Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Linalool
Linalool (Template:IPA2) is a naturally-occurring terpene alcohol chemical found in many flowers and spice plants with many commercial applications, the majority of which are based on its pleasant scent (floral, with a touch of spiciness). It has other names such as -linalool, linalyl alcohol, linaloyl oxide, p-linalool, allo-ocimenol and 2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadien-6-ol.

## In nature
Over 200 species of plants produce linalool, mainly from the families Lamiaceae (mints, scented herbs), Lauraceae (laurels, cinnamon, rosewood) and Rutaceae (citrus fruits), but also birch trees and other plants, from tropical to boreal climate zones. It was also found in some fungi.

## Enantiomers
Linalool has a chiral center at C3 and therefore two stereoisomers: licareol is (S)-(+)-linalool with CAS No. 126909 (PubChem 67179) and coriandrol is (R)-()-linalool with CAS No. 126910 (PubChem 13562).
Both enantiomeric forms are found in nature: S-linalool is found, for example, as a major constituent of the essential oils of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L. family Apiaceae) seed, palmarosa , and sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck, family Rutaceae) flowers. R-linalool is present in lavender (Lavandula officinalis Chaix, family Lamiaceae), laurel (Laurus nobilis, family Lauraceae), and sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum, family Lamiaceae), among others.
Each enantiomer evokes different neural responses in humans, and therefore are anthropophilically classified as possessing distinct scents. 3S-(+)-linalool is perceived as sweet, floral, petitgrain-like (odour threshold 7.4 ppb) and the 3R-form as more woody and lavender-like (odour threshold 0.8 ppb)

## Biosynthesis
In higher plants linalool as other monoterpenoids is produced from isopentenyl pyrophosphate via the universal isoprenoid intermediate geranyl pyrophosphate, through a class of memabrane-bound enzymes named monoterpene synthases. One of these, linalool synthase (LIS), has been reported to produce (S)-linalool in several floral tissues.

## Uses
In addition to its use as a scent in domestic products such as soap, detergent, shampoo, and lotion, linalool is also used as a chemical intermediate.  One common downstream product of linalool is Vitamin E.

# Safety information
Linalool should be avoided by people with perfume allergy.
Lip balm
Lip balm or lip salve is a substance topically applied to the lips of the mouth to relieve chapped or dry lips, angular cheilitis or stomatitis, and cold sores. Lip gloss is similar, but generally has only cosmetic properties. The balm is usually manufactured from beeswax, petroleum jelly, menthol, camphor, scented oils, and various other ingredients. Some manufacturers also add vitamins, alum, salicylic acid, or aspirin. Most lip balms also contain octinoxate, avobenzone, and/or other sunscreens to minimize sun damage.
The primary purpose of Lip Balm is to provide an occlusive layer on the lip surface to seal moisture in lips and protect them from external exposure. Dry air, cold temperatuers and wind all have a drying effect on skin by drawing moisture away from the body. Lips are particularly vulnerable because the skin is so thin, and thus they are often the first to present signs of dryness. The occlusives materials like waxes and petroleum jelly prevent moisture loss and maintain lip comfort while flavorants, colorants, sunscreens and various medicaments can provide additional, specific benefits.
Lip balm usually comes in small containers; either one in which a finger is used to apply it to the lips, or in 'stick' form (similar to lipstick) which is applied directly to the lips.

# Brands
- Blistex
- Burt's Bees
- Bag Balm
- Carmex
- ChapStick
- Labello
- Tholene
- Vaseline and Vaseline Lip Therapy
- Verissima
- Sues Salves Sues Salves Lip Butter
Lipiodol

