Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
DermAtlas
DermAtlas is an open access web site devoted to dermatology that is hosted by Johns Hopkins University.  Its goal is to build a large high quality dermatologic atlas, a database of images of skin conditions, and it encourages its users to submit their dermatology images and links for inclusion.
It is edited in a collaborative fashion by physicians around the globe and includes an online Dermatology Quiz, that allows any one to test their dermatology knowledge.
The database currently includes over 9500 images and consists of both clinical images and histological images.
Dermcidin
Dermicidin, also known as proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCD gene. It is an anti-microbial peptide secreted by human eccrine sweat glands onto the skin as a part of the innate host defense of the immune system.  It is also involved in proteolysis.

# Function
Dermicidin is a secreted protein that is subsequently processed into mature peptides of distinct biological activities. The C-terminal peptide is constitutively expressed in sweat and has antibacterial and antifungal activities. The N-terminal peptide, also known as diffusible survival evasion peptide, promotes neural cell survival under conditions of severe oxidative stress. A glycosylated form of the N-terminal peptide may be associated with cachexia (muscle wasting) in cancer patients.
The C-termial precursor DCD-1L is a 48 residue peptide that shows partial helicity in solution, as evidenced by the determination of its solution structure by NMR and CD-spectroscopy. The full length precursor is processed by undetermined proteases present in human sweat, to form several shorter peptides that show variable antimicrobial activity, named according to their C-terminal triplet of amino acids and their residue length. One such active peptide is SSL25, which shows a 2-fold increase in activity against E.coli compared to DCD-1L.

# Mechanism
The crystal structure of dermicidin has been solved in solution to reveal a hexameric helix-bundle, mediated by Zn ion binding. This is observed to form a tilted channel in membranes under computational examination by molecular dynamics simulations, and one suggested mechanism of antimicrobial action inferred from this observation is by ion gradient decoupling across biological membranes. This is supported by concurrent observations in experimental studies of a voltage dependent depolarization of lipid bilayers.
Desmosome

# Overview
A desmosome, also known as macula adherens (Latin: adhering spot), is a cell structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion. A type of junctional complex, they are localized spot-like adhesions randomly arranged on the lateral sides of plasma membranes.
Desmosomes help to resist shearing forces and are found in simple and stratified squamous epithelium.  The intercellular space is very wide (about 30nm).  Desmosomes are also found in muscle tissue where they bind muscles cells to one another.

# Structure
They are molecular complexes of cell adhesion proteins and linking proteins that attach the cell surface adhesion proteins to intracellular keratin cytoskeletal filaments.
The cell adhesion proteins of the desmosome are members of the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules.
They are transmembrane proteins that bridge the space between adjacent epithelial cells by way of homophilic binding of their extracellular domains to other desmosomal cadherins on the adjacent cell.
On the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane is a disk-like structure (attachment plaque) composed of very dense materials.
The main desmosomal linking proteins, desmoplakins and plakoglobins, bind to the intracellular domain of cadherins and form a connecting bridge to the cytoskeleton.

# Blistering diseases
If the desmosomes connecting adjacent epithelial cells of the skin are not functioning correctly, layers of the skin can pull apart and allow abnormal movements of fluid within the skin, resulting in blisters and other tissue damage. Blistering diseases such as Pemphigus vulgaris can be due to genetic defects in desmosomal proteins or due to an autoimmune response. These patients are often found to have antibodies that bind to the desmosomal cadherins and disrupt the desmosomes.

# Hemidesmosomes
When visualized by electron microscopy, hemidesmosomes are similar in appearance to desmosomes. Rather than linking two cells, hemidesmosomes attach one cell to the extracellular matrix. Rather than using cadherins, hemidesmosomes use integrin cell adhesion proteins. Hemidesmosomes are asymmetrical and are found in epithelial cells connecting the basal face to other cells.
Diacerein

# Overview
Diacerein (INN), also known as diacetylrhein, is a slow-acting medicine of the class anthraquinone used to treat joint diseases such as osteoarthritis (swelling and pain in the joints). It works by inhibiting interleukin-1 beta. A 2005 Cochrane review found diacerein to be slightly, but significantly, more effective than placebo in improving pain and slowing the progress of osteoarthritis in the hip and knee.
Diacerein-containing medicines are currently authorized in the following European Union (EU) Member States: Austria, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Slovakia and Spain.

# Pharmacology
Diacerein works by blocking the actions of interleukin-1 beta, a protein involved in the inflammation and destruction of cartilage that play a role in the development of symptoms of degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis. Due to its specific mode of action, which does not involve the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis, diacerein has been shown to have anti-osteoarthritis and cartilage stimulating properties in vitro and animal models. Due to its excellent gastro-intestinal tolerance, a combination therapy with an analgesic or a NSAID may be recommended during the first 2-4 weeks of treatment.

