Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Somatotrope
Somatotropes are cells in the anterior pituitary which produce growth hormone.  These cells constitute 40-50% of anterior pituitary cells.  They respond by releasing HGH in response to GHRH (somatocrinin) or are inhibited by GHIH (somatostatin), both received from the hypothalamus via the hypophyseal portal system vein and the secondary plexus.
Somatotrope cells are classified as acidophilic cells.  These cells take years to grow and mature very slowly.  If these cells grow large enough they can impair vision, cause headaches or damage other pituitary functions.
These cells produce Growth Hormone in response to Growth hormone releasing hormone.  If there is an excess of growth hormone it is usually because of over secretion of somatotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland.  This is what happens if you have a disease known as gigantism.
Bovine somatotropin occurs in the pituitary of cattle and differs in structure from human pituitary growth hormone and is biologically inactive in the human being.  Bovine somatotropin aids in regulating the amount of milk produced. rbST is a hormone that is injected in cows that increases milk production.
When levels of somatotropin are low in the body it is possible to take a supplement known as Protropin.  This is a man-made growth hormone that can be given to children who have diseases, or naturally occurring problems that limit the amount of hormone being produced. Examples of these diseases are human growth hormone deficiency, kidneys disease, Turners syndrome or Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS).  It is also possible to be used in adults who are coping with weight loss from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).  Protropin is illegal when used for athletic purposes.
Deficiency in somatotrope secretion before puberty, or before the end of new bone tissue growth, can lead to pituitary dwarfism.  When growth hormone is deficient blood sugar is low because insulin is not opposed by normal amount of growth hormone.  This can lead to diabetes in dwarfs.  Dwarfs are usually well proportioned, but sometimes have a large head compared to the body. Treatment includes injections of somatotrope.
A significant amount of excess somatotrope secretion before puberty, or before the end of new bone tissue growth, can lead to gigantism.  Gigantism is a disease that causes excess growth of body (eg. being over 7 ft. tall) and unusually long limbs.  An excess of secretion of growth hormone after puberty can lead to acromegaly.  This is a disease that causes abnormal growth in the hands, head, jaw, and tongue.  Some symptoms associated with acromegaly include heavy sweating, oily skin, improper processing of sugars in the diet (diabetes), high blood pressure, increased calcium in urine and swelling of the thyroid gland and arthritis.
Sonographer
Sonographers are medical professionals who operate ultrasonic imaging devices to produce diagnostic images and scans, videos, or 3D volumes of anatomy and diagnostic data. Sonography requires specialized education and skills to view, analyze and modify the scan to optimize the information in the image. Because of the high levels of decisional latitude and diagnostic responsibility sonographers have a high level of responsibility in the diagnostic process, certification in sonography is generally required.  Sonographers require a high level of understanding in ultrasound physics, cross sectional anatomy, physiology, pathology and communication skills; as well as highly developed psycho-motor skills that are specific to the profession.
In the United States the most widely accepted sonographic education is provided by CAAHEP/JRC-DMS accredited programs. The profession is sub-divided in specialties such as cardiac, obstetrical, vascular, and general sonographers. General sonographers are registered in abdominal and/or obstetric and gynecologic sonography.  There are two credentialing bodies in the United States for sonographers, the American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography (ARDMS) and Cardiovascular Credentialing International.
The Australian Sonographers Association(ASA)  was formed in 1992 in response to the desire of Sonographers across Australia for an organisation which had as its charter, to exclusively represent and consider the issues confronting and challenging sonographers in the Australian healthcare environment. The ASA now has a membership of more than 1,900 sonographers and about 40 corporate members. The ASA has pledged to pursue high standards within the practice of Medical Sonography. The ASA has a structure of a Board of Directors and multiple representative Branches in all Australian states.
Australian sonographers must be accredited by the Australasian Sonographers Accreditation Registry (ASAR). ASARs brief is to accredit and re-accredit on a regular basis, ultrasound programs offered by Australian Universities (and the DMU), and to establish the criteria against which those programs and any other future Australian and New Zealand programs are to be judged. In addition a register of accredited (AMS) and student (ASS) sonographers is maintained and their continuing professional development (CPD) activities monitored and recorded.
In the UK where sonographers are also responsible for the interpretation of the images and issue diagnostic reports; education is provided by the universities and overseen by the Consortium for Accrediation of Sonographic Education (CASE.)
Certifications in sonography after examinations administered by the ARDMS and Cardiovascular Credentialing International are recognized and administered in some countries outside the US.
Sorbic acid
Sorbic acid, or 2,4-hexadienoic acid, is a natural organic compound used as a food preservative.  It has the chemical formula C6H8O2.   It was first isolated from the unripe berries of the Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), hence its name.
Sorbic acid and its mineral salts, such as sodium sorbate, potassium sorbate and calcium sorbate, are antimicrobial agents often used as preservatives in food and drinks to prevent the growth of mold, yeast and fungi. In general the salts are preferred over the acid form because they are more soluble in water. The optimal pH for the antimicrobial activity is below pH 6.5 and sorbates are generally used at concentrations of 0.025% to 0.10%. Adding sorbate salts to food will however raise the pH of the food slightly so the pH may need to be adjusted to assure safety.
Sorbic acid should not be confused with other chemically unrelated, but similarly named food additives sorbitol, polysorbate, and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C).
The E numbers are:
- E200 Sorbic acid
- E201 Sodium sorbate
- E202 Potassium sorbate
- E203 Calcium sorbate
Some molds (notably some Trichoderma and Penicillium strains) and yeasts are able to detoxify sorbates by decarboxylation, producing trans-1,3-pentadiene. The pentadiene manifests as a typical odor of kerosene or petroleum. Other detoxification reactions include reduction to 4-hexenol and 4-hexenoic acid.
Soured milk
Soured milk is a general term for milk that has acquired a sour taste, either through the addition of an acid, such as lemon juice or vinegar, or through bacterial fermentation.  The acid causes milk to coagulate and form a thicker consistency.  Soured milk that is produced by bacterial fermentation is more specifically called fermented milk or cultured milk.  Soured milk that is produced by the addition of an acid, with or without the addition of microbial organisms, is more specifically called acidified milk.  In the US, the acids that may be used in the manufacture of acidified milk are acetic acid (commonly found in vinegar), adipic acid, citric acid (commonly found in lemon juice), fumaric acid, glucono-delta-lactone, hydrochloric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, succinic acid, and tartaric acid.
In recipes, soured milk created by the addition of an acid or by bacterial fermentation can often be used interchangeably.  For example, 1 cup of cultured buttermilk, a soured milk produced by bacterial fermentation, can be substituted with 1 tablespoon of lemon juice or vinegar plus enough milk to make 1 cup.  The chemically soured milk can be used after standing for 5 minutes.

