Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Rancidification
Rancidification is the decomposition of fats, oils and other lipids by hydrolysis or oxidation, or both. Hydrolysis will split fatty acid chains away from the glycerol backbone in glycerides. These free fatty acids can then undergo further auto-oxidation. Oxidation primarily occurs with unsaturated fats by a free radical-mediated process. These chemical processes can generate highly reactive molecules in rancid foods and oils, which are responsible for producing unpleasant and noxious odors and flavors. These chemical processes may also destroy nutrients in food. Under some conditions, rancidity, and the destruction of vitamins, occurs very quickly.
Antioxidants are often added to fat-containing foods in order to retard the development of rancidity due to oxidation. Natural anti-oxidants include flavonoids, polyphenols, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and tocopherols (vitamin E). Synthetic antioxidants include butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate also known as propyl gallate and ethoxyquin. The natural antioxidants tend to be short-lived, so synthetic antioxidants are used when a longer shelf-life is preferred. The effectiveness of water-soluble antioxidants is limited in preventing direct oxidation within fats, but is valuable in intercepting free-radicals that travel through the watery parts of foods. A combination of water-soluble and fat-soluble antioxidants is ideal, usually in the ratio of fat to water.
In addition, rancidification can be decreased, but not completely eliminated, by storing fats and oils in a cool, dark place with little exposure to oxygen or free-radicals, since heat and light accelerate the rate of reaction of fats with oxygen.
Range of motion

# Overview
Range of motion or (ROM), as used in the biomedical and weightlifting communities, is the measurement of the achievable distance between the flexed position and the extended position of a particular joint or muscle group. The act of attempting to increase this distance through therapeutic exercises (range of motion therapy -- stretching from flexion to extension for physiological gain) is also sometimes called range of motion.
A person who uses a wheelchair may improve the range of motion in their spine, hips, knees and ankles by using a standing frame, if possible. It is necessary that the gain in joint range be accompanied by the gain in function of the muscles which control that particular range of motion.

# Measuring range of motion
As measurement results will vary by the degree of resistance, two levels of range of motion results are recorded in most cases. 
Passive range of motion, where another person, such as a caregiver or therapist, moves the joint.
Active (or manual) range of motion, where the individual moves the joint themselves.
Free active movements - the only resistance is the weight of the limb or body and the force of gravity that it fights. Free active movements are generally performed to increase and retain strength and flexibility.
Resisted active movements - for resistance, weights are added to the limb, a physician, therapist or another person applies pressure, or a stretch band is used. Resisted active movement exercises are used to increase strength and endurance.
A goniometer is used to measure ROM. The segments of a goniometer include the stationary arm, protractor, fulcrum and movement arm. 
Cateogry:Symptom
Ranson criteria

# Overview
Ranson criteria may be used to predict the severity of acute pancreatitis. If the score >=3, severe pancreatitis is likely to be present.

# Ranson Risk Score Calculator

## Ranson criteria for predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis
Ranson criteria was introduced in 1974. It is a clinical prediction rule for predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis. The criteria for point assignment is that a certain breakpoint be met at anytime during that 48 hour period, so that in some situations it can be calculated shortly after admission. It is applicable to both biliary and alcoholic pancreatitis.
function calcScore(){
var score = 0;
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
document.forms.value = score;
if(score <= 2){document.forms.value = "Severe pancreatitis is unlikely; 2% mortality";}
if(score == 3){document.forms.value = "Severe pancreatitis is likely; 15% mortality";}
if(score == 4){document.forms.value = "Severe pancreatitis is likely; 15% mortality";}
if(score == 5){document.forms.value = "Severe pancreatitis is likely; 40% mortality";}
if(score == 6){document.forms.value = "Severe pancreatitis is likely; 40% mortality";}
if(score >= 7){document.forms.value = "Severe pancreatitis is likely; 100% mortality";}

## Interpretation of Ranson criteria for predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis
- Score 0 to 2 : Severe pancreatitis is unlikely; 2% mortality
- Score 3 to 4 : Severe pancreatitis is likely; 15% mortality
- Score 5 to 6 : Severe pancreatitis is likely; 40% mortality
- Score 7 to 8 : Severe pancreatitis is likely; 100% mortality
Raschig process
The Raschig process (named after the German chemist Friedrich Raschig) is a chemical process for producing hydroxylamine (used for making caprolactam for nylon manufacture). The process converts ammonium carbonate to ammonium nitrite, and this is converted to hydroxylamine disulfonate and thence to hydroxylamine sulfate.
Another similarly named process is the Raschig-Hooker process, an industrial process to create phenol.  It is done by the hydrolysis of chlorobenzene. Hydrazine is produced in the Olin Raschig process.
The Olin Raschig process is an industrial process used to produce hydrazine and developed by the Olin Corporation. Sodium hypochlorite solution is mixed with ammonia at 5 C to form chloramine and sodium hydroxide, which is then rapidly added to anhydrous ammonia under pressure and heated to 130 C to generate hydrazine, water and sodium chloride (waste product). Ammonia is used in a 33 fold excess.
Raymond Gosling
Raymond Gosling (born 1926) is a distinguished scientist who worked with both Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin at King's College London in deducing the structure of DNA, under the direction of Sir John Randall.

