Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Colin Butler
Dr Colin Butler is a Director of the Benevolent Organisation for Development, Health and Insight (BODHI)  and Visiting Fellow at the National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, ANU. He is a former Senior Research Fellow of the School of Health and Social Development at Deakin University. His work lies at the intersection of globalisation, health and sustainability.  Globalisation includes social, economic, cultural and environmental changes, at scales from the microscopic to the planetary. His main research interest lies in trying to find ways to advance sustainable global health for all, including people who are marginalized and oppressed.
His interests include agriculture, climatology, demography, development, ecology, economics, environmental change, epidemiology, ethics, future studies, general practice, global change, global health, health promotion, human rights, inequality, infectious diseases, nutrition, poverty, public health, social justice, sociology and sustainability. He is particularly interested in ecosocial systems and the relationship between human conflict and resource scarcity.
He also works part time in rural general practice in Tasmania. He holds post graduate qualifications from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and in 2002 he completed a multidisciplinary PhD at the Australian National University. This thesis argued that the unequal distribution of global political and economic influence facilitates "environmental brinkmanship" whereby the wealthy and powerful risk global environmental change of such degree that it threatens the fabric of civilisation. He was extensively involved with the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, and has published over 100 letters, papers and chapters. 
In 1989 Colin and his wife Susan co-founded BODHI, an NGO which works in the field of international health and primary health care.
Collagenases
Collagenases are enzymes that break the peptide bonds in collagen.
They assist in destroying extracellular structures in pathogenesis of bacteria such as Clostridium. They are an exotoxin (a virulence factor) and help to facilitate the spread of gas gangrene. They normally target the connective tissue in muscle cells and other body organs.
Collagen, a key component of the animal extracellular matrix, is made through cleavage of pro-collagen by collagenase once it has been secreted from the cell. This stops large structures from forming inside the cell itself.
Collagenase production can be induced during an immune response, by cytokines which stimulate cells such as fibroblasts and osteoblasts, and cause indirect tissue damage.
SANTYL Ointment, a Healthpoint, Ltd. product, is the only FDA approved product containing Collagenase as its primary ingredient.
They are categorized under EC number 3.4.24.
Nasal septum
The nasal septum separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils.
It is depressed by the Depressor septi nasi muscle.

# Composition
The fleshy external end of the nasal septum is sometimes also called columella.
The nasal septum is composed of three structures:
- ethmoid bone
- vomer bone
- quadrangular cartilage

# Clinical significance
The nasal septum can depart from the centreline of the nose; this condition is known as a deviated septum. Trauma, excessive nose-picking and cocaine usage can cause septum perforations, or holes developing in the septum.
An operation to the nasal septum is known as a septoplasty.

# Additional images
- Horizontal section of nasal and orbital cavities.
- Left orbicularis oculi, seen from behind.
- Cartilages of the nose, seen from below.
- Coronal section of nasal cavities.
- Front of nasal part of pharynx, as seen with the laryngoscope.
- MRI image showing nasal septum.
Combat medic
A combat medic is a trained soldier who is responsible for providing first aid and frontline trauma care on the battlefield.  Also responsible for providing continuing medical care in the absence of a readily available physician, including care for disease and non battle injury.  Combat medics are normally co-located with the combat troops they serve in order to easily move with the troops and monitor ongoing health.
Combat medics are officially known by a variety of names. In the United States Army, medics have often been called 68Ws since December of 2005. In the United States Navy, they are known as Corpsmen and fill the combat medic role of the United States Marine Corps, which does not have its own medical personnel.  Combat Medical Technicians (CMTs) in the British Army are members of the Royal Army Medical Corps.
In most armies, medics wear specific insignia, with a prominent Red Cross on a white background. Islamic countries use a red crescent instead while Israeli medics wear the Magen David Adom (a red star of David on a white background). These symbols signify to enemy soldiers that the medic is a noncombatant, providing medical care. For many years, most medics have carried at least a side arm like the handgun and knife (and now, frequently a rifle, carbine or submachine gun), to be used as a defensive weapon.  Medical personnel may be armed, but may only use their weapons to protect themselves or the wounded and sick in their care. If they use their arms offensively (i.e. attacking or assaulting), or carry arms that qualify as offensive (such as a sniper rifle, machine gun or grenade launcher), they then sacrifice their protection under the Geneva Conventions. Generally, a medic holding his/her weapon is considered to be an armed, military threat. According to the Geneva Convention, knowingly firing at a medic wearing clear insignia is a war crime.

