Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Bushel
A bushel is a unit of dry volume, usually subdivided into eight local gallons in the systems of Imperial units and U.S. customary units.  It is used for volumes of dry commodities, not liquids, most often in agriculture. It is abbreviated as bsh. or bu.
- 1 U.S. bushel = 35.23907017 litres = 8 corn/dry gallons = 9.309177489 wine/liquid gallons
- 1 Imperial bushel = 36.36872 litres = 8 Imperial gallons
Bushels are now most often used as units of mass rather than of volume. The bushels in which grains are bought and sold on commodity markets or at local grain elevators, and for reports of grain production, are all units of mass. This is done by assigning a standard weight to each commodity that is to be measured in bushels. These bushels depend on the commodities being measured; some of the more common ones are (all exact):
- Oats
USA: 32 lb  14.515 kg
Canada: 34 lb  15.422 kg
- USA: 32 lb  14.515 kg
- Canada: 34 lb  15.422 kg
- Barley: 48 lb  21.772 kg
- Malted Barley: 34 lb  15.422 kg
- Maize (corn): 56 lb  25.401 kg
- Wheat and soybeans: 60 lb  27.215 kg
Other specific values are defined (and those definitions may vary in different jurisdictions, including from state to state in the United States) for other grains, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables, coal, hair, and many other commodities.
Government policy in the United States is to phase out units such as the bushel and replace them with the metric system as used for all purposes in the rest of the world, and for all scientific and technical purposes world wide. It is therefore important to know how the bushel relates to the metric equivalent, and whether the bushels are used as units of mass or units of volume.
The name bushel has also been used to translate foreign units of a similar size and sometimes shared origin, like the German Scheffel.

# History
The bushel was originally a measure of capacity for grain. During the Middle Ages, the bushel of wheat was supposed to weigh 64 tower pounds, but when the tower system was abolished in the 16th century, it was described as 56 avoirdupois pounds. The bushel was rarely used in Scotland, Ireland or Wales during the Middle Ages.
Until and before the 19th century there were even more gallons in use.
Examples:
Butane

# Overview
Butane, also called n-butane, is the unbranched alkane with four carbon atoms, CH3CH2CH2CH3.  Butane is also used as a collective term for n-butane together with its only other isomer, isobutane (also called methylpropane), CH(CH3)3.
Butanes are highly flammable, colorless, easily liquefied gases. The name butane was derived by back-formation from the name of butyric acid.

# Reactions and uses
When oxygen is plentiful, butane burns to form carbon dioxide and water vapor; when oxygen is limited, carbon (soot) or carbon monoxide may also be formed.
n-Butane is the feedstock for DuPont's catalytic process for the preparation of maleic anhydride:
n-Butane, like all hydrocarbons, undergoes free radical chlorination providing both 1-chloro- and 2-chlorobutanes, as well as more highly chlorinated derivatives.  The relative rates of the chlorination is partially explained by the differing bond dissociation energies, 425 and 411 kJ/mol for the two types of C-H bonds.  The two central carbon atoms have the slightly weaker C-H bonds.
Butane gas is sold bottled as a fuel for cooking and camping. When blended with Propane and other hydrocarbons, it is referred to commercially as LPG.  It is also used as a petrol component, as a feedstock for the production of base petrochemicals in steam cracking, as fuel for cigarette lighters and as a propellant in aerosol sprays.
Very pure forms of butane, especially isobutane, can be used as refrigerants and have largely replaced the ozone layer depleting halomethanes, for instance in household refrigerators and freezers. The flammability of butane is not a major issue because the amount of butane in an appliance is not enough to cause a combustible mix given the amount of air in a room. The system operating pressure for butane is lower than for the halomethanes, such as R-12, so direct conversion of R-12 systems to butane, such as in automotive air conditioning systems, will not function optimally.

# Effects and health issues
Inhaling butane can cause drowsiness, narcosis, asphyxia; cardiac arrhythmia and frostbite, which can result in instant death from Asphyxiation, Acute toxicity and ventricular fibrillation. Butane is the most commonly misused volatile solvent in the UK, and was the cause of 52% of solvent related deaths in 2000. By spraying butane directly into the throat, the jet of fluid can cool rapidly to 20 C by expansion, causing prolonged laryngospasm. "Sudden sniffing death syndrome", first described by Bass in 1970, is the most common single cause of solvent related death, resulting in 55% of known fatal cases.

