Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Omnivore
Omnivores (from Latin: omne all, everything; vorare to devour) are species that eat both plants and animals as their primary food source. They are opportunistic, general feeders not specifically adapted to eat and digest either meat or plant material exclusively.  
Pigs are one well-known example of an omnivore.
Crows are another example of an omnivore that many people see every day. Humans themselves are omnivores.
Although there are reported cases of herbivores eating meat matter as well as examples of carnivores eating plants, the classification refers to the adaptations and main food source of the species in general so these exceptions do not make either individual animals nor the species as a whole omnivores.
Most bear species are considered omnivores, but individuals' diets can range from almost exclusively herbivorous to almost exclusively carnivorous depending on what food sources are available locally and seasonally. Polar bears can be classified as carnivores while pandas almost exclusively eat bamboo and are therefore herbivores.

# Species considered omnivorous
- Various mammals
Bears
Coatis
Canines like gray wolves or dingos eat meat and some vegetable manner
Hedgehogs
Opossums
Pigs
Some primates including chimpanzees and humans
Raccoons
Rodents, including Chipmunks, Mice, Rats and Squirrels
Skunks
Sloths
- Bears
- Coatis
- Canines like gray wolves or dingos eat meat and some vegetable manner
- Hedgehogs
- Opossums
- Pigs
- Some primates including chimpanzees and humans
- Raccoons
- Rodents, including Chipmunks, Mice, Rats and Squirrels
- Skunks
- Sloths
- Various birds (whose prey can consist of berries and nectar to insects, worms, fish, small rodents and snakes)
Cassowarys
Chickens
Corvids, including Crows, Magpies, Ravens and Rooks
Keas
Rails
Rheas
- Cassowarys
- Chickens
- Corvids, including Crows, Magpies, Ravens and Rooks
- Keas
- Rails
- Rheas
- Some fish such as Piranhas
- Some lizards and turtles
Oogonium

# Overview
An oogonium (plural oogonia) is an immature ovum. It is a female gametogonium. They are formed in large numbers by mitosis early in fetal life from primordial germ cells, which are present in the fetus between weeks 4 and 8.
Oogonia are present in the fetus between weeks 5 and 30.
Oogonia are also the female reproductive structures in certain thallophytes, and are usually rounded cells or sacs containing one or more oospheres.

# Further development
Once the primordial germ cells have gotten to the ovary, they develop into oogonia. During week 6 of development, oogonia migrate from the yolk sac to the genital ridge ( site of the future gonads-ovaries in this case) located on the posterior abdominal wall.
Oogonia develop by mitosis. However, some of them become primary oocytes, which begin meiosis which is halted in prophase I. When they have entered Prophase I of meiosis they become primary oocytes; it is important to note that this process is complete before birth, in contrast to spermatogenesis. Primary oocytes are present from week 10 until menopause at ~53 years

# Oogamy
Oogamy may be spelt oogamy with a diaresis (or umlaut). The link with other articles may depend on this symbol.

# Oogonia

## Algae
This term is used in  (the study of algae) to refer to the union of the male (motile or non-motile) with the female gamete.The female  oogonium is usually enlarged and develops a single ovum. The male (antheridium) usually produces many cells with flagella except in the Rhodophyta which have no flagella.  There is no evidence that the red algae ever had flagella, or cilia and it is suggested that they are the most primitive eukaryotes.

## Fungi
Oogonia also occur in the fungi.
Ophiasis
Ophiasis is a form of alopecia areata characterized by the the loss of hair in the shape of a wave at the circumference of the head. 
It gets its name from "ophis", which is the Greek word for snake, because of the apparent similarity to a snake-shape and the pattern of hair loss.
The term "sisaipho" is used to characterize the inverse pattern. Sisaipho is the reverse spelling of ophiasis. It is also called "ophiasis inversus".
Orvietan
Orvietan or orvietan was a medical concoction popular during the 17th and 18th century. It was used as a panacea against poisonings with criminal intent, as well as against mushroom poisonings, snakebite, scorpion stings, bites by rabid animals and against the plague.
Orvietan was probably named after a certain Lupi da Orvieto, native from the city of Orvieto, though there is no certain information on this.

