Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Family history
Synonyms and Keywords: FH

# Overview
In medicine, a family history consists of information about disorders that a patient's direct blood relatives have suffered from. Genealogy typically includes very little of the medical history of the family, but the medical history could be considered a specific subset of the total history of a family.

# Definition
A family history of coronary artery disease is defined as the presence of coronary artery disease in a first degree relative < 60 years of age.

# Uses
Although often neglected, many doctors glean information on family morbidity of particular diseases (e.g. cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune disorders, mental disorders, diabetes, cancer) to appreciate whether a person is at risk for developing similar problems.  Use of a genogram can be helpful in a family history, which is in the format of a family tree.
Family histories may be imprecise because of various possible reasons:
- Adoption or illegitimacy
- Lack of contact between close relatives
- Uncertainty about the relative's exact diagnosis
In complex situations, a family tree may be necessary to cover the necessary aspects.

# Consequences
Not all positive family histories imply a genetic cause. If various members of the same family have been exposed to the same toxin, then they may develop similar symptoms without a genetic cause.
If a patient has a strong family history of a particular disorder (or group of disorders), this will generally lead to a lower threshold for investigating symptoms.
In diseases with a known hereditary component, many healthy people are now tested early to prevent the symptoms from developing. This has become accepted in cystic fibrosis, hemochromatosis and various other disorders.
Solitary tract

# Overview
The solitary tract (Latin: tractus solitarius) is a compact fiber bundle that extends longitudinally through the posterolateral region of the medulla.  The solitary tract is surrounded by the nucleus of the solitary tract, and descends to the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord.

# Composition
The solitary tract is made up of primary sensory fibers and descending fibers of the vagus, glossopharyngeal, and facial nerves.

# Function
The solitary tract conveys afferent information from stretch receptors and chemoreceptors in the walls of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and intestinal tracts.  Taste buds in the mucosa of the tongue can also generate impulses in the rostral regions of the solitary tract.  The efferent fibers are distributed to the solitary tract nucleus.

# Synonyms
There are numerous synonyms for the solitary tract:
- round fasciculus (Latin: fasciculus rotundus)
- solitary fasciculus (Latin: fasciculus solitarius)
- solitary bundle (Latin: funiculus solitarius)
- Gierke respiratory bundle
- Krause respiratory bundle
Fast Green FCF
Fast Green FCF, also called Food green 3, FD&C Green No. 3, Green 1724, Solid Green FCF, and C.I. 42053, is a sea green triarylmethane food dye. Its E number is E143.
Fast Green FCF is recommended as a replacement of Light Green SF yellowish in Masson's trichrome, as its color is more brilliant and less likely to fade. It is used as a quantitative stain for histones at alkaline pH after acid extraction of DNA. It is also used as a protein stain in electrophoresis. Its absorption maximum is at 625 nm.
Fast Green FCF is poorly absorbed by the intestines.  Its use as a food dye is prohibited in European Union and some other countries. It can be used for tinned green peas and other vegetables, jellies, sauces, fish, desserts, and dry bakery mixes at level of up to 100 mg/kg. 
Its risk phrases are R36, R37, and R38.
Femoral artery

# Overview
The femoral artery is a large artery in the muscles of the thigh.

# Structure
The femoral artery is a continuation of the external iliac artery, which comes from the abdominal aorta.
The external iliac artery becomes known as the femoral artery after it passes under the inguinal ligament. For a while at this location, (the femoral triangle), it is sometimes referred to as the common femoral, because it has not yet branched.
It usually gives off a branch known as the profunda femoris artery or the deep artery of the thigh, while continuing down the thigh medial to the femur. (The profunda femoris is even closer to the femur, and is more posterior).
The femoral artery goes through the adductor hiatus (a hole in the tendon of adductor magnus), into the posterior of the knee. Passing between the condyles of the femur, it becomes the popliteal artery of the popliteal fossa.

## Branches
The femoral artery usually gives off the following branches:
- superficial epigastric artery
- Superficial circumflex iliac artery
- Superficial external pudendal artery
- Deep external pudendal artery
- Deep femoral artery
- Descending genicular artery

# Clinical significance
The femoral artery pulse can be palpated at the femoral triangle.

# Use of the term superficial femoral artery
Some specialist physicians (e.g. radiologists, vascular surgeons) call the femoral artery the superficial femoral artery after the profunda femoris artery branch point (to differentiate the femoral artery segments before and after the branch point).  This term, historically, has not been used by anatomists and has fallen out of favour with most physicians because it has led to considerable confusion with its accompanying vein, the femoral vein, which if called superficial femoral vein might incorrectly be assumed to be a superficial vein, as opposed to a deep vein. (See article on femoral vein for more detailed discussion.)

