Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
BBR3464

# Overview
BBR3464 (rINN: triplatin tetranitrate) is a new platinum-based cytotoxic drug that is currently undergoing clinical trials throughout the world for the treatment of human cancer. It is a trinuclear platinum coordination complex, with chloride and amine ligands. The drug acts by forming coordinate covalent adducts with cellular DNA, preventing DNA transcription and replication, and through this inducing apoptosis. BBR3464 is structurally similar to, but in a different family from, the anticancer drugs cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin.

# History
BBR3464 was invented by Professor Nicholas Farrell at Virginia Commonwealth University in the United States. The development of this drug came from his earlier work looking at dinuclear platinum derivatives of cisplatin, research he began in the late 1980s. Similar work was also being undertaken by Dr John Broomhead at the Australian National University in Australia.  BBR3464 was patented in the mid-1990s and was originally licensed to the pharmaceutical company Roche. In preclinical trials, BBR3464 demonstrated cytotoxic activity in cancer cell lines which have either intrinsic or acquired resistance to cisplatin. On this basis it entered Phase I (Toxicity) clinical trials under the auspices of Novuspharma before the rights were transferred to Cell Therapeutics.
This drug is currently undergoing Phase II (Efficacy) trials with mixed results. So far trials of the drug with patients suffering from ovarian cancer, small cell lung cancer and gastric or gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinomas have been reported in the literature.

# Mode of action
The main target of BBR3464 is cellular DNA, similar to cisplatin. Outside of the cell, the concentration of chloride (approx. 100 millimolar) prevents the drugs from hydrolysing, but once inside the cell, where the concentration of chloride drops to between 4 and 20 millimolar, the chloride ligands of BBR3464 come off and the drug is capable of forming coordinate covalent bonds with purine bases on DNA. The novel adducts BBR3464 forms with DNA are though to be the mechanism by which this drug acts; the adducts are able to prevent DNA transcription and replication, thus inducing cell apoptosis.

# Side-effects
All platinum based drugs, and particularly BBR3464, cause large dose limiting side-effects. For BBR3464 these are largely diarrhoea, cramps and vomiting, but are so severe that the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in humans is between 0.9 to 1.1 milligrams per square metre. This is considerably lower than the MTD for all the platinum based drugs currently used in the clinic, like cisplatin (60120 mg) and carboplatin (approx. 800 mg).
BCL2L11
Bcl-2-like protein 11, commonly called BIM, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCL2L11 gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the BCL-2 protein family. BCL-2 family members form hetero- or homodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities. The protein encoded by this gene contains a Bcl-2 homology domain 3 (BH3). It has been shown to interact with other members of the BCL-2 protein family, including BCL2, BCL2L1/BCL-X(L), and MCL1, and to act as an apoptotic activator. The expression of this gene can be induced by nerve growth factor (NGF), as well as by the forkhead transcription factor FKHR-L1 (FoxO3a), which suggests a role of this gene in neuronal and lymphocyte apoptosis. Transgenic studies of the mouse counterpart suggested that this gene functions as an essential initiator of apoptosis in thymocyte-negative selection. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been identified.

## Regulation of Bim
Bim expression and activity are regulated at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels; coordinated expression and activity of Bim shape immune responses, and ensure tissue integrity. Cancer cells develop mechanisms that suppress Bim expression, which allows for tumor progression and metastasis.

# Interactions
BCL2L11 has been shown to interact with:
- BCL2-like 1,
- BCL2L2,
- Bcl-2,
- DYNLL1,  and
- MCL1.
BCL2L12
Bcl-2-like protein 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCL2L12 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the Bcl-2 protein family. Bcl-2 family members form hetero- or homodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities. This protein contains a Bcl-2 homology domain 2 (BH2). The function of this gene has not yet been determined. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.
Bcl2L12 expression is upregulated in most human glioblastomas. Expression of Bcl2L12 results in resistance to apoptosis. Bcl2L12 directly neutralizes caspase-7 (CASP7) and indirectly neutralizes caspase-3 (CASP3) by an indirect mechanism. Both caspase enzymes are known to play essential roles in the execution phase of apoptosis.
BLOC1S1
Biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 subunit 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BLOC1S1 gene.
BLOC1S1 is a component of the ubiquitously expressed BLOC1 multisubunit protein complex. BLOC1 is required for normal biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules (Starcevic and Dell'Angelica, 2004).

