Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Mandible
The mandible (from Latin mandibula, "jawbone") or inferior maxillary bone is, together with the maxilla, the largest and strongest bone of the face. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place.

# Components
The mandible consists of:
- a curved, horizontal portion, the body. (See body of mandible).
- two perpendicular portions, the rami, which unite with the ends of the body nearly at right angles. (See ramus mandibulae)
- Alveolar process, the tooth bearing area of the mandible (upper part of the body of the mandible)
- Condyle, superior (upper) and posterior projection from the ramus, which makes the temporomandibular joint with the temporal bone
- Coronoid process, superior and anterior projection from the ramus. This provides attachment to the temporalis muscle

# Foramens
- Mandibular foramen, paired, in the inner (medial) aspect of the mandible, superior to the mandibular angle in the middle of the ramus.
- Mental foramen, paired, lateral to the mental protuberance on the body of mandible.

# Nerves
Inferior alveolar nerve, branch of the mandibular division of Trigeminal (V) nerve, enters the mandibular foramen and runs forward in the mandibular canal, supplying sensation to the teeth. At the mental foramen the nerve divides into two terminal branches: incisive and mental nerves. The incisive nerve runs forward in the mandible and supplies the anterior teeth. The mental nerve exits the mental foramen and supplies sensation to the lower lip.

# Articulations
The mandible articulates with the two temporal bones at the temporomandibular joints.

# Injuries
Mandibular fractures are often accompanied by a 'twin fracture' on the contralateral (opposite) side.
The mandible may be dislocated anteriorly (to the front) and inferiorly (downwards) but very rarely posteriorly (backwards).
Derbisol
Derbisol is a fictitious drug used in questionnaires by some academic surveys to test the reliability of answers received by students.
Some such questionnaires ( etc) give Derbisol the slang names "DB" and "derbs" and "dirt".
Another common fictitious drug used in questionnaires is "shimeron." 
This drug information web site (in Korean) seems to use "Derbisol" as a trade name for Clobetasol.
Diameter
In geometry, a diameter (Greek words dia = through and metro = measure) of a circle is any straight line segment that passes through the center of the circle and whose endpoints are on the circle. The diameters are the longest chords of the circle.
In more modern usage, the length of a diameter is also called the diameter. In this sense one speaks of the diameter rather than a diameter, because all diameters of a circle have the same length, this being twice the radius.
For a convex shape in the plane, the diameter is defined to be the largest distance that can be formed between two opposite parallel lines tangent to its boundary, and the width is defined to be the smallest such distance. For a curve of constant width such as the Reuleaux triangle, the width and diameter are the same because all such pairs of parallel tangent lines have the same distance.
The diameter of a connected graph is the distance between the two vertices which are furthest from each other. The distance between two vertices a and b is the length of the shortest path connecting them (for the length of a path, see Graph theory).
The three definitions given above are special cases of a more general definition. The diameter of a subset of a metric space is the least upper bound of the distances between pairs of points in the subset. So, if A is the subset, the diameter is
In medical parlance the diameter of a lesion is the longest line segment whose endpoints are within the lesion.

