Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Janus kinase 2
Janus kinase 2 (commonly called JAK2) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase. It is a member of the Janus kinase family and has been implicated in signaling by members of the type II cytokine receptor family (e.g. interferon receptors), the GM-CSF receptor family (IL-3R, IL-5R and GM-CSF-R), the gp130 receptor family (e.g., IL-6R), and the single chain receptors (e.g. Epo-R, Tpo-R, GH-R, PRL-R).
The distinguishing feature between janus kinase 2 and other JAK kinases is the lack of Src homology binding domains (SH2/SH3) and the presence of up to seven JAK homology domains (JH1-JH7). Nonetheless the terminal JH domains retain a high level of homology to tyrosine kinase domains.  An interesting note is that only one of these carboxy-terminal JH domains retains full kinase function (JH1) while the other (JH2), previously thought to have no kinase functionality and accordingly termed a pseudokinase domain, has since been found to be catalytically active, albeit at only 10% that of the JH1 domain.
Loss of Jak2 is lethal by embryonic day 12 in mice.
JAK2 orthologs  have been identified in all mammals for which complete genome data are available.

# Clinical significance
JAK2 gene fusions with the TEL(ETV6) (TEL-JAK2) and PCM1 genes have been found in patients suffering leukemia, particularly clonal eosinophilia forms of the disease. Jak - 2 kinase mutations were found to have a high correlation with abnormal heart defects in those of Southeast Asian descent carrying the PYFA gene.
Mutations in JAK2 have been implicated in polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and myelofibrosis as well as other myeloproliferative disorders. This mutation (V617F), a change of valine to phenylalanine at the 617 position, appears to render hematopoietic cells more sensitive to growth factors such as erythropoietin and thrombopoietin, because the receptors for these growth factors require JAK2 for signal transduction. An inhibitor of JAK2-STAT5, AZD1480, was pointed as having activity in primary and CRPC.
Jak2 mutation, when demonstrable, is one of the methods of diagnosing polycythemia vera.

# Interactions
Janus kinase 2 has been shown to interact with:
- DNAJA3,
- EGFR,
- EPOR,
- FYN,
- Grb2,
- GHR,
- IRS1,
- IL12RB2,
- IL5RA,
- PIK3R1,
- PPP2R4,
- PTK2,
- PTPN11,
- PTPN6,
- PRMT5,
- SH2B1,
- SHC1,
- SOCS3,
- STAT5A,
- STAT5B,
- STAM,
- SOCS1,
- TEC,
- TNFRSF1A,
- VAV1,  and
- YES1.
Prolactin signals through JAK2 are dependent on STAT5, and on the RUSH transcription factors.
Jean Lhermitte

# Overview
For the Navy officer, see Jean-Marthe-Adrien l'Hermite
Jacques Jean Lhermitte (/lrmit/) (January 20, 1877  1959) was a French neurologist and neuropsychiatrist.
He was born in Mont-Saint-Pere, Aisne, son of Leon Augustin Lhermitte, a French realist painter. Following his early education at Saint-Etienne, he studied in Paris and graduated in medicine in 1907. He specialised in neurology and became Chef-de-clinique (resident) for nervous diseases in 1908, Chef de laboratoire in 1910, and professeur agrege for psychiatry 1922. He later became Medecin des Hopitaux at the "Hospice Paul Brousse", head of the foundation "Dejerine", and clinical director at the Salpetriere Hospital.
During World War I he studied spinal injuries and became interested in neuropsychiatry. This led to publications on visual hallucinations of the self. A deeply religious man, he explored the common territory between theology and medicine, and this led to interesting studies on demoniacal possession and stigmatisation.
Lhermitte was a noted clinical neurologist, and a number of medically relevant eponyms bear his name:
- Lhermitte's sign: Flexion of the neck in patients with multiple sclerosis produces electric shock-like sensations that extend down the spine and may shoot into the limbs.
- Lhermitte's peduncular hallucinosis: Purely visual hallucinations recognized as unreal, abnormal phenomena (preserved insight).
- Lhermitte's syndrome: A rare syndrome of ocular palsy with nystagmus and paralysis of adduction during attempted lateral deviation of the eyes.
- Lhermitte-Cornil-Quesnel syndrome: A slowly progressive pyramidopallidal degeneration.
- Lhermitte-Duclos syndrome: A rare pathologic entity with  hypertrophy chiefly of the stratum granulosum of the cerebellum.
- Lhermitte-Levy syndrome: A syndrome of slowly progressing paralysis after a stroke.
- Lhermitte-McAlpine syndrome: A combined pyramidal and extrapyramidal tract syndrome in middle-aged and elderly persons.
- Lhermitte-Trelles syndrome: A syndrome characterized by lymphoblastic infiltration of the peripheral nervous system, associated with paralysis and amyotrophy.

