Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Masitinib

# Overview
Masitinib is a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of mast cell tumors in animals, specifically dogs. Since its introduction in November 2008 it has been distributed under the commercial name Masivet. It has been available in Europe since the second part of 2009. In the USA it is distributed under the name Kinavet and has been available for veterinaries since 2011.
Masitinib is being studied for several human conditions including cancers. It is used in Europe to fight orphan diseases.

# Mechanism of action
Masitinib inhibits the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit which is displayed by various types of tumour. It also inhibits the platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR).
Matuzumab

# Overview
Matuzumab (formerly EMD 72000) is a humanized monoclonal antibody for the treatment of cancer. It binds to EGFR (epithelial growth factor receptor) with high affinity.
Developed by Merck Serono in cooperation with Takeda Pharmaceutical, it is currently undergoing phase II clinical trials for the treatment of colorectal, lung and stomach cancer. On August 29, 2007, Merck Serono announced that the preliminary results of the colorectal cancer study were less than promising, and that further trials for treating this type of cancer may be abandoned. The results of the lung and stomach cancer studies are expected in 2008.

# Footnotes
-  Krebsmedikament floppt. n-tv, August 29, 2007. . Retrieved 2007-AUG-27.

# External link
- Official website
de:Matuzumab
Medazepam

# Overview
Medazepam is a drug that is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It is known by the following brand names:  Azepamid, Nobrium, Tranquirax (mixed with Bevonium), Rudotel, Raporan, Ansilan and Mezapam. Medazepam is a long-acting benzodiazepine drug. The half-life of medazepam is 36  200 hours.

# Pharmacology
Benzodiazepine drugs including medazepam increase the inhibitory processes in the cerebral cortex by allosteric modulation of the GABA receptor. Benzodiazepines may also act via micromolar benzodiazepine-binding sites as Ca2+ channel blockers and significantly inhibited depolarization-sensitive calcium uptake in experiments with cell components from rat brains. This has been conjectured as a mechanism for high dose effects against seizures in a study. It has major active benzodiazepine metabolites, which gives it a more prolonged therapeutic effects after administration.

# Chemistry
Medazepam can be synthesized in various ways. One is via the reduction of the carbonyl group in diazepam (lacking methyl in Ex 1) by lithium aluminium hydride. N.B. If diazepam is reduced with LAH as in Ex 9, actually the product produced is 7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3H-1,4-benzodiazepine, not medazepam.
A second way of making medazepam consists of the initial reduction of the carbonyl group by lithium aluminum hydride into 7-chloro-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-onethe first intermediate product in the synthesis of diazepamwhich is synthesized by the cyclocondensation of 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone with glycine ethyl ester into 7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine, and the subsequent methylation of the secondary amine nitrogen atom of the resulting product by methyl iodide, using sodium hydride as a base.
A third method of making medazepam consists of a new way of making 7-chloro-2,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine, which consists in heterocyclization of
1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-1-phenylimine with ethylenediamine. The starting 1-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-1-phenylimine is synthesized by the reaction of 2,5-dichlorobenzonitrile
with phenylmagnesium bromide.
A fourth method of making medazepam from 4-chloro-N-methylaniline is suggested. The last is reacted with aziridine (or ethylene imine) in the presence of aluminum chloride, giving N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-methylethylenediamine.  Acylation of the resulting product with BzCl gives the respective amide, which cyclizes into the desired medazepam using phosphorus oxychloride.
A fifth method also exists:
Melperone

# Overview
Melperone (Bunil (PT), Buronil (AT, BE, CZ, DK, FL, NL, NO, SE), Eunerpan (DE)) is an atypical antipsychotic of the butyrophenone chemical class, making it structurally related to the typical antipsychotic haloperidol. It first entered clinical use in 1960s.

