Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Sida cordifolia
Sida cordifolia is an herb in the Malvaceae family used widely in Ayurvedic medicine. It is known as Country mallow or Bala and grows in transitional or waste areas. Leaves are heart shaped with a single leaf at each node. The flowers are produced at the growing ends and are yellow in color. It is cool, astringent and extremely bitter, which makes it useful for reducing inflammation,and is diuretic and invigorating. In Ayurvedic terms it  is beneficial in deranged pitta.  The herb is rejuvinating to the nervous, circulatory, and urinary systems. The root has been used for asthma and arthritis for 2000 years. Cooked leaves are a remedy for piles. In Cambodia the roots are considered as diuretic and depurative; they are given in the treatment of gonorrhea and ringworm. 
Bala is used in massage oils which are used topically to massage sore muscles and joints in arthritis or rheumatism, sciatica and neuritis of the legs.  The leaves can be used as an infusion in treating fevers and delirium. The root of this plant is astringent, diuretic, and tonic, and its infusion is useful in cystitis, strangury, haematuria, bleeding piles, chronic dysentery, leucorrhoea, and gonorrhea The seeds are considered aphrodesiac and a nervine and are used in treating colic, tenesmus and gonorrhea.
Constituents include ephedrine (1%), phytosterols and potassium nitrate. There may be an estrogenic effect from the phytosterols. 
Sida cordifolia can be found in a few supplements for weight loss, substituted after the ephedra ban.  The supplement contains 1% ephedrine alkaloid which can aid in fat loss, commonly used by bodybuilders and athletes for superior performance and leaner bodies. It is currently and most commonly being manufactured in tablets that also contain caffeine. Its effects on the body are different from the much warmer herb Ma Huang, a very popular, yet controversial ephedra extract.
Like its relatives (Ma Huang, and the pill Pseudoephedrine), S. cordifolia is also effective as an anti-asthmatic treatment, but would be used for people who run hot rather than those who run cold.  It is considered as  diaphoretic, diuretic, and central nervous system stimulating. The Sida Cordifolia plant is native to India, Cambodia, and Sri Lanka.
Silent mutation
Silent mutations are DNA mutations that do not result in a change to the amino acid sequence of a protein. They may occur in a non-coding region (outside of a gene or within an intron), or they may occur within an exon in a manner that does not alter the final amino acid sequence. The phrase silent mutation is often used interchangeably with the phrase synonymous mutation; however, synonymous mutations are a subcategory of the former, occurring only within exons.
Because silent mutations do not alter protein function they are often treated as though they are evolutionarily neutral. However, many organisms are known to exhibit codon usage biases, suggesting that there is selection for the use of particular codons due to translational stability. Silent mutations may also affect splicing, or transcriptional control.
In molecular cloning experiments, it can be useful to introduce silent mutations into a gene of interest in order to create or remove recognition sites for restriction enzymes. An online tool that can analyse a sequence of interest for possible mutations to create restriction sites is given in the External Links section.
Recent results suggest that silent mutations can have an effect on subsequent protein structure and activity,.
Slone's disease
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# Overview
Slone's disease is a specific form of hereditary pancreatitis.  It is a rare inherited condition characterized by recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis attacks.

# Historical Perspective
In 1972, Robert McElroy and Philip A. Christiansen reported a large pedigree known as the Slone family, residing in the neighbouring state of Kentucky, that was affected with a rare autosomal dominant form of hereditary pancreatitis.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
In the United States, the majority of Slones patients have a lineage which can be traced back to Appalachia. It is estimated that at least 1,000 individuals are newly diagnosed with hereditary pancreatitis each year. As genetic testing increases, these numbers may escalate.

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

## Natural History
In about half of these cases the problem progresses to chronic pancreatitis, which is severe scarring of the pancreas.  The first attack typically occurs within the first two decades of life, but can begin at any age.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
Patients with Slone's disese may have chronic abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, malnutrition, or diabetes.

## Laboratory Findings
Laboratory tests performed during an attack usually detect high blood levels of amylase and lipase, which are enzymes released from the pancreas.

# Living with Slone's disease
One patient in western Kentucky was diagnosed with pancreatitis at 6 weeks of age. She continued to have severe episodes of pancreatitis throughout her childhood. In 1990 at the age of 5, she had a Peustow procedure performed at the Mayo Clinic by Dr. Christopher Moir. Despite repeated procedures, she continues to have episodes of pancreatitis.
Social dynamics
Social dynamics is the study of the ability of a society to react to inner and outer changes and deal with its regulation mechanisms. Social dynamics is a mathematically inspired approach to analyse societies, building upon systems theory and sociology. Sociologists, ethnologists, economists, social psychologists, criminologists, anthropologists and biologists are utilizing it in their studies of systems and behavior.