# Bibliography
- Techniques anatomo-pathologiques du systeme nerveux. Paris, 1914
- Psycho-nevroses de guerre. Paris, 1916
- Les blessures de la moelle epiniere. Paris, 1917
- La section totale de la moelle epiniere. Paris, 1918
- Les fondements biologiques de la psychologie. Paris, 1925
- Les hallucinations: clinique et physiopathologie. Paris, 1951
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Jones criteria

# Overview
The Jones criteria can be used to establish the diagnosis of rheumatic fever. They were first published in 1944 by T. Duckett Jones, MD and have been periodically revised by the American Heart Association in collaboration with other groups.

# Jones Criteria for the Diagnosis of Rheumatic Fever

## Criteria for Definitive Rheumatic Fever
The Jones Criteria for definitive rheumatic fever require evidence of streptococcal infection: elevated or rising antistreptolysin O titre or DNAase and either:
- Two major criteria
OR
- One major and two minor criteria
Exceptions are chorea and indolent carditis, each of which by itself can indicate rheumatic fever.

## Criteria for the Rejection of Rheumatic Fever
- Firm alternate diagnosis to rheumatic fever
- Does not meet criteria below

## Major criteria
- Polyarthritis: a temporary migrating inflammation of the large joints, usually starting in the legs and migrating upwards
- Carditis: inflammation of the heart muscle which can manifest as congestive heart failure with shortness of breath, pericarditis with a rub, or a new heart murmur
- Subcutaneous nodules: painless, firm collections of collagen fibers over bones or tendons, commonly presenting on the back of the wrist, the outside elbow, and the front of the knees
- Erythema marginatum: a long lasting rash that begins on the trunk or arms as macules and spreads outward to form a snake like ring while clearing in the middle, made worse with heat
- Sydenham's chorea (St. Vitus' dance): a characteristic series of rapid movements without purpose of the face and arms, occurring late in the disease for at least three months from the onset

## Minor criteria:
- Fever of 100-102F (38.2-38.9C)
- Arthralgia: Joint pain without swelling (Cannot be included if polyarthritis is present as a major symptom)
- Raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C reactive protein
- Leukocytosis
- ECG showing features of heart block, such as a prolonged PR interval (Cannot be included if carditis is present as a major symptom)
- First degree AV block
- Previous episode of rheumatic fever or inactive heart disease
Joule per mole

# Overview
The joule per mole (symbol: Jmol-1) is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material. Energy is measured in joules, and the amount of material is measured in moles.
Physical quantities measured in Jmol-1 include:
- Heat of vaporization
- Heat of fusion
- Ionization energy
- Heat Capacity
- etc...
For convenience and due to the range of magnitudes involved, these quantities are nearly always quoted in kJ/mol. For example, heats of fusion and vaporization are usually of the order of 10 kJ/mol, bond energies are of the order of 100 kJ/mol, and ionization energies of the order of 1000 kJ/mol.
One can convert to electronvolts using the fact that
1 eV = 1 J/C = F J/mol of electrons = (96485.38  0.02) J/mol of electrons
where F is Faraday's constant.
Juan Giambruno
Dr. Juan Giambruno (born February 23, 1950 in Montevideo) is a Uruguayan cardiac surgeon at Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo.
His major work is a fully implantable artificial heart called CATO (Corazon Artificial Total Ortotopico - Spanish for Orthotopic Total Artificial Heart), which looks and acts like a real heart. In the development of the CATO, Giambruno worked together with an important team of Uruguayan scientists (cardiac surgeons, engineers, veterinarians and others). The CATO has been tested in cows with good results. Giambruno has earned international patents for his invention.
The main factor why the project hasn't been completed yet is the lack of economic resources. For years, the team of scientists has been working very hard and for free, in the living room of Giambruno's apartment in Montevideo.
Juno (protein)
Juno also known as folate receptor 4, folate receptor delta or IZUMO1R is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOLR4 gene. Juno is a member of the folate receptor family and is GPI-anchored to the plasmalemma of the mammalian egg cell that recognizes its sperm-riding counterpart, IZUMO1, and facilitates fertilization. The protein was named after Juno, the Roman goddess of fertility and marriage.
After the initial fertilisation stage, a sudden decrease of Juno from the egg cell surface occurs and Juno becomes virtually undetectable after just 40 minutes. Still, after fertilization via intracytoplasmic sperm injection, the egg cell does not lose cell-surface expression of Juno, which suggests that Juno contributes to the prevention of polyspermy. Mice lacking Juno on the surface of their egg cells are infertile because their egg cells do not fuse with normal sperm, demonstrating Juno's essential role in the fertility of female mice.

