Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Kerry Prendergast
Kerry Prendergast (born 28 March 1953) has been Mayor of Wellington since 2001. She is the second woman to serve as mayor of Wellington.

# Early and personal life
Prendergast's professional background is in the health sector as a registered nurse and, for 25 years, a midwife. She continued her midwifery role alongside her local government work until 2001. She has also been a voluntary grief counsellor. She holds a Master of Business Administration degree from Victoria University of Wellington. She is married and has two daughters and one son. Kerry Prendergast's husband Rex Nicholls runs a Wellington property development company.

# City Councillor
She has had a long and distinguished career in local body politics, having started her political life as a Tawa Borough councillor in 1986.  In 1989 she was elected to Wellington City Council and has been re-elected every three years since then.

## Mayor of Wellington
In 1995 Prendergast became Deputy Mayor to Mark Blumsky. In the 1999 general election Prendergast stood as a National list candidate, ranked 30th on the party's list. However, the National Party did not gain enough of the party vote for Prendergast to enter parliament. She considered running again at the 2002 election, but in 2001 Mark Blumsky announced his intention not to run for Mayor again, and endorsed Prengergast's candidacy for the mayoralty. She is standing for re-election to the mayoralty in the October 2007 local body elections. During her term as Mayor, Prendergast instigated the policy of making Wellington the "Creative Capital". She has endorsed changing the Flag of New Zealand.

# Voluntary work
She is Vice President of Local Government New Zealand and a trustee of the Joe Aspell Trust and the NZ International Festival of the Arts.  She is also an honorary life member of the Katherine Mansfield Birthplace Society.
Mayor Prendergast is Patron of a number or Wellington organisations and a director of Wellington International Airport Limited and the Wellington Region Association of Midwives.
Klumpke paralysis

# Overview
Klumpke's paralysis or Klumpke's palsy or Dejerine-Klumpke palsy is palsy of the brachial plexus.
A form of brachial plexus injury in which there is paralysis of the muscles of the forearm and hand due to a childbirth injury to the roots of eighth cervical C8 and first thoracic T1 nerves or the lower part of the brachial plexus, a network of spinal nerves that originates in the back of the neck, extends through the axilla (armpit), and gives rise to nerves to the upper limb.
The risk is greater when the mother is small or when the infant is of large weight.

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

# Causes

## Most Common Cause
- Traumatic Vaginal Delivery

## Other Causes
- Motorcycle accidents involving spinal cord injury at the level C8-T1
- Injuries resulting in traction during arm abduction, e.g., catching onto a branch to break a fall from a tree

# Differentiating Klumpke paralysis from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

## Incidence/prevalence
Klumpke Palsy is listed as a 'rare disease' by the Office of Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This means that Klumpke Palsy, or a subtype of Klumpke Palsy, affects less than 200,000 people in the US population.

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms
Symptoms include paralysis of intrinsic hand muscles, and ulnar nerve distribution numbness. Involvement of T1 may result in Horner's syndrome. It can be contrasted to Erb-Duchenne's palsy, which affects C5 and  C6.

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Prevention
Koch's postulates
Koch's postulates (or Henle-Koch postulates) are four criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease.  The postulates were formulated by Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in 1884 and refined and published by Koch in 1890. Koch applied the postulates to establish the etiology of anthrax and tuberculosis, but they have been generalized to other diseases.

# The Postulates
Koch's postulates are:
- The microorganism must be found in all organisms suffering from the disease, but not in healthy organisms.
- The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
- The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
- The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.
However, Koch abandoned the second part of the first postulate altogether when he discovered asymptomatic carriers of cholera and, later, Typhoid Mary. Asymptomatic carriers are now known to be a common feature of many infectious diseases, especially viruses such as polio, herpes simplex, HIV and hepatitis C. As a specific example, all doctors and virologists agree that poliovirus causes paralysis in just a few infected subjects, and the success of the polio vaccine in preventing disease supports the conviction that the poliovirus is the causative agent.
The third postulate specifies "should", not "must", because as Koch himself proved in regard to both tuberculosis and cholera, not all organisms exposed to an infectious agent will acquire the infection. This may be due to chance, to acquired immunity, or to genetic immunity.  An example of genetic immunity: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seems to be normally unable to infect persons who carry the deletion CCR5 32.