# Additional images
- Structures surrounding right hip-joint.
- Cross-section through the middle of the thigh.
- Femoral sheath laid open to show its three compartments.
- The left femoral triangle.
- The femoral artery.
- The spermatic cord in the inguinal canal.
- Front of right thigh, showing surface markings for bones, femoral artery and femoral nerve.
Femur fracture

# Overview
A femoral fracture is a bone fracture that involves the femur. It includes hip fractures.

# Classification
A femoral fracture that involves the femoral head, femoral neck or the shaft of the femur immediately below the lesser trochanter may be classified as a hip fracture, especially when associated with osteoporosis.
-    Three types of femoral shaft fractures
Type 1: Spiral or transverse
Type 2: Comminuted
Type 3: Open
Femoral shaft fractures can be classified with the Winquist and Hansen classification, which is based on the amount of comminution:
- Grade I or 1: transverse or short oblique fractures with no comminution or a small butterfly fragment of less than 25% of width of the bone
- Grade II or 2: a comminuted with a butterfly fragment of 50% or less of the width of the bone
- Grade III or 3: comminuted with a large butterfly fragment of greater than 50% of the width of bone
- Grade IV or 4: Segmental comminution

# Treatment
Treatment depends on the part of the femur that is fractured. Traction may be useful for femoral shaft fractures but is contraindicated in femoral neck fractures.
Ferdinand Cohn
Ferdinand Julius Cohn (January 24, 1828  June 25, 1898) was a German biologist.
Cohn was born in Breslau (Wrocaw) in the Prussian Province of Silesia. At the age of 10 he suffered hearing impairment.  He received a degree in botany in 1847 at the age of nineteen.  Cohn was the first to classify bacteria as plants.  He also divided bacteria into four groups:  Sphaerobacteria, Microbacteria, Desmobacteria, and Spirobacteria.  In 1885 he received the Leeuwenhoek Medal.
Cohn is also known for his description of the life cycle of Bacillus and for showing that it changes from a vegetative state to an endospore when subjected to a "hostile" environment (e.g., high heat). Therefore, sterilization by boiling is not effective. It will only kill the bacteria in the vegetative state and the endospores remain viable.
Cohn died in Breslau.
Ferrite (iron)
Ferrite or alpha iron (-Fe) is a materials science term for iron, or a solid solution with iron as the main constituent, with a body centred cubic crystal structure.  It is the component which gives steel and cast iron their magnetic properties, and is the classic example of a ferromagnetic material.
It can be considered as pure iron practically (strength = 280N/mm2). Ferrite can be strictly defined as a solid solution of iron in body-centered cubic (BCC) containing a maximum of 0.03% carbon at 723oC and 0.006% carbon at room temperature.
Most "mild" steels (plain carbon steels with up to about 0.2 wt% C) consist mostly of ferrite, with increasing amounts of pearlite (a fine lamellar structure of ferrite and cementite) as the carbon content is increased.  Since bainite (shown as ledeburite on the diagram) and pearlite each have ferrite as a component, any iron-carbon alloy will contain some amount of ferrite if it is allowed to reach equilibrium at room temperature.
In pure iron, ferrite is stable below 910C. Above this temperature the face-centered cubic form of iron, austenite (gamma-iron) is stable.  Above 1390C, up to the melting point at 1539C, the body-centred cubic crystal structure is again the more stable form of delta-ferrite (-Fe).
Only a very small amount of carbon can be dissolved in ferrite; the maximum solubility is about 0.02wt% at 723C. This is because carbon dissolves in iron interstitially, with the carbon atoms being about twice the diameter of the interstitial "holes", so that each carbon atom is surrounded by a strong local strain field. Hence the enthalpy of mixing is positive (unfavourable), but the contribution of entropy to the free energy of solution stabilises the structure for low carbon content. 723C also is the minimum temperature at which iron-carbon austenite (0.8 wt% C) is stable; at this temperature there is a eutectoid reaction between ferrite, austenite and cementite.
Fetal distress

# Overview
In medicine (obstetrics), fetal distress is the presence of signs in a pregnant womanbefore or during childbirththat the fetus is not well or is becoming excessively fatigued.

# Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms of fetal distress include:
- Decreased movement felt by the mother
- Meconium in the amniotic fluid
- Cardiotocography signs
increased or decreased fetal heart rate (tachycardia and bradycardia), especially during and after a contraction
decreased variability in the fetal heart rate
- increased or decreased fetal heart rate (tachycardia and bradycardia), especially during and after a contraction
- decreased variability in the fetal heart rate
- Biochemical signs, assessed by collecting a small sample of baby's blood from a scalp prick through the open cervix in labour
fetal acidosis
elevated fetal blood lactate levels indicating the baby has a lactic acidosis
- fetal acidosis
- elevated fetal blood lactate levels indicating the baby has a lactic acidosis

# Causes
There are many causes of fetal distress:
- Breathing problems
- Abnormal position and presentation of the fetus
- Multiple births
- Shoulder dystocia
- Prolapsed umbilical cord
- Nuchal cord
- Placental abruption

# Treatment
In many situations fetal distress will lead the obstetrician to recommend steps to urgently deliver the baby. This can be done by induction, or in more urgent cases, a caesarean section may be performed.

