Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
TNF inhibitor

# Overview
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) promotes the inflammatory response, which in turn causes many of the clinical problems associated with autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis and refractory asthma.  These disorders are sometimes treated by using a TNF inhibitor. This inhibition can be achieved with a monoclonal antibody such as infliximab (Remicade) or adalimumab (Humira), or with a circulating receptor fusion protein such as etanercept (Enbrel).
Clinical trials regarding the effectiveness of these drugs on hidradenitis suppurativa are currently ongoing.  A fourth anti-TNF biologic, certolizumab pegol, is expected to receive approval for human use in the near future.
In patients with latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, active tuberculosis (TB) may develop soon after the initiation of treatment with infliximab. Before prescribing the drug, physicians should screen patients for latent TB infection or disease. The anti-TNF monoclonal antibody biologics, Infliximab and adalimumab, and the fusion protein etanercept which are all currently Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for human use, have label warnings which state that patients should be evaluated for latent TB infection and treatment should be initiated prior to starting therapy with these medications.
TNF or the effects of TNF are also inhibited by a number of natural compounds, including curcumin     (a compound present in turmeric) and catechins (in green tea).
Teddy Grahams
Teddy Grahams are bear shaped graham cracker snacks created by Nabisco.  Although they have had many incarnations since their 1988 release, including a cereal and the short lived Dizzy Grizzlies, the main flavors have always included cinnamon, honey, and chocolate. More recently, the chocolatey chip and oatmeal flavors have been introduced. Through the years Teddy Grahams have also maintained their classic shapes, bears with arms up and legs closed, and bears with legs open and arms down.  At times Teddy Grahams have enjoyed a place in the spotlight, being used as a prop on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, were referenced on The Simpsons, and were even referred to in a Strong Bad email.  The snack was also referenced in the song "Ridin' Rims" by Dem Franchize Boys.

# Nutritional information
Nabisco has always considered Teddy Grahams to be a healthy snack choice.  However, these claims have come under attack.  In a recent New York Times article, Eating Well, Marian Burros points out that Teddy Grahams use more bleached flour than actual whole wheat graham flour.  In response, Nabisco increased the amount of whole grain flour used in the snack .  The snacks also contain 0mg trans fat and are also considered a good source of calcium with a significant amount of iron.  Additionally, according to Peta  chocolate and cinnamon Teddy Grahams are vegan friendly.

# Advertising
Today it is rare to see advertisements for Teddy Grahams.  The most recent could be seen on PBS.  The simple ad featured a toddler eating Teddy Grahams and running around his house.  But the most notable advertisements were for Teddy Graham Breakfast Bears Cereal and the limited edition Teddy Graham Rockin Bears.  These commercials featured three rock star bears that played catchy rock music based on the latest Graham snacks.
Classic Jingles:
"We just want to eat, tasty teddy grahams.
Scrumptious bunch of bite sized bears, full of golden graham.
Oh let them be, your teddy grahams.
(Delicious graham snacks in honey, cinnamon and chocolate.)
Just want to eat those teddy grahams!"
"Wake up everybody! Wake up!
Youve all been sound asleep woo, heres breakfast bears to eat.
(Introducing Teddy Grahams breakfast bears cereal.)
Your dreams are over, its seven oclock, graham cereals they cant be beat.
(In honey, cinnamon, and chocolate, theyre scrumptious enough.
And theyre part of this nutritious breakfast, cause theyre bursting with wholesome graham goodness.)
Wake up to breakfast bears!"
"(New Teddy Grahams Rockin Bears!)
Tasting those Teddy Grahams!
We got new shapes to savor; we love to munch the snacks!
We got the graham, Teddy Grahams.
New Rockin Bears in vanilla and chocolate too, the rockin taste is just for you!
(New Teddy Grahams Rockin Bears, four new rockin shapes.  On tour for a limited time only.)  Woo Woo, tastin those Teddy Grahams!"
Telluric acid
Telluric acid is a chemical compound with the formula Te(OH)6. It is a white solid made up of octahedral Te(OH)6 molecules and this structure persists in aqueous solution. There are two forms, rhombohedral and monoclinic, and both contain octahedral Te(OH)6 molecules.
Telluric acid is a  weak acid,dibasic, forming tellurate salts with strong bases.

