Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Ataxia overview

# Overview
Ataxia (from Greek -  + - , meaning "lack of order") is a neurological sign and symptom consisting of gross incoordination of muscle movements .  Ataxia is an aspecific clinical manifestation implying dysfunction of parts of the nervous system that coordinate movement, such as the cerebellum  Several possible causes exist for these patterns of neurological dysfunction.  The term "dystaxia" is rarely used as a synonym.
Ataxia results from the involvement of cerebellar structures, or from a combination of cerebellar and extra-cerebellar lesions, especially the brainstem . Ataxia can be of several types:
- Sporadic ataxias. Ataxias of this type usually begin in adulthood and have no known family history.
- Hereditary ataxias. These ataxias are caused by a defect in a gene that is present from the start of a person's life and can be either dominantly inherited or recessively inherited. Recessive disorders commonly cause symptoms to begin in childhood rather than in adulthood.

# Risk Factors
- Viral infections, such as chickenpox , Coxsackie virus, Epstein-Barr, or HIV
- Bacterial infections such as Lyme disease
- Exposure to certain toxins, such as lead , mercury , thallium, alcohol , and organophosphates found in insecticides
- Cerebellar hemorrhage, abscess, blood clot, or obstruction of an artery
- Para-neoplastic syndromesoccurs when the immune system attacks the cerebellum in the area of a cancer
- Certain vaccinations.

# Medical Therapy
There is no specific treatment for ataxia as such, altough there may be for the underlying cause .  The disability of ataxia may be reduced by physical therapy, including exercises, along with leg braces or shoe splints.  If foot alignment has been affected then a cane or walker is often used in the effort to prevent falls
Werner syndrome
Keywords and synonyms: Progeroid syndrome

# Overview
Werner Syndrome (WRN) is a very rare, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the appearance of premature aging.
Werner's syndrome more closely resembles accelerated aging than any other segmental progeria. For this reason, it is often referred to as a progeroid syndrome, as it partly mimics the symptoms of Progeria.

# Historical perspective
Werner's syndrome is named after Otto Werner, a German scientist, who, as a student, described the syndrome as part of his doctoral thesis in 1904.

# Pathophysiology
Werner syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder. The gene associated with Werner Syndrome lies on chromosome 8 in humans.The defect is on a gene that codes DNA helicase and it is located on the short arm of the 8th chromosome. The disorder is directly caused by shorter than normal length telomere maintenance. As a result DNA replication is impaired.
File:Autorecessive.svg

# Natural history, Complications and Prognosis
- Although the symptoms manifest after 10 years, the earliest person diagnosed was six years old. Following puberty, they age rapidly, so that by age 40, they often appear several decades older.
- In people with Werner syndrome, death usually occurs by myocardial infarction or cancer

# Associated Disorders
Patients with Werner syndrome also exhibit genomic instability, hypogonadism, and various age-associated disorders which include:
- Cancer
- heart disease
- Atherosclerosis
- Diabetes mellitus
- Cataracts
However, not all characteristics of old-age are present in Werner patients; for instance, senility is not seen in individuals with Werner syndrome. People affected by Werner syndrome usually do not live past their late forties or early fifties, often dying from the results of cancer or heart disease.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
- Rapid aging - individuals with this syndrome typically develop normally until they reach puberty. Following puberty they age rapidly, so that by age 40 they often appear several decades older. The age of onset of Werner syndrome is variable.
- Short stature - early sign in Werner syndrome is the lack of a teenage growth spurt, which results in short stature.
- Loss and graying of hair
- Hoarseness of the voice
- Thickening of the skin
- Cloudy lenses (cataracts) in both eyes.

