Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Portography
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Portography is a radiography of the portal vein after injection of radioopaque contrast material.
Pound-force
The pound-force or simply pound (abbreviations: lb, lbf, or lbf) is a unit of force.

# Definitions
The pound-force is approximately equal to the gravitational force exerted on a mass of one avoirdupois pound on the surface of Earth. Since the 18th century, the unit has been used in low-precision measurements, for which small changes in Earth's gravity (which varies from place to place by up to half a percent)
can safely be neglected.
The 20th century, however, brought the need for a more precise definition. A standardized value for acceleration due to gravity was therefore needed.  Today, in accordance the General Conference on Weights and Measures, standard gravity is usually taken to be 9.80665 m/s2 (approximately 32.17405 ft/s2) but other values have been used, including 32.16 ft/s2 (approximately 9.80237 m/s2).
From the acceleration of the standard gravitational field and the international avoirdupois pound, we arrive at the following definition:
Sixteen avoirdupois ounces (as a unit of mass) are equal to one avoirdupois pound (as a unit of mass).  Similarly one ounce-force is equal to a sixteenth of a pound-force.

# Use of pound as a unit of force
In some contexts, such as structural engineering applications, the term "pound" is used almost exclusively to refer to the unit of force and not the unit of mass. In those applications, the preferred unit of mass is the slug, i.e. lbfs2/ft. In other contexts, the unit "pound" refers to a unit of mass. In circumstances where there may be ambiguity otherwise, the symbols "lbf" and "lbm" and the terms "pounds-force" and "pounds-mass" can be used to distinguish.
Three common, equally valid foot-pound-second (fps) systems of units for doing calculations with mass and force are summarized in the table below, which also includes the corresponding metric units.
In the "engineering" fps system, the weight of the mass unit (pound-mass) on Earth's surface is approximately equal to the force unit (pound-force). The price for this convenience is that the force unit is not equal to the mass unit multiplied by the acceleration unitthe use of Newton's Second Law, F = ma, requires another factor, gc, usually taken to be 32.17405 lbft/(lbfs2). The "gravitational" fps system is a coherent system of units: by using the slug as the unit of mass, it avoids the need for such a constant. The "absolute" system is similarly coherent; the SI units are those of the "absolute" metric system.
Pravadoline
Pravadoline (WIN 48098) is an antiinflammatory and analgesic drug, related in structure to NSAIDs such as indometacin. It was developed in the 1980s as a new antiinflammatory and prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, acting through inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase.
However pravadoline was found to exhibit unexpectedly strong analgesic effects, which appeared at doses ten times smaller than the effective anti-inflammatory dose and so could not be explained by its action as a COX inhibitor. These effects were not blocked by opioid antagonists such as naloxone, and it was eventually discovered that pravadoline represented the first compound from a novel class of cannabinoid agonists, the aminoalkylindoles.
Pravadoline was never developed for use as an analgesic, partly due to toxicity concerns (although these were later shown to be a result of the salt form that the drug had been prepared in rather than from the pravadoline itself), however the discovery of cannabinoid activity in this structurally novel family of drugs led to the discovery of several new cannabinoid agonists, including the drug WIN 55,212-2 which is now widely used in scientific research.
Prison loaf
Prison loaf, sometimes called Food loaf, Nutriloaf, Confinement Loaf or Special Management Meal, is a food item sometimes used in prisons as a deterrent to misbehavior. It is similar to meatloaf in texture, but has vegetarian or vegan ingredients which are baked into a solid loaf-like form. In some institutions it has no fixed recipe but is simply the regular prison meal (including drink), blended and baked into a loaf. Prison loaf is typically intended to be exceedingly bland in taste, perhaps even unpleasant, but meets all basic human nutritional needs. Prison wardens use the food as a means of punishment for ill-behaving prisoners, who may be punished by being provided with no other form of meal for prolonged periods of time as a means of breaking the prisoners' spirits and encouraging them to change their behavior.
Although prison loaf has been employed in many United States prisons, its use is somewhat controversial. The standards of the American Correctional Association, which accredits prisons, discourage the use of food as a disciplinary measure, but adherence to the organizations' food standards is voluntary. Denying inmates food as punishment has been found to be unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court, but because the loaf is generally nutritionally complete, it is sometimes justified as a "dietary adjustment" rather than a denial of proper meals.

