Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Adrenal medulla

# Overview
The adrenal medulla is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex.

# Function
Composed mainly of hormone-producing chromaffin cells, the adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and dopamine.
In response to stressors such as exercise or imminent danger, medullary cells release catecholamines into the blood in an 85:15 ratio of adrenaline to noradrenaline.
Notable effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline include increased heart rate and blood pressure, blood vessel constriction, bronchiole dilation, and increased metabolism, all of which are characteristic of the fight-or-flight response. Release of catecholamines is stimulated by nerve impulses, and receptors for catecholamines are widely distributed throughout the body.

# Origin
Medullary cells are derived from the embryonic neural crest and, as such, are simply modified neurons.
In particular, they are modified postganglionic cells of the sympathetic nervous system that have lost their axons and dendrites, receiving innervation from corresponding preganglionic fibers.
Moreover, as the synapses between pre- and postganglionic fibers are called ganglia, the adrenal medulla is actually a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system.

# Pathology
Neoplasms including:
- Pheochromocytoma (most common) a catecholamine-secreting tumor of the adrenal medulla
- Neuroblastoma a neuroendocrine tumor of any neural crest tissue of the sympathetic nervous system
- Ganglioneuroma a tumor in the nerve cells of the peripheral nervous system
Aggregatibacter

# Overview
Aggregatibacter is a genus in the phylum Proteobacteria (Bacteria), which contains three species, namely:
- A. actinomycetemcomitans ( (Klinger 1912) Nrskov-Lauritsen and Kilian 2006,  (type species of the genus); Greek noun aktis, aktinos (, ), a beam; Greek mukes -etos, mushroom or other fungus; New Latin actinomyces -etis, an actinomycete; Latin comitans, accompanying; New Latin actinomycetemcomitans, accompanying an actinomycete)
- A. aphrophilus (Khairat 1940) Nrskov-Lauritsen and Kilian 2006, Ancient Greek aphros, foam; New Latin philus from Greek philos () meaning friend, loving; New Latin aphrophilus, foam-loving)
- A. segnis (Kilian 1977) Nrskov-Lauritsen and Kilian 2006,Latin segnis, slow, sluggish, inactive)

# Medical Therapy
- 1. Endocarditis
- 1.1 Adults
- Preferred regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 2 g/day TV/IM q24h for 4 weeks
- Preferred regimen (2): Ampicillin-sulbactam 12 g/day TV q6h for 4 weeks
- Preferred regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 1000 mg PO q24h OR 800 mg/day IV q12h for 4 weeks
- 1.2 Pediatrics
- Preferred regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/day TV/IM q24h for 4 weeks
- Preferred regimen (2): Ampicillin-sulbactam 300 mg/kg/day TV q6h/q4h for 4 weeks
- Preferred regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 20-30 mg/kg/day IV/PO bid for 4 weeks
- Note (1): Floroquinolone therapy recommended for patients unable to tolerate Cephalosporin and ampicillin thearpy
- Note (2): For patients < 18 years, Flourouinolones are generally not recommended
- Note (3): For patients with endocarditis involving the prosthetic cardiac valve or other prosthetic cardiac material should be treated for 6 weeks
- 2. Abscess 
- Note: The small number of patients reported and the variety of antibiotics used, do not permit identification of the optimal therapeutic regimen for this organism.
Albizia lebbeck
Albizia lebbeck is a species of Albizia, native to tropical southern Asia, and widely cultivated and naturalised in other tropical and subtropical regions. English names for it include Lebbeck, Lebbek Tree, Frywood, Siris, Koko, and Woman's-tongue-tree.
It is a tree growing to a height of 18-30 m tall with a trunk 50 cm to 1 m in diameter. The leaves are bipinnate, 7.515 cm long, with one to four pairs of pinnae, each pinna with 618 leaflets. The flowers are white, with numerous 2.53.8 cm long stamens, and very fragrant. The fruit is a pod 15-30 cm long and 2.5-5.0 cm broad, containing six to twelve seeds.

