Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Diurnality

# Overview
In animal behavior, diurnality is an animal that is active during the daytime and rests during the night. Animals that are not diurnal are either nocturnal (active at night) or crepuscular (active primarily during twilight, i.e., at dusk and dawn).  Many animal species are diurnal, including many mammals, insects and birds. The diurnal pattern is often controlled internally by the circadian rhythm (endogenous rhythm) of the animal. In some animals, especially insects, external patterns of the environment control the activity (exogenous rhythms).
Some mainly nocturnal or crepuscular animals have been domesticated as pets and have changed into diurnal animals to coincide with the cycle of human life. Examples are pet dogs and cats, which are derived from the wolf and the wild cat. However these animals may exhibit their species' original behaviour when they are born feral.

# Notes
-  Gullan, P.J. and P.S. Cranston, 1994. The Insects: An Outline of Entomology. Chapman and Hall London. pg. 115.
-  Gullan and Cranston.
de:Temporale Spezialisten
is:Dagdyr
nl:Diurnaal
Docosanoid
In biochemistry, Docosanoids are signaling molecules  made by oxygenation of twenty-two-carbon essential fatty acids, (EFAs), especially Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). They include some resolvins and the docosatrienes.
Docosatrienes contain conjugated triene structures generated from DHA as a defining feature.

# Neuroprotectins
The protectins comprise docosatrienes and resolvins of the D series that are both neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory.  Neuroprotectin D1 is formed in retinal pigment epithelial cells when confronted with oxidative stress, in the brain during experimental stroke, and in the human brain from Alzheimer's disease patients as well as in human brain cells in culture. Neuroprotectin D1 displays potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective bioactivity.
These substances are extremely potent.  Neuroprotectin D1 and the 17S series resolvins are potent into the picomolar range.
Neurofurans are docosanoids formed nonenzymatically by free radical mediated peroxidation of DHA.

# Others
Cyclooxygenase and Cytochrome P450 oxidase act upon adrenic acid to produce dihomoprostaglandins
and dihomo-EETs, respectively.
Donna Eden
Donna Eden is an author, lecturer, and teacher of energy medicine.  In her work, she often collaborates with her husband, David Feinstein, PhD, a former faculty member of The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Donna and David co-wrote the bestseller  book, Energy Medicine. They also co-authored Six Pillars of Energy Medicine: Clinical Strengths of a Complementary Paradigm, which was published in a peered-reviewed journal, Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 
Donna serves on the faculty of the Energy Medicine University. She conceived and trademarked the term "Energy Kinesiology" to describe a process of using muscle testing for detecting and correcting imbalances in the body; in May 2002 she granted unrestricted rights to use the term to the Energy Kinesiology Association.  Donna also co-founded the nonprofit Energy Medicine Institute in Ashland, Oregon.
The Eden Energy Medicine Certification Program is based on her work.

# Ideas and Theories
Eden's practice has centered on "energy healing" and she has shared her ideas on energy medicine throughout the United States. These fields may be considered part of alternative medicine.
She claims she has the ability to see the body's energies, and can use that ability to accurately determine the causes of physical and psychological problems based on the state of those energies, and to devise highly effective treatments.

# Bibliography
- Energy Medicine (paperback, with David Feinstein); Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam 1998 ISBN 978-1585420216
- The Energy Medicine Kit Sounds True kit edition 2005 (paperback); ISBN 978-1591792086
- The Promise of Energy Psychology: Revolutionary Tools for Dramatic Personal Change (paperback, with David Feinstein and Gary Craig); Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin 2005 ISBN 978-1585424429
- Energy Medicine for Women: Aligning Your Body's Energies to Boost Your Health and Vitality (paperback); Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 2008 ISBN 978-1585426478