# History
Koch's postulates were developed in the 19th century as general guidelines to identify pathogens that could be isolated with the techniques of the day. Even in Koch's time, it was recognized that some infectious agents were clearly responsible for disease even though they did not fulfill all of the postulates. Attempts to rigidly apply Koch's postulates to the diagnosis of viral diseases in the late 19th century, at a time when viruses could not be seen or isolated in culture, may have impeded the early development of the field of virology. Currently, a number of infectious agents are accepted as the cause of disease despite their not fulfilling all of Koch's postulates. Therefore, while Koch's postulates retain historical importance and continue to inform the approach to microbiologic diagnosis, fulfillment of all four postulates is not required to demonstrate causality.
Koch's postulates have also influenced scientists who examine microbial pathogenesis from a molecular point of view.  In the 1980s, a molecular version of Koch's postulates was developed to guide the identification of microbial genes encoding virulence factors.
Koopmans' theorem
Koopmans' theorem is an approximation in molecular orbital theory, such as density functional theory, or Hartree-Fock theory, in which the first ionization energy of a molecule is equal to the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (the HOMO), and the electron affinity is the negative of the energy of the lowest unoccupied, i.e. virtual, orbital (the LUMO). Electron affinities calculated via Koopmans' theorem are usually quite poor. The theorem is named after Tjalling Koopmans.
In Hartree-Fock theory, Koopmans' theorem specifically states that the ionization energies of a molecule are equal to the eigenvalues of the Fock operator associated to the occupied molecular orbitals, and the electron affinity is the negative of the eigenvalues of the Fock operator associated to the lowest unoccupied, i.e. virtual, orbital.
Koopmans' Theorem, like Hartree-Fock theory, operates under the assumption that the electronic wavefunction of a multi-electron atom can be described as the Slater determinant of a set of one-electron wavefunctions, (which are the eigenfunctions of the corresponding Fock operators).  In addition, Koopmans' Theorem makes the assumption that upon the addition or subtraction of a single electron to or from the system, the Fock operators for all of the remaining electrons will not change at all.  In reality, an added or subtracted electron to or from the initial wavefunction will change the Fock operator of the system, resulting in a re-arranging of the one-electron wavefunctions.  This results in an actual final wavefunction which is lower in energy than the Koopmans' Theorem prediction. Koopmans' theorem also assumes that the Hartree-Fock theory is adequate to describe ionization or electron-gain. In reality electron correlation, usually calculated by post Hartree-Fock methods, is important. In many cases, but not all, the corrections arising from rearrangement or relaxation of the orbitals is of opposite sign to the correction arising from the introduction of electron correlation and is of similar magnitude. This explains why Koopmans' theorem is often so successful, but should aways be used with care.
Kostmann syndrome
Synonyms and keywords: Severe congenital neutropenia, SCN

# Overview
Kostmann syndrome is a rare inherited form of Severe Chronic Neutropenia usually detected soon after birth. It was discovered in 1956 by Swedish doctor Kostmann.  A absolute neutrophil count (ANC) chronically less than 500/mm3 is the main sign of Kostmann's.  A standard bone marrow test can give correct diagnosis.
Morphology: bone marrow usually shows the presence of early granulocytes (promyelocyte/myelocyte arrest) but few maturing forms are seen; neutrophil survival is normal.
Pathophysiology: though the underlying genetic defect in myeloid precursor cells is not entirely elucidated, mutations in the gene (ELA2) encoding neutrophil elastase appear to be present in most patients. These mutations may be responsible for the untimely initiation of apoptosis in myelocytes, producing their premature destruction, and interrupting the normal cycle of maturation. There may be, in addition, other underlying molecular/genetic changes producing DNA mutations and genome instability, which contribute to initiation and progression of this disease.
Kyphosis overview