# Uses
Its uses include environmental management, forage, medicine and wood.
It is cultivated as a shade tree in North and South America.  In India, the tree is used to produce timber. The bark is used medicinally to treat inflammation.

## Traditional medicine
The tree is used as an astringent, to treat boils, cough, to treat the eye, flu, gingivitis, lung problems, pectoral problems, is used as a tonic, and is used to treat abdominal tumors.  Albizia lebbeck is also psychoactive.

## Wood
Wood from Albizia lebbeck has a density of 0.55-0.66 g/cm3 or higher.
Albrecht Kossel

# Overview
Ludwig Karl Martin Leonhard Albrecht Kossel (September 16, 1853  July 5, 1927) was a German medical doctor.

# Biography
Kossel was born in Rostock as the son of Prussian consul Albrecht Kossel and his wife Clara. In 1872, Kossel went to the University of Strasbourg to study medicine, where he visited lectures of Anton de Bary, Waldeyer, Kundt, Baeyer and Felix Hoppe-Seyler. He graduated in 1878 at the University of Rostock.
Kossel was awarded the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for research in cell biology, especially proteins and nucleic acids. He also discovered the amino acid histidine (1896), thymic acid and agmatine (1910).
Kossel's field of work was physiological chemistry, especially the chemistry of tissues and cells. He began his investigations into the constitution of the cell nucleus at the end of 1880, and in the nineties he began his investigations of proteins, the alterations in proteins during transformation into peptone, the effects of a phenetol diet on the urine, the peptonic components of the cells. In 1896 he discovered histidine, then worked out the classical method for the quantitaive separation of the hexone bases. With his distinguished English pupil Henry Drysdale Dakin he investigated arginase, the ferment which hydrolyses arginine into urea and ornithine, and later he discovered agmatine in herring roe and devised a method for preparing it.
One of Kossel's students was American biochemist Edwin B. Hart, who would later return to the United States to participate in the "Single-grain experiment" (1907-1911) and be part of research teams that would determine the nutritive causes of anemia and goiter.
Kossel had one daughter and one son, Walther (1888-1956), who was a prominent Professor of Theoretical Physics at Danzig Institute of Technology (1932-1945).

# Selected works
- Untersuchungen uber die Nukleine und ihre Spaltungsprodukte ("Investigations into the nucleins and their cleavage products", 1881)
- Die Gewebe des menschlichen Korpers und ihre mikroskopische Untersuchung ("The tissues in the human body and their microscopic investigation", 1889-1891)
- Leitfaden fur medizinisch-chemische Kurse ("Textbook for medical-chemical courses", 1888)
- Die Probleme der Biochemie ("The problems of biochemistry", 1908
- Die Beziehungen der Chemie zur Physiologie ("The relationships between chemistry and physiology", 1913)
Allostatic load
The physiological costs of chronic exposure to the neural or neuroendocrine stress response. Allostatic load specifically refers to a composite index of indicators of cumulative strain on multiple organs and tissues which accumulates via the wear and tear associated with acute shifts in physiologic activity in response to negative stimuli.
Adaptation in the face of stressful situations and stimuli involves activation of neural, neuroendocrine and neuroendocrine-immune mechanisms. This adaptation has been called "allostasis" or "maintaining stability through change", which is an essential component of maintaining homeostasis. The main hormonal mediators of the stress response, cortisol and adrenalin, have both protective and damaging effects on the body. In the short run, they are essential for adaptation, maintenance of homeostasis, and survival allostasis. Yet, over longer time intervals, when called upon frequently, they exact a cost allostatic load that can accelerate disease processes. Allostatic load can be measured in physiological systems as chemical imbalances in autonomic nervous system, central nervous system, neuroendocrine, and immune system activity as well as perturbations in the diurnal rhythms, and, in some cases, plasticity changes to brain structures. 
Four conditions that lead to allostatic load are: 1) Repeated frequency of stress responses to multiple novel stressors; 2) Failure to habituate to repeated stressors of the same kind; 3) Failure to turn off each stress response in a timely manner due to delayed shut down; and 4) Inadequate response that leads to compensatory hyperactivity of other mediators.
The effects of these forms of dysfunctional allostasis cause allostatic load and this in turn leads over time to diseases. Allostatic load effects can be measured in the body. When tabulated in the form of allostatic load indices using sophisticated analytical methods, it gives an indication of cumulative lifetime effects of all types of stress on  the body.
Alpinia galanga
Alpinia galanga, a plant in the ginger family, is an herb used in cooking, especially in Indonesian cuisine and Thai cuisine. It is one of four plants known as galangal, and is differentiated from the others with the common name greater galangal. The galangals are also called blue ginger or Thai ginger.
The plant grows from rhizomes in clumps of stiff stalks up to two meters in height with abundant long leaves which bears red fruit. It is native to South Asia and Indonesia. It is cultivated in Malaysia, Laos, and Thailand. A. galanga is the galangal used most often in cookery. The robust rhizome has a sharp, sweet taste and smells like a blend of black pepper and pine needles. The red fruit is used in traditional Chinese medicine and has a flavor similar to cardamom.
The rhizome is a common ingredient in Thai soups and curries, where is used fresh in chunks or thin slices, mashed and mixed into curry paste, or dried and powdered. Indonesian rendang is usually spiced with galangal. Greater galangal is used in Russia as a flavoring for beverages, including a liqueur called nastoika.
A. galanga is also known as Chewing John, Little John Chew and galanga root. Under these names, it is used in folk medicine and in voodoo charms (see John the Conqueror for related lore).
Althaea (genus)
Althaea is a genus of 6-12 species of perennial herbs, including the marshmallow plant whence the confection got its name, native to Europe and western Asia. They are found on the banks of rivers and in salt marshes, preferring moist, sandy soils. The stems grow to 1-2 m tall, and flower in mid summer. The leaves are palmately lobed with 3-7 lobes. Althaea species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Bucculatrix quadrigemina.
The genus formerly included a number of additional species now treated in the genus Alcea (Hollyhocks).
The root contains starch (37%), mucilage (11%), pectin (11%), flavonoids, phenolic acids, sucrose, and asparagine.

