Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Discharge

# Overview
Discharge is an exudate draining from the wounds. It can be internal or external. It is formed from the serum.

# Classification

## Serous
(resembling serum)
- Clear or straw colored in appearance.
- Arises from protein and fluid in the tissue.
- Supports the healing process and contains protein, electrolytes, sugar and white cells.
- Occurs as a normal process of healing.

## Sanguinous
(contains blood cells)
- Red drainage from trauma to a blood vessel.
- This may occur with the cleaning of a wound or disturbance to a wound.
- The consistency appears thin and watery with sanguinous fluid.
- Discharge fluid contains red blood cells, which give it its red appearance.

## Serosanguinous
(consisting of serum and blood)
- Serosanguinous fluid appears pink due to a small number of blood cells mixing with serous drainage.
- Thin and water-like consistency.
- Serosanguinous fluid is a normal occurrence in the healing of wounds.

## Purulent
(containing pus)
- Purulent discharge is yellow, gray or green in color.
- It results when infection occurs.
- The discharge fluid has infectious microbes, white cells and other inflammatory cells.
- The volume of the exudate increases with prolonged infection.

## Mucopurulent
(containing mucus and pus)
- Mucopurulent discharge is pus with mucoid cells.
- It is a whitish-yellow or yellow substance produced during inflammatory responses of the body.
- It can be noticed in regions of pyogenic bacterial infections.
- It consists of a thin, protein-rich fluid, known as liquor puris, and dead neutrophils (white blood cells), which are part of the body's innate immune response.

## Hemorrhagic
(characterized by hemorrhage)
- Hemorrhagic discharge indicates a leaking blood vessel leaking blood.
- The consistency is thicker than sanguinous fluid.
- It may require surgical methods to control bleeding.
Distichia
A distichia is an eyelash that arises from an abnormal spot on the eyelid of a dog.  Distichiae usually exit from the duct of the meibomian gland at the eyelid margin.  They are usually multiple and sometimes more than one arises from a duct.  They can affect either the upper or lower eyelid and are usually bilateral.  The lower eyelids of dogs usually have no eyelashes.  Distichiae usually cause no symptoms because the lashes are soft, but they can irritate the eye and cause tearing, squinting, inflammation, and corneal ulcers and scarring.  Treatment options include manual removal, electrolysis, electrocautery, cryotherapy, and surgery.

# Commonly affected breeds
In veterinary medicine, some canine breeds are affected by distichiasis more frequently than others:
- Cocker Spaniel
- Dachshund (especially the miniature longhaired Dachshund)
- Bulldog
- Pekingese
- Yorkshire Terrier
- Flat-Coated Retriever
- Shetland Sheepdog
- Poodle
- Elo (dog)

# Ectopic cilia
An ectopic cilia is a special type of distichia.  It is usually found in younger dogs.  Commonly affected breeds include Poodles, Golden Retrievers, and Shih Tzus.  The eyelash exits through the conjunctiva, usually at the middle of the upper eyelid.  It can cause intense pain and corneal ulcers.  Treatment is surgery or cryotherapy.
Dithranol

# Overview
Dithranol (INN) or Anthralin (USAN and former BAN) is a Hydroxyanthrone, anthracene derivative, medicine applied to the skin of people with psoriasis. It is available as creams, ointment or pastes in 0.1 to 2% stengths (Dithrocream, Micanol and Psorlin).

# Pharmacology
Dithranol accumulates in mitochondria where it interferes with the supply of energy to the cell, probably by the oxidation of dithranol releasing free radicals. This impedes DNA replication and so slows the excessive cell division that occurs in  psoriatic plaques. In addition Dithranol may act by reducing the elevated levels of  cGMP that occurs in psoriasis.
More dithranol penetrates into impaired skin in 30 minutes than into intact skin during about 16 hours. For this reason weaker 0.1-0.5% preparations are applied over night, but stronger 1-2% products are applied for between 30 minutes and one hour depending upon the formulation.

