Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Tandem mass tags

# Overview
Tandem Mass Tags (TMT) are chemical labels used for mass spectrometry (MS) based quantitation and identification of biological macromolecules, especially, proteins, peptides and nucleic acids. They enable gel- and antibody-free quantitation but may also be used in combination with these and other methods.

# Versions
There are currently three varieties of TMT available:
- TMTzero - a non-isotopically substituted core structure for method development
- TMTduplex - an isobaric pair of mass tags with a single isotopic substitution
- TMTsixplex - an isobaric set of six mass tags with five isotopic substitutions
The tags contain four regions, namely a mass reporter region (M), a cleavable linker region (F), a mass normalization region (N) and a protein reactive group (R). The chemical structures of all the tags are identical but each contains isotopes substituted at various positions, such that the mass reporter and mass normalization regions have different molecular masses in each tag. The combined M-F-N-R regions of the tags have the same total molecular weights and structure so that during chromatographic or electrophoretic separation and in single MS mode, molecules labelled with different tags are indistinguishable. Upon fragmentation in MS/MS mode, sequence information is obtained from fragmentation of the peptide back bone and quantitation data are simultaneously obtained from fragmentation of the tags, giving rise to mass reporter ions.

# Bioinformatics Integration
The structures of the tags are made publicly available through the unimod database at unimod.org and hence, mass spectrometry software such as Mascot are able to account for the tag masses. Additionally, as of version 2.2, Mascot has a built in capability to quantitate using TMT without additional software.
Tantalum carbide

# Overview
Tantalum carbide (TaC) is an extremely hard refractory ceramic material, commercially used in tool bits for cutting tools. The hardness even exceeds that of diamond .  It is a heavy, brown powder usually processed by sintering, and an important cermet material. It is sometimes used as a fine-crystalline additive to tungsten carbide alloys.  Tantalum carbide has the distinction of being the stoichiometric binary compound with the highest known melting point, at 4150 K (3880C) .  The substoichiometric compound TaC0.89 has a higher melting point, near 4270 K (4000C).
When used as a mould coating, it produces a low friction surface.
Tantalum carbide-graphite composite material, developed in Los Alamos National Laboratory, is one of the hardest materials ever synthesized.
Dusts from grinding can be flammable.
Substances to avoid are: flammable gases (dust may form explosive mixtures with gases)
Temple (anatomy)
Temple indicates the side of the head behind the eyes. The bone beneath is the temporal bone.

# Anatomy
Cladists classify land vertebrates based on the presence of an upper hole, a lower hole, both, or neither in the cover of dermal bone which formerly covered the temporalis muscle. Those with no holes are called anapsida. The muscle whose origin is the temple and whose insertion is the jaw is the temporalis muscle. The brain has a lobe, called the temporal lobe.

# Etymology
This use of temple is a separate etymology than the word "temple" for "place of worship". Both come from Latin, but the word for the place of worship comes from templum, whereas the word for the part of the head comes from Vulgar Latin *tempula, modified from tempora, plural form ("both temples") of tempus, a word that meant both "time" and the part of the head. Due to the common source with the word for time, the adjective for both is "temporal" (both "pertaining to time" and "pertaining to the temple").
Tendon of Todaro

# Tendon of Todaro
- The tendon of Todaro is a continuation of the Eustachian valve of the inferior vena cava and the Thebesian valve of the coronary sinus.
- Along with the opening of the coronary sinus and the septal cusp of the tricuspid valve, it makes up the triangle of Koch.
- The apex of the triangle of Koch is the location of the AV node.
Terminal illness
Terminal illness is a medical term popularized in the 20th century to describe an active and malignant disease that cannot be cured or adequately treated and that is reasonably expected to result in the death of the patient.  This term is more commonly used for progressive diseases such as cancer or advanced heart disease than for trauma.  In popular use, it indicates a disease which will end the life of the sufferer.
A patient who has such an illness may be referred to as a terminal patient or terminally ill.  Often, a patient is considered to be terminally ill when the life expectancy is estimated to be six months or less, under the assumption that the disease will run its normal course. The six-month standard is arbitrary, and best available estimates of longevity may be incorrect.  Consequently, though a given patient may properly be considered terminal, this is not a guarantee that the patient will die within six months.  Similarly, a patient with a slowly progressing disease, such as AIDS, may not be considered terminally ill because the best estimates of longevity were greater than six months. However this does not guarantee that the patient will not die unexpectedly early. In general, physicians slightly overestimate survival so that, for example, a person who is expected to live for about six weeks would likely die around four weeks.