# Uses
In herbalism mallow is used as a gargle to treat mouth and throat ulcers.  It is also useful for gastric ulcers.
The flowers and young leaves can be eaten.  They are often added to salads or boiled and fried.  They are also used in cosmetics for the skin.
The root has been used since Egyptian antiquity in a honey-sweetened confection useful in the treatment of sore throat.  The later French version of the recipe, called pate de guimauve, included an eggwhite meringue and was often flavored with rose water. Pate de guimauve more closely resembles contemporary commercially available marshmallows, which ironically no longer contain any actual marshmallow.
Amanita gemmata
The gemmed mushroom (Amanita gemmata) is a mushroom of the genus Amanita, a genus of fungi including some of the most deadly mushrooms, as well as notably psychedelic mushrooms. A. gemmata resembles the false death cap, tawny grisette and panther cap mushrooms. Its pileus (cap) is a more bright color than in the former and more yellow than that of the latter two.
The cap is 37 cm (1-3 inches) in diameter, domed in young and flat in old specimens. It is pale yellow in dry weather, becoming a bright corn color, lighter towards the furrowed margin, and somewhat slimy in high humidity. There are few and rather large flakes of the white velum present. The gills are white , as is the stipe (stem). The lower end of the latter is usually thickened, but does not feature a prominent sheath as found in the death cap.
The gemmed mushroom occurs in forest. It favors sandy and slightly acidic soild and often forms mycorrhiza with rootlets of the Norway Spruce (Picea abies). In Central Europe, it is found between June and October and in California it is found in December.
Two recent molecular studies show that Amanita gemmata is part of a subgroup within Amanita with its close relatives the fly agaric (Amanita muscaria), A. farinosa and A. roseitincta.
Amanita gemmata is a hallucinogenic mushroom which contains ibotenic acid and muscimol.
Amyloid purpura
Amyloid purpura is a condition marked by bleeding under the skin (purpura) in some individuals with amyloidosis. Its cause is unknown, but coagulation defects caused by amyloid are thought to contribute.