# Discovery
Based on a sequence homology search for genes relate to the folate receptor, the gene for folate receptor 4 was first identified in mice and humans in 2000 at the University of Nebraska.
In 2014, the function of  folate receptor 4 was discovered by the researchers of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute who also proposed that the protein be renamed as Juno. Juno was initially found in murine oocytes, but its interaction with Izumo was subsequently found in other mammalian species, including humans. Being previously elusive, Juno was discovered nine years after its male counterpart, Izumo1.

# 3D structure
The crystal structure of Juno (PDB: 5EJN) was reported in February 2016 by researchers at Karolinska Institutet, in collaboration with the group at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of JUNO function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Izumo1rtm2a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed:  - In-depth immunological phenotyping
Karen McCarron
Karen McCarron is an Illinois physician who has admitted to smothering her autistic daughter Katherine 'Katie' McCarron to death. A grand jury indicted her on two counts of first-degree murder, two counts of obstructing justice and one count of concealment of a homicidal death.  The trial is scheduled for December 2007.

# Timeline
Karen and Paul McCarron's first child was Katherine, diagnosed with autism in 2004. In September of that year, Paul and Katie moved to North Carolina to live with her paternal grandmother.  This move was made so Katie could attend Mariposa School in Cary, North Carolina, a special school for autistic children. Paul and Katie returned home to Illinois on holidays.  Karen, who was a pathologist with the Peoria-Tazewell Pathology Group, stayed in Peoria with their younger daughter Emily, and visited North Carolina occasionally.
After 20 months, the family decided to return full-time to Illinois.  Paul McCarron took Katie to their home in Illinois on May 3, 2006.  On May 7, 2006, Paul returned to North Carolina to fulfill the last three weeks of his work commitment.  Katie remained in Illinois under the care of her mother and maternal grandparents, along with her younger sister.  On the afternoon of May 13, 2006, Karen allegedly killed Katie by suffocating her in a plastic bag.  In the very early hours of Sunday morning, Karen McCarron tried to overdose on over-the-counter medication.

# Reaction
News articles and weblogs have emphasized the difficulties in raising a child with autism, and some suggested that McCarron may have been stressed by lack of support and dealing with Katie's autism.  Katie's grandfather, Michael McCarron, said:
Some autistics have rallied in favor of a conviction of McCarron and Katie's death garnered intense scrutiny within the autism rights movement and among disability advocates. Autism Hub held a memorial on May 24 and the disability rights group Not Dead Yet led the charge to reveal the facts of the case. The local media is responding to advocates who criticize them for sympathic reporting towards alleged perpetrators.
Kato technique
The Kakuru technique (also called the Kakuru-Katz technique) is a laboratory method for preparing human stool samples prior to searching for parasite eggs.

# Indications
The Kato technique is now most commonly used for detecting schistosome eggs.  It has in the past been used for helminth eggs as well.  It cannot be used to identify hookworm eggs because they collapse within 30 to 60 minutes of preparation using this method.  One study of 299 subjects infected with Schistosoma mansoni found that the method had poor reproducibility and is therefore no longer recommended for primary health care settings: the problem may be that eggs of Schistosoma mansoni tend to clump together which means that even slides prepared from the same specimen may contain widely different egg counts.  The other main argument against the Kato technique is that it is messy and therefore exposes technicians to an unnecessarily high risk of infection.

