Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Myoporum laetum

# Overview
The Ngaio or Mousehole tree (Myoporum laetum) is a tree in the family Scrophulariaceae native to New Zealand.

# Description
Ngaio is a fast growing evergreen shrub or small tree which appears dome shaped at first but as it gets older distorts as branches break off. It grows to a height of 10 metres, and bears white blossoms with purple spots from mid spring to mid summer. The bark has a brownish furrowed look.
The leaves contain small oil glands which appear as small yellow or white speckles, making the leaf quite distinguishable from those of other shrubs. The flowers are bisexual and borne on axillary cymes, corolla 5 lobed 1.5-2 cm across, ovary superior with 2 locules. The fruit is a bright red drupe 6-9 mm long.

# Distribution
Ngaio grows very well in coastal areas of New Zealand and towards lowland forest.
Myoporum laetum has been introduced to several other countries including Spain, Portugal, Chile, and the United States. It is considered an invasive exotic species by the California Exotic Pest Plant Council.

# Uses
The Maori would rub the leaves over their skin to repel mosquitoes and sandflies.

# Toxicity
The leaves of this tree contain a liver toxin Ngaione which can cause sickness and or death in stock such as horses, cattle, sheep and pigs.

# Propagation

## Seed
The seed is 5-8mm in size with a light brown slightly orange colour.  Stratification for 8 weeks is the recommended pre-germination seed treatment.  Seeds can take a several months to germinate, but by reducing the thickness of the seeds outer coat by slightly nicking with a knife or using sandpaper, germination times can be reduced.

## Cutting
Propagation can be accomplished with cuttings and using a rooting hormone.  Roots will start to form anywhere from 5-9 weeks.

# Maori legend
According to Maori legend, a Ngaio tree can be seen on the moon:
The man in the moon becomes, in Maori legend, a woman, one Rona by name. This lady, it seems, once had occasion to go by night for water to a stream. In her hand she carried an empty calabash. Stumbling in the dark over stones and the roots of trees she hurt her shoeless feet and began to abuse the moon, then hidden behind clouds, hurling at it some such epithet as "You old tattooed face, there!" But the moon-goddess heard, and reaching down caught up the insulting Rona, calabash and all, into the sky. In vain the frightened woman clutched, as she rose, the tops of a ngaio-tree. The roots gave way, and Rona with her calabash and her tree are placed in the front of the moon for ever, an awful warning to all who are tempted to mock at divinities in their haste.
Nature Medicine
Nature Medicine is an academic journal publishing research articles, reviews, news and commentaries in the biomedical area, including both basic research and early-phase clinical research. Topics covered include cancer, cardiovascular disease, gene therapy, immunology, vaccines and neuroscience. The journal seeks to publish research papers that 'demonstrate novel insight into disease processes, with direct evidence of the physiological relevance of the results.'
Founded in 1995, Nature Medicine is published by the Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Ltd, and is one of the rapidly expanding stable of Nature journals. Like other Nature journals, there is no external Editorial Board, with editorial decisions being made by an in-house team, although peer review by external expert referees forms a part of the review process.
Nature Medicine is published monthly. Articles are archived online in text and PDF formats. 
Its 2005 impact factor was 28.878, making it the highest cited research journal in preclinical medicine. It also is among the highest impact of primary (non-review) scientific journals. By comparison, the impact factors of general science journals Science and Nature for the same period were 30.927 and 29.273, respectively.

# Reference
-  Anon. (2004) Dear author, (Editorial) Nat Med 10: 1

# External link
- Nature Medicine website
User:Neepa Shah

# Neepa Shah,MD
Contact:
Email: neepashh2@gmail.com

# Current position
Postdoctoral research fellow, PERFUSE Study Group at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
First-Year Pediatric Resident in India at Shri Ram Murti Medical Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.

# Proffesional Background
- Dr. Neepa Shah is a postdoctoral research fellow of cardiovascular medicine at the PERFUSE Study Group at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
- She received her M.D. from Smolensk State Medical University, Smolensk, Russian Federation.