# Preparation
Telluric acid is formed by the oxidation of tellurium or tellurium dioxide with a powerful oxidising agent such as hydrogen peroxide, chromium trioxide or sodium peroxide.
Crystallisation of telluric acid solutions below 10C gives Te(OH)6.4H2O.
It is oxidizing, as shown by the electrode potential for the reaction below, although it is kinetically slow in its oxidations.

# Properties and Reactions
The anhydrous acid is stable in air at 100C but above this it dehydrates to form polymetatelluric acid, a white hygroscopic powder (approximate composition (H2TeO4)10),  and allotelluric acid, an acid syrup of unknown structure (approximate composition  (H2TeO4)3(H2O)4).
Strong heating at over 300C produces the -  crystalline modification of tellurium trioxide, -TeO3.
Reaction with diazomethane gives the hexamethyl ester, Te(OMe)6.
Telluric acid and its salts mostly contain hexacoordinate tellurium. This is true even for salts such as magnesium tellurate, MgTeO4, which is isostructural with magnesium molybdate and contains TeO6 octahedra.

# Metatelluric acid - H2TeO4,Tellurous acid - H2TeO3
Metatelluric acid, H2TeO4, the tellurium analogue of sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is unknown. Allotelluric acid of approximate composition H2TeO4)3(H2O)4, is not well characterised and may be a mixture of Te(OH)6 and (H2TeO4)n.
Tellurous acid, H2TeO3 is known but not well characterised.
Tenosynovitis
Synonyms and keywords: Tendon sheath inflammation; inflammation of the tendon sheath

# Overview
Tenosynovitis is the inflammation of the fluid-filled sheath (called the synovium) that surrounds a tendon. Symptoms of tenosynovitis include pain, swelling , and difficulty moving a particular joint where the inflammation occurs.   When the condition causes the finger to "stick" in a flexed position, this is called "stenosing" tenosynovitis, which is commonly called "Trigger Finger."
When the finger tendon is inflamed, the synovium swells. Sometimes the tendon cannot slide easily through the synovium. When you straighten your finger, the tendon locks or sticks as it squeezes through the too-small synovium.
It usually occurs with tendinitis and it is related to stenosing tenosynovitis.

# Causes
Causes of trigger finger are unknown. Repeated use of hand tools can precede the condition, as well as arthritis or injury. Trigger Finger sometimes runs in families, and is generally seen more often in males than in females. The causes for children are even less known and have a recurrence rate of less than 1-5% after treatment.
(By organ system)
(In alphabetical order)
Other causes and associated conditions are:
- DeQuervain's syndrome
- Gonorrhea
- Pergolide
- Polymyalgia Rheumatica
- Trigger finger

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
- Problems moving joints
- Pain, swelling and tenderness around a joint, particularly the hand, wrist, foot, and ankle
- Pain when moving the affected joint

## Physical Examination
A physical examination shows swelling over the involved tendon. The health care provider may touch or stretch the tendon or have you move the muscle to which it is attached to see whether you experience pain. 

### Thumb
- Tenosynovitis nodular. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Tenosynovitis nodular. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Tenosynovitis nodular. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Tenosynovitis nodular. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

