Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
CYTH2
Cytohesin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYTH2 gene.

# Function
Cytohesin-2 (CYTH2), formerly known as Pleckstrin homology, Sec7 and coiled/coil domains 2 (PSCD2), is a member of the cytohesin family. Members of this family have identical structural organization that consists of an N-terminal coiled-coil motif, a central Sec7 domain, and a C-terminal pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. The coiled-coil motif is involved in homodimerization, the Sec7 domain contains guanine-nucleotide exchange protein (GEP) activity, and the PH domain interacts with phospholipids and is responsible for association of CYTHs with membranes. Members of this family appear to mediate the regulation of protein sorting and membrane trafficking. CYTH2 exhibits GEP activity in vitro with ARF1, ARF3, and ARF6. CYTH2 protein is 83% homologous to CYTH1. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

# Interactions
CYTH2 has been shown to interact with Arrestin beta 2 and Arrestin beta 1.
CYTL1
Cytokine-like 1 (CYTL1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYTL1 gene.

# Function
C17 is a cytokine-like protein specifically expressed in bone marrow and cord blood mononuclear cells that bear the CD34 surface marker. Functionally, C17 was identified as a secretory protein expressed in CD34+ haemopoietic cells. CYTL1 seems to regulate chondrogenesis and is required for the maintenance of cartilage homeostasis and might, additionally, work as a regulatory factor in embryo implantation in the stage of early pregnancy.
This family of proteins, C17, is found in vertebrates. Proteins have two conserved sequence motifs: PPTCYSR and DDC.
CYYR1
Cysteine and tyrosine-rich protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYYR1 gene and is located on chromosome 21, location 21q21.2. This protein has a function that is not presently understood.

# Protein
The product of the gene is a single pass type 1 transmembrane protein with four exons and a very large intron of 85.8 kb and coding for a protein containing 154 amino acids. The most prominent feature identified in the protein is a central, unique cysteine and tyrosine-rich protein domain, on portion of the protein which is located inside the cell. This domain is found to be strongly conserved from lower vertebrates (fishes) to humans but is absent in bacteria and invertebrates.

## Properties and Domains
Bioinformatic analysis predicted the following properties for CYYR1:
- Molecular Weight = 16.6kdal
- Isoelectric Point = 8.28
The amino acid sequence is 153 amino acids long and contains 3 domains.
Using bioinformatic tools the following domains were determined:
- Signal Peptide - Position 1-29
- Transmembrane Domain - Position 62-82
- Poly-Proline Domain - Position 144-149

## Orthologs
Multiple sequence alignments were done with orthologs of the CYYR1 gene and they show that the protein sequence is highly conserved throughout all vertebrates.
There are no known or predicted paralogs in homo sapiens.

## Interactions
CYYR1 has been shown to increase glutathione level in yeast cells when complementing a defect in GSH uptake in yeast cells that lack Hgt1p, the primary yeast GSH uptake transporter. However, the CYYR1 gene is not naturally found in yeast, so function of CYYR1 is still unknown.
CaBIG

# Overview
caBIG is the Cancer Biomedical Informatics Grid, a National Cancer Institute (USA) initiative to link cancer researchers and their data.  caBIG refers both to the computing infrastructure that will provide interoperability between the NCI-designated Cancer Center community, although the intention is that any organization should be able to participate in, and take advantage of, the tools and data made available through the initiative.  There are currently (2006) 800 people from 80 organizations involved in the program, which was initiated in 2004 by the National Cancer Institute's Center for Bioinformatics (NCICB).
One of the primary goals of caBIG is to create a grid infrastructure that supports semantic interoperability.  This will enable data and analytical tools provided by the participating cancer research centers and public and private participants to be shared in a manner that is federated and scalable.  Currently this is not possible because each research site uses different data definitions and standards, making useful exchange difficult.  This effort is in some ways similar to work being done on the Semantic Web project.
The chosen method for implementing semantic interoperability within caBIG is the use of standard vocabularies and ontologies and heavy use of a metadata repository.  The National Cancer Institute has built tools that provide these functionalities and service as a common point for creating interoperability.