# Education
- Medical Doctorate from Smolensk State Medical University, Smolensk, Russian Federation.

# Pages Authored
Negativity bias
Negativity bias is the name for a psychological phenomenon by which humans pay more attention to and give more weight to negative than positive experiences. This shows up in a number of domains, including:
- People will work harder to avoid losing an amount of money than they will to gain the same amount of money. When we compare how strongly people rate their emotions when losing vs. gaining the money, the people who lost money have a stronger reaction. This phenomenon has been researched in the field of economic psychology as part of prospect theory.
- When given a piece of positive information and a piece of negative information about a stranger, people's judgment of the stranger will be negative, rather than neutral (assuming the two pieces of information are not severely imbalanced).
- If a person has a good experience and a bad experience close together, they will feel worse than neutral. This is true even if they would independently judge the two experiences to be of similar magnitude.
- When put in an environment with a variety of information to pay attention to, people will immediately notice the threats instead of the opportunities or the signals of safety. Evolutionary psychology sees this as an example of a smoke detector system.
The definitive publication on negativity bias in the field of psychology is by Roy Baumeister, Ellen Bratslavsky, Catrin Finkenauer, and Kathleen Vohs  and the phenomenon is often referred to by the paper's title: Bad is Stronger than Good. Prospect theory, developed by Kahneman and Tversky, is an older and independent area of research that produces many of the same results .

# Is Bad Stronger than Good?
A more apt description of the theory is that bad is more attention-getting than good. Positive events exert effects in other ways:
- Most people feel mildly positive, most of the time. This suggests that negative events that are sufficiently strong to exert the "bad is stronger" effect may not be that common (see positivity offset).
- Positive events can aid recovery from the cardiovascular wear and tear caused by the stress response to negative events. This is referred to as the undo effect of positive emotions.
- When positive emotions are experienced regularly, over time, they can have cumulative benefits that are more substantial than the effects of negative emotions. This is referred to as the broaden-and-build effect.
- As people age, the negativity bias is reduced and may even disappear. It is presently unclear exactly what about aging causes this positivity effect.
Nonetheless, when assessing an immediate situation, it does seem that negative information and negative events predominate, and this has significant implications for everything from aesthetics to trauma recovery to the study of stress and biochemistry.

# Sources
-  Review of General Psychology 2001, vol.5(4) 323-370
-  Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky (1979) "Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk", Econometrica, XLVII (1979), 263-291
Neoarsphenamine
Neosalvarsan is a synthetic chemotherapeutic that is an organoarsenic compound.  It became available in 1912 and superseded the more toxic and less water-soluble salvarsan as an effective treatment for syphilis.    Because both of these arsenicals carried considerable risk of side-effects, they were replaced for this indication by penicillin in the 1940s.
Both salvarsan and neosalvarsan were developed in the laboratory of Paul Ehrlich in Frankfurt, Germany.  Their discoveries were the result of the first organized team effort to optimize the biological activity of a lead compound through systematic chemical modifications. This scheme is the basis for most modern pharmaceutical research. Both salvarsan and neosalvarsan are prodrugs, that is to say that they are metabolised to the active drug in the body.