# Marketing and indications
It has been tried in treatment-resistant cases of schizophrenia with some (albeit limited) success. It has also been reported effective in the treatment of L-DOPA and other forms of psychosis in Parkinson's disease (although a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted in 2012 failed to support these findings). It is also known to possess anxiolytic properties. It is marketed in the following countries:
- Austria
- Belgium
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- Germany
- Iceland
- Lithuania
- Portugal
- Sweden

# Adverse effects
Melperone is reported to produce significantly less weight gain than clozapine and approximately as much weight gain as typical antipsychotics. It is also purported to produce around as much prolactin secretion as clozapine (which is virtually nill). It is also purported to produce sedative effects and QT interval prolongation. It is also known to produce less extrapyramidal side effects than the first-generation (typical) antipsychotic, thiothixene. It can also produce (usually relatively mild) dry mouth.
- Constipation
- Diarrhoea
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Appetite loss
- Hypersalivation (drooling)
- Extrapyramidal side effects*
- Insomnia
- Agitation
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Fatigue
- Miosis
- Mydriasis
- Blurred vision
- Elevated liver enzymes (esp. ALT and GGTP)
- tremor, dystonia, hypokinesis, akathisia, dyskinesias
- Tardive dyskinesia
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
- Blood dyscrasias (pancytopaenia, agranulocytosis, leukopaenia, thrombocytopaenia, etc.)
- Seizures (probably rare/uncommon)
- Increased intraocular pressure
- Intrahepatic cholestasis (probably rare)
- Orthostatic hypotension (probably common)
- Arrhythmias
- Rash
- Hyperprolactinaemia
- Weight gain
- Increased appetite
 which can lead to galactorrhoea, gynecomastia, etc.

## Interactions
Melperone is reported to be a CYP2D6 inhibitor.

# Pharmacology
Melperone binds to the dopamine D2 receptor, just like all other clinically-utilised antipsychotics, but it does so with a very low affinity and hence may be liable to rapidly dissociate from the D2 receptor hence potentially giving it the profile of an atypical antipsychotic.
Merbromin

# Overview
Merbromin (marketed as Mercurochrome, Merbromine, Sodium mercurescein, Asceptichrome, Supercrome, Brocasept and Cinfacromin) is a topical antiseptic used for minor cuts and scrapes. Merbromin is an organomercuric disodium salt compound and a fluorescein. It is readily available in most countries but, because of its mercury content, it is no longer sold in Germany, the United States or France.

# Uses
Merbromin's best-known use is as a topical antiseptic. When applied on a wound, it stains the skin bright red. In the United States, its use has been superseded by other agents (e.g., povidone iodine, benzalkonium chloride, chloroxylenol).  It is still an important antiseptic, particularly in developing nations, due to its unbelievably low cost.
Merbromin is also used as a biological dye to mark tissue margins and as a metal dye in industrial dye penetrant inspection to detect metal fractures.

# Mercurochrome
Mercurochrome is a trade name of merbromin.  The name is also commonly used for over-the-counter antiseptic solutions consisting of merbromin (typically at 2% concentration) dissolved in either ethyl alcohol (tincture) or water (aqueous).
Its antiseptic qualities were discovered by Hugh H. Young in 1918, while working at Johns Hopkins Hospital as a physician. The chemical soon became popular among parents and physicians for everyday antiseptic uses, and it was commonly used for minor injuries in the schoolyard.
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) moved it from the generally recognized as safe classification into the untested classification to effectively halt its distribution in the United States on October 19, 1998 over fears of potential mercury poisoning. Sales were halted in Germany in 2003, and in France in 2006.  It is readily available in most other countries.
Within the United States, products such as Humco Mercuroclear play on the brand recognition history of Mercurochrome but substitute other ingredients with similar properties (Mercuroclear: "Aqueous solution of benzalkonium chloride and lidocaine hydrochloride").
Merocrine
Merocrine (eccrine) is a classification of exocrine glands in the study of Histology.
A cell is classified as merocrine if the secretions of that cell dump directly into the lumen.
This is done by vesicles opening onto the surface of the cell, and the
secretory product is discharged from the cell - normal exocytosis.
Merocrine is the most common manner of secretion.
It may be remembered by thinking of Merry as in happy. The gland releases its product and no part of the gland is lost.

# Examples
- Merocrine sweat glands
Mesentery

# Overview
Mesentery is, in anatomy, the double layer of peritoneum that connects a part of the small intestine to the posterior wall of the abdomen.  Its meaning, however, is frequently extended to include double layers of peritoneum connecting various components of the abdominal cavity.