### Contraindicated medications
Fetal distress is considered an absolute contraindication to the use of the following medications:
- Oxytocin
Fetal position
Fetal position (British English: foetal) is a medical term used to describe the positioning of the body of a prenatal fetus as it develops. In this position, the back is curved, the head is bowed, and the limbs are bent and drawn up to the torso.
This position is used in the medical profession to minimize injury to the neck and chest.
Sometimes, when a person has suffered extreme physical or psychological trauma (including massive stress), they will assume the fetal position or a similar position in which the back is curved forward, the legs are brought up as tightly against the abdomen as possible, the head is bowed as close to the abdomen as possible, and the arms are wrapped around the head to prevent further trauma. This position provides better protection to the brain and vital organs than simply lying spread out on the ground, so it is obvious as to why it is an instinctual reaction to extreme stress or trauma when the brain is no longer able to cope with the surrounding environment, and in essence "shuts down" temporarily.
The fetal position has been observed in drug addicts, who enter the position when experiencing withdrawal.
Many people assume this position when sleeping, especially when the body becomes cold.
id:Posisi janin
sv:Fosterstallning
Fibular artery
In anatomy, the fibular artery (also known as the peroneal artery) supplies blood to the lateral compartment of the leg and is typically a branch of posterior tibial artery.

# Structure
The fibular artery branches off the posterior tibial artery in the upper part of the leg proper, just below the knee.  It runs downward in the deep posterior compartment of the leg, just medial to the fibula.  It supplies a number of branches to both the lateral and anterior compartments of the leg; it also provides a nutrient artery to the fibula.
The fibular artery is accompanied by small veins (venae comitantes) known as fibular veins

# Nomenclature
At one point in its history, both the Greek term perone and the Latin term fibula were competing to describe the smaller bone of the leg.  Many of the arteries, veins, nerves, and muscles in the leg are named according to what bone they are near (e.g. tibialis anterior and the tibial nerve are near the tibia).  So the artery that runs near the smaller leg bone had two names: the peroneal artery and the fibular artery.  The term fibula eventually became the standard name for the bone, but many of the related arteries, muscles, and nerves are still called by the Greek derived name peroneal.  The Terminologia Anatomica, the international standard for anatomical nomenclature, states that both fibula and perone derived names are acceptable, but lists the fibula derived names as the preferred terms.
Like fibula, the perone (pronounced pair-uh-knee) means pin of a brooch or buckle.
Filter (water)

# Overview
A water filter is a device which removes impurities from water by means of a fine physical barrier, chemical process and/or biological process.  Filters are used to cleanse water for irrigation, drinking water, aquariums, and swimming pools.

# Uses
Water can be cleaned using a variety of different types of water filters, both for drinking and other purposes. Filtration forms a key stage in many waste water and drinking water treatement systems. In the case of drinking water, filtration tends to be carried out by the supplier prior to the water's entry into the distribution system. Additional filtration may be carried out by consumers at their premises using any of several types of domestic water filter.
Domestic water filters are primarily used to remove chemicals and metals such as chlorine and lead.  Water filters can be used for preventative health reasons in the case of harmful substances, or for reasons of aesthetics, to improve the taste, colour or odour of drinking water. Domestic water filters can be attached directly to a tap, attached to the domestic water supply before the tap, or filters can be used at the point of use or in a portable unit.

# Methods of filtration
The physics of water filters is based on sieving, adsorption, ion exchanges and other processes. Unlike a sieve or screen, a filter can remove particles much smaller than the holes through which the water passes.

# Types of filters

## Water treatment plant filters
Types of water filters include media filters, screen filters, disk filters, slow sand filter beds, rapid sand filters and cloth filters.

## Point-of-use/domestic drinking water filters
A number of different filter types are available for use in the home, including granular activated carbon filters (GAC), metallic alloy filters, microporous ceramic filters, carbon block resin (CBR) and ultra-filtration membranes. Some filter units may be composite systems comprising several of these filter technologies. Jug filters can be used for small quantities of water for drinking. Some kettles have such filters built in, predominantly to reduce the effects of limescale.