# Resources
- Public Information Web Site
- Official web site
- NCI Center for Bioinformatics
Cecum

# Overview
The cecum or caecum (from the Latin caecus meaning blind) is a pouch connected to the ascending colon of the large intestine and the ileum. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve (ICV) or Bauhin's valve, and is considered to be the beginning of the large intestine. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic junction.

# Variation across species
The cecum is present in mammals,  and two ceca are present in most birds, and some reptiles.
Most herbivores have a relatively large cecum, hosting a large number of bacteria, which aid in the enzymatic breakdown of plant materials such as cellulose.
Exclusive carnivores, whose diets contain little or no plant material, have a reduced cecum, often partially or wholly replaced by the vermiform appendix.

# Etymology
The term cecum comes from the Latin, meaning blind gut or cul de sac.
In dissections by the Greek philosophers, the connection between the ileum of the small intestines and the cecum was not fully understood. Most of the studies of the digestive tract were done on animals and the results were compared to human structures.
The junction between the small intestines and the colon, called the ileocecal valve, is so small in some animals that it was not considered to be a connection between the small and large intestines. During a dissection, the colon could be traced from the rectum, to the sigmoid colon, through the descending, transverse, and ascending sections. The colon seemed to dead-end into the cecum, or cul-de-sac.
However, the connection between the end of the small intestines, ileum, and the start of the colon, cecum are now clearly understood, but the name has not changed.
Casts
Cast may refer to:
- Casting, a process by which a material is introduced into a mould while liquid, and allowed to solidify into a specific shape
- Casting (performing arts), a pre-production process for selecting a cast of actors and other talent
Cast member, (c.1631) a group of performers in a play, movie, or performing arts
- Cast member, (c.1631) a group of performers in a play, movie, or performing arts
- Orthopedic cast, a protective shell to hold a broken bone in place until it has healed
- In archaeology, a cavity formed by the decomposition of wood furnishings or human or animal remains, previously covered due to volcanic ash fall
- The casting of Spell_(paranormal)|magic spells
- The Center for Advanced Spatial Technologies (CAST) at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
- Orthopedic cast, a shell which is used to help heal broken bones by holding the limb in place
In popular culture:
- Cast (comic)|Cast (comic), a comic series published in the Philippines
In music:
- Cast (band), an English rock and roll band from the 1990s
- Cast (Mexican band), a progressive Mexican rock band
Other
- Cast, Finistere, a commune of the Finistere departement, in France
- Cast (earthworm), mineral-rich organic matter that is excreted by earthworms
- Urinary casts, tubules found in urine
- Casting (tails), a process whereby animals can 'drop' their tail, which may or may not regenerate
- Cast (archery), the distance a bow can shoot its arrow
- Type conversion, a programming language method for changing data types
Cedax
CEDAX is an antibiotic known as ceftibuten. Each capsule contains 400 mg of ceftibuten.
Indications: CEDAX is active against:
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarralhis
Escherichia coli (K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca)
Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabils, P. providence
Species of Salmonella and Shigellas
Species of Enterobacter
Streptococcus
CEDAX is indicated for acute bronchitis, pneumonias and urinary track infections, enteritis and gastroenteritis.
Dosage: 5 to 10 days. Adults recommended dose is 400 mg/day.
Children 9 mg/kg/day (max. 400 mg). Best taken in an empty stomach 
( at least 1 hour before a meal, or at least 2 hours after a meal).
Adverse reactions: In studies made in 3,000 patients CEDAX was well tolerated . Most frequent reactions were gastrointestinal and nauseas.
Warning: Must be prescribed with extreme caution in individuals with allergy to penicillins.
Sources: Medicohomepage, Cedax
Lysis
Lysis (Greek Template:Polytonic, lusis from luein = to separate) refers to the death of a cell by breaking of the cellular membrane, often by viral or osmotic mechanisms that compromise its integrity. A solution containing the contents of lysed cells is called a "lysate".