# Overview
Lipiodol is an iodinated, radio-opaque contrast material that is used to outline structures in radiological investigations.
It is used in chemoembolization applications as a contrast agent in follow-up imaging.  It has an additional use in gastric variceal obliteration as a dilutant that does not affect polymerization of cyanoacrylate.
Lipiodol is also used in lymphangiography, the imaging of the lymphatic system.
Historically it was often used as a contrast media at hysterosalpingography(HSG). This is an investigation to determine tubal patency as part of the investigation of subfertility. It became less commonly utilised in the 1960s to 1980s because the more modern water soluble media give images that are easier to interpret. There is also an important safety issue with lipiodol in that intravasation (leakage) of the fluid into the venous system has caused patients to be uwell in the past because of intravasation.
Recently there has been an increasing interest in the use of lipiodol as a therapeutic agent in the management of unexplained infertility called lipiodol flushing. There have been a small number of studies that suggest that flushing the media through the tubes gives a short term rise in fecundity in patients with unexplained infertility. A recent systematic review has suggested a significant increase in fertility, especially in those women who have endometriosis when using lipiodol flushing (Johnson N.P et al).
Litharge
Litharge is one of the natural mineral forms of lead(II) oxide, PbO. Litharge is a secondary mineral which forms from the oxidation of galena ores. It forms as coatings and encrustations with internal tetragonal crystal structure. It is dimorphous with the orthorhombic form massicot. It forms soft (Mohs hardness of 2), red, greasy-appearing crusts with a very high specific gravity of 9.149.35.
It was first described as a mineral in 1917 for an occurrence in San Bernardino County, California.
Historically, the term "litharge" has been combined to refer to other similar substances. For example, litharge of gold is litharge mixed with red lead, giving it a red color; litharge of silver is litharge that comes as a by-product of separating silver from lead; litharge of bismuth is a similar result of the oxidation of bismuth. The term has also been used as a synonym for white lead or red lead.
Lo Ovral
Synonyms / Brand Names:

# Dosing and Administration
FDA Package Insert Resources
Indications, Contraindications, Side Effects, Drug Interactions, etc.
Calculate Creatine Clearance
On line calculator of your patients Cr Cl by a variety of formulas.
Convert pounds to Kilograms
On line calculator of your patients weight in pounds to Kg for dosing estimates.
 Publication Resources
Recent articles, WikiDoc State of the Art Review, Textbook Information
Trial Resources
Ongoing Trials, Trial Results
Guidelines & Evidence Based Medicine Resources
US National Guidelines, Cochrane Collaboration, etc.
Media Resources
Slides, Video, Images, MP3, Podcasts, etc.
Patient Resources
Discussion Groups, Handouts, Blogs, News, etc.
International Resources
en Espanol

# FDA Package Insert Resources
Indications
Contraindications
Side Effects
Drug Interactions
Precautions
Overdose
Instructions for Administration
How Supplied
Pharmacokinetics and Molecular Data
FDA label
FDA on Lo Ovral
Return to top

# Publication Resources
Most Recent Articles on Lo Ovral
Review Articles on Lo Ovral
Articles on Lo Ovral in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ
Textbook Information on Lo Ovral
Return to top

# Trial Resources
Ongoing Trials with Lo Ovral at Clinical Trials.gov
Trial Results with Lo Ovral
Return to top

# Guidelines & Evidence Based Medicine Resources
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Lo Ovral
Cochrane Collaboration on Lo Ovral
Cost Effectiveness of Lo Ovral
Return to top

# Media Resources
Powerpoint Slides on Lo Ovral
Images of Lo Ovral
Podcasts & MP3s on Lo Ovral
Videos on Lo Ovral
Return to top

# Patient Resources
Patient Resources on Lo Ovral
Discussion Groups on Lo Ovral
Patient Handouts on Lo Ovral
Blogs on Lo Ovral
Lo Ovral in the News
Lo Ovral in the Marketplace
Return to top

# International Resources
Lo Ovral en Espanol
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Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Lobeline

# Overview
Lobeline is an alkaloid found in "Indian tobacco" (Lobelia inflata), "Devil's tobacco" (Lobelia tupa), "cardinal flower" (Lobelia cardinalis), "great lobelia" (Lobelia siphilitica), and Hippobroma longiflora. Additionally, it is also found in Lobelia chinensis. In its pure form it is a white amorphous powder which is freely soluble in water.

# Potential uses
Lobeline has been studied for its potential use as a smoking cessation aid, and may have application in the treatment of other drug addictions such as addiction to amphetamines, cocaine, or alcohol.