# Diameter symbol
The symbol or variable for diameter is similar in size and design to , the lowercase letter o with stroke.  Unicode provides character number 8960 (hexadecimal 2300) for the symbol, which can be encoded in HTML webpages as &#8960; or &#x2300;.  Proper display of this character, however, is unlikely in most situations, as most fonts do not have it included.  (Your browser displays  in the current font.) In most situations the letter  is acceptable, obtained in Microsoft Windows by holding the  key down while entering 0 2 4 8  on the numeric keypad.
It is important not to confuse a diameter symbol () with the empty set symbol (), similar to the uppercase . Phi is sometimes used for diameter, although this seems to come from the fact that the symbols appear similar.
The diameter also refers to the approximate size of the corner of a frame of any given object to the nearest flat surface it represents.
Diapause
Diapause is a physiological state of dormancy with very specific triggering and releasing conditions; there are various definitions and contexts in which the term is used, but its most common application is in arthropods, especially insects. One of the most explicit definitions, covering many of the important features, is the following:
"a neurohormonally mediated, dynamic state of low metabolic activity. Associated with this are reduced morphogenesis, increased resistance to environmental extremes, and altered or reduced behavioral activity. Diapause occurs during a genetically determined stage(s) of metamorphosis, and its full expression develops in a species-specific manner, usually in response to a number of environmental stimuli that precede unfavorable conditions. Once diapause has begun, metabolic activity is suppressed even if conditions favorable for development prevail."
Of primary importance is that diapause is not only induced by specific stimuli, but - once initiated - only certain stimuli are capable of releasing the organism from this state; the latter is essential in distinguishing diapause as a different phenomenon from hibernation, for example.
A similar phenomenon occurs in the seeds or other resting stages of various plants. In the eggs of various vertebrates there is a phenomenon sometimes known as "embryonic diapause", which is also termed "delayed implantation," and is not directly equivalent to the phenomenon in arthropods, though in both cases there is a cessation of metabolic activity.
The definition above specifically includes the phrase "altered or reduced behavioral activity" to accommodate for the related phenomenon of reproductive diapause; this is a physiological condition where the organism itself will remain fully active, including feeding and other routine activities, but the reproductive organs experience a tissue-specific reduction in metabolism (with characteristic triggering and releasing stimuli). This is widespread in insects, including common and well-known species such as the Monarch butterfly.
Diastole
Diastole is the period of time when the heart relaxes after contraction.  Ventricular diastole is when the ventricles are relaxing, while  atrial diastole is when the atria are relaxing.

# Inside the heart
During ventricular diastole, the pressure in the (left and right) ventricles drops from the peak that it reaches in systole.  When the pressure in the left ventricle drops to below the pressure in the left atrium, the mitral valve (bicuspid valve) opens, causing accumulated blood from the atrium to flow into the ventricle.

# Inside the arteries
The adjective "diastolic" is used to refer to the relaxation of the heart between muscle contractions. It is used to describe portions of the cardiac cycle related to contraction.  More typically it is used as one component of measurement of blood pressure.  "Diastolic pressure" refers to the lowest pressure within the arterial blood stream occurring during each heart beat. The other component of blood pressure is systolic pressure, which refers to the highest arterial pressure during each heart beat. When stating blood pressure, systole and then diastole is mentioned; for example: 120/80.
Diazinon

# Overview
Diazinon (O,O-diethyl-O-(2-isopropyl-6-methyl-pyrimidine-4-yl)phosphorothioate), a colorless to dark brown liquid, is a thiophosphoric acid developed in 1952 by Ciba-Geigy, a Swiss chemical company (later Novartis and then Syngenta). It is a nonsystemic organophosphate insecticide formerly used to control cockroaches, silverfish, ants, and fleas in residential, non-food buildings.  Bait was used to control scavenger wasps in the western U.S.  Residential uses of diazinon were cancelled in 2004; it is still approved for agricultural uses.
Diazinon kills insects by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme needed for proper nervous system function.  Diazinon has a low persistence in soil. The half-life is 2 to 6 weeks .  The symptoms associated with diazinon poisoning in humans include weakness, headaches, tightness in the chest, blurred vision, nonreactive pinpoint pupils, excessive salivation, sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and slurred speech.
In 1988, the Environmental Protection Agency prohibited the use of Diazinon on golf courses and sod farms because of decimation of bird flocks that congregated in these areas.  In the United States as of December 31, 2004, it became unlawful to sell diazinon outdoor, non-agricultural products.  It is still legal for consumers to use diazinon products purchased before this date, provided that they follow all label directions and precautions.
Among cultivators of carnivorous plants, diazinon is known as the most effective systemic insecticide, capable of eradicating severe infestations of aphids, mealybugs and other sucking parasites while leaving the plant unharmed.  For cultivators unable to obtain diazinon, Malathion and Acephate (Orthene) have been reported as less effective substitutes.
Differin
Differin is a trade name for a medication for acne vulgaris made by Galderma Laboratories. Its active ingredient is adapalene.
It is available in a 45g tube under the NDC 0299-5910-45 in the United States, as well as a 35g tube in Australia. It is available in either a gel or creme form. Both forms contain 0.1% adapalene, a retinoid-like compound, as the active ingredient.
Differin works by modulating skin cell differentiation and growth and therefore regulating oil production and reducing acne over a long period of time.  It has both exfoliating and anti-inflammatory effects.  Studies show it is most effective on noninflammatory acne.
This drug will give much better results if a benzoyl peroxide wash is used morning and night and benzoyl peroxide lotion is applied in the a.m only along with the differin used in the p.m.  However, unlike Retin-A, adapalene has also been shown to retain its efficacy when applied at the same time as benzoyl peroxide due to its more stable chemical structure.
Diketone
A diketone is a molecule containing two ketone groups. The simpliest diketone is diacetyl, also known as 2,3-butanedione. 2,3-Butanedione, acetylacetone, and hexane-2,5-dione are examples of 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-diketones, respectively. Dimedone (5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione, CAS registry number 126-81-8), is an example of a cyclic diketone.

