Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Signature Select
Signature Select is a brand of hand-made premium cigar owned by Top Shelf Cigar Co. of Skippack, Pennsylvania.

# History and Background
Jose "Don Pepin" Garcia created the Signature Select at the company's request and the brand made its debut in late 2004.1
The cigars are manufactured at the El Rey de los Habanos factory in the Little Havana section of Miami, Florida.

# Description
The brand bears the company owner's signature on the cigar band and box. Nicaraguan grown, the filler is a Cuban-seed Corojo 99 blend, the wrapper is a colorado leaf. The cigars are celloed and packed in boxes of 25. Each box is dated.1

# Models/Vitolas
Silver(I) iodide
Silver iodide (AgI) is a chemical compound used in photography and as an antiseptic in medicine.
Silver iodide is highly insoluble in water and has a crystalline structure similar to that of ice, allowing it to induce freezing (heterogeneous nucleation) in cloud seeding for the purpose of  rainmaking.
The crystalline structure adopted by silver iodide changes with temperature. The following phases are known:
- Up to 420K (147 C), AgI exists in the -phase, which has a wurtzite structure.
- Above 420K (147 C), AgI undergoes a transition to the -phase, which has a body-centered cubic structure and has the silver ions distributed randomly between 2-, 3-, and 4-coordinate sites.
- A metastable -phase also exists below 420K, which has a zinc blende structure.

# Silver iodide as a fast ion conductor
The transition between the  and  forms represents the melting of the silver (cation) sublattice.  The entropy of fusion (melting) for -AgI is approximately half that for sodium chloride (a typical ionic solid).  This can be rationalised by noting that the AgI crystalline lattice has essentially already partly melted in the transition between  and  forms.  Adding the entropy of transition from -AgI to -AgI to the entropy of fusion gives a value that is much closer to the entropy of fusion for sodium chloride.
Silybum marianum
Blessed Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) is a milk thistle, a plant of the Asteraceae family. It is a fairly typical thistle with red to purple flowers and shiny pale green leaves with white veins. Originally a native of Southern Europe through to Asia, it is now found throughout the world. The medicinal parts of the plant are the ripe seeds.
It has a large number of other common names, such as Marian Thistle, Mary Thistle, Mediterranean Milk Thistle and Variegated Thistle.
Trade or commercial names under which this herb is sold include Silymarin, Milk Thistle Extract, Milk Thistle Super Complex, Milk Thistle Phytosome, Alcohol Free Milk Thistle Seed, Milk Thistle Plus, Silymarin Milk Thistle, Milk Thistle Power, Time Release Milk Thistle Power, and Thisilyn Standardized Milk Thistle Extract. 
In herbalism, it is used in cases of liver diseases (cirrhosis, jaundice and hepatitis) and gallbladder disease, and is claimed to protect the liver against poisons. An AHRQ study of such claims in 2000 concluded that "clinical efficacy of milk thistle is not clearly established".
Its potent extract is used in medicine under the name silymarin. Another extract, silibinin or a derivative, is used against poisoning by amanitas, such as the Death Cap (Amanita phalloides) and the Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria).
It has been widely introduced outside its natural range, for example into North America and Australia, where it is considered an invasive weed, and New Zealand.
The species has been found to be toxic to cattle and sheep. The plant contains potassium nitrate. When this is eaten by ruminants the bacteria in their stomachs breaks the chemical down producing a nitrite ion. This combines with hemoglobin to produce methaemoglobin which can't transport oxygen. The result is a form of oxygen deprivation. 
The extract is now also being used in a beverage called Rockstar Energy Drink as an energy enhancing agent.
Sinus arrhythmia

# Overview
Sinus arrhythmia is an irregularity of the sinus rhythm defined as a variation in the P-P interval by 0.16 sec (160 msec) or more in the presence of normal P waves.  It is the most common type of arrhythmia and it is classified mainly into respiratory sinus arrhythmia and non-respiratory sinus arrhythmia.  While respiratory sinus arrhythmia is a normal variant that is mostly common in young and disappears with age, the non-respiratory sinus arrhythmia is most commonly present among elderly with heart disease.  Sinus arrhythmia occurs with slower heart rates or after enhanced vagal tone, and tends to disappear with increase in the heart rate. Triggers for sinus arrhythmia include sinoatrial block, sinus pause, premature atrial beat, carotid massage, and administration of parasympathomimetic medications.

