Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Procyclidine
Procyclidine is an anticholinergic drug principally used for the treatment of drug-induced parkinsonism, akathisia and acute dystonia; Parkinson disease; and idiopathic or secondary dystonia.

# Uses
It is used in patients with parkinsonism and akathisia, and to reduce the side effects of antipsychotic treatment given  for  schizophrenia. Procyclidine is also a second-line drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.  It improves tremor but not rigidity or bradykinesia.
Procyclidine is also sometimes used for the treatment of dystonia (but not tardive dyskinesia), a rare disorder that causes abnormal muscle contraction, resulting in twisting postures of limbs, trunk, or face.

# Overdose
Signs of procyclidine overdose are those of an anticholinergic and include confusion, agitation and sleeplessness that can last up to or more than 24 hours. Pupils become dilated and unreactive to light. Tachycardia (fast heart beat), as well as auditory and visual hallucinations have also been reported.
Other known symptoms of overdose are: clumsiness or unsteadiness, being severely drowsy, having a severely dry mouth, nose, or throat, having an altered mood or other mental changes, seizures, being short of breath or having troubled breathing, a dry and warm, flushed skin.
A suspected overdose with severe life-threatening symptoms should immediately be brought to medical attention, where reversal can be attempted with physostigmine administered intravenously or subcutaneously.

# Synthesis
Procyclidine, 1-cyclohexyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrrolidinopropan-1-ol, is synthesized in exactly the same manner as was seen for trihexyphenidyl, except this time the linear synthesis begins with the preparation of 3-(1-pyrrolidino)propiophenone.
In an interesting variation, the ketone is first reacted with phenylmagnesium bromide. Catalytic hydrogenation of the carbinol thus obtained can be stopped after the reduction of only one aromatic ring.
Prodynorphin
Prodynorphin is a opioid polypeptide hormone involved with chemical signal transduction and cell communication.  The gene for prodynorphin is expressed in the endometrium and the striatum, and its gene map locus is 20pter-p12.   Prodynorphin is a basic building block of endorphins, the chemical messengers in the brain that appear most heavily involved in the anticipation and experience of pain and the formation of deep emotional bonds, and which are also critical in learning and memory.
The gene is thought to influence perception, as well as susceptibility to drug dependence, and is expressed more readily in human beings than in other primates.

# Evolutionary implications
Most Asian populations of Homo sapiens have two copies of the gene sequence for prodynorphin, whereas East Africas, Middle Easterners and Europeans tend to have three repetitions.  Most humans have multiple copies of the regulatory gene sequence for prodynorphin, which is virtually identical among all primates, whereas other primates have only a single copy.
The extent of regulatory gene disparities for prodynorphin, between human and primates, has gained the attention of scientists.  There are very few genes known to be directly related to mankind's speciation from other great apes.  According to computational biologist researcher Matthew W. Hahn of Indiana University, "This is the first documented instance of a neural gene that has had its regulation shaped by natural selection during human origins."
The prodynorphin enzyme is identical in humans and chimps, but the regulatory promoter sequences have been shown to exhibit marked differences.  "Humans have the ability to turn on this gene more easily and more intensely than other primates. Given its function, we believe regulation of this gene was likely important in the evolution of modern humans' mental capacity," said Hahn.
Prokineticin
Prokineticin is a secreted protein that potently contracts gastrointestinal smooth muscle.
Recently, prokineticins have been recognized in humans and other vertebrates. They are thought to be involved in several important physiological processes like neurogenesis, tissue development, angiogenesis, and nociception.  Other important physiological roles the Bv8/Prokineticins (PKs) are involved in may include cancer, reproduction, and regulating physiological functions that influence circadian rhythms like hormone secretion, ingestive behaviors, and the sleep/wake cycle.
Mutations in the PROK2 (also known as KAL4) gene have been implicated in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and gynecomastia.
Proteinase K
Proteinase K (also protease K or endopeptidase K) EC 3.4.21.64 is a broad-spectrum serine protease. The enzyme was discovered in 1974 in extracts of the fungus Tritirachium album.
Proteinase K is commonly used in molecular biology to digest protein and remove contamination from preparations of nucleic acid. Addition of proteinase K to nucleic acid preparations rapidly inactivates nucleases that might otherwise degrade the DNA or RNA during purification. It is highly-suited to this application since the enzyme is active in the presence of chemicals that denature proteins, such as SDS and urea, chelating agents such as EDTA, sulfhydryl reagents, as well as trypsin or chymotrypsin inhibitors. Proteinase K is also stable over a wide pH range (4-12), with a pH optimum of pH 7.5-12.
The enzyme's activity towards native proteins is stimulated by denaturants such as SDS, but when measured using peptide substrates, the reverse is seen, with these chemicals inhibiting the enzyme. The reason for this result is that the denaturing agents unfold the protein substrates and make them more accessible to the protease.
Pseudolesion