# Sour Milk
Currently, sour milk commonly means (pasteurized) milk that has spoiled and is "in an unpalatable state".  However, the meaning of sour milk can be ambiguous since it has been used in different contexts in different time periods.
In more recent years, sour milk has been used both for chemically and biologically soured milk.
Some older recipes use sour milk, but today it is unclear which dairy product was "sour milk".  Pasteurized milk was not available in the US until the early 1900s.  For example, the South Jersey Milk Company created a poster in 1930 entitled "What is pasteurized milk?" to educate the American public about the safety of its newly pasteurized milk.  Thus, older recipes that use sour milk may have been written prior to the availability of pasteurized milk.  Before pasteurized milk became widely available, sour milk may have been unpasteurized milk that had naturally acquired a sour taste through bacterial fermentation at room temperature.
At least until the 1920s, there was a clear distinction between sour milk and buttermilk, where buttermilk was the sour tasting thin liquid leftover from making butter.  Today, in North America, either cultured buttermilk, also commonly known as buttermilk but not the same product as the aforementioned buttermilk, or milk soured by the addition of lemon juice or vinegar is often used when sour milk is needed in a recipe.
Soybean wax
Soybean wax, often referred to simply as "soy wax," is produced with hydrogenated soybean oil.  It was created by inventor Michael Richards in 1993, who was looking for a cheaper alternative to beeswax, thus becoming the first wax innovation in the candle industry for over a hundred years.
Its main disadvantage is lower melting point, resulting in candles which deform easily in hot weather and drip readily when burning.
It has not been documented that soy wax is a safer alternative to paraffin, but can be cheaper than beeswax. Template:WW
Because of the addition of chemicals to soy beans to make them into a viable wax, it is generally equal to paraffin and beeswax for biodegradable waxes.
Soy is listed as a major food allergen by the FDA.  If a person has reactions to soy, paraffin can be a safe alternative.
Spinal fMRI