# Classification

## Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is associated with variations in the heart rate with the respiratory cycle secondary to changes in the vagal tone (heart rate increases in inspiration and decreases in expiration).  It is a normal variant that is most present in young people.
To read more about respiratory sinus arrhythmia, click here.

## Non-respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia
- In non-respiratory sinus arrhythmia, the variation in the P-P interval is unrelated to the respiratory cycle. It can occur in the normal heart; however, it is more common among elderly with heart disease.  The cause of non-respiratory sinus arrhythmia is usually unknown, known causes include:
- Side effect of medications (digitalis, morphine)
- High intracranial pressure
- Inferior myocardial infarction
- Recovery from illnesses

## Ventriculophasic Sinus Arrhythmia
A ventriculophasic sinus arrhythmia occurs most often in patients with partial or complete AV block, but it's also observed after a compensatory pause induced by a premature ventricular contraction.
The P-P interval that does not contain the QRS complex is longer than that containing the QRS complex.

## Wandering of the Pacemaker within the SA Node
ECG characteristics:
- Variable P-P interval
- Variable amplitude of the P wave
- Variable morphology of the P wave
- Variable PR interval (not always)
Urogenital sinus
The urogenital sinus (also known as the persistent cloaca) is a part of the human body only present in the development of the urinary and reproductive organs. It is the ventral part of the cloaca, formed after the cloaca separates from the rectum. It eventually becomes, among other things, the bladder.

# Pathology
A urogenital sinus anomaly is also a rare birth defect in women where the urethra and vagina both open into a common channel.

# Additional images
- Enlarged view from the front of the left Wolffian body before the establishment of the distinction of sex.
Smoke inhalation

# Overview
Smoke inhalation is the primary cause of death in victims of indoor fires.

# Pathophysiology
The smoke injures or kills by a combination of thermal damage, poisoning and pulmonary irritation caused by carbon monoxide, cyanide and other combustion products.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
It is estimated that "50-80% of fire deaths are the result of smoke inhalation injuries rather than burns."

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
Symptoms range from coughing and vomiting to nausea, sleepiness and confusion.

## Physical Examination

### HEENT
Burns to the nose, mouth and face; singed nostril hairs; and difficulty breathing / carbonaceous sputum (burned saliva) are also signs of smoke inhalation injury.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
Any person with apparent signs of smoke inhalation should be immediately evaluated by a medical professional such as a firefighter-paramedic or physician.  Advanced medical care may be necessary to save the life of the patient, including mechanical ventilation, even if the person is conscious and alert.  Pending advanced intervention, the patient should be brought into fresh air and given medical oxygen if available.
Sodium bisulfate
Sodium bisulfate, also sodium hydrogen sulfate, has the chemical formula NaHSO4. The anhydrous form is hygroscopic. Its melting point is poorly defined because it begins to decompose into sodium pyrosulfate and water before it reaches its melting points.
Solutions of sodium bisulfate are acid, with a 1M solution having pH of 1.4. In some applications, such solutions can be used instead of sulfuric acid solution. For example, from a solution of sodium bisulfate and sodium acetate it is possible to distill acetic acid. Sodium bisulfate solutions will also liberate CO2 from most carbonates.
Sodium bisulfate behaves, to some degree, as if it were a complex of sodium sulfate with sulfuric acid. This is evident if either the anhydrous form or the monohydrate come in contact with ethanol, which causes them to separate into those two components.

# Production
Sodium bisulfate is produced by two methods.  One method involves mixing stoichiometric quantities of sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid which react to form sodium bisulfate and water.
NaOH + H2SO4  NaHSO4 + H2O
A second production method involves reacting sodium chloride (salt) and sulfuric acid at elevated temperatures to produce sodium bisulfate and hydrogen chloride gas.
NaCl + H2SO4  NaHSO4 + HCl
The liquid sodium bisulfate is sprayed and cooled so that it forms a solid bead. The hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in water to produce hydrochloric acid as a useful byproduct of the reaction.
The product of commerce is anhydrous.  The only producer in the USA, Jones Hamilton Company, uses the sulfuric acid/sodium chloride process, which produces anhydrous product.