# Applications
Cell lysis is used mostly in western blotting to analyse the composition of specific proteins, lipids and nucleic acids individually or as complexes. Depending upon the detergent that is used either all membranes are lysed or certain membranes are lysed, leaving other membranes intact. For example if the cell membrane only is lysed then gradient centrifugation can be used to collect certain organelles - nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, chloroplasts and endoplasmic reticulum. The isolated organelles can then be analysed by electron microscopy or western blotting.

# Cytolysis
Cytolysis is the lysis of cells in a hypotonic environment. Cytolysis is caused by excessive osmosis, or movement of water, towards the inside of a cell (hyperhydration). The cell membrane cannot withstand the osmotic pressure of the water inside, and so it explodes. Osmosis occurs from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential passing through a semipermeable membrane, so these bursting cells are located in hypotonic environments.
Cytolysis can be prevented by several different mechanisms, including the contractile vacuole that exists in some paramecia which rapidly pump water out of the system of the cell.
Cytolysis does not occur under normal conditions in plant cells because plant cells have a strong cell wall that contains the osmotic pressure, or turgor pressure, that would otherwise cause cytolysis to occur.

# Plasmolysis
Plasmolysis is the contraction of cells within plants due to the loss of water through osmosis.  In a hypertonic environment, the cell membrane peels off of the cell wall and the vacuole collapses. These cells will eventually wilt and die unless the flow of water caused by osmosis can stop the contraction of the cell membrane.
Cheek
Cheeks (Latin: maxilla, also mala: "jaw") constitute the area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear.
It is fleshy in humans and other mammals, the skin being suspended by the chin and the jaws, and forming the lateral wall of the human mouth, visibly touching the cheekbone below the eye.
In vertebrates, markings on the cheek area (malar stripes/spots/...), particularly immediately beneath the eye, often serve as important distinguishing features between species or individuals.
"Buccal" means relating to the cheek.
In humans, the region is innervated by the buccal nerve.
ar:
de:Wange
dv:
eo:Vango
id:Pipi
it:Guancia
la:Mala
nl:Wang (anatomie)
sv:Kind
tl:Pisngi
Chick
Chick may refer to one of these topics:
- A chicken (Gallus gallus animal)
- A young bird (originally a dialectal form of chicken)
In falconry, chick may mean:
- A day-old cockerel
- A young bird of prey at the fluffy downy stage
Chick could also be a reference to one of the following:
- Harriette Chick (18751977), a British nutritionist
- Jack Chick (born 1924), an American publisher who runs Chick Publications
- Chick Hearn (1916-2002), an American sportscaster
- Chick Corea (1941-present), an American jazz pianist
- Chick Webb (1905-1939), Jazz drummer and band leader
- Chick - A 90's one hit wonder band
- Chick - A clothing line by Nicky Hilton
- Chick Young, a Scottish football journalist
Chick appears in these other article titles, but would not by itself ever be a reference to these topics:
- Chick flick, slang for a movie made for, or appealing primarily to, women
- Chick-fil-A, a fast food restaurant chain
- Chick lit, a contemporary genre of literature
- Chick pea, an edible pulse (Legume)
- Dixie Chicks, a country music group
- The Hot Chick, a 2002 comedy film starring Rob Schneider
- Grand Rapids Chicks, formerly the Milwaukee Chicks, a women's professional baseball team
de:Chick
Child
A child (plural: children) is a human being between birth and puberty. The term may also define a relationship with a parent or authority figure, or signify group membership in a clan, tribe, or religion; or it can signify being strongly affected by a specific time, place, or circumstance, as in "a child of nature" or "a child of the Sixties."

# Legal definition
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child defines a child as "every human being below the age of 18 years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier".
In a New York court ruling in 2006 on the eviction of a pregnant woman, the court declared that her child was equally protected under the law although the eviction notice was served before the child was born.

# Biological definition
Biologically, a child is anyone in the developmental stage of childhood,  between infancy and adulthood.

