Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Strain (biology)
In biology, strain is used in three related ways.

# Microbiology/Virology
A strain is a genetic variant or subtype of a virus or bacterium. For example, a "flu strain" is a certain biological form of the influenza or "flu" virus.  Compare clade.

# Plants
A strain is a group of plants with similar (but not identical) appearance and/or properties. The term has no official status. See cultivar.

# Rodents
A mouse or a rat strain is a group of animals that is genetically uniform. Strains are used in laboratory experiments. Mouse strains can be inbred, mutated or genetically engineered, while rat strains are usually inbred.
Stroke screening

# Overview
There are several screening tests for high risk patients to detect and prevent stroke: Carotid Artery Ultrasound, Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening, Atrial Fibrillation, Peripheral Artery Disease.

# Screening
It is suggested to use a variety of tests and assessments to detect high risk patients and prevent stroke events. The tools are as follows:
- Carotid Artery Ultrasound: Ultrasound is used to image the carotid arteries in the neck to detect blockages that may lead to a stroke.
- Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Screening: This screening looks at abnormal bulging in the wall of the main artery in the abdomen. Abnormal bulging may lead to rupture if not detected.  Less than 40% of individuals survive a ruptured aneurysm.
- Atrial Fibrillation: A limited ECG (rhythm strip) is performed to detect an abnormal heart rhythm called atrial fibrillation.  The risk of stroke increases five times for those individuals with atrial fibrillation.
- Peripheral Artery Disease: This screening test uses ankle-brachial index to predict blockage in leg arteries that may cause deep vein thrombosis or other thrombotic events, including stroke. Peripheral Artery Disease affects about 8 million Americans, and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
Strontium iodide
Strontium iodide (SrI2) is a salt of strontium and iodine.  It is an ionic, water-soluble, and deliquescent compound that can be used in medicine as a substitute for potassium iodide 

# Reactions
Strontium iodide can be prepared by reacting strontium carbonate with hydroiodic acid:
Strontium iodide yellows when exposed to air. At high temperatures (when in the presence of air) strontium iodide completely decomposes to form strontium oxide and free iodine.
Subdural hygroma

# Overview
A subdural hygroma is a subdural collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), without blood. The subdural space is a virtual one, so any collection within it is considered as abnormal. Most subdural hygromas are believed to be derived from chronic subdural hematomas. It is commonly seen in elderly after minor trauma but can be seen in children after an infection. One of the common causes of subdural hygroma is sudden decrease in pressure by ventricular shunting. This can lead to leak of CSF into the subdural space especially in cases with moderate to severe brain atrophy. In these cases the symptoms such as mild fever, headache, drowsiness and confusion can be seen, which are relieved by draining this subdural fluid.

# Differential diagnosis of underlying causes
- Connective tissue diseases
- Dehydration in the elderly
- Head trauma (most common)
- Lymphoma
- Following neurosurgical procedures
- Ventricular shunting

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
Most subdural hygromas are small and clinically insignificant. Larger hygromas may cause secondary localized mass effects on the adjacent brain parenchyma, enough to cause a neurologic deficit or other symptoms.

# Other disorders to distinguish a Subdural Hygroma from
It's not uncommon on head CT reports for chronic subdural hematomas (SDHs) to be misinterpreted as subdural hygromas, and vice versa. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should be done to differentiate a chronic SDH from a subdural hygroma, when clinically warranted. Elderly patients with marked cerebral atrophy, and secondary widened subarachnoid CSF spaces, can also cause confusion on CT. To distinguish chronic subdural hygromas from simple brain atrophy and CSF space expansion, a gadolinium- enhanced MRI can be performed. Visualization of cortical veins traversing the collection favors a widened subarachnoid space as seen in brain atrophy, whereas subdural hygromas will displace the cortex and cortical veins.