# References in popular culture
- The 1988 Frank Zappa album Broadway the Hard Way makes reference to Confinement Loaf.
Progestagen
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Progestagens (also spelled progestogens or gestagens) are hormones which produce effects similar to progesterone, the only natural progestagen. All other progestogens are synthetic and are often referred to as progestins.
All progestagens have antiestrogenic (counteracting the effects of estrogens on the body) and antigonadotropic (inhibiting the production of sex steroids by gonads) properties.
Progestogens differ in their potency (affinity for progesterone receptors) and side effects. Such side effects may be androgenic (medroxyprogesterone and most C19 progestagens), antiandrogenic (cyproterone acetate), estrogenic, glucocorticoid (some C21 progestogens) or antimineralocorticoid (progesterone).

# Uses

## Birth control
- Progestogens are used alone in progestogen only pills, or with an estrogen in combined oral contraceptive pills, a contraceptive patch, and a contraceptive vaginal ring.
Medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) and norethindrone enantate (Noristerat) are used by depot injection.
Etonogestrol is released by subcutaneous implants (Implanon). Norplant and Jadelle implants release levonorgestrel.
Levonorgestrel is released by the intrauterine system IUS (Mirena).
- Progestogens are used alone in progestogen only pills, or with an estrogen in combined oral contraceptive pills, a contraceptive patch, and a contraceptive vaginal ring.
- Medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera) and norethindrone enantate (Noristerat) are used by depot injection.
- Etonogestrol is released by subcutaneous implants (Implanon). Norplant and Jadelle implants release levonorgestrel.
- Levonorgestrel is released by the intrauterine system IUS (Mirena).

## Antiandrogen
Cyproterone is an antiandrogen.

## Progestogen withdrawal bleeding
In a normal menstrual cycle, a sudden drop in progesterone levels triggers menstruation.  Norethindrone acetate (brand name Aygestin) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (brand name Provera) may be used to artificially induce progestogen withdrawal bleeding.
Progesterex
Progesterex is a fictitious date rape drug. It is part of a hoax that began to circulate in 1999 via e-mail on the internet. No actual drug by this name or even with these properties exists, and no such incident has ever been documented or confirmed.
Typical contents of the e-mail hoax are as follows, although different versions tend to turn up over time:
"A woman at a nightclub called _______ on Saturday night was taken by 5 men, who according to hospital and police reports, gang raped her before dumping her. Unable to remember the events of the evening, tests later confirmed the repeat rapes along with traces of Rohypnol in her blood and Progesterex, essentially a small sterilization pill. The drug is now being used by rapists at parties to rape AND sterilize their victims. Progesterex is available to vets to sterilize large animals. Progesterex is being used together with Rohypnol, the date rape drug. As with Rohypnol, all they have to do is drop it into the girl's drink. The girl can't remember a thing the next morning, of all that had taken place the night before. Progesterex, which dissolves in drinks just as easily, is such that the victim doesn't conceive from the rape and the rapist needn't worry about having a paternity test identifying him months later. The drug's effects ARE NOT TEMPORARY - Progesterex was designed to sterilize horses. Any female who takes it WILL NEVER BE ABLE TO CONCEIVE.. The weasels can get this drug from anyone who is in the vet school or any university. It's that easy, and Progesterex is about to break out big on campuses everywhere. Believe it or not, there are even sites on the Internet telling people how to use it. Please forward this to everyone you know, especially girls. Be careful when you're out and don't leave your drink unattended. Please make the effort to forward this on to all you know... Guys, please inform all your female friends and relatives."
A version of this hoax has also recently made the rounds via bulletins on MySpace.com (July 2006). It made it to Bebo in September-October 2006.
A version of this hoax has been seen on Facebook, in the form of a group named "Heads Up Ladies", and sports the same story as listed above.
According to the Spanish language website VSAntirus.com at least two versions in Spanish have made the rounds since 2001 as well.
Furthermore, no sterilization pill for horses exists.  Sterilization is done via gelding of stallions. Mares are usually left unaltered.
In addition to this vet students do not have access to drugs. Drugs can only be prescribed by a qualified, registered veterinarian (Member of the Royal Collage of Veterinary Surgeons - MRCVS - in UK).
On 18 April 2006 UK Member of Parliament Lynne Featherstone submitted a Written Question to the Home Secretary on whether the Home Office had calculated the number of date rape incidences that had been connected with Progesterex. Home Office Minister Paul Goggins replied that the drug did not exist.
Trypanosome