# Overview
Society and culture are things to which we are emotionally bound and for which we have no immediate alternative.  Sociology and psychology deal with ratings, with subjectivity, they are supposed to provide objective findings to serve subjective needs. (Of course different people have more or less different feelings, goals and opinions, this must be discussed, as cultures found upon least common denominators.) Cut short, sociology sits on the fence, it is a mix of human and nature sciences, philosophy and politics. As this has stalled the progress of sociology, some people meant to bring new life into it by applying mathematics and systemics to sociology: On a certain level, life and societies are nothing more than systems dealing respectively with genes and culture (for life-like behavior in the latter, see meme). Therefore we can try to describe social systems by signals which become modified by transmission functions.

### Some examples
If a society is small, its individuals can come to a fine consensus in a short time, that means that its amplitude error is small and its frequency bandwidth is high. But its absolute amplitude is small, so this society is still dependent on the big amplitude of nature, on the forces of nature. A big society can overcome hunger, disease and poverty, but its political media are hogs; high but lagged and distorted output signal.
More advanced cases introduce feedback, e.g. the cycles between economic boom and recession, whose resonance frequency is mostly ~2-5 years. The strength of a resonance is measured by the parameter Q (for quality). Calculations become simplified by signal theory.
Another example: Modern societies rely on technology to invent and promote new technology. The problem with backpropagation is that it can complicate the system, make it dynamic hence hard to control. As mankind needs to align technology to human needs and needs to foresee the effects of its actions, social dynamics and its scientific relatives is an important field.
Social medicine
The field of Social Medicine seeks to:
(1) understand how social and economic conditions impact health, disease and the practice of medicine and 
(2) foster conditions in which this understanding can lead to a healthier society.
This type of study began formally in the early 1800's. The Industrial Revolution and the subsequent increase in poverty and disease among workers raised concerns about the effect of social processes on the health of the poor.
Prominent figures in the history of social medicine include Rudolf Virchow, Salvador Allende, and more recently Paul Farmer and Jim Kim.
Sodium alginate

# Overview
The chemical compound sodium alginate is the sodium salt of alginic acid. Its empirical chemical formula is NaC6H7O6. Its form as a gum, when extracted from the cell walls of brown algae, is used by the foods industry to increase viscosity and as an emulsifier. It is also used in indigestion tablets and the preparation of dental impressions.  Sodium alginate has no discernible flavor.
Another major use of sodium alginate is reactive dye printing, where it is used in the textile industry.

# Radioactivity within the body
Sodium alginate is a good chelator for pulling radioactive toxins such as iodine-131 and strontium-90 from the body which have taken the place of their non-radioactive counterparts.
Sodium alginate is also used in immobilizing enzymes by inclusion.
Sodium peroxide
Sodium peroxide, Na2O2, is the normal product when sodium is burned.  It is a strong oxidizer.

# Chemical Properties
Sodium peroxide is hydrolyzed by water to form sodium hydroxide plus hydrogen peroxide according to the reaction:
The hydrogen peroxide thus formed decomposes rapidly in the ensuing basic solution, producing water and oxygen.  The reaction is substantially exothermic and can set fire to combustible materials.
Sodium peroxide will also set fire to many organic liquids on contact (particularly alcohols and glycols), and reacts violently with powdered metals and numerous other compounds after minimal initiation.

# Structural Transitions
The hexagonal crystal structure of sodium peroxide was discovered by Tallman et al..  Upon heating, the structure undergoes a transition into a phase of unknown symmetry at 512 C.  With further heating above the 675 C melting point, the compound decomposes, releasing O2, before reaching a boiling point.

# Preparation
Sodium peroxide can be synthesized by direct reaction with sodium and oxygen at 130 - 200 C.  Lower temperature (0 - 20 C) synthesis can be achieved by passing O2 over a dilute (0.1 - 5.0 mole percent) sodium metal amalgam, thus oxidizing the sodium. It may also be produced by passing ozone gas over solid sodium iodide inside a platinum or palladium tube. The ozone oxidizes the sodium to form sodium peroxide. The iodine is freed into iodine crystals, which can be sublimed by mild heating. The platinum or palladium catalyzes the reaction and is not attacked by the sodium peroxide.