# Overview
Kyphosis (Greek - kyphos, a hump), in general terms, is a curvature of the upper spine.  It can be either the result of bad posture or a structural anomaly in the spine.
Many radiologists will detect kyphosis with a scolie or an AP-Lateral  two types of X-ray. A scolie is an X-ray taken from the rear. An AP-Lateral is taken from the side, where the X-ray machine is programmed to show the spine with high definition.
In the sense of a deformity, it is the pathological curving of the spine, where parts of the spinal column lose some or all of their lordotic profile. This causes a bowing of the back, seen as a slouching posture. Symptoms of kyphosis, that may be present or not, depending on the type and extent of the deformity, include mild back pain, fatigue, appearance of round back and breathing difficulties. Severe cases can cause great discomfort and even lead to death.

# Classification
Kyphosis is classified into postural, Scheuermann's, congenital, nutritional and gibbus variety.

# Risk Factors
Osteoporosis, disk degeneration like arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis are some of the risk factors which predispose to developing kyphosis.

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Complications such as inflammation of the soft tissue or deep inflammatory processes, breathing impairments, bleeding, and nerve injuries may develop with longstanding kyphosis. The prognosis depends upon the underlying cause (worst, if caused by tumors) and whether the patient has developed any complications.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
The common symptoms in a patient with kyphosis include appearance of hunchback, fatigue, back pain and shortness of breath.

## Physical Examination
The kyphotic deformity may be visible on gross inspection or may require Adam's forward bending test for the rounded curve of kyphosis to appear.

## MRI
MRI is used to show the abnormality of the spine and also to identify the cause of the kyphosis.

# Treatment
NSAIDs are used to relieve pain in kyphosis. Ca-D is recommended in old patients with osteoporosis. Antibiotics are used in case of infectious etiology and chemotherapy is used for tumors. Correct posture is recommended and braces like the Milwaukee brace is often used to treat kyphosis. In patients with progressive kyphotic deformity due to vertebral collapse, a procedure called a kyphoplasty may arrest the deformity and relieve the pain. Appropriate posture can help prevent postural variety of kyphosis.
Sexual Minorities
Robert G. Badgett, M.D.
Sexual Minorities, also called LGBT persons, are "individuals including lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, gender non-conforming people, and other populations whose sexual orientation or gender identity and reproductive development is considered outside cultural, societal, or physiological norms".
The Institute of Medicine has made recommendations for research areas. For example, one recommendation was the "NIH should support the development and standardization of sexual orientation and gender identity measures"
The American Association of Medical Colleges has made curricular recommendations and competencies for training of physicians.