# Method
The published methods vary in detail, however one involves staining a sieved fecal sample and examining it under a microscope. The total number of stained eggs are counted and used to calculate the number of eggs per gram.
Lobo's disease

# Overview
Lobo's disease, also known as lobomycosis or lacaziosis, is a blastomycosis, a fungal infection of the skin caused by Lacazia loboi (formerly named Loboa loboi), and discovered by Brazilian dermatologist Jorge Lobo. Other names which were given to the disease are: keloidal blastomycosis, Amazonian blastomycosis, blastomycoid granuloma, miraip and piraip. These last two names were given by natives of the Amazon and mean that which burns.
This disease is usually found in humans and bottle-nosed dolphins.

# Presentation
Lacazia loboi is characterized by long chains of spherical cells interconnected by tubules. The cells appear to be yeast-like with a diameter of 5 -12 m. The disease is chronic and is characterized by keloidal nodular lesions occurring on the face, ears, or extremities.

# Differential diagnosis
The disease is often misdiagnosed as Blastomyces dermatitidis or Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis due to its similar morphology.

# Physical Examination
- Keloidal Blastomycosis  Adapted from Dermatology Atlas
- Keloidal Blastomycosis  Adapted from Dermatology Atlas

# Regions
The disease is endemic in rural regions in South America and Central America.

# Lobo's disease in dolphins
Lesions in dolphins occur on the dorsal fin, head, flukes, and peduncle.  In January 2006, a potential epidemic of lobomycosis was reported in dolphins of the Indian River Lagoon in Florida.
Ketracel White
In the fictional Star Trek universe, ketracel-white (also known as "white" for short) is an "isogenic enzyme" which the Dominion uses to control its Jem'Hadar warriors.  The Jem'Hadar have been genetically engineered to be born dependent on the substance for survival.  The Dominion is the only supplier of the drug, and as such keeps the Jem'Hadar firmly under the control of the Founders.  The White is the sole source of nutrition that the Jem'Hadar ever need - they require no sleep, food, or other enhancements, since the White provides all that they need.
In the field, supplies of the White are under the sole control of the Vorta. When a Vorta supervisor dispenses the White to the assembled Jem'Hadar soldiers, a ritual dialogue takes place:
Vorta: "First (name of Jem'Hadar First), can you vouch for the loyalty of your men?"
Jem'Hadar: "We pledge our loyalty to the Founders, from now until death."
Vorta: "Then receive this reward from the Founders, may it make you strong."
There has been one known instance of a Jem'Hadar not dependent on ketracel-white, the Jem'Hadar commander Goran'Agar in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episode "Hippocratic Oath." The reason for his independence of the drug was never discovered, but was speculated to be some sort of random genetic mutation.
It is rumored that ketracel-white can also be used as a narcotic by other species; the Son'a are known to cultivate supplies of the drug for this purpose.
Kilogram-force
The unit kilogram-force (kgf, often just kg) or kilopond (kp) is defined as the force exerted by Earth's gravity on one kilogram of mass. Although the gravitational pull of the Earth varies as a function of position on earth, it is here defined as exactly 9.80665 m/s2. So one kilogram-force is by definition equal to 9.80665 newtons.
The kilogram-force has never been a part of the International System of Units (SI), which was introduced in 1960. The SI unit of force is the newton.
Prior to this, the unit was widely used in much of the world; it is still in use for some purposes. The thrust of a rocket engine, for example, was measured in kilograms-force in 1940s Germany, in the Soviet Union (where it remained the primary unit for thrust in the Russian space program until at least the late 1980s), and it is still used today in China and sometimes by the European Space Agency.
It is also used for tension of bicycle spokes, for torque measured in "meter-kilograms", for pressure in kilograms per square centimeter, for the draw weight of bows in archery, and to define the "metric horsepower" (PS) as 75 mkgf/s.
Grams-force and kilograms-force were never well-defined units until the CGPM adopted a standard acceleration of gravity of 980.665 cm/s2 for this purpose in 1901, though they had been used in low-precision measurements of force before that time.
A tonne-force, metric ton-force, megagram-force, or megapond (Mp) is 1000 kilograms-force.
The decanewton (daN) is used in some fields as an approximation to the kilogram-force, being exactly rather than approximately 10 newtons.
Klatskin tumor

# Overview
A Klatskin tumor is a cholangiocarcinoma (cancer of the biliary tree) occurring at the confluence of the right and left hepatic bile ducts. Because of their location these tumours present late and therefore are usually not resectable at the time of presentation.