# Notes
-  Ranked #3 on Amazon bestsellers for the category of Health, Mind & Body > Alternative Medicine > Energy Healing accessed 1/27/08
-  Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 2008, 14(1), 44-54 accessed 1/27/08; also pdf version of the article
-  Energy Medicine University - Faculty Bios
-   Energy Kinesiology Association News June 2003; also Alan Smith: Unbreak Your Health: The Complete Guide to Complementary & Alternative Therapies, Loving Healing Press 2007 ISBN 1932690360
-  Kripalu - Center for Yoga and Health; accessed 1/27/08
-   Amazon editorial review for her DVD "The Energies of Love" accessed 1/27/08.
-   The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology By Kirk J. Schneider, James F. T. Bugental, J. Fraser Pierson, Sage Publications 2001, pg 193,  ISBN 0761927824; also Essentials of Managing Stress By Brian Luke Seaward, Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pg 42 ISBN 0763708577; also The Great Rethinking conference: Just For The Health Of It!, November 3-6, 2006; accessed 1/27/08
Dorsal fin
A dorsal fin is a fin located on the backs of some fishes, whales, dolphins, and porpoises, as well as the (extinct) ichthyosaurs.  Its main purpose is to stabilize the animal against rolling and assist in sudden turns.  Some animals have developed dorsal fins with protective functions, such as spines or venom.  Many catfish can lock the leading ray of the dorsal fin in an extended position to discourage predation or to wedge themselves into a crevice.
Dorsal fins come in a variety of shapes and sizes.
They are infamous for being the sign of an approaching shark.

# Whales, dolphins, and porpoises
In relation to the size of the creature, the dorsal fin of the male orca is quite large, as much as 1.8 m high.  (The female orca has a shorter dorsal fin that is more curved.)  Many (30-100%) captive male killer whales (orcas) experience collapse of the dorsal fin, possibly because lack of exercise through turning leads to diminished muscle tone, other possible factors include change in diet, sex drive and pressure in the pool due to counter-clockwise swimming, this reacts with the sodium nitrate in the whale's pituitary gland and leads to the loss of connective tissue in the dorsal area (Only about 1% of wild orcas have collapsed dorsal fins.)  The dorsal fins of most other whales are relatively small.  The bowhead whale has no dorsal fin at all, as an evolutionary adaptation to its life spent cruising under icepack.
The dorsal fins of whales develop distinctive nicks and wear patterns with time, and this fact is used by wildlife biologists to identify individuals in the field.
ar: 
de:Finne (Flosse)
id:Sirip punggung
no:Ryggfinne
uk:
Doug Sharp
Doug Sharp (born November 27, 1969) is an American bobsledder who has competed from the late 1990s to the early 2000s. He won the bronze medal in the four-man event at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City.
Prior to his involvement in bobsleigh, Sharp was also involved in Athletics (track and field) in the pole vault, barely missing the cut-off qualification for the United States Olympic trials for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. He also played American football and ice hockey. At the time of the 2002 Winter Olympics, he also served as an assistant athletics coach for the University of Louisville in Kentucky.
Sharp also is a licensed chiropractor and serves in the United States Army in artillery. He graduated from Purdue University in 1993.
Downs cell
The Downs process is a method for the commercial preparation of metallic sodium, in which molten NaCl is electrolyzed in a special apparatus called the Downs cell.

# How it works
The Downs cell uses a carbon anode and iron cathode. The electrolyte is sodium chloride that has been fused to a liquid by heating. Although crystaline sodium chloride is a poor conductor of electricity, fusing it mobilizes the sodium and chloride ions, which become charge carriers and allow conduction of electric current.
Some calcium chloride and/or sodium carbonate is added to the electrolyte to reduce the temperature required to keep the electrolyte liquid. Sodium chloride normally melts at 804 C, but the mixture can be kept liquid at temperatures around 600 C.
The anode reaction is:
The cathode reaction is:
for an overall reaction of
The calcium does not enter into the reaction because its reduction potential of 2.87 volts is higher than that of sodium. Hence the sodium ions are reduced to metallic form in preference to those of calcium. If the electrolyte contained only calcium ion and no sodium, it would be calcium metal produced as the cathode product (which indeed is how metallic calcium is produced).
Both the products of the electrolysis, sodium metal and chlorine gas, are less dense than the electrolyte and therefore float to the surface. Perforated iron baffles are arranged in the cell (see the diagram to the right) to direct the products into separate chambers without their ever coming into contact with each other.
Although theory predicts that a potential of a little over 4 volts should be sufficient to cause the reaction to go foward, in practice potentials of up to 8 volts are used. This is done in order to achieve useful current densities in the electrolyte despite its inherent electrical resistance. The overvoltage and consequent resistive heating contributes to the heat required to keep the electrolyte in a liquid state.
The Downs process also produces chlorine as a byproduct, although chlorine produced this way accounts for only a small fraction of chlorine produced industrially by other methods.
Dummy edit