# Pharmacology
Lobeline has multiple mechanisms of action, acting as a VMAT2 ligand, which stimulates dopamine release to a moderate extent when administered alone, but reduces the dopamine release caused by methamphetamine. It also inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin, and acts as a mixed agonistantagonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors to which it binds at the subunit interfaces of the extracellular domain. It is also an antagonist at -opioid receptors.
Lomatium
Lomatium is a genus of 70 to 80 perennial herbs native to western North America.
Several species, including L. cous, L. geyeri, and L. macrocarpum, are sometimes known as biscuit roots for their starchy edible roots.  These are or have been traditional Native American foods, eaten cooked or dried and ground into flour.  Their flavor has been compared to celery, parsnip, or stale biscuits.
The roots of some species, including L. dissectum, have been used as herbal medicines for cough and upper respiratory infections.
The University of British Columbia has performed research showing that extract of L. dissectum is effective at imobilizing the tuberculosis and avium mycobacterium in the laboratory, but efficacy on human beings has not been tested.
This plant family is well know for members that are highly toxic.

# Selected species
- L. ambiguum
- L. bicolor
- L. bradshawii
- L. brandegei
- L. californicum
- L. canbyi
- L. columbianum
- L. cous
- L. cusickii
- L. cuspidatum
- L. dissectum
- L. donnellii
- L. farinosum
- L. foeniculaceum
- L. geyeri
- L. gormanii
- L. grayi
- L. greenmanii
- L. hallii
- L. hambleniae
- L. hendersonii
- L. idahoense
- L. laevigatum
- L. leptocarpum
- L. macrocarpum
- L. martindalei
- L. minus
- L. nevadense
- L. nudicaule
- L. oreganum
- L. orogenioides
- L. rollinsii
- L. roseanum
- L. salmoniflorum
- L. serpentinum
- L. suksdorfii
- L. thompsonii
- L. triternatum
- L. tuberosum
- L. utriculatum
- L. vaginatum
- L. watsonii
Probucol

# Overview
Probucol is an anti-hyperlipidemic drug initially developed in the treatment of coronary artery disease.
However, clinical trials were stopped after it was found that it may lower HDL in patients with a previous history of heart disease.
Probucol was initially developed in the 1970s by a chemical company to maximize airplane tire longevity.
Probucol is associated with QT interval prolongation.

# Mechanism
Probucol lowers the level of cholesterol in the bloodstream by increasing the rate of LDL catabolism. Additionally, probucol may inhibit cholesterol synthesis and delay cholesterol absorption.  Probucol is a powerful antioxidant which inhibits the oxidation of cholesterol in LDLs; this slows the formation of foam cells, which contribute to atherosclerotic plaques.
It is believed to act at ABCA1.
It also lowers levels of HDL.
Loricrin
Loricrin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LOR gene.

# Function
Loricrin is a major protein component of the cornified cell envelope found in terminally differentiated epidermal cells.
Loricrin is expressed in the granular layer of all keratinized epithelial cells of mammals tested including oral, esophageal and stomach mucosa of rodents, tracheal squamous metaplasia of vitamin A deficient hamster and estrogen induced squamous vaginal epithelium of rats.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in the LOR gene are associated with Vohwinkel's syndrome and Camisa disease, both inherited skin diseases.
Lundbeck
H. Lundbeck A/S (Template:OMX) (also known as Lundbeck) is a Danish international pharmaceutical company engaged in the research and development, production, marketing and sale of drugs for the treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders.
The company was founded by Hans Lundbeck in 1915, and was initially a trading company supplying a variety of goods to the Danish market, including machinery for manufacturing, aluminium foil, artificial sweeteners and photographic equipment.
Lundbeck entered the pharmaceutical market in 1924, importing medicines and cosmetics from companies based in other European and American countries. By the late 1930s, Lundbeck had begun to produce its own medicinal products and had established its own research department. Production continued (although limited due to a lack of raw materials) during the Second World War.
After the war, Lundbeck continued to grow, and became a major international pharmaceutical company focusing on the production of drugs used to treat disorders and diseases of the central nervous system. In 2007, the company's revenue was 1.47 billion.
Key products are the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram, and memantine.
Lying-in
Lying-in is an old childbirth practice involving a woman resting in bed for a period of time before giving birth.  Though the term is now usually defined as "the condition of a woman in the process of giving birth," it previously referred to a period of bed rest required even if there was no medical complications.
A 1932 publication refers to lying-in as ranging from 2 weeks to 2 months.  It also does not suggest "Getting Up" (getting out of bed post-birth) for at least nine days and ideally for 20 days.  This prolonged time of staying in bed after birth may also be called "lying-in".
When lying-in was a more common term, it was used in the names of several hospitals.  For example, the Royal Womens Hospital in Australia was originally known as the "Melbourne Lying-In Hospital and Infirmary for Diseases of Women and Children".
MAP1LC3A
Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAP1LC3A gene. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