# Early years
He was born in 1926 and attended school in Wembley. He studied physics at University College London from 1944 to 1947 and became a hospital physicist at the Kings Fund and Middlesex Hospital between 1947 and 1949 before joining King's College London as a research student.  

# Work at King's and DNA
At Kings College London, Gosling worked on X-ray diffraction with Maurice Wilkins, analysing samples of DNA which they prepared by hydrating and drawing out into thin filaments and photographing in a hydrogen atmosphere.
Gosling was then assigned to Rosalind Franklin when she joined Kings College London in 1951. Together they produced the first X-ray diffraction photographs of the "form B" paracrystalline arrays of highly hydrated DNA. She was his academic supervisor. During the next two years, the pair worked closely together to perfect the technique of x-ray diffraction photography of DNA and obtained at the time the sharpest diffraction images of DNA. This work led directly to the 1962 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine being awarded to Francis Crick, James D. Watson and Maurice Wilkins. Gosling was the co-author with Franklin of one of the three papers published in "Nature" in April 1953. 
Gosling briefly remained at Kings College London following the completion of his thesis in 1954 before lecturing in physics at Queens College, University of St Andrews, and at the University of the West Indies

# Work at Guy's Hospital
He returned to the UK in 1967 and became Lecturer and Reader at Guy's Hospital Medical School, and Professor and Emeritus Professor in Physics Applied to Medicine from 1984. Here he helped develop the underlying basic medical science and technology for haemodynamic doppler ultrasound vascular assessment in the Non Invasive Angiology Group, and set up the clinical Ultrasonic Angiology Unit.   
Gosling has served on numerous committees of the University of London, notably relating to radiological science, and still retains an active professional involvement in medical physics.
Red ribbon week
Red Ribbon Week is a United States initiative of prevention and education about the dangers of drugs and alcohol.  During this week in October, students all over the country make pledges to live drug and alcohol free.
Red Ribbon Week is the most far-reaching and well-known drug prevention event in America. The National Family Partnership, which coordinates Red Ribbon activities nationally, estimates that over 80 million Americans participate in Red Ribbon events.
The first Red Ribbon Celebration was organized in 1986 by an organization of parents concerned about the destruction caused by alcohol and drug abuse. The red ribbon was adopted as a symbol of the movement in honor of Enrique Kiki Camarena, an agent with the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration who was kidnapped and killed while investigating drug traffickers. The campaign has reached millions of children and has been recognized by the U.S. Congress.
Many children in schools are given red ribbons to wear, usually saying a drug-free motto.
Red Ribbon Week usually occurs in the last week of October each year.
Nancy Reagan came up with the idea of Red Ribbon Week and put it into action.
Redox signaling
Redox signaling is the concept that free radicals, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and other electronically-activated species act as messengers in biological systems.

# History
The concept of electronically-activated species as messengers in both normal metabolism and in pathogenesis goes back to the 19th century.  E.g., the biological pigment melanin is a stable free radical. Charles Darwin noted that white blue-eyed cats are usually deaf and that this may be secondary to some defect in neuronal development secondary to the absence of melanin pigment. Similarly, it has been known for centuries that radical-generating transition-series metals such as interocular copper or iron may produce massive vitreous fibrosis (scarring) as they oxidize. We now know that reactive oxygen species likely play a key role in fibrocyte activation.
Similarly,  the "Adrenochrome Hypothesis" of Abram Hoffer and Humphry Osmond for the causation of schizophrenia involves the radical oxidation of the neurotransmitter epinephrine to the psychoactive compound adrenochrome.
Reference range
In health-related fields, a reference range is a set of values of some measurement that a physician or other health professional can use to interpret a set of results for a particular patient.

# Explanation
It is commonly referred to as the normal range or normal values. This term should be discouraged as not everyone outside the range is abnormal, and people who have a particular condition may still fall within this range.
A reference range for a particular test or measurement, is usually defined as the values that 95% (or 2 standard deviations) of the population fall into. It relies on the fact that for many biological phenomena, there is a normal distribution of values.
For some types of investigations, there may not be a normal distribution. There could be a bimodal distribution, often caused by difference values in males and females. Or it may change with age, (such as prostate specific antigen). There may also be another distribution such as log-normal distribution, where a mathematical function can be applied to correct it.
A good test (or measurement) in the diagnosis of a disease will have a clear distinction between the ranges for normal and the ranges for diseased individuals.

