Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Glyceride
Glycerides, more correctly known as acylglycerols, are esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids.
Glycerol has three hydroxyl functional groups, which can be esterified with one, two, or three fatty acids to form monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides.
Vegetable oils and animal fats contain mostly triglycerides, but are broken down by natural enzymes (lipases) into mono- and diglycerides and free fatty acids.
Soaps are formed from the reaction of glycerides with sodium hydroxide. Glycerol is a product that can soften dehydrated skin by absorbing moisture from the air. If pure glycerol were left exposed to normal air, in 10 to 12 hours it would become 80% glycerol and 20% water by absorbing 1/5 of its weight in water.
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Glycomics
Glycomics, an analogous term to genomics and proteomics, is the comprehensive study of glycomes (the entire complement of sugars, whether free or present in more complex molecules, of an organism), including genetic, physiologic, pathologic, and other aspects. Glycomics "is the systematic study of all glycan structures of a given cell type or organism" and is a subset of glycobiology. The term glycomics is derived from the chemical prefix for sweetness or a sugar, "glyco-", and was formed to follow the naming convention established by genomics (which deals with genes) and proteomics (which deals with proteins). 
The identity of the entirety of carbohydrates in an organism is thus collectively referred to as the glycome.
This area of research has to deal with an inherent level of complexity not seen in other areas of applied biology. 68 building blocks (molecules for DNA, RNA and proteins; categories for lipids; types of sugar linkages for saccharides) provide the structural basis for the molecular choreography that constitutes the entire life of a cell. DNA and RNA have four building blocks each (the nucleosides or nucleotides). Lipids are divided into eight categories based on ketoacyl and isoprene. Proteins have 20 (the amino acids).  Saccharides have 32 types of sugar linkages.. While these building blocks can be attached only linearly for proteins and genes, they can be arranged in a branched array for saccharides, further increasing the degree of compexity. Advances in glycomics are anticipated to be driven by improvements in molecular sequencing and bioinformatics, which is the computational organization and processing of sequence data.
Gravidity

# Gravida
In medicine, gravidity refers to the number of times a woman has been pregnant
- A gravida is a pregnant woman.
- A nulligravida or gravida 0 is a woman who has never been pregnant.
- A primigravida or gravida 1 is a woman who is pregnant for the first time or has been pregnant one time.
- A multigravida or more specifically a gravida 2 (also secundigravida), gravida 3, and so on, is a woman who has been pregnant more than one time.
- An elderly primigravida is a woman in her first pregnancy, who is at least 35 years old.
The term gravida is generally coupled with para and abortus to indicate more details of the woman's obstetric history.

# Gravid
Gravid is term used in entomology to describe a mated female insect.
Gravid is term used in biology to describe the condition of a female livebearing fish (or snakes) when carrying young internally.
Gray hair
Gray hair color typically occurs naturally as people age, usually turning their hair from its natural color to gray and then to white. More than 40 percent of Americans have some gray hair by their fortieth birthday, but white hairs can appear as early as childhood. The age at which graying begins seems to be almost entirely based on genetics. Sometimes people are born with gray hair because it is passed down genetically. Many people use hair dye to disguise the amount of gray in their hair.
The change in hair color is caused by the gradual decrease of pigmentation that occurs when melanin ceases to be produced in the hair root and new hairs grow in without pigment. Two genes appear to be responsible for the process of graying, Bcl2 and Mitf.  The stem cells at the base of hair follicles are responsible for producing melanocytes, the cells that produce and store pigment in hair and skin.  The death of the melanocyte stem cells causes the onset of graying.
In some cases, gray hair may be a deficiency of B12 or caused from a thyroid imbalance.
Guanabenz
For patient information regarding Guanabenz, click here.