# Attitudes toward children
Social attitudes toward children differ around the world, and these attitudes have changed over time. One study has found that children in the United States are coddled and overprotected.
A 1988 study on European attitudes toward the centrality of children found that Italy was more child-centric and Holland less child-centric, with other countries (Austria, Great Britain, Ireland, and West Germany) falling in between.

# Age of responsibility
The age at which children are considered responsible for their own actions has also changed over time, and this is reflected in the way they are treated in courts of law. In Roman times, children were regarded as not culpable for crimes, a position later adopted by the Church. In the nineteenth century, children younger than seven years old were believed incapable of crime. Children from the age of seven were considered responsible for their actions. Hence, they could face criminal charges, be sent to adult prisons, and be punished like adults by whipping, branding or hanging.
Colic

# Overview
Colic is a form of pain which starts and stops abruptly. It is often due to expansion of a viscus.
Types of Colic include:
- Baby colic, a condition, usually in infants, characterized by incessant crying
- Renal colic, a pain in the flank, characteristic of kidney stones
- Biliary colic, blockage by a gallstone of the common bile duct or the duct leading into it from the gallbladder
- Devon colic, an affliction caused by lead poisoning
- Painter's colic or lead poisoning
Milia
Synonyms and keywords:: Milk sports, oil seeds.

# Overview
Milia, also known as milk spots or oil seeds, are benign, keratin-filled cysts that can appear just under the epidermis or on the roof of the mouth. They are commonly associated with newborn babies but can appear on people of all ages. They are usually found around the nose and eyes, and sometimes on the genitalia.
In children milia often disappears within two to four weeks. In adults it may require removal by a physician or a cosmetologist.
Milia can sometimes be a result of harsh face washes or from repeated heat stress from hot showering on people with sensitive skins.

# Physical examination

## Gallery

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Corex
This page is about the cough syrup Corex. For the steel making process, please see COREX.
Corex is a cough syrup sold by Pfizer Inc., a global pharmaceutical company. It is available in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and a few other South Asian countries. Corex is a prescribed medicine and can only be bought with a prescription from a general physician.
Its active ingredients are chlorpheniramine maleate and codeine phosphate.
Corex is one of the most commonly available over the counter drugs in India, and is used as a cheap and readily available substitute for Codeine.
Legally, Corex can only be obtained by a physician's prescription, but studies show that more than 90% of the product is sold without any prescription.
Corex is not generally a fatal drug substitute, unless taken in extremely high quantities. However, many side effects are common. Corex is known to cause short term memory loss, sleeplessness, tremors and spasms. Muscular pains and dehydration are other common side-effects.
Long term abuse leads to serious kidney damage. Corex has a high sugar content, and may be unsuitable for acute diabetic patients.
Cubam
Cubam, is the term used to refer to a multi-ligand receptor located in the terminal ileum, specializing in absorption of vitamin B12. Cubam is essentially composed of amnionless (AMN), and cubilin. Cubilin is essential as a cell receptor recognizing the "vitamin B12-intrinsic factor" complex, whereas amnionless is more involved in the receptor mediated endocytosis of the complex.

# Clinical significance
Vitamin B12 is an essential water-soluble vitamin, the absorption of which relies on a functional secretion of salivary haptocorrin, functional secretion of gastric intrinsic factor, functional cleavage of the haptocorrin via pancreatic protease, and a functional absorption via the Cubam at terminal ileum. As expected, a defect at any point of the aforementioned list, can cause malabsoption of vitamin B12, and subsequent macrocytic anemia. The most common cause of Vitamin B12 deficiency is deficiency of the intrinsic factor (IF) usually due to atrophic gastritis, which reduces the number of parietal cells secreting intrinsic factor. This can lead to pernicious anemia. However, a rare abnormality of AMN can also cause vitamin B12 anemia; this condition is referred to as "Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome (IGS)." Autosomal recessive mutations in both components of Cubam (AMN, and cubilin) is responsible for Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome, which manifests as macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia.
Severe vitamin B12 deficiency is most commonly caused by an autoimmune mediated deficiency in intrinsic factor.  Rarely, a mutations in the gene CUBN, coding for cubilin, or AMN, coding for amnionless cause an autosomal reccessive form of vitamin B12 deficiency, known as the Imerslund-Grasbeck syndrome. Cubilin and amnionless also play a role in renal tubular function. Cubilin is essential for embryonic development in rodents, but appears not to be essential for normal human embryonic development.
DAAM1
Disheveled-associated activator of morphogenesis 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAAM1 gene. Evidence of alternative splicing has been observed for this gene but the full-length nature of these variants has not been determined.

