Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
BRDT
Bromodomain testis-specific protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BRDT gene. It is a member of the Bromodomain and Extra-terminal motif (BET) protein family.
BRDT is similar to the RING3 protein family. It possesses 2 bromodomain motifs and a PEST sequence (a cluster of proline, glutamic acid, serine, and threonine residues), characteristic of proteins that undergo rapid intracellular degradation. The bromodomain is found in proteins that regulate transcription. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.
The use of three different mouse models (Brdt knock-out mice, mice expressing a non-functional Brdt and mice expressing a mutated Brdt lacking its first bromodomain) showed that Brdt drives a meiotic and post-meiotic gene expression program. It also controls the genome-wide post-meiotic genome reorganization that occurs after histone hyperacetylation in elongating spermatids.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of BRDT function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Brdttm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty five tests were carried out on mutant mice and two significant abnormalities were observed. Homozygous mutant males were sub-fertile and both sexes had a decreased number of lumbar and sacral vertebrae.

# Potential as target of male contraceptive medication
BET inhibitors such as JQ1 block the region of BRDT responsible for chromatin binding, and cause a reversible reduction of sperm production, sperm quality, and size of the testis in mice.
The mechanism of action of JQ1 could be explained by considering Brdts functions as a driver of testis-specific gene expression and post-meiotic chromatin reorganization. As BET inhibitors also inhibit other BET proteins BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4, they are likely to have effects in people beyond temporary male sterility.
BTG1
Protein BTG1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BTG1 gene.

# Function
The BTG1 gene locus has been shown to be involved in a t(8;12)(q24;q22) chromosomal translocation in a case of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It is a member of a family of antiproliferative genes. BTG1 expression is maximal in the G0/G1 phases of the cell cycle and downregulated when cells progressed through G1. It negatively regulates cell proliferation.

# Interactions
BTG1 has been shown to interact with:
- CNOT7,
- CNOT8,
- HOXB9,  and
- PRMT1.

# Clinical relevance
Recurrent mutations in this gene have been associated to cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

# Maintenance of adult neural stem cells
Recent data, obtained in a new model of mouse lacking the BTG1 gene, indicate that BTG1 is essential for the proliferation and expansion of stem cells in the adult neurogenic niches, i.e. the dentate gyrus and sub ventricular zone (see for review). In particular, BTG1 keeps adult neural stem cells in quiescence, preserving the neural stem cells pool from depletion. In the absence of BTG1, the stem and progenitor cells initially hyper proliferate and then in the longer period lose the ability to proliferate and expand. Other recent data indicate that physical exercise can fully reconstitute the proliferative defect of stem cells that follows the ablation of the BTG1 gene, suggesting that the pool of neural stem cells maintains a hidden form of plasticity which is tightly controlled by BTG1; hence, BTG1 might prevent the depletion of stem cells in the presence of strong neurogenic stimuli or of neural degenerative stimuli.
Btg1 plays a role also in the expansion of cerebellar granule precursor cells. In fact the deletion of Btg1 leads in mouse to uncontrolled proliferation of the cerebellar precursor cells during the early postnatal period. Consequently, in the adult, the cerebellum lacking Btg1 is significantly larger and the motor coordination is heavily impaired.
The closest homolog of BTG1 is BTG2, which also controls the proliferation and differentiation of adult neural stem cells; the role of BTG2, however, appears to differ from that of BTG1 being probably more relevant in controlling the terminal differentiation  of neural stem and progenitor cells in the adult neurogenic niches.
BTLA
B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BTLA gene. BTLA has also been designated as CD272 (cluster of differentiation 272).

# Function
BTLA expression is induced during activation of T cells, and BTLA remains expressed on Th1 cells but not Th2 cells. Like PD1 and CTLA4, BTLA interacts with a B7 homolog, B7H4. However, unlike PD-1 and CTLA-4, BTLA displays T-Cell inhibition via interaction with tumor necrosis family receptors (TNF-R), not just the B7 family of cell surface receptors. BTLA is a ligand for tumour necrosis factor (receptor) superfamily, member 14 (TNFRSF14), also known as herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM). BTLA-HVEM complexes negatively regulate T-cell immune responses.