## Physical examination
- Affected individuals typically have a characteristic facial appearance described as "bird-like" by the time they reach their thirties.
- Short stature
- Thin arms and legs
- Thick torso

# Treatment
In 2010, vitamin C supplementation was found to reverse the premature aging and several tissue dysfunctions in a genetically modified mouse model of the disease. Vitamin C supplementation also appeared to normalize several age-related molecular markers such as the increased levels of the transcription factor NF-B. Vitamin C decreases activity of genes activated in human Werner syndrome, and increases gene activity involved in tissue repair. Vitamin C supplementation is suspected to be beneficial in the treatment of human Werner syndrome, although there was no evidence of anti-aging activity in nonmutant mice.
Frey's syndrome

# Overview
Frey's syndrome (also known as Baillargers syndrome, Dupuys syndrome or Frey-Baillarger syndrome) is a food related syndrome which can be congenital or not, and can persist for life.

# Symptoms
The symptoms of Frey's syndrome are redness and sweating on the cheek area adjacent to the ear. They can appear when the affected person eats, sees, thinks about or talks about certain kinds of food which produce strong salivation. Observing sweating in the region after eating of a lemon wedge may be diagnostic.

# Causes
Frey's syndrome often results as a side effect of parotid gland surgery. The Auriculotemporal branch of the Mandibular nerve carries sympathetic fibers to the sweat glands of the scalp and parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland. As a result of severance and inappropriate regeneration, the fibers may switch courses, resulting in sweating in the anticipation of eating, instead of the normal salivatory response.

# Treatments
Treatments include:
- injection of botulinum toxin type A 
- surgical transection of the nerve fibers
- application of an ointment containing an anticholinergic drug such as scopolamine

# Eponym
It is named for Lucja Frey-Gottesman.
Aurothioglucose

# Overview
Aurothioglucose, also known as gold thioglucose, is a chemical compound with the formula AuSC6H11O5. This derivative of the sugar glucose was formerly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.

# History
Throughout history, gold was used to cure diseases, although the efficacy was not established. In 1935, gold drugs were reported to be effective for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Although many patients reacted positively to the drug, gold thioglucose was not uniformly effective.
Three gold drugs remain in active clinical use for this purpose in the United States: auranofin, sodium aurothiomalate (gold sodium thiomalate) and aurothioglucose.  In the United Kingdom, only sodium aurothiomalate and auranofin are used.
In 2001, aurothoglucose was withdrawn from the Dutch marked, where it had been the only injectable gold preparation available since 1943, forcing hospitals to change medication for a large number of patients to aurothiomalate. The drug had been in use for more than 70 years, and four years later the reasons for its sudden disappearance remained unclear.

# Medicinal chemistry
Gold thioglucose features gold in the oxidation state of +I, like other gold thiolates. It is a water-soluble, non-ionic species that is assumed to exist as a polymer.  Under physiological conditions, an oxidation-reduction reaction leads to the formation of metallic gold and sulfinic acid derivative of thioglucose.
(where AuSTg = gold thioglucose, TgSSTg = thioglucose disulfide, TgSO2H = sulfinic acid derivative of thioglucose)

# Preparation
Gold thioglucose can be prepared by treating gold bromide with thioglucose solution saturated with sulfur dioxide. Gold thioglucose is precipitated with methanol and recrystallized with water and methanol.

# Miscellaneous observations
In recent research, it was found that injection of gold thioglucose in the mouse induces obesity.  Aurothioglucose has an interaction with the antimalarial medication hydroxychloroquine.
Larsen syndrome
Larsen syndrome (LS), also called Autosomal Dominant Larsen syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant congenital disorder that occurs in about every 1 in 100,000 people. Its symptoms include hypermobility, congenital dislocations, brachycephaly and cleft palate.
The condition was first described in a 1950 journal report by L. J. Larsen, et al.

# Genetics
Larsen syndrome is caused by mutations in the FLNB (Filamin B) gene.

# Symptoms
A more complete list of symptoms includes:
- Multiple joint dislocations
- Foot deformities
- Non-tapering, cylindrical shaped fingers
- Unusual facial appearance
- Less commonly occurring:
Short stature
Additional skeletal abnormalities
Cleft palate
Heart defects
Hearing impairment
Mental retardation
- Short stature
- Additional skeletal abnormalities
- Cleft palate
- Heart defects
- Hearing impairment
- Mental retardation
Autosplenectomy
An autosplenectomy (from 'auto-' self, '-splen-' spleen, '-ectomy' removal) occurs when a disease damages the spleen to such an extent that it is non-functioning and so equivalent to the spleen having been surgically removed (splenectomy) .