# Function
Cell motility, adhesion, and cytokinesis, and other functions of the cell cortex are mediated by the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and recent evidence suggests a role for formin homology (FH) proteins in these processes.  The protein encoded by this gene contains FH domains and belongs to a novel FH protein subfamily implicated in cell polarity. Wnt/Fz signaling activates the small GTPase Rho, a key regulator of cytoskeleton architecture, to control cell polarity and movement during development. Activation requires Dvl-Rho complex formation, an assembly mediated by this gene product, which is thought to function as a scaffolding protein.

# Clinical significance
The deletion of a single copy of this gene has been associated with congenital heart defects.
DAPK1
Death-associated protein kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DAPK1 gene.

# Function
Death-associated protein kinase 1 is a positive mediator of gamma-interferon induced programmed cell death.  DAPK1 encodes a structurally unique 160-kD calmodulin dependent serine-threonine kinase that carries 8 ankyrin repeats and 2 putative P-loop consensus sites. It is a tumor suppressor candidate.
In melanocytic cells DAPK1 gene expression may be regulated by MITF.

# As a drug target
Depletion of DAPK1 results in inhibition of tumor cell count and volume growth in cellular and animal models of triple receptor-negative breast cancer, from individuals with p53-mutant cancers. This has not been demonstrated in actual patients.
DAPK3
Death-associated protein kinase 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DAPK3 gene.

# Function
Death-associated protein kinase 3 (DAPK3) induces morphological changes in apoptosis when overexpressed in mammalian cells.  These results suggest that DAPK3 may play a role in the induction of apoptosis.
Unlike most other mammalian genes, murine (rat and mouse) DAPK3 has undergone accelerated evolution and diverged from the tightly conserved consensus that is maintained from fish to human.

# Interactions
DAPK3 has been shown to interact with PAWR and Death associated protein 6.
DCDC2
Doublecortin domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCDC2 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a protein with two doublecortin peptide domains. This domain has been demonstrated to bind tubulin and enhance microtubule polymerization.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene have been associated with reading disability (RD), also referred to as developmental dyslexia. But this is controverse since a recent study proposed that there is a "low likelihood of a direct deletion effect on reading skills." 
Changes in the DCDC2 gene are frequently found among dyslexics. Altered alleles often occur among children with reading and writing difficulties. The gene appears to have a strong linkage with the processing of speech information when writing.
DCHS1
Protein dachsous homolog 1, also known as protocadherin-16 (PCDH16) or cadherin-19 (CDH19) or cadherin-25 (CDH25) or fibroblast cadherin-1 (FIB1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCHS1 gene.

# Function
This gene is a member of the cadherin superfamily whose members encode calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecules. The encoded protein has a signal peptide, 27 cadherin repeat domains and a unique cytoplasmic region. This particular cadherin family member is expressed in fibroblasts but not in melanocytes or keratinocytes. The cell-cell adhesion of fibroblasts is thought to be necessary for wound healing.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene have been shown to cause mitral valve prolapse
DCP1A
mRNA-decapping enzyme 1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCP1A gene.
Decapping is a key step in general and regulated mRNA decay. The protein encoded by this gene is a decapping enzyme. This protein and another decapping enzyme form a decapping complex, which interacts with the nonsense-mediated decay factor hUpf1 and may be recruited to mRNAs containing premature termination codons. This protein also participates in the TGF-beta signaling pathway.

# Interactions
DCP1A has been shown to interact with DCP2 and UPF1. It has also been shown to interact with GW182, a P-body marker.