# Side effects
The most common side effects of diacerein treatment are gastrointestinal, such as diarrhea.Due to the risks associated with severe diarrhoea it is advisable to start treatment with half the normal dose (i.e. 50 mg per day) for the first 2 to 4 weeks, after which the recommended dose is 50 mg twice a day. Discoloration of urine (yellow or pink) is another side effect of Diacerein. This effect is due to the elimination of rhein metabolites via the urine and no clinical significance has been found; it may also be dependent on general fluid intake. 

# Special warning
Diacerein should not be administered during pregnancy and lactation. It is also should not be used in any patient with liver disease or a history of liver disease.

# Dosage and administration
Diacerein should not be taken below 15 years of old as no clinical studies have been undertaken in this age group. The usual dosage of diacerein is 50 mg twice daily, after meals, for 3 years. 

# Marketing
It is marketed in Egypt and the Middle East by Eva Pharma. The Original product company was TRB Ltd Swiss. In Pakistan, Bangladesh and India, Diacerein is marketed and sold as a single preparation or combination with Glucosamine Sulfate. In Greece it has been sold since 2001 by Faran Ltd under the trade name Verboril.
Dianazene
Dianazene was the name given by L. Ron Hubbard to a vitamin supplement containing iron,  Vitamin C, and various B vitamins, including especially large doses of niacin. Hubbard promoted it as a form of protection against radiation poisoning during the 1950s, saying that "Dianazene runs out radiation - or what appears to be radiation. It also proofs a person against radiation in some degree. It also turns on and runs out incipient cancer." 
In 1958, the Food and Drug Administration seized from a Scientology company, the Distribution Center, and destroyed, 21,000 Dianazene tablets because they were falsely labelled as a preventative and treatment for radiation sickness.
Vitamins continue to play a large role in the Scientology Purification Rundown and the secular version in the Narconon program, where it is similarly claimed that large quantities of niacin and other vitamins, combined with the heat in a sauna, can "purify" the body by allowing it to release toxins stored in cellular tissue and to "run out" or ameliorate prior radiation exposure including sunburn.

# Ingredients
A standard dose of Dianazene, according to Hubbard's 1957 book All About Radiation, contained the following ingredients:
- Vitamin B3 (Niacin): 200 mg
- Iron (Ferrous gluconate): 10 g
- Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): 25 mg
- Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): 50 mg
- Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid): 200-500 mg
- Calcium (Dicalcium phosphate): 15-20 g 

# Notes
-  Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 Hubbard, L. Ron. All About Radiation. ISBN 9780884040620..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  Atack, Jon (1990). A Piece of Blue Sky. New York, NY: Carol Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8184-0499-X.
-  Wallis, Roy. Sectarianism: Analyses of Religious and Non-Religious Sects, Page 92, 1975, ISBN 0470919108
-  Clear Body, Clear Mind L. Ron Hubbard 1990
Dicumarol

# Overview
Dicoumarol (INN) or dicumarol (USAN) is a naturally occurring anticoagulant that functions as a functional vitamin K depleter (similar to warfarin, a drug that dicoumarol inspired). It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.
Dicoumarol is a natural chemical substance of combined plant and fungal origin. It is a derivative of coumarin, a bitter tasting but sweet-smelling substance made by plants that does not itself affect coagulation, but which is (classically) transformed in mouldy feeds or silages by a number of species of fungi, into active dicoumarol. Dicoumarol does affect coagulation, and was discovered in mouldy wet sweet-clover hay, as the cause of a naturally occurring bleeding disease in cattle. See warfarin for a more detailed discovery history.
Identified in 1940, dicoumarol became the prototype of the 4-hydroxycoumarin derivative anticoagulant drug class. Dicoumarol itself, for a short time, was employed as a medicinal anticoagulant drug, but since the mid-1950s has been replaced by its simpler derivative warfarin, and other 4-hydroxycoumarin drugs.
It is given orally, and it acts within two days.

# Mechanism of Action
Like all 4-hydroxycoumarin drugs it is a competitive inhibitor of vitamin K epoxide reductase, an enzyme that recycles vitamin K, thus causing depletion of active vitamin K in blood. This prevents the formation of the active form of prothrombin and several other coagulant enzymes.
These compounds are not direct antagonists (in the pharmaceutical sense) of vitamin K itself, but rather act to deplete reduced vitamin K in tissues. For this reason vitamin K antagonizes their effect (rather than the reverse), and this has led to the loose terminology of vitamin K antagonism.
Administration of vitamin K is therefore the antidote for dicoumarol toxicity. The action and toxicity of the drug and the antidote effectiveness are measured with the prothrombin time (PT) blood test.