# Mesentery (proper)
The mesentery proper (i.e. the original definition) refers to the peritoneum responsible for connecting the jejunum and ileum, parts of the small intestine, to the back wall of the abdomen.  Between the two sheets of peritoneum are blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.  This allows these parts of the small intestine to move relatively freely within the abdominal cavity.  The brain, however, cannot map sensation accurately, so sensation is usually referred to the midline, an example of referred pain.

# Development
The mesentery is derived from what is known in the embryo as the dorsal mesentery.  The dorsal mesentery is larger than the ventral mesentery, which gradually becomes other parts of the peritoneum. Most parts of the ventral mesentery are associated with the liver.

# Mesentery (general)
Mesenteries are composed of two layers of peritoneum.  The peritoneum that lies on the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity (parietal peritoneum) invaginates at certain parts, with an organ inside this invagination.  This invaginated peritoneum (visceral peritoneum) will often surround all but a part of the organ ("bare area"), through which the organ transmits blood vessels and nerves.  If this organ is invaginated far enough into the peritoneum, the visceral peritoneum will come in contact with itself, forming the organ's mesentery.
Mesenteries in the body:
- Mesentery (proper) - surrounds parts of the small intestine (the jejunum and the ileum)
- Mesocolon - surrounds parts of the colon
Meso-appendix - peritoneum of the vermiform appendix
Transverse mesocolon - peritoneum of the transverse colon
Sigmoid mesocolon - peritoneum of the sigmoid colon
- Meso-appendix - peritoneum of the vermiform appendix
- Transverse mesocolon - peritoneum of the transverse colon
- Sigmoid mesocolon - peritoneum of the sigmoid colon
- Broad ligament of the uterus - peritoneum of the uterus, uterine tubes, and ovaries
The fetal pig is a good reference for this subject

# Invertebrate anatomy
In invertebrate animals, the term mesentery is used for any tissue that divides the body cavity (coelom) into partitions.

# Additional images
- Figure obtained by combining several successive sections of a human embryo of about the fourth week.
- Abdominal part of digestive tube and its attachment to the primitive or common mesentery. Human embryo of six weeks.
Metalloid
Metalloid is a term used in chemistry when classifying the chemical elements.  On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties, nearly every element in the periodic table can be termed either a metal or a nonmetal - however a few elements with intermediate properties are referred to as metalloids. (In Greek metallon = metal and eidos = sort)
There is no rigorous definition of the term, however the following properties are usually considered characteristic of metalloids:
- metalloids often form amphoteric oxides.
- metalloids often behave as semiconductors (B,Si,Ge) to semimetals (eg. Sb).
The concepts of metalloid and semiconductor should not be confused.  Metalloid refers to the properties of certain elements in relation to the periodic table. Semiconductor refers to the physical properties of materials (including alloys, compounds) and there is only partial overlap between the two.
The following elements are generally considered metalloids:
- Boron (B)
- Silicon (Si)
- Germanium (Ge)
- Arsenic (As)
- Antimony (Sb)
- Tellurium (Te)
- Polonium (Po)
Some allotropes of elements exhibit more pronounced metal, metalloid or non-metal behavior than others. For example, for the element carbon, its diamond allotrope is clearly non-metallic, however the graphite allotrope displays limited electric conductivity more characteristic of a metalloid. Phosphorus, tin, selenium and bismuth also have allotropes which display borderline behavior.
In the standard layout of the periodic table, metalloids occur along the diagonal line through the p block from boron to astatine.  Elements to the upper right of this line display increasing nonmetallic behaviour; elements to the lower left display increasing metallic behaviour. This line is called the "stair-step" or "staircase." The poor metals are to the left and down and the nonmetals are to the right and up. In addition, the halogens are found at the right.
Methoxide
Methoxide is an organic salt, and the simplest alkoxide.
In Organic chemistry, the methoxide ion has a formula of CH3O- and is the conjugate base of methanol.
Sodium methoxide, also referred to as Sodium methylate, is a white powder when pure.  It is used as an initiator of an anionic addition polymerization with ethylene oxide, forming a polyether with high molecular weight. The main application of sodium methoxide today is in the production of biodiesel. In this process, vegetable oils or animal fats, which chemically are fatty acid triglycerides, are transesterified with methanol to give fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs).
Sodium methoxide is produced on an industrial scale and available from a number of chemical companies. The major suppliers today are BASF, Degussa, and Interstate Chemical Company.
Sodium methoxide in methanol is a liquid that kills human nerve cells before any pain can be felt. In the event of contact with methoxide, rinse the contacted area with water, seek medical attention immediately.
Making sodium methoxide is dangerous, involving H2 and lots of heat. In addition, the resultant chemical is highly toxic. For this reason, the safety of the design of equipment and workspace should be carefully considered before use, and protective clothing and a respirator should be worn during handling. Only as much as is intended to be used immediately should be created.
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Metiamide
Metiamide is an H2-receptor antagonist developed from another H2 antagonist, burimamide.
It was an intermediate compound in the development of the successful anti-ulcer drug cimetidine (Tagamet).