# Overview
A pseudolesion is a stenosis that appears in an artery after the coronary gidewire is placed in the artery.

# Risk Factors
Pseudolesions appear in tortuous sections of vessels that have been straightened out by the guidewire.  Tortuous right coronary arteries and left internal mammary arteries are at risk for pseudolesion formation.

# Differential Diagnosis
A pseudolesion must be distinguished from a dissection or coronary spasm.

# Diagnosis
A pseudolesion will usually disappear if the wire is withdrawn to the distal edge of the lesion and the vessel is allowed to assume its normal shape.  Sometimes replacement of a stiff wire with a more flexible floppy wire eliminates that pseudolesion.  In addition, either a microcatheter or a balloon catheter can be placed distal to the lesion and this will sometimes eliminate the pseudolesion.  If the balloon kinks at the site of vessel tortuosity, then it can be hard to reintroduce the wire.  A pseudolesion should completely disappear after the wire is withdrawn from the coronary artery.

# Treatment
Pseudolesions should not be stented or dilated!

# Complications
In some cases pseudolesions may cause hemodynamic compromise and ischemia.  Inadvertent stenting of pseudolesions by overzealous interventional cardiologists.
Psycholeptic
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In pharmacology, a psycholeptic is a medication which produces a calming effect upon the patient.
The psycholeptics are classified under N05 in the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System.
Pulled elbow
Pulled elbow is a traumatically induced medical affliction experienced only by children below the age of approximately three years.
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The forearm contains two bones, the radius and the ulna. These bones are attached to each other both at the proximal, or elbow, end and also at the distal, or wrist end. Among other movements, the forearm is capable of pronation and supination, which is to say rotation about the long axis of the forearm. In this movement the ulna, which is connected to the humerus by a simple hinge-joint, remains stationary, while the radius rotates, carrying the wrist and hand with it. To allow this rotation, the proximal (elbow) end of the radius is held in proximity to the ulna by a ligament known as the annular ligament. This is a circular ligamentous structure within which the radius is free, with constraints existing elsewhere in the forearm, to rotate.The proximal end of the radius in young children is conical, with the wider end of the cone nearest the elbow. With the passage of time the shape of this bone changes, becoming more cylindrical but with the proximal end being widened.
If the forearm of a young child is pulled, by an impatient parent or for whatever reason, it is possible for this traction to pull the radius into the annular ligament with enough force to cause it to be jammed therein. This causes significant pain, partial limitation of flexion/extension of the elbow and total loss of pronation/supination in the affected arm. The situation cannot arise in adults, or in older children, because the changing shape of the radius associated with growth prevents it.
The condition can be treated by a primary care practitioner, and needs only minimal skill and total confidence. To resolve the problem, the affected arm must be held by the attending physician with one hand just above the elbow and the other grasping the hand. While applying compression between these two hands, the forearm of the patient is rapidly supinated. The physician will feel a "click", the child will scream, the parent (unless warned) will be upset, and the forearm will thereafter function well and painlessly.
Punicic acid
Punicic acid (also called trichosanic acid) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid, 18:3 (n-5).  It is named for the pomegranate, (Punica granatum), and is obtained from pomegranate seed oil.  
It is also found in the seed oils of snake gourd and bitter gourd.
Punicic acid is a conjugated linolenic acid or ClnA; i.e. it has three conjugated double bonds.  It is chemically similar to the conjugated linoleic acids, or CLA, which have two.  
In lab rats, it was found that punicic acid was converted to the CLA rumenic acid (9Z11E-CLA).  In vitro, it shows anticancer activity against prostate cancer cells.  OLETF ratsa strain which becomes obeseremained relatively lean when punicic acid was added to their feed.  Fat cells undergo programmed cell death when exposed to punicic acid from bitter-gourd oil.
Purple drank
Purple Drank is an illegal recreational drink popular amongst the hip-hop community of the Southern United States. Its main ingredients are prescription-strength cough syrup containing codeine and promethazine.
The purple-ish hue of Purple Drank comes from dyes in the cough syrup. Recently, the term has expanded to cover mixtures including over-the-counter cough syrup. Other terms for Purple Drank include Sizzurp, Drank, Purple Tonic, Texas Tea, Memphis Mud, Lean, Oil, Tsikuni, Barre, and Sir.

