Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Molecular tweezers
Molecular tweezers, sometimes termed molecular clips, are noncyclic macrocyclic molecular complexes with open cavities capable of binding guests. The open cavity of the molecular tweezer may bind guests using non-covalent bonding which includes hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, - interactions, and/or electrostatic effects.  These complexes are a subset of macrocyclic molecular receptors and their structure is that the two "arms" that bind the guest molecule between them are only connected at one end.

# Examples
One example of molecular tweezers has been reported by Lehn and coworkers. This molecule is capable of binding aromatic guests.
The molecular tweezers are composed of two anthracene arms held at a distance that allows aromatic guests to gain - interactions from both.
Another class of molecular tweezers is composed of two substituted porphyrin macrocycles tethered by a amide linker with a variable length. This example of a molecular tweezer shows the potential mobility of this class of molecules, as the orientation of the porphyrin planes which comprise the tweezer can be altered by the guest which is bound 
Yet another structure for molecular tweezers which specifically bind fullerenes is called a buckycatcher and has been reported. This molecular tweezer is composed of two concaved corannulene pincers that complement the surface of the convex fullerene guest. An association constant (Ka) of 8600 M-1 between the host buckycatcher and a C60 fullerene was calculated using 1H NMR spectroscopy.
The above examples show the potential reactivity and specificity of these molecules. The binding site between the planes of the tweezer can be designed to bind to an appropriate guest with resulting high association constants and consequent stability, depending on the design of the tweezer. That makes this overall class of macromolecule truly a synthetic molecular receptor.
Monoacetylmorphine
6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) is one of 2 active metabolites of heroin (diacetylmorphine), the other being the much less active 3-monoacetylmorphine (3-MAM).
Along with morphine, 6-MAM is rapidly created from heroin in the body, and is excreted in the urine. Since 6-MAM is a unique metabolite to heroin, its presence in the urine confirms that heroin was the opioid used. This is significant because on a urine immunoassay drug screen, the test typically tests for morphine, which is a metabolite of a number of legal and illegal opiates/opioids such as codeine, morphine sulphate, and heroin. 6-MAM remains in the urine for no more than 24 hours so a urine specimen must be collected soon after the last heroin use, but the presence of 6-MAM guarantees that heroin was in fact used as recently as within the last day. 6-MAM is naturally found in the brain, but in such small quantities that detection of this compound in urine virtually guarantees that heroin has recently been consumed.
Heroin is rapidly metabolized by esterase enzymes in the brain and has an extremely short half life . It has also very weak affinity to -opioid receptors because the 3-hydroxy group which is essential for binding to the receptor is masked by the acetyl group. So heroin is just a pro-drug , it is 6-MAM and other minor metabolites that actively bind with -opioid receptors.  
6-monoacetylmorphine already has a free 3-hydroxy group and shares the high lipophilicity of heroin, so it penetrates the brain just as quickly and does not need to be deacetylated at the 3-position in order to be bioactivated; this makes 6-monoacetylmorphine somewhat more potent than heroin, but it is rarely encountered as an illicit drug due to the difficulty in selectively acetylating morphine at the 6-position without also acetylating the 3-position. This can however be accomplished by using acetic acid with an appropriate catalyst to carry out the acetylation, rather than acetic anhydride, as acetic acid is not a strong enough acetylating agent to acetylate the phenolic 3-hydroxy group but is able to acetylate the 6-hydroxy group, thus selectively producing 6-MAM rather than heroin.
Monotropa uniflora
Monotropa uniflora, also known as the Ghost Plant or Indian Pipe, is a herbaceous perennial plant, formerly classified in the family Monotropaceae, but now included within the Ericaceae. It is native to temperate regions of Asia, North America and northern South America, but with large gaps between areas. It is generally scarce or rare in occurrence.
Unlike most plants, it is white and does not contain chlorophyll. Instead of generating energy from sunlight, it is parasitic, more specifically a myco-heterotroph. Its hosts are certain fungi that are mycorrhizal with trees, meaning it ultimately gets its energy from photosynthetic trees. Since it is not dependent on sunlight to grow, it can grow in very dark environments as in the understory of dense forest. The complex relationship that allows this plant to grow also makes propagation difficult. They also cannot be used as cut flowers, since they brown and collapse in a few hours.
The plant is sometimes completely white but commonly has black flecks and
a pale pink coloration (photo). Rare variants may have
a deep red color, as shown here and here.
The stems reach heights of 10-30 cm, clothed with small scale-leaves 5-10 mm long. As its scientific name suggests, and unlike the related Monotropa hypopitys, the stems bear only a single flower, 10-15 mm long with 3-8 petals. It flowers from early summer to early autumn.
Like most mycoheterotrophic plants, M. uniflora associates with a small range of fungal hosts, all of them members of Russulaceae .
A photo of M. uniflora roots, showing ectomycorrhizal root tips and fungus rhizomorphs, is here .
Mordechai Halperin
Rabbi Dr. Mordechai Halperin is a doctor, scientist, and author currently residing in Israel. He is Chief Officer of Medical Ethics for the Israeli Ministry of Health, director of The Dr. Falk Schlesinger Institute for Medical-Halachic Research, Jerusalem, Israel, and a member of the Bioethics Advisory Committee of  The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