# Clinical considerations
Dithranol has a slower onset of action in controlling psoriasis, typically several weeks, compared to glucocorticoid steroids, but is without the potential for rebound reaction on withdrawal. It cannot be used on the face or genitalia.

# Side effects
It temporarily stains the skin a yellowy-brown and permanently stains clothing fabrics. It may cause a local burning sensation and irritation, this may be minimised by careful attention to the details of treatment and only gradually stepping up through the strengths of dithranol formulations. The surrounding skin can be protected using soft white paraffin and the treated area is covered with tube gauze.
Dominance
Dominance may refer to several different concepts:
- Coercion
- Coronary artery dominance, a description of how many of the three major branches supplying the posterior and inferior wall of the left ventricle from the right coronary artery (RCA) and how many arise from the circumflex artery (CX)
- Dominance (biology), the state of having high social status relative to other individuals which causes them to react submissively, in biology and anthropology
- Domination and submission (BDSM), a form of human sexuality
- Dominance hierarchy
- Dominance relationship, a property of genes that determine whether offspring will inherit a characteristic from the father, the mother, or some blend of both
- Dominance (game theory), a property that makes one strategy a better choice than another
- Dominance (economics), a measure of firms' share distribution (of production, sales, capacity or reserves) in a market or industry
- Dominating decision rule, a decision rule that always achieves lower risk in decision theory
- Dominance can refer to the preference of a body part on one side to its counterpart on the other side of the body. Handedness refers to the dominance of a specific hand over another, while footedness is for feet and ocular dominance is for eyes.
- Power (sociology)
- State power
- Stochastic dominance, a situation in which one lottery (a probability distribution of outcomes) can be ranked as superior to another, with only limited knowledge of preferences
da:Dominans
de:Dominanz
Dry enema
A dry enema is an alternative technique for cleansing the human rectum either for reasons of health, or for sexual hygiene.  It is accomplished by introducing a small amount of sterile lubricant into the rectum, resulting in a bowel movement more quickly and with less violence than can be achieved by an oral laxative.
It is called "dry" by contrast to the more usual wet enema, because no water is used.
A rudimentary form of 'dry' enema is the use of a non-medicated glycerin suppository.  However due to the relative hardness of the suppository - necessary for its insertion into the human body - before the glycerin can act, it must be melted by the heat of the body, and hence it does not take effect for up to an hour. Often the hygroscopic glycerin irritates the sensitive membranes of the rectum resulting in forceful expulsion of the suppository without any laxative effects.
A quicker form of the dry enema utilizes the injection of a small amount of water-based lubricant such as K-Y into the rectum via a non-hypodermic syringe, such as an oral syringe, or from some other source.
The usual amount of lubricant applied is about 2 tsp (10 cc), which will produce a movement in 30 minutes or less. The movement will be produced in a compact body, rather than in the more copious liquid form produced by a wet enema; and since no water is used, none will be retained higher up in the colon, to be expelled at some later, and presumably, inconvenient time.
A further advantage of this technique for sexual hygiene is that any slight remaining traces of fecal material will - due to the presence of the lubricant - tend to adhere to the wall of the rectum rather than to any foreign object which may subsequently be inserted.
Dust cell
A dust cell (or alveolar macrophage) is a type of macrophage found in the pulmonary alveolus, near the pneumocytes, but separated from the wall.
Activity of the dust cells is relatively high, because they are located at one of the major boundaries between the body and the outside world.
Dust cells are another name for monocyte derivatives in the lungs that reside on respiratory surfaces and clean off particles such as dust or microorganisms.
Dust cells are frequently seen to contain granules of inorganic material such as carbon that they have picked up from respiratory surfaces. Such black granules may be especially common in smoker's lungs or long-term city dwellers.
Dysbindin
Dysbindin, short for dystrobrevin-binding protein 1, is a protein constituent of the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DPC) of skeletal muscle cells. It is also a part of BLOC-1, or biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1. Dysbindin was discovered by the research group of Derek Blake via yeast two-hybrid screening for binding partners of -dystrobrevin.  In addition, dysbindin is found in neural tissue of the brain, particularly in axon bundles and especially in certain axon terminals, notably mossy fiber synaptic terminals in the cerebellum and hippocampus.  In humans, dysbindin is encoded by the DTNBP1 gene.