# Prognosis
Prognosis remains poor today.

# Treatment

## Surgery
- Complete resection of the tumour offers hope of long term survival and of late there has been renewed interest in liver transplantation from deceased donors along with adjuvant therapy.

# Reference
-  KLATSKIN G. Adenocarcinoma of the hepatic duct at its bifurcation within the porta hepatis. An unusual tumor with distinctive clinical and pathological features. Am J Med 1965;38:241-56. PMID 14256720
de:Klatskintumor
Kohler disease
Synonyms and keywords: Kohler first disease; osteochondrosis of tarsal navicular

# Overview
Kohler disease (also spelled "Kohler") is a rare bone disorder of the foot found in children between six and nine years of age. It was first described in 1908 by Alban Kohler (1874-1947), a German radiologist. 
It is caused when the navicular bone temporarily loses its blood supply. As a result, tissue in the bone dies and the bone collapses.  When treated, it causes no long term problems. As the navicular bone gets back to normal, symptoms typically abate.

# Causes
Although no definitive cause has been found yet, the disease may be due to strain on a weak navicular bone.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
Sufferers experience pain and swelling in the middle part of the foot and usually limp as a result. The disease typically affects boys, but it can also affect girls. Five is the age of boys most often affected and patients often complain of pain  over the apex.

## X Ray
X-ray of both feet is used to diagnose disease. The affected foot has dense flattened navicular bone.

# Treatment
The patient is often fit with a cast that stops below the knee.  Moderate exercise is often beneficial.
Koplik's spots
Koplik's spots (kop'liks) are small, irregular, red spots with a minute bluish white speck in the center of each seen on the buccal mucosa and lingual mucosa (mucous membrane of the inside of the cheek and tongue) and are pathognomonic of early stage measles. They are named after Henry Koplik (1858-1927), an American pediatrician who first described them in 1896.
They often appear a few days before the rash arrives and can be a useful sign to look for in children known to be exposed to the measles virus.
The first description of these spots by some authors are ascribed to Reubold, Wurzburg 1854, by others to Johann Andreas Murray (1740-1791). Before Koplik, the German internist Carl Jakob Adolf Christian Gerhardt (1833-1902) in 1874, the Danish physician N. Flindt in 1879, and the Russian Nicolai Feodorowitsch von Filatov (1847-1902) in 1897, had observed equivalent phenomena.
Kringle domain
Kringle Domains are autonomous protein domains that fold into large loops stabilized by 3 disulfide linkages.  These are important in protein-protein interactions with blood coagulation factors.  The name Kringle comes from the Scandinavian pastry that these structures resemble.
Kringle domains have been found in plasminogen, hepatocyte growth factors, prothrombin, and apolipoprotein A.
Kringles are found throughout the blood clotting and fibrinolytic proteins. Kringle domains are believed to play a role in binding mediators (e.g., membranes, other proteins or phospholipids), and in the regulation of proteolytic activity. Kringle domains are characterised by a triple loop, 3-disulphide bridge structure, whose conformation is defined by a number of hydrogen bonds and small pieces of anti-parallel beta-sheet. They are found in a varying number of copies in some plasma proteins including prothrombin and urokinase-type plasminogen
activator, which are serine proteases belonging to MEROPS peptidase family S1A.

# Human proteins containing this domain
ATF;       F12;       F2;        HABP2;     HGF;       HGFAC;     KREMEN1;   KREMEN2;
LPA;       LPAL2;     MST1;      PIK3IP1;   PLAT;      PLAU;      PLG;       PRSS12;
ROR1;      ROR2;
Kyphoscoliosis

# Overview
Kyphoscoliosis is the abnormal curvature of the spine in both a coronal and sagittal plane. It is a combination of kyphosis and scoliosis.

# Pathophysiology

## Pathological Findings
Images shown below are courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission  PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology
- Bone, vertebra: Kyphoscoliosis: Gross natural color excised spinal column grossly deformed
- Bone, vertebra: Kyphoscoliosis: Gross natural color opened body with organs removed shows very well the curves of the spinal column

# Treatment
- Back braces can control moderate deformities.
- Surgical correction is attempted in some to fix spine and arrest progression of the deformity.
- Oxygen on long term may be necessary in patients with significant hypoxemia.