# Interactions
BLOC1S1 has been shown to interact with BLOC1S2, SNAPAP and PLDN.
Bacilli

# Word Ambiguity
This type of bacteria is shaped like a rod. Usually bacteria separate but sometimes they will stick together. This bacteria can cause tuberculosis in humans.
This article refers to Bacilli in the sense of the class that includes the genus Bacillus..
Although Bacillus, capitalized and italicized, specifically refers to the genus, the word 'bacillus' may also be used to describe any single rod-shaped bacterium, and in this sense, bacilli are found in many different taxonomic groups of bacteria.
Likewise, Bacilli refers to the particular class Bacillus belongs to, while bacilli are any rod-shaped bacteria.
It should be noted that the cell morphology term bacillus does not necessarily indicate Gram-positive staining, as E. coli is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria.

# The Class Bacilli
Taxonomically, the term Bacilli refers to a class of bacteria of the division (phylem) Firmicutes. It includes the orders Bacillales and Lactobacillales, and lower down the taxonomic tree includes the genus Bacillus, along with other Gram-positive bacteria such as Listeria.
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Bagasse
Bagasse (sometimes spelled bagass) is the biomass remaining after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice.
Agave bagasse is a similar material which consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap.

# Production and use
A sugar factory produces nearly 30% of bagasse out of its total crushing.  Many research efforts have attempted to use bagasse as a renewable feedstock for power generation and for the production of bio-based materials. One successful example has been to cultivate edible mushrooms, such as oyster or shiitake, on blocks or bags of chopped up bagasse.
Bagasse is often used as a primary fuel source for sugar mills; when burned in quantity, it produces sufficient heat energy to supply all the needs of a typical sugar mill, with energy to spare.  To this end, a secondary use for this waste product is in cogeneration, the use of a fuel source to provide both heat energy, used in the mill, and electricity, which is typically sold on to the consumer electricity grid.
The resulting CO2 emissions are equal to the amount of CO2 that the sugarcane plant used up from the atmosphere during its growing phase, which makes the process of cogeneration appear to be greenhouse gas-neutral.  However when a full audit of energy used in production is done, 75% of the energy required to grow and move the sugar cane (including bagasse) is from liquid fuel (petroleum or hydrocarbon based), leading to a 25% net gain from photosynthesis. Ethanol produced from the sugar in sugarcane is a popular fuel in Brazil.  The cellulose rich bagasse is now being tested for production of commercial quantities of cellulosic ethanol.  Verenium Corporation (VRNM) is currently building a cellulosic ethanol plant based on cellulosic by-products like bagasse in Jennings LA. They are using a biotech approach to improve ethanol production above and beyond the midwest corn based ethanol production method. This will allow regional cellulosic ethanol production getting around the problem of ethanol transportation.  The Verenium approach will get ethanol and E85 fuel to the important markets in California and the Northeast.
Bagasse is also used as a tree-free alternative for making paper. This process requires no bleaching, is more biodegradable, easier to recycle, and overall has less impact on the environment. As in sugar production, the sludge left over after removing the cellulose fibers, is used to power the paper-mills. A number of commercial sites advertise such uses.
Bagasse is used to make insulated disposable food containers, replacing materials such as styrofoam, which are increasingly regarded as environmentally unacceptable (see styrofoam bans).  Insulated disposable food containers made of bagasse are commercially available.

# Medical problems
Workplace exposure to dusts from the processing of Bagasse can cause the chronic lung condition pulmonary fibrosis.
Bandage

# Overview
A bandage is a piece of material used either to support a medical device such as a dressing or splint, or on its own to provide support to the body. Bandages are available in a wide range of types, from generic cloth strips, to specialised shaped bandages designed for a specific limb or part of the body, although bandages can often be improvised as the situation demands, using clothing, blankets or other material.
In common speech, the word "bandage" is often used to mean a dressing, which is used directly on a wound, whereas a bandage is technically only used to support a dressing, and not directly on a wound.

