Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Thymosin 1
Thymosin 1 is a peptide fragment derived from prothymosin alpha, a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTMA gene.
It was the first of the peptides from Thymosin Fraction 5 to be completely sequenced and synthesized. Unlike  thymosins, to which it is genetically and chemically unrelated, thymosin 1 is produced as a 28-amino acid fragment, from a longer, 113-amino acid precursor, prothymosin .

# Function
Thymosin 1 is believed to be a major component of Thymosin Fraction 5 responsible for the activity of that preparation in restoring immune function in animals lacking thymus glands.   It has been found to enhance cell-mediated immunity in humans as well as experimental animals.

# Therapeutic application
As of  2009 Thymosin 1 is approved in 35 under-developed or developing countries for the treatment of Hepatitis B and C, and it is also used to boost the immune response in the treatment of other diseases.

## Clinical studies
Clinical trials suggest it may be useful in septic shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, peritonitis, acute cytomegalovirus infection, TB, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and lung infections in critically ill patients., and for chronic hepatitis B.
It has been studied for possible use in treating cancer (eg with chemotherapy).
Ticarcillin

# Overview
Ticarcillin is a carboxypenicillin.  It is almost invariably sold and used in combination with clavulanate as Timentin.  Because it is a penicillin, it also falls within the larger class of beta-lactam antibiotics. Its main clinical use is as an injectable antibiotic for the treatment of gram negative bacteria, in particular, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Chemically, ticarcillin is C15H16N2O6S2 (CAS number 34787-01-4). It is provided as a white or pale yellow powder. It is highly soluble in water, but should only be dissolved immediately before use to prevent degradation.

# Mechanism of Action
Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis when the bacteria tries to divide, causing death.
Ticarcillin is similar to penicilin in that it contains a -lactam ring. This can lead to resistance in bacteria containing -lactamase, which cleaves the ring and inactivates it. It is often paired with a -lactamase inhibitor such as clavulanic acid. Because of ticarcillins similarties to penicillin, including the -lactam ring, it can cause similar allergic reactions in patients sensitive to penicillin.

# Other Uses
In molecular biology, ticarcillin is used to as an alternative to ampicillin to test the uptake of marker genes into bacteria. It prevents the appearance of satellite colonies that occur when ampicillin breaks down in the media. It is also used in plant molecular biology to kill agrobacterium, which is used to deliver genes to plant cells.

# Dosing and Posology
Ticarcillin is not absorbed orally, and therefore must be given by intravenous or intramuscular injection.  The usual adult dose of Timentin is 3.5g four times a day.

# Trade Names and Preparations
- Ticarcillin: Ticar (Formerly marketed by Beecham, then SmithKline Beecham until 1999, when it merged with Glaxo to form GlaxoSmithKline; no longer available in the UK. US distribution ceased in 2004. Ticar was replaced by Timentin.)
- Ticarcillin/clavulanate: Timentin (UK and US, marketed by Beecham, then GlaxoSmithKline).
Tissue bank

# Overview
A Tissue Bank, as used in this article, is a term most commonly used to describe an establishment that collects and harvests human cadaver tissue for the purposes of medical research and education.
A Tissue bank may also refer to a location where biomedical tissue is stored under cryogenic conditions, and is generally used in a more clinical sense. See Biomedical Tissue for more on this.

# Willed Body Donation
Most U.S. Tissue bank companies get their supply of cadaver tissue through Willed Body Donation programs run by the Tissue bank itself. They then charge their customers (mainly medical instrument companies) for services associated with preparation of the cadaver tissue (i.e. - tranportation, refrigeration, harvesting, etc.) rather than charging money for the donated tissue itself, which is illegal.
The American Association of Tissue Banks (AATB) is the most recognized accrediting body for American Tissue Banks.
- Many universities across the U.S. also offer tissue to surgical training facilities meant for medical research and education on cadaveric specimens. Most universities obtain this tissue through their own whole body donation programs.
Tobacconist
a tobacconist is an expert dealer in tobacco and the related accouterments.
Tobacco accouterments include pipes, pipe holders, pipe lighters, pipe reamers, pipe cleaners, pipe tampers, pipe pokers, pipe ashtrays, cigar bits, cigar cutters, cigar lighters, cigar holders, cigar cases, cigar ashtrays, cigar savors, humidification/humidifiers, humidors, hygrometers, cigarette holders, cigarette snuffers, matches, air ventilation and filtration, and more.
A tobacconist is someone licensed to sell tobacco in various forms as well as smoking supplies.  A tobacconist may sell pipes, pipe-cleaning kits, cigars, etc.