# Biography
Born in Jerusalem, Halperin studied at the Ponevezh yeshiva. He received his rabbinical ordination in 1966. Halperin has taught at several rabbinical academies including the Rabbinical College of the Golan Heights, where he served as a Dean. He received a B.Sc. in Mathematics and Physics from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1974. In 1987, he received a degree in medicine from the Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical School. In 1986-2000, Halperin worked at various medical centers throughout Israel and served as  director of the Jerusalem Medical Center for Impotence & Infertility,
Dr. Halperin is one of the founding members of the Israeli medical ethics society and a member of many other ethics committees. He is the chief editor of Assia, the Hebrew quarterly review of medical ethics and Jewish law, and the chief editor of Assia-Jewish Medical Ethics, the English international journal. He is a member of the Academic Coalition for Jewish Bioethics, and has authored more than 200 articles.
Halperin served as a Lieutenant Colonel in the Israeli army. He lives in Jerusalem with his wife and six children

# Bibliography
List at Google Books
mu Opioid receptor
The  opioid receptors (MOR) are a class of opioid receptors with high affinity for enkephalins and beta-endorphin but low affinity for dynorphins. The opiate alkaloids morphine and codeine are known to bind to this receptor.

# Types
There are three known variants of the mu opioid receptor.
More is known about the mu 1 opioid receptor than is known about the other types, but some information does exist. TRIMU 5 is a selective agonist of the mu-2 receptor.
In 2003, a mu-3 variant was described, which was responsive to opiate alkaloids but not opioid peptides.

# Location
They can exist either presynaptically or postsynaptically depending upon cell types.
The -receptors exist mostly presynaptically in the periaqueductal gray region, and in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord (specifically the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando). Other areas where -receptors have been located include the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb, the nucleus accumbens, in several layers of the cerebral cortex and in some of the nuclei of the amygdala, as well as the nucleus of the solitary tract.

# Activation
MOR can mediate acute changes in neuronal excitability via "disinhibition" of presynaptic release of GABA (see works from Charles Chavkin and Roger Nicoll). Activation of the MOR leads to different effects on dendritic spines depending upon the agonist, and may be an example of functional selectivity at the mu opioid receptor (see works from Dezhi Liao and Horace Loh).  The physiological and pathological roles of these two distinct mechanisms remain to be clarified.  Perhaps, both might be involved in opioid addiction and opioid-induced deficits in cognition.
Activation of the  receptor by an agonist such as morphine causes analgesia, sedation, slightly reduced blood pressure, itching, nausea, euphoria, decreased respiration, miosis (constricted pupils) and decreased bowel motility often leading to constipation. Some of these side effects, such as sedation, euphoria and decreased respiration, tend to lessen with continued use as tolerance develops. Analgesia, miosis and reduced bowel motility tend to persist; little tolerance develops to these effects.

# Tolerance and overdoses
Tolerance to respiratory depression develops quickly.  In the drug naive individual respiratory depression is the primary way overdoses kill.  Less commonly massive overdoses have been known to cause circulatory collapse.
Opioid overdoses can be rapidly reversed with any of several opioid antagonists: naloxone, or naltrexone, differing primarily in their duration of action and potency.  While commonly referred to as antagonists, and when used to treat an overdose they do appear to function as such, naloxone & naltrexone are inverse agonists.
Mullerian agenesis
Mullerian agenesis refers to a condition in a female where the mullerian ducts fail to develop and a uterus will not be present. Primary amenorrhea is a leading symptom.
The condition is also called MRKH or Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser Syndrome, named after August Franz Joseph Karl Mayer, Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky, Hermann Kuster, and G.A.Hauser.

