Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Chloropyramine

# Overview
Chloropyramine is a classical ("old" or first generation) antihistamine drug approved in some Eastern European countries for the treatment of allergic conjuctivitis, allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, and other atopic (allergic) conditions. Related indications for clinical use include Quincke's edema, allergic reactions to insect bites, food and drug allergies, and anaphylactic shock.
Chloropyramine is known as a competitive reversible H1-receptor antagonist (also known as an H1 inverse agonist), meaning that it exerts its pharmacological action by competing with histamine for the H1 subtype histamine receptor. By blocking the effects of histamine, the drug inhibits the vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and tissue edema associated with histamine release in the tissue. The H1-antagonistic properties of chloropyramine can be used by researchers for the purposes of blocking the effects of histamine on cells and tissues. In addition, chloropyramine has some anticholinergic properties.
Chloropyramine's anticholinergic properties and the fact that it can pass through the blood-brain barrier are linked to its clinical side effects: drowsiness, weakness, vertigo, fatigue, dryness in the mouth, constipation, and rarely - visual disturbances and increase of intraocular pressure.

# Clinical dosage and administration
In cases of severe allergic reactions, chloropyramine can be injected intramuscularly or intravenously. Oral administration: In adults, 25 mg can be taken 3 to 4 times daily (up to 150 mg); in children over 5 years-old, 25 mg can be taken 2 to 3 times daily. For external application, the skin or the conjuctiva of the eye can be treated up to several times a day by applying a thin layer of cream or ointment containing 1% chloropyramine hydrochloride.

# Contraindications
Contraindications for parenteral or oral administration include adenoma of the prostate, acute peptic ulcer, pyloric and duodenal stenosis, glaucoma, pregnancy, breast-feeding.

# Special warnings and precautions
Chloropyramine should not be used internally with alcohol, sedative drugs and hypnotics because of the potentiation of the effects. It should be used with caution in patients suffering from hyperthyroidism, cardiovascular diseases, and bronchial asthma. In children, it can induce agitation, and in many adult patients dizziness may be observed. Because of the pronounced sedative effect the preparation should be prescribed cautiously in drivers and people working with machines.

# Drug interactions
Chloropyramine should not be used internally with MAO inhibitors. Because of its anticholinergic activity, concurrent administration with cholinomimetics is not advisable. General anesthetics, analgesic agents and psycholeptics potentiate the sedative effect of chloropyramine.
Chorda tympani
The chorda tympani is a nerve that branches from the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)  inside the facial canal, just before the facial nerve exits the skull via the stylomastoid foramen.
Chorda tympani is a branch of the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve) that serves the taste buds in the front of the tongue, runs through the middle ear, and carries taste messages to the brain.
The chorda tympani is part of one of three cranial nerves that are involved in taste. The taste system involves a complicated feedback loop, with each nerve acting to inhibit the signals of other nerves. The chorda tympani appears to exert a particularly strong inhibitory influence on other taste nerves, as well as on pain fibers in the tongue. When the chorda tympani is damaged, its inhibitory function is disrupted, leading to less inhibited activity in the other nerves.

# Nerve fibers
The chorda tympani carries two types of nerve fibers from their origin with the facial nerve to the lingual nerve that carries them to their destinations:
- Special sensory fibers providing taste sensation from the anterior two-third of the tongue.
- Presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion, providing secretomotor innervation to two salivary glands: the submandibular gland and sublingual gland.

# Path
Rather than leave the skull with the facial nerve, the chorda tympani travels through the middle ear, where it runs from posterior to anterior across the tympanic membrane.  It passes between the malleus and the incus, on the medial surface of the neck of the malleus.
The nerve continues through the petrotympanic fissure, after which it emerges from the skull into the infratemporal fossa.  It soon combines with the larger lingual nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve (cranial nerve V3).
The fibers of the chorda tympani travel with the lingual nerve to the submandibular ganglion.
Here, the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the chorda tympani synapse with postganglionic fibers which go on to innervate the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.
Special sensory (taste) fibers also extend from the chorda tympani to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue via the lingual nerve.