# Cause
The precise cause of amyloid purpura is unknown, but several mechanisms are thought to contribute. One may be a decrease in the level of circulating factor X, a clotting factor necessary for coagulation. The proposed mechanism for this decrease in factor X is that circulating amyloid fibrils bind and inactivate factor X. Another contributing factor may be enhanced fibrinolysis, the breakdown of clots. Subendothelial deposits of amyloid may weaken blood vessels and lead to the extravasation of blood. Amyloid deposits in the gastrointestinal tract and liver may also play a role in the development of amyloid purpura.

# Distribution
Amyloid purpura usually occurs in the webbing of the neck and in the face.

# Epidemiology
Amyloid purpura affects a minority of individuals with amyloidosis. For example, purpura is present early in the disease in approximately 15% of patients with primary systemic amyloidosis.
Androgenic hair
Androgenic hair, colloquially Body hair, is the terminal hair on the human body developed during and after puberty. It is differentiated from the head hair and less visible vellus hair. Androgenic denotes its growth is related to the level of androgens (male hormones) in the individual. Due to a normally higher level of androgens, men tend to have more androgenic hair than women.
From childhood onward, regardless of sex, vellus hair covers the entire human body. Exceptions include the lips, the backs of the ears, the palms of hands, the soles of the  feet, certain external genital areas, the navel and scar tissue. The density of  hair (hair follicles per square centimeter) varies from one person to another.

# Development and growth
Rising levels of androgens during puberty cause vellus hair to transform into terminal hair over many areas of the body. Hair follicles respond to androgens, primarily testosterone and its derivatives. Different areas respond with different sensitivities. The rate of hair growth and the weight of the hairs increase. The sequence of appearance of androgenic hair reflects the gradations of androgen sensitivity. Since the pubic area is most sensitive, heavier hair usually grows there first. Generic factors determine individual levels of androgens and thus hair development.
Most noticeable in both sexes are the development of axillary hair and pubic hair. Thus it is sometimes viewed as a secondary sex characteristic. There is a sexual differentiation in the amount and distribution of androgenic hair, with males having more terminal hair in more areas. This includes facial hair, chest hair, abdominal hair, leg and arm hair. Females retain more of the less visible vellus hair, though leg and arm hair is noticiable.

# Evolution
Evolutionary and genetic evidence suggests human androgenic hair is the remnant of body hair of the type found on today's great apes. Full-on body hair phased out in the course of human evolution roughly 2-3 million years ago. Loss of body hair is related to several unique aspects of human evolution.  Homo Erectus, and later pre-modern humans, began relying on sweating for thermoregulation instead of insulating hair. Because of the intensity of sunlight, and harmful ultraviolet radiation, loss of hair put positive selective pressures on development of protective dark skin colour. Based on the numbers and spread of variations in the MC1R nucleotide sequences between humans and chimpanzees, modern hair patterns were seen by 1.2 million years ago. However, hair densities and patterns on humans differ for populations in differing climes.
de:Korperbehaarung
nl:Lichaamsbeharing
Androstenedione
Androstenedione (also known as 4-androstenedione) is a 19-carbon steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and the gonads as an intermediate step in the biochemical pathway that produces the androgen testosterone and the estrogens estrone and estradiol.

# Synthesis
the common precursor of male and female sex hormones. Some androstenedione is also secreted into the plasma, and may be converted in peripheral tissues to testosterone and estrogens.
Androstenedione originates either from the conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone or from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It is further converted to either testosterone or estrone.
The production of adrenal androstenedione is governed by ACTH, while production of gonadal androstenedione is under control by gonadotropins. In premenopausal women the adrenal glands and ovaries each produce about half of the total androstendione (about 3 mg/day). After menopause 
androstenedione production is about halved, primarily due to the reduction of steroid secreted by the ovary. Nevertheless, androstenedione is the principal steroid produced by the postmenopausal ovary.