# Popular culture
- Butane is referred to as "a bastard gas" on the television show King of the Hill.
C32011
Here is the page we will use to coordinate the TV events at C32011. Open time slots are indicated below in red.

# Click on Date for Detailed Schedule
Monday June 27, 2011
Tuesday June 28, 2011
Wednesday June 29, 2011

# Monday June 27, 2011

## 9:00 AM
9:00 AM - 9:30 AM
- Interviewee: Dr. Goran Olivecrona
- Trial: Hypothermia in Awake STEMI patients: Results from the RAPID MI-ICE trial and insights to the CHILL MI Trial.
- Embargo lift: TBD

## 9:30 AM
OPEN TIME SLOT

## 10:00 AM
10:00 AM - 10:30 AM
- Interviewee: Dr. Sameer Mehta
- Trial: LUMEN GLOBAL, Population based STEMI treatment
- Embargo lift: TBD

## 10:30 AM
OPEN TIME SLOT

## 11:00 AM
11:00 AM - 11:30 AM
- Interviewee: Dr. Issam Moussa
- Trial: Should Guidelines Be Changed for Left Main PCI? : Evaluating the Evidence on the Eve of the New Guidelines Publication
- Embargo lift: 8:30 AM Monday June 27, 2011
Return to top

# Tuesday June, 28 2011

## 9:00 AM
9:00 AM - 9:30 AM
- Interviewee: Dr. Michael Rinaldi
- Trial: TBA
- Embargo lift: TBD

## 9:30 AM
9:30 AM - 10:00 AM
- Interviewee: Dr. Takeshi Kimura
- Trial: Late Stent Thrombosis and Late Restenosis of DES
- Embargo lift: TBD

## 10:00 AM
10:00 AM - 10:30 AM
- Interviewee: Dr. Jeffrey Moses
- Trial: The State of TAVI - PARTNERS: From Concept to Moratlity Benefit
- Embargo lift: 2:10 PM Tuesday June 28, 2011

## 10:30 AM
OPEN TIME SLOT

## 11:00 AM
OPEN TIME SLOT
Return to top

# Wednesday June 29, 2011

## 9:00 AM
OPEN TIME SLOT

## 9:30 AM
9:30 AM - 10:00 AM
- Interviewee: Dr. John Lasala
- Trial:  PROTECT DATA
- Embargo lift: TBD

## 10:00 AM
10:00 AM - 10:30 AM
- Interviewee: Dr. Mohamed Sobhy
- Trial:  Stent for Life project and ACCESS registry (Primary PCI)
- Embargo lift: TBD

## 10:30 AM
OPEN TIME SLOT
Return to top
C5orf3
C5orf3 (chromosome 5 open reading frame 3) is a gene on chromosome 5 in humans that encodes a protein FAM114A2. This protein has a function that is not well known. C5orf3 is, however, highly conserved in mammals with homologs both in fungi and plants.

# Protein
The c5orf3 protein is 505 amino acids long with a molecular weight of 55.5 kdal and an isoelectric point of 4.66. It is predicted to stay in the nucleus after translation 
There is evidence that c5orf3 interacts with another protein of unknown function from chromosome 5, c5orf4 
This protein is thought to include a P loop  that suggests a role in ATP- and/or GTP-binding 

# Gene
The c5orf3 gene is located on chromosome 5 (5q31-33). This gene has 14 exons spanning through its sequence. The coding sequence is 2886 base pairs with a 5 UTR of 94 base pairs and a 3 UTR of 1273 base pairs. It is expressed at high levels in most tissues of the human body. It is also highly expressed in tissues in the human brain
C9orf3
Chromosome 9 open reading frame 3 (C9ORF3) also known as aminopeptidase O (APO) is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the C9ORF3 gene.  The protein encoded by this gene is an aminopeptidase which is most closely related in sequence to leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H). APO is a member of the M1 metalloproteinase family.

# Structure
The C9ORF3 aminopeptidase enzyme contains the following domains:
- LTA4H-like N-terminal domain
- gluzincin aminopeptidase domain
- SH3-like motif
- ARM C-terminal domain

# Function
The C9ORF3 aminopeptidase cleaves the N-terminal amino acid from polypeptides and shows a strong preference for peptides in which the N-terminus is arginine and to a lesser extent asparagine.  Furthermore, the activity of the enzyme is inhibited by o-phenanthroline, a metalloprotease inhibitor and by arphamenine A, a potent inhibitor of aminopeptidases such as LTA4H.  Also able to cleave angiotensin III to generate angiotensin IV, a bioactive peptide of the reninangiotensin pathway.
Due to its aminopeptidase activity this enzyme may play a role in the proteolytic processing of bioactive peptides in those tissues where it is expressed.