# Dummy edit
A dummy edit is  a change in wikitext that has little or no effect on the rendered page, but saves a useful dummy edit summary. The dummy edit summary can be used for text messaging, and correcting a previous edit summary such as an accidental marking of a previous edit as "minor" (see Help:Minor edit). Text messaging via the edit summary is a way of communicating with other editors. Text messages may be seen by dotted IP number editors who don't have a user talk page, or editors who haven't read the subject's talk page, if it exists. Each edit summary can hold 200 text characters. A dummy edit should be checkboxed "minor" by logged-in editors.
- Changing the number of newlines in the edit text. Changing from 0 to 1 or from 2 to 3 (or vice versa) has no effect on the rendered page. Changing from 1 to 2 newlines makes a rendered difference that may not be a dummy edit. Adding newlines to the end of the article will not save as a dummy edit (see below).
- Changing the number of spaces. Changing one space character to two or more (or vice versa) also has no effect on the rendered page. Multiple space characters always render as a single space, unless the line begins with a leading space.

# Null edit
A null edit occurs if a page save is made when the wikitext is not changed, which is useful for refreshing the cache. A null edit will not record an edit, make any entry in the page history, in Recent Changes, etc., and the edit summary is discarded.
- Opening the edit window and saving. A section edit save is sufficient, but can sometimes result in a dummy edit.
- Adding newlines only to the end of the article and saving. This is also a null edit.
Dura mater

# Overview
The dura mater (from the Latin "hard mother"), or pachymeninx, is the tough and inflexible outermost of the three layers of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord.  (The other two meningeal layers are the pia mater and the arachnoid mater.) The dura mater is not as tightly fitting around the spinal cord, extending past the spinal cord (at the second lumbar vertebra) to about the second sacral vertebra.

# Layers and reflections
The dura mater has two layers:
- a superficial layer, which is actually the skull's inner periosteum
- a deep layer, the dura mater proper.
The dura separates into two layers at dural reflections, places where the inner dural layer is reflected as sheet-like protrusions into the cranial cavity. There are two main dural reflections:
- The tentorium cerebelli exists between and separates the cerebellum and brainstem from the occipital lobes of the cerebrum.
- The falx cerebri, which separates the two hemispheres of the brain, is located in the longitudinal cerebral fissure between the hemispheres.

# Drainage
The two layers of dura mater run together throughout most of the skull. Where they separate, the gap between them is called a dural venous sinus. These sinuses drain blood and cerebrospinal fluid from the brain and empty into the internal jugular vein.
They drain via the arachnoid villi, which are outgrowths of the arachnoid mater (the middle meningeal layer) that extend into the venous sinuses. These villi act as one-way valves.
Meningeal veins, which course through the dura mater, and bridging veins, which drain the underlying neural tissue and puncture the dura mater, empty into these dural sinuses.