# Uses
Dicoumarol was used along with heparin, for the treatment of deep venous thrombosis. Unlike heparin, this class of drugs may be used for months or years.

# Poisoning
Overdose results in serious, sometimes fatal uncontrolled hemorrhage.
Dictamnus
Dictamnus is a genus of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae, with a single species, Dictamnus albus. It is known variously as Burning-bush, False Dittany, White Dittany, and Gas-plant. It is a perennial herb, native to southern Europe, north Africa and southern and central Asia.

# Description
This plant grows about 60 cm high. Its flowers form a loose pyramidal spike and vary in colour from pale purple to white. It normally grows in woods in warm places. It is a popular garden plant both for its flowers and for its fragrance. It bears large elegant flowers of various colours: red, white, striped or blue. Its leaves resemble those of an Ash tree. Outside its natural range it is planted in gardens and grows well in warm places. It can also be found in sheltered places in woodlands.
In the summer months, the whole plant is covered with a kind of flammable substance, which is gluey to the touch, and has a very fragrant smell; but if it takes fire, it goes off with a flash all over the plant.
The name "Burning-bush" derives from the volatile oils produced by the plant, which can catch fire readily in hot weather, leading to comparisons with the burning bush of the Bible, including the suggestion that this is the plant involved there.

# Historical medical uses
Some use has been made of the plant (chiefly the powdered root) in herbalism. However, as the alternative name "False dittany" implies, it is unrelated to the Dittany found in Crete, which has a much more significant history of medicinal use.  Like Dittany of Crete they were believed to be useful for cordial and cephalic ailments, to help resist poison and combat putrefaction, and to be useful in malignant and pestilential fevers. They were also used for cases of hysteria. While the volatile oil does have anti-inflammatory properties, it isn't used for such ailments today.
An infusion of the tops of the plant was also used as a pleasant and efficacious medicine in the gravel. It was believed to work powerfully by provoking urine and easing colicky pains which frequently accompany that disorder. The root was considered a sure remedy for epilepsies, and other diseases of the head, opening obstructions of the womb and procuring the discharges of the uterus. The plant is known to have emmenagogic properties, but the use of such plants to procure onset of menses is generally considered obsolete today.

# Modern medical uses
Today the plant is not used much, but has some modern uses. The plant is more commonly known today as the Burning Bush. It is the essential oil, which has a lemon-like smell, that is flammable. The herb is not much used these days, but is classified as a stomach tonic. A simple infusion of the leaves may be used as a substitute for tea and as a remedy for nervous complaints. The powdered root combined in equal parts with Peppermint has been administered in doses of 2 drams (4 g) for epilepsy.

# Edibility
The plant is inedible: the leaves have a bitter and unpalatable taste. Despite the lemon-like smell, the plant is acrid when eaten.
ca:Dictamnus
de:Diptam
Dienogest
Dienogest is an orally active synthetic progesterone (or progestin). It is available for use as an oral contraceptive in combination with ethinylestradiol. It has antiandrogenic activity and as a result can improve androgenic symptoms. It is a non-ethinylated progestin which is structurally related to testosterone.

# History
Dienogest was discovered in 1979 in Jena, Germany and first named STS 557. It was found that its  potency was 10 times that of levonorgestrel.The first product on the market to contain dienogest as a contraceptive pill Valette in 1995 made by Jenapharm. It has been little used outside of Germany. 

# Indications

## Contraception
Dienogest is used primarily as a contraceptive in combination with ethinylestradiol. It is given as a tablet containing 2mg of dienogest and 30g of ethinylestradiol.

# Pharmacodynamics

## Progestational Activity
Dienogest has moderate affinity for the progesterone receptor in human uterus tissue, in vitro, about 10% that of progesterone.

## Inhibition of Ovulation
The minimum effective dose of oral dienogest required to inhibit ovulation is 1 mg/day.  The inhibition of ovulation by dienogest occurs mainly via peripheral action as opposed to central action on gonadotrophin secretion.
Oral treatment of dienogest 2mg/day in cyclical women reduced serum progesterone levels to anovulatory levels, however serum levels of lutenising hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone are not significantly altered.

# Adverse effects
Adverse effects associated with dienogest are the same as those expected of a progestogen. These include weight gain, increased blood pressure, breast tenderness and nausea. It produces no androgenic side effects and has little effect on metabolic and lipid haemostatic parameters.
Digitoxin

# Overview
Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside. It has similar structure and effects to digoxin (though the effects are longer-lasting).  Unlike digoxin (which is eliminated from the body via the kidneys), it is eliminated via the liver, so could be used in patients with poor or erratic kidney function.  However, it is now rarely used in current Western medical practice.  While several controlled trials have shown digoxin to be effective in a proportion of patients treated for heart failure, the evidence base for digitoxin is not as strong, although it is presumed to be similarly effective.