# Reactions
1,3-Diketones, such as acetylacetone, are particularly prone to form stable enols or enolates because of conjugation of the enol or enolate with the other carbonyl group, and the stability gained in forming a six-membered ring, (hydrogen bonded in the case of the enol or containing the counter ion in the case of the enolate).
Scheme 1. Tautomerism of 2,4-pentanedione
The conjugate base derived from 1,3-ketones form complexes with metal ions.
Diketones with one or two methylene  groups separating the carbonyl groups typically coexist with their enol tautomers. The reactions of such dicarbonyls are very similar to those of simple ketones.

# EU Regulation
The EU Commission has declared that diketones (for example acetylacetone, CH3COCH2COCH3) are like dialcohols and hydroxyketones in that they are in vitro and in vivo genotoxic chemical substances and therefore have been forbidden as nutrition additives since 2005.
As Diacetyl is a diketone (in fact the simplist) it may be eventually subject to this EU regulation.
Dill oil
Dill oil is the oil extracted from the seeds or leaves/stems (dillweed) of the Dill plant. It can be used with water to create Dill Water

# Origin
Also known as Indian Dill, originally from Southwest Asia, Dill is an annual or biennial herb that grows up to 1 meter (3 feet). It has green feathery leaves and umbels of small yellow flowers, followed by tiny compressed seeds.
It was popular with the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, who called it "Anethon" from which the botanical name was derived. The common name comes from the Anglo-Saxon dylle or dylla, which then changed to dill. The word means 'to lull' - referring to its soothing properties. In the Middle Ages it was used as a charm against witchcraft.
From 1812 onwards, when Charlemagne, Emperor of France, ordered the extensive cultivation of this herb, it has been widely used, especially as a culinary herb.

# Oil properties
Dill oil is known for its grass-like smell and its pale yellow color, with a watery viscosity.

# Uses
- Gripe water is often made of the fresh herb and given to babies and children for colic, or other digestive disorders, but dill oil is not used for this purpose, as it is too strong.
- Dill oil has been known to help to overcome the feeling of being overwhelmed and is also helpful for digestive problems in adults, easing flatulence, constipation and hiccups.
- Believed to ease the mind, calm headaches and help with excess sweating due to nervous tension. It can also stimulate milk flow in nursing mothers and promotes the healing of wounds.