# Overview
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the spinal cord (spinal fMRI) is an adaptation of the fMRI method that has been developed for use in the brain (1).  Although the basic principles underlying the methods are the same, spinal fMRI requires a number of specific adaptations to accommodate the periodic motion of the spinal cord, the small cross-sectional dimensions (roughly 8 mm x 15 mm at the largest region), the length (~45 cm in adult humans), and the fact that the magnetic field that is used for  MRI varies with position in the spinal cord because of magnetic susceptibility differences between bone and tissues.  Spinal fMRI has been used to produce maps of neuronal activity at most levels of the spinal cord in response to various stimuli, such as touch, vibration, and thermal changes, and with motor tasks.  Research applications of spinal fMRI to date include studies of normal sensory and motor function, and studies of the effects of trauma to the spinal cord (1-3) and multiple sclerosis (4).  Two different data acquisition methods have been applied, one based on the established BOLD (blood-oxygen-level dependent) fMRI methods used in the brain, and the other based on SEEP (signal enhancement by extravascular water protons) contrast with essentially proton-density weighted spin-echo imaging (see  MRI).  The majority of the studies published to date are based on the SEEP contrast method.  Methods demonstrated to overcome the challenges listed above include using a recording of the heart-beat to account for the related time course of spinal cord motion, acquiring image data with relatively high (~ 1-2 mm) spatial resolution to detect fine structural details, and acquiring images in thin contiguous sagittal slices to span a large extent of the spinal cord.  Methods based on BOLD contrast have employed parallel imaging techniques to accelerate data acquisition, and imaging slices transverse to the spinal cord, in order to reduce the effects of spatial magnetic field distortions (5).  Methods based on SEEP contrast have been developed specifically because they have low sensitivity to magnetic field distortions while maintaining sensitivity to changes in neuronal activity.
References
1.  Stroman PW. Magnetic resonance imaging of neuronal function in the spinal cord: spinal FMRI. Clin Med Res 2005;3(3):146-156.
2.  Stroman PW, Kornelsen J, Bergman A, Krause V, Ethans K, Malisza KL, Tomanek B. Noninvasive assessment of the injured human spinal cord by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging. Spinal Cord 2004;42(2):59-66.
3.  Kornelsen J, Stroman PW. fMRI of the lumbar spinal cord during a lower limb motor task. Magn Reson Med 2004;52(2):411-414.
4.  Agosta F, Valsasina P, Caputo D, Stroman PW, Filippi M. Tactile-associated recruitment of the cervical cord is altered in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage 2008;39(4):1542-1548.
5.  Maieron M, Iannetti GD, Bodurka J, Tracey I, Bandettini PA, Porro CA. Functional responses in the human spinal cord during willed motor actions: evidence for side- and rate-dependent activity. J Neurosci 2007;27(15):4182-4190.
Spirobolida
The order Spirobolida is a species-rich (more than 900 described species) and important group of millipedes. Most spirobolids live in the tropics, and like the majority of millipedes, members of the order are all detritivores. Species are often large and conspicuous, and at least in the United States, are often used as classroom representatives for the class Diplopoda. Taxonomically, it is a relatively neglected group with only two revised families, and both revisions dating back more than 40 years.
Spirobolida is one of 11 helminthomorph diplopod orders. Helminthomorphs are typified by the modification of at least one pair of legs on the seventh segment of males into secondary sperm-transfer organs called gonopods. Gonopod morphology is usually species specific and of great taxonomic importance. Much of helminthomorph taxonomy is based almost entirely on gonopod structure (especially at lower taxonomic levels). Female sexual organs (cyphopods) are relatively understudied and underused in millipede taxonomy, with the unfortunate result that female specimens are often unidentifiable to species level.
Spirobolids have both pairs on legs of the seventh segment modified into gonopods, which are thus divided into an anterior pair, the coleopods, and a posterior pair, the phallopods. It is the phallopods that assume the most active role during sperm transfer. The coleopods seem to have a mostly protective function and usually envelope the phallopods. It is the phallopods that display the highest level of species specificity. Development in these animals is gradual and gonopods are first formed during several nymphal stages and molts preceding the final adult form. Growth, and therefore moulting, continues through adulthood, and their life span is typically several years.