# Clinical significance
BTLA activation inhibits the function of human CD8+ cancer-specific T cells.
Bael
Bael (Aegle marmelos) is a fruit-bearing tree indigenous to dry forests on hills and plains of central and southern India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. It is cultivated throughout India, as well as in Sri Lanka, northern Malaya, Java and in the Philippines. It is also popularly known as Bilva, Bilwa, Bel, Kuvalam, Koovalam, or Beli fruit, Bengal quince, stone apple, and wood apple. The tree, which is the only species in the genus Aegle, grows up to 18 meters tall and bears thorns and fragrant flowers. It has a woody-skinned, smooth fruit 5-15 cm in diameter. The skin of some forms of the fruit is so hard it must be cracked open with a hammer. It has numerous seeds, which are densely covered with fibrous hairs and are embedded in a thick, gluey, aromatic pulp.
The fruit is eaten fresh or dried. The juice is strained and sweetened to make a drink similar to lemonade, and is also used in making Sharbat, a refreshing drink where the pulp is mixed with tamarind. The young leaves and small shoots are eaten as salad greens. The fruit is also used in religious rituals and as a ayurvedic remedy for such ailments as diarrhea, dysentery, intestinal parasites, dryness of the eyes, and the common cold. It is a very powerful antidote for chronic constipation.
In Hinduism, the Lord Shiva is said to live under the Bael tree. In India, the tree is often found in temple gardens and its leaves are used in religious celebrations.
In the traditional culture of Nepal, the Bael tree is part of an important fertility ritual for girls known as the Bel baha.
This tree is a larval foodplant for the following two Indian Swallowtail butterflies, the Lime Butterfly Papilio demoleus and the Common Mormon Papilio polytes.

# Reference
H.K.Bakhru (1997). Foods that Heal. The Natural Way to Good Health. Orient Paperbacks. ISBN 81-222-0033-8..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
Basi
Basi is a fermented alcoholic beverage made of sugarcane produced in the Philippines and Guyana.

# Philippines
Basi is the local beverage of Ilocos in northern Luzon in the Philippines where it has been consumed since before the Spanish conquest.  In the Philippines, commercial basi is produced by first crushing sugarcane and extracting the juice.  The juice is boiled in vats and then stored in earthen jars.  Once the juice has cooled, flavorings made of ground glutinous rice and duhat (java plum) bark or other fruits or barks is added.  The jars are then sealed with banana leaves and allowed to ferment for several years.  The resulting drink is pale red in color.  If fermented longer, it turns into suka or vinegar.
The 1807 Basi Revolt in Piddig, Ilocos Norte, occurred when the Philippines' Spanish rulers effectively banning private manufacture of the beverage.  A Basi festival is held annually in Naguilian, La Union.

# Guyana
Basi is produced by first cutting sugarcane into small pieces.  The cane is then placed into a container with refined sugar, water, and yeast for a minimum of nine days.  Finally, the beverage is strained and bottled.

# 200th anniversary
On September 28, 2007, San Ildefonso, Ilocos Sur, Philippines officials (Governor Deogracias Victor DV Savellano and Rep. Ronald Singson) commemorated basi revolt.  Recently, the Sangguniang Bayan of San Ildefonso approved a resolution declaring September 16 as a non-working holiday and named the old road in Gongogong as Ambaristo street in honor Pedro Ambaristo, leader of the Basi Revolt. Mayor Christian Purisima enrolled basi as their entry into the  One Town; One Product (OTOP) program of Savellano.
Bubo

# Overview
A bubo (Greek boubon, "groin") (plural form= buboes) is a swelling of the lymph nodes, found in an infection such as bubonic plague, gonorrhea,  tuberculosis or syphilis.
According to historical records they were also characteristic of the pandemic responsible for the Black Death and perhaps other ancient pandemics. It usually appears under the armpit, in the groin or on the neck. Many doctors believed that bursting them was the answer, although in the view of modern medicine this treatment is useless or in fact harmful. There are reports of people using hen feathers in order to burst lymph nodes. When lymph nodes are burst, the puncture site can leave a patient at higher risk for dangerous infection.
Buboes rarely require any form of local care, but instead recede with systemic antibiotic therapy. In fact, for plague patients, incision and drainage poses a risk to others in contact with the patient due to aerosolization of the bubo contents.
Needle aspiration can be done for diagnostic purposes and may also provide symptomatic relief.
Rash

# Overview
A rash is a change in skin which affects its color, appearance, or texture. A rash may be localized to one part of the body, or affect all the skin. Rashes may cause the skin to change color, itch, become warm, bumpy, dry, cracked or blistered, swell and may be painful. The causes, and therefore treatments for rashes, vary widely.  Diagnosis must take into account such things as the appearance of the rash, other symptoms, what the patient may have been exposed to, occupation, and occurrence in family members.
The presence of a rash may aid associated signs and symptoms are diagnostic of certain diseases. For example, the rash in measles is an erythematous, maculopapular rash that begins a few days after the fever starts; it classically starts at the head and spreads downwards.