# Nomenclature
The optimal descriptors of the community have been debated with concerns that MSM and WSW are not adequate terms.
The United States HealthIT.gov is considering including the documentation of sexual orientation as part of meaningful use of electronic health records.
Proposed values considered for recommendation are:
- For reporting sexual orientation, ONCs 2015 Edition certification requirements reference the following value set for sexual orientation.  Codes from (i) through (iii) are SNOMED CT and (iv) through (vi) are from HL7 Version 3:
Lesbian, gay or homosexual.38628009
Straight or heterosexual. 20430005
Bisexual. 42035005
Something else, please describe. OTH
Dont know. UNK
Choose not to disclose. ASKU*
- Lesbian, gay or homosexual.38628009
- Straight or heterosexual. 20430005
- Bisexual. 42035005
- Something else, please describe. OTH
- Dont know. UNK
- Choose not to disclose. ASKU*
- For reporting gender identity:
Gender identity. LOINC code: 76691-5
Male. SNOMED CT code: 446151000124109
Female. SNOMED CT code: 446141000124107
Female-to-Male (FTM)/Transgender Male/Trans Man. SNOMED CT code: 407377005
Male-to-Female(MTF)/Transgender Female/Trans Woman. SNOMED CT code: 407376001
Genderqueer, neither exclusively male nor female. SNOMED CT code: 446131000124102
Additional gender category or other, please specify. HL7 Version 3 code: OTH
Choose not to disclose.  HL7 Version 3 code: ASKU
- Gender identity. LOINC code: 76691-5
- Male. SNOMED CT code: 446151000124109
- Female. SNOMED CT code: 446141000124107
- Female-to-Male (FTM)/Transgender Male/Trans Man. SNOMED CT code: 407377005
- Male-to-Female(MTF)/Transgender Female/Trans Woman. SNOMED CT code: 407376001
- Genderqueer, neither exclusively male nor female. SNOMED CT code: 446131000124102
- Additional gender category or other, please specify. HL7 Version 3 code: OTH
- Choose not to disclose.  HL7 Version 3 code: ASKU

# Disparities
Disparities in the quality of health care provide for sexual minorities have been documented.
Labored breathing
Synonyms and keywords: Labored respiration

# Overview
Labored respirationis an abnormal respiration characterized by evidence of increased effort to breathe, including the use of accessory muscles of respiration, stridor, grunting, or nasal flaring.  Labored breathing is distinguished from shortness of breath or dyspnea, which is the sensation of respiratory distress rather than a physical presentation.

# Physical Examination
Presentations of labored respiration include:
- Hyperpnea: faster and/or deeper breathing
- Tachypnea: increased breathing rate
- Retractions or recessions: sucking in of the skin, around the ribs and the top of the sternum
- Use of accessory muscles of respiration rather than only the diaphragm

# Causes
- Cardiac diseases
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Metabolic acidosis
- Renal failure
- Respiratory failure
Larmor precession
In physics, Larmor precession (named after Joseph Larmor) refers to the precession of the magnetic moments of electrons, atomic nuclei, and atoms about an external magnetic field.  The magnetic field exerts a torque on the magnetic moment,
\vec{\mu}\times\vec{B}=
\gamma\vec{J}\times\vec{B}
where \vec{\Gamma} is the torque,  \vec{J} is the angular momentum vector, \vec{B} is the external magnetic field, \times is the cross product, and \ \gamma is the gyromagnetic ratio which gives the proportionality constant between the magnetic moment and the angular momentum. 
The angular momentum vector \vec{J} precesses about the external field axis with an angular frequency known as the Larmor frequency,
where  \ \omega  is the angular frequency and B is the magnitude of the magnetic field.
A famous 1935 paper published by Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz predicted the existence of ferromagnetic resonance of the Larmor precession, which was verified experimentally and independently by J. H. E. Griffiths (UK) and E. K. Zavoiskij (USSR) in 1946.
Larmor precession is important in nuclear magnetic resonance.
Latakia (tobacco)
Latakia tobacco (Template:Lang-ar) is a specially prepared tobacco originally produced in Syria and named after the port city of Latakia.  Now the tobacco is mainly produced in Cyprus. It is cured over a stone pine or oak wood fire, which gives it an intense smokey-peppery taste and smell.  Too strong to smoke straight, it's used as a "condiment", especially in English, Balkan, and some American Classic blends.