# Dill Oil Extraction
Dill oil is extracted by steam distillation, mainly from the seeds, or the whole herb, fresh or partly dried.
Dilution
Dilution may refer to:
- Reducing the concentration of a chemical
- Serial dilution, a common way of going about this reduction of concentration.
- Homeopathic dilution In homeopathic potencies of over 12C (24X), no molecules of the original substance remain.
- Dilution (equation), an equation to calculate the rate a gas dilutes
- Dilution gene, a gene that lightens the coat color of certain living things
- Phrase used in indicator dilution theory
- Phrase used in dilution space of substances
nl:Verdunning
Diplegia
Diplegia, when used singularly, refers to paralysis affecting one part of the body and the corresponding part on the other side of the body  usually both legs. It should not be confused with paraplegia, which is a form of paralysis affecting the entire body.
Spastic diplegia is a condition of neuromuscular hypertonia primarily in the muscles of the legs, hips, and pelvis, and is a form of cerebral palsy. Correspondingly, spastic paraplegia refers to hypertonia affecting the entire body.
For example, facial diplegia occurs in 50% of patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome.
Pathogen
A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host.  The term is most often used for agents that disrupt the normal physiology of a multicellular animal or plant. However, pathogens can infect unicellular organisms from all of the biological kingdoms. The term pathogen is derived from the Greek , "that which produces suffering."
There are several substrates and pathways where by pathogens can invade a host; the principal pathways have different episodic time frames, but soil contamination has the longest or most persistent potential for harboring a pathogen.
The body contains many natural defenses against some of the common pathogens (such as Pneumocystis) in the form of the human immune system and by some "helpful" bacteria present in the human body's normal flora. However, if the immune system or "good" bacteria is damaged in any way (such as by chemotherapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens), pathogenic bacteria that were being held at bay can proliferate and cause harm to the host. Such cases are called opportunistic infections.
Some pathogens (such as the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which may have caused the Black Plague, and the Variola and Malaria viruses) have been responsible for massive numbers of casualties and have had numerous effects on afflicted groups. Of particular note in modern times is HIV, which is known to have infected several million humans globally, along with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS) and the Influenza virus. Today, while many medical advances have been made to safeguard against infection by pathogens, through the use of vaccination, antibiotics, and fungicide, pathogens continue to threaten human life.  Social advances such as food safety, hygiene, and water treatment have reduced the threat from some pathogens.

# Types of pathogens
Below is a listing of different types of notable pathogens as categorized by their structural characteristics, and some of their known effects on infected hosts.

# Transmission of pathogens
One of the primary pathways by which food or water become contaminated is from the release of untreated sewage into a drinking water supply or onto cropland, with the result that people who eat or drink contaminated sources become infected. In developing countries most sewage is discharged into the environment or on cropland as of 2007; even in developed countries there are periodic system failures resulting in a sanitary sewer overflow.  This is the typical mode of transmission for the infectious agents of (at least):
- Cholera
- Hepatitis A
- Polio
- Rotavirus

# Transmission to vascular plants
In the case of terrestrial vascular plants, pathogenic infection can occur by contact with foliage, and also from root uptake of soil pathogens.  The latter pathway explains why some plant families such as orchids are more disease resistant, since they rely upon fungal hyphae to supply nutrients rather than root structures, which have larger radii for conveying certain pathogens.
Disjoint
In mathematics, two sets are said to be disjoint if they have no element in common. For example, {1, 2, 3} and {4, 5, 6} are disjoint sets.

# Explanation
Formally, two sets A and B are disjoint if their intersection is the empty set, i.e. if
This definition extends to any collection of sets. A collection of sets is pairwise disjoint or mutually disjoint if any two distinct sets in the collection are disjoint.
Formally, let I be an index set, and for each i in I, let Ai be a set. Then the family of sets {Ai : i  I} is pairwise disjoint if for any i and j in I with i = j,
For example, the collection of sets { {1}, {2}, {3}, ... } is pairwise disjoint. If {Ai} is a pairwise disjoint collection (containing at least two sets), then clearly its intersection is empty:
However, the converse is not true: the intersection of the collection {{1, 2}, {2, 3}, {3, 1}} is empty, but the collection is not pairwise disjoint - in fact, there are no two disjoint sets in the collection.
A partition of a set X is any collection of non-empty subsets {Ai : i  I} of X such that {Ai} are pairwise disjoint and
Diuresis