# History
During World War II (and before the implementation of the 1949 revision to the Geneva Convention made it illegal), there was an unwritten law of ethics between Allied and German forces whereby soldiers would not knowingly fire at a medic treating a wounded comrade.  This was in stark contrast to the policy of the Japanese forces, who regarded medics as primary targets, resulting in Allied medics removing or covering their insignia.
Commensalism
Commensalisms  is a term employed in ecology to describe a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped (like a bird living in a tree). It is derived from the English word commensal, meaning the sharing of food, and used of human social interaction. The word derives from the Latin com mensa, meaning sharing a table.
As with all ecological interactions, commensalisms vary in strength and duration from intimate, long-lived symbioses to brief, weak interactions through intermediaries.  Originally it was used to describe the use of waste food by second animals, like the carcass eaters that follow hunting animals, but wait until they have finished their meal. Other forms of commensalism include:
- Phoresy: One animal attaching to another animal for transportation only. This concerns mainly arthropods, examples of which are mites on insects (such as beetles, flies, or bees), pseudoscorpions on mammals and millipedes on birds. Phoresy can be either obligate or facultative (induced by environmental conditions).
- Inquilinism: Using a second organism for housing. Examples are epiphytic plants (such as many orchids) which grow on trees, or birds that live in holes in trees.
- Metabiosis: A more indirect dependency, in which the second organism uses something the first created, however after the death of the first. An example is the hermit crabs that use gastropod shells to protect their bodies.
The question of whether the relationship between humans and some types of our gut flora is commensal or mutualistic is still unanswered.
Some biologists argue that any close interaction between two organisms is unlikely to be completely neutral for either party, and that relationships identified as commensal are likely mutualistic or parasitic in a subtle way that has not been detected. For example, epiphytes are "nutritional pirates" that may intercept substantial amounts of mineral nutrients that would otherwise go to the host plant. Large numbers of epiphytes can also cause tree limbs to break or shade the host plant and reduce its rate of photosynthesis. Similarly, the phoretic mites in the image above may hinder their host by making flight more difficult, which may affect its aerial hunting ability or cause it to expend extra energy while carrying these passengers.
Common Lilac
The Common Lilac (Syringa vulgaris) is a deciduous plant in the olive family (Oleaceae), native to the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe, where it grows in the wild on rocky hills.
It is a large shrub or small tree, growing 6-7 m high. The smooth bark is grey to grey-brown. The shrubs are multi-stemmed, producing secondary shoots from the base or roots.
The leaves are simple, light green to glaucous, oval to cordate, with pinnate leaf venation, a mucronate apex and an entire margin, reaching a length of 5-10 cm. They are arranged opposite pairs or occasionally in whorls of three.
The four-petaled flowers are cup-shaped with a four-lobed corolla, usually lilac to mauve. They are arranged in a dense, terminal panicle 8-18 cm long. The fruit is a dry, smooth brown capsule, about 1 cm long.

# Cultivation
Common Lilac is a very common ornamental plant in gardens and parks, because of the attractive, sweet smell of its flowers. Most garden plants are cultivars with flowers varying in color from white to dark lilac. The majority of garden cultivars do not exceed 4-5 m tall.
Syringa vulgaris is the state flower of the state of New Hampshire, because it "is symbolic of that hardy character of the men and women of the Granite State" (New Hampshire Revised Statute Annotated (RSA) 3:5).
- flowers and leaves
flowers and leaves
- Syringa vulgaris 'Alba'
Syringa vulgaris 'Alba'
- Syringa vulgaris 'Charles Joly'
Syringa vulgaris 'Charles Joly'
- Syringa vulgaris 'Corondel'
Syringa vulgaris 'Corondel'
- Syringa vulgaris 'Etna'
Syringa vulgaris 'Etna'
- Syringa vulgaris 'Mme. Francisque Morel'
Syringa vulgaris 'Mme. Francisque Morel'
- Syringa vulgaris 'Marechal Foch'
Syringa vulgaris 'Marechal Foch'
- File:Jorgovan-pcela4.JPG
Corojo Label
Corojo Label is a brand of hand-made premium cigar owned by Cigar.com, Inc..

# History and Background
The development of this proprietary brand was begun in 2004 by the in-house blending team. In early 2006, the company sought out Pepin Garcia and with his aid and that of his son, Jaime, the desired final blend was obtained. It was introduced in late February of 2007. The cigars are manufactured in Esteli, Nicaragua, at Tabaclera Cubana (TACUBA). This brand is one in a series of brands, called House Blends, developed by Cigar.com and made for them by various manufacturers.

# Description
Full bodied, the wrapper is a Nicaraguan Corojo, the binder is Honduran and the filler is Nicaraguan. The cigars are packaged celloed in slide-top cabinet-style boxes of 20.

# Models/Vitolas

# Notes
-  Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 1.2 Svenson, Alex, VP of Cigar.com, Inc. in litt. 2007
-  House Blends (online catalogue)
Corticovirus
The Corticovirus or Corticoviridae are a family of phages that consist of a round, icosahedral, non-enveloped capsid of a diameter of 60 nm and an internal lipid membrane located between outer and inner protein shell.  The shells are composed of three layers which surfaces reveals a pattern with distinctive features, including bush-like spikes protruding from the twelve vertices.