# Management
By definition, there is no cure or adequate treatment for terminal illnesses.  However, some kinds of medical treatments may be appropriate anyway.
Some terminally ill patients stop all debilitating treatments to reduce unwanted side effects.  Others continue aggressive treatment in the hope of an unexpected success. Still others reject conventional medical treatment and pursue unproven treatments such as radical dietary modifications. Patients' choices about different treatments may change over time.
Palliative care is normally offered to terminally ill patients, regardless of their overall disease management style, if it seems likely to help manage symptoms such as pain and improve quality of life.  Hospice care, which can be provided at home or in a long-term care facility, additionally provides emotional and spiritual support for the patient and loved ones.  Some complementary medicine approaches, such as relaxation therapy, massage, and acupuncture may relieve some symptoms and other causes of suffering.

# Dying
Patients, healthcare workers, and recently bereaved family members often describe a good death in terms of effective choices made in a few areas:
- Assurance of effective pain and symptom management
- Education about death and its aftermath, especially as it relates to decision-making
- Completion of any significant goals, such as resolving past conflicts
People who are terminally ill may or may not follow recognizable stages of grief.  For example, a person who finds strength in denial may never reach a point of acceptance or accommodation and may react negatively to any statement that threatens this defense mechanism.  Other people find comfort in meticulously arranging their financial and legal affairs or planning their funerals.
Thallium halides
The thallium halides include monohalides, where thallium has oxidation state +1, trihalides where thallium generally has oxidation state +3 and some intermediate halides with mixed  +1 and +3 oxidation states.

# Monohalides
The monohalides all contain thallium with oxidation state +1. Parallels can be drawn between the thallium(I) halides and their corresponding silver salts, for example thallium(I) chloride and bromide are light sensitive and thallium(I) fluoride is more soluble in water than the chloride and bromide.

# Thallium(I) mixed halides
Thallium bromoiodide and thallium bromochloride are mixed salts of thallium(I) that are used in spectroscopy as an optical material for transmission, refraction and focussing of infrared radiation .  The materials were originally developed and produced by Carl Zeiss in 1941. The red bromoiodide was coded KRS-5 and the colourless bromochloride, KRS-6 and this is how they are commonly known. The KRS prefix is an abbreviation of Kristalle aus dem Schmelz-fluss,  (crystals from the melt). The compositions of KRS-5 and KRS-6 approximate to TlBr0.4I0.6 and TlBr0.3Cl0.7. KRS-5 is the most commonly used, its properties of being relatively insoluble in water and non-hygroscopic, make it an alternative to KBr, CsI and AgCl. 

# Trihalides
The thallium trihalides are less stable than their corresponding aluminium, gallium and indium counterparts and chemically quite distinct. The triiodide does not contain thallium with oxidation state +3 but is a thallium(I) compound and contains the linear triiodide (I3) ion.

# Mixed valence halides
As a group these are not well characterised. They contain both Tl(I) and Tl(III), where the thallium(III) atom is present as complex anions e.g. TlCl4-.

# Halide complexes

# General references
- Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw
- Template:Cotton&Wilkinson6th

# Footnotes
-  U.Haussermann, P.Berastegui, S.Carlson, J.Haines, and J.Leger Angewandte Chemie, 31, pp. 4760 (2001)
-   A-V Mudring Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2007, 882
-   Frank Twyman (1988) Prism and Lens Making: A Textbook for Optical Glassworkers CRC Press ISBN 0852741502, page 170
-   Glaser J. (1979) Acta Chem. Scand. A33, 789. T605.
-   Bohme R., Rath J.,Grunwald B., Thiele G., Z. Naturforsch. 36B, 1366 (1980).
-   Ackermann R., Hirschle C., Rotter H.W., Thiele G.  Z. fur Anorg. Allgem. Chemie  2002,  628(12),  2675-2682.
-   James  M. A.,  Clyburne  J. A. C., Linden  A., James  B. D, Liesegang J., Zuzich V. Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1490
-   Linden A. , Nugent K.W., Petridis A., James B. D., Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1999, 285, 122.
Thecoma overview