# Causes

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order

# Evaluating a Rash
The causes of a rash are extremely broad, which may make the evaluation of a rash extremely difficult.  An accurate evaluation by a doctor may only be made in the context of a thorough history (What medication is the patient taking?  What is the patient's occupation?  Where has the patient been?) and complete physical examination.
Points to note in the examination include:
- The appearance: e.g., purpuric (typical of vasculitis and meningococcal septicemia), fine and like sandpaper (typical of scarlet fever); umbilicated lesions are typical of molluscum contagiosum (and in the past, small pox); plaques with silver scales are typical of psoriasis.
- The distribution: e.g., the rash of scarlet fever becomes confluent and forms bright red lines in the skin creases of the neck, armpits and groins (Pastia's lines); the vesicles of chicken pox seem to follow the hollows of the body (they are more prominent along the depression of the spine on the back and in the hollows of both shoulder blades); very few rashes affect the palms of the hands and soles of the feet (secondary syphilis, rickettsia or spotted fevers, guttate psoriasis, hand, foot and mouth disease, keratoderma blenorrhagica);
- Symmetry: e.g., herpes zoster usually only affects one side of the body and does not cross the midline.
Typically, according to Anthony Iannazzo, it is never a good habit for one to scratch their rash; as doing so may invigorate the rash and cause it to spread.  Gently rubbing the rash may provide temporary relief, but it is more than likely better to avoid contact with the affected areas altogether.

# Quick Overview of Symptoms of Skin Rashes/Diseases

# Related Chapters
- Dermatology
- Skin Disease
- Dermatitis
Seborrhoeic dermatitis
Contact dermatitis
- Seborrhoeic dermatitis
- Contact dermatitis
- Ringworm
- Plants:
Poison ivy
Poison Oak
Stinging nettle
- Poison ivy
- Poison Oak
- Stinging nettle
- Heat rash
- Flushing (physiology)
- Erythema
C1QA
Complement C1q subcomponent subunit A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C1QA gene.
This gene encodes a major constituent of the human complement system subcomponent C1q. 
C1q associates with C1r and C1s in order to yield the first component of the serum complement system. Deficiency of C1q has been associated with lupus erythematosus and glomerulonephritis. C1q is composed of 18 polypeptide chains: six A-chains, six B-chains, and six C-chains. Each chain contains a collagen-like region located near the N terminus and a C-terminal globular region. The A-, B-, and C-chains are arranged in the order A-C-B on chromosome 1. This gene encodes the A-chain polypeptide of human complement subcomponent C1q.
CA12
Carbonic anhydrase 12 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CA12 gene.

# Function
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. This gene product is a type I membrane protein that is highly expressed in normal tissues, such as kidney, colon and pancreas, and has been found to be overexpressed in 10% of clear cell renal carcinomas. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene.

# Pathology
Loss of function mutations in the CAXII gene result in defects in fluids and carbonate secretions in the following diseases:
1) Cystic fibrosis-like syndrome with normal cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein levels 
2) Pancreatitis
3) Sjogren's syndrome
4) Xerostomia or dry mouth syndrome

# Molecular Basis of Cystic Fibrosis-like Syndrome
CAXII, with either the His121Gln or Glu143Lys mutation, localizes to basolateral membranes of polarized MDCK cells similar to the wild type enzyme, indicating no deleterious effect on subcellular location.
However, CAXII mutant enzymes show reduced activity. These observations made it very hard to explain the mechanism for the autosomal recessive disorder of hyponatremia, causing salt wasting in sweat due to mutant CAXII.
In a separate study, researchers observed that mutant enzyme activity is completely reduced at physiological concentrations of sodium chloride. Thus, loss of the function of CAXII in sweat glands and lungs is the molecular basis for cystic fibrosis patients with normal CFTR levels.

# High Impact Information on CAXII
Differential modulation of the active site environment of CAXII by cationic quantum dots and polylysine helps design CAXII specific activators and inhibitors of the enzyme. CAXII specific inhibition provides a tool to interfere with cell proliferation, resulting in cell apoptosis in T-cell lymphomas.

# Analytical, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Context of CAXII
Serum CAXII levels should be applicable as a sero-diagnostic marker for lung cancer.