# Treatment
In the majority of cases, if there hasn't been any acute trauma or severe neurologic symptoms, a small subdural hygroma on the head CT scan will be an incidental finding. If there's an associated localized mass effect that may explain the clinical symptoms, or concern for a potential chronic SDH that could rebleed, then an MRI, with or without neurologic consultation, may be useful. Acute subdural hygromas can be a potential neurosurgical emergency, requiring decompression.
Sublingual gland

# Overview
The sublingual glands are salivary glands in the mouth.
They lie anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue, beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth.
They are drained by 8-20 excretory ducts.
The largest duct, the sublingual duct (of Bartholin) joins the submandibular duct to drain through the sublingual caruncle.
The sublingual gland consists mostly of Mucous acini capped with serous demilunes and is therefore categorized as a mixed gland.
Most of the remaining small sublingual ducts open separately into the mouth on an elevated crest of mucous membrane, the sublingual fold (plica), caused by the gland and on either side of the frenulum linguae.
The chorda tympani nerve (from the facial nerve via the lingual nerve) is secretomotor to the sublingual glands.

# Additional images
- Digestive system
- Mandible. Inner surface. Side view.
Submental artery
The submental artery is a branch of the facial artery that runs on the underside of the chin.

# Structure
The submental artery is the largest of the cervical branches of the facial artery, given off just as that vessel leaves the submandibular gland: it runs forward upon the mylohyoid, just below the body of the mandible, and beneath the digastric muscle.
It supplies the surrounding muscles, and anastomoses with the sublingual artery and with the mylohyoid branch of the inferior alveolar artery; at the symphysis menti it turns upward over the border of the mandible and divides into a superficial and a deep branch.
- The superficial branch passes between the integument and depressor labii inferioris, and anastomoses with the inferior labial artery.
- The deep branch runs between the muscle and the bone, supplies the lip, and anastomoses with the inferior labial artery and the mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery.

# Additional images
- Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries.
de:Arteria submentalis
Superficial vein
Superficial vein is a term used to describe a vein that is close to the surface of the body.  It is used to differentiate veins that are close to the surface from veins that are far from the surface, known as deep veins.
Superficial veins are not paired with an artery, unlike the deep veins, which typically have an artery with the same name close by.
Superficial veins are important physiologically for cooling of the body.  When the body is too hot the body shunts blood from the deep veins to the superficial veins, to facilitate heat transfer to the surroundings.  Superficial veins can be seen under the skin.  Ones below the level of the heart tend to bulge out.  An immediate way to see this by looking at your hand: raise it above your heart and the blood should drain--lower it below your heart it will fill. Veins become more visually prominent when lifting heavy weight, especially after a period of proper strength training.
Physiologically, the superficial veins are not as important as the deep veins (as they carry less blood) and are sometimes removed in a procedure called vein stripping, which is used to treat varicose veins.

# Some named superficial veins
- external jugular vein

## Upper limb
- cephalic vein
- median cubital vein - often used to draw blood (venipuncture).
- basilic vein

## Lower limb
- small saphenous vein
- great saphenous vein
Surgery template
To go to the main page, click here.

# Introduction to the Surgery Page
- The page name should be "(Disease name) surgery", with only the first letter of the title capitalized.
- Goal: To provide a comprehensive description of the main surgical therapy used in the treatment of the disease you are describing.
- As with all microchapter pages linking to the main page, at the top of the edit box put {{CMG}}, your name template, and the microchapter navigation template you created at the beginning.
- Remember to create links within Wikidoc by placing ] around key words which you want to link to other pages. Make sure you makes your links as specific as possible. For example if a sentence contained the phrase anterior spinal artery syndrome, the link should be to anterior spinal artery syndrome not anterior or artery or syndrome.  For more information on how to create links click here.
- Remember to follow the same format and capitalization of letters  as outlined in the template below.
- You should include the name of the disease in the first sentence of every subsection.

# Overview
- The overview section should include the disease name in the first sentence.
- The goal is to summarize the main surgical therapies used in the treating the disease in few sentences.
- To see an example of an overview section on a surgery page, click here.