# Species
- Narceus americanus
Spirochaete

# Overview
Spirochetes is a phylum of distinctive Gram-negative bacteria, which have long, helically coiled cells. Spirochetes are chemoheterotrophic in nature, with lengths between 5 and 250 m and diameters around 0.1-0.6 m.
Spriochetes are distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the presence of flagella, sometimes called axial filaments, running lengthwise between the cell membrane and outer membrane. These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move about.
The spirochaetes are divided into three families (Brachyspiraceae, Leptospiraceae, and Spirochaetaceae), all placed within a single order (Spirochaetales).
- Leptospira species, which causes leptospirosis
- Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease
- Borrelia recurrentis, which causes relapsing fever
- Treponema pallidum, which causes syphilis
Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are numerous exceptions, including the above.
Cavalier-Smith has postulated that the Spirochaetes belong in a larger clade called Gracilicutes.

# Historical
Salvarsan, the first antibiotic in medical history, was effective against spirochaetes only and was primarily used to cure syphilis.
It has been suggested by biologist Lynn Margulis that eukaryotic flagella were derived from symbiotic spirochaetes, but few biologists accept this, as there is no close structural similarity between the two.

# See Also
- Flagellum
- Treponema pallidum
- Lyme disease microbiology
- Borrelia
- Bacteriology
- Prokaryote
Spirostomum
Spirostomum is a member of the protist kingdom. It is an animal-like protist, or protozoan which feeds on bacteria. It is found in pond water. Spirostomum is a Ciliate, which use cilia to move through water.
Spirostomum is an unusual protozoan.
It is large for a protist. It can grow up to .17 in (3 mm) which is large enough to be seen with the naked eye.
Though a unicellular organism, it has multiple nuclei. Also, Spirostomum can contract it's body to 1/4 of it's length in 6-8 millisec which is the fastest contraction known in any living cell.
Splenectomy
A splenectomy is a procedure that involves the removal of the spleen by operative means.

# Indications
The spleen, similar in structure to a large lymph node, acts as a blood filter. Current knowledge of its purpose includes the destruction of old red blood cells and platelets, and the detection and fight against certain bacteria. It's also known to create new blood cells. The spleen is enlarged in a variety of conditions such as malaria, mononucleosis and most commonly in "cancers" of the lymphatics, such as lymphomas or the leukemia.
It is removed under the following circumstances:
- When it becomes very large such that it becomes destructive to platelets/red cells
- For diagnosing certain lymphomas
- When platelets are destroyed in the spleen as a result of an auto-immune process (see also idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura)
- When the spleen bleeds following physical trauma
- Following spontaneous rupture
- For long-term treatment of congenital erythropoietic porphyria (CEP) if severe hemolytic anemia develops
The classical cause of traumatic damage to the spleen is a blow to the abdomen during a sporting event. In cases where the spleen is enlarged due to illness (mononucleosis), the smallest things such as leaning over a counter or straining at stool can cause it to rupture.