# Notes
CA14
Carbonic anhydrase 14 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CA14 gene.
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide.  They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid.  They show extensive diversity in tissue distribution and in their subcellular localization.  CA XIV is predicted to be a type I membrane protein and shares highest sequence similarity with the other transmembrane CA isoform, CA XII; however, they have different patterns of tissue-specific expression and thus may play different physiologic roles.
In melanocytic cells CA14 gene expression may be regulated by MITF.
CREB

# Overview
CREB (cAMP response element-binding) proteins are transcription factors which bind to certain sequences called cAMP response elements (CRE) in DNA and thereby increase or decrease the transcription of certain genes. CREB is highly related (in structure and function) to CREM (cAMP response element modulator) and ATF-1 (activating transcription factor-1) proteins. CREB proteins are active in many animals, including humans. The typical (somewhat simplified) sequence of events is as follows: a signal arrives at the cell surface, activates the corresponding receptor, which leads to the production of a second messenger such as cAMP or Ca2+, which in turn activates a protein kinase. This protein kinase moves to the cell nucleus, where it activates a CREB protein. The activated CREB protein then binds to a CRE region, and is then bound to by a CBP (CREB binding protein) which coactivates it, allowing it to switch certain genes on or off. The DNA binding of CREB is mediated via its basic leucine zipper domain (bZIP domain) as depicted in the picture.
CREB has many functions in many different organs although most of its functions have been studied in relation to the brain. CREB proteins in neurons are thought to be involved in the formation of long-term memories; this has been shown in the marine snail Aplysia, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and in rats. They are necessary for the late stage of long term potentiation. There are activator and repressor forms of CREB. Flies genetically engineered to overexpress the inactive form of CREB lose their ability to retain long term memory. CREB is also important for the survival of neurons, as shown in genetically engineered mice, where CREB and CREM were deleted in the brain. This study supports the view that disturbance of CREB function in brain can contribute to the development and progression of Huntington's Disease in humans. If CREB is lost in the whole developing mouse embryo, the mice die immediately after birth, again highlighting the critical role of CREB in promoting survival. CREB is also thought to be involved in the growth of some types of cancer.
In humans, abnormalities of a protein which interacts with the KID domain of CREB, the CREB binding protein (CBP) is associated with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.
NOD2
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2), also known as caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 15 (CARD15) or inflammatory bowel disease protein 1 (IBD1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NOD2 gene located on chromosome 16. NOD2 plays an important role in the immune system. It recognizes bacterial molecules (peptidoglycans) and stimulates an immune reaction .
NOD2 is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, which is similar in structure to resistant proteins of plants and recognizes molecules containing the specific structure called muramyl dipeptide (MDP) that is found in certain bacteria.

# Structure
The C-terminal portion of the protein contains a leucine-rich repeat domain that is known to play a role in proteinprotein interactions. The middle part of the protein is characterized by a NOD domain involved in protein self-oligomerization. The N-terminal portion contains two CARD domains known to play a role in apoptosis and NF-B activation pathways.

# Function
This gene is a member of the NOD1/Apaf-1 family (also known as NOD-like receptor family) and encodes a protein with two caspase recruitment domains (CARDs) and eleven leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). The protein is primarily expressed in the peripheral blood leukocytes. It plays a role in the immune response by recognizing the bacterial molecules which possess the muramyl dipeptide (MDP) moiety and activating the NF-B protein.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene have been associated with Crohn's disease, Blau syndrome, severe pulmonary sarcoidosis  and Graft-versus-host disease.
The NOD2 gene is linked to inflammatory diseases such as Inflammatory bowel disease/Crohn's disease and Blau syndrome.

# Interactions
NOD2 has been shown to interact with NLRC4.
NOD2 has also been shown to bind to MAVS in response to ssRNA or viral RNA treatment and activate the IFN response. This is the first report of NOD2 acting as a pattern-recognition receptor for viruses.
CASK
Peripheral plasma membrane protein CASK is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CASK gene. This gene is also known by several other names: CMG 2 (CAMGUK protein 2), calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase 3 and membrane-associated guanylate kinase 2.

# Gene
This gene is located on the short arm of the X chromosome (Xp11.4). It is 404,253 bases in length and lies on the Crick (minus) strand. The encoded protein has 926 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 105,123 Daltons.

# Function
This protein is a multidomain scaffolding protein with a role in synaptic transmembrane protein anchoring and ion channel trafficking. It interacts with the transcription factor TBR1 and binds to several cell-surface proteins including amyloid precursor protein, neurexins and syndecans.

# Clinical importance
This gene has been implicated in X-linked mental retardation, including specifically mental retardation and microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia.

# Interactions
CASK has been shown to interact with:
- KCNJ4
- APBA1
- ATP2B4
- CINAP and TBR1
- DLG1
- DLG4
- F11 receptor
- ID1
- KCNJ12
- LIN7A
- Nephrin
- Parkin (ligase)
- RPH3A
- SDC2