# Treatment
Possible treatments for tenosynovitis include cortisone injections (then a course of paracetomal and ibuprofen for pain) and an outpatient surgery to enlarge the synovium. The hand is splinted for a week or so.
Tequila agave
Blue Agave, the tequila agave of the Agave tequilana species, is an agave plant that is an important economic product of Jalisco state in Mexico due to its role as the base ingredient of tequila, a popular alcoholic drink.
The tequila agave grows natively in Jalisco, favoring the high altitudes of more than 1,500 m and sandy soil.  Commercial and wild agaves have very different life cycles.  Both start as a large succulent, with spiky fleshy leaves, which can grow to over two meters in length.  Wild agaves sprout a shoot when about five years old which grows into a stem up to five metres and topped with yellow flowers.  The flowers are pollinated by a native bat (Leptonycteris nivalis) and produce several thousand seeds per plant.  The plant then dies.  The shoots are removed when about a year old from commercial plants to allow the heart to grow larger.  The plants are then reproduced by planting these shoots; this has led to a considerable loss of genetic diversity in cultivated blue agave.  It is rare for one kept as a a houseplant to flower; nevertheless, a fifty year old blue agave in Boston has grown a 10 m (30 ft) stalk requiring a hole in the greenhouse roof and flowered sometime during the summer of 2006.
Tequila is produced by removing the heart of the plant in its twelfth year, normally weighing between 35-90 kg. This heart is stripped of leaves and heated to remove the sap, which is fermented and distilled.  Other beverages like Mezcal and Pulque are also produced from Blue and other agaves by different methods (though still using the sap) and are regarded as more traditional.
Over 200 million Blue Agave plants are grown in several regions of Mexico, but in recent years the ability of farmers to meet demand has been in question.  Through poor breeding practices, Blue Agave has lost resistance to fusarium fungus and several other diseases which currently render 25%-30% of the plants unusable for consumption.
Researchers from Mexico's University of Guadalajara believe blue agave contains compounds that may be useful in carrying drugs to the intestines to treat diseases such as Crohn's disease and colitis.  

# TMA
Production of this important cash crop in Mexico has been hindered in the early 2000s by a number of rot-related problems, collectively referred to as TMA ("Tristeza y Muerte de Agave", the wilting and death of the agave). As of 2002, 23% or more of the plants produced in Jalisco were affected.
Part of the problem is a group of diseases spread by the larvae of the weevil Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyll. (Coleoptera:Curculinidae). Also, the fungus Thielaviopsis paradoxa prevents younger plants from forming roots.
According to a 2004 study, additional pathogens, Erwinia carotovora, Enterobacter agglomerans, Pseudomonas mendocina, and Serratia sp. are responsible for continued rot.
Terry's nails

# Overview
Terry's nails is a physical finding in which fingernails and/or toenails appear white with a characteristic "ground glass" appearance, with no lunula.

# Pathophysiology

## Associated Conditions
It frequently occurs in the setting of the following conditions.
- Aging
- Cancer
- Cirrhosis
- Congestive heart failure
- Diabetes mellitus
- Hepatic failure
- Hyperthyroidism
- Malnutrition
Eighty percent of patients with severe liver disease have Terry's nails.

# Causes

## Common Causes
The condition is thought to be due to a decrease in vascularity and an increase in connective tissue within the nail bed.
Thiabendazole

# Overview
Tiabendazole (INN, BAN), thiabendazole (AAN, USAN), TBZ and the trade names Mintezol, Tresaderm, and Arbotect) is a fungicide and parasiticide.

# Uses

## Fungicide
It is used primarily to control mold, blight, and other fungal diseases in fruits (e.g. oranges) and vegetables; it is also used as a prophylactic treatment for Dutch elm disease.
Use in treatment of aspergillosis has been reported.

## Parasiticide
As an antiparasitic, it is able to control roundworms (such as those causing  strongyloidiasis), hookworms, and other helminth species which attack wild animals, livestock and humans.

## Angiogenesis inhibitor
Genes responsible for the maintenance of cell walls in yeast have been shown to be responsible for angiogenesis in vertebrates. Tiabendazole serves to block angiogenesis in both frog embryos and human cells. It has also been shown to serve as a vascular disrupting agent to reduce newly established blood vessels. Tiabendazole has been shown to effectively do this in certain cancer cells 

# Pharmacodynamics
TBZ works by inhibition of the mitochondrial, helminth-specific enzyme, fumarate reductase, with possible interaction with endogenous quinone.