# Genome
The genome is not segmented, constitutes 13% of the virus's weight and contains a single molecule of circular, supercoiled, double-stranded DNA of 9500-12000 nucleotides in length. The genome has a g + c content of 43%.

# Literature
-  Kiveld, H.M., Kalkkinen, N. and Bamford, D.H. (2002). Bacteriophage PM2 has a protein capsid surrounding a spherical lipid-protein core. J. Virol., 76, 8169-8178.
-  Kiveld, H.M., Mannisto, R.H., Kalkkinen, N. and Bamford, D.H. (1999). Purification and protein composition of PM2, the first lipid-containing bacterial virus to be isolated. Virology, 262, 364-374.
-  Harrison, S.C., Caspar, D.L., Camerini-Otero, R.D. and Franklin, R.M. (1971). Lipid and protein arrangement in bacteriophage PM2. Nat. New Biol., 229, 197-201.
-  Mannisto, R.H., Kivela, H.M., Paulin, L., Bamford, D.H. and Bamford, J.K.H. (1999). The complete genome sequence of PM2, the first lipid-containing bacterial virus to be isolated. Virology, 262, 355-363.
Cremophor EL
Cremophor EL is the registered trademark of BASF Corp. for its version of polyethoxylated castor oil.  It is prepared by reacting 35 moles of ethylene oxide with each mole of castor oil. The resulting product is a mixture (CAS number 61791-12-6): the major component is the material in which the hydroxyl groups of the castor oil triglyceride have ethoxylated with ethylene oxide to form polyethylene glycol ethers. Minor components are the polyethyelene glycol esters of ricinoleic acid, polyethyelene glycols and polyethyelene glycol ethers of glycerol. . Cremophor EL is a synthetic, nonionic surfactant. Its utility comes from its ability to stabilize emulsions of nonpolar materials in aqueous systems.
Cremophor EL is an excipient or additive in drugs. Therapeutically, modern drugs are rarely given in a pure chemical state, so most active ingredients are combined with excipients or additives such as Cremophor EL 

# Uses
- Miconazole, anti-fungal
- Paclitaxel, anti-cancer
- Aci-Jel (acetic acid / oxyquinoline / ricinoleic acid - vaginal)
- Sandimmune (cyclosporine injection, USP)
- Nelfinavir mesylate, HIV protese inhibitor
Cremophor EL is used in Taxol (paclitaxel) and has been called as a dose limiting agent because of its toxicities.  (A formulation of paclitaxel that uses nanoparticle albumin instead of Cremophor EL is marketed as an alternative.)
Cryptotaenia
Cryptotaenia is a genus of two species of herbaceous perennial plants, native to North America and eastern Asia, growing wild in moist, shady places.
- Cryptotaenia canadensis
- Cryptotaenia japonica (syn. C. canadensis subsp. japonica)
Some other species previously included in this genus (as C. africana, C. calycina and C. elegans) have been shown by molecular evidence not to belong in Cryptotaenia (Hardway et al., 2004).

# Uses
C. japonica is raised as a seasoning (similar to angelica) and a strengthening tonic, and the sprouts are used in salads. English names for the plant include mitsuba, Japanese wild parsley, honeywort, san ip, and san ye qin (from Template:Zh-cp). Like parsley, the flavor is clean and refreshing with a slightly bitter taste.
Cypermethrin
Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide in large-scale commercial agricultural applications as well as in consumer products for domestic purposes. It behaves as a fast-acting neurotoxin in insects. It is easily degraded on soil and plants but can be effective for weeks when applied to indoor inert surfaces. Exposure to sunlight, water and oxygen will accelerate its decomposition. Cypermethrin is highly toxic to fish, bees and aquatic insects, according to the National Pesticides Telecommunications Network (NPTN). It is found in many household ant and cockroach killers, including Raid and ant chalk.

# Human exposure
Excessive exposure can cause nausea, headache, muscle weakness, salivation, shortness of breath and seizures. In humans, cypermethrin is deactivated by enzymatic hydrolysis to several carboxylic acid metabolites, which are eliminated in the urine. Worker exposure to the chemical can be monitored by measurement of the urinary metabolites, while severe overdosage may be confirmed by quantitation of cypermethrin in blood or plasma.