# Androstenedione as a supplement
Androstenedione was manufactured as a dietary supplement, often called andro (or andros) for short.  Andro was in common use in Major League Baseball throughout the 1990s by record breaking sluggers like Mark McGwire, but it is unknown (and unknowable) to what extent andro was responsible for McGwire's exceptional performance. The supplement is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and hence from the Olympic Games.
On March 12, 2004, the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 2004 was introduced into the United States Senate.  It amended the Controlled Substance Act to place both anabolic steroids and prohormones on a list of controlled substances, making possession of the banned substances a federal crime.  The law took effect on January 20, 2005.
On April 11, 2004, the United States Food and Drug Administration banned the sale of Andro, citing that the drug poses significant health risks commonly associated with steroids.

## Conversion to estrone
Because androstenedione is converted in part to estrogens, persons taking this supplement may have estrogenic side effects. A visible problem could be gynecomastia (formation of breast tissue) in males.

# Additional images
- Steroidogenesis
- Conversion of Androstendione to Estrone
- Dehydroepiandrosterone
- 17-Hydroxyprogesterone
- Testosterone
- Estrone
Diatrizoic acid

# Overview
Diatrizoic acid (or its anionic form, Diatrizoate), also known as amidotrizoic acid, or 3,5-Diacetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid, is an iodine-containing radiocontrast agent.  It is also used to kill tapeworms.
Diatrizoate is considered a high-osmolality contrast agent. Its osmolality ranges from approximately 1500 mOsm/kg (50% solution) to over 2000 mOsm/kg (76% solution).

# Administration
- It is given intravenously (under brand name Hypaque, GE Healthcare) to enhance contrast in computed tomography, to image the kidneys and related structures, and to image blood vessels.
- It is given orally or by enema (Gastrografin, Gastrovist, Gastrovision, MD-Gastroview) to image the gastrointestinal tract.
- It is given by Foley catheter (Cystografin) to image the urinary tract

# Contraindications
A history of sensitivity to iodine is not a contraindication to using diatrizoate, although it suggests caution in use of the agent.
Aniline Blue WS
Aniline Blue WS, also called aniline blue, China blue, or Soluble blue, is a mixture of methyl blue and water blue. It may also be either one of them.
Aniline blue or its constituents are used to stain collagen, as the fibre stain in Masson's trichrome.
It can be used in the Mallory's connective tissue stain and Gomori's one-step trichrome stain. It is used in differential staining.
Anitschkow cell
In pathology, Anitschkow (or Anichkov) cells are cells associated with, and pathognomonic for, rheumatic heart disease.
They are also called caterpillar cells, as these cells have a large amount of clear cytoplasm surrounding a rod-shaped nucleus that to some resembles a caterpillar. Anitschkow cells are enlarged macrophages found within granulomas (called Aschoff bodies) associated with the disease.
Larger Anitschkow cells may coalesce to form multinucleated Aschoff giant cells.

# Etymology
Anitschkow cells were named after the Russian pathologist Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Anitschkow.
Nominal aphasia

# Overview
Nominal aphasia, a variety of anomic aphasia, is a form of aphasia (loss of language capability caused by brain damage) in which the subject has difficulty remembering or recognizing names which the subject should know well.  The subject speaks fluently and grammatically, and has normal comprehension; the only deficit is trouble with "word finding," that is, finding appropriate words for what they mean to say.
Subjects often use circumlocutions (speaking in a roundabout way) in order to express a certain word for which they cannot remember the name.  Sometimes the subject can recall the name when given clues. Sufferers are often frustrated when they know they know the name, but cannot produce it.
Sometimes subjects may know what to do with an object, but still not be able to give a name to the object. A subject is shown an orange, and asked what it is called. The subject may be well aware that the object can be peeled and eaten, and may be able to demonstrate this by actions or even verbal responses.  Whether such a subject could name the color of the orange is unknown.    Responses may differ depending on whether objects are shown in the right or left hand side of the visual field.
Anomia is caused by damage to various parts of the parietal lobe or the temporal lobe of the brain.  This type of phenomenon can be quite complex, and usually involves a breakdown in one or more pathways between regions in the brain.
"Averbia" is a specific type of anomia in which the subject has trouble remembering only verbs.  This is caused by damage to the frontal cortex, in or near Broca's area.
Another type of anomia is "color anomia", where the patient can distinguish between colors but cannot identify them by name.