# Overview
Diuresis is the increased production of urine by the kidney.

# Types and causes
The kidney normally produces up to 250 L of "pro-urine" (glomerular filtrate) per day, but reabsorbs most of this before it reaches the bladder.
Polyuria is increased diuresis. This may be due to large fluid intake, various illnesses (diabetes insipidus, osmotic diuresis due to diabetes mellitus or hypercalcemia) or various chemical substances (diuretics, caffeine, alcohol). It may also occur after supraventricular tachycardias, during an onset of atrial fibrillation, childbirth, and the removal of an obstruction within the urinary tract. Diuresis is restrained by antidiuretics such as ADH, angiotensin II and aldosterone.
Cold diuresis is the occurrence of increased urine production on exposure to cold.
Substances that increase diuresis are called diuretics. Coffee is an example of a proposed diuretic.
Substances that decrease diuresis allow more vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to be present in the kidney.
High-altitude diuresis occurs at altitudes above 10,000 ft and is a desirable indicator of adaptation to high altitudes. Mountaineers who are adapting well to high altitudes experience this type of diuresis. Urine output is thus an important indicator of adaptation to altitude (or lack thereof). Persons who produce less urine even in the presence of adequate fluid intake probably are not adapting well to altitude (Hackett 1980; pp. 54, 62).
Doenjang
Doenjang is a traditional Korean fermented soybean paste. Beans are boiled and ground by rock into fine bits and formed into a block, which is called meju (). The blocks are then exposed to sunlight to be dried, during which mold special to soybean appears and the initial fermentation process begins. This sometimes produces an unpleasant fish-like smell. After the blocks have been dried, they are put in a warmer place to speed up the fermentation. Still later, they are put into large opaque pottery jars with brine and left to further fermentation, during which time various beneficial bacteria transform the mixture into a further vitamin-enriched substance, similar to the way milk ferments to become yogurt. Liquids and solids are separated after the fermentation process, and the liquid becomes Korean soy sauce (Joseon ganjang; ). The solid, which is doenjang, is very salty and quite thick, often containing (unlike most miso) some whole, uncrushed soybeans.
While traditional homemade doenjang is made with soybeans and brine only, many factory-made variants of doenjang contain a fair amount of wheat flour just like most of factory-made soy sauce does. Some current makers also add fermented, dried and ground anchovies to intensify doenjang's savor.
Doenjang can be eaten as a condiment in raw paste-form with vegetables, similar to the way some people dip celery into cheese, but it is more commonly mixed with garlic, sesame oil, and sometimes gochujang to produce ssamjang (also known as tum yum paste in Houston, TX) which is then traditionally eaten with or without rice wrapped in leaf vegetables such as Chinese cabbage. This dish is called ssambap.
It can also be used as a component of soup broth, for example in a popular stew (jjigae) called doenjang jjigae which usually includes tofu, various vegetables such as chile peppers, zucchini and welsh onion, and (optionally) mushrooms, red meat, or scallops.
Doenjang is rich in flavonoids and beneficial vitamins, minerals, and hormones which are sometimes claimed to possess anti-carcinogenic properties.
Dopp kit
A Dopp kit also commonly referred to as a "DOB kit" is a small bag, made of leather, vinyl, or cloth that is used for storing men's grooming tools for travel.  Common items kept in a Dopp kit are deodorant, a razor, shaving cream, comb, nail clippers, scissors, toothbrush, toothpaste, and cologne.  The name derives from early 20th century leather craftsman Charles Doppelt.
The original Dopp kit was designed by Jerome Harris for his uncle Charles Doppelt, a German immigrant to Chicago in the early 1900s. The kits (and hence the term) became widely known during the Second World War when they were issued to GIs. Doppelt's company was purchased by Samsonite in the early 1970s.
Dopp kits were once a common gift given to adolescent males as they ascended from boyhood to adulthood. 
Although the term was originally a trademark and may still be, it appears to have at least mostly become generic.