# Additional images
- Mandible of human embryo 24 mm. long. Outer aspect.
- Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the submaxillary ganglion.
- Plan of the facial and intermediate nerves and their communication with other nerves.
- The course and connections of the facial nerve in the temporal bone.
- Sympathetic connections of the submaxillary and superior cervical ganglia.
- View of the inner wall of the tympanum (enlarged.)
Chordin-like 1
Chordin-like 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHRDL1 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes an antagonist of bone morphogenetic protein 4. The encoded protein may play a role in topographic retinotectal projection and in the regulation of retinal angiogenesis in response to hypoxia. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in CHRDL1 are associated to                 Neuhauser Syndrome            ,                  X-linked megalocornea             and                  central corneal thickness            .
Christmas Seal
Christmas Seals are adhesive labels placed on envelopes during the Christmas season to raise funds and awareness for tuberculosis programs.
In 1904, Einar Holbll, a Danish postal clerk developed the idea of a seal on envelopes during Christmas to raise money for combating tuberculosis. The plan was approved by the Postmaster and the King of Denmark, and the first seal bore the likeness of the Queen and the word Julen (Christmas).  Over 4 million were sold in the first year.
They were introduced to the United States by Emily Bissell in 1907, after she had read about the program in an article by Danish-born Jacob Riis, a muckraking journalist and photographer.  Bissell hoped to raise money for a sanitarium on the Brandywine River in Delaware.
It grew to a national program in 1908 by the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis (NASPT) and the American National Red Cross. The seals were sold at post offices, initially in Delaware at 1 cent each. Net proceeds from the sales would be divided equally between the two organizations.  By 1920, the Red Cross withdrew from the arrangement and sales were conducted exclusively by the NASPT, then known as the National Tuberculosis Association (NTA). To reflect the expanding scope of the organization's goals, the name was changed to the National Tuberculosis and Respiratory Disease Association in the late 1960's.  The NTRDA became the American Lung Association in 1973, though the 1974 seals continue to show the NTRDA inscription on the sheet margin.
Today the Christmas Seals benefit the American Lung Association and other lung related issues.  Tuberculosis was declining, but recently has been on the rise.  TB is still the most common major infectious disease in the world.

# Christmas Seal Yearly Theme Songs with designated Artists
- 1954 "The Spirit of Christmas" - Kitty Kallen
- 1955 "I Heard The Angels Singing" - Frankie Laine & The Four Lads
- 1956 "He'll Be Comin' Down The Chimney" - Rosemary Clooney & Her Sister Gale
- 1957 "If I Can Help Somebody" - George Beverly Shea
- 1959 "I May Never Pass This Way Again" - Perry Como
- 1960 "Mistletoe And Holly" - Frank Sinatra
- 1965 "This Christmas I Spend With You" - Robert Goulet
- 1967 "Christmas Is..." - Percy Faith (also 1977 Theme)
- 1968 "It's The Most Wonderful Time of The Year" - Andy Williams (also 1976 Theme)
- 1969 "Give Me Your Love For Christmas" - Johnny Mathis
- 1970 "My Favorite Things" - Tony Bennett
- 1971 "Ding-A-Ling The Christmas Bell" - Lynn Anderson
- 1972 "Frosty The Snowman" - Lynn Anderson
- 1973 "White Christmas" - Tammy Wynette
- 1974 "It Came Upon A Midnight Clear" - Vikki Carr
- 1976 "It's The Most Wonderful Time of The Year" - Andy Williams (also 1968 Theme)
- 1977 "Christmas Is..." - Johnny Mathis (also 1967 Theme)
- 1978 "The Christmas Song" - Engelbert Humperdinck
Chromogranin A
Chromogranin A or parathyroid secretory protein 1 (gene name CHGA) is a member of the granin family of neuroendocrine secretory proteins, i.e., it is located in secretory vesicles of neurons and endocrine cells such as islet beta cell secretory granules in pancreas.  In humans, chromogranin A protein is encoded by the CHGA gene.