# Overview
Thecomas are benign ovarian neoplasms that are sex cord-stromal tumours.
They are typically estrogen-producing and they occur in older women (mean age 59; 84% after menopause).
Grossly, the tumour appears solid and yellow, and tumour cells are large with abundant lipid-filled cytoplasm.
Sixty percent of patients present with abnormal uterine bleeding, and 20% have endometrial carcinoma.
Therapeutic food
Therapeutic foods are food designed for specific, usually nutritional, therapeutic purposes.
Examples include:
- Ensure, a fortified milkshake drink designed primarily for the elderly.
- Fortisip, a milkshake-style drink similar to Ensure.
- TwoCal
- Plumpy'nut, a peanut based food designed for emergency feeding of severely malnourished children.
Thickened fluids
Thickened fluids are often used for people with dysphagia, a disorder of swallowing function. The thicker consistency makes it less likely that an individual with dysphagia will aspirate while they are drinking.
There are several levels of consistency.
- Thin liquids: Unthickened, such as water or juice.
- Nectar thickened: Approximately as thick as a milkshake. Should pour in a continuous stream without "breaking" into drops.
- Honey thickened: Sticks to the sides of a cup like honey. Pours very slowly.
- Pudding thickened: Will hold its shape when scooped with a spoon.
Thiocolchicoside

# Overview
Thiocolchicoside (Muscoril, Myoril, Neoflax) is a muscle relaxant with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. It acts as a competitive GABAA receptor antagonist and also glycine receptor antagonist with similar potency and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to a much lesser extent. It has powerful convulsant activity and should not be used in seizure-prone individuals.

# Side effects
Side effect of thiocolchicoside can include nausea, somnolence, allergy and vasovagal reactions.
Although Musle relaxant have major side effect of Sedation, but Thiocholchicoside is free from sedation effect possible due to non-interference with nicotinic receptors.

# Pharmacokinetics
Thiocolchicoside is broken down in the body to a metabolite called 3-demethylthiocolchicine (also known as SL59.0955 or M2) that could damage dividing cells therefore inducing toxicity in the embryo, neoplastic changes and fertility reduction in males. Therefore recommended oral dose should not exceed 7 days and intramuscular dose duration should not exceed 5 days.Template:Medcn  Local skin preparations are less toxic.
Thionyl chloride
Thionyl chloride (or thionyl dichloride) is an inorganic compound with the formula SOCl2. SOCl2 is a reactive chemical reagent used in chlorination reactions.  It is a colorless, distillable liquid at room temperature and pressure that decomposes  above 140 C.  SOCl2 is sometimes confused with sulfuryl chloride, SO2Cl2, but the chemical properties of these S(IV) and S(VI) compounds differ significantly.

# Properties and structure
The molecule SOCl2 is pyramidal, indicating the presence of a lone pair of electrons on the S(IV) center.  In contrast, COCl2 is planar.
SOCl2 reacts with water to release hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide.
Because of its high reactivity toward water, SOCl2 would not be expected to occur in nature.

# Production
The major industrial synthesis involves the reaction of sulfur trioxide and sulfur dichloride:
Other methods include
The first of the above three reactions also affords phosphorus oxychloride (or phosphoryl chloride), which resembles thionyl chloride in many of its reactions.

# Applications
Thionyl chloride is used inside lithium-thionyl chloride batteries as the positive active material with lithium as the negative active material.  It is also used as a reagent for the production of other chemical compounds or materials.
In military usage, thionyl chloride is used in the "di-di" method of producing G-series nerve agents.