# History
Houston, Texas producer DJ Screw first popularized the concoction, which is widely attributed as a source of inspiration for the "chopped & screwed" style of hip hop music. Originally, the active ingredient of "Syrup" was cough syrup containing promethazine and codeine. The concoction first gained popularity in the underground Houston, Texas rap scene and later spread to other southern states.
In June of 2000, Three 6 Mafia's single "Sippin On Some Syrup," featuring UGK and Project Pat brought the term "purple stuff" to a nationwide audience. On November 16, 2000, several months after the video to Three 6 Mafia's single debuted, DJ Screw died of a suspected overdose of codeine and alcohol.. The mixture has also been referenced in lyrics of other rappers, including UGK's "Sippin and Spinnin" and "Purple Drank", as well as tracks by Paul Wall, Mike Jones, T.I., Chamillionaire, Big Moe, Slim Thug, and Z-Ro. In September of 2006, Terrence Kiel, a San Diego Chargers player, was arrested during practice for the possession with intent to sell of what authorities referred to as "Lean"..
New Orleans rapper Lil' Wayne frequently mentions drinking Purple Drank. In the Duffle Bag Boy music video he can be seen holding a Styrofoam cup with "RIP DJ Screw" written on it. In the remix to "Throw Some D's" on his mixtape Da Drought 3 he claims "I'm not a rookie, I'm a promethazine fiend." He also refers to the substance in the song "We Takin' Over," where he says that "I like my Sprite Easter pink," an overt reference to the color of the beverage.

# Ingredients

## Active ingredients
The active ingredient of purple drank is codeine, a narcotic medication contained in prescription cough syrup.  It is not made with over-the-counter cough syrups such as Robitussin, which contain dextromethorphan. Although dextromethorphan is sometimes used recreationally, it has different effects.  Some prescription cough syrups also contain antihistamine medications, such as promethazine, which have a mild sedative effect. When taken in large quantities, both medications can lead to sedation and altered levels of consciousness. 
The syrup usually used in purple drank contains 10mg of codeine and 6.25 mg of promethazine per 5 mL.
Quinuclidone
Quinuclidones are a class of bicyclic organic compounds with chemical formula C7H11NO with two structural isomers for the base skeleton 3-quinuclidone and 2-quinuclidone.
3-Quinuclidone  (1-azabicyclooctan-3-one)  is an uneventful molecule that can be synthesized as the hydrochloric acid salt in  a Dieckman condensation :
Organic reduction of this compound gives the compound quinuclidine, structurally related to DABCO which has one additional bridgehead nitrogen atom.
The other isomer, 2-quinuclidone, appears equally uneventful but in fact it has defied synthesis until 2006.    The reason is that this molecule is very unstable due to the fact that its amide group has the amine lone pair and the carbonyl group not properly aligned as may be expected for an amide as a result of steric strain.  This behaviour is predicted by Bredt's Rule and formal amide group resembles in fact an amine as evidenced by the ease of salt formation.
The organic synthesis of the tetrafluoroborate salt of 2-quinuclidone is a six-step affair starting from norcamphor the final step being an azide - ketone Schmidt reaction (38% yield) :
This compound rapidly reacts with water to the corresponding amino acid with a chemical half-life of 15 seconds. X-ray diffraction shows pyramidalization on the nitrogen atom (59 compared to 0 for reference dimethylformamide) and torsion around the carbon-nitrogen bond to an extent of 91. Attempts to prepare the free base lead to uncontrolled polymerization.
It is nevertheless possible to estimate its basicity in an experiment in which amine pairs (the quinuclidonium salt and a reference amine such as diethylamine or indoline) are introduced into a mass spectrometer. The relative basicity is then revealed by collision induced dissociation of the heterodimer. Further analysis via the extended kinetic method allows for the determination of the proton affinity and gas phase basicity of 2-quinuclidonium. This method has determined that quinuclidone ranks among secondary and tertiary amines in terms of proton affinity. . This high basicity is hypothesized to be due to the loss of electron delocalization when the amide bond is twisted--this causes misalignment of the pi orbitals, resulting in loss of electron resonance.
Quinupramine