# Tissue distribution
C9ORF3 Messenger RNA has been detected in human pancreas, placenta, liver, testis, and heart. The expression in the heart suggests this enzyme may also play a role in the regulating the  physiology of cardiac muscle.  Several ApO isoforms are expressed predominantly in blood vessels suggesting that ApO plays a role in vascular cell biology.

# Clinical significance
High expression levels of C9ORF3 is positively correlated with maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and the amount of "slow-twitch" type 1 muscle fibers.
Cav2.1
The Cav2.1 P/Q voltage-dependent calcium channel is encoded by the CACNA1A gene.

# Function
Voltage-dependent calcium channels mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells, and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, and gene expression. Calcium channels are multisubunit complexes composed of alpha-1, beta, alpha-2/delta, and gamma subunits. The channel activity is directed by the pore-forming alpha-1 subunit, whereas, the others act as auxiliary subunits regulating this activity. The distinctive properties of the calcium channel types are related primarily to the expression of a variety of alpha-1 isoforms, alpha-1A, B, C, D, E, and S. This gene encodes the alpha-1A subunit, which is predominantly expressed in neuronal tissue.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene are associated with neurologic disorders, including familial hemiplegic migraine and episodic ataxia 2. One particular mutation (S218L) which is associated with hemiplegic migraine, ataxia, and seizures, may also confer a vulnerability to life-threatening cerebral edema after a minor head injury.
This gene also exhibits polymorphic variation due to (CAG)n-repeats. Multiple transcript variants have been described, however, the full-length nature of not all is known. In one set of transcript variants, the (CAG)n-repeats occur in the 3' UTR, and are not associated with any disease. However, in another set of variants, an insertion extends the coding region to include the (CAG)n-repeats which encode a polyglutamine tract. Expansion of the (CAG)n-repeats from the normal 4-16 to 21-28 in the coding region is associated with spinocerebellar ataxia 6.

# Interactions
Cav2.1 has been shown to interact with CACNB4.
CACNB4
Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit beta-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CACNB4 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of the beta subunit family, a protein in the voltage-dependent calcium channel complex. Calcium channels mediate the influx of calcium ions into the cell upon membrane polarization and consist of a complex of alpha-1, alpha-2/delta, beta, and gamma subunits in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. Various versions of each of these subunits exist, either expressed from similar genes or the result of alternative splicing. The protein described in this record plays an important role in calcium channel function by modulating G protein inhibition, increasing peak calcium current, controlling the alpha-1 subunit membrane targeting and shifting the voltage dependence of activation and inactivation. Alternate transcriptional splice variants of this gene, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.

# Clinical significance
Certain mutations in this gene have been associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME).

# Interactions
CACNB4 has been shown to interact with Cav2.1.
CACNG2
Calcium channel, voltage-dependent, gamma subunit 2, also known as CACNG2 or stargazin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CACNG2 gene.

# Function
L-type calcium channels are composed of five subunits. The protein encoded by this gene represents one of these subunits, gamma, and is one of several gamma subunit proteins. It is an integral membrane protein that is thought to stabilize the calcium channel in an inactive (closed) state. This protein is similar to the mouse stargazin protein, mutations in which having been associated with absence seizures, also known as petit-mal or spike-wave seizures. This gene is a member of the neuronal calcium channel gamma subunit gene subfamily of the PMP-22/EMP/MP20 family.
Stargazin is involved in the transportation of AMPA receptors to the synaptic membrane, and the regulation of their receptor rate constants  via its extracellular domain  once it is there. As it is highly expressed throughout the cerebral cortex, it is likely to have an important role in learning within these areas, due to the importance of AMPA receptors in LTP.

# Clinical significance
Disruptions of CACNG2 have been implicated in autism.

# Interactions
CACNG2 has been shown to interact with GRIA4, DLG4, and MAGI2.
CADPS2
Calcium-dependent secretion activator 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CADPS2 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of the calcium-dependent activator of secretion (CAPS) protein family, which are calcium-binding proteins that regulate the exocytosis of synaptic and dense-core vesicles in neurons and neuroendocrine cells.