# Toxicity
Digitoxin exhibits similar toxic effects to the more commonly used digoxin, namely: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion, visual disturbances, and cardiac arrhythmias.  Antidigoxin antibody fragments, the specific treatment for digoxin poisoning, are also effective in serious digitoxin toxicity.

# History
The first description of the use of foxglove dates back to 1775. For quite some time, the active compound was not isolated. Oswald Schmiedeberg was able to obtain a pure sample in 1875. The modern therapeutic use of this molecule was made possible by the works of the pharmacist and the French chemist Claude-Adolphe Nativelle (1812-1889). The first structural analysis was done by Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus in 1925, but the full structure with an exact determination of the sugar groups was not accomplished until 1962.
Diphallia
Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.

# Overview
Diphallia, penile duplication (PD), diphallic terata, or diphallasparatus, is a medical condition in which a male infant is born with two penises. This is an extremely rare disorder with only approximately 100  cases of diphallia recorded since the first case reported by Johannes Jacob Wecker in 1609. Its occurrence is one in 5.5 million men in the United States.
When diphallia is present, it is usually accompanied by other congenital anomalies such as renal, vertebral, hindgut or anorectal duplication. There is also a higher risk of spina bifida. Infants born with PD and its related conditions have a higher death rate from various infections associated with their more complex renal or colorectal systems.
It is thought diphallia occurs in the fetus between the 23rd and 25th days of gestation when an injury, chemical stress, or malfunctioning homeobox genes hamper proper function of the caudal cell mass of the fetal mesoderm as the urogenital sinus separates from the genital tubercle and rectum to form the penis.

# Characteristics
- Those in possession of a diphallus tend to be sterile, due to either congenital defects or difficulties in application.
- Urine may be passed by both penises, by only one, or through some other aperture in the perineum.
- A range of duplication types have been seen, ranging from organs that fissure into two, to the presence of two distinct penises positioned at some distance from each other.
- Most diphalluses lie side by side and are of equal size, but they can be seated atop one another, with one distinctly larger than the other.
This rare condition has been documented in pigs and other mammals. It is commonly mistaken that all sharks have this condition, but in reality they have a pair of "claspers" which serve a reproductive function.
Diphallia is a medical condition and should not be confused with genital bisection, which is an elective procedure which involves the splitting of the penis.

# Pathological Findings
Images shown below are courtesy of Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research and Marmara Medical Journal.
Diprobase
Diprobase is an emollient, specifically targeted at eczema and dermatitis. It is an occlusive emollient, meaning that it restores the layer of oil on the surface of the skin to slow water loss. This gives its tendency to make the applied area sticky.

# Ingredients
Diprobase contains no 'active ingredients'. It is made from a combination of paraffins and water, as well as cetomacrogol and cetostearyl alcohol as emulsifying agents, chlorocresol as an antimicrobial preservative, phosphoric acid, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate.

# Effects
Dry skin results from lack of water in the outer layer of skin cells (the stratum corneum). When this layer becomes dehydrated it loses its flexibility and becomes cracked, scaly and sometimes itchy. The stratum corneum contains natural water-holding substances that retain water seeping up from the deeper layers of the skin, and water is also normally retained in the stratum corneum by a surface film of natural oil (sebum) and broken-down skin cells, which slow down evaporation of water from the skin surface.  Diprobase works by increasing that layer of oil.
Diradical

# Overview
A diradical in organic chemistry is a molecular species with two electrons occupying two degenerate molecular orbitals (MO) of the same energy  . They are known by their higher reactivities and shorter lifetimes. In a broader definition diradicals are even-electron molecules that have one bond less than the number permitted by the standard rules of valence  . The electrons can pair up with opposite spin in one MO leaving the other empty. This is called a singlet state.  Alternatively each electron can occupy one MO with spins parallel to each other. This is called a triplet state. The related radical has just one free electron. The phrases singlet and triplet are derived from the appearance of diradicals in electron spin resonance: a singlet diradical displays a single peak in its spectrum and a triplet has its peak split into a central peak with two adjacent peaks.
The triplet state has total spin quantum number S = 1  and is paramagnetic . The singlet state has S = 0 and is diamagnetic. The degeneracy of each state can be found with Hund's rule of maximum multiplicity: 2S + 1.
In molecules the free electrons can reside on one atom or on different atoms. A molecule can have a singlet state or triplet state with different energy and both states can inter-convert by a process called intersystem crossing. Phosphorescence is based on this principle.
Discrete molecules with a diradical nature are singlet oxygen and triplet oxygen. Other important diradicals are carbenes and nitrenes. Lesser known diradicals are nitrenium ions and organic so-called non-Kekule molecules in which the electrons reside on different carbon atoms.