# Overview
Guanabenz (pronounced GWAHN-a-benz, sold under the trade name Wytensin) is an alpha agonist of the alpha-2 type that is used as an antihypertensive drug. It is used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension).
The most common side effects during guanabenz therapy are dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, headache and weakness.
Guanabenz can make one drowsy or less alert, therefore driving or operating dangerous machinery is not recommended.
Guanadrel

# Overview
Guanadrel is an antihypertensive agent. It is used in the form of its sulfate.

# Mechanism of action
Guanadrel is a postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent. Uptake of guanadrel and storage in sympathetic neurons occurs via the norepinephrine pump; guanadrel slowly displaces norepinephrine from its storage in nerve endings and thereby blocks the release of norepinephrine normally produced by nerve stimulation. The reduction in neurotransmitter release in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation, as a result of catecholamine depletion, leads to reduced arteriolar vasoconstriction, especially the reflex increase in sympathetic tone that occurs with a change in position.  Guanadrel is rapidly and well absorbed from gastrointestinal tract.
In 1981 the JAMA reported guanadrel as an effective step II or step III treatment of hypertension.

# Chemistry
Guanadrel can be synthesized when cyclohexanone undergoes ketalization by 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol, forming 2-chloromethyl-1,4-dioxyspirodecane, which is further reacted with sodium phthalimide. After alkaline hydrazinolysis, the resulting phthalimide derivative is transformed into 2-aminomethyl-1,4-dioxyspirodecane, which is reacted with S-methylthiourea, giving the desired guanadrel.
Guide RNA
Guide RNA is the RNA that guides the insertion of uridines into mRNAs in trypanosomes in a process known as RNA editing. These are encoded at distant regions of the kinetoplast genome. The 5' end of a gRNA hybridizes to a short region of an unedited pre-mRNA, called an anchor sequence, while its 3' end functions as a template for the editing process. Many gRNAs do not hybridize to anchor sequences in the primary transcript, but rather to sequences in partially edited intermediates. Thus editing of a trypanosome pre-mRNA generally starts near the 3' end and progresses towards the 5' end in a repetitive process that requires several different gRNAs, which bind sequentially to anchor sequences in previously edited sections.(molecular cell biology lodish et al. 2004)
It is not clear why trypanosome kinetoplasts utilize such an elaborate mechanism to produce mRNAs. The finding that RNA editing is most extensive in the earliest trypanosomes to have evolved suggests that this process may be a "molecular fossil" of the mechanism of RNA synthesis during an early stage in the evolution of modern cells.

# Overview of gRNA-mediated editing
The mitochondria for some trypanosome protozoa undergo gRNA-mediated mRNA editing.  The gRNA identifies particular sequences and inserts or deletes Uridine (U) nucleotides.  The edited portion of the mRNA is in the coding region, which has the effect of modifying the protein that is produced.

# Example of gRNA-mediated editing
In the protozoan, Leishmania tarentolae, some mitochondrial genes are edited using this process.  One such gene is Cyb.  While the exact sequence of events is still under study, one model has that the mRNA is actually edited twice in succession.  For the first edit, the relevant sequence on the mRNA is
The 3' end is used to anchor the gRNA (gCyb-I gRNA in this case) with normal basepairing (some G/U pairs are used).  The 5' end does not exactly match and an endonuclease makes cuts in the mRNA to allow for alignment.
The mRNA is now "repaired" by adding U, giving the sequence
This particular gene has two overlapping gRNA editing sites.  The 5' end of this section is the 3' anchor for another gRNA (gCyb-II gRNA).

# Notes
-  See  (Accessed 19 May 2006) for details.
Gum graft

# Overview
A gum graft or gingival graft (Also called Periodontal Plastic Surgery) is a generic name for multiple periodontal procedures that all aim to cover an area of severe gum recession with grafted gum tissue. The purpose of covering the exposed root is not only cosmetic, but also to prevent further recession, tooth sensitivity due to exposed roots and tooth decay on exposed root surfaces. These procedures are usually performed by a periodontist, a dental specialist in treatment of diseases of the gingiva (gums), however some non-specialists dentists may also have training in this area.