# Uses
- Household cleaners, Sani-Flush, for example (roughly 45%)
- Silver pickling
- To reduce alkalinity and pH in swimming pools
- In pet foods
- As a preservative for soil and water samples in analytical laboratory analysis
Sodium perborate
Sodium perborate (PBS) is a white, odorless, water-soluble chemical compound with chemical formula Template:SodiumTemplate:BoronTemplate:Oxygen3. It crystallizes as monohydrate or tetrahydrate. Sodium perborate is manufactured by reaction of sodium tetraborate, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium hydroxide. It is a skin irritant.
Unlike percarbonate and perphosphate, perborate is not just an addition compound of peroxide, but contains true peroxygen bonds. This makes the material more stable, safer for handling and storage. The monohydrate form dissolves better than the tetrahydrate and has higher heat stability; it is prepared by heating the tetrahydrate.
Sodium perborate undergoes hydrolysis in contact with water, producing hydrogen peroxide and borate. It serves as a source of active oxygen in many detergents, laundry detergents, cleaning products, and laundry bleaches. It is also present in some tooth bleaching formulas. It has antiseptic properties and can act as a disinfectant. It is also used as a "disappearing" preservative in some brands of eye drops. One eye drop manufacturer, Novartis, claims that it "turns into pure water and oxygen upon contact with your eye."
Sodium perborate is a less aggressive bleach than sodium hypochlorite, causing less degradation to dyes and textiles. Borates also have some non-oxidative bleaching properties.
Sodium perborate releases oxygen rapidly at temperatures over 60 C. To make it active at lower temperatures (40-60 C), it has to be mixed with a suitable activator, typically tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED).
Sodium periodate
Sodium periodate can refer to two different chemical compounds which are essentially sodium salts of the two varieties of periodate ion. Sodium metaperiodate (often abbreviated as m-periodate) has the formula NaIO4. Sodium orthoperiodate (often abbreviated as o-periodate) has the formula Na5IO6. Both salts are useful in certain synthetic chemistries for the oxidative power of the periodate ion.
Density is 3,865 kg m-3. It is soluble in water. When heated, it decomposes to form sodium iodate, NaIO3 and oxygen. This decomposition reaction is catalyzed by the presence of manganese(IV) oxide.
Note that the pronunciation is per-iodate, not period-ate.

# Uses
Sodium periodate is used to oxidize cellulose and create a biocompatible and biodegradable compound that can be used as suture, as a scaffold for tissue engineering, or for drug delivery.
Sodium periodate can be used in solution to open saccharide rings between vicinal diols leaving two aldehyde groups. This process is often used in labeling saccharides with fluorescent molecules or other tags such as biotin. Because the process requires vicinal diols, periodate oxidation is often used to selectively label RNA (ribose has vicinal diols) instead of DNA deoxyribose does not have vicinal diols.
Source documents
A source document is a document in which data collected for a clinical trial is first recorded. This data is usually later entered in the case report form. The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH-GCP) guidelines define source documents as "original documents, data, and records." Source documents contain source data, which is defined as "all information in original records and certified copies of original records of clinical findings, observations, or other activities in a clinical trial necessary for the reconstruction and evaluation of the trial."
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not define the term "source document".

# Examples of source documents
- Hospital records
- Clinical and office charts
- Laboratory notes
- Memorandum
- Subjects' diaries or evaluation checklists
- Pharmacy dispensing records
- Recorded data from automated instruments
- Copies or transcriptions certified after verification as being accurate copies
- Microfiches
- Photographic negatives, microfilm or magnetic media
- X-rays
- Subject files
- Records kept at the pharmacy, at the laboratories and at medico-technical departments involved in the clinical trial
Spermatic fascia