# Uses
Given its strong oxidation properties, sodium peroxide is used to bleach wood pulp for the production of paper.  It has also been used for the extraction of minerals from various ores.  Sodium peroxide may go by the commercial names of Solozone and Flocool. In chemistry preparations, sodium peroxide is used as an oxidative reagent.
Specific volume
Specific volume (v) is the volume occupied by a unit of mass of a material. It is equal to the inverse of density. Specific volume may be expressed in  \frac{m^3}{kg} ,  \frac{ft^3}{lbm}  or  \frac{mL}{g}  .
where, V is the volume, m is the mass and \rho is the density of the material.
For an ideal gas,
where, R is the specific gas constant, M is the molar mass, T is the temperature and P is the pressure of the gas.
Specific volume may also refer to molar volume.
ca:Volum especific
de:Spezifisches Volumen
hu:Fajterfogat
nl:Soortelijk volume
sl:Specificna prostornina
Spectrum Health
Spectrum Health is a group of health care facilities consisting of  hospitals, treatment facities, urgent-care facilities, as well as physician practices that serve the Western Michigan area. It is recognized as one of the Top 50 Integrated Health Care Networks in the United States.

# Services
- Spectrum Healths hospitals include:
Blodgett Campus, East Grand Rapids, Michigan
Butterworth Campus, Downtown Grand Rapids, Michigan
Helen DeVos Childrens Hospital, Downtown Grand Rapids, Michigan
Kent Community Campus (Long-term care), Grand Rapids, Michigan
Reed City Campus, Reed City, Michigan
- Blodgett Campus, East Grand Rapids, Michigan
- Butterworth Campus, Downtown Grand Rapids, Michigan
- Helen DeVos Childrens Hospital, Downtown Grand Rapids, Michigan
- Kent Community Campus (Long-term care), Grand Rapids, Michigan
- Reed City Campus, Reed City, Michigan
- In addition, there are hundreds of primary care physicians that specialize in their respective fields.
- Spectrum Health has an air ambulance helicopter service, called Aeromed, that transports patients between accident scenes as well as between hospitals and the airport.
Spine apparatus
The spine apparatus (SA) is a specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that is found in a subpopulation of dendritic spines in central neurons. It was discovered by E. G. Gray in 1959 when he applied electron microscopy to fixed cortical tissue. The SA consists of a series of stacked discs that are thought to be connected to each other and to the dendritic system of ER-tubules.. The actin binding protein synaptopodin (which has originally been described in podocytes of the kidney) is an essential component of the SA. Mice that lack the gene for synaptopodin do not form a spine apparatus.. The SA is believed to play a critical role in learning and memory.

# Morphology
In CA1 pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, a spine apparatus is found in about 20% of all dendritic spines. The SA is mostly found in large mushroom-shaped spines which are thought to carry strong synapses. Not all spiny cells form a SA: Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, for example, have many dendritic spines, but no spine apparatus.

# Function
Dendritic spines in cortical neurons contain mainly ryanodine receptors, ion channels that are capable of releasing calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, it has long been speculated that the spine apparatus might be involved in calcium signaling inside the spine. 
A knockout mouse lacking synaptopodin provided the first evidence for an involvement of the spine apparatus in synaptic plasticity. These mice, which had no spine apparatus, had impaired long-term potentiation in the hippocampus and also deficits in spatial learning. However a mechanistic link between the SA and synaptic plasticity has not yet been established.
Splenic disease

# Overview
Splenic diseases include splenomegaly, where the spleen is enlarged for various reasons. On the other hand, a lack of normal spleen function is called asplenia.

# Splenomegaly
Enlargement of the spleen is known as splenomegaly. It may be caused by sickle cell anemia, sarcoidosis, malaria, bacterial endocarditis, leukemia, pernicious anemia, Gaucher's disease, leishmaniasis, Hodgkin's disease, Banti's disease, hereditary spherocytosis, cysts, glandular fever (mononucleosis or 'Mono' caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus), and tumours. Primary tumors of the spleen include hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas. Marked splenomegaly may result in the spleen occupying a large portion of the left side of the abdomen.
The spleen is the largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body. It is normally palpable in preterm infants, in 30% of normal, full-term neonates, and in 5% to 10% of infants and toddlers. A spleen easily palpable below the costal margin in any child over the age of 34 years should be considered abnormal until proven otherwise.
Splenomegaly can result from antigenic stimulation (e.g., infection), obstruction of blood flow (e.g., portal vein obstruction), underlying functional abnormality (e.g., hemolytic anemia), or infiltration (e.g., leukemia or storage disease, such as Gaucher's disease). The most common cause of acute splenomegaly in children is viral infection, which is transient and usually moderate. Basic work-up for acute splenomegaly includes a complete blood count with differential, platelet count, and reticulocyte and atypical lymphocyte counts to exclude hemolytic anemia and leukemia. Assessment of IgM antibodies to viral capsid antigen (a rising titer) is indicated to confirm Epstein-Barr virus or cytomegalovirus. Other infections should be excluded if these tests are negative.