# Specific procedures (Periodontal Plastic Surgery)
A free gingival graft is a dental procedure where a layer of tissue is removed from the palate of the patient's mouth and then relocated to the site of gum recession. It is stitched into place and will serve to protect the exposed root as living tissue. The donor site will heal without damage.  This procedure is often used to increase the thickness of very thin gum tissue.
A subepithelial connective tissue graft takes tissue from under healthy gum tissue in the palate, which may be placed at the area of gum recession.  This procedure has the advantage of excellent predictability of root coverage , as well as decreased pain at the palatal donor site compared to the free gingival graft.  The subepithelial connective tissue graft is a very common procedure for covering exposed roots.
An Acellular Dermal Matrix (Alloderm) graft uses donated medically-processed human skin tissue as a source for the graft.  The advantage of this procedure is no need for a palatal donor site, however some periodontists believe it may be less successful , while others believe it is equally successful as a subepithlial connective tissue graft. 
A lateral pedicle graft, also known as a "pedicle" graft, takes tissue from the area immediately adjacent to the damaged gum. This is not always an option, as the constraint that there must be sufficient tissue immediately lateral to the area of interest is an onerous one. 
When this procedure is performed, the transplant tissue is cut away and rotated over the damaged area. This can place the donor area at risk of recession as well.
A coronally positioned flap is another form of a "pedicle" graft in which gingival (gum) tissue is freed up and simply moved upwards on the tooth to cover the recession.  This requires adequate thickness and width of gum tissue at the base of the recession defect.
Gypsywort
Lycopus europaeus (Gypsywort, Gipsywort, Bugleweed, European Bugleweed, Water Horehound, Ou Di Sun) is a perennial plant in the Lycopus genus, native to Europe and Asia, and naturalized in the United States.
Gypsywort grows primarily in wetland areas.  Its root is a rhizome.  It is in flower from June to September, and produces seeds from August to October.

# Etymology and folklore
It is reputed to have medicinal qualities and has been used by various peoples as an astringent, cosmetic, douche, narcotic and refrigerant.  It has also been used to treat fever, hypothyreosis, sores and wounds.  Several research studies have been undertaken on the properties of this plant.
The name Gypsywort comes from the belief that Gypsies were reputed to stain their skin with the juice of the plant, althgough Howard (1987) states that they used it to dye their linen.

# Notes
-  USDA Grin Taxonomy
-  Plants for a Future Database of Edible and Medicinal Plants
-  Henriette's Herbal
-   List of articles from the National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health
-  Howard, Michael. Traditional Folk Remedies (Century, 1987) p.151
H&E stain
H&E stain, or hematoxylin and eosin stain, is a popular staining method in histology. It is the most widely used stain in medical diagnosis; for example when a pathologist looks at a biopsy of a suspected cancer, the histological section is likely to be stained with H&E and termed H&E section, H+E section, or HE section.
The staining method involves application of the basic dye hematoxylin, which colors basophilic structures with blue-purple hue, and alcohol-based acidic eosin Y, which colors eosinophilic structures bright pink.
The basophilic structures are usually the ones containing nucleic acids, such as the ribosomes and the chromatin-rich cell nucleus, and the cytoplasmatic regions rich in RNA.
The eosinophilic structures are generally composed of intracellular or extracellular protein. The Lewy bodies and Mallory bodies are examples of eosinophilic structures. Most of the cytoplasm is eosinophilic. Red blood cells are stained intensely red.
The structures do not have to be acidic or basic to be called basophilic and eosinophilic. The terminology is based on the affinity to the dyes.
Other colors, e.g. yellow and brown, can be present in the sample; they are caused by intrinsic pigments, e.g. melanin.
Some structures do not stain well. Basal laminae need to be stained by PAS stain or some silver stains, if they have to be well visible. Reticular fibers also require silver stain. Hydrophobic structures also tend to remain clear; these are usually rich in fats, eg. adipocytes, myelin around neuron axons, and Golgi apparatus membranes.
HIST1H2BE
Histone H2B type 1-C/E/F/G/I is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIST1H2BE gene.