# Development of metiamide from burimamide
After discovering that burimamide is largely inactive at physiological pH, due to the presence of its electron donating side chain, the following steps were undertaken to stabilse burimamide:
- addition of a sulfide group close to the imidazole ring, giving thiaburimamide
- addition of methyl group to the 4- position on the imidazole ring to favour the tautomer of thiaburimamide which binds better to the H2-receptor
Metiamide
- is 10 times more potent than burimamide
- inhibited histamine-stimulated release of gastric acid
- increased healing rate of peptic ulcers
- provided symptomatic relief for ulcerous patients.
However,
- in clinical trials, an unacceptable number of patients dosed with metiamide developed agranulocytosis (decreased white blood cell count)
- clinical trials aborted, as patients were left susceptible to infection

# Modification of metiamide to cimetidine
It was determined that the thiourea group was the cause of the agranulocytosis. Therefore replacement of the =S in the thiourea group was suggested:
- with =O or =NH resulted in a compound with much less activity (20 times less than metiamide)
- however, the NH form (the guanidine analogue of metiamide) did not show agonistic effects
- to prevent the guanidine group being protonated at physiological pH, electron-withdrawing groups were added
- adding a -CN or -NO2 group prevented the guanidine group being protonated and did not cause agranulocytosis
The nitro and cyano groups are sufficiently electronegative to reduce the pKa of the neighbouring nitrogens to the same acidity of the thiourea group, hence preserving the activity of the drug in a physiological environment.
- the -CN group (part of a cyanoguanidine moiety) was a little more effective
- it was developed and marketed as cimetidine,
Microglia
Microglia are a type of glial cell that act as the immune cells of the Central nervous system (CNS).   Microglia, the smallest of the glial cells, can act as phagocytes, cleaning up CNS debris. Most serve as representatives of the immune system in the brain and spinal cord.
Microglia are close cousins of other phagocytic cells including macrophages and dendritic cells.
Microglia are thought to be highly mobile cells that play numerous important roles in protecting the nervous system.

# Origin
Microglia are derived from myeloid progenitor cells (as are macrophages and dendritic cells) which come from the bone marrow.  During embryonic development, however, they migrate to the CNS to differentiate into microglia.

## Further development
After phagocytosis of lipid droplets and other debris (usually from tissue necrosis), microglia are termed gitter cells. A gitter cell is globular and swollen and can also be called a  compound granule cell or compound granular corpuscle.

# Clinical significance
Microglia are also thought to play a role in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, multiple sclerosis and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.  They are responsible for producing an inflammatory reaction to brain trauma 
and are the main HIV-1 target cells in the central nervous system..