# Origins
Gerolamo Ferranti started producing and selling orvietan in early 17th century Paris. He was a fairground attraction, asking onlookers to give him unknown poisons to swallow and watch him cure himself with the remedy. Other charlatans in the business were Jean Vitrario, Desiderio Descombes, and Cristoforo Contugi. Though most physicians and pharmacists were skeptical, the reputed medical doctor Johann Schroder published his own recipe in Pharmacopeia Medico-Chymica in 1655. The first pharmacist to include orvietan in his compendium was Moyse Charas in Pharmacopee Royale Galenique et Chymique, 1676.

# Ingredients
Orvietan was a concoction of partially toxic herbs, wine and dissolved honey, but existed in powdered form too (sold in lead boxes). Patrizia Catellani and Renzo Console analyzed 35 different recipes for mixing orvietan, published between 1655 and 1857. The number of ingredients varies from 9 to 57. The most frequent 26 ingredients are: Garden Angelica, Healing Wolfsbane, Birthwort, Bistort, Sweet Flag, Carline Thistle, Dittany, Gentian, Masterwort, Black Salsify, Tormentil, Valerian, Blessed Thistle, Dittany of Crete, Rue, Germander, Laurel berries, Juniper berries, cinnamon, cloves, viper meat, the two concoctions mithridate and theriac, as well as white wine, and honey.

# Literary references
Literary works mentioning orvietan include Tabarin's Inventaire Universel des uvres de Tabarin (1622), Moliere's L'Amour medecin (1665), Voltaire's Pot-pourri (1765), Mme de Sevigne's correspondence, and Walter Scott's Kenilworth (1821), though Scott translates it as Venice treacle.
Otoscope
An Otoscope or auriscope is a medical device which is used to look into the ears. Health care providers use otoscopes to screen for illness during regular check-ups and also to investigate when a symptom involves the ears. With an otoscope, it is possible to visualize the outer ear and middle ear.
Otoscopes consist of a handle and a head. The head contains an electric light source and a low power magnifying lens. The front end of the otoscope has an attachment for disposable plastic ear speculums. The examiner first straightens the ear canal by pulling on the pinna and then inserts the ear speculum side of the otoscope into the external ear. The examiner can then look through a lens on the rear of the instrument and see inside the ear canal. Many models have a detachable sliding rear window which allows the examiner to insert instruments through the otoscope into the ear canal, such as for removing earwax (cerumen). Most models also have an insertion point for a bulb capable of pushing air through the speculum. This puff of air allows an examiner to test the mobility of the tympanic membrane.
Many otoscopes used in doctors offices are wall-mounted, while others are portable. Wall-mounted otoscopes are attached by a flexible power cord to a base, which serves to hold the otoscope when it's not in use and also serves as a source of electric power, being plugged into an electric outlet. Portable models are powered by batteries in the handle; these batteries are usually rechargeable and can be recharged from a base unit. Otoscopes are often sold with ophthalmoscopes as a diagnostic set.
Diseases which may be diagnosed by an otoscope include otitis media and otitis externa, infection of the middle and outer parts of the ear, respectively.
Otoscopes are also frequently used for examining patients' noses (avoiding the need for a separate nasal speculum) and (with the speculum removed) upper throats.
Outbreak
Outbreak is a classification used in epidemiology to describe a small, localized group of people or organisms infected with a disease. Such groups are often confined to a village or a small area. Outbreaks may also refer to epidemics, which affect a region in a country or a group of countries, or pandemics, which describe global disease outbreaks.

# Outbreak Investigation
When investigating disease outbreaks, the epidemiology profession has developed a number of widely accepted steps. As described by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, these include the following:
- Identify the existence of the outbreak: is the group of ill persons normal for the time of year, geographic area, etc.?
- Verify the diagnosis related to the outbreak
- Create a case definition to define who/what is included as a case
- Complete descriptive epidemiology: describe outbreak with respect to time, place, and people
- Develop a hypothesis: what appears to be causing the outbreak?
- Study hypothesis: collect data and perform analysis
- Refine hypothesis and carry out further study
- Develop and implement control and prevention systems
- Release findings to greater community

# Types
- Common source (Point source)
- Propagated
- Continuous source
- Zoonotic

# Notes
Oxeladin

# Overview
Oxeladin is a cough suppressant. It is a highly potent and effective drug used to treat all types of cough of various etiologies.  It is not related to opium or its derivatives, so treatment with oxeladin is free of risk of dependence or addiction. Oxeladin has none of the side effects (such as hypnosis, respiratory depression, tolerance, constipation and analgesia) which are present when common antitussives, such as codeine and its derivatives, are used. It may be used at every age, as well as in patients with heart disease, since it has a high level of safety and a great selectivity to act on the bulbar centre of cough.

# Indications
Oxeladin is indicated in all types of cough. Besides its antitussive action, it helps to clear the respiratory tract, since it increases the quantity of secretion and thins bronchial secretion.
- Irritative cough
- Allergic cough
- Psychogenic cough
- Treatment of cough in patients with heart disease (it has no action upon the cardiovascular system)
- Infectious cough: tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia
- Treatment of cough in pre- and post-operative treatment for bronchoscopy

# Contraindications
Although fetal malformations have not been reported, oxeladin should not be used during the first trimester of pregnancy. Oxeladin is contraindicated in patients with MAOI therapy.

# Side effects
Rarely, some patients have reported rash, dizziness, sedation or mild digestive disturbances. These usually disappear on reducing the dosage or interrupting the treatment.

# Addiction
Oxeladin differs from common antitussives that cause addiction (such as etilmorphin, codeine or its derivatives) in that there is no evidence of risk of addiction or dependence.

# Composition and packaging
Oxeladin is available as drops, syrup and tablets, providing easier ways of management which will be chosen depending on the age and clinical stage.

## Drops
Each 1ml (33 drops) contains oxeladin citrate 20 mg. The bottle contains 20ml of solution.

## Syrup
Each 100ml contains oxeladin citrate 200 mg. The bottle contains 100ml of syrup.

## Tablets
Each tablet contains oxeladin citrate 20 mg. The box contains 20 tablets in blister packs

# Dosage
- Children 2-5yrs: 2.5ml-5ml (17 drops) every 4-6 hours
- Children 6-12 yrs: 10ml (33 drops), or 1 tablet, every 4-6 hours
- Children 12 yrs and over and adults: 15ml (50 drops), or 2 tablets, every 4-6 hours

# Restrictions in use and availability
The Drug and Medical Technology Agency of Armenia rejected the registration of oxeladin in July 2000 since studies in[[Germany have shown potential carcinogenicity of the drug.
PPP1R14A
Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 14A also known as CPI-17 (C-kinase potentiated Protein phosphatase-1 Inhibitor Mr = 17 kDa) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPP1R14A gene.

# Function
CPI-17 is a phosphorylation-dependent inhibitor protein of smooth muscle myosin phosphatase, discovered in pig aortic homogenetes. Phosphorylation of the Thr-38 residue converts the protein into a potent inhibitor for myosin phosphatase. A single phosphorylation of CPI-17 at Thr-38 triggers a global conformational change that causes re-alignment of four helices.  Multiple kinases are identified to phosphorylate CPI-17, such as PKC, ROCK, PKN, ZIPK, ILK, and PAK. Agonist stimulation of smooth muscle enhances CPI-17 phosphorylation mainly through PKC and ROCK. Myosin phosphatase inhibition increases myosin phosphorylation and  smooth muscle contraction in the absence of increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration. This phenomenon is known as Ca2+ sensitization, which occurs in response to agonist stimulation of smooth muscle. In Purkinje neuron, CPI-17 is involved in long-term synaptic depression.
There are three homologues of CPI-17:
- Phosphatase Holoenzyme Inhibitor (PHI: PPP1R14B),
- Kinase Enhanced Phosphatase Inhibitor (KEPI: PPP1R14C), and
- Gastric-Brain Phosphatase Inhibitor (GBPI: PPP1R14D).

# Clinical significance
CPI-17 is up-regulated some cancer cells, and causes hyperphosphorylation of tumor suppressor merlin/NF2.
PPP1R15A
Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 15A also known as growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD34 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPP1R15A gene.
The Gadd34/MyD116  gene was originally discovered as a member in a set of gadd and MyD mammalian genes encoding acidic proteins that synergistically suppress cell growth. Later on it has been characterized as a gene playing a role in ER stress-induced cell death, being a target of ATF4 that plays a role in ER-mediated cell death via promoting protein dephosphorylation of eIF2 and reversing translational inhibition.

# Function
This gene is a member of a group of genes whose transcript levels are increased following stressful growth arrest conditions and treatment with DNA-damaging agents. The induction of this gene by ionizing radiation occurs in certain cell lines regardless of p53 status, and its protein response is correlated with apoptosis following ionizing radiation.

# Interactions
PPP1R15A has been shown to interact with:
- BAG1
- LYN,
- MLL,
- PPP1CA,
- PPP1CB,
- PPP1CC,
- SMARCB1, and
- TSN.
Perforin
Perforin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRF1 gene and the Prf1 gene in mice.

# Function
Perforin is a pore forming cytolytic protein found in the granules of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and Natural Killer cells (NK cells). Upon degranulation, perforin binds to the target cell's plasma membrane, and oligomerises in a Ca2+ dependent manner to form pores on the target cell. The pore formed allows for the passive diffusion of a family of pro-apoptotic proteases, known as the granzymes, into the target cell. The lytic membrane-inserting part of perforin is the MACPF domain. This region shares homology with cholesterol-dependent cytolysins from Gram-positive bacteria.
Perforin has structural and functional similarities to complement component 9 (C9). Like C9, this protein creates transmembrane tubules and is capable of lysing non-specifically a variety of target cells. This protein is one of the main cytolytic proteins of cytolytic granules, and it is known to be a key effector molecule for T-cell- and natural killer-cell-mediated cytolysis. Perforin is thought to act by creating holes in the plasma membrane which triggers an influx of calcium and initiates membrane repair mechanisms. These repair mechanisms bring perforin and granzymes into early endosomes.

# Clinical significance
Homozygous inheritance of defective PRF1 alleles result in the development of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 2 (FHL2), a rare and lethal autosomal recessive disorder of infancy.

# Interactions
Perforin has been shown to interact with calreticulin.
Palladin
Palladin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PALLD gene. Palladin is a component of actin-containing microfilaments that control cell shape, adhesion, and contraction.

# Discovery
Palladin was characterised independently by two research groups, first in the lab of Carol Otey (in 2000) and then in the lab of Olli Carpen (in 2001). It is a part of the myotilin-myopalladin-palladin family and may play an important role in modulating the actin cytoskeleton. Palladin, in contrast to myotilin and myopalladin, which are expressed only in striated muscle, is expressed ubiquitously in cells of mesenchymal origin.
Palladin was named after the Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio, reflecting its localization to architectural elements of the cell.

# Isoforms
In humans, it appears that seven different isoforms exist, some of which arise through alternative splicing.  In mice, three major isoforms of palladin arise from a single gene.  These isoforms contain between three and five copies (depending on the isoform) of an Ig-like domain and between one and two copies of a polyproline domain.

# Function
Palladin's precise biological role is poorly understood, but it has been shown to play a role in cytoskeletal organization, embryonic development, cell motility, scar formation in the skin, and nerve cell development.

# Disease linkage
Recently, it has been demonstrated that palladin RNA is overexpressed in patients with pancreatic neoplasia, and that palladin is both overexpressed and mutated in an inherited form of pancreatic cancer. The palladin mutation identified in familial pancreatic cancer may be unique to a single North American family, as this same mutation has not been found in any other European or North American populations, respectively, in two other genetic studies.
Further, Salaria et al. have shown that palladin is overexpressed in the non-neoplastic stroma of pancreatic cancer, but only rarely in the cancer cells per se, suggesting that palladin's role in this disease may involve changes in the tumor microenvironmment.  More research is clearly required before this protein and its role in neoplasia can be fully understood.
Disease-causing mutations have also been identified in the two other members of this gene family.  Myotilin mutations cause a form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, and mutations in myopalladin cause an inherited form of heart disease (dilated cardiomyopathy).

# Interactions
PALLD has been shown to interact with EZR.
Pannexin
Pannexins (from Greek ''  all, and from Latin 'nexus'  connection) are a family of vertebrate proteins identified by their homology to the invertebrate innexins. While innexins are responsible for forming gap junctions in invertebrates, the pannexins have been shown to predominantly exist as large transmembrane channels connecting the intracellular and extracellular space, allowing the passage of ions and small molecules between these compartments (such as ATP and sulforhodamine B).
Three pannexins have been described in Chordates: Panx1, Panx2 and Panx3.

# Function
Pannexin 1 has been shown to be involved in early stages of innate immunity through an interaction with the P2X7 purinergic receptor.  Activation of the pannexin channel through binding of ATP to P2X7 receptor leads to the release of interleukin-1.
Hypothetical roles of pannexins in the nervous system include participating in sensory processing, synchronization between hippocampus and cortex, hippocampal plasticity, and propagation of calcium waves. Calcium waves are supported by glial cells, which help maintain and modulate neuronal metabolism.  According to one of the hypotheses, pannexins also may participate in pathological reactions, including the neural damage after ischemia and subsequent cell death.
Pannexin 1 channels are pathways for release of ATP from cells.

# Relationship to connexins
Intercellular gap junctions in vertebrates, including humans, are formed by the connexin family of proteins. Structurally, pannexins and connexins are very similar, consisting of 4 transmembrane domains, 2 extracellular and 1 intracellular loop, along with intracellular N- and C-terminal tails. Despite this shared topology, the protein families do not share enough sequence similarity to confidently infer common ancestry.

# Clinical significance
Truncating mutations in pannexin 1 have been shown to promote breast and colon cancer metastasis to the lungs by allowing cancer cells to survive mechanical stretch in the microcirculation through the release of ATP.
Pannexins may be involved in the process of tumor development. Particularly, PANX2 expression levels predict post diagnosis survival for patients with glial tumors.
Probenecid, a well-established drug for the treatment of gout, allows for discrimination between channels formed by connexins and pannexins. Probenecid did not affect channels formed by connexins.
Paragard
The ParaGard T-380A is a copper-T IUD manufactured and marketed in the United States by Duramed Pharmaceuticals. It is the only copper-containing intrauterine device approved for use in the U.S. (a hormonal uterine device, the Mirena, also approved). The ParaGard consists of a T-shaped polyethylene frame wound with copper wire, along with two monofilament threads to aid in removal of the IUD. The ParaGard is typically inserted and removed under local anesthesia in a gynecologist's office. The ParaGard is currently approved for 10 years use, however the newest data shows it actually remains effective for at least 12 years, and perhaps beyond, after which it should be removed and replaced if desired. The ParaGard can be used as a form of emergency contraception if inserted within three to five days after unprotected intercourse, and it can be inserted directly after childbirth or abortion.
Like all (non-hormonal) IUDs, the ParaGard prompts the release of leukocytes and prostaglandins by the endometrium.  These substances are hostile to both sperm and eggs; the presence of copper increases this spermicidal effect.  Although the only experimentally demonstrated effect is spermicidal/ovicidal, it is possible the IUD may rarely prevent the development of embryos.
The ParaGard's perfect and typical use effectiveness rate is 99.4%. First year expulsion rate is 5.7%, with expulsion rates dropping off sharply after the first year. There is a higher risk of expulsion for women who have never given birth.  Side effects can include heavier or longer periods, worsening cramps and may include a slightly increased risk of PID.
The ParaGard T 380A was developed in the 1970s by the Population Council and Finishing Enterprises Inc. (FEI). The Population Council's ParaGard NDA was approved by the FDA and FEI began manufacturing it for distribution outside the United States in 1984. GynoPharma (original name GynoMed) began marketing it in the U.S. in May 1988. On August 2, 1995, Ortho-McNeil acquired GynoPharma and began marketing ParaGard in the U.S. On January 1, 2004, FEI Women's Health acquired the patent from the Population Council and U.S. marketing rights from Ortho-McNeil. On November 10, 2005, Durmaed Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of Barr Pharmaceuticals, acquired FEI Women's Health and ParaGard.
The original FDA approval of ParaGard in 1984 was for 4 years continuous use, this was later extended to 6 years in 1989, then 8 years in 1991, then 10 years in 1994.
Paroxysm
Paroxysm
- a sudden outburst of a violent emotion or action (laughter, rage)
- a seizure, spasm, cramp, sudden attack of pain
- an increase of symptoms or periodic attacks of a disease (such as malaria, asthma, migraine, trigeminal neuralgia, tachycardia, whooping cough, and epilepsy.)
- In geology a volcanic eruption with a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 5 (on a scale of 0-8) is called 'paroxysmal.'
For medical meanings see also paroxysmal attacks.