# Function
Histones are basic nuclear proteins that are responsible for the nucleosome structure of the chromosomal fiber in eukaryotes. Two molecules of each of the four core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) form an octamer, around which approximately 146 bp of DNA is wrapped in repeating units, called nucleosomes.
The linker histone, H1, interacts with linker DNA between nucleosomes and functions in the compaction of chromatin into higher order structures. This gene is intronless and encodes a member of the histone H2B family. Transcripts from this gene lack polyA tails but instead contain a palindromic termination element. This gene is found in the large histone gene cluster on chromosome 6.
Integrase
Integrase is an enzyme produced by a retrovirus (including HIV) that enables its genetic material to be integrated into the DNA of the infected cell. It is also produced by viruses containing double stranded DNAs for the same purpose.
It is a key component in the pre-integration complex (PIC).

# Structure
The integrase protein contains three domains:
- an N-terminal HH-CC zinc finger domain believed to be partially responsible for multimerization,
- a central catalytic domain
- a C-terminal.
Both the Central catalytic domain and C-terminal domains have been shown to bind both viral and cellular DNA.  Currently no crystal structure data exists with Integrase bound to its DNA substrates.
Biochemical data and structural data suggest that integrase functions as a dimer or a tetramer.
Additionally, several host cellular proteins have been shown to interact with integrase and may facilitate the integration process.

# Function
Integration occurs following production of the double-stranded viral DNA by the viral DNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase.
Integrase acts to insert the proviral DNA into the host chromosomal DNA, a step which is essential for HIV replication.
Integrase catalyzes two reactions;
- 3'-end processing, in which two deoxynucleotides are removed from the 3' ends of the viral DNA.
- the strand transfer reaction, in which the processed 3' ends of the viral DNA are covalently ligated to the host chromosomal DNA.
Integration of the proviral DNA is essential for the subsequent transcription of the viral genome which leads to production of new viral genomic RNA and viral proteins needed for the production of the next round of infectious virus.
Essentially, integrase is a key step in allowing viral DNA to become a permanent member of the host genome. This integrated proviral DNA is then translated using host cell machinery (see translation) into viral proteins.

# HIV integrase
HIV integrase is a 32 kDa protein produced from the C-terminal portion of the Pol gene product. Integrase, therefore, is an attractive potential target for new anti-HIV therapeutics.
In November 2005, data from a phase 2 study of an investigational HIV integrase inhibitor, MK-0518, demonstrated that the compound had potent antiviral activity, and the manufacturer, Merck, is undertaking further clinical studies. 
It is important to note that there are currently no FDA-approved integrase inhibitors available to the public.
HLA-Cw*16
HLA-Cw*16 (Cw*16) is an HLA-C allele-group. The serotype identifies the more common HLA-Cw*16 gene products. This allele group is most commonly found in West Africa, but A single Haplotype of Cw16 is found in Western Europe at unusually high frequencies. There is no useful serology for Cw*16.

# Alleles

## Cw*1601
While Cw*1601 probably did not evolve in Western Africa, it has certainly seen an expansion and it is a region in which most of the haplotype diversity is seen. As the frequency table for Cw*1601 reveals that highest frequencies for a given latitude north, more or less, follows the 0th meridian from Western Africa to the United Kingdom, the exception, an antinode, in Western France, indicating a displacement in those regions or the core of the Cw*16 bearing  migration along the Eastern Region. There is a secondary node in the Basques of Spain, however given very little haplotype diversification (See A29-Cw*16-B44 haplotype, this page) indicates that this is the result of asymmetric expansion or selection within the Basque for the allele.
The Mandinka of Senegal are related to Bandiagara of Mali because the Malian Empire
settled Senegal. The Bubi are found on the islands off the coast of Equitorial Guinea (Click on map to enlarge to full size to see islands)
Other alleles and haplotypes follow a similar pattern. The DR7-DQ2, DR3-DQ2 and A*2901 follow a similar pattern of apparent gene flow from Africa to Western Europe. Although for DR3-DQ2 the migration appears to be associated with B8 and probably occurred in the early AMH settlement of Europe.