# Overview
The spermatic fascia is a bilayered fascia covering the testis; both layers are derived from abdominal muscle or fascia.
- The more superficial of these two layers, the external spermatic fascia, lies deep to the skin and dartos fascia of the testes, superficial to the cremaster muscle, and is a continuation of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle.
- The deeper internal spermatic fascia is deep to the cremaster muscle, directly surrounds the spermatic cord and its contents, and is a continuation of the abdominal transversalis fascia.
Spigelian hernia
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# Overview
A Spigelian hernia (or lateral ventral hernia) is a hernia through the spigelian fascia, which is the aponeurotic layer between the rectus abdominis muscle medially, and the semilunar line laterally. These hernias almost always develop at or below the linea arcuata, probably because of the lack of posterior rectus sheath. These are generally interparietal hernias, meaning that they do not lie below the subcutaneous fat but penetrate between the muscles of the abdominal wall; therefore, there is often no notable swelling.
Most of these hernias are small, and, as such, there is a high risk of strangulation. Most of them develop around age 50 (4th-7th decade of life).  As an entity, they are rare, when compared other types of hernias.

# Historical Perspective
Adriaan van den Spiegel, a surgeon-anatomist born in Brussels, described this hernia in 1645.

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

# Causes

# Differentiating Spigelian hernia from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

## Natural History

## Complications

## Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination
Patients typically present with either an intermittent mass, localized pain, or signs of bowel obstruction. Ultrasonography or a CT scan can establish the diagnosis.

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

### CT
CT demonstrates small bowel obstruction secondary to a right spigelian hernia

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
These hernias should be repaired because of the high risk of strangulation; fortunately, surgery is straight-forward, with only larger defects requiring a mesh prosthesis.

## Surgery

## Prevention
Spinal analgesia

# Overview
Spinal analgesia, (or commonly called spinal anesthesia) is a form of regional anaesthesia involving injection of a local anaesthetic into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), generally through a long, fine needle.
There are hyperbaric, isobaric, hypobaric solutions of anesthetics to choose for the spinal anesthesia. Usually, the hyperbaric is chosen. Bupivacaine is the local anesthetic most commonly used, although lignocaine, ropivacaine, levobupivicaine and cinchocaine are also available.  Regardless of the anaesthetic agent used, the desired effect is to block the transmission of nerve signals to and from the affected area.  Sensory signals from the site are blocked, thereby eliminating pain, and motor signals to the area eliminate movement.  In effect, the result is total numbness of the area and paralysis.  This allows medical procedures to be performed with little or no sensation whatsoever to the person undergoing the procedure, and provides a still patient or area for the surgeon to work on.  Some sedation is sometimes provided to help the patient relax and pass the time during the procedure, but with a successful spinal anesthetic the surgery can be performed with the patient wide awake.  Spinal anesthetics are limited to procedures involving most structures below the upper abdomen, as to administer a spinal anesthetic higher may affect the ability to breathe by paralyzing the intercostal respiratory muscles, or even the diaphragm in extreme cases (called a "high spinal", or a "total spinal",  with which consciousness is lost), as well as the body's ability to control the heart rate via the cardiac accelerator fibers.
Baricity refers to the density of a substance compared to the density of human cerebral spinal fluid. Baricity is used in anesthesia to determine the manner in which a particular drug will spread in the intrathecal space.

# History
The first spinal analgesia was administered in 1885 by Leonard Corning (1855-1923), a neurologist in New York. He was experimenting with cocaine on the spinal nerves of a dog when he accidentally pierced the dura mater.
The first planned spinal anesthesia for surgery in man was administered by August Bier (1861-1949) on 16th August 1898, in Kiel, when he injected 3 ml of 0.5% cocaine solution into a 34 year old laborer. After using  it on 6 patients, he and his assistant each injected cocaine into the other's spine. They recommended it for surgeries of legs, but gave it up due to the toxicity of cocaine.

# Complications

## During the procedure
- Spinal shock.
- Cauda equina injury.
- Failed spinal.
- Total spinal.
- Cardiac arrest.
- Hypothermia.
- Broken needle.

## Post-operative
- Post-dural puncture headache PDPH.
- Backache.
- Sixth cranial nerve palsy.
- Urinary retention.
- Meningitis.
Water stagnation
Water stagnation occurs when water stops flowing. Stagnant water can be a major environmental hazard.

