Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Occipital bone

# Overview
The occipital bone, a saucer-shaped membrane bone situated at the back and lower part of the cranium, is trapezoid in shape and curved on itself. It is pierced by a large oval aperture, the foramen magnum, through which the cranial cavity communicates with the vertebral canal.
- The curved, expanded plate behind the foramen magnum is named the squama occipitalis.
- The thick, somewhat quadrilateral piece in front of the foramen is called the basilar part of occipital bone.
- On either side of the foramen are the lateral parts of occipital bone.

# Foramen magnum
The foramen magnum is a large oval aperture with its long diameter antero-posterior; it is wider behind than in front where it is encroached upon by the condyles.
It transmits the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the accessory nerves, the vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, and the membrana tectoria and alar ligaments.

# Angles
The superior angle of the occipital bone articulates with the occipital angles of the parietal bones and, in the fetal skull, corresponds in position with the posterior fontanelle.
The inferior angle is fused with the body of the sphenoid. The lateral angles are situated at the extremities of the grooves for the transverse sinuses: each is received into the interval between the mastoid angle of the parietal and the mastoid part of the temporal.

# Borders
The superior borders extend from the superior to the lateral angles: they are deeply serrated for articulation with the occipital borders of the parietals, and form by this union the lambdoidal suture.
The inferior borders extend from the lateral angles to the inferior angle; the upper half of each articulates with the mastoid portion of the corresponding temporal, the lower half with the petrous part of the same bone.
These two portions of the inferior border are separated from one another by the jugular process, the notch on the anterior surface of which forms the posterior part of the jugular foramen.

# Structure
The occipital, like the other cranial the outer and inner tables, between which is the cancellous tissue or diploe; the bone is especially thick at the ridges, protuberances, condyles, and anterior part of the basilar part; in the inferior foss it is thin, semitransparent, and destitute of diploe.

# Additional images
- Cranial bones
- Base of skull. Inferior surface.
- Membrana tectoria, transverse, and alar ligaments.
- Median sagittal section through the occipital bone and first three cervical vertebr.
- Muscles connecting the upper extremity to the vertebral column.
- Upper part of medulla spinalis and hind- and mid-brains; posterior aspect, exposed in situ.
- Muscles of the pharynx, viewed from behind, together with the associated vessels and nerves.
Occipital vein
The occipital vein begins in a plexus at the back part of the vertex of the skull.
From the plexus emerges a single vessel, which pierces the cranial attachment of the Trapezius and, dipping into the suboccipital triangle, joins the deep cervical and vertebral veins.
Occasionally it follows the course of the occipital artery and ends in the internal jugular; in other instances, it joins the posterior auricular vein and through it opens into the external jugular.
The parietal emissary vein connects it with the superior sagittal sinus; and as it passes across the mastoid portion of the temporal bone, it receives the mastoid emissary vein which connects it with the transverse sinus.
The occipital diploic vein sometimes joins it.

# Additional images
- Sagittal section of the skull, showing the sinuses of the dura.
Odotope theory
Odotope Theory, also known as Weak-Shape Theory, is a leading neurophysiological theory of how the sense of smell functions. The model is analogous to a molecular Braille: it is proposed that any number of the 347 different protein-based smell receptors in the nose binds to only certain parts of a smellable molecule, and thus a few hundreds of different receptors can, through combinatorial explosion, theoretically recognize an infinite number of distinct smells.
Odotope theory sidesteps the issue of how a limited number of shape detectors could identify more than 10,000 smells (and counting) in the human alone.
For more information see:
- Burr, Chandler. The Emperor of Scent: A true story of perfume and obsession. Random House, New York: 2002.
Oguchi disease
Oguchi disease is an autosomal recessive form of congenital stationary night blindness associated with fundus discoloration and abnormally slow dark adaptation.