# Study in animals
A recent study at Xuzhou Medical College in China showed that, in male rats, cypermethrin can exhibit a toxic effect on the reproductive system. After 15 days of continual dosing, both androgen receptor levels and serum testosterone levels were significantly reduced. These data suggested that cypermethrin can induce impairments of the structure of seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis in male rats at high doses.
Long-term exposure to cypermethrin during adulthood is found to induce dopaminergic neurodegeneration in rats, and postnatal exposure enhances the susceptibility of animals to dopaminergic neurodegeneration if rechallenged during adulthood.
If exposed to cypermethrin during pregnancy, rats give birth to offspring with developmental delays. In male rats exposed to cypermethrin, the proportion of abnormal sperm increases. It causes genetic damage: chromosomal abnormalities increased in bone marrow and spleen cells when mice were exposed to cypermethrin. Cypermethrin is classified as a possible human carcinogen, because it causes an increase in the frequency of lung tumors in female mice. Cypermethrin has been linked to an increase in bone marrow micronuclei in both mice and humans.
One study showed that cypermethrin inhibits  gap junctional intercellular communication, which plays an important role in cell growth and is inhibited by carcinogenic agents. Studies have shown that residue from cypermethrin can last for 84 days in the air, on walls, the floor and on furniture.

# Environmental effects
Cypermethrin is a broad-spectrum insecticide, which means it kills beneficial insects and animals as well as the targeted insects. Fish are particularly susceptible to cypermethrin. Resistance to cypermethrin has developed quickly in insects exposed frequently and can render it ineffective.
Cytotoxicity

# Definition
Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells.

# Toxic agents
Examples of toxic agents are a chemical substance or an immune cell.

# Ways to measure cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity can be measured by the MTT assay, Trypan blue (TB) assay, Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay, WST assay and clonogenic assay.

# Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) describes the cell-killing ability of certain lymphocytes, which requires the target cell being marked by an antibody.

# Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and Complement-dependent cytotoxicity
Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, on the other hand, does not have to be mediated by antibodies; nor does complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), which is mediated by the complement system.

# Cytotoxic lymphocytes
Three groups of cytotoxic lymphocytes are distinguished:
- Cytotoxic T cells
- Natural killer cells
- Natural Killer T cells
DNA sequence

# Overview
A DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, with the capacity to carry information.
The possible letters are A, C, G, and T, representing the four nucleotide subunits of a DNA strand - adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine bases covalently linked to phospho-backbone. In the typical case, the sequences are printed abutting one another without gaps, as in the sequence AAAGTCTGAC, going from 5' to 3' from left to right. A succession of any number of nucleotides greater than four is liable to be called a sequence. With regard to its biological function, which may depend on context, a sequence may be sense or anti-sense, and either coding or noncoding. DNA sequences can also contain "junk DNA."
Sequences can be derived from the biological raw material through a process called DNA sequencing.
In some special cases, letters besides A, T, C, and G are present in a sequence. These letters represent ambiguity. Of all the molecules sampled, there is more than one kind of nucleotide at that position. The rules of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) are as follows:
Dale Pendell
Dale Pendell is a contemporary author who combines science and poetry in his explications of the relationship between psychoactive compounds and human beings.  A long time student of ethnobotany, Pendell discusses historical and cultural uses of "power plants" in his works.  He reads and distills the literature of pharmacology and neuroscience, of ethnobotany and anthropology, of mythology and political economics as they intersect with the direct experience of human psychoactive use.
His publications include the Pharmako Trilogy: Pharmako/Poeia (1994), Pharmako/Dynamis (2002), and Pharmako/Gnosis (2005), all published by Mercury House.  He covers all the major categories of psychoactives and details the use, the pharmacology, the chemistry, the political and social historical implications and effects of the use of psychoactives.
He his also well regarded as a myth critic. Certain of his works contained detailed scholarship on the origins of cultural myths.
Dale Pendell is highly regarded for his expertise on psychoactive plants and drugs and as a writer and poet; one of his works is used as a textbook for a lower division course in the University of California, Berkeley's Molecular and Cell Biology department.
Danger space

# Overview
The danger space is a region of the neck.

# Anatomy
It is bounded superiorly by the skull base, anteriorly by the alar fascia and posteriorly by the prevertebral fascia.  It comes to an end at the level of the diaphragm.
The retropharyngeal space is found anterior to the danger zone, between the buccopharnygeal fascia and alar fascia.  There exists a midline raphe in this space so some infections of this space appear unilateral.

# History
It was first characterized in 1938.

# Clinical significance
It gets its common name from the risk that an infection in this space can spread directly to the thorax, it is sometimes also referred to as the Alar space.  It is a median space without a midline raphe and hence infection can spread easily to either side.
Datura metel
Datura metel, commonly known as Devil's trumpet, metel, or downy thorn-apple is a shrub-like annual herb with large flowers, typically white or yellow. Native to China, it is now used in landscaping and gardening in North America.

# Medicinal use
D. metel is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in Chinese herbology, where it is called yang jin hua ().

# Toxicity
This plant may be toxic if ingested in any quantity, symptomatically expressed as flushed skin, headaches, hallucinations, and possibly convulsions or even a coma. The principal toxic elements are tropane alkaloids. Accidentally (or intentionally) ingesting even a single leaf could lead to severe side effects.