# Signs and symptoms
A woman with this condition is hormonally normal, that is she will enter puberty with development of secondary sexual characteristics including thelarche and adrenarche. Her chromosome constellation will be 46,XX. Ovulation usually occurs. Typically, the vagina is shortened and intercourse will be difficult and painful. Medical examination supported by gynecologic ultrasonography demonstrates a complete or partial absence of the cervix, uterus, and vagina.
Since there is no uterus, women with MRKH cannot carry a pregnancy. However, it is possible for these women to have genetic offspring by in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and surrogacy. Uterine transplantation is currently not a treatment that can be offered as the technology is still in its infancy.
Women with MRKH typically discover the condition when, during puberty years, the menstrual cycle does not start. Some women find out earlier through surgeries for other conditions, such as a hernia.
Other, less common symptoms include kidney problems, hearing loss, and bone malformations.
This condition must be differentiated from other diseases that cause latency in secondary sexual characteristics development, such as constitutional delay of puberty, hypopituitarism, delayed puberty, and chromosomal abnormalities. Chromosomal abnormalities are Turner's syndrome, and Noonan's syndrome.

# Prevalence
The estimated prevalence is 1 in 5000 women. A genetic cause is likely (see OMIM).

# Treatment
Although there are treatments to increase the comfort in sexual intercourse, there are none to let the woman herself become pregnant. There are plans by UK and Swedish doctors for a uterine transplant that would allow these women to carry their own child, but no transplant has yet been successful in producing a child. Since the women do have ovaries, women with this condition can have genetic children through IVF with embryo transfer to a gestational carrier. Some women also choose to adopt.
It may be necessary to use vaginal dilators or surgery to develop a functioning vagina to allow for satisfactory sexual intercourse. A number of surgical approaches have been used. In the McIndoe procedure a skin graft is applied to form an artificial vagina. After the surgery, dilators are still necessary to prevent vaginal stenosis. The Vecchietti procedure is a laparoscopic procedure that has been shown to result in a vagina that is comparable to a normal vagina in patients with Mullerian agenesis.
Emotional help is available in various support groups across the internet. With the internet and these support groups, women with MRKH feel less like they do not belong, and are able to deal with the syndrome with more confidence and security.
Muscarinic agonist

# Overview
A muscarinic receptor agonist is an agent that enhances the activity of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. The muscarinic receptor has different subtypes, labelled M1-M5, allowing for further differentiation.
In the form of pilocarpine muscarinic receptor agonists have been used medically for a long time.
M1-type muscarinic acetylcholine receptors  play a role in cognitive processing.  In Alzheimer disease (AD) amyloid formation may decrease the ability of these receptors to transmit their signals leading to decrease cholinergic activity. As these receptors themselves appear relatively unchanged in the disease process, they have become a potential therapeutic target  when trying to improve cognitive function in patients with AD.
A number of  muscarinic agonists have been developed and are under investigation to treat AD. These agents show promise as they are neurotrophic, decrease amyloid depositions, and improve damage due to oxidative stress. Tau-phosphorylation is decreased and   cholinergic function enhanced.  Notably several agents of the AF series of muscarinic agonists have become the focus of such research:. AF102B, AF150(S), AF267B. In animal models that are mimicking the damage of AD, these agents appear promising.

# Drugs
- M1 agonists
Cevimeline (AF102B) (Evoxac) is a muscarinic agonist that is  an Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug and used for the management of  dry mouth in Sjogren's syndrome.
- Cevimeline (AF102B) (Evoxac) is a muscarinic agonist that is  an Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug and used for the management of  dry mouth in Sjogren's syndrome.
- M3 agonists
Aceclidine, for glaucoma.
Arecoline, an alkaloid present in the Betel nut.
Pilocarpine is a drug that acts as a muscarinic receptor agonist that is used to treat glaucoma.
- Aceclidine, for glaucoma.
- Arecoline, an alkaloid present in the Betel nut.
- Pilocarpine is a drug that acts as a muscarinic receptor agonist that is used to treat glaucoma.
Muscularis mucosae
The lamina muscularis mucosae (or "muscularis mucosa") is the thin layer of smooth muscle found in most parts of the gastrointestinal tract, located outside the lamina propria mucosae and separating it from the submucosa.
In the gastrointestinal tract, the term mucosa or "mucous membrane" refers to the combination of epithelium, lamina propria, and (where it occurs) muscularis mucosa.  The etymology suggests this since the Latin names translate to "the mucosa's own special layer" (lamina propria mucosae) and "muscular layer of the mucosa" (lamina muscularis mucosae).
The muscularis mucosa is composed of several thin layers of smooth muscle fibers oriented in different ways which keeps the mucosal surface and underlying glands in a constant state of gentle agitation to expel contents of glandular crypts and enhance contact between epithelium and the contents of the lumen.
Mycobacterium agri
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Mycobacterium agri

# Description
Microscopy
- Gram-positive, nonmotile and acid-fast rods (3-7m long). Frequently join to grow in long threads.
Colony characteristics
- Rough, and nonphotochromogenic colonies.
Physiology
- Rapid growth on egg media at 22-45C, not at 52C, in less than 5 days.
- Niacin negative, catalase positive, -galactosidase usually positive.
- Tween 80 not hydrolysed after 14 days.
- Resistant to 5% NaCl, p-nitrobenzoic acid (0.5mg/ml) and thiophene-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide (1mg/l).