# Uses in art
The Tobacconist, Victorian Walk is a featured exhibit at the Museum of London. It showcases shops in an effort to recreate the late 19th century.
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Toll (gene)
The Toll genes encode members of the Toll-like receptor class of proteins. ("Toll" is German for "amazing" or "mad".)  Toll genes were originally identified in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster in 1985, 
, and cloned in 1988. Since then, eleven known mammalian Toll genes have been identified.
In flies, Toll was first identified as a gene important in embryogenesis in establishing the dorsal-ventral axis. In 1996, Toll was found to have a role in the fly's immunity to fungal infections.  Both mammalian and invertebrate Toll genes are required for innate immunity.
Toll-like receptors in mammals were identified in 1997 at Yale University by Ruslan Medzhitov and Charles Janeway.
Their name derives from Christiane Nusslein-Volhard's 1985 exclamation, "Das war ja toll!"
Tolperisone

# Overview
Tolperisone, a piperidine derivative, is a centrally acting muscle relaxant. Trade names include Biocalm, Muscodol, Mydeton, Mydocalm, Myolax, Myoxan and Viveo.

# Clinical use
In Tolperisone is indicated for use in the treatment of pathologically increased tone of the cross-striated muscle caused by neurological diseases (damage of the pyramidal tract, multiple sclerosis, myelopathy, encephalomyelitis) and of spastic paralysis and other encephalopathies manifested with muscular dystonia.
Other possible uses include:
- Spondylosis
- Spondylarthrosis
- Cervical and lumbar syndromes
- Arthrosis of the large joints
- Obliterating atherosclerosis of the extremity vessels
- Diabetic angiopathy
- Thromboangiitis obliterans
- Raynaud's syndrome

# Contraindications and cautions
Manufacturers report that tolperisone should not be used in patients with myasthenia gravis. Only limited data are available regarding the safety in children, youths, during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It is not known whether tolperisone is excreted into mother's milk.

# Side effects
Adverse effects occur in fewer than 1% of patients and include muscle weakness, headache, arterial hypotension, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, and dry mouth. All effects are reversible.
Allergic reactions occur in fewer than 0.1% of patient and include skin rash, hives, Quincke's edema, and in some cases anaphylactic shock.

# Overdose
Excitability has been noted after ingestion of high doses by children.
In suicide studies of three isolated cases, it is believed that ingestion of tolperisone was the cause of death.

# Interactions
Tolperisone does not have a significant potential for interactions with other pharmaceutical drugs. It cannot be excluded that combination with other centrally acting muscle relaxants, benzodiazepines or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may make a dose reduction necessary in some patients.

# Mechanism of action
Tolperisone is a centrally acting muscle relaxant that acts at the reticular formation in the brain stem by blocking voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels.

# Pharmacokinetics
Tolperisone is absorbed nearly completely from the gut and reaches its peak blood plasma concentration after 1.5 hours. It is extensively metabolised in the liver and kidneys. The substance is excreted via the kidneys in two phases; the first with a half-life of two hours, and the second with a half-life of 12 hours.
Tonic water
Tonic water (or Indian tonic water) is a carbonated soft drink flavored with quinine.
The drink gains its name from the medicinal effects of this slightly bitter flavoring. The quinine was added to the drink as a prophylactic against malaria, since it was originally intended for consumption in tropical areas of India and Africa where that disease is endemic.
Tonic water originally contained only carbonated water and a large amount of quinine.  However, most tonic water today contains a medically insignificant amount of quinine, and is thus used for its flavor only.  It is consequently less bitter, and is also usually sweetened. Some manufacturers also produce diet tonic water. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration limits the quinine content in tonic water to 83 ppm (83 mg per liter if calculated by mass), which is one-half to one-quarter the concentration used in therapeutic tonic.
Tonic water is often used as a drink mixer for cocktails, especially those made with gin (for example, a gin and tonic). Tonic water with lemon or lime flavor added is known as bitter lemon or bitter lime, respectively.  Such soft drinks are more popular in Europe than in the United States.
Tonic water will fluoresce under ultraviolet light, due to the presence of quinine.  In fact, the sensitivity of quinine to ultraviolet light (UV) is such that it will fluoresce in direct sunlight.
Toxic metal