# Clinical significance
Much interest in dysbindin has arisen through pedigree-based family-association studies of families with a history of schizophrenia, where a strong association was found between expression of a particular dysbindin allele and a clinical expression of schizophrenia.  However, the genetic link between dysbindin and schizophrenia has not been established in all the case control samples tested and this implies that there are different genetic subtypes of schizophrenia with different disease allele frequencies in different populations. This phenomenon is called genetic locus heterogeneity and is typical of all common disorders with a strong genetic component. A further complication is that it is highly likely that there are several or many different mutations within the dysbindin gene that are responsible for schizophrenia. This complexity is called  
disease allele heterogeneity and is a further reason that genetic associations are found with different markers in the dysbindin gene when different samples are studied.
Genetically caused dysbindin-related mechanisms causing brain dysfunction are not fully known, but in one study, schizophrenic patients carrying the high-risk haplotype demonstrated visual processing deficits. In another work, damping down the DTNBP1 expression led to an increase in cell surface dopamine D2-receptor levels.
Mutation in the DTNBP1 gene was also shown to cause HermanskyPudlak syndrome type 7.
In drosophila, dysbindin has been shown to be essential for neural plasticity.

# Interactions
Dysbindin has been shown to interact with SNAPAP, MUTED and PLDN.
Dyssomnia

# Overview
Dyssomnias are a broad classification of sleeping disorder that make it difficult to get to sleep, or to stay sleeping.
Dyssomnias are primary disorders of initiating or maintaining sleep or of excessive sleepiness and are characterized by a disturbance in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep.
Patients may complain of difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep, intermittent wakefulness during the night, early morning awakening, or combinations of any of these. Transient episodes are usually of little significance. Stress, caffeine, physical discomfort, daytime napping, and early bedtimes are common factors.

# Major types of dyssomnias
There are over 30 recognized kinds of dyssomnias. Major groups of dyssomnias include:
- Intrinsic sleep disorders - 12 disorders recognized, including
hypersomnia,
narcolepsy,
periodic limb movement disorder,
restless legs syndrome,
sleep apnea.
- hypersomnia,
- narcolepsy,
- periodic limb movement disorder,
- restless legs syndrome,
- sleep apnea.
- Extrinsic sleep disorders - 13 disorders recognized, including
alcohol-dependent sleep disorder,
food allergy insomnia,
inadequate sleep routine.
- alcohol-dependent sleep disorder,
- food allergy insomnia,
- inadequate sleep routine.
- Circadian rhythm sleep disorders - 6 disorders recognized, including
advanced sleep phase syndrome,
delayed sleep phase syndrome,
jet lag,
shift work sleep disorder.
- advanced sleep phase syndrome,
- delayed sleep phase syndrome,
- jet lag,
- shift work sleep disorder.

# Causeas

## Life Threatening Causes

## Common Causes

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order

# Treatment
In general, there are two broad classes of treatment, and the two may be combined: psychological (cognitive-behavioral) and pharmacologic. In situations of acute distress, such as a grief reaction, pharmacologic measures may be most appropriate. With primary insomnia, however, initial efforts should be psychologically based.
Dysphoria

# Overview
Dysphoria (from Greek  (dysphoros), from -, difficult, and , to bear) is generally characterized as an unpleasant or uncomfortable mood, such as sadness (depressed mood), anxiety, irritability, or restlessness. Etymologically, it is the opposite of euphoria.
Dysphoria refers only to a condition of mood and may be experienced in response to ordinary life events, such as illness or grief. Additionally, it is a feature of many psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders and mood disorders. Dysphoria is usually experienced during depressive episodes, but in people with bipolar disorder, it may also be experienced during manic or hypomanic episodes. Dysphoria in the context of a mood disorder indicates a heightened risk of suicide.
Dysphoria can be chemically induced by substances including mu-opioid antagonists and selective kappa-opioid agonists. 
Dysphoria is also one of the symptoms of hypoglycemia.