# Dangers
Malaria and dengue are among the main dangers of stagnant water, which can become a breeding ground for the mosquitoes that transmit these diseases.
Stagnant water can be dangerous for drinking because it provides a better incubator (than running water) for many kinds of bacteria, and other parasites.

# Causes and prevention
Stagnant water may be classified into the following basic, although overlapping, types:
- Water body stagnation: stagnation in lakes, lagoons, rivers, etc.
- Surface and ground water stagnation
- Trapped water stagnation. The water may be trapped in human artifacts (discarded cans, plant pots, tires, dug-outs, roofs, etc.), as well as in natural containers, such as hollow tree trunks, leaf sheaths, etc.
To avoid ground and surface water stagnation, drainage of surface and subsoil is advised. Areas with a shallow water table are more susceptible to ground water stagnation due to the lower availability of natural soil drainage.
Excessive watering may cause ground or surface water stagnation.

# Life that may thrive in stagnant water
Some plants prefer flowing water, while others, such as lotuses, prefer stagnant water.

## Bacteria
Various anaerobic bacteria are commonly found in stagnant water.
- Denitrifying bacteria
- Purple bacteria (both sulfur and non-sulfur)
- Leptospira

## Fish
- Northern snakehead fish
- Siamese fighting fish
- Pygmy gourami
- Spotted barb
- Lepisosteidae (gar)
- Walking catfish

## Insects
Stagnant water is the favorite breeding ground for a number of insects.
- Mosquito larvae
- Fly maggots
- Dragonfly nymphs
- Nepidae (water scorpions)

## Other
- A number of species of frogs prefer stagnant water.
- Algae
- Biofilm
- Some species of turtles
Mata mata
- Mata mata

# Miscellanea
Pools of stagnant water have historically been used in the processing of hemp and some other fiber crops, as well as of linden bark used for making bast shoes. Several weeks of soaking makes bast easily separable due to bacterial and fermentative processes.
Steroid diabetes
Steroid diabetes is a medical term referring to prolonged hyperglycemia due to glucocorticoid therapy for another medical condition.  It is usually, but not always, a transient condition.
The most common glucocorticoids which cause steroid diabetes are prednisone and dexamethasone given systemically in "pharmacologic doses" for days or weeks.  Typical medical conditions in which steroid diabetes arises during high-dose glucocorticoid treatment include severe asthma, organ transplantation, cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and induction chemotherapy for leukemia or other cancers.
Glucocorticoids oppose insulin action and stimulate gluconeogenesis, especially in the liver, resulting in a net increase in hepatic glucose output.  Most people can produce enough extra insulin to compensate for this effect and maintain normal glucose levels, but those who cannot develop steroid diabetes.
The diagnostic criteria for steroid diabetes are those of diabetes (fasting glucoses persistently above 125 mg/dl (7 mM) or random levels above 200 mg/dl (11 mM)) occurring in the context of high-dose glucocorticoid therapy. Insulin levels are usually detectable, and sometimes elevated, but inadequate to control the glucose.  In extreme cases the hyperglycemia may be severe enough to cause nonketotic hyperosmolar coma.
Treatment depends on the severity of the hyperglycemia and the estimated duration of the steroid treatment.  Mild hyperglycemia in an immunocompetent patient may not require treatment if the steroids will be discontinued in a week or two.  Moderate hyperglycemia carries an increased risk of infection, especially fungal, and especially in people with other risk factors such as immunocompromise or central intravenous lines. Insulin is the most common treatment.
Steroid diabetes must be distinguished from stress hyperglycemia, hyperglyemia due to excessive intravenous glucose, or new-onset diabetes of another type.  Because it is not unusual for steroid treatment to precipitate type 1 or type 2 diabetes in a person who is already in the process of developing it, it is not always possible to determine whether apparent steroid diabetes will be permanent or will go away when the steroids are finished. More commonly undiagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes are brought to clinical attention with corticosteroid treatment because subclinical hyperglycemia worsens and becomes symptomatic.  Generally, steroid diabetes without preexisting type 2 diabetes will resolve upon termination of corticosteroid administration.
Steroid diabetes does not occur with other steroid hormones, such as anabolic steroids, mineralocorticoid, or sex steroids because these other categories of steroids have little effect on glucose metabolism.