# Overview
Toxic metals are metals that form poisonous soluble compounds and have no biological role, i.e. are not essential minerals, or are in the wrong form. Often heavy metals are thought as synonymous, but lighter metals also have toxicity, as exemplified by beryllium, and not all heavy metals are particularly toxic and some are even essential (such as iron). The definition may also include trace elements when considered in abnormally high, toxic doses. A difference is that there is no beneficial dose for a toxic metal with no biological role.
Toxic metals imitate the action of an essential element in the body, distorting the metabolic process to cause illness. Many metals, particularly heavy metals are toxic, but some heavy metals are essential, have a low toxicity, and bismuth is even non-toxic. Most often the definition includes at least cadmium, lead, mercury and the radioactive metals. Metalloids (arsenic, polonium) may be included in the definition. Radioactive metals have both radiation toxicity and chemical toxicity. Metals in an oxidation state abnormal to the body may also become toxic: chromium(III) is an essential trace element, but chromium(VI) is a carcinogen.
The toxicity is a function of solubility, so that as insoluble salts or even in the metallic form, toxic metals may have negligible toxicity. On the other hand, organometallic forms, such as dimethyl mercury and tetraethyl lead, are extremely toxic.
Toxic metals bioaccumulate in the body and in the food chain. The exceptions are barium and aluminum. Therefore, a common characteristic of toxic metals is the chronic nature of their toxicity.
Toxic metals:
- Barium
- Beryllium
- Aluminum
- Cadmium
- Lead - lead poisoning
- Mercury - mercury poisoning
- Thallium
- Antimony
- Radioactive metals:
Thorium
Uranium
The transuraniums, such as plutonium, americium, etc.
Polonium (a metalloid)
Radioactive isotopes of lighter elements, e.g. cobalt-60.
- Thorium
- Uranium
- The transuraniums, such as plutonium, americium, etc.
- Polonium (a metalloid)
- Radioactive isotopes of lighter elements, e.g. cobalt-60.
- Arsenic (see arsenic poisoning) is a metalloid.
Trace elements with toxicity:
- Chromium as hexavalent Cr(VI)
- Nickel
- Copper
- Iron
Trace amine
Trace amines are endogenous compounds structurally related to classical biogenic amines, such as catecholamines, serotonin and histamine.  Trace amines include p-tyramine, -phenylethylamine, tryptamine, octopamine, and 3-iodothyronamine, and are found in the nervous systems of animals from insects to mammals. Also the entheogenic DMT is created in small amounts by the human body during normal metabolism by the enzyme tryptamine-N-methyltransferase.
Trace amines overlap substantially with classical biogenic amines neurotransmitters regarding to chemical properties, synthesis, and breakdown; trace amines commonly colocalize in neurons with these neurotransmitters.
Psychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia have been linked to irregular levels of trace amines.
Trauma team

# Overview
A Trauma team is a group of healthcare workers who attend to seriously ill or injured casualties who arrive at a hospital emergency department. The team is composed of a number of specific roles, with a typical team consisting of:
- Team Leader - Trauma Surgeon, Orthopaedic Surgeon, Emergency Medicine Physician, or Anesthesiologist doctor who takes command
- Additionally: An Emergency Medicine Physician (optional)
- Additionally: Anesthesiologist
- Respiratory Therapist (Canada/USA)
- Three nurses
- Radiographer
- Scribe - a nurse or doctor who deals with administration
Other specialities can be added depending on the nature of the injury, for example a neurological surgeon will attend if there is a serious head injury. All staff should be trained in Advanced Trauma Life Support techniques. Each hospital will have a list of criteria that require the activation of the trauma team, such as a fall of over 6 meters or a fracture of 2 or more bones.
Tree in bud

# Overview
The "tree-in-bud" pattern at thin-section computed tomography is characterized by small centrilobular nodules of soft-tissue attenuation connected to multiple branching linear structures of similar caliber originating from a single stalk. This pattern also resembles the small objects used in the childhood game of jacks.