# Presentation
Oguchi disease presents as a congenital, static hemeralopia with diffuse yellow or gray coloration of the fundus under light conditions. After two to three hours in total darkness, the normal color of the fundus returns. This effect is known as the Mizuo-Nakamura phenomena, and is thought to be caused by the overstimulation of rod cells.

# Pathophysiology
Several mutations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Oguchi disease.  These include mutations in the arrestin gene or the rhodopsin kinase gene. The condition is more frequent in individuals of Japanese ethnicity.
Oligoarthritis

# Overview
Oligoarthritis is a type of arthritis defined by inflammation of two to four joints. It is also a name for a common form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis called pauciarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Olig is Latin for "few," differentiating it from polyarthritis, which affects five or more joints, and monoarthritis, which typically only affects one.

# Causes

## Common Causes

### Septic Arthritis
Septic arthritis is due to a bacterial infection to the joint. It requires urgent joint washout in the operating room followed by intravenous antibiotic therapy for large joints. Small joints or children can be treated with repeated aspirations and intravenous antibiotics.

### Gout
In gout, the acute inflammatory arthritis is caused by excess uric acid caused by either overproduction or under-excretion. Before the age of menopause, women have a lower incidence than males, but the rates are equal above this age. Gout can cause mono- or polyarthritis, but usually results in monoarthritis first.

### Pseudogout
When monoarthritis is caused by pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease, CPPD), the inflammation usually lasts days to weeks, and involves the knees in half of all attacks. Like gout, attacks can occur.
Oligomenorrhea
Oligomenorrhea is the medical term for infrequent or light menstrual periods in women of child-bearing age.
Oligomenorrhea can also be a result of prolactinomas (adenomas of the anterior pituitary). May also be caused by thyrotoxicosis and Graves disease.
(The medical term for a total cessation of the menstrual period is amenorrhea while unusually heavy periods are called menorrhagia)

# Causes

# Life Threatening Causes

# Common Causes

# Causes by Organ System

# Causes in Alphabetical Order
Omenn syndrome
Omenn syndrome is an autosomal recessive severe combined immunodeficiency associated with mutations in the recombination activating genes (RAG1 and RAG2), affecting circulating levels of both B-cells and T-cells.

# Symptoms
The symptoms are very similar to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). This is because the patients have some T cells with limited levels of recombination with the poor RAG genes. These T cells are abnormal and have a very specific affinity for self antigens found in the thymus and in the periphery. Therefore, these T cells are auto-reactive and cause the GVHD phenotype.
Symptoms include:
- Desquamation (shedding the outer layers of skin)
- Chronic diarrhea
- Erythroderma (widespread reddening of the skin)
- Hepatosplenomegaly (simultaneous enlargement of both the liver and the spleen)
- Leukocytosis (elevation of the white blood cell count)
- Lymphadenopathy (swelling of one or more lymph nodes)
- Persistent bacterial infections
- Elevated serum IgE

# Genetics

# Treatment
Omenn syndrome is sometimes treated with bone marrow transplantation and cord blood stem cells.
Vitelline duct

# Overview
At the end of the fourth week the yolk-sac presents the appearance of a small pear-shaped vesicle (umbilical vesicle) opening into the digestive tube by a long narrow tube, the vitelline duct.
The vesicle can be seen in the after-birth as a small, somewhat oval-shaped body whose diameter varies from 1 mm. to 5 mm.; it is situated between the amnion and the chorion and may lie on or at a varying distance from the placenta.
As a rule the duct undergoes complete obliteration during the seventh week, but in about two per cent of cases its proximal part persists as a diverticulum from the small intestine, Meckel's diverticulum, which is situated about two feet above the ileocolic junction, and may be attached by a fibrous cord to the abdominal wall at the umbilicus.
Sometimes a narrowing of the lumen of the ileum is seen opposite the site of attachment of the duct.