# Structure
The structure of Salvarsan, and presumably this derivative, was once believed to feature an As=As bond as shown in the figure..  In 2005, Salvarsan was shown to be a mixture of the cyclic trimer and a pentamer.  The revised structure features As-As single bonds, not double bonds.
Neuraminic acid
Neuraminic acid (5-amino-3,5-dideoxy- D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid) is a 9-carbon monosaccharide. It may be theoretically visualized as the aldol-condensation product of pyruvic acid and D-mannosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-mannose). Neuraminic acid does not occur naturally, but many of its derivatives are found widely distributed in animal tissues and in bacteria, especially in glycoproteins and gangliosides. The N- or O-substituted
derivatives of neuraminic acid are collectively known as sialic acids, the predominant one being N-acetylneuraminic acid. The amino group bears either an acetyl or a glycolyl group. The hydroxyl substituents may vary considerably: acetyl, lactyl, methyl, sulfate and phosphate groups have been found.
The name "neuraminic acid" was introduced by German scientist E. Klenk in 1941, in reference to the brain lipids from which it was derived as a cleavage product..
The symbol commonly used for neuraminic acid is Neu.
Neurocardiology
The new field of neurocardiology hypothesizes that the heart is not just a muscle which pumps blood throughout the body but is a sensory organ. The heart is now seen as an extensive nervous system with a sophisticated information encoding and processing center, sufficient to qualify it as a "heart-brain."
For example, recent studies in neurocardiology have found that:
- The anatomical organization and function of the cardiac nervous system is a complex hierarchy of nested feedback control loops;
- Interactions occurring among multiple populations of heart neurons maintain cardiovascular stability and maximize cardiac efficiency;
- The heart as a complex, self-organized system maintains a continuous two-way dialogue with the brain and the rest of the body.
Neurodermatitis
Neurodermatitis can mean:
- Lichen simplex chronicus and its cousin, prurigo nodularis; these are types of eczema that are thought to be self-caused, as by habitual scratching, or have unexplained origin, and are mostly localized; the older term was localized or circumscribed neurodermatitis."
- Other types of "lichens" such as lichen striatus (aka linear neurodermatitis), which are part of the pruritic dermatoses spectrum.
- Atopic dermatitis  also known as childhood eczema; this usage is still common in parts of Europe; the older term was disseminated neurodermatitis.
There are still references in the older literature to the psychosomatic nature of these disorders, and their accompanying "psychogenic" itch. This is why the older terms had "neuro" in them: as a reference to the link with mental illness. There continues to be a suspicion of obsessive-compulsive behaviors leading to some forms of dermatitis.
Neuropeptide FF
NPFF  Neuropeptide FF (FLFQPQRFa) is a mammalian amidated neuropeptide originally isolated from bovine brain and characterized as a pain-modulating peptide, with anti-opioid activity on morphine-induced analgesia.
In humans, Neuropeptide FF peptides are encoded by the NPFF gene. Two genes encoding two different receptors (NPFF1 and NPFF2) and two precursors (NPFFA and NPFFB) have been cloned in several mammalian species.

# Function
Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) and RFamide related peptides issued from two precursors interact with good affinity with two subtypes of G protein-coupled receptors, namely NPFF1 and NPFF2 subtypes and are involved in several physiological functions such as cardiovascular regulation, hormonal control, macrophage activation, body temperature homeostasis and pain modulation.
Processing of the NPFFA precursor at basic proteolytic sites should generate a NPFF-containing peptide with three additional N-terminal amino acids different between species, and a NPSF (SLAAPQRFa)-containing peptide, the length of which depends on the species. NPFFB, identified as a precursor for RFamide-related peptides (RFRPs, also called GnIH for gonadotropin inhibitory hormone), contains a LPLRFa-containing peptide and a peptide sharing with NPFF the same C-terminal PQRFamide motif, such as NPVF (VPNLPQRFa) in human.
NPFF and opioid systems have been shown to interact at several levels, from animal behavior to receptor molecules. Nociception is the physiological function in which this interaction has been the most extensively studied but reward, locomotion, feeding and intestinal motility are also affected. Endogenous opioids are necessary for the analgesic properties of spinally injected NPFF while endogenous NPFF peptides are involved in the process of analgesic tolerance/hyperalgesia induced by chronic opioid treatment.
NPFF also controls the number and metabolic effects of adipose tissue macrophages, and NPFF is necessary for adipose tissue health.
Neurophilosophy
Neurophilosophy is the interdisciplinary study of neuroscience and philosophy.  Work in this field is often separated into two distinct methods.  The first method attempts to solve problems in philosophy of mind with empirical information from the neurosciences.  The second method attempts to clarify neuroscientific results using the conceptual rigor and methods of philosophy of science.
The pair of philosophers who have brought wide attention to this field (in both of these forms) are  Patricia and Paul Churchland.

# Neurophilosophy
Neurophilosophy explores the relevance of neuroscientific data to arguments in philosophy of mind.  Prominent philosophers in this field are Daniel Dennett and David Chalmers.
Neurophilosophy makes the claim that thought, knowledge, beliefs, and reasoning are functions of the brain and will eventually be explained in terms of neurons, synapses, and the details of human brain structure. This scientific approach contrasts strongly with idealism, and/or the appeal to the existence of a Platonic soul that thinks, feels and desires. Brain based materialist explanations such as the appreciation of color vision typify neurophilosophy, whereas other approaches may involve qualia or sense data being organized by an independent mind (Kant).

