe, "about 1 cm in diameter when dry". 

# Chemical substances
The stem and the roots contain quaternary alkaloids, such as berberine, palmatine, magnoflorine and colunibamine. The seeds deliver picrotoxin, a sesquiterpene, while the seed shells contain the tertiary alkaloids menispermine and paramenispermine.

# Use
Experiments based on ethnobotanical practices has shown that the plant itself to be effective in treating ringworm. Its crushed seeds are an effective pediculicide (anti-lice) and are also traditionally used to stun or kill fish or as a pesticide.(, ). It is also used in homeopathic preparations in limited quantitities. In pharmacology, it is known as Cocculus Indicus.
Hard multum is a preparation made from Cocculus Indicus, etc., used to impart an intoxicating quality to beer.
The wood is used for fuel and carving.

# Common names
The English common names are fishberry or Levant nut (both referring to the dried fruit, and to the plant by synecdoche); it is variously known as ligtang, aria (Mindanao), bayati (Tagalog), and variations thereof throughout its natural distribution (the Philippines, East India, Malaysia, and New Guinea).
The name "fishberry" comes from the use of the dried fruit as a method of fishing, in which the fish is "stupified and captured"; this method, however, is considered "unsportsmanlike".
Andromimetophilia
Agalmatophilia (from the Greek agalma 'statue', and philos 'friend') is the sexual attraction to a statue, doll, mannequin or other similar figurative object. The attraction may include the desire for actual sexual contact with the objects, a fantasy of having sexual (or non-sexual) encounters with the animate or inanimate instances of the preferred objects, the act of watching encounters between the objects themselves, or sexual pleasure gained from thoughts of being transformed or transforming another into the preferred object. Agalmatophilia may also encompass Pygmalionism (from the myth of Pygmalion) which describes a state of love for an object of one's own creation.

# Clinical study
Agalmatophilia became a subject of clinical study with the publication of Richard von Krafft-Ebbing's Psychopathia Sexualis. Ebbing recorded the case in 1877 of a gardener falling in love with a statue of the Venus de Milo and being discovered while attempting coitus with it.

# Fantasy, transformation and role-play
An important fantasy for some individuals is being transformed into the preferred object (such as a statue) and experiencing an associated state of immobility or paralysis. Such fantasies may be extended to roleplaying, and the self-coined term used by fetishists who enjoy being transformed appears to be "rubber doll" or "latex doll".

# Representation in the arts
A number of famous art photographers have extensively featured sexualised life-sized dolls in their work, such as: Hans Bellmer, Bernard Faucon, Helmut Newton, Morton Bartlett, Katan Amano, Kishin Shinoyama, and Ryoichi Yoshida.
Agalmatophilia features prominently in Luis Bunuel's L'Age d'or and in Tarsem Singh's 2000 thriller movie The Cell. The movie centres on a serial killer named Carl Stargher who drowns his victims (all young women) and then bleaches their bodies so they resemble dolls. He then masturbates while hanging himself above them. Later on in the movie there is a scene taking place inside his mind in which a psychiatrist finds a collection of grotesque, doll-like, corpse-like women inside display cases depicting scenes, while attached to crude machinery that jerks them about in sadomasochistic sexual poses; how the killer perceives his victims.
Aneurysm overview

# Overview
An aneurysm (or aneurism) is a localized, blood-filled dilation (bulge) of a blood vessel caused by disease or weakening of the vessel wall. Aneurysms most commonly occur in arteries at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis) and in the aorta (the main artery coming out of the heart), a so-called aortic aneurysm. The bulge in a blood vessel can burst and lead to death at any time. The larger an aneurysm becomes, the more likely it is to burst.  Aneurysms can usually be treated.

# Historical Perspective
Surgical clipping for the treatment of aneurysm was introduced by Walter Dandy of the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1937.

# Classification
Aneurysms may involve arteries or veins and have various causes. They are commonly further classified by shape, structure and location.

# Pathophysiology
Most frequent site of occurrence is in the anterior cerebral artery from the circle of Willis. The occurrence and expansion of an aneurysm in a given segment of the arterial tree involves local hemodynamic factors and factors intrinsic to the arterial segment itself.

# Treatment

## Primary Prevention
Control of high blood pressure may help prevent some aneurysms. Following a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and keeping your cholesterol at a healthy level may also help prevent aneurysms or their complications. Do not smoke. If you do, quitting will lower your risk of an aneurysm.
Angelica sinensis
Angelica sinensis, commonly known as "dong quai" or "female ginseng" is a herb from the family Apiaceae, indigenous to China. Its drying root is commonly known in Chinese as Radix Angelicae Sinensis, or Chinese angelica (Template:Zh-tsp) and is widely used in Chinese traditional medicine to treat gynecological ailments, fatigue, mild anemia and high blood pressure. Chinese angelica possesses the distinction of being one of the few good non-animal source of Vitamin B12, along with some varieties of yeast and microalgae like spirulina.. It has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and sedative effects. The plant's phytochemicals consist of coumarins, phytosterols, polysaccharides, ferulate, and flavonoids.
It is also used as an aphrodisiac.
A. sinensis is also used in traditional Korean medicine, where it is called danggwi ().
Being a uterine tonic and hormonal regulator this herb is an effective herb for female reproductive system. It is often used in premenstrual syndrome formulas as well as menopausal formulas.