## Portable water filters
Water filters are also used by recreational hikers, by aid organizations during humanitarian emergencies, and by the military.  These filters are usually small, portable and light (1-2 pounds or less) and usually filter water by working a mechanical hand pump, although some use a siphon drip system to force water through while others are built right into water bottles.  Dirty water is pumped via a screen-filtered flexible silicon tube through a specialized filter, ending up in a container.  These types of filters work to remove bacteria, protozoa and microbial cysts, all of which can cause disease.  Filters include fine meshes, which must be replaced, and ceramic water filters which must have their outside abraded off when it becomes clogged with impurities.
These water filters should not be confused with devices or tablets that are water purifiers. Some of these devices have the ability to remove or kill viruses such as hepatitis A and rotavirus.
Gunshot injury

# Overview
A gunshot injury occurs when an individual is shot by a bullet or other type of projectile from a firearm. Gunshot injuries cause direct injury through the tearing, cutting and abrasion of tissue in ways similar to other penetrating injuries, and the shattering of bone and organs and other damage can be similar to that caused by blunt force trauma.
The immediate damaging effects of the bullet are typically a loss of blood, and with it, the potential for shock, an inadequate amount of blood in the circulatory system. More immediate effects can result when a bullet strikes a critical organ such as the heart or damages a component of the central nervous system such as the spine or brain. Common causes of death following gunshot injury include exsanguination, hypoxia caused by pneumothorax, heart failure and brain damage. Non-fatal gunshot wounds can result in serious disability.
The direct injuries inflicted by a bullet can then cause a wide variety of secondary effects, depending on the body systems that have been damaged, and can often result in death. A 1995 study of gunshot injuries in Oklahoma showed a 30% mortality rate.
Gunshot injuries can vary widely from case to case since the location of the injury can be in any part of the body, with wide variations in entry point. Also, the path and possible fragmentation of the bullet within the body is unpredictable. The study of the dynamics of bullets in gunshot injuries is called terminal ballistics.
Gunshot injuries are a common method of suicide and attempted suicide in countries with wide availability of firearms such as the United States; in these cases, the weapon is typically aimed at the head or heart. In countries with lower rates of gun ownership, such as the United Kingdom, gunshot injuries are a relatively uncommon form of suicide.
Attempted suicides by gunshot can result in serious permanent injuries, including continued survival with massive brain damage, paralyzation, or disfigurement.
Foley catheter
Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.

# Overview
Foley catheters are flexible (usually latex) tubes that are passed through the urethra during urinary catheterization and into the bladder to drain urine.  They are retained by means of a balloon at the tip which is inflated with sterile water.  The balloons typically come in two different sizes: 5 cc and 30 cc.
The relative size of a Foley catheter is described using French units (F).  The most common Foley catheters typically range from 10 F - 28 F.  1 F is equivalent to 0.33 mm = .013" = 1/77" of diameter. Thus the size in French units is roughly equal to the circumference of the catheter in millimetres.
Foley catheters come in several sub-types. Coude (French for elbowed) catheters have a 45 bend at the tip to allow easier passage through an enlarged prostate.  Council tip catheters have a small hole at the tip which allows them to be passed over a wire.  3-way catheters are used primarily after bladder, prostate cancer or prostate surgery. They have a third arm or bell that allows an irrigant to pass to the tip of the catheter through a small separate channel into the bladder. This serves to wash away blood and small clots through the primary arm that drains into a collection device.  This prevents larger clots, which might plug the catheter, from forming.  The second, or inflation, arm has a small plastic valve that allows for the introduction or removal of sterile water through a very small channel to inflate or deflate the retaining balloon.
Foley catheters can also be used to "ripen" the cervix, to allow the induction of labour. The catheter is inserted behind the cervical wall and inflated. The remaining length of the catheter is gently pulled and taped to the inside of the woman's leg. The inflated balloon applies pressure to the cervix, like the baby's head would prior to labour, causing it to dilate. Over time the catheter is adjusted and re-taped to maintain pressure on the cervix. When the cervix has dilated sufficiently, the catheter simply drops out.
They were designed by Dr. Frederick Foley, a surgeon working in Boston, Massachusetts in the 1930s, when he was a medical student.
His original design was adopted by C. R. Bard of Murray Hill, New Jersey, who manufactured the first prototypes and named them in honour of the surgeon.
Fool's Parsley
The Fool's Parsley (Aethusa cynapium) or Fool's Cicely is an annual (rarely biennial) herb in the plant family Apiaceae, native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa. It is the only member of the genus Aesthusa.
It has a fusiform root and a smooth hollow branched stem growing to about 80 cm high, with much divided (ternately pinnate) smooth leaves with an unpleasant smell, and small compound umbels of small irregular white flowers. It is related to Hemlock and Water-dropwort and like them is poisonous, though the toxins are destroyed by drying, and hay containing the plant is not poisonous. Symptoms of poisoning are heat in the mouth and throat.
It has been introduced into many other parts of the world and is a common weed in cultivated ground.
de:Hundspetersilie
lt:Nuodingoji sunpetre
nl:Hondspeterselie
sv:Vildpersilja