# A graphical illustration
Related changes

# Overview
The Related changes feature lists all recent changes (before MediaWiki 1.5: only the last) in each article linked to from the current page, but not more than the number specified in the preferences. Its header is "Related changes" with subheader "(to pages linked from "xxx")".
As in Recent Changes and Enhanced Recent Changes, watched pages are bolded.
This feature can be used to set up custom watchlist-like functionality.  It behaves like a watchlist, which would contain every page to which the current page linked. However, Related Changes do not automatically include talk pages; for the talk pages to be automatically included, the page to which Related Changes is applied has to link to these pages.

# Options
The option "Hide minor edits" that can be set in the preferences applies to Related Changes.
See also hide minor edits.

# Caveats
Note that for links to redirects, only a change in the redirect is given, not a change in the target article. In this regard a direct link to the target article is superior.
The "Related changes" feature does notlists changes in images, sound files or image description pages (regardless of which of the three linking methods (image, :image or media)) is used.
When applying the feature to a subpage, the automatic link to the parent page is ignored, i.e., changes in the parent page are not listed unless there is also an explicit link to it.
Renaissance Wax
Renaissance Wax is a wax polish that is widely encountered in antique restoration and museum curation. Although not appropriate for all materials, it is known to and used by almost every collection. It is also used as a primary finish for cabinetry and furniture.
To quote a typical commercial supplier of conservation materials, it is used, to revive and protect valuable furniture, leather, paintings, metals, marble, onyx, ivory etc. Freshens colours and imparts a soft sheen.
Wax coatings for conservation are most widely, and least controversially, applied to metals. This has several objectives: to produce a barrier that excludes moisture and oxygen from the metal surface, to ensure against further introduction of contaminating elements by handling, and to provide a protective layer over anti-corrosion undercoatings.
Waxes should not be applied to materials with deliberately loose or powdery surfaces.

# Use
The wax is evenly and lightly applied over the surface, then lightly buffed with a smooth lint-free cloth to give a sheen. Where the shape of the item requires, a brush may be used instead.
Obviously the application technique and tools must be appropriate to any specific needs of the item being treated.

## Application over other coatings
For the conservation of red rot in leather bookbindings, it is commonplace to first consolidate the leather by application of Klucel G or similar, then to apply a protective coating of Renaissance Wax.
Conservation of metals may also use an undercoat such as Incralac, then Renaissance Wax over this.

# Formulation
Renaissance Wax was originally formulated in the British Museum research laboratories in the early 1950's. It is now manufactured solely by Picreator Enterprises Ltd. 
Earlier wax polishes based on beeswax and carnauba wax either contained acids or became acidic over time. Renaissance Wax was based on more stable microcrystalline waxes refined from crude oil. 
Renaissance Wax also contains polyethylene waxes. Some other microcrystalline waxes intended for conservation use (e.g. Cosmolloid 80H) do not contain these.
The formulation is: 
Melt together and pour into 300ml of a high flash point hydrocarbon solvent, then stir constantly until cool.
Another similar formulation, giving a harder coating, can also be made: 
Melt together and pour into the solvent, then stir while cooling and add further quantities of white spirit to produce a suitable consistency.

# Controversy over its use
Wax coatings are known to be susceptible to accumulations of dust and lint. They may also obscure some fine detail.
Although Renaissance Wax is generally agreed to be a useful and stable material for conservation work, this view is not without some reservations. Owing to the polyethylene wax content, some authors have reported problems in removing it.
Renal corpuscle

# Overview
In the kidney, a renal corpuscle is the initial blood-filtering component of a nephron.  It consists of two structures: a glomerulus and a Bowman's capsule.  The glomerulus is a small tuft of capillaries containing two cell types.  Endothelial cells, which have large fenestrae, are not covered by diaphragms.  Mesangial cells are modified smooth muscle cells that lie between the capillaries and the glomerulus.  They regulate blood flow by their contractile activity and secrete extracellular matrix, prostaglandins, and cytokines.  Mesangial cells also have phagocytic activity, removing proteins and other molecules trapped in the glomerular basement membrane or filtration barrier.  The Bowman's capsule has an outer parietal layer composed of simple squamous epithelium.  The visceral layer, composed of modified simple squamous epithelium, is lined by podocytes.  Podocytes have foot processes, pedicels, that wrap around glomerular capillaries.  These pedicels interdigitate with pedicels of adjacent podocytes forming filtration slits.
The renal corpuscle filtration barrier is composed of: the fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries, the fused basal lamina of endothelial cells and podocytes, and the filtration slits of the podocytes.  This barrier permits passage of water, ions, and small molecules from the bloodstream into Bowman's space (the space between the visceral and parietal layers).  Large and/or negatively charged proteins are prevented from passing into Bowman's space, thus retaining these proteins in the circulation.  The basal lamina is composed of 3 layers: lamina rara externa, lamina densa, and lamina rara interna.  The lamina rara externa is adjacent to the podocyte processes.  The lamina densa is the central layer consisting of type IV collagen and laminin.  This layer acts as a  selective macromolecular filter, preventing the passage of large protein molecules into Bowman's space.  The lamina rara intena is adjacent to endothelial cells.  This layer contains heparan sulfate, a negatively charged glycosaminoglycan that contributes to the electrostatic barrier of the glomerular filter.
There are two poles in the renal corpuscle, a vascular pole, and a urinary pole.  The vascular pole is where the afferent and efferent arterioles communicate with the glomerulus.  The urinary pore is where the corpuscle opens into the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule.
Fluid from blood in the glomerulus is collected in the Bowman's capsule to form "glomerular filtrate", which is then further processed along the nephron to form urine.