# Additional images
- Front view of two successive stages in the development of the digestive tube.
OneTouch Ultra
OneTouch Ultra is a blood glucose monitoring device for people with diabetes and is the foundation product for LifeScan's OneTouch Ultra Family of blood glucose monitoring systems.
OneTouch Ultra Blood Glucose Meters provide blood glucose test results in 5 seconds, offer alternate test site options, and various memory and flagging features.
OneTouch Meters are sold in kits containing a carry case, a lancing device, control solution, sample quantities of lancets, and a replacement cap for use with the sampling device when using alternate site testing.
The OneTouch Ultra 2 is similar in design and operation to the OneTouch Ultra Meter, but also offers Before and After Meal Flags, Comments, and a list style memory recall. This meter also provides 7 day, 14 day, and 30-day averages, with the option of averaging Before meal or After Meal records.
Other OneTouch Ultra Meters include the OneTouch UltraSmart and the OneTouch UltraMini Meter (known as the OneTouch UltraEasy in Europe). In addition to the original Silver Moon color, LifeScan introduced three additional colors of the OneTouch UltraMini Meter in summer 2007: Pink Glow, Limelight, and Jet Black.
OneTouch Meters with data ports can be used in combination with the downloadable OneTouch Diabetes Management Software and a PC to compute averages and trends. The software is available from LifeScan's Web site but an interface cable must be purchased.

# Notable ad campaigns
- B.B. King has had diabetes for 10+ years.  He was in an ad campaign for OneTouch Ultra, describing how blue he feels from diabetes. There was also a commercial with him and a younger person with diabetes who also played blues music. The campaign promoted the use of alternate site testing.
- Patti Labelle has had diabetes for 12+ years. She was in an ad campaign for OneTouch Ultra2, describing how she collapsed on stage and discovered she had diabetes. Labelle re-recorded her 80's hit New Attitude (Patti Labelle song) for one of the commercials.
- OneTouch is also the main shirt sponsor of Inverness Caledonian Thistle, highlighting LifeScan's presence as a major employer in the city.
Oral irrigator

# Overview
An oral irrigator (or water pick) is a device that is used to clear away food debris from teeth using a pulsating water jet. It is mostly used by people with braces (to replace dental floss), or periodontal problems (or for the prevention of periodontal problems, cleaning the gingival sulcus).
Some oral irrigators (such as HydroFloss and Oxycare 3000) ionize the water, claiming better cleaning; they are also called "hydromagnetic".

# Brands
Brands include
- Waterpik
- HydroFloss

# Other uses
It can also be used to remove 'tonsil stones' in Tonsilitis patients.
de:Munddusche
Organic carbon
Total organic carbon (TOC)  is the amount of carbon bound in an organic compound and is often used as a non-specific indicator of water quality or cleanliness of pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment.
A typical analysis for TOC measures both the total carbon present as well as the inorganic carbon (IC). Subtracting the inorganic carbon from the total carbon yields TOC. Another common variant of TOC analysis involves removing the IC portion first and then measuring the leftover carbon. This method involves purging an acidified sample with carbon-free air or nitrogen prior to measurement, and so is more accurately called non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC).

# TOC analysis

## Pharmaceutical
Introduction of organic matter into water systems occurs not only from living organisms and from decaying matter in source water, but also from purification and distribution system materials. A relationship may exist between endotoxins, microbial growth, and the development of biofilms on pipeline walls and biofilm growth within pharmaceutical distribution systems. A correlation is believed to exist between TOC concentrations and the levels of endotoxins and microbes.  Sustaining low TOC levels helps to control levels of endotoxins and microbes and thereby the development of biofilm growth. The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), European Pharmacopoeia (EP) and Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) recognize TOC as a required test for purified water and water for injection (WFI).  For this reason, TOC has found acceptance as a process control attribute in the biotechnology industry to monitor the performance of unit operations comprising purification and distribution systems. As many of these biotechnology operations include the preparation of medicines, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) enacts numerous regulations to protect the health of the public and ensure the product quality is maintained. To make sure there is no cross-contamination between product runs of different drugs, various cleaning procedures are performed. TOC concentration levels are used to track the success of these cleaning validation procedures especially clean-in-place (CIP).