# Tissue distribution
Examples of cells producing chromogranin A (ChgA) are chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, paraganglia, enterochromaffin-like cells and beta cells of the pancreas. It is present in islet beta cell secretory granules.

# Function
Chromogranin A is the precursor to several functional peptides including vasostatin-1, vasostatin-2, pancreastatin, catestatin and parastatin. These peptides negatively modulate the neuroendocrine function of the releasing cell (autocrine) or nearby cells (paracrine).
Chromogranin A induces and promotes the generation of secretory granules such as those containing insulin in pancreatic islet beta cells.

# Clinical significance
Chromogranin A is elevated in pheochromocytomas. It has been identified as autoantigen in type 1 diabetes. A peptide fragment of ChgA located in the Vasostatin-1, namely ChgA29-42 has been identified as the antigenic epitope recognized by diabetogenic BDC2.5 T cells from type 1 diabetes prone NOD mice.
It is used as an indicator for pancreas and prostate cancer and in carcinoid syndrome. It might play a role in early neoplasic progression.  Chromogranin A is cleaved by an endogenous prohormone convertase to produce several peptide fragments. See chromogranin A GeneRIFs for references. In immunohistochemistry it can be used to identify a range of neuroendocrine tumours and is highly specific for both benign and malignant cells of this type.
There are considerable differences in the amino acid composition between different species' chromogranin A . Commercial assays for measuring human CGA can usually not be used for measuring CGA in samples from other animals. Some specific parts of the molecule have a higher degree of amino acid homology and methods where the antibodies are directed against specific epitopes can be used to measure samples from different animals. Region-specific assays measuring defined parts of CGA, CGB and SG2 can be used for measurements in samples from cats and dogs.
Chronic stress
Chronic Stress is stress that lasts a long time or occurs frequently.  Chronic stress is potentially damaging.  Family problems, a difficult class at school, a schedule that is too busy, or a long illness can cause chronic stress.
Symptoms of chronic stress can be:
- eating disorder
- upset stomach
- headache
- backache
- insomnia
- anxiety
- depression
- anger
In the most severe cases it can lead to panic attacks or a panic disorder.
There are a variety of methods to control chronic stress, including exercise, healthy diet, stress management, relaxation techniques, adequate rest, and relaxing hobbies.
Ensuring a healthy diet containing magnesium may help control or eliminate stress, in those individuals with lower levels of magnesium or those who have a magnesium deficiency.  Chronic stress can also lead to a magnesium deficiency, which can be a factor in continued chronic stress, and a whole host of other negative medical conditions caused by a magnesium deficiency.
It has been discovered that there is a huge upsurge in the number of people who suffer from this condition.  A very large number of these new cases suffer from insomnia.
In a review of the scientific literature on the relationship between stress and disease, the authors found that stress plays a role in triggering or worsening depression and cardiovascular disease and in speeding the progression of HIV/AIDS.

# Notes
-  Alterations in magnesium and oxidative status during chronic emotional stress
-  Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D, Miller GE (2007). "Psychological stress and disease". JAMA. 298 (14): 16857. PMID 17925521.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} "Stress Contributes To Range Of Chronic Diseases, Review Shows" ScienceDaily.com (Oct. 10, 2007) 
it:Stress (naturopatia)
Cigar Register

# Overview
Cigar Register is an independent Windows-based desktop software, designed for cigar collectors. You can find information on cigars, manage your humidors, cigar collection, shopping history, wishlist and store your smoking history with your reviews. It can be downloaded for free from the official website.