# Causes
- Drug side effect: Butorphanol, Hydrocodone bitartrate and acetaminophen

# Conditions related to dysphoria
The following conditions may include dysphoria as a major component or symptom.
- Clinical depression (unipolar) and dysthymia
- Premenstrual Syndrome
- Bipolar disorder
- General anxiety disorder
- Gender identity disorder, sometimes called gender dysphoria
- Personality disorders such as borderline personality disorder and avoidant personality disorder
- Substance withdrawal
- Body dysmorphic disorder
- Hypoglycemia
"Dysphoria" is also the name of an alternative-rock band based in Alexandria, Virginia. Band members include Kyle Lynn and Blair Hicks.

# Notes
-  Abbess; Alleydog.com.
-  Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 2.2 Read, 2006.
-  Metcalf & Coop, 2005.
Dysplasia

# Overview
Dysplasia (from Greek, roughly: "bad form") is a term used in pathology to refer to an abnormality in maturation of cells within a tissue. This generally consists of an expansion of immature cells, with a corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature cells. Dysplasia is often indicative of an early neoplastic process. The term dysplasia is typically used when the cellular abnormality is restricted to the originating tissue, as in the case of an early, in-situ neoplasm. For example, epithelial dysplasia of the cervix (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia - a disorder commonly detected by an abnormal pap smear) consists of an increased population of immature (basal-like) cells which are restricted to the mucosal surface, and have not invaded through the basement membrane to the deeper soft tissues. Myelodysplastic syndromes, or dysplasia of blood-forming cells, show increased numbers of immature cells in the bone marrow, and a decrease in mature, functional cells in the blood.
Dysplasia, in which cell maturation and differentiation are delayed, can be contrasted with metaplasia, in which cells of one mature, differentiated type are replaced by cells of another mature, differentiated type.

# Dysplasia vs. carcinoma in situ vs. invasive carcinoma
These terms are related since they represent the three steps in the progression of many malignant neoplasms (cancers) of epithelial tissues.
- Dysplasia is the earliest form of pre-cancerous lesion recognizable in a pap smear or in a biopsy by a pathologist. Dysplasia can be low grade or high grade (see "Carcinoma in situ", below). The risk of low grade dysplasia transforming into high grade dysplasia and, eventually, cancer is low. Treatment is usually straightforward. High grade dysplasia represents a more advanced progression towards malignant transformation.
- Carcinoma in situ , meaning 'cancer in place', represents the transformation of a neoplastic lesion to one in which cells undergo essentially no maturation, and thus may be considered cancer-like. In this state, cells have lost their tissue identity and have reverted back to a primitive cell form that grows rapidly and without regulation. However, this form of cancer remains localized, and has not invaded into tissues below the surface.
- Invasive carcinoma is the final step in this sequence. It is a cancer which has invaded beyond the original tissue layer and may be able to spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). Invasive cancer can usually be treated, but not always successfully. However, if left untreated it is almost always fatal.
EC number

# Overview
The Enzyme Commission number (EC number) is a numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the chemical reactions they catalyze.
As a system of enzyme nomenclature, every EC number is associated with a recommended name for the respective enzyme.
Strictly speaking, EC numbers do not specify enzymes, but enzyme-catalyzed reactions. If different enzymes (for instance from different organisms) catalyze the same reaction, then they receive the same EC number. By contrast, UniProt identifiers uniquely specify a protein by its amino acid sequence.