# Causes
This may occur in sickle-cell disease and spherocytosis when abnormal red blood cells repeatedly block off small blood vessels, causing infarction of parts of the spleen.

# Consequences
Absence of effective splenic function (asplenia) is associated with increased risks of overwhelming post splenectomy infection. Protocols involving vaccination and prophylactic antibiotics can reduce these risks.
Axillary artery
In human anatomy, the axillary artery is a large blood vessel that conveys oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla (armpit) and the upper limb.  Its origin is at the lateral margin of the first rib, before which it is called the subclavian artery.
After passing the lower margin of teres major it becomes the brachial artery.

# Relation to pectoralis minor: division into three parts
The axillary artery is often referred to as having three parts, with these divisions based on its location relative to the pectoralis minor muscle, which is in front of the artery.
- First part - the part of the artery medial to pectoralis minor
- Second part - the part of the artery that lies behind pectoralis minor
- Third part - the part of the artery lateral to pectoralis minor

# Relation to nerves and vein
The axillary artery is accompanied by the axillary vein along its length.
In the axilla, it is surrounded by the brachial plexus. The second part of the axillary artery is the reference for the locational descriptions of the cords in the brachial plexus.  For example, the posterior cord of the brachial plexus is so named because it lies posterior to the second part of the artery.

# Branches
The axillary artery has several smaller branches. The branches can be remembered, in order, when traveling from the heart, with the mnemonic "Screw The Lawyers Save A Patient" or "She Tastes Like Sweet Apple Pie."  It should be noted that the origin of these branches is highly variable (e.g. the posterior and anterior circumflex arteries often have a common trunk). An arterial branch is named for its course, not its origin.
- First part (1 branch)
Superior thoracic artery
- Superior thoracic artery
- Second part (2 branches)
Thoraco-acromial artery
Lateral thoracic artery
- Thoraco-acromial artery
- Lateral thoracic artery
- Third part (3 branches)
Subscapular artery
Anterior circumflex humeral artery
Posterior circumflex humeral artery
- Subscapular artery
- Anterior circumflex humeral artery
- Posterior circumflex humeral artery
Continues as the brachial artery past the inferior border of the teres major.

# Clinical Significance
The axillary artery may be safely clamped without endangering the arm, but only in a location proximal to the origin of the subscapular artery. The anastomotic network surrounding the scapula provides an alternate path for collateral circulation to the arm from arteries including the dorsal scapular artery and suprascapular artery.

# Additional images
- The veins of the right axilla, viewed from in front.
- The right brachial plexus (infraclavicular portion) in the axillary fossa; viewed from below and in front.
- Suprascapular and axillary nerves of right side, seen from behind.
Baconian method
The Baconian method is the investigative method developed by Francis Bacon.  It is an early forerunner of the scientific method. The method was put forward in Bacon's book Novum Organum, or 'New Instrument', and was supposed to replace the methods put forward in Aristotle's Organon.

# Baconian Method
The Baconian method consists of procedures for isolating the form nature, or cause, of a phenomenon, including the method of agreement, method of difference, and method of concomitant variation.
Bacon suggests that you draw up a list of all things in which the phenomenon you are trying to explain occurs, as well as a list of things in which it does not occur. Then you rank your lists according to the degree in which the phenomenon occurs in each one. Then you should be able to deduce what factors match the occurrence of the phenomenon in one list and don't occur in the other list, and also what factors change in accordance with the way the data had been ranked. From this Bacon concludes you should be able to deduce by elimination and inductive reasoning what is the cause underlying the phenomenon.
Thus, if an army is successful when commanded by Essex, and not successful when not commanded by Essex: and when it is more or less successful according to the degree of involvement of Essex as its commander, then it is scientifically reasonable to say that being commanded by Essex is causally related to the army's success.