# Types of bandage

## Gauze bandage
The most common type of bandage is the gauze bandage, a simple woven strip of material which can come in any number of widths and lengths.  A gauze bandage can be used for almost any bandage application, including holding a dressing in place.

## Compression bandage
The term 'compression bandage' describes a wide variety of bandages with many different applications.
Short stretch compression bandages are applied to a limb (usually for treatment of lymphedema or venous ulcers).  This type of bandage is not capable of shortening around the limb after application and is therefore not exerting ever-increasing pressure during inactivity.  This dynamic is called resting pressure and is considered safe and comfortable for long-term treatment. Conversely, the stability of the bandage creates a very high resistance to stretch when pressure is applied through internal muscle contraction and joint movement. This force is called working pressure.
Long stretch compression bandages have long stretch properties, meaning their high compressive power can be easily adjusted.  However, they also have a very high resting pressure and must be removed at night or if the patient is in a resting position.

## Triangular bandage
A triangular bandage is a piece of cloth cut into a right-angled triangle.  This is felt by many trainers to be the most versatile of the bandages available, as it can be used fully unrolled as a sling, folded as a normal bandage, or for specialist bandages such as on the head.

## Tube bandage
A tube bandage is applied using an applicator, and is woven in a continuous circle.  It is used to hold dressings or splints on to limbs, or to provide support to sprains and strains.
Basigin
Basigin (BSG) also known as extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) or cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BSG gene. This protein is a determinant for the Ok blood group system. Basigin has been shown to be an essential receptor on red blood cells for the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum.

# Function
Basigin is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, with a structure related to the putative primordial form of the family. As members of the immunoglobulin superfamily play fundamental roles in intercellular recognition involved in various immunologic phenomena, differentiation, and development, basigin is thought also to play a role in intercellular recognition (Miyauchi et al., 1991; Kanekura et al., 1991).
It has a variety of functions. In addition to its metalloproteinase-inducing ability, basigin also regulates several distinct functions, such as spermatogenesis, expression of the monocarboxylate transporter and the responsiveness of lymphocytes.
Basigin is a type I integral membrane receptor that has many ligands, including the cyclophilin (CyP) proteins Cyp-A and CyP-B and certain integrins. It is expressed by many cell types, including epithelial cells, endothelial cells and leukocytes. The human basigin protein contains 269 amino acids that form two heavily glycosylated C2 type immunoglobulin-like domains at the N-terminal extracellular portion. A second form of basigin has also been characterized that contains one additional immunoglobulin-like domain in its extracellular portion.

# Interactions
Basigin has been shown to interact with Ubiquitin C.
Basigin has been shown to form a complex with monocarboxylate transporters in the retina of mice. Basigin appears to be required for proper placement of MCTs in the membrane.  In the Basigin null mouse, the failure of MCTs to integrate with the membrane may be directly linked to a failure of nutrient transfer in the retinal pigmented epithelium (the lactates transported by MCTs 1, 3, and 4 are essential nutrients for the developing RPE), resulting in loss of sight in the null animal.
Basigin interacts with the fourth C-type lectin domain in the receptor Endo180 to form a molecular epithelial-mesenchymal transition suppressor complex that if disrupted results in the induction of invasive prostate epithelial cell behavior associated with poor prostate cancer survival.