# Format of number
Every enzyme code consists of the letters "EC" followed by four numbers separated by periods. Those numbers represent a progressively finer classification of the enzyme.
For example, the tripeptide aminopeptidases have the code "EC 3.4.11.4", whose components indicate the following groups of enzymes:
- EC 3 enzymes are hydrolases (enzymes that use water to break up some other molecule)
- EC 3.4 are hydrolases that act on peptide bonds
- EC 3.4.11 are those hydrolases that cleave off the amino-terminal amino acid from a polypeptide
- EC 3.4.11.4 are those that cleave off the amino-terminal end from a tripeptide

# Top level codes

# History
The enzyme nomenclature scheme was developed starting in 1955, when the International Congress of Biochemistry in Brussels set up an Enzyme Commission.
The first version was published in 1961.
The current sixth edition, published by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in 1992, contains 3196 different enzymes.
Enolase 2
Gamma-enolase, also known as enolase 2 (ENO2) or neuron specific enolase (NSE), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ENO2 gene. Gamma-enolase is a phosphopyruvate hydratase.
Gamma-enolase is one of the three enolase isoenzymes found in mammals. This isoenzyme, a homodimer, is found in mature neurons and cells of neuronal origin. A switch from alpha enolase to gamma enolase occurs in neural tissue during development in rats and primates.

# Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. 
-  The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

# Utility
Detection of NSE with antibodies can be used to identify neuronal cells and cells with neuroendocrine differentiation. NSE is produced by small cell carcinomas which are neuroendocrine in origin.  NSE is therefore a useful tumor marker for lung cancer patients.
Eagle III
Eagle III is an emergency air and ground transportation program operated by County Rescue Services, in partnership with Bellin Hospital, and St. Vincient Hospital, all in Green Bay, Wisconsin.  Services are provided via ground ambulance, helicopter, turboprop or jet aircraft to and from medical facilities or accident scenes.
The Eagle III rescue helicopter service performs an average of 400 transports a year

# Objectives
The primary mission for Eagle III is emergency air medical services to include scene flights and transport of critically ill or injured patients to facilities with specialized or greater levels of care. In addition to this, Eagle III also provides air support to local law enforcement agencies upon request due to its prime location and ability to rapidly deploy aircraft. Eagle III also flies support missions for the U.S. Secret Service during presidential visits.

# Aircraft
Eagle IIIs primary aircraft is a Eurocopter EC 135 (N135CR) with a  Bell 206 (N396JS) serving as secondary. In the past the Eagle III program has operated a Bell 407 (N407CR) which has been retired, and a Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm Bo 105 (N202LF) which was lost in the 2006 Eagle III accident on April 13 2006. That was the first accident for County Rescue's air ambulance service. The program began in May 1998 with the purchase of the $1.8 million Bell 407 aircraft and construction of a $200,000 hangar and helipad at the Bellevue headquarters.
Ear canal

# Overview
The ear canal (external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus), is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about 26 mm in length and 7 mm in diameter.

# Size and shape
The human ear canal is approximately 26 mm long and 7 mm in diameter. Size and shape of the canal vary among individuals. This is an important factor to consider when fitting hearing protectors.

# Disorders
The ear canal, because of its relative exposure to the outside world, is a common victim of diseases and other disorders. Some disorders include:
- Otitis externa (swimmer's ear), bacteria-caused inflammation of the ear canal
- Contact dermatitis of the ear canal
- Ear fungus
- Ear myiasis, an extremely rare infestation of maggots
- Bone exposure, caused by the wearing away of skin in the canal
- Granuloma, a scar usually caused by tympanostomy tubes
- Stenosis, a gradual closing of the canal
- Foreign body in ear
- Ear mites in animals.
- Cysts of the external auditory meatus
- Epidermal cyst of the external auditory meatus.
- Same cyst of external auditory meatus, magnified.
- Large cyst of the external auditory meatus. 

# Earwax
Earwax, also known as cerumen, is a yellowish, waxy substance secreted in the ear canals. It plays an important role in the human ear canal, assisting in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection from bacteria, fungi, and insects. Excess or impacted cerumen can press against the eardrum and/or occlude the external auditory canal and impair hearing.
Echenacia
Echinacea is a herbal supplement that is supposed to boost the immune system and help calm mood.
The primary constituent responsible for its activity are large sugar molecules called polysaccharides.
Echinacea is a popular natural product all over the world, especially used to treat colds.