# Overview
Trypanosomes are a group of kinetoplastid protozoa distinguished by having only a single flagellum.  All members are exclusively parasitic, found primarily in insects.  A few genera have life-cycles involving a secondary host, which may be a vertebrate or a plant.  These include several species that cause major diseases in humans.
The most notable trypanosomal diseases are trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness and South American Chagas Disease); these are caused by species of Trypanosoma.  Leishmaniasis is a trypanosomal disease caused by species of Leishmania.
A variety of different forms appear in the life-cycles of trypanosomes, distinguished mainly by the position of the flagellum:
All trypanosomes have at least amastigote and promastigote stages.  Trypanosoma appears in all five forms, with the trypanosomal stage occurring in the vertebrate host. Trypanosoma brucei sub-species have two forms in the bloodstream of a vertebrate host, the rapidly dividing long-slender form and the non-dividing short stumpy form. The short stumpy parasites are adapted for uptake into the tsetse fly vector, and are non-proliferative in comparison with the slender forms.
Unique to Trypansoma brucei is the expression of a variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat on the cell surface, which undergoes constant variation in order to evade the humoral immune system and host antibodies. It is thought that recombination from a repertoire of >1000 VSG genes is responsible for the vast diversity of the parasite, and its effectiveness in immune evasion.
Prophylaxis
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# Overview
Prophylaxis (Greek "" to guard or prevent beforehand) is any medical or public health procedure whose purpose is to prevent, rather than treat or cure a disease. Roughly, prophylactic measures are divided between primary prophylaxis (to prevent the development of a disease) and secondary prophylaxis (whereby the disease has already developed and the patient is protected against worsening of this process).

# Specific examples
Influenza vaccines are prophylactic.
Antibiotics are sometimes used prophylactically: For example, during the 2001 anthrax attacks scare in the United States, patients who were believed to be exposed were given ciprofloxacin. Similarly, the use of antibiotic ointments on burns and other wounds is prophylactic.
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) may, with caution, be an example of a chronic migraine preventative (see Amitriptyline and migraines' prevention by medicine).
Antimalarials such as chloroquine are used both in treatment and as prophylaxis by visitors to countries where malaria is endemic to prevent the development of the parasitic plasmodium which cause malaria.
Condoms are sometimes referred to as "prophylactics" because of their use to prevent pregnancy and the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases.
Low molecular weight heparin is used as a prophylaxis in hospital patients, as they are at risk for several forms of thrombosis due to their immobilization.
Professional cleaning of the teeth is dental prophylaxis.
Daily and moderate physical exercise in various forms can be called prophylactic because it can maintain or improve one's health. Cycling for transport appears to very significantly improve health by reducing risk of heart diseases, various cancers, muscular- and skeletal diseases and overall mortality
Prophylaxis may be administered as vaccine. Prophylactic vaccines include: PEP, nPEP, PREP, or nPREP. PEP stands for post-exposure prophylaxis used in an occupational setting. nPEP is non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis. nPEP may be used in a recreational setting e.g. during intercourse if the condom breaks and one partner is HIV-positive, nPEP will help to decrease the probability of spread of infection of HIV. PREP is often used in occupational settings e.g. in hospital staff to prevent the spread of HIV or Hepatitis C from patient to staff. nPREP is a measure taken before exposure but in a non-occupational setting (non-occupational Pre-exposure prophylaxis) e.g. injection drug users may seek nPREP vaccinations.