# Applications
TOC is the first chemical analysis to be carried out on potential petroleum source rock in oil exploration.  It is very important in detecting contaminants in drinking water, cooling water, water used in semiconductor manufacturing, and water for pharmaceutical use.  Analysis may be made either as an online continuous measurement or a lab-based measurement.
TOC detection is an important measurement because of the effects it may have on the environment, human health, and manufacturing processes.  TOC is a highly sensitive, non-specific measurement of all organics present in a sample.  It, therefore, can be used to regulate the organic chemical discharge to the environment in a manufacturing plant. In addition, low TOC can confirm the absence of potentially harmful organic chemicals in water used to manufacture pharmaceutical products.  TOC is also of interest in the field of potable water purification due to disinfection of byproducts.  Inorganic carbon poses little to no threat.
Orphan patient

# Overview
In health care, an orphan patient is a patient who has been "lost" within the system or has no primary provider overseeing their care. Usually, the primary provider is a general practitioner or family doctor who takes care of some of the basic health needs and then refers to a specialist for complicated medical problems. Thus, orphan patients are sometimes referred to as "no-family-doctor" patients. The view from insiders and health care providers is that orphan patients tend to receive inferior care compared to those who have a "gatekeeper" coordinating the medicine.
The Wordspy entry for this phrase is as follows :

# Contributing factors
There are multiple factors that are contributing to the orphan patient problem in North America. Some of them include:
- problems maintaining a supply of qualified health practitioners
- providing access to them where and when they are needed most
- a growing population of patients
- an aging population of patients
- a sicker population of patients (particularly with diabetes and obesity being rampant in North America)
- a more "medicalized" population of patients (expectations for medical care are higher than ever, and we have more defined diseases to treat)
- increasing complexity of treatments for the diseases we has always known about (standard-of-care treatment for heart attack is much more labour-intensive now than it was even a decade ago)
The orphan patient problem has only been recognized in the media recently. However, there at least one older New England Journal of Medicine that used the phrase as far back as 1988:
N Engl J Med. 1988 Mar 10;318(10):646.
The orphan patient.
Shelley WB, Shelley ED.
Publication Types: Letter
PMID: 3344016 

# Solutions
Solutions to the orphan patient problem are complex, as expected due to its multifactorial origins. It is not possible to decrease the population. It is not easy to increase the number of physicians and other health care providers available, as the time to train them tends to be long. Some of the temporary solutions have involved changing the way that health care is provided by:
- making greater use of alternative health care providers such as nurse practitioners, hospitalists and Telehealth-style public information services.
- using technological assists such as electronic medical records and telemedicine to make the existing health care providers more efficient.
- implementing wider and more effective public health initiatives such as smoking cessation and fitness programs in order to decrease the burden of illness on a community. Community smoking bans and seatbelt regulations are political interventions that are sometimes spearheaded by medical professionals but can be implemented without their involvement.
Osteolathyrism
Osteolathyrism is a collagen cross-linking deficiency brought on by dietary over-reliance on the seeds of Lathyrus sativus.  It is commonly seen in combination with neurolathyrism and angiolathyrism in impovershed areas where famine demands reliance on a crop with known detrimental effects.  Osteolathyrism is caused by a variety of osteolathyrogenic compounds, specifically exitatory amino-compounds.  The most widely-studied of these compound is beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) which exerts its deleterious effect by an unknown yet potently irreversible mechanism. Other instigators are the ureides, semicarbazide and thiosemicarbazide, which are believed to chelate the prosthetic Cu-(II)-bipyridine cofactor complex in the enzyme lysyl oxidase.
beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN)
Lysyl oxidase is an important enzyme for the creation of crosslinks between collagen triple-helices in connective tissue.  By oxidizing the terminal amino group of lysine, an aldehyde is created.  These aldehydes can undergo a couple of reactions with neighboring aldehydes or amines to create strong covalent cross-links between collagen tertiary structures in bone and cartilage.  The main product of these reactions is the aldimine compound, dehydrohyroxylysinonorleucine.
dehydrohyroxylysinonorleucine
This unique crosslink can be formed by the Schiff base mechanism in which the lone pair of electrons on a primary amine react with the carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde.  Other crosslinks include the formation of an ,-unsaturated ketone via the Aldol condensation and hydroxylysinonorleucine.
If these crosslinks are not formed, as in the case of osteolathyrism, the synthesis of strong mesenchymal and mesodermal tissue is inhibited.  Symptoms of osteolathyrism include weakness and fragility of connective tissue (i.e., skin, bones, and blood vessels ) and the paralysis of the lower extremities associated with neurolathyrism.  For these reasons, compounds containing lathyrogens should be avoided during pregnancy and growth of a child.
Ovarian artery
In human anatomy, the ovarian artery is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the ovary.  It arises from the abdominal aortic artery below the renal artery, and does not pass out of the abdominal cavity.  It can be found in the suspensory ligament of the ovary.