# Availability of Syrian Latakia
Though Latakia tobacco from Cyprus seems to be plentiful in the present tobacco market, the prevalence of Syrian Latakia in boutique tobacco blends seems to have diminished of late.  Several popular pipe tobacco blends produced by Cornell and Diehl, manufacturers of the G. L. Pease tobacco blends, ceased the inclusion of Syrian Latakia following a warehouse fire in late 2004 which destroyed nearly all of their entire stock of Syrian Latakia:
In the morning, our leaf processor's warehouse containing nearly all of the available Syrian Latakia that was brought into the country burned to the ground. A few pounds remain here and there, but of literally tons of this sublime leaf, all that is left is ashes and dust. As bad as this is for us, it's far worse for the importer, who still owned the majority of the leaf lost.
The business impact is obvious. All of the Syrian Latakia containing blends, from both GLPease and Cornell & Diehl, can not be produced. Whatever is currently on the shelves is all that there is, or will be in the forseeable future. Trade relations with Syria are somewhat sensitive at present, and while we're working through every possible channel to replace what was lost, we have no way of predicting when we'll be able to get another shipment.
Despite this apparent setback, other manufacturers such as McClelland and MacBaren have been able to continue to produce pipe tobacco blends containing Syrian Latakia.
Latent inhibition
Latent inhibition is a process by which exposure to a stimulus, of little or no consequence, prevents conditioned associations with that stimulus being formed. The ability to disregard or even inhibit formation of memory, by preventing associative learning of observed stimuli, is an automatic response and is thought to prevent information overload. Latent inhibition is observed in many species, and is believed to be an integral part of the observation/learning process, to allow the 'self' to interact successfully in a social environment.
Contrary to certain popular culture descriptions, latent inhibition is not a mental disorder but an observed personality trait, and a description of how an individual absorbs and assimilates information or stimuli. It may or may not lead to mental disorder or creative genius - this is, like many other factors of life, a case of environment (positive stimuli e.g. education or negative e.g. abuse) and an individual's predisposition (genetics - family history of mental illness).

# Low latent inhibition
Most people are able to shut out the constant stream of incoming stimuli, but those with low latent inhibition cannot. It is hypothesized that a low level of latent inhibition, or LLI, can cause either psychosis or a high level of creativity, which is usually dependent on the subject's intelligence. Those of above average intelligence are thought to be capable of processing this stream effectively, an ability that greatly aids their creativity and ability to learn and which categorizes them as almost creative geniuses. Those with less than average intelligence, on the other hand, are less able to cope, and so as a result are more likely to suffer from mental illness.
High levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine (or its agonists) in the brain are thought to lower latent inhibition. Certain dysfunctions of the neurotransmitter glutamate have also been implicated , and the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia is increasingly being seen as an alternative to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia.
In recent years Low Latent Inhibition is being looked at as less of a mental disorder, in the past it was often confused with schizophrenia, ADD, Bi-Polar disorder, and even Depression . In which almost all cases of this misdiagnoses have been known to lead to over medicated individuals, with L.L.I.. In some cases these individuals have had adverse reactions to the intended medicines. L.L.I. is still mainly a mystery as to how it fully affects the individual.
Lawrence Yannuzzi
Lawrence Yannuzzi is an American physician, ophthalmologist, and vitreo-retinal surgeon
who is noted as as an internationally recognized 
retinal specialist.

# Early career and family
Yannuzzi graduated from Harvard College.  He graduated from the Boston University School of Medicine where he received an M.D. degree in 1964.  He did a residency in ophthalmology at the New York Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital from 1965 to 1968.  He was board certified in ophthalmology in 1971. 
He is married and has a daughter, who is a physician. 

# Career
He is a professor of clinical ophthalmology at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, vicechairman and director of The Retinal Research Center of the Manhattan Eye, Ear & Throat Hospital, and founder and president of The Macula Foundation.
Yannuzzi has published more than 300 scientific papers and 11 textbooks, with particular 
concentration in diseases of the macula such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related 
macular degeneration.
He is on the Board of Directors for Lighthouse International, a non-profit organization that does work in vision rehabilitation services, education, research, prevention and advocacy. 
Yannuzzi is a pioneer in angiography.  He and his colleagues are credited as describing and coining the term "idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy", a particular type of hemorrhagic maculopathy.

# Lifetime Achievement Award
He is a recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
Yannuzzi practices in New York City.