# Haplotypes

## A29-Cw*16-B44
A29-Cw16-B44(A*2902:Cw*1601:B*4403) appears to have originated in West Africa were Cw*16 frequency is highest and has undergone more linkage equilibrium. Cw*16 decline slowly heading north and more rapidly to the east and northeast, with the highest frequency/latitude north generally along Eastern Spain into the British Ilses, some flow up the channel but haplotype frequency drops in the interior of Europe.
This haplotype can generally be extended from A- to -DQ as A29-Cw16-B44-DR7-DQ2.2:
A*2901 : Cw*1601 : B*4403 : DRB1*0701 : DQA1*0201 : DQB1*0202
And, the Cw16 component is in strong linkage disequilibrium with the DR7-DQ2.2 component suggesting that since the haplotypes introduction into Europe there has not been adequate time for equilibration, supporting its recent introduction into Europe. This particular haplotype supports theories of migration that are more numerous than those supported by mtDNA or Y chromosomal information, many such 'smaller' migrations are evident with HLA haplotypes, suggesting a much greater complexity to human population than haploid loci make evident.
HNRNPA2B1
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins A2/B1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HNRNPA2B1 gene.

# Structure
HNRNPA2B1 gene contains 12 exons, including a B1 protein specific 36-nucleotide mini-exon. The entire length of intron/exon organization of HNRNPA2B1 is identical to that of the HNRNPA1 gene which indicates a common origin by gene duplication.

# Function
This gene belongs to the A/B subfamily of ubiquitously expressed heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs). The hnRNPs are RNA binding proteins and they complex with heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA). These proteins are associated with pre-mRNAs in the nucleus and appear to influence pre-mRNA processing and other aspects of mRNA metabolism and transport. While all of the hnRNPs are present in the nucleus, some seem to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The hnRNP proteins have distinct nucleic acid binding properties. The protein encoded by this gene has two repeats of quasi-RRM domains that bind to RNAs. This gene has been described to generate two alternatively spliced transcript variants which encode different isoforms.
HnRNPA2B1 is an autoantigen in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and mixed connective tissue disease. When referred to as an autoantigen, hnRNPA2B1 is also known as RA33.
The HNRNPA2 and HNRNPB1 proteins are involved in packaging nascent mRNA, in alternative splicing, and in cytoplasmic RNA trafficking, translation, and stabilization. HNRNPA2 and HNRNPB1 also appear to function in telomere maintenance, cell proliferation and differentiation, and glucose transport.
Function of HNRNPA2B1 gene can be effectively examined by siRNA knockdown based on an independent validation.

# Interactions
HNRPA2B1 has been shown to interact with casein kinase 2, alpha 1.

# Role in diseases
The mutation p.D290V/302V in hnRNPA2B1 is implicated in dementia, myopathy, PDB, and ALS. Mutations in hnRNPA2B1 and hnRNPA1 cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multisystem proteinopathy. hnRNPA2/B1 is found to activate cyclooxygenase-2 and promote tumor growth in human lung cancers.
HR (gene)
Protein hairless is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HR gene.
This gene encodes a protein whose function has been linked to hair growth. A similar protein in rat functions as a transcriptional corepressor for thyroid hormone and interacts with histone deacetylases.

# Human Genetics
Variations in this gene is involved in low levels of hair (baldness / alopecia / hypotrichosis)  Mutations in this gene in humans have been documented in cases of autosomal recessive congenital alopecia  and  atrichia with papular lesions.
The protein contains a Zinc finger domain.