# Features
Cigar Database
An extensive searchable cigar database providing information about tobacco leaves, series and brands for more than 3800 cigars. Start to learn about brands or use it as an everyday reference.
My Cigars
Add your humidors and assemble your current cigar collection from the database. Track your shopping and humidor history, add temperature and humidity records. Select your favourite cigars and add them to the wishlist.
Smokeroom
Keep record of your smoking experiences from every possible aspects and browse through them any time you want later with filters such as calendar. Add your own rating of the cigars you smoke.
Ease of use
Large icons, selectable measurement units, drag & drop features and standard Windows software appearance will help you learn and enjoy the features of this software in minutes.
Cimino fistula
A Cimino fistula, also Cimino-Brescia fistula and arteriovenous fistula, is a type of vascular access for hemodialysis.  It is a surgically created connection between an artery and a vein in the forearm.

# Theoretical basis
AV fistulas work effectively because they:
- Have high volume flow rates (as blood takes the path of least resistance; it prefers the (low resistance) AV fistula over traversing (high resistance) capillary beds).
- Native blood vessels, when compared to synthetic grafts, are less likely to develop stenoses and fail.

# History
The procedure was invented by doctors Cimino and Brescia in 1966. Before the Cimino fistula was invented, access was through a Scribner shunt, which consisted of a Teflon tube with a needle at each end.  Between treatments, the needles were left in place and the tube allowed blood flow to reduce clotting.  But Scribner shunts lasted only a few days to weeks.  Frustrated by this limitation, Dr. James Cimino recalled his days as a phlebotomist (blood drawer) at New York City's Bellevue Hospital in the 1950s when Korean War veterans showed up with fistulas caused by trauma.  Cimino recognized that these fistulas did not cause the patients harm and were easy places to get repeated blood samples.  He convinced surgeon Kenneth Appel to create some in patients with chronic kidney failure and the result was a complete success.  Scribner shunts were quickly replaced with Cimino fistulas, and 40 years later, they are still the most effective, longest-lasting method for long-term access to patients' blood for dialysis.
Immune complex

# Overview
An immune complex is formed from the integral binding of an antibody to a soluble antigen. The bound antigen acting as a specific epitope, bound to an antibody is referred to as a singular immune complex.
After an antigen-antibody reaction, the immune complexes can be subject to any of a number of responses, including complement deposition, opsonization, phagocytosis, or processing by proteases. Red blood cells carrying CR1-receptors on their surface may bind C3b-decorated immune complexes and transport them to phagocytes, mostly in liver and spleen, and return back to the general circulation.
Immune complexes may themselves cause disease when they are deposited in organs, e.g. in certain forms of vasculitis. This is the third form of hypersensitivity in the Gell-Coombs classification, called Type III hypersensitivity.
Immune complex deposition is a prominent feature of several autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus, cryoglobulinemia, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma and Sjogren's syndrome.
Circumlocution
Circumlocution (also called periphrasis, circumduction, circumvolution, periphrase, or ambage) is an ambiguous or roundabout figure of speech. In its most basic form, circumlocution is using many words (such as "a tool used for cutting things such as paper and hair") to describe something simple ("scissors"). In this sense, the vast majority of definitions found in dictionaries are circumlocutory.
Circumlocution is often used by aphasics and people learning a new language, where in the absence of a word (such as "abuelo" ) the subject can simply be described ("el padre de su padre" ). It is also used frequently in Basic English, a constructed dialect of non-regional English.
Circumlocution has numerous other uses, under whose circumstances other terms are used.

# Amphilogism
Amphilogism (also called amphilogy) is a form a circumlocutory speech used to avoid telling something that might otherwise harm you. For example, a gay employee might use amphilogistic language (i.e., the "pronoun game") to talk about his partner without outing himself. For example, instead of saying "He made dinner for me last night", an amphilogistic statement would be "Dinner was already made for me last night".

# Cledonism
Cledonism is the use of circumlocution to avoid saying unlucky words. For example, calling the devil "Old Nick" or saying "baker's dozen" instead of thirteen. The Roman god Orcus was referred to as "Pluto", "the rich one", in Latin.