# History
Babes described activation of microglia in a rabies case in 1897, but did not know what the clusters of microglia he saw were (Streit et al., 2004). Franz Nissl and F. Robertson first described microglial cells, and Pio del Rio-Hortega, a student of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, first called the cells "microglia" around 1920 .  Cell staining techniques in the 1980s showed that microglia are related to macrophages.
Micropipe
A micropipe is a defect in a single crystal substrate. Today this is of great interest to makers of silicon carbide (SiC) substrates which are used in a variety of industries such as power devices for vehicles and high frequency communication devices.
However, during the production of these materials, the crystal undergoes internal and external stresses causing growth of defects, or dislocations, within the atomic lattice.
A screw dislocation is a common dislocation that transforms successive atomic planes within a crystal lattice into the shape of a helix. Once a screw dislocation propagates through the bulk of a sample during the wafer growth process, a micropipe is formed. The presence of a high density of micropipes within a wafer will result in a loss of yield in the device manufacturing process.
Micropipes and screw dislocations in epitaxial layers are normally derived from the substrates on which the epitaxy is performed. Micropipes are considered to be empty-core screw dislocations with large strain energy (i.e. they have large Burgers vector); they follow the growth direction (c-axis) in silicon carbide boules and substrates propagating into the deposited epitaxial layers.
Factors which influence formation of micropipes (and other defects) are such growth parameters as temperature, supersaturation, vapor phase stoichiometry, impurities and the polarity of the seed surface.
Many laboratories in universities and companies are striving to perfect the micropipe-free substrate. One of the pioneers of the commercialization of SiC materials and devices is Cree Inc. which in May 2007, announced that it had achieved 100-mm (4-inch), Zero-Micropipe, n-type SiC substrates. It is therefore possible to eliminate these defects in large-area wafers as well as smaller fragments and should open up the commercialization of this area of microelectronic devices.
Migraleve
Migraleve is the brand name of a range of migraine-relief medications made by Pfizer.
There are two variants of Migraleve: Yellow and pink, which all contain the analgesic paracetomol and codeine. The yellow variant is designed to address the symptoms of headache and discomfort, whilst the pink variant also addresses symptoms of nausea and vomiting.

# Migraleve Yellow
The active ingredients of Migraleve Yellow are:
- paracetamol DC 96% 520 mg equivalent to paracetamol 500 mg and codeine phosphate 8 mg.
Other ingredients: magnesium stearate, colloidal anhydrous silica, stearic acid, pregelatinised maize starch, gelatin, hypromellose, macrogol, E104 (quinoline yellow), aluminium oxide, E171 (titanium dioxide) and E172 (iron oxide yellow).

# Migraleve Pink
The active ingredients of Migraleve Pink are:
- paracetamol DC 96% 520 mg equivalent to paracetamol 500 mg, codeine phosphate 8 mg and buclizine hydrochloride 6.25 mg.
Other ingredients: magnesium stearate, colloidal anhydrous silica, stearic acid, pregelatinised maize starch, gelatin, hypromellose, macrogol, E127 (erythrosine), aluminium oxide and E171 (titanium dioxide).

# License and manufacture
The Product Licence Holder is: Pfizer Consumer Healthcare, Walton-on-the-Hill, Surrey, KT20 7NS 
The manufacturer is: Godecke GmbH, Mooswaldallee 1, 79090, Freiburg, Germany.
Mike Reed
Dr. Mike Reed, DC, DACBSP, CCSP, CSCS - is a Doctor of Chiropractic  who has been serving the US Olympic Committee for several years, and was a doctor  with "additional responsibilities" in the Chiropractic care, for the US Team in Beijing, China  at the Summer Olympic Games in 2008.  He is the Medical Director for team USA at the Winter games at Vancouver 2010.

# Career
2007-Present - Medical Director - Sports Performance Division, US Olympic Committee
2004-2007  - Faculty and Director, Sports Medicine Residency Division, Southern California University of Health Sciences
Mitocheck
MitoCheck is an integrated research project which brings together leading European research groups to study systematically the regulation of mitosis in human cells.
It is funded within the Sixth Framework programme of the European Commission for 4 years from the April 1 2004 and co-ordinated by Dr Jan-Michael Peters from the Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) in Vienna. The full list of participants includes groups from Austria, Germany, Italy, France and the United Kingdom.
The project aims to test all human genes for involvement in mitosis by RNAi, then identify a subset which will be studied intensively for changes in phosphorylation, subcellular localization and involvement in protein complexes. Other aspects will look at engineering mitotic kinases and translational opportunities for human health.