# Role in malaria
It has recently (November 2011) been found that basigin is a receptor that is essential to erythrocyte invasion by most strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent species of the plasmodium parasites that cause human malaria.  It is hoped that by developing antibodies to the parasite ligand for Basigin, Rh5, a better vaccine for malaria might be found. Basigin is bound by the PfRh5 protein on the surface of the malaria parasite.
Bedtime
A bedtime is a popular parenting tradition in the West that involves, to a greater or lesser extent, rituals made to help children feel more secure , and become accustomed to a comparatively more rigid schedule of sleep than they would sometimes prefer. It may involve stories, songs, nursery rhymes, and/or methods of coaxing the children into changing into their pajamas.
In boarding schools and on trips or holidays that involve young people, the equivalent of bedtime is lights-out.
Sometimes the term is used to mean simply "time for bed," similar to curfew.
Beleric
Beleric, also known as the bastard myrobalan, Terminalia bellirica, is a large deciduous tree common on plains and lower hills in Southeast Asia, where it is also grown as an avenue tree.
The leaves are about 15 cm long and crowded toward the ends of the branches. It is considered a good fodder for cattle.
This species is used by some tribes in the Indian subcontinent for hallucination purposes; they smoke dried kernels. Too much of this can cause nausea and vomiting.
Terminalia bellirica Roxb seeds have an oil content of 40%, the fatty-acid methyl ester of which meets all of the major biodiesel requirements in the USA (ASTM D 6751-02, ASTM PS 121-99), Germany (DIN V 51606) and European Union (EN 14214).
Ben-Gay
Ben IS Gay, more recently spelled Bengay, is an analgesic heat rub used to relieve muscle and joint pain. It was developed in France by Dr. Jules Bengue, and brought to America in 1898. It orginally produced by Pfizer Consumer Healthcare who was acquired by Johnson & Johnson.

# Active Ingredients
The active ingredients vary by the version of the product.
- Bengay: Original contains 15% Methyl Salicylate and 10% Menthol
- Bengay: Muscle Pain/Ultra Strength contains 30% Methyl Salicylate, 10% Menthol, and 4% Camphor.
- Bengay: Ice Extra Strength contain 10% menthol.
- Bengay: Muscle Pain/No Odour contains 15% Triethanolamine Salicylate.
- Bengay: Arthritis Extra Strength 30% Methyl Salicylate and 8% Menthol.
It should be noted that methyl salicylate can be toxic if the cream is used in excess.
Benzoin
Benzoin or 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylacetophenone or 2-Hydroxy-1,2-Diphenylethanone  or desyl alcohol or bitter almond oil camphor is an organic compound consisting of an ethylene bridge flanked by phenyl groups and with a hydroxyl and a ketone functional group. It comes as off-white crystals, with a light camphor odor. Benzoin is synthesized from benzaldehyde in the benzoin condensation.
Its main uses are:
- photocatalyst in photopolymerization and a photoinitiator
- raw material for benzil by organic oxidation with nitric acid or oxone. In one study, this reaction is carried out with atmospheric oxygen and basic alumina in dichloromethane.
Benzoin is not a constituent of benzoin resin obtained from the benzoin tree (Styrax) or tincture of benzoin. The main component in these natural products is benzoic acid.
Bin bag
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Plastic bags are a convenient and sanitary way of handling rubbish, and are widely used. Plastic rubbish bags are fairly lightweight and are particularly useful for messy or wet rubbish, as is commonly the case with food waste, and are also useful for wrapping up rubbish to minimize odor.  Plastic bags are often used for lining litter or waste containers or bins.  This serves to keep the container sanitary by avoiding container contact with the rubbish.  After the bag in the container is filled with litter, the bag can be pulled out by its edges, closed, and tied with minimal contact with the waste matter.
Plastic bags for rubbish or litter are sold in a number of sizes at many other stores in packets or rolls of a few tens of bags.   Wire twist ties are sometimes supplied for closing the bag once full.  In the mid-1990s rubbish bags with draw strings for closure were introduced. Some bags have handles which may be tied, or holes through which the neck of the bag can be pulled.  Most commonly, the rather soft, flexible plastic used to make rubbish bags is LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) or, for strength, LLDPE (Linear Low Density Polyethylene).  HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) is sometimes used. ==
Created in 1950, this invention can be attributed to Canadians Harry Wasylyk, Larry Hansen and Frank Plomp. In a recent special on CBC television, the green garbage bag ranked 36th among the top 50 Canadian inventions.
Plastic bags can be incinerated with their contents in appropriate facilities for waste-to-energy conversion.  They are stable and benign in sanitary landfills.