# Pathogenesis
Not associated with disease.

# Distribution
- Found in soil world-wide

# Type Strain
- Strain 90012 = ATCC 27406 = CCUG 37673 A = CIP 105391 = DSM 44515 = JCM 6377.
N-formylmethionine
N-Formylmethionine(fMet) is an amino acid found in all living cells. It is a derivative of the amino acid methionine. It is a modified form of methionine in which a formyl group has been added to methionine's amino group.
It plays a crucial part in the protein synthesis of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts. It is not used in the protein synthesis taking place in the cytosol of eukaryotes, where eukaryotic nuclear genes are translated.

# Function in protein synthesis
fMet is a starting residue in the synthesis of proteins in prokaryotes and, consequently, is located at the N-terminus of the growing polypeptide. fMet is delivered to the ribosome (30S) - mRNA complex by a specialized tRNA (tRNA.fMet) which has a 5'-CAU-3' anticodon that is capable of binding with the AUG start codon located on the mRNA.
N-Formylmethionine is coded by the same codon as methionine, AUG. However, AUG is also the translation initiation codon. When the codon is used for initiation, N-formylmethionine is used instead of methionine, thereby forming the first amino acid of the nascent peptide chain. When the same codon appears later in the mRNA, normal methionine is used. Many organisms use variations of this basic mechanism.
The addition of the formyl group to methionine is catalyzed by the enzyme transformylase. This modification is done after methionine has been loaded onto tRNA.fMet by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
Note that methionine can be loaded either onto tRNA.fMet or tRNA.Met. Transformylase will catalyze the addition of the formyl group to methionine only if methionine has been loaded onto tRNA.fMet and NOT onto tRNA.Met.

# Relevance to immunology
Because N-Formylmethionine is present in proteins made by prokaryotes but not in those made by eukaryotes, the immune system can use it to help distinguish self from non-self. Polymorphonuclear cells can bind proteins starting with N-Formylmethionine, and use them to initiate phagocytosis.
Natural childbirth

# Overview
Natural childbirth is a childbirth philosophy that attempts to minimize medical intervention, particularly the use of anesthetic medications and surgical interventions such as episiotomies, forceps and ventouse deliveries and caesarean sections.

# Risks of anesthetics and other interventions
Proponents of natural childbirth note that anaesthetics may increase the likelihood of complications, because labor may be slowed or the woman may not be able to adequately move her body during labor or work with her body during final delivery.  All epidural medications given during labor cross the placenta and affect the fetus, and it has been shown that pain medication can affect the feeding behavior of the newborn  and reduce the chances of successful breastfeeding.
A natural birth also increases the probability of a healthier postnatal period and an easier recovery due to better hormonal balance and less post-operative discomforts. This is because a woman who has given birth with minimal intervention does not have to recover from major abdominal surgery (caesarean section), instrumental delivery (by forceps or ventouse), cutting of the perineum, called episiotomy) (although the perineum will sometimes tear during childbirth anyway), bruises from IV lines,  or severe headache backache (a possible and well-documented side effect of epidurals).  Natural childbirth maximizes the innate birth physiology and laboring movement of healthy, well-nourished women and minimizes interventions in the normal course of spontaneous childbirth.

# Alternatives to anesthetics
Pain management techniques other than medication include:
- hydrotherapy
- massage
- relaxation therapy
- hypnobirthing
- breathing exercises
- vocalization
- visualization
- mindfulness
- movement and different positions (i.e. using a birthing ball)
- hot and cold therapy (i.e. using hot compresses and/or cold packs)
- having one-on-one labor support, such as a midwife or doula
It should be noted that it is common to defecate while giving birth.

# Psychological benefits
Many women consider natural birth empowering.  A woman who is supported to labor as she instinctively wants to is a woman who will likely feel positive about her birth experience and future parenting skills.     Her baby is more able to be alert and placed on her skin (promoting maternal bonding) and breastfeeding is more likely to be enjoyable and successful.  

# Preparation
The Lamaze, Bradley Method, Birthing From Within, and Calm Birth are popular systems to help parents-to-be prepare for the birth process in general, and emphasize natural birth in particular.
Negative selection
Negative selection may refer to:
- Negative selection (natural selection), in natural selection it refers to the selective removal of rare alleles that are deleterious.
- Negative selection (artificial selection), in artificial selection it refers to where negative, rather than positive, traits of a species are selected for.
- Negative selection (immunology): T-cells that recognize self MHC molecules (and peptides) with high affinity are deleted from the repertoire of cells. Tolerance is produced. Avoids auto-immunity. Occurs after positive selection.