# Function
MAP1A and MAP1B are microtubule-associated proteins which mediate the physical interactions between microtubules and components of the cytoskeleton. MAP1A and MAP1B each consist of a heavy chain subunit and multiple light chain subunits. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the light chain subunits and can associate with either MAP1A or MAP1B.
MAPLC3A is one of the mammalian homologues of yeast ATG8, an important marker and effector of autophagy.

# Regulation
MAP1LC3A is regulated by several post-translational modifications. These include covalent linkage of the C-terminus to phosphatidylethanolamine in autophagic membranes, and phosphorylation by protein kinase A, which downregulates its autophagy functions. Noncovalent interactions are important for its cargo targeting functions in selective autophagy. For example, it has been shown to interact with sequestosome 1.
MAPK8IP1
C-jun-amino-terminal kinase-interacting protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK8IP1 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a regulator of the pancreatic beta-cell function. It is highly similar to JIP-1, a mouse protein known to be a regulator of c-Jun  amino-terminal kinase (Mapk8). This protein has been shown to prevent MAPK8 mediated activation of transcription factors, and decrease IL-1 beta and MAP kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1) induced apoptosis in pancreatic beta cells. This protein also functions as a DNA-binding transactivator of the glucose transporter GLUT2. RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST) is reported to repress the expression of this gene in insulin-secreting beta cells. This gene is found to be mutated in a type 2 diabetes family, and thus is thought to be a susceptibility gene for type 2 diabetes.

# Interactions
MAPK8IP1 has been shown to interact with MAP3K10, DUSP16, Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9, MAPK8, LRP2, LRP1, MAP3K12, MAP2K7, MAPK8IP2 and MAP3K11.
MAPK8IP2
C-jun-amino-terminal kinase-interacting protein 2 is a protein or the name of the gene that encodes it. The gene is also known as Islet-Brain-2 (IB2).
This protein is highly expressed in the brain and is almost always deleted in Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMS). MAPK8IP2 appears to regulate the ratio of AMPA receptors to NMDA receptors at glutamate synapses, and thus may be an important contributor to the intellectual dysfunction and related neurological manifestations characteristic of PMS.
The protein encoded by this gene is closely related to MAPK8IP1/IB1/JIP-1, a scaffold protein that is involved in the c-Jun  amino-terminal kinase signaling pathway. This protein is expressed in brain and pancreatic cells. It has been shown to interact with, and regulate the activity of MAPK8/JNK1, and MAP2K7/MKK7 kinases. This protein thus is thought to function as a regulator of signal transduction by protein kinase cascade in brain and pancreatic beta-cells. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported for this gene.

# Interactions
MAPK8IP2 has been shown to interact with MAP3K10, Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9, LRP2, LRP1, MAPK8IP3, MAP3K12, MAPK8IP1, MAP2K7 and MAP3K11.
MAPK8IP3
C-jun-amino-terminal kinase-interacting protein 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPK8IP3 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene shares similarity with the product of Drosophila syd gene, required for the functional interaction of kinesin I with axonal cargo. Studies of the similar gene in mouse suggested that this protein may interact with, and regulate the activity of numerous protein kinases of the JNK signaling pathway, and thus function as a scaffold protein in neuronal cells. The C. elegans counterpart of this gene is found to regulate synaptic vesicle transport possibly by integrating JNK signaling and kinesin-1 transport. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been determined.