## Template
- First Sentences:
- Examples:
- Additional Sentences:
- Examples:

# Preferred Template Statements
IF surgery is not indicated:
- Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of .
IF surgery is only recommended in certain patients with the disease:
- Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with . Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either , , and 
- The mainstay of treatment for  is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either , , and/or .
- The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of  at diagnosis.
IF surgery is the primary treatment modality:
- Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for .

# Surgery
- Describe the key surgical therapies used the treat the disease, and how they work to cure the disease.
- You may want to include sub-sections for each surgical therapy used.
- For an example of the surgery segment in a surgery page, click here.
- To search for guidelines, go to the National Guideline Clearinghouse (/).

# Indications
- Here you can outline the indications for sugery.
- A template sentence is: "Indications for surgery for (disease name) include: ___"

# Contraindications
- Here you can outline the contraindications for surgery.
- A template sentence is: "Contraindications for surgery for (disease name) include: ___"
Synaptic pruning
In neuroscience, synaptic pruning, neuron pruning or neuro-structural re-assembly  is a neurological regulatory process, which facilitates a productive change in neural structure by reducing the overall number of overproduced or "weak" neurons into more efficient synaptic configurations. It is often a synonym used to describe the maturation of behavior and cognitive intelligence in children by "weeding out" the weaker synapses.

# Introduction

## Regulatory and regenerative purpose
The purpose of synaptic pruning is a simple means of removing un-necessary neuronal structures from the brain; as the human develops, the need to understand more complex structures becomes much more pertinent and more simple associations formed at childhood are thought to be removed for more complex structures.
Despite the fact it has several connotations with regulation of cognitive childhood development, pruning is thought to be a process of removing neurons which may have become damaged or degraded in order to further improve the "networking" capacity of a particular area of the brain. Furthermore, it has been stipulated that the mechanism not only works in regards to development and reparation, but also as a means of continually maintaining more efficient brain function by removing neurons by their synaptic efficiency.

## During maturation phases in humans
In terms of humans, synaptic pruning has been observed through the inference of differences in the estimated numbers of glial cells and neurons between children and adults, which differs greatly in the area of the mediodorsal thalamus.
In a study conducted in 2007 by Oxford University, it was found that by comparing 8 newborn human brains with those of 8 adult brains using estimates based upon size and gathering from stereological fractionation, showed that on average, adult neuron estimates were 41% lower than those of the newborn. 
However, in terms of glial cells, adults had far larger estimates than those in newborns; 36.3 million on average in adult brains, compared to 10.6 million in the newborn samples.  In terms of the development of the brain, the structure is thought to change due to the structural changes, in which degeneration and deafferentation occur in postnatal situations, although in terms of some studies, these phenomenon have not been observed. In the case of development, neurons which are in the process of loss via programmed cell death are unlikely to be re-used, but rather replaced by new neuronal structures or synaptic structures, and have been found to occur alongside the structural change in the sub-cortical gray matter.
Systemic disease

# Overview
A systemic disease is one that affects a number of organs and tissues, or affects the body as a whole  Although most medical conditions will eventually involve multiple organs in advanced stage (i.e. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome), diseases where  multiple organ involvement is at presentation or in early stage are considered above.

# Examples
- Systemic vasculitis e.g. SLE, PAN
- Sarcoidosis
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Metabolic syndrome
- AIDS