# Overview
Quinupramine (Kevopril, Kinupril, Adeprim, Quinuprine) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) used in Europe for the treatment of depression.
Pharmacologically, quinupramine acts in vitro as a strong muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist (anticholinergic) and H1 receptor antagonist (antihistamine), moderate 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, and weak serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. It has negligible affinity for the 1-adrenergic, 2-adrenergic, -adrenergic, or D2 receptor.
Clinically, quinupramine is reported to be stimulating similarly to imipramine, desipramine, and demexiptiline. It can be inferred that its in vivo metabolites may have stronger effects on the reuptake of norepinephrine and/or serotonin than quinupramine itself.
RAS syndrome
The term RAS syndrome refers to the use of one of the words that make up an initialism or acronym as well as the abbreviation itself, thus in effect repeating that word. It stands for "Redundant Acronym Syndrome syndrome," and is itself a humorous example of a redundant acronym.
Technically, this redundancy is a form of rhetorical tautology, and in many cases a pleonasm.

# Origin
The term "RAS syndrome" was coined in 2001 by the New Scientist magazine. The term "PNS syndrome" ("PIN Number Syndrome syndrome," or "Personal Identification Number Number Syndrome syndrome"), coined by Usenet users, is used as commonly as RAS Syndrome,OR and in fact pre-dates the coining of "RAS Syndrome".
Other nonce coinages continue to arise.  The terms themselves are occasionally referred to as "RAP phrases" ("Redundant Acronym Phrases phrases").