# Clinical significance
A subdural hematoma occurs when there is an abnormal collection of blood between the dura and the arachnoid, usually as a result of torn bridging veins secondary to head trauma.  An epidural hematoma is a collection of blood between the dura and the inner surface of the skull, and is usually due to arterial bleeding.
The American Red Cross and some other agencies accepting blood donations consider dura mater transplants, along with receipt of pituitary-derived growth hormone, a risk factor due to concerns about Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Dysgenesis
Dysgenesis may refer to:
- Dysgenesis (embryology), which indicates abnormal organ development during embryonic growth and development
- Anterior segment dysgenesis, a failure of the normal development of the tissues of the anterior segment of the eye
- "Hybrid dysgenesis", which relates to a high mutation rate in certain Drosophila strains caused by the transposition of P elements
- The study of dysgenics, a theory that deterioration of hereditary qualities can occur in offspring due to survival of or reproduction by less well-adapted individuals
Dysprosody

# Overview
Dysprosody is a type of speech disorder that occurs following a lesion of the nondominant hemisphere of the brain. In dysprosody, the patient has difficulty in the expression or comprehension of the emotional components of speech, such as melody, emphasis, inflection, and gesturing.

# Expressive dysprosody
Expressive dysprosody is characterized by an inability to express inflection or emotion in speech. It results from a lesion of the area corresponding to Broca's area but on the nondominant hemisphere.

# Receptive dysprosody
Receptive dysprosody is characterized by an inability to comprehend inflection or emotion in speech. It results from a lesion of the area corresponding to Wenicke's area but on the nondominant hemisphere.
EHF (gene)
ETS homologous factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EHF gene.
This gene encodes a protein that belongs to an ETS transcription factor subfamily characterized by epithelial-specific expression (ESEs). The encoded protein acts as a transcriptional repressor and may be associated with asthma susceptibility. This protein may be involved in epithelial differentiation and carcinogenesis.

# Further reading
Cangemi, R., Mensah, A., Albertini, V., Jain, A., Mello-Grand, M., Chiorino, G., Catapano, C.V. & Carbone, G.M. Reduced expression and tumor suppressor function of the ETS transcription factor ESE-3 in prostate cancer. Oncogene 27, 2877-2885 (2008).
Albino D, Longoni N, Curti L, Mello-Grand M, Pinton S, Civenni G, Thalmann G, D'Ambrosio G, Sarti M, Sessa F, Chiorino G, Catapano CV, Carbone GM. ESE3/EHF controls epithelial cell differentiation and its loss leads to prostate tumors with mesenchymal and stem-like features. Cancer Res. 2012 Jun 1;72(11):2889-900.
Kunderfranco, P., Mello-Grand, M., Cangemi, R., Pellini, S., Mensah, A., Albertini, V., Malek, A., Chiorino, G., Catapano, C.V. & Carbone, G.M. ETS transcription factors control transcription of EZH2 and epigenetic silencing of the tumor suppressor gene Nkx3.1 in prostate cancer. PLoS One 5, e10547 (2010).
EN1 (gene)
Homeobox protein engrailed-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EN1 gene.

# Function
Homeobox-containing genes are thought to have a role in controlling development. In Drosophila, the engrailed (en) gene plays an important role during development in segmentation, where it is required for the formation of posterior compartments. Different mutations in the mouse homologs, En1 and En2, produced different developmental defects that frequently are lethal. The human engrailed homologs 1 and 2 encode homeodomain-containing proteins and have been implicated in the control of pattern formation during development of the central nervous system.
Engrailed (En) 1 is a homeobox gene that helps primarily regulate development in the dorsal midbrain and anterior hindbrain (cerebellum and colliculi) of humans.  The expression of En1 is regulated until 13 days after fertilization by Fgf8, which controls the development of the forebrain and hindbrain.  En1 is first expressed in this region on day 9.5 after fertilization for about 12 hours until En2 is expressed. After En2 expression, En1 is expressed again in other tissues such as somites and limb ectoderm throughout development. A knockout mouse model with the En1 homeobox deleted was developed; mice died less than 24 hours after birth because they refused to feed, although they had the physical ability.  The brains of the mice were studied and most of the cerebellum, colliculi, and cranial nerves 3 and 4 were missing. There was clear deletion in the mid-hindbrain, isthmus, junction region that began at day 9.5 after fertilization. All of the mice demonstrated marked forepaw deformities including fusion of digits and sixth digits. The 13th ribs and sternums displayed delayed and abnormal ossification. The mouse model demonstrated that the expression of En1 is critical in the correct development of the brain, limbs, and sternum.
EN2 (gene)
Homeobox protein engrailed-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EN2 gene.  It is a member of the engrailed gene family.