# Other
Medicinally, thiabendazole is also a chelating agent, which means it is used medicinally to bind metals in cases of metal poisoning, such as lead, mercury, or antimony poisoning.
In dogs and cats, thiabendazole is used to treat ear infections.
Thiabendazole is also used as a food additive, a preservative with E number E233 (INS number 233).  For example, it is applied to bananas to ensure freshness, and is a common ingredient in the waxes applied to the skins of citrus fruits. It is not approved as a food additive in the EU, Australia and New Zealand.

# Safety
The substance appears to have a slight toxicity in higher doses, with effects such as liver and intestinal disorders at high exposure in test animals (just below Template:LD50 level). Some reproductive disorders and decreasing weaning weight have been observed, also at high exposure. Effects on humans from use as a drug include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, dizziness, drowsiness, or headache; very rarely also ringing in the ears, vision changes, stomach pain, yellowing eyes and skin, dark urine, fever, fatigue, increased thirst and change in the amount of urine occur. Carcinogenic effects have been shown at higher doses.
Thiamphenicol

# Overview
Thiamphenicol (also known as thiophenicol and dextrosulphenidol) is an antibiotic. It is the methyl-sulfonyl analogue of chloramphenicol and has a similar spectrum of activity, but is 2.5 to 5 times as potent.  Like chloramphenicol, it is insoluble in water, but highly soluble in lipids.  It is used in many countries as a veterinary antibiotic, but is available in China, Morocco and Italy for use in humans.  Its main advantage over chloramphenicol is that it has never been associated with aplastic anaemia.
Thiamphenicol is also widely used in Brazil, particularly for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections and pelvic inflammatory disease.
Unlike chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol is not readily metabolized in cattle, poultry, sheep, or humans, but is predominantly excreted unchanged. In pigs and rats the drug is excreted both as parent drug and as thiamphenicol glucuronate (FAO, 1997).
Thioacetazone
Thioacetazone(INN and BAN) is also called thiocetazone, thiacetazone, thiosemicarbazone, benzothiozane or amithiozone(USAN); abbreviated T.
Thioacetazone is used in the treatment of tuberculosis; it has only weak activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is only useful in preventing resistance to more powerful drugs like isoniazid and rifampicin.  It is never used on its own to treat tuberculosis;  it is used in a similar way to ethambutol.  Thioacetazone is the only anti-TB drug that is ineffective when given intermittently.
There is no advantage to using thioacetazone if the regimen used already contains ethambutol, but many countries in sub-Saharan Africa still use thioacetazone because it is extremely cheap.  Use of thioacetazone is declining because it can cause severe (sometimes fatal) skin reactions in HIV positive patients.
Thomas Willis
Thomas Willis (January 27, 1621  November 11, 1675) was an English doctor who played an important part in the history of the science of anatomy, neurology and psychiatry. He was a co-founder of the Royal Society (1662).
Born in Great Bedwyn, Wiltshire, Willis worked as a physician in Westminster, London, and from 1660 until his death was Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy at Oxford.  He was a pioneer in research into the anatomy of the brain, nervous system and muscles.  The "circle of Willis", a part of the brain, was his discovery.
His anatomy of the brain and nerves, as described in his Cerebri anatomi of 1664, is so minute and elaborate, and abounds so much in new information, that it presents an enormous contrast with the vague and meagre efforts of his predecessors.  This work was not the result of his own personal and unaided exertions; he acknowledged his debt to Sir Christopher Wren and Thomas Millington, and his fellow anatomist Richard Lower. This work coined the term neurology.
In 1667 he published 'Pathologicae cerebri, et nervosi generis specimen', an important work on the pathology and neurophysiology of the brain. In it he developed a new theory of the cause of epilepsy and other convulsive diseases, and contributed to the development of psychiatry. In 1672 he published the earliest English work on medical psychology, 'Two Discourses concerning The Soul of Brutes, Which is that of the Vital and Sensitive of Man'.
Willis was the first to number the cranial nerves in the order in which they are now usually enumerated by anatomists. His observation of the connexion of the eighth pair with the slender nerve which issues from the beginning of the spinal cord is known to all.  He remarked the parallel lines of the mesolobe, afterwards minutely described by Felix Vicq-d'Azyr.  He seems to have recognized the communication of the convoluted surface of the brain and that between the lateral cavities beneath the fornix.  He described the corpora striata and optic thalami; the four orbicular eminences, with the bridge, which he first named annular protuberance; and the white mammillary eminences, behind the infundibulum.  In the cerebellum he remarks the arborescent arrangement of the white and grey matter, and gives a good account of the internal carotids, and the communications which they make with the branches of the basilar artery.