# Philosophy of neuroscience
Philosophy of neuroscience aims to bring conceptual clarification to neuroscientific studies.  In this respect, it is a subfield of philosophy of science.  Prominent philosophers in this field are Valerie Hardcastle and William Bechtel.
Nikolsky's sign

# Overview
Nikolsky's sign is a clinical dermatological sign in which blisters spread easily upon application of horizontal, tangential pressure to the skin. A positive Nikolsky's sign signifies a separation of epithelial cells either from one another or from the basement membrane, which is a layer of connective tissue to which epithelium usually adhered. This occurs in a number of conditions, including but not limited to the potentially fatal autoimmune skin disorder pemphigus vulgaris, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis.
To check for the presence of these conditions, as well as certain certain vesicular/bullous diseases (conditions that cause skin blisters to form), such as pemphigus and pemphigoid this test can be administered to ascertain the fragility of the epithelial attachment mechanisms.
One way to perform this test is with a simply pencil. With the eraser side of a pencil down, the pencil is firmly placed on the skin and depressed while twisted. If the patient has one of a number of vesicular/bullous diseases, he or she will test positive for Nikolsky's sign, and a blister will form within a matter of minutes.

# Histologic Basis for the Sign
The idea behind this test lies in the histologic properties of certain vesicular/bullous diseases. In these diseases, there are defects in the cell-to-cell attachement mechanisms, and even minute amounts of trauma can elicit a clinical response of a blister formation when the cells are manually detached with the forceful turn of the pencil eraser on the skin. In the case of pemphigus, the pencil twist easily rips the spinous cells apart because they possess defective desmosomes, and in the case of pemphigoid, the hemidesmosomes are defective. Within minutes, a blister will form, and this is pathognomonic, or absolutely indicative, of a vesicular/bullous disease.
de:Nikolski-Phanomen
nl:Teken van Nikolsky
Niobium carbide
Niobium carbide (NbC and Nb2C) is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material, commercially used in tool bits for cutting tools. It is usually processed by sintering and is a frequent additive in cemented carbides. It has the appearance of a brown-gray metallic powder with purple lustre. It is highly corrosion resistant.
Niobium carbide is a frequent intentional product in microalloyed steels due to its extremely low solubility product in austenite, the lowest of all the refractory metal carbides. This means that micrometre-sized precipitates of NbC are virtually insoluble in steels at all processing temperatures and their location at grain boundaries helps prevent excessive grain growth in these steels. This is of enormous benefit, and the cornerstone of microalloyed steels, because it is their uniform, very fine grain size that ensures both toughness and strength.   
The only commonly occurring compound with a lower solubility and hence, greater potential for restricting the grain growth of steels is titanium nitride.
Its CAS number is 12069-94-2.
Depending on grain size, niobium carbide may burn at 200-800 C in air.
A layer of niobium carbide can be created by chemical vapor deposition.
Zirconium carbide and niobium carbide can be used as refractory coatings in nuclear reactors.
Norma Restieaux
Dame Norma Jean Restieaux, DBE is a physician, medical researcher, cardiologist and author from New Zealand.
She authored or co-authored the following:
- IDL Composition and Angiographically Determined Progression of Atherosclerotic Lesions During Simvastatin Therapy
- Clinical outcome of older patients with acute coronary syndrome over the last three decades (Age Ageing 2006 35: 280-285; doi:10.1093/ageing/afj079)
She was knighted in 1992 as Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire.
She is currently an Associate Professor at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