# Interactions
MAPK8IP3 has been shown to interact with ASK1, C-Raf, PTK2, MAPK10, Mitogen-activated protein kinase 9, MAPK8, MAP2K1, KLC2, MAP2K7, KLC1, MAPK8IP2 and MAP2K4.
MAPKAPK5
MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPKAPK5 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the serine/threonine kinase family. In response to cellular stress and proinflammatory cytokines, this kinase is activated through its phosphorylation by MAP kinases, including MAPK1/ERK, MAPK14/p38-alpha, and MAPK11/p38-beta. In vitro, this kinase phosphorylates heat shock protein HSP27 at its physiologically relevant sites. Two alternately-spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.
A link between Alzheimer's disease and reduced levels of MAPKAPK5 has been proposed. Clinical trials may confirm if this is the case.
MIR941-1
MicroRNA 941-1 is a human specific microRNA that is encoded by the MIR941-1 gene.

# Function
microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature miRNA and antisense miRNA star (miRNA*) products. The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing with the miRNA and most commonly results in translational inhibition or destabilization of the target mRNA. The RefSeq represents the predicted microRNA stem-loop.

# Evolution
The miR-941 gene is only found in humans where it first appeared between one and six million years ago. Its copy number and binding sites have decreased with migration out of Africa. miR-941 regulates genes involved in cellular differentiation and neurotransmitter signalling.
MIS18BP1
MIS18 binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MIS18BP1 gene. The gene is also known as LKNL2, M18BP1, C14orf106, and HSA242977.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of MIS18BP1 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Mis18bp1tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty five tests were carried out on mutant mice and three significant abnormalities were observed. Few homozygous mutant embryos were identified during gestation, and none survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice and an abnormal tail morphology was observed in female animals.
MVD tool

# Definition of Multivessel Disease
For AEGIS-II inclusion criteria #5, multivessel disease criteria can be met by findings on the cardiac catheterization for the index MI, a prior cardiac catheterization, or both:
- Index MI cardiac catheterization: 50% or greater stenosis of the left main or at least 2 coronary artery territories (LAD, LCX, RCA) (prior to any interventions performed)
- Prior cardiac catheterization: 50% or greater stenosis of left main or at least 2 coronary artery territories (LAD, LCx, RCA) (prior to any interventions performed)
- Both: Index MI cardiac catheterization with 1 vessel with 50% or greater stenosis (prior to any interventions performed) AND prior PCI of at least 1 vessel different from index MI vessel
- Prior multivessel CABG
Multivessel disease requires a 50% or greater stenosis in at least 2 of the 3 major epicardial artery territories (LAD, LCx, RCA) or the left main vessel. Branch vessel disease may qualify as part of the territory of that branch vessel (for example, a diagonal vessel is considered part of the LAD territory). For the purpose of this study, the ramus is considered part of the Left Circumflex artery territory. If a branch vessel is used as a qualifying vessel, that branch should be of large enough size to potentially undergo revascularization if clinically indicated, e.g. >2mm vessel size.

# MVD Tool
Macrogol
Macrogol is the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) for polyethylene glycol. Macrogols have been used as laxatives, i.e. to treat constipation.
They are also used as excipients in pharmaceutical products where lower molecular weight variants are used as solvents in oral liquids and soft capsules. Solid variants are used as ointment bases, tablet bindings, film coatings and lubricants.
Popular types include:
- macrogol 3350
- macrogol 4000
- macrogol 6000
The number represents the average molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol. Combining different molecular weights provides some control over the consistency.
- Polyethylene glycol

# Available forms
Macrogol (polyethylene glycol) is sold as non-prescription preparation in powder form under trade names SoftLax, Purelax, Miralax, Glycoprep, Movicol, Macrogol (generic), Cololyt and Osmolax, among others. It is dissolved in a glass of water to create a clear, tasteless and odorless solution and is swallowed.