# Sources
- Encyclopedia Britannica
Thoracic duct
In human anatomy, the thoracic duct is an important part of the lymphatic systemit is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body.
It collects most of the lymph in the body (except that from the right arm and the right side of the chest, neck and head, which is collected by the right lymphatic duct) and drains into the systemic (blood) circulation at the left subclavian vein.

# Location and direction of flow
In adults, the thoracic duct is typically 38-45cm in length and an average diameter of about 5mm. It usually starts from the level of the second lumbar vertebra and extends to the root of the neck.
It originates in the abdomen from the confluence of the right and left lumbar trunk and the intestinal trunk, forming a significant pathway upward called the cisterna chyli.
It extends vertically in the chest and curves posteriorly to the left carotid artery and left jugular vein at the C7 vertebral level to empty into the junction of the left subclavian vein and left jugular vein, below the clavicle, near the shoulders.
It traverses the diaphragm at the aortic aperture and ascends the posterior mediastinum between the descending thoracic aorta (to its left) and the azygos vein (to its right).

# Volume, mechanism, and direction of flow
In adults, the thoracic duct transports up to 4 L of lymph per day.
The lymph transport in the thoracic duct is mainly caused by the action of breathing, aided by the duct's smooth muscle and by internal one way valves which prevent the lymph from flowing back down again.
There are also two valves at the junction of the duct with the left subclavian vein, to prevent the flow of venous blood into the duct.

# Clinical significance
When the thoracic duct is blocked or damaged a large amount of lymph can quickly accumulate in the pleural cavity, this situation is called chylothorax.
The first sign of a malignancy (especially an intraabdominal one) may be an enlarged Virchow's node, a lymph node in the left supraclavicular area, in the vicinity where the thoracic duct empties into the left subclavian vein.

# Nomenclature
It is also known under various other names including the alimentary duct, chyliferous duct, duct of Pecquet, the left lymphatic duct and Van Hoorne's canal. 

# Additional images
- Transverse section of thorax, showing relations of pulmonary artery.
- The arch of the aorta, and its branches.
- Deep lymph nodes and vessels of the thorax and abdomen (diagrammatic).
- The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind.
Thou (length)
A thou, also known as a mil, is a unit of length equal to 0.001 inches (a "milli-inch" or a "thousandth of one inch").  It is sometimes used in engineering and in the specification of:
- the thickness of items such as paper, film, foil, wires, paint coatings, latex gloves, plastic sheeting, and fibers; and
- manufacturing dimensions and tolerances.
As the metric system became more common in the States, use of the term mil began to decline among technical users due to the possible confusion with millimeters.  However, the mil is still in common use in the United States for the thickness of plastic sheeting or bags.
Internationally, use of the thou is now generally deprecated in favour of the use of SI units of length such as the micrometre. In the United States, the mil/thou is still in use extensively in certain industries such as in the manufacture of printed circuit boards (PCBs).
The plural of thou is also thou, e.g. a measurement of one hundredth of an inch is described as "10 thou". The th in thou is pronounced as in thousand, Template:IPAEng, unlike the pronoun thou, Template:IPA, where the th is pronounced as in that.
The plural of mil is mils.
There is a related measurement for area known as the circular mil, based on a circle having a diameter of one mil. Because of this relationship, a mil and a circular mil might be easily confused.

# Equivalence to other units of length
1 thou is equal to:
- 0.001 international inches (1 international inch is equal to 1,000 thou)
- 0.0254 mm, or 25.4 m (1 millimetre is about equal to 39.37 thou)

# Notes
-  Mil at How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement by Russ Rowlett
-  Thou at How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement by Russ Rowlett
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