# Interactions
This gene interacts with brain-derived neurotrophic factor.

# Clinical significance
Cadps2 has been linked to autism and is in the 7q autism susceptibility locus (AUTS1). However, the finding of aberrant CADPS2 splicing was not found to be significant in another study.
A knockout mouse model was found to have autistic-like characteristics.
CADPS2 has been linked to human and mouse brain structure in two large genomic studies.
CALCRL
Calcitonin receptor-like (CALCRL), also known as the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR), is a human protein; it is a receptor for calcitonin gene-related peptide.

# Function
The protein encoded by the CALCRL gene is a G protein-coupled receptor related to the calcitonin receptor. CALCRL is linked to one of three single transmembrane domain receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) that are essential for functional activity.
The association of CALCRL with different RAMP proteins produces different receptors:
- with RAMP1: produces a CGRP receptor
- with RAMP2: produces an adrenomedullin (AM) receptor, designated AM1
- with RAMP3: produces a dual CGRP/AM receptor designated AM2
These receptors are linked to the G protein Gs, which activates adenylate cyclase and activation results in the generation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
CGRP receptors are found throughout the body, suggesting that the protein may modulate a variety of physiological functions in all major systems (e.g., respiratory, endocrine, gastrointestinal, immune, and cardiovascular).

## Wounds
In wounds, CGRP receptors found in nerve cells deactivate the immune system, to prevent collateral damage in case of a clean wound (common case).  However, when a wily pathogen such as those causing necrotizing fasciitis are involved, this is the wrong response.  In very preliminary research, nerve blockers like botox have been demonstrated to block CGRP cascade, thereby allowing immune system involvement and control of pathogens, resulting in complete control and recovery.

# Structure
CALCRL associated with RAMP1 produces the CGRP receptor which is a trans-membrane protein receptor that is made up of four chains.  Two of the four chains contain unique sequences. It is a heterodimer protein composed of two polypeptide chains differing in composition of their amino acid residues. The sequence reveals multiple hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions throughout the four chains in the protein.
The CGRP family of receptors including CALCRL can couple to G-protein Gs, Gi and Gq subunits to transduce their signals.  Furthermore binding of ligands to CALCRL can bias coupling to these G-protein. Peptide agonist bind to the extracellular loops of CALCRL.  This binding in turn causes TM5 (transmembrane helix 5) and TM6 to pivot around TM3 which in turn facilitates Gs binding.

## Adrenomedullin receptor

# Expression
The RNA expression charts show a high level in fetal lung.

# Clinical significance
Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists are under investigation for the treatment of migraine.
CALHM1
Calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) is a pore-forming subunit of a voltage-gated ion channel that in humans is encoded by the CALHM1 gene.

# Function

## Central nervous system
CALHM1 was identified by a tissue-specific gene expression profiling approach that screened for genes located on susceptibility loci for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) and that are preferentially expressed in the hippocampus, a brain region affected early in AD. CALHM1 is a plasma membrane calcium-permeable ion channel regulated by voltage and extracellular calcium levels. The exact function of CALHM1 in the brain is not completely understood, but studies have shown that CALHM1 controls neuronal intracellular calcium homeostasis and signaling, as well as calcium-dependent neuronal excitability and memory in mouse models. Recent data have also shown that CALHM1 might facilitate the proteolytic degradation of the cerebral amyloid beta peptide, a culprit in AD pathogenesis.

## Peripheral taste system
CALHM1 is expressed in taste bud cells where it controls purinergic receptor-mediated taste transduction in the gustatory system.
CAMKK2
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CAMKK2 gene.

# Function
The product of this gene belongs to the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase family, and to the Ca++/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subfamily. This protein plays a role in the calcium/calmodulin-dependent (CaM) kinase cascade by phosphorylating the downstream kinases CaMK1 and CaMK4.
CaMKK2 regulates production of the appetite stimulating hormone neuropeptide Y and functions as an AMPK kinase in the hypothalamus. It also has an important role in the development of hyperalgesia and tolerance to opioid analgesic drugs, through reduction in downstream signalling pathways and mu opioid receptor downregulation. Inhibition of CaMKK2 in mice reduces appetite and promotes weight loss.