# Asplenia
Asplenia is the absence of normal spleen function. It predisposes to some septicemia infections. Therefore, vaccination and antibiotic measures are essential in such cases. There are multiple causes:
- Some people congenitally completely lack a spleen, although this is rare.
- Sickle-cell disease can cause a functional asplenia (or autosplenectomy) by causing infarctions of the spleen during repeated sickle-cell crises.
- It may be removed surgically (known as a splenectomy), but this is rarely performed, as it carries a high risk of infection and other adverse effects. Indications include following abdominal injuries with rupture and hemorrhage of the spleen, or in the treatment of certain blood diseases (Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, hereditary spherocytosis, etc.), certain forms of lymphoma or for the removal of splenic tumors or cysts.
Spoken language
A spoken language is a human natural language in which the words are uttered through the mouth. Most human languages are spoken languages.
Speech communication stands in contrast to sign language and written language. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, spoken is prior to written language. The writing system of any language is developed or "invented" by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even today, there are many world languages that can be spoken but have no standard written form.  Hearing persons acquire their first language by way of spoken language. Writing is learned later. In linguistics, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only a "revised" record of speech. Thus linguists' data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic. Even from the point of view of syntax, spoken language usually has its own set of grammar patterns which sometimes may be quite different from that in written language.
Sign languages have the same natural origin as spoken languages, and the same grammatical complexities, but use the hands, arms, and face rather than parts of the mouth as their place of articulation.
Stainless steel
Stainless steel is defined as a steel alloy with a minimum of 11.5% chromium content by mass. Stainless steel does not stain, corrode or rust as easily as ordinary steel (it "stains less"), but it is not stain-proof. It is also called corrosion resistant steel when the alloy type and grade are not detailed, particularly in the aviation industry. There are different grades and surface finishes of stainless steel to suit the environment to which the material will be subjected in its lifetime. Common uses of stainless steel are cutlery and watch straps.
Stainless steel differs from carbon steel by amount of chromium present. Carbon steel rusts when exposed to air and moisture. This iron oxide film is active and accelerates  corrosion by forming more iron oxide. Stainless steels have sufficient amount of chromium present so that a passive  film of chromium oxide forms which prevents further corrosion.
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State (physics)
In physics,
the term state is used in several related senses,
each of which expresses something about the way a physical system is.
- State is sometimes used as a synonym for phase of matter.
- In classical mechanics state of a system (or body) refers to its condition at a particular moment of time; thus the terms initial state, reference state etc.
- In thermodynamics/statistical mechanics, a thermodynamic state, or more precisely, a macrostate, is the specification of a particular combination of physical properties (e.g. temperature, volume, pressure, etc). For example,  an equation of state describes the relationship between macrostates of the system.
- On the other hand, in the same context as above, a microstate is a detailed description of a collection of atoms or other particles. There may be many microstates corresponding to the same macrostate.
- In the study of dynamical systems, a physical system is typically modeled as a differential equation. The variable in such an equation is often called the state of the system. In some cases, this coincides with the thermodynamic sense, or it may be more abstract.
- In quantum mechanics, the state vector of an object contains information about the way that object currently is.  For example, the state vector  of a spinless free particle moving on a line, also called particle's wavefunction, is represented by e^{i(kx - \omega t)}.  In this formalism, the letter t denotes a moment in time, and the letter x denotes the particle's position at moment in time t.  The parameters k, and , are related to the speed, and mass of the particle.  Thus, a particle's state vector contains information about the position, mass, and speed of the particle.  In general, one can always describe a quantum mechanical system, which could consist of more than one particle, by its state vector.  It should be noted that the concept of a "state vector" has led to some confusion in physics, as is evidenced by the paradox known as Schrodinger's cat.
- The term state can also be used as a synonym for a moment in time, a point of time, a single instant.  Since the universe as a whole can be considered a system of particles, we can speak of the state of the universe, using the same meaning used in statistical physics.  In other words when we refer to the "state of the universe," we are referring to the way the entire universe currently is; or to put this still another way, we would be referring to the quantum mechanical state vector of the entire universe.