# Detection
Getting a regular eye exam may play a role in identifying the signs of some systemic diseases. "The eye is composed of many different types of tissue. This unique feature makes the eye susceptible to a wide variety of diseases as well as provides insights into many body systems. Almost any part of the eye can give important clues to the diagnosis of systemic diseases. Signs of a systemic disease may be evident on the outer surface of the eye (eyelids, conjunctiva and cornea), middle of the eye and at the back of the eye (retina)."
Since 500 B.C., some researchers have also believed that the physical condition of the fingernails and toenails can indicate various systemic diseases. Careful examination of the fingernails and toenails may provide clues to underlying systemic diseases, since some diseases have been found to cause disruptions in the nail growth process. The nail plate is the hard keratin cover of the nail. The nail plate is generated by the nail matrix located just under the cuticle. As the nail grows, the area closest to becoming exposed to the outside world (distal) produces the deeper layers of the nail plate, while the part of the nail matrix deeper inside the finger (proximal) makes the superficial layers. Any disruption in this growth process can lead to an alteration in the shape and texture.
Take pitting, for example. Pitting looks like depressions in the hard part of the nail. Pitting usually is associated with psoriasis, affecting 10 to 50 percent of patients with that disorder. Pitting also may be caused by a variety of systemic diseases, including Reiter's syndrome and other connective tissue disorders, sarcoidosis, pemphigus, alopecia areata, and incontinentia pigmenti. Because pitting is caused by defective layering of the superficial nail plate by the proximal nail matrix, any localized dermatitis (e.g., atopic dermatitis or chemical dermatitis) that disrupts orderly growth in that area also can cause pitting.
TCP (antiseptic)
TCP is a mild antiseptic, produced and sold in the United Kingdom by Pfizer. The brand name comes from its original chemical name, which was Trichlorophenylmethyliodosalicyl (not to be confused with Trichlorophenol, a common fungicide). Trichlorophenylmethyliodosalicyl was replaced as the active ingredient by a mixture of phenol and halogenated phenols in the 1950s. The liquid form of TCP is one of the most well-known brands of antiseptic in the UK, and its distinctive sweet, medicinal  odour can be identified by many as the generic smell of antiseptic.
The rights to TCP have been sold by Pfizer for "strategic reasons" to a Belgian company known as Omega Pharma.

# Forms
TCP is available in 50 ml, 100 ml, 200 ml and 500 ml bottles as a clear yellow liquid. It is also available as a cream and as throat lozenges.

# Uses
The instructions on the TCP bottle say that TCP can be used on the following conditions:
- Sore throats - Gargle a solution of TCP with 5 parts water twice a day. Do not swallow.
- Mouth ulcers - Dab undiluted three times a day.
- Cuts, grazes, bites and stings - Dilute 1 part TCP with 1 part water and apply freely. (TCP may be used undiluted in an emergency).
- Boils, spots and pimples - Dab undiluted once every four hours.
TCP can also be used as a mouthwash when diluted, and can also be used as a general disinfectant. Certain sources suggest that when diluted it can be used as a vaginal douche, although the safety of this has not been fully ascertained.

# Precautions
Care should be taken not to swallow large amounts of TCP as it may have an adverse effect on the kidneys. If one starts to feel unwell after using TCP, they should see a medical practitioner immediately.  TCP should not be used on cats, as its phenol content makes it toxic to felines.

# Ingredients
TCP Liquid's active ingredients are halogenated phenols and phenol. (One source says each mL of TCP antiseptic contains, Chlorinated Phenols 6.0 mg; Phenol 1.75 mg; Iodinated Phenols 0.95 mg; Sodium Salicylate 0.5 mg.) It also contains glycerol, concentrated phosphoric acid, E104 (quinoline yellow) and water.
T helper 17 cell
T helper 17 cells (Th17) are a subset of interleukin 17-producing T helper cells. They are considered developmentally distinct from Th1 and Th2 cells and are thought to play a key role in autoimmune disease.

# Differentiation
Activation of precursor T helper cells in the presence of TGF-beta and IL-6 is thought to drive differentiation of Th17 cells. Aside from cytokine environment, it is unclear whether any other elements of the initial activation of Th17 cells differ from those of other T helper cells. It has been suggested that IL-23 is involved in the expansion of established Th17 populations, but that cytokine alone does not induce differentiation of naive T-cell precursors into that cell type. IL-21, a cytokine produced by Th17 cells themselves, has also been shown to initiate an alternative route for the activation of Th17 populations. Both Interferon gamma and IL-4, the main stimulators of Th1 and Th2 differentiation respectively, have been shown to negatively regulate Th17 differentiation.