# Examples

# Reasons for use
The linguistic explanation for RAS is that acronyms (such as laser) are treated as regular words (usually nouns), not as shorthand for longer phrases.
Some occurrences are in the interest of clarity; for example, when discussing a mainframe computer's requirements, the initialism "AC" might refer to air conditioning or alternating current depending on the context; the redundant phrase "AC current" is used by some to distinguish them, although the phrase "alternating current" is clear, correct, and not redundant. Also, the phrase "AC current" distinguishes from "AC voltage". The phrase "CSS style sheets" can also reduce ambiguity, where in certain contexts CSS could also refer to the content-scrambling system used on DVD video titles.
In the United Kingdom, most companies have their electrical appliances regularly checked for safety. This process is known as Portable Appliance Testing. However, it is almost universally abbreviated to "PAT testing". Presumably this is to avoid confusion with PA testing, or simply because it sounds a little ambiguous to say that one's occupation is "PAT".  Sometimes similar phrases are not actually redundant; for example, a "redundant RAID" may in fact be a backup RAID in the system being described.
Acronyms and initialisms from foreign languages are also often analyzed as un-expandable nouns when they are not translated.  For example, in French, "le protocole IP" (the IP protocol) is often used, and "HIV" is usually said either "le VIH" (in French, adjectives usually come after nouns) or "le virus HIV".
Another justification is that many acronyms and initialisms are trademarks, and trademark law generally treats trademarks as adjectives, which should be used with a generic noun. Examples of correct usage include "SPAM luncheon meat", "AIB Bank" and "CNN network".
Some speakers would prefer that the expansion of the acronym/initialism be used in situations where disambiguation or clarity is needed: "cascading style sheets" instead of "CSS style sheets", "alternating current" instead of "AC current", etc.  However, some people may be more familiar with the acronym than the expansion, leading to potential for confusion.
Ranunculales
Ranunculales is an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Ranunculaceae, the buttercup family.
The APG system (1998) and the APG II system (2003) both recognize the order and place it among the basal eudicots, not assigned to a further clade. These systems use this circumscription:
- order Ranunculales
family Berberidaceae
family Circaeasteraceae
family Eupteleaceae
family Lardizabalaceae
family Menispermaceae
family Papaveraceae
family Ranunculaceae
Note: "+ ..." = optional segregrate family, that may be split off from the preceding family.
Under this definition, well-known members of Ranunculales include buttercups, clematis, columbines, delphiniums, and poppies.
The Cronquist system (1981) also recognised the order, but placed it in the subclass Magnoliidae, in class Magnoliopsida . It used this circumscription:
- order Ranunculales
family Ranunculaceae
family Circaeasteraceae
family Berberidaceae
family Sargentodoxaceae
family Lardizabalaceae
family Menispermaceae
family Coriariaceae
family Sabiaceae
In the Cronquist system the Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae (including the plants in the optional family Pteridophyllaceae) were treated as a separate order Papaverales, placed in this same subclass Magnoliidae.
Small GTPase

# Overview
In biology, small GTPases are small (20-25 kDa) proteins that bind to guanosine triphosphate (GTP).  This family of proteins is homologous to Ras GTPases and also called the Ras superfamily GTPases. Together with heterotrimeric G-proteins they constitute the G-proteins. They are all GTPases and share common features, but small GTPases have slightly different structures and mechanisms of action.
A typical G-protein is active when bound to GTP and inactive when bound to GDP (i.e. when the GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP). The GDP can be then replaced by free GTP. Therefore, a G-protein can be switched on and off. GTP hydrolysis is accelerated by  GTPase accelating proteins (GAPs), while GTP exchange is catalyzed by Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Activation of a GEF typically activates its cognate G-protein, while activation of a GAP results in inactivation of the cognate G-protein.
Small GTPases regulate a wide variety of processes in the cell, including growth, cellular differentiation, cell movement and lipid vesicle transport.

# The Ras superfamily
There are more than a hundred proteins in the Ras superfamily. Based on structure, sequence and function, the Ras superfamily is divided into eight main families, each of which is further divided into subfamilies: Ras, Rho, Rab, Rap, Arf, Ran, Rheb, Rad and Rit. Miro is a recent contributor to the superfamily.
Each subfamily shares the common core G domain, which provides essential GTPase and nucleotide exchange activity.
The surrounding sequence helps determine the functional specificity of the small GTPase, for example the 'Insert Loop', common to the Rho subfamily, specifically contributes to binding to effector proteins such as IQGAP and WASP.
The Ras family is generally responsible for cell proliferation, Rho for cell morphology, nuclear transport for Ran and vesicle transport for Rab and Arf:
Red Defender
The Red Defender is a cartoon character used in a public service advertising campaign promoting blood donation.
The blood donation campaign was created pro bono by ad agency Euro RSCG Worldwide New York. The Red Defender character was created in 2006 by animator J. J. Sedelmaier (known for his work on Saturday Night Lives TV Funhouse) for the Advertising Council's blood donation campaign. The ads' tagline is Saving the world isnt easy, but saving a life is.
The campaign is targeted at young adults, especially 17-24 year olds, and aims to increase awareness of the need for regular blood donation and to set the foundation for lifelong donor behavior.
The blood donation campaign was distributed nationally throughout the United States to more than 28,000 media outlets in September 2006.