# Isoforms
Seven transcript variants encoding six distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene. Additional splice variants have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined. The identified isoforms exhibit a distinct ability to undergo autophosphorylation and to phosphorylate the downstream kinases.
CAPNS1
Calpain small subunit 1, also known as CAPN4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAPNS1 gene.

# Function
Calpains are a ubiquitous, well-conserved family of calcium-dependent, cysteine proteases. Calpain families have been implicated in neurodegenerative processes, as their activation can be triggered by calcium influx and oxidative stress. Calpain I and II are heterodimeric with distinct large subunits associated with common small subunits, all of which are encoded by different genes. The small regulatory subunit consists of an N-terminal domain, containing about 30% glycine residues and a C-terminal Ca-binding domain. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified for this gene.

# Functions

## Myotonic dystrophy
This gene encodes a small subunit common to both calpain I and II and is associated with myotonic dystrophy.

## Biomarker
Elevated expression of Capn4 has been found to be associated with progression of various cancers such as hepatocellular and renal carcinoma.
CAPZA2
F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-2 also known as CapZ-alpha2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAPZA2 gene.

# Structure
CapZ-alpha2 is a 33.0 kDa protein composed of 286 amino acids. CAPZA2 is located on human chromosome 7, position q31.2-q31.3. The primary sequence of CapZ-alpha2 contains three C-terminal, regularly spaced leucines at positions 258, 262 and 266 found in consensus sequence of KxxxLxxE/DLxxALxxK/R that are critical for actin binding; these residues are conserved within the CapZ-beta isoform. CapZ-alpha2 is 85% identical to CapZ-alpha1, and differ by a small number of key amino acids; 21 amino acid differences perpetrate isoform specificity. CapZ-alpha2 is expressed in a variety of tissues, including cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle, where it caps sarcomeric actin at Z-discs; the ratio of CapZ-alpha2 to CapZ-alpha1 varies significantly among different tissues.

# Function
CapZ binds the barbed end of actin filaments and prevents addition or loss of actin monomers to filaments. It has also been observed that CapZ functions to organize myofilaments during myofibrillogenesis and is present at Z-discs in muscle prior to the striation of actin filaments, suggesting that CapZ may function to direct the polarity and organization of sarcomeric actin during I-band formation. The function of CapZ-alpha2 may be modulated by the calcium-binding protein S100A in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues, as crosslinking studies have shown S100A to directly interaction with the C-terminal region of CapZ-alpha in the presence of calcium. CapZ appears to regulate intracellular signaling of contractile proteins in cardiac muscle. It has been demonstrated that the presence of CapZ at Z-discs modulates the ability of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) to dephosphorylate cardiac myofilament proteins, including myosin binding protein C, troponin T and myosin regulatory light chain; likely because extraction of CapZ decreased the amount of myofilament-associated PP1.

# Clinical Significance
In humans undergoing exercise-induced muscle damage via 300 maximal eccentric contractions, skeletal muscle biopsies subjected to DNA microarrays showed that CapZ-alpha expression was upregulated, suggesting that CapZ-alpha may be involved in skeletal muscle growth and remodeling, and/or stress management.

# Interactions
CapZ-alpha2 has been shown to interact with:
- ACTA1
- ACTC1
- S100A1
CARD14
Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 14, also known as CARD-containing MAGUK protein 2 (Carma 2), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CARD14 gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family, a class of proteins that functions as molecular scaffolds for the assembly of multiprotein complexes at specialized regions of the plasma membrane. This protein is also a member of the CARD protein family, which is defined by carrying a characteristic caspase-associated recruitment domain (CARD). This protein shares a similar domain structure with CARD11 protein. The CARD domains of both proteins have been shown to specifically interact with BCL10, a protein known to function as a positive regulator of cell apoptosis and NF-B activation. The homotypic interaction with BCL10 is believed to be prevented by the linker region of CARD14, when in an inactive state. CARD14 overexpression leads to an activation of the transcription factor NF-B and phosphorylation of BCL10. CARD14 has been shown to form a CBM signalosome, similar to the signalling of CARD11, with BCL10 and MALT1.

# Link to Psoriasis
The CARD14 gene was recently identified as the first gene directly linked to the most common form of Psoriasis. It has been suggested that a mutation in the gene plus an environmental trigger were enough to elicit plaque psoriasis. These rare, but highly penetrant, mutations were found to disrupt an auto-inhibited state of CARD14, which leads to the binding of BCL10 and the activation of NF-B.