# Causes
- Initially described in cases of endobronchial spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- The "tree-in-bud" pattern has subsequently been reported as a manifestation of a variety of entities, including:
Peripheral airway diseases such as infection (bacterial, fungal, viral, or parasitic)
Congenital disorders
Idiopathic disorders (obliterative bronchiolitis, panbronchiolitis)
Aspiration
Inhalation
Immunologic disorders
Connective tissue disorders
Peripheral pulmonary vascular diseases (i.e. neoplastic pulmonary emboli).
- Peripheral airway diseases such as infection (bacterial, fungal, viral, or parasitic)
- Congenital disorders
- Idiopathic disorders (obliterative bronchiolitis, panbronchiolitis)
- Aspiration
- Inhalation
- Immunologic disorders
- Connective tissue disorders
- Peripheral pulmonary vascular diseases (i.e. neoplastic pulmonary emboli).
Trefentanil
Trefentanil (A-3665) is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl and was developed in the early 1990s.
Trefentanil is most similar to short-acting fentanyl analogues such as alfentanil. In comparative studies, trefentanil was slightly more potent and shorter acting than alfentanil as an analgesic, but induced significantly more severe respiratory depression. For this reason trefentanil has not been adopted for clinical use, although it is still used in research.
Trefentanil has very similar effects to alfentanil, much like those of fentanyl itself but more potent and shorter lasting. Side effects of fentanyl analogues are similar to those of fentanyl, and include itching, nausea and potentially serious respiratory depression which can be life-threatening. The risk of respiratory depression is especially high with potent fentanyl analogues such as alfentanil and trefentanil, and these drugs pose a significant risk of death if used outside of a hospital setting with appropriate artificial breathing apparatus available.
Trichinella
Trichinella is the genus of parasitic roundworms of the phylum Nematoda that cause trichinosis. Members of this genus are often called trichinella or trichina worms. A characteristic of nematoda are one-way digestive tract, and a pseudoceolom (body cavity made up of only an ectoderm and endoderm).
Varieties of trichinella included the species:

# Differential diagnosis
Trichinella infection must be differentiated from other causes of viral, bacterial, and parasitic gastroentritis.
8Small bowel diarrhea: watery, voluminous with less than 5 WBC/high power field
Large bowel diarrhea: Mucousy and/or bloody with less volume and more than 10 WBC/high power field
 It could be as high as 1000 based on patient's immunity system.
The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate inflammatory causes of chronic diarrhea
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-  Konvolinka CW (1994). "Acute diverticulitis under age forty". Am J Surg. 167 (6): 5625. PMID 8209928..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
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-  Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF (2006). "The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications". Gut. 55 (6): 74953. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.082909. PMC 1856208. PMID 16698746.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
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Trimthoprim
Trimethoprim a common antibacterial agent with a half life of 8-11 hours, an unknown toxic dose or serum level.  A toxic level will cause bone marrow depression, methemoglobinemia, and hyperkalemia.  Trimethoprim acts to block synthesis of folic acid in bacteria by blocking the activity of the bacterial dihydrofolate reductase enzyme.  Humans do not make their own folic acid, accounting for the selective toxicity of this agent against bacteria.
Trimethoprim has a bacteriostatic activity against a broad spectrum of pathogens.
Sulphonamides, the earliest class of antibacterial agents, block folic acid synthesis by acting on dihydropteroate synthase, the enzyme preceding dihydrofolate reductase in the pathway responsible for folic acid production.  Trimethoprim was developed and marketed initially as a potentiator for sulphonamides.  Co-trimoxazole is a combination of trimethoprim and the sulfonamide sulfamethoxazole. Since tetrahydrofolic acid synthesis is inhibited at two successive steps, the in vitro antibacterial effect of co-trimoxazole is better than that of the individual components. This synergy is more difficult to demonstrate in vivo.  Pathogens resistant to both sulphonamides and trimethoprim are infrequent and a bactericidal effect may occur.
Because of increasing levels of resistance to sulphonamides and the increased risk of side-effects when used in combination, particularly Stevens-Johnson syndrome, trimethoprim is most often used as a single agent in the United Kingdom.  The use of co-trimoxazole to treat bacteiral infections is no longer recommended in the UK.
Trophoblast

# Overview
Trophoblasts (from Greek threphein: to feed) are cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg.

# Function
Trophoblasts are invasive, eroding, and metastasizing cells of the placenta.
Trophoblasts mediate the implantation of the embryo into the endometrium, but they are never incorporated into the mother's body or the fetus. They are not "fetal" cells.
Trophoblasts become inert during pregnancy and are completely rejected by the fetus and mother at delivery. They can be seen as the thin membrane covering the fetus at birth, the caul.

# Differentiation
The trophoblast proliferates and differentiates into 2 cell layers:

# Pathology
The invasion of a specific type of trophoblast (extravillous trophoblast) into the maternal uterus is a vital stage in the establishment of pregnancy:
- Failure of the trophoblast to invade sufficiently may be important in the development of some cases of pre-eclampsia.
- Too firm an attachment may lead to placenta accreta.

# Additional images
- Blastodermic vesicle of Vespertilio murinus.
- Section through embryonic disk of Vespertilio murinus.
- Transverse section of a chorionic villus.
- Scheme of placental circulation.