# Function
Homeobox-containing genes are thought to have a role in controlling development. In Drosophila, the 'engrailed' (en) gene plays an important role during development in segmentation, where it is required for the formation of posterior compartments. Different mutations in the mouse homologs, En1 and En2, produced different developmental defects that frequently are lethal. The human engrailed homologs 1 and 2 encode homeodomain-containing proteins and have been implicated in the control of pattern formation during development of the central nervous system.

# Description
The Engrailed-2 gene encodes for the Engrailed-2 homeobox transcription factor. The signaling molecule, fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8), controls the expression of the En2 gene. The isthmus organizer expresses varying concentrations of FGF8 that influence the En2 transcription factor. En2 transcription factor is involved in patterning the midbrain of the central nervous system during embryonic development. Specifically, it is required for proper positioning of folia in the developing hemispheres. It continues to regulate foliation throughout nervous system development. En2 patterns cerebellum foliation in the mediolateral axis. Several birth defects can arise from inadequate or abnormal En2 expression. Scientists use a mice model to study the effects of En2 knockout alleles on development. When the En2 gene is knocked out, vermis foliation patterning becomes extremely altered. Along with decreased cerebellum foliation complexity, mutations in the En2 gene result in a depleted vermis or an overly simplified foliation pattern. The Engrailed genes are essential to proper neural circuit development.

# In cancer diagnosis
A method for diagnosing prostate cancer by detection of EN2 in urine has been developed. The results of a clinical trial of 288 men suggest that EN2 could be a marker for prostate cancer which might prove more reliable than current methods that use prostate-specific antigen (PSA). If effective, a urine test is considered easier and less embarrassing for the patient than blood tests or rectal examinations and, therefore, less likely to discourage early diagnosis. At the time of the report, it was not clear whether or not the EN2 test could distinguish between aggressive tumours that would require intervention and relatively benign ones that would not.

## Licensing and marketing
The EN2 test for prostate cancer has been licensed to Zeus Scientific, as they reported in March 2013.  In that announcement they said they expected the test to be submitted to the US-FDA in a year, and available worldwide in 2 years.
ERH (gene)
In molecular biology, Enhancer of rudimentary homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ERH gene.
The Drosophila protein enhancer of rudimentary protein is a small protein of 104 amino acids. It has been found to be an enhancer of the rudimentary gene, involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis.
From an evolutionary point of view, enhancer of rudimentary is highly conserved and has been found to exist in probably all multicellular eukaryotic organisms. It has been proposed that this protein plays a role in the cell cycle.
Efalizumab

# Overview
Efalizumab (trade name Raptiva, Genentech, Merck Serono) is a formerly available medication designed to treat autoimmune diseases, originally marketed to treat psoriasis. As implied by the suffix -zumab, it is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody  administered once weekly by subcutaneous injection. Efalizumab binds to the CD11a subunit of lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 and acts as an immunosuppressant by inhibiting lymphocyte activation and cell migration out of blood vessels into tissues. Efalizumab was associated with fatal brain infections and was withdrawn from the market in 2009.
Known side effects include bacterial sepsis, viral meningitis, invasive fungal disease and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a brain infection caused by reactivation of latent JC virus infection. Four cases of PML were reported in plaque psoriasis patients, an incidence of approximately one in 500 treated patients.
Due to the risk of PML, the European Medicines Agency and the FDA recommended suspension from the market in the European Union and the United States, respectively. In April 2009, Genentech Inc. announced a phased voluntary withdrawal of Raptiva from the U.S. market.