# Functions
On initial characterisation, Th17 cells were broadly implicated in autoimmune disease and auto-specific Th17 were shown to be highly pathogenic. A more natural role for Th17 cells is suggested by studies which have demonstrated preferential induction of IL-17 in cases of host infection with various bacterial and fungal species. Th17 primarily produce two main members of the IL-17 family; IL-17A and IL-17F which are involved in the recruitment, activation and migration of neutrophils.
Tai chi classics
The Tai Chi Classics are various manuscripts and commentaries that are used as standards for the correct study and practice of the art of tai chi chuan. These texts, which vary from school to school, are usually written in classical Chinese and are used by modern schools that trace their lineage from the Chen family or from them through the Yang family.
While great antiquity is usually claimed for texts by legendary authors, modern scholarship has not been able to date any of them earlier than the late 19th century .
Among the writings accorded the status of a Classic are:
- T'ai Chi Ch'uan Classic (T'ai Chi Ch'uan Ching ) attributed to the legendary founder of tai chi chuan, Chang San-feng  (Zhang Sanfeng), claimed to be ca. 12th-14th century.
- Salt Shop Manual  containing the T'ai Chi Ch'uan Treatise (T'ai Chi Ch'uan Lun ) attributed to the legendary Wang Tsung-yueh  (Wang Zongyue). The text was said to have been found stored in the back room of a Beijing salt shop by Wu Yu-hsiang's brother Wu Ch'eng-ch'ing .
- Miscellaneous texts: Song of Thirteen Postures, Mental Elucidation of the Practise of T'ai Chi Ch'uan and the Song of Sparring handed down in the Yang and Wu families.
- Texts by Wu Yu-hsiang  (Wu Yuxiang 1812-1880), a central figure in Wu/Hao style Tai Chi Chuan, and his relatives.
- Forty Chapters of writings preserved in the Yang and Wu families.
- T'ai Chi Ch'uan Illustrated  published in 1919 by Ch'en Hsin  (Chen Xin 1849-1929) an important Chen family scholar.
- The Study of T'ai Chi Ch'uan  first published in 1924 by Sun Lu-t'ang  (Sun Lutang 1861-1932), the founder of the fifth and last classical style of tai chi chuan.
- Yang Ch'eng-fu  (Yang Chengfu 1883-1936) published his Complete Principles and Applications of T'ai Chi Ch'uan in 1934, a work considered authoritative in schools influenced by his many students and progeny. The book includes the well known "Ten Essential Points of Taijiquan Theory" authored by Ch'eng-fu.  
- Wu Kung-tsao  (Wu Gongzao 1902-1983) provided original texts and commentary on the previously mentioned Forty Chapters in Wu Family T'ai Chi Ch'uan (Wu Chia T'ai Chi Ch'uan ). Wu's grandfather Wu Ch'uan-yu  (Wu Quanyuo 1834-1902) had inherited the Forty Chapters from Yang Pan-hou  (Yang Banhou 1837-1890). The book was first published in Changsha in 1935. In 1980, when the book was published again in Hong Kong, the famous wuxia author Jin Yong contributed a postscript to Wu Kung-tsao's text in which Jin described influences from as far back as Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu on contemporary Chinese martial arts.

# Collections, Translations, and Studies
- Davis, Barbara, "The Taijiquan Classics: An Annotated Translation" (Berkeley: North Atlantic, 2004)
- Jou, Tsung-hwa, "The Tao of T'ai Chi Ch'uan" (Rutland: Tuttle, 1980)
- Liang, T.T., "T'ai Chi Ch'uan for Health and Self-Defense:Philosophy and Practice (New York: VIntage, 1977)
- Lo, Benjamin, Martin Inn, Robert Amacker, Susan Foe, "The Essence of T'ai Chi Ch'uan: The Literary Tradition" (Berkeley: North Atlantic, 1979)
- Wile, Douglas, "Lost T'ai-chi Classics from the Late Ch'ing Dynasty" (Albany: SUNY, 1996.)