# Idols of The Mind
Bacon also listed what he called the Idols of The Mind. He described these as things which obstructed the path of correct scientific reasoning.
- Idols of the Tribe: This is humans' tendency to perceive more order and regularity in systems than truly exists, and is due to people following their preconceived ideas about things.
- Idols of the Cave: This is due to individuals' personal weaknesses in reasoning due to particular personalities, likes and dislikes.
- Idols of the Marketplace: This is due to confusions in the use of language and taking some words in science to have a different meaning than their common usage.
- Idols of the Theatre: This is due to using philosophical systems which have incorporated mistaken methods. Here Bacon is referring to the influence of major philosophers (Aristotle) and major religions on science.

# Followers
The English physician Sir Thomas Browne (1605-82) was one of the earliest scientists to adhere to  the scientific empiricism of the Baconian method. His encyclopaedia Pseudodoxia Epidemica (1646-76) includes numerous examples of  Baconian investigative methodology; its preface even paraphrases lines from Bacon's essay On Truth from his 1605 work The Advancement of Learning.
The Baconian method was further developed and promoted by English philosopher John Stuart Mill. His 1843 book, A System of Logic, was an effort to shed further light on issues of causation. In this work, he formulated the five principles of inductive reasoning now known as Mill's methods.
Bacopa monnieri
Bacopa monnieri is a perennial, creeping herb whose habitat includes wetlands and muddy shores.  Common names include Water Hyssop and brahmi (note: brahmi is also the Ayurvedic name given to Centella asiatica and other herbs).
The leaves of this plant are succulent and relatively thick. Leaves are oblanceolate and are arranged oppositely on the stem. The flowers are small and white, with four or five petals. Its ability to grow in water makes it a popular aquarium plant. It can even grow in slightly brackish conditions. Propagation is often achieved through cuttings.
It commonly grows in marshy areas throughout India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, China, Taiwan, and is also found in Florida and other southern states of the USA where it can be grown in damp conditions by the pond or bog garden.
Famed in Ayurvedic medicine, brahmi has antioxidant properties. It has been reported to reduce oxidation of fats in the bloodstream, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
It has been used for centuries to help benefit epilepsy, memory capacity, increase concentration, and reduce stress-induced anxiety. It is listed as a nootropic, a drug that enhances cognitive ability.
In India, this plant has also been used traditionally to consecrate new born babies in the belief that it will open the gateway of intelligence. Recent studies suggest bacopa may improve intellectual activity .
This plant is also known as Thyme-leafed gratiola and Moneywort. Synonyms include Herpestris monnieria, Moniera euneifolia, Lysimachia monnieri, and Bacopa Monniera.
Balanoposthitis

# Overview
Balanoposthitis is an inflammation of the glans penis and the foreskin.

# Symptoms and Signs
- Soreness
- Irritation
- Subpreputial discharge
- Phimosis
- Superficial ulcerations
- Inguinal adenopathy
- Anxiety
- Lower back pain
- Fatigue
- Redness of penis
- Painful penis and foreskin
- Rashes on the penis and foul smell discharge

# Treatment of Balanoposthitis
- Topical antibiotics like metronidazole cream and antifungals clotrimazole cream or low-potency steroid creams are suggested beneficial for this disease.
- Proper hygiene and regular washing of prepuce is useful for the prevention of balanoposthitis.
- Circumcision may be promoted in recurrent and recalcitrant cases.
Since anaerobic conditions are necessary for growth of the offending organisms, simple exposure to air and local cleansing is most often effective. Formerly, this treatment, used with peroxide powder and arsphenamine and, in severe cases, a dorsal slit, was the extent of therapy. With the advent of penicillin and other systemic and local antibiotics, the treatment is specific and effective; however, even now a dorsal slit procedure is sometimes necessary.