## Organic chemistry
Thionyl chloride is widely used to convert carboxylic acids and alcohols to the corresponding acyl chlorides and alkyl chlorides respectively via an internal nucleophilic substitution. It is preferred over other reagents such as phosphorus pentachloride because the products of the thionyl chloride reactions, HCl and SO2 are gaseous, simplifying the purification of the product.  Excess thionyl chloride may be removed by distillation.
Sulfonic acids react with thionyl chloride to produce sulfonyl chlorides.  Likewise, thionyl chloride will transform sulfinic acids into sulfinyl chlorides and phosphonic acids into phosphoryl chlorides.
Thionyl chloride will react with primary formamides to form isocyanides.
Amides will react with thionyl chloride to form imidoyl chlorides.  However, primary amides under heating with thionyl chloride will continue on to form nitriles.

## Inorganic chemistry
Anhydrous metal chlorides may be obtained from hydrated metal chlorides by refluxing in freshly distilled thionyl chloride:

# Safety
SOCl2 is toxic, corrosive, and lachrymatory.  It is a skin  and inhalation  hazard, as well as being odorous.  It can react explosively when exposed to high concentrations of nucleophiles such as phosphites.
Industrial production of thionyl chloride is controlled under the Chemical Weapons Convention, where it is listed in schedule 3.
Thoughtful House
The Thoughtful House Center for Children, founded in 2005 and located in Austin, Texas, is a collaboration between medical professionals, scientists, and autism activists seeking means to help children with autism spectrum disorders (i.e., Aspergers syndrome, ADHD, Pervasive Developmental Disorder, etc.) through a combination of medical care, education and research.

# Origins
Thoughtful House, under the guidance of executive director Andrew Wakefield, MD, was founded by Troy and Charlie Ball as a tribute to their son, Marshall.  The Balls donated land in Austin for the center.  Marshall, who has published two books of poetry and won many awards despite severe physical challenges, named the original Thoughtful House, built as a special place for reflection in his backyard.
In September, 2001, Andrew Wakefield, along with other colleagues and friends, initiated planning for the treatment center, devising a model combining medical care, behavioral analysis and education, as well as clinical and laboratory research.
Working with the founding Board of Directors, Thoughtful House became a reality in 2005, with the commencement of medical, educational, and recreational services for children with developmental disorders.

# Andrew Wakefield
Wakefield is a UK gastroenterologist.  Wakefield has become a controversial figure because of his claims to have found evidence that the MMR vaccine causes regressive autism, and because of his calls for the British government to "suspend" the vaccine.  In 1998 a paper published in The Lancet reported 12 children who had autism and bowel disease with onset after MMR. The authors produced no evidence that the vaccine was responsible but this study was widely reported in the press, causing parents concern and confusion. At a press conference Dr Wakefield suggested giving children the vaccines in three separate doses would be safer. This suggestion was not supported by his 12 co-authors nor by any scientific evidence. Nevertheless, takeup of the MMR vaccine dropped sharply to as low as 80%. Health officials say 95% of children should receive MMR so that vaccination programmes are effective.
Tiaprofenic acid

# Overview
Tiaprofenic acid is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the arylpropionic acid (profen) class, used to treat pain, especially arthritic pain. The typical adult dose is 300 mg twice daily. It is not recommended in children.
It is sparingly metabolised in the liver to two inactive metabolites. Most of the drug is eliminated unchanged in the urine. Renal disease impairs excretion, and it should be used with caution in renal disease.
Long-term use of tiaprofenic acid is associated with severe cystitis, roughly 100 times more commonly than other NSAIDs. It is contraindicated in patients with cystitis and urinary tract infections.
The earliest reports of clinical use are from France in 1975 
It is marketed under the trade names Surgam, Surgamyl and Tiaprofen, and in generic formulations. A sustained-release preparation is available. It is isomer with Suprofen.
Tobacco Lawsuits
-June 2002: A District Court in Kansas awarded $15 million in punitive damages against R.J. Reynolds Tobacco after calling the company's conduct "highly blameworthy and deserving of significant punishment." (David Burton vs. R.J. Reynold's Tobacco
-June 2002: A Miami jury held three cigarette companies liable for $37.5 million in a lawsuit involving an exsmoker who lost his tongue to tobaccorelated oral cancer. (Lukacs vs. Phillip Morris)
-October 2002: A Los Angeles jury issued $28 billion in punitive damages against Phillip Morris. This was later reduced to $28 million. (Betty Bullock vs. Phillip Morris)
-2004: A New York jury issued $20 million to the wife of a long-term smoker who died of lung cancer at the age of 57. This was the first time that a New York court had held a tobacco company liable for an individual smoker's death. (Gladys Frankson vs. Brown and Williams Tobacco Corp)
Toddler fracture
Toddlers fracture is a non displaced oblique fracture of the tibial shaft, which usually results from an indirect twisting or rotational force applied to the foot and lower leg.
Such injuries commonly occur when a toddler stumbles and falls or attempts to extricate the foot from between the bars of a playpen or crib.
Because of the mild clinical symptoms and frequent lack of a history of injury in young children with toddlers fractures, presentation of the patient for evaluation may be delayed.
(Images courtesy of RadsWiki)
- X-ray: Toddler's fracture
- X-ray: Toddler's fracture
- X-ray: Toddler's fracture