# Relationship to internal spermatic
It only exists in females. The ovarian arteries are the corresponding arteries in the female to the internal spermatic in the male. They are shorter than the internal spermatics.
The origin and course of the first part of each artery are the same as those of the internal spermatic, but on arriving at the upper opening of the lesser pelvis the ovarian artery passes inward, between the two layers of the ovariopelvic ligament and of the broad ligament of the uterus, to be distributed to the ovary.

# Branches
Small branches are given to the ureter and the uterine tube, and one passes on to the side of the uterus, and unites with the uterine artery.
Other offsets are continued on the round ligament of the uterus, through the inguinal canal, to the integument of the labium majus and groin.
It commonly anastomoses (connects with) the uterine artery.

# Additional images
- The abdominal aorta and its branches.
- Vessels of the uterus and its appendages, rear view.
- Uterus and right broad ligament, seen from behind.
Overmedication
Overmedication is when a doctor prescribes unnecessary or excessive medication to a patient. This may happen because the doctor is unaware of other medications the patient is already taking, because the doctor or pharmacist is unaware of how a drug may interact with another chemical or target population, or because of other human error. Sometimes, the extra prescription is intentional (and sometimes illegal), as in the case of the use of excessive psychoactive medications as "chemical restraints" for elderly patients in nursing homes.
Possible side effects of overmedication may include:
- Slowed reaction: speech, movement and thought
- Sleeplessness
- Increased confusion
- Unsteady gait
- Constipation
- Dry mouth
- Blurry vision
- Increased agitation
- Uncontrollable repetitive movement of the tongue, feet, hands and trunk
- Hallucinations
Over-medication can also occur when consumers take more medication than is prescribed or as labeled on over-the-counter products -- either intentionally or unintentionally -- or when consumers unknowingly take both prescription and nonprescription drug products containing the same active ingredients. For example, over-medication can occur when a prescription drug like Vicodin, which contains both hydrocodone and acetaminophen, is taken along with the nonprescription product Tylenol, which contains acetaminophen as the active ingredient.  In other words, over-medication can be caused by both prescribers and consumers or their caretakers.
Another important instance of over-medication occurs when consumers are either prescribed or take additional prescribed or otc drugs which produce the same or similar therapetic effects.  For instance, if a patient is taking a prescription strength ibuprofen product and also uses a naprosyn product -- whether prescription or otc strength -- this, too, can constitute over-medication, can be dangerous, and can be costly to the patient in overall health care costs.
Ofttimes consumers/patients over-medicate themselves by taking their medications at shorter intervals than prescribed or than container labels specify.  As a result, medications may accumulate at higher levels, causing undesired side-effects, sometimes serious, even fatal.

# Sources