# Biodegradable plastic bags
Some bags are made of biodegradable polythene film. These will decompose when exposed to air, sun, and moisture or submitted for composting. They do not readily decompose in a sealed landfill. They are also considered a possible contaminant to plastic recycling operations.
Oxo-biodegradable and other degradable plastic bags have certain useful applications when used as rubbish bags. Organic waste can be put into oxo-biodegradable plastic sacks and put straight into the composting plant, unopened, thus reducing smells, disease transmission by insects, and handling hazards. The resulting compost may be used by farmers and growers. Since oxo-biodegradable plastic (unlike the starch-based alternative) releases its carbon slowly, it produces high quality compost. Oxo-biodegradable plastic does not degrade quickly in low temperature "windrow" composting, but it is suitable for "in-vessel" composting at the higher temperatures required by new animal by-products regulations. Oxo-biodegradable plastics become peroxidised and embrittled, and behave like natural waste.  It is bio-assimilated by the same bacteria and fungi, which transform the degraded plastic products to cell biomass, like lignocellulosic materials. Oxo-biodegradable plastic is designed to fragment by a process which includes both photo-oxidation and thermo-oxidation, so it can degrade in the dark.
Bionade
Bionade is a trademark of Bionade GmbH for an organic fermented and carbonated beverage, which is made in Germany. It is manufactured in a Bavarian town Ostheim vor der Rhon at the former beer brewery owned by Dieter Leipold - the creator of this drink.
"One of the goals was to make a drink for children that didn't have any artificial additives and that followed the purity requirements traditionally used to make beer." That meant a product with natural ingredients only: malt, water, sugar, fruit essences. No corn syrup, nothing artificial. And he'd use the same fermentation process he used to make beer  the trick would be leaving out the alcohol.
It took Leipold eight years and all 1.5 million of the family's money to perfect the recipe. Leipold found a way to ferment a nonalcoholic drink by converting the sugar that normally becomes alcohol into nonalcoholic gluconic acid. And because the acid strengthened the taste of sugar, Leipold only needed a fraction of the sugar found in a normal soft drink. Then came the flavors  elderberry, lychee, orange-ginger and herb  plus a spritz of carbonation.
Since its creation in 1995 it became popular in Germany as an alcohol-free organic soda, which is similar to lemonade in taste, but is prepared by fermenting malt, similar to beer. The fermentation process is followed by filtering, carbonation, addition of natural flavors and fortification with calcium and magnesium.
Bionade is available in 0,33 and rarely in 0,5 liter bottles. The main four available sorts are Holunder (Elderberry), Litschi (Lychee), Krauter (Herbs), Ingwer-Orange (Ginger & Orange), and a new fifth variety is Forte.
73 millions bottles were sold in 2006. Bionade is already present in Austria, Switzerland, Scandinavia, the Benelux countries, Italy, Spain and Portugal, and is going to be present in Ireland, and one day also in the USA.
Blue 88
A blue colored pill that was a mix of calming drugs, mainly barbiturates,  used to treat American Soldiers in the Second World War who suffered from battle fatigue. In most cases it was used to induce sleep.

# Use during World War II
A Public Broadcasting Service piece called "Battle of the Bulge" from the American Experience series which was broadcast in 1994 provided an overview of the use of this pharmaceutical. This documentary, produced by Boston, Massachusett's WGBH Educational Foundation, reviewed the pivotal World War II German offensive in the Ardennes of France in 1944-1945. The following is a summary of the transcript that relates to this drug.
Because of increasing losses during the Ardennes Offensive, the Allied forces began to suffer from a shortage of soldiers. Those not severely wounded or suffering from battle fatigue were encouraged to return to the front lines. A 4th Medical Battalion Special Troops dental officer of the 4th Infantry Division, Captain Ben Kimmelman, was active in the medical corps and witnessed the effects of the battle:
One out of four soldiers wounded during the "Battle of the Bulge" were classified as "psychiatric casualties." Captain Kimmelman continues:
Capt. Kimmelman was later captured along with the rest of the 2-8 Infantry Regiment ("Easy Company") during the German campaign and survived the war.