# Related Chapters
- Pre-exposure prophylaxis
- Post-exposure prophylaxis
Protein 4.2
Erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPB42 gene.
Protein 4.2 is a cytoskeleton protein found in red blood cells.
Erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.2 is an ATP-binding protein which may regulate the association of band 3 with ankyrin. It probably has a role in erythrocyte shape and mechanical property regulation. Mutations in the EPB42 gene are associated with recessive spherocytic elliptocytosis and recessively transmitted hereditary hemolytic anemia.
Proteopathy
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Proteopathy (Proteo- ; -pathy ; proteopathies pl.; proteopathic adj.). Proteopathy is the abnormal accumulation and toxicity of proteins in certain disease states.   The proteopathies (sometimes referred to as "proteinopathies") comprise more than 30 diseases that affect a variety of organs and tissues, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, type 2 diabetes, amyloidosis, selective hyperproteolytic diseases (e.g. critical illness myopathies or tumor cachexia), and a wide range of other disorders (see Table).
The proteopathies also are called protein conformational diseases, because a change in the 3-dimensional folding (conformation) of a protein increases the tendency of the protein to misfold and polymerize into aggregates that are resistant to clearance, and can become pathogenic.  Because of the common structure of the polypeptide backbone, all proteins have the potential to misfold under some conditions.
Only certain proteins are linked to proteopathy, possibly due to instability or other structural features of the monomeric protein that increase the probability of misconformation, which in nearly all instances involves an increase in beta-sheet secondary structure.   Potential risk factors for proteopathic diseases augment the tendency of vulnerable proteins to self-assemble. They include destabilizing changes in the primary amino acid sequence of the protein, post-translational modifications (such as hyperphosphorylation), changes in temperature or pH, an increase in production of a protein, or a decrease in its clearance.   Advancing age frequently is a risk factor.
In some proteopathies, abnormal assembly can be templated on an exogenous protein, typically a misfolded form of the same protein.   In this way, the disease state can be induced in a susceptible host by the introduction of diseased tissue extract from an afflicted donor. The best known form of such infectious (or transmissible) proteopathy is prion disease, which can be transmitted by exposure of a host organism to purified prion protein in a disease-causing conformation.   There is now evidence that other proteopathies are inducible by a similar mechanism, including AA amyloidosis, apolipoprotein AII amyloidosis, and A amyloidosis.   In all of these instances, an aberrant form of the protein itself appears to be the pathogenic agent.
Pseudopolyp

# Overview
Pseudopolyps are projecting mass of scar tissue, that develops from granulation tissue during the healing phase in repeated cycle of ulceration (especially in inflammatory bowel disease). Inflammatory tissue without malignant potential, pseudopolyps may, according to Joffe (1977), represent either regenerating mucosal islands between areas of ulceration, oedematous polypoid tags or granulation tissue covered by epithelium. There are reported casese when localized giant pseudopolyposis resulted in intestinal obstruction. 
Residual mucosal islands between ulcerated and denuded areas of mucosa may have a polypoid appearance and are referred to as pseudopolyps. Polyposis syndromes, such as familial adenomatous polyposis, could give rise to a similar appearance on imaging, although the clinical presentation would differ from that of inflammatory pseudopolyposis.
Numerous, confluent ulcerations with bulging of the edematous residual mucosa determine a cobblestone appearance at endoscopy.
Webbed neck
A webbed neck, or pterygium colli deformity, is a congenital skin fold that runs along the sides of the neck down to the shoulders. 
There are many variants.

# Associated conditions
It is a feature of Turner syndrome and Noonan syndrome, as well as the rarer Klippel-Feil syndrome.

# Presentation
On babies, webbed neck may look like loose folds of skin on the neck. As the child grows, the skin may stretch out to look like there is little or no neck.
Puddle sign
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# Overview
In gastroenterology, the puddle sign is a physical examination maneuver that can be used to detect the presence of ascites.
It is useful for detecting small amounts of ascites -- as small as 120 mL; shifting dullness and bulging flanks typically require 500 mL.
In relation to auscultatory percussion, the puddle sign is more specific, but less sensitive.
Pulse Polio
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Pulse Polio is an immunization campaign established by the government of India in 1994 to eradicate poliomyelitis (polio) in India by vaccinating annually all children under age five against poliovirus.
Every child receives a dose of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV), a live, attenuated virus which colonises the gastrointestinal tract. This virus competitively inhibits the wild, disease-causing poliovirus. Not only does this prevent pernicious infection in the host, it precludes transmission of the wild poliovirus to other hosts. Since poliovirus cannot survive outside a host for more than two weeks, theoretically it would be eradicated, resulting in the eradication of poliomyelitis.
The campaign proved to be successful, and the incidence of poliomyelitis in India has decreased dramatically: India recorded 4,791 cases of polio in 1994; 2,489 in 1997; 1,600 in 2002; 225 in 2003; and 135 in 2004. Nevertheless, critics charge that the campaign has seriously encroached on other essential public health services at times when health care resources were minimal.

# Sources
- Staff writer. "India vaccinates nearly 80 million children." Onlypunjab.com 28 February 2005: Health News.
PULSE stands for "Post-resuscitation and Initial Utility in Life saving Efforts"