# Links
- Oxford Medical Journals
- New Zealand Honours
- AHA Journals
Novirhabdovirus
Norhabdovirus is one of two genera of rhabdoviruses, along with Vesiculovirus, known to infect aquatic hosts. They can be transmitted from fish to fish, by waterborne virus, as well as through contaminated eggs. Replication and thermal inactivation temperatures are generally lower than for other rhabdoviruses, given the cold-blooded nature of their hosts. Hosts include a large and growing range of marine and freshwater fish.
A common characteristic among novirhabdoviruses is the NV gene, an approximately 500 nucleotide long gene located between the glycoprotein (G) and polymerase (L) genes. The expected protein encoded by the NV gene is not found in the virions, leading to its being named a "nonvirion" (NV) protein. This is the origin of the genus name Novirhabdovirus.
The four recognized species of the genus are Hirame rhabdovirus, currently isolated to Japan, Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), enozootic to North America but now present in Europe and Asia as well, Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), enzootic to Europe but now present in North America and Asia as well, and Snakehead rhabdovirus (SHRV). Two tentative species of the genus, identified the Seventh Report of the ICTV, are Eel virus B12 (EEV-B12), and Eel virus C26 (EEV-C26).
Nucleoporin 153
Nucleoporin 153 (Nup153) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the NUP153 gene. It is an essential component of the basket of nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) in vertebrates, and required for the achoring of NPCs. It also acts as the docking site of an importing karyopherin. On the cytoplasmic side of the NPC, Nup358 fulfills an analogous role.

# Background
Nuclear pore complexes are extremely elaborate structures that mediate the regulated movement of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm. These complexes are composed of at least 100 different polypeptide subunits, many of which belong to the nucleoporin family. Nucleoporins are pore complex-specific glycoproteins characterized by cytoplasmically oriented O-linked N-acetylglucosamine residues and numerous repeats of the pentapeptide sequence XFXFG.

# Structure
Nucleoporin 153 has a mass of 153 kDA (hence its name). It is filamentous and it contains three distinct domains: a N-terminal region within which a pore targeting domain has been identified, a central region containing multiple zinc finger motifs, and a C-terminal region containing multiple XFXFG repeats.

# Interactions
NUP153 has been shown to interact with SENP2 and KPNB1.
Nucleoporin 214
Nucleoporin 214 (Nup2014) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUP214 gene.

# Function
The nuclear pore complex is a massive structure that extends across the nuclear envelope, forming a gateway that regulates the flow of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Nucleoporins are the main components of the nuclear pore complex in eukaryotic cells. This gene is a member of the FG-repeat-containing nucleoporins. The protein encoded by this gene is localized to the cytoplasmic face of the nuclear pore complex where it is required for proper cell cycle progression and nucleocytoplasmic transport. The 3' portion of this gene forms a fusion gene with the DEK gene on chromosome 6 in a t(6,9) translocation associated with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome.

# Structure
The structure of the N-terminal domain of Nup214 reveals a sevenbladed beta-propeller fold followed by a 30-residue C-terminal extended peptide segment (CTE). The CTE folds back onto the beta propeller and binds to its bottom face. The structure of the Nup214 NTD bound to the helicase Ddx19 in its ADP-bound state reveals the molecular basis for the interaction between the two proteins. A conserved residue of Ddx19 is shown to be crucial for complex formation in vitro and in vivo. Strikingly, the interaction surfaces exhibit strongly opposing surface potentials, with the helicase surface being positively and the Nup214 surface being negatively charged. Ddx19 is shown to bind RNA only in its ATP-bound state, and the binding of RNA and the Nup214 NTD is mutually exclusive.

# Interactions
NUP214 has been shown to interact with:
- DDX19,
- CRM1
- NXF1, and
- NXF2,  and
- ZFP36.
Obturator veins
The obturator vein begins in the upper portion of the adductor region of the thigh and enters the pelvis through the upper part of the obturator foramen, in the obturator canal.
It runs backward and upward on the lateral wall of the pelvis below the obturator artery, and then passes between the ureter and the hypogastric artery, to end in the hypogastric vein.

# Additional images
- Variations in origin and course of obturator artery.
- The relations of the femoral and abdominal inguinal rings, seen from within the abdomen. Right side.
- Veins of the penis.
Occipital sinus
The occipital sinus  is the smallest of the cranial sinuses.
It is situated in the attached margin of the falx cerebelli, and is generally single, but occasionally there are two.
It commences around the margin of the foramen magnum by several small venous channels, one of which joins the terminal part of the transverse sinus; it communicates with the posterior internal vertebral venous plexuses and ends in the confluence of the sinuses.

# Additional images
- Base of the skull. Upper surface.