# Equivocation
Equivocation is the use of circumlocution to deceive others without blatantly lying. For example, if a mother asks her child to clean a throw rug, and the child replies that he will "hang the rug and beat it" instead of saying he will "clean it", he could mean that he will forget about the rug (hang it) and quickly leave (beat it).

# Euphemism
Euphemism is the use of circumlocution to avoid saying offensive words. Euphemism, however, is only sometimes circumlocutory. For example, "Holy mother of Jesus!" is a circumlocution of "Mary!", but "heck", while still euphemistic, is not a circumlocution of "hell".
Sodium citrate
Sodium citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid with the chemical formula of Na3C6H5O7. Sodium citrate possesses a saline, mildly tart, flavor. For this reason, citrates of certain Alkaline and Alkaline Earth metals (e.g. sodium and calcium citrates) are commonly known as sour salt (occasionally citric acid is erroneously termed sour salt). Sodium citrate is chiefly used as a food additive, usually for flavor or as a preservative. Sodium citrate is employed as a flavoring agent in certain varieties of club soda.
Sodium citrate is common as an ingredient in lemon-lime and citrus soft drinks such as Ting, contributing to their tart tastes, and can also be found in such energy drinks as Rockstar and Red Bull.
In 1914, the Belgian doctor Albert Hustin and the Argentine physician and researcher Luis Agote successfully used sodium citrate as an anticoagulant in blood transfusions. It continues to be used today in blood collection tubes and for the preservation of blood in blood banks. The citrate ion chelates calcium ions in the blood, disrupting the blood clotting mechanism.
As a conjugate base of a weak acid, citrate can perform as a buffering agent, resisting changes in pH. Sodium citrate is used to control acidity in some substances, such as gelatin desserts. It can be found in the mini milk containers used with coffee machines. The compound is the product of antacids such as Alka-Seltzer when they are dissolved in water.
Recently, Oopvik, et al. showed that use of sodium citrate (approx. 37 grams) improved running performance over 5 km by 30 seconds.
Sodium citrate is used to relieve discomfort in urinary tract infections such as cystitis, to reduce the acidosis seen in distal renal tubular acidosis, and can also be used as an osmotic laxative.
It was used by chef Heston Blumenthal in his television series In Search of Perfection as a key ingredient in making cheese slices.
Claustrophobia

# Overview
Claustrophobia is an anxiety disorder that involves the fear of enclosed or confined spaces. Claustrophobes may suffer from panic attacks, or fear of having a panic attack, in situations such as being in elevators, trains, boxes or aircraft.
Conversely, people who are prone to having panic attacks will often develop claustrophobia. 
If a panic attack occurs while they are in a confined space, then the claustrophobe fears not being able to escape the situation.  Those suffering from claustrophobia might find it difficult to breathe in closed auditoriums, theatres, and elevators. Like many other disorders, claustrophobia can sometimes develop due to a traumatic incident in childhood.
Claustrophobia can be treated in similar ways to other anxiety disorders, with a range of treatments including cognitive behavior therapy and the use of anti-anxiety medication. Hypnosis is an alternative treatment for claustrophobia.
The name claustrophobia comes from the Latin word claustrum which means "a bolt, a place shut in" and the Greek word phobos meaning "fear".

# Frequency
It was found that 5-10.6% of people screened before an MRI scan had claustrophobia. Furthermore, it was found that 7% of patients had unidentified claustrophobia, and had to terminate the scanning procedure prematurely. 30% reported milder distress due to the necessity to lie in a confined space for a long time. For specific phobias in general, there is a lifetime prevalence rate of 7.2%-11.3%.

# Colloquial usage
The term "claustrophobic" usually describes claustrophobic people or feelings of claustrophobia. However, in informal conversation, the term has also been used to describe enclosed spaces or situations that may induce feelings of claustrophobia. For example, one could say, "Crowded elevators are claustrophobic."