# Procedure
Vaccination for pneumococcus, H. influenza and meningococcus should be given pre-operatively if possible.
In general, spleens are removed by laparoscopy (minimal access surgery) when the spleen is not too large and when the procedure is elective. It is performed by open surgery for trauma or large spleens. Both methods are major surgeries, and are performed under general anesthesia. The spleen is located and disconnected from its arteries. The ligaments holding the spleen in place are dissected and the spleen is removed. When indicated a drain is left in place and the incision(s) is closed. If necessary, tissue samples are sent to a laboratory for analysis.

# Side effects
Because splenectomy causes an increased risk of overwhelming sepsis due to encapsulated organisms (such as S. pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae) the patient should be immunized, if possible, prior to removal of the spleen; see asplenia. An increase in blood leukocytes can occur following a splenectomy.
Failure to do so later puts the patient at risk of overwhelming post-splenectomy infection (OPSI), a potentially rapidly fatal septicaemia. These bacteria often cause a sore throat under normal circumstances but after splenectomy, when infecting bacteria cannot be adequately opsonized, the infection becomes more severe.
Following splenectomy, the platelet count may rise to high levels in blood leading to an increased risk of clot formation and death.
Staple food
A staple food is a food that forms the basis of a traditional diet.  Staple foods vary from place to place, but are typically inexpensive starchy foods of vegetable origin that are high in food energy (Calories) and carbohydrate and that can be stored for use throughout the year.  The staple food of a specific cuisine may commonly be served as part of every meal, and its name may be used synonymously with "food" in some contexts, such as the reference to "our daily bread" in The Lord's Prayer, and a common greeting of "Have you eaten rice?" denoting "How are you?" in certain cultures.
Most staple foods derive either from cereals such as wheat, barley, rye, maize, or rice, or starchy root vegetables such as potatoes, yams, taro, and cassava.  Other staple foods include pulses (dried legumes), sago (derived from the pith of the sago palm tree), and fruits such as breadfruit and plantains.
Rice is most commonly eaten as cooked entire grains, but most other cereals are milled into flour or meal which is used to make bread; noodles or other pasta; and porridges and "mushes" such as polenta or mealie pap.  Mashed root vegetables can be used to make similar porridge-like dishes, including poi and fufu.  Pulses (particularly chickpeas) and starchy root vegetables, such as Canna, can also be made into flour.
Although nutritious, staple foods generally do not by themselves provide a full range of nutrients, so other foods need to be added to the diet to prevent malnutrition. For example, the deficiency disease pellagra is associated with a diet consisting primarily of maize, and beriberi with a diet of white (i.e. refined) rice.
It has been hypothesized that some staple foods may act as a Giffen good in conditions of extreme poverty. This was first noted by Robert Giffen who argued that potato demand actually rose during the Great Irish Famine (1845-1849). While theoretically possible, this is a controversial view among economists as studies have failed to find much evidence of Giffen good behaviour in actual markets.
Steri strip

# Overview
Steri strips are surgical strips of adhesive backed paper tape that are placed across an incision or minor cut. They keep the edges of a wound together as it heals. The Steri-Strip was invented by the company 3M.
Steri strips may be used instead of sutures (stitches) in some injuries, because they lessen scarring and are easier to care for.
The precursor to the steri-strip, was Micropore Surgical Tape. Reports of dramatic cases where Micropore Surgical tape alone was used to hold large abdominal incisions together when the skin was too fragile to accommodate sutures and another where one patient's abdominal wall was literally rebuilt with the tape and his life saved when sutures on the patient's compromised skin failed to hold the wound closed prompted 3M to cut Micropore Surgical Tape into one-eighth inch, one-fourth inch and one-half inch strips, sterilise and package it as primary surface closures for incisions. 

# Usage
They are inappropriate over joints, but useful for areas where skin is thin and sutures are likely to 'cut out', to make Steristrips stickier, tincture of benzoin could be applied to the dry skin around the wound.