# Eponym
A renal corpuscle is also known as a Malpighian corpuscle, named after Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694), an Italian physician and biologist.  This name is not used widely anymore, probably to avoid confusion with a Malpighian corpuscle in the spleen.

# Additional images
- Glomerulus.
Resistive index

# Overview
The arterial resistivity index (RI) is a measure of pulsatile blood flow that reflects the resistance to blood flow caused by microvascular bed distal to the site of measurement. A resistive index of 0 corresponds to continuous flow; a resistive index of 1 corresponds to systolic but no diastolic flow; and a resistive index greater than 1 corresponds to reversed diastolic flow.
Formula = (Peak systolic velocity - End diastolic velocity) / Peak systolic velocity
The RI is altered not by vascular resistance alone but by the combination of vascular resistance and vascular compliance.
Rosa centifolia
Rosa  centifolia (lit. hundred leaved/petaled rose; syn. R. gallica var. centifolia (L.) Regel), the provence rose or cabbage rose or Rose de Mai is a hybrid rose developed by Dutch rose breeders in the period between the 1600s and the 1800s, possibly earlier. It is a complex hybrid bred from Rosa gallica, Rosa moschata, Rosa canina, and Rosa damascena (Huxley 1992); its exact hereditary history is not well documented.
Individual plants are shrubby in appearance, growing to 1.5-2 m tall, with long drooping canes and greyish green pinnate leaves with 5-7 leaflets. The flowers are round and globular, with numerous thin overlapping petals that are highly scented; they are usually pink, less often white to dark red-purple.

## Cultivation and uses
R.  centifolia is particular to the French city of Grasse, known as the perfume capital of the world.  It is widely cultivated for its singular fragrance -- clear and sweet, with light notes of honey and green earth. The flowers are commercially harvested for the production of rose oil, which is commonly used in perfumery.
Sylvia Plath mentions the cabbage rose in many of her earlier poems, such as The Thin People.

# References and external links
- Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan.
- Plants for a Future: Rosa centifolia
- Centifolia: The Hundred-Petalled Rose
- Grasse: Villages Beyond Provence
de:Rosa centifolia
Roxan (protein)
RoXaN  (Rotavirus 'X'-associated non-structural protein) also known as ZC3H7B (zinc finger CCCH-type containing 7B), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZC3H7B gene. RoXaN is a protein that contains tetratricopeptide repeat and leucine-aspartate repeat as well as zinc finger domains. This protein also interacts with the rotavirus non-structural protein NSP3.

# Function
Rotavirus mRNAs are capped but not polyadenylated, and viral proteins are translated by the cellular translation machinery. This is accomplished through the action of the viral Nonstructural Protein NSP3 which specifically binds the 3' consensus sequence of viral mRNAs and interacts with the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4G I.
RoXaN (rotavirus X protein associated with NSP3) is 110-kDa cellular protein that contains a minimum of three regions predicted to be involved in proteinprotein or nucleic acidprotein interactions. A tetratricopeptide repeat region, a proteinprotein interaction domain most often found in multiprotein complexes, is present in the amino-terminal region. In the carboxy terminus, at least five zinc finger motifs are observed, further suggesting the capacity of RoXaN to bind other proteins or nucleic acids. Between these two regions exists a paxillin leucine-aspartate repeat (LD) motif which is involved in proteinprotein interactions.

# Clinical significance
RoXaN is capable of interacting with NSP3 in vivo and during rotavirus infection. Domains of interaction correspond to the dimerization domain of NSP3 (amino acids 163 to 237) and the LD domain of RoXaN (amino acids 244 to 341). The interaction between NSP3 and RoXaN does not impair the interaction between NSP3 and eIF4G I, and a ternary complex made of NSP3, RoXaN, and eIF4G I can be detected in rotavirus-infected cells, implicating RoXaN in translation regulation.
Expression of RoXaN was found to be correlated with a higher tumor grad in GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumors).