Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Hedge mustard
Hedge mustard is a plant, Sisymbrium officinale of the family Cruciferae.  It is found on roadsides, wasteland and as a weed of arable land.  A native of Europe and North Africa, it is now well-established throughout the world.
It is distinct from the Mustard plants which belong to the genus Brassica.
The Hedge-mustard is food for the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera, such as the Small White (Pieris rapae).

# Relationship with humans
The Greeks believed it was an antidote to all poisons. In folk medicine it was used to soothe sore throats - indeed one name for it is singer's plant.
Hedge mustard is a diuretic, expectorant, tonic and laxative. herbalists use the juice and flowers to treat bronchitis and stomach ailment, among other uses, and as a revitaliser.
This plant is widely cultivated across Europe for its edible leaves and seeds. It is widely used as a condiment in Northern Europe (particularly Denmark, Norway and Germany).
The leaves have a bitter cabbage-like flavour and they are used either in salads or cooked as a pot herb (in cultivar versions). The seeds have been used to make mustard pastes in Europe.
Helix pomatia
Helix pomatia, common names the Burgundy snail or Roman snail or edible snail,  is a species of large, edible, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Helicidae.
It is frequently farmed, and is called by the French name escargot when it is used in cooking.

# Distribution
This species is native to the limestone areas of central and south-eastern Europe.
- Not listed in IUCN red list, not evaluated (NE)
- It is mentioned in annex V of Habitats Directive.
- Austria
- Belgium
- The Czech Republic - least concern species (LC). Its Conservation status in 2004-2006 is favourable (FV) in report for European commission in accordance with Habitats Directive.
- France - in eastern France
- Italy - in northern Italy
- Germany. Listed as specially protected species in annex 1 in Bundesartenschutzverordnung.
- Netherlands 
- Russia in the western part
- Slovakia
- Ukraine
- Balkans
- Carpathian Mountains
- The British Isles, southeastern areas on chalk.
Hematosalpinx
Hematosalpinx (sometimes also hemosalpinx) is a medical condition involving bleeding into the fallopian tubes.

# Causes
A number of causes may account for a hematosalpinx, by far the most common being a tubal pregnancy. Blood may also escape into the peritoneal cavity leading to a hemoperitoneum.
A hematosalpinx can also be associated with endometriosis or tubal carcinoma. Further, if menstrual blood flow is obstructed (cryptomenorrhea),caused for instance by a transverse vaginal septum, and gets backed up it may lead to a hematosalpinx.

# Symptoms
A hematosalpinx from a tubal pregnancy may be associated with pelvic pain and uterine bleeding. A gynecologic ultrasound will show the hematosalpinx. A hematosalpinx from other conditions may be painless but could lead to uterine bleeding.

# Treatment
Treatment is directed at the underlying condition and usually surgical.
Hemidesmosome

# Overview
Hemidesmosomes (HD) are very small stud- or rivet-like structures on the inner basal surface of keratinocytes in the epidermis of skin.  They are similar in form to desmosomes. The HD comprises two rivet-like plaques (the inner and outer plaques), together with the anchoring fibrils and anchoring filaments these are collectively termed the HD-stable adhesion complex or HD-anchoring filament complex. 
Together, the HD-anchoring filament complex forms a continuous structural link between the basal keratinocyte keratin intermediate filaments and the underlying basement membrane zone (BMZ) and dermal components. Over the past decade, these structures have been shown to comprise a variety of some 10 or more molecular components.
An example configuration of a hemidesmosome might consist of cytosolic keratin, non-covalently bonded to a cytosolic plectin plaque, which is bonded to a single-pass transmembrane adhesion molecule such as the 64 integrin. The integrin might then attach to one of many multi-adhesive proteins such as laminin, resident within the extracellular matrix, thereby forming one of many potential adhesions between cell and matrix.
Electron microscopic analysis of the epidermal basement membrane zone (BMZ) reveals that it comprises a narrow and sometimes folded interface between the basal keratinocytes and the dermis. At high power, several complex structures are observed within the epidermal BMZ. The epidermal BMZ shows small (< 0.5 micrometers), regularly spaced electron dense structures which are the hemidesmosomes. Thin, extracellular, electron-dense lines, parallel to the plasma membrane, subjacent to the outer plaque are visible in one third of HDs and are termed sub-basal dense plates (SBDPs).
Anchoring filaments traverse the lamina lucida space and appear to insert into the electron dense zone, the lamina densa. Beneath the lamina densa, loop-structured, cross-banded anchoring fibrils extend more than 300 nm beneath the basement membrane within the papillary dermis. The length of these loops may enable them to link or encircle dermal collagen fibers or other components such as those of the elastic microfibril network.
Hemoperfusion
Hemoperfusion (British English: haemoperfusion) is a medical process used to remove toxic substances from a patients blood. The technique involves passing large volumes of blood over an adsorbent substance. The adsorbent substance most commonly used in hemoperfusion are resins and activated carbon. Hemoperfusion is an extracorporeal form of treatment because the blood is pumped through a device outside the patient's body.
Its major uses include removing drugs or poisons from the blood in emergency situations, removing waste products from the blood in patients with renal failure, and as a supportive treatment for patients before and after liver  transplantation.

# Footnotes
-   Rahman MH, Haqqie SS, McGoldrick MD (2006). "Acute hemolysis with acute renal failure in a patient with valproic acid poisoning treated with charcoal hemoperfusion". Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis. 10 (3): 2569. PMID 16805886.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
Herbal viagra
Herbal viagra is a name that can be given to any herbal product advertised as treating erectile disfunction. The name Herbal viagra is taken from the brand name Viagra, the name under which drug company Pfizer sells Sildenafil citrate, a drug that was designed and is used to treat erectile disfunction.
There are many different products being advertised as herbal viagra, all being made with different ingredients. One product, Duro is known to contain an extract of fungus extracted from the larval remains of silkworms. Duro is also said to benefit sportsmen and woman through increased stamina. Many of these herbal remedies originate from ancient tribes, such as Mapuche Viagra which is used by Chile's Mapuche people.
Herbal viagras, contrary to what the name suggests, do not normally contain Sildenafil Citrate. Viagra has become a generic term for many people discussing drugs designed to treat erectile disfunction.
Herbal viagras often carry a number of dangerous side effects, primarily they often cause abnormally low blood pressure and can restrict blood flow to vital organs. There is also evidence to suggest some preparations may be toxic if taken larger doses.
Herbal viagra is predominantly sold through the internet, and in 2003, around 4% or 1 in 25 of all e-mail messages sent offered herbal viagra, genuine pharmaceuticals and other herbal remedies.
Hermetic seal
A hermetic seal is a seal which, for practical purposes, is considered airtight.  For example, tin cans are hermetically sealed.  The term is often used to describe electronic parts that are designed and intended to secure against the entry of microorganisms and to maintain the safety and quality of their contents.  Applications include semiconductor electronics, thermostats, optical devices, and switches.  The food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries all have applications for the use of such "airtight" packaging, such as glass, metals, and high barrier plastics (with effective heat seals).  High-end coffins / caskets, too, are often made to be "hermetically sealed" and must be of metal or of other material with metal lining, and constructed so that when closed and fastened the coffin is completely airtight. In some nuclear reactor designs, the reactor is housed in a hermetically sealed reactor vessel.
The expression "hermetically sealed" finds its roots in Hermes Trismegistus, a syncretism of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god of wisdom, Thoth.  Its origin can be traced back to about 300 AD.  Hermes Trismegistus purportedly authored several books containing secrets of alchemy and mystic philosophy, the Hermetica. In the 17th century, English writers began using the adjective hermetic to refer to things that were sealed or secret. An early  "hermetically sealed" container featured in the dramatic demonstration of the force of air pressure in creating a hermetic seal in 1663, when for the enlightenment and entertainment of the court of Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg, Otto von Guericke joined two copper hemispheres (Magdeburg hemispheres) and pumped the air out of the enclosure. Then he harnessed a team of eight horses to each hemisphere and showed that they were not able to separate them.
In 1951, The U.S. Constitution, U.S. Declaration of Independence and U.S. Bill of Rights were hermetically sealed with helium gas in glass cases housed in the U.S. National Archives in Washington, DC.
In 2003, they were hermetically sealed with argon gas in glass cases.

# Etymology
The word hermetic comes from the syncretism of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian Thoth; this figure was also a mythological alchemist known as Hermes Trismegistus. The latter has two books attributed to him, the Emerald Tablet and the Corpus Hermeticum. He was believed to possess a magic ability to seal treasure chests so that nothing could access their contents. Alchemists also frequently used distillation in their experiments, and needed an airtight seal to improve the efficiency of their alembic stills. Most alchemists, though, were considered to be Hermetics for adopting the philosophy of the Emerald Tablet or the Corpus Hermeticum.
Heterogeneous
Heterogeneous means that something (an object or system) consists of a diverse range of opposite items. It is the antonym of homogeneous, which means that an object or system consists of many identical items. Matters of a quantum can exist in homogenous or in heterogeneous or in combined distributions. The term is often used in a scientific (such as a kind of catalyst), mathematical, sociological or statistical context.
A heterogeneous compound, mixture, reaction or other such object is one that consists of many different items, which are often not easily sorted or separated, though they are clearly distinct.
A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture of two or more compounds.
In chemical kinetics, a heterogeneous reaction is one that takes place at the interface of two or more i.e. between a solid and a gas, a liquid and a gas, or a solid and a liquid.
- amorphous
- heterozygous
- heteroazeotrope
- homogenization
- homozygous
- mesoporous silicates

# Statistics
In meta analysis the term refers to the presence of multiple non-random intercepts in a dataset. In Meta-analysis of clinical studies which involves comparing and quantifying the effects of separate studies, heterogeneity refers to the differences in study populations or in methodologies used to study them that may have the effect of reaching differing conclusions. This is a problem as it calls into question conclusions that are drawn from studies and reduces their comparability. The following concepts are important in understanding the importance of heterogeneity in meta-analytical research.
Clinical Heterogeneity:
Heterogeneity resulting from differences in clinical features of a population that is being studied or treated.
Methodological Heterogeneity:
Heterogeneity resulting from the differential use of study methodology. These may lead to different conclusions in different studies, despite their clinical characteristics being the same.
Statistical Heterogeneity:
Heterogeneity resulting from either clinical or statistical heterogeneity, which leads to a difference in expected results, more than which can be accounted for by chance.

# Systems
In the world of enterprise computing, heterogeneous data is a mix of data from two or more sources, often of two or more formats, e.g., SQL and XML.
Distributed systems are called heterogeneous if they contain many different types of hardware and software.
Palmitic acid
Palmitic acid, or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants.  As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from palm trees (palm oil and palm kernel oil).  The word palmitic is from the French "palmitique", the pith of the palm tree.  Butter, cheese, milk and meat also contain this fatty acid.
Palmitate is a term for the salts or esters of palmitic acid.  The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiological pH.

# Biochemistry
Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis) and from which longer fatty acids can be produced.  Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) which is responsible for converting acetyl-ACP to malonyl-ACP on the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation.
Reduction of palmitic acid yields cetyl alcohol.

# Uses
Palmitate is an antioxidant and a vitamin A compound added to low fat milk to replace the vitamin content lost through the removal of milk fat.  Palmitate is attached to the alcohol form of vitamin A, retinol, in order to make vitamin A stable in milk.
Derivatives of palmitic acid were used in combination with naphtha during World War II to produce napalm (naphthenic and palmitic acids).
The WHO reports "convincing" evidence that dietary intake of palmitic acid increases risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.   However, possibly less-disinterested studies have shown no ill effect, or even a favorable effect, of dietary consumption of palmitic acid on blood lipids and cardiovascular disease, so that the WHO finding may be deemed controversial.  The controversy may be resolved by a study showing palmitic acid to have no hypercholesterolaemic effect if intake of linoleic acid was greater than 4.5% of energy, but that if the diet contained trans fatty acids, the health effects would be unfavorable (with an LDL cholesterol increase and HDL cholesterol decrease).
Hoechst stain
The Hoechst stains are part of a family of fluorescent stains for labelling DNA in fluorescence microscopy. Because these fluorescent stains label DNA, they are also commonly used to visualize nuclei and mitochondria. Two of these closely related bis-benzimides are commonly used: Hoechst 33258 and Hoechst 33342.
Both dyes are excited by ultraviolet light at around 350 nm, and both emit blue/cyan fluorescence light around an emission maximum at 461 nm. The Hoechst stains may be used on live or fixed cells, and are often used as a substitute for another nucleic acid stain, DAPI. The key difference between them is that the additional ethyl group of Hoechst 33342 renders it more lipophilic, and thus more able to cross intact cell membranes. In some applications, Hoechst 33258 is significantly less permeant.
These dyes can also be used to detect the contents of a sample DNA by plotting a standard emission-to-content curve.
Because the Hoechst stains bind to DNA, they can disrupt DNA replication during cell division. Consequently they are potentially mutagenic and carcinogenic. Care should be taken in their handling and disposal.
Homo ergaster
Homo ergaster ("working man") is an extinct hominid species (or subspecies, according to some authorities) which lived throughout eastern and southern Africa between 1.9 to 1.4 million years ago with the advent of the lower Pleistocene and the cooling of the global climate.
H. ergaster is sometimes categorized as a subspecies of Homo erectus. It is currently somewhat controversial whether H. ergaster or the later, Asian H. erectus was the direct ancestor of modern humans. The genetic variability among modern Homo sapiens is greatest in Africa, which suggests strongly that this is the area where the species arose and has had most time to accumulate variation. H. ergaster may be distinguished from H. erectus by its thinner skull bones and lack of an obvious sulcus. Derived features include reduced sexual dimorphism; a smaller, more orthognathic face; a smaller dental arcade; and a larger (700 and 850cc) cranial capacity. It is estimated that H. ergaster stood at 1.9m (6ft3) tall with relatively less sexual dimorphism in comparison to earlier hominins. Remains have been found in Tanzania, Ethiopia, Kenya, and South Africa.
The most complete Homo ergaster skeleton ever discovered was made at Lake Turkana, Kenya in 1984. Paleanthropologists Richard Leakey, Kamoya Kimeu and Tim White dubbed the 1.6 million year old specimen as KNM-WT 15000 (nicknamed "Turkana Boy").
The type specimen of H. ergaster is KNM ER 992; the species was named by Groves and Mazak in 1975.
The species name originates from the Greek ergaster meaning "Workman". This name was chosen due to the discovery of various tools such as hand-axes and cleavers near the skeletal remains of H. ergaster. This is one of the reasons that it is sometimes set apart distinctly from other human ancestors. Its use of advanced (rather than simple) tools was unique to this species; H. ergaster tool use belongs to the Acheulean industry. H. ergaster first began using these tools 1.6 million years ago. Charred animal bones in fossil deposits and traces of camps suggest that the species made creative use of fire.

# Notable fossils
- KNM ER 3733
- Turkana boy - also classified as Homo erectus
- KNM ER 992
Hoover's sign
Hoovers sign is a maneuver aimed to separate organic from non-organic paresis of the leg. The sign relies on the principle of synergistic contraction. Involuntary extension of the "paralized" leg occurs when flexing the contralateral leg against resistance. It has been neglected, although it is a useful clinical test. Essentially, you hold your hand under the contralateral heel and ask the patient to extend the leg off the bed. If you feel pressure from the contralateral heel, the weakness is likely organic. If no pressure is felt, the patient is likely suffering from non-organic limb weakness.
Charles Franklin Hoover (18651927) was an American physician born in Cleveland, Ohio, who read medicine at Harvard. He worked in Vienna under Neusser, and in Strasburg with F Kraus before returning to Cleveland. He was appointed Professor of Medicine in 1907. His main interests were in diseases of the diaphragm, lungs, and liver.
Another Hoovers sign is inward movement of the lower rib cage during inspiration, implying a flat, but functioning, diaphragm, often associated with COPD
Hop (protein)
Hop, occasionally written HOP, is an abbreviation for Hsp70-Hsp90 Organizing Protein.  It functions as a co-chaperone which reversibly links together the protein chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90.
Hop belongs to the large group of co-chaperones, which regulate and assist the major chaperones (mainly heat shock proteins). It is one of the best studied co-chaperones of the Hsp70/Hsp90-complex. It was first discovered in yeast and homologues were identified in human, mouse, rat, insects, plants, parasites, and virus. The family of these proteins is referred to as STI1 (stress inducible protein) and can be divided into yeast, plant, and animal STI1 (Hop).

# Synonyms

# Gene
The gene for human Hop is located on chromosome 11q13.1 and consists of 14 exons.

# Structure
STI proteins are characterized by some structural features: All homologues have nine tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motifs, that are clustered into domains of three TPRs. The TPR motif is a very common structural feature used by many proteins and provides the ability of directing protein-protein interactions. Crystallographic structural information is available for the N-terminal TPR1 and the central TPR2A domains in complex with Hsp90 resp. Hsp70 ligand peptides.
The Hsp70-Hsp90 Organizing Protein (Hop, STIP1 in humans) is the co-chaperone responsible for the transfer of client proteins between Hsp70 and Hsp90. Hop is evolutionarily conserved in Eukaryotes and is found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Drosophila Hop is a monomeric protein that consists of three tetratricopeptide repeat domain regions (TPR1, TPR2A, TPR2B), one aspartic acid-proline repeat domain (DP). The TPR domains interact with the c-terminals of Hsp90 and Hsp70, with TPR1 and TPR2B binding to Hsp70 and TPR2A binding preferentially to Hsp90. The intermediate structures of heat shock machinery are difficult to characterize completely because of the transient and fast paced nature of chaperone function.

# Function
The main function of Hop is to link Hsp70 and Hsp90 together. But recent investigations indicate that it also modulates the chaperone activities of the linked proteins and possibly interacts with other chaperones and proteins. Apart from its role in the Hsp70/Hsp90 "chaperone machine" it seems to participate in other protein complexes too (for example in the signal transduction complex EcR/USP and in the Hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase complex, which enables the viral replication). It acts as a receptor for prion proteins too. Hop is located in diverse cellular regions and also moves between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
In Drosophila RNA interference pathways, Hop has been shown to be an integral part of the pre-RISC complex for siRNAs. In the Drosophila Piwi-interacting RNA pathway, the RNA interference pathway responsible for the repression of transposable elements (transposons), Hop has been shown to interact with Piwi, and in the absence of Hop, transposons are derepressed, leading to severe genomic instability and infertility.

# Interactions
Human Hop (STIP1) has been shown to interact with PRNP and Heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), member A1.