# See Also
- Torus fracture
Trefoil factor 1
Trefoil factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TFF1 gene (also called pS2 gene).

# Function
Members of the trefoil family are characterized by having at least one copy of the trefoil motif, a 40-amino acid domain that contains three conserved disulfides. They are stable secretory proteins expressed in gastrointestinal mucosa. Their functions are not defined, but they may protect the mucosa from insults, stabilize the mucus layer, and affect healing of the epithelium. This gene, which is expressed in the gastric mucosa, has also been studied because of its expression in human tumors. This gene and two other related trefoil family member genes are found in a cluster on chromosome 21.

## In gastric carcinoma
TFF1 expression is frequently lost in gastric carcinoma, probably through mechanism of DNA methylation, and it is therefore considered as a tumor suppressor gene.
Trefoil factor 3
Trefoil factor 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TFF3 gene.

# Function
Members of the trefoil family are characterized by having at least one copy of the trefoil motif, a 40-amino acid domain that contains three conserved disulfide bonds. They are stable secretory proteins expressed in gastrointestinal mucosa. Their functions are not defined, but they may protect the mucosa from insults, stabilize the mucus layer and affect healing of the epithelium. This gene is a marker of columnar epithelium and is expressed in a variety of tissues including goblet cells of the intestines and colon. This gene and two other related trefoil family member genes are found in a cluster on chromosome 21.

## In breast milk
Trefoil factors (TFF) are secretory products of mucin producing cells. They play a key role in the maintenance of the surface integrity of oral mucosa and enhance healing of the gastrointestinal mucosa by a process called restitution. TFF comprises the gastric peptides (TFF1), spasmolytic peptide (TFF2), and the intestinal trefoil factor (TFF3, this protein). They have an important and necessary role in epithelial restitution within the gastrointestinal tract. Significant amounts of TFF are present in human milk. Evidence has been presented that TFF3 isolated from milk strongly correlates with downregulation of IL-6 and IL-8 in human intestinal epithelial cells. On the other hand, TFF3 activated the epithelial cells in culture to produce beta defensins 2 (hBD2) and beta defensins 4 (hBD4). These findings suggest that TFF can activate intestinal epithelial cells and could actively participate in the immune system of breastfed babies by inducing the production of peptides related to innate defence, such as defensins.

## Activation of PAR-2 receptors
Two main mechanisms have been described for the activation of PAR-2: (A) by specific cleavage that unmask the receptor-activating peptide sequence present in the extracellular N-terminal domain of each PAR, leading to cell signaling via interaction of the exposed tethered ligand with the body of the receptor itself; and (B) by synthetic peptides, such as SLIGKV, that bind to the receptor, mimicking the actions of agonist proteases. During lactation, TFF3 secreted in human milk may activate intestinal epithelial cells through PAR-2 receptors, which in turn induces hBD2 and hBD4 expression and cytokine regulation.

# Clinical significance
Using TFF3 as a marker of columnar epithelium, a process using an ingestible oesophageal sampling device (Cytosponge) coupled with immunocytochemistry for trefoil factor 3 to improve the accuracy and acceptability of the detection/screening of Barrett's oesophagus has been developed.
However the clinical utility of such a test may be limited by frequent staining of TFF3 in gastric cardia and subsequent risk of false positives.