# In other animals
In dogs, balanoposthitis is caused by a disruption in the integumentary system, such as a wound or intrusion of a foreign body. A dog with this condition behaves normally, with the exception of excessive licking at the prepuce, and a yellow green, pus-like discharge is usually present.
In sheep (rams/wethers), ulcerative enzootic balanoposthitis is caused by the Corynebacterium renale group (C. renale, C. pilosum & C. cystidis). It is also known as "pizzle rot".
For the condition in bulls, caused by a virus see Bovine herpesvirus 1.
Balanoposthitis is believed to have contributed to the decline to near-extinction of Gilbert's potoroo.
Barathary gland
In Nuwaubian mythology, the barathary gland (sometimes seen as baradjedi, barithary or barathory) was initially a gland of the human brain that was later maimed by the Anunna (those who came down in sets of 50) in the creation(s) of mankind when they were mutated from the ape.  This gland provided four higher senses 1. telepathy, 2. clairvoyance, 3. intuition, and 4. psychometry, enabling direct communication to the Annunaqi/Elohim/Neteru.  Nuwaubians teach that the barathary gland can be reinserted today via advanced medical operation preformed on a sham (UFO) at the submental area of the lower chin.  Some Nuwaubians believe that some people have already recovered their barathary glands in this manner.

## Etymology
Bara is the Semitic/Hebrew word for creation or beginning .

## History
Nuwaubian leader Malachi Z. York says that humans (other than York himself), are missing an important part of their brains, the barathary gland, which once enabled various forms of extra-sensory perception, or, as he would have it, normal sensory perception that is currently disabled in humans.
Another Nuwaubian scroll adds:
York wrote that he visited a spacecraft that is preparing to rescue loyal Nuwaubians, and that on this spacecraft he saw representations of barathary glands:

# Notes
-  e.g. , 
-  Bara 1) to create, shape, form. Strongs H1254 
-  While my mother was pregnant certain nerves in the brain of the child were altered so that child would be able to receive a higher intellect. An intellect higher than other normal Earth Beings who have had their Barathary Glands removed. (York, M.Z. The Holy Tablets Chapter 19, Tablet 6)
-  "Enowsh": 1) man, mortal man, person, mankind. Strong's H582
-  York, Malachi Z. Water Is Vital To Your Health! Nubian Health
-  York, Malachi Z. Genesis Introduction Scroll #90
-  York, Malachi Z. Letter to Rana Hall 11/3/04
Bartlett's test

# Overview
Bartlett's test (Snedecor and Cochran, 1983) is used to test if k samples have equal variances.  Equal variances across samples is called homoscedasticity or homogeneity of variances. Some statistical tests, for example the analysis of variance, assume that variances are equal across groups or samples. The Bartlett test can be used to verify that assumption.
Bartlett's test is sensitive to departures from normality. That is, if your samples come from non-normal distributions, then Bartlett's test may simply be testing for non-normality. The Levene test is an alternative to the Bartlett test that is less sensitive to departures from normality.
Bartlett's test is used to test the null hypothesis, H_0 that all k population variances are equal against the alternative that at least two are different.
If there are k samples with size n_i and sample variance S_i^2 then Bartlett's test statistic is
X^2 = \frac{(N-k)\ln(S_p^2) - \sum_{i=1}^k(n_i - 1)\ln(S_i^2)}{1 + \frac{1}{3(k-1)}\left(\sum_{i=1}^k(\frac{1}{n_i-1}) - \frac{1}{N-k}\right)}
where N = \sum_{i=1}^k n_i and S_p^2 = \frac{1}{N-g} \sum_i (n_i-1)S_i^2 is the pooled estimate for the variance.
The test statistic has approximately a \chi^2_{k-1} distribution. Thus the null hypothesis is rejected if X^2 > \chi^2_{k-1,\alpha} (where \chi^2_{k-1,\alpha} is the upper tail critical value for the \chi^2_{k-1} distribution).
Bartlett's test is a modification of the corresponding likelihood ratio test designed to make the approximation to the \chi^2_{k-1} distribution better (M. S. Bartlett 1937).