Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
5-HT1B receptor
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B  also known as the 5-HT1B receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HTR1B gene. The 5-HT1B receptor is a 5-HT receptor subtype.

# Tissue distribution and function
5-HT1B receptors are widely distributed throughout the CNS with the highest concentrations found in the frontal cortex, basal ganglia, striatum, and the hippocampus.
The function of the 5-HT1B receptor differs depending upon its location.  In the frontal cortex, it is believed to act as a postsynaptic receptor inhibiting the release of dopamine.  In the basal ganglia and the striatum, evidence suggests 5-HT signaling acts on an autoreceptor, inhibiting the release of serotonin and decreasing glutamatergic transmission by reducing miniature excitatory postsynaptic potential (mEPSP) frequency, respectively.  In the hippocampus, a recent study has demonstrated that activation of postsynaptic 5-HT1B heteroreceptors produces a facilitation in excitatory synaptic transmission which is altered in depression.
When the expression of 5-HT1B in human cortex was traced throughout life, significant changes during adolescence were observed, in a way that is strongly correlated with the expression of 5-HT1E.
Outside the brain, 5-HT1B receptor activation also has vascular effects, such as pulmonary vasoconstriction.  Furthermore, blocking 5-HT1B receptor signalling increases the number of osteoblasts, bone mass, and the bone formation rate.
Knockout mice lacking the 5-HT1B gene have shown an increase in aggression and a higher preference for alcohol.  Under basal conditions, knockout mice present with a "normal" phenotype and exhibit a sucrose preference (lack of sucrose preference is considered a measure of anhedonia). However, after undergoing chronic unpredictable stress treatment to induce a "depression-like" phenotype these animals do not benefit from administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs).

# Ligands

## Agonists
- Ergotamine (vasoconstrictor in migraine)
- Oxymetazoline
- Sumatriptan (vasoconstrictor in migraine)
- Zolmitriptan
- 5-Carboxamidotryptamine
- CGS-12066A
- CP-93,129 (peripherally acting)
- CP-94,253
- CP-122,288 (mixed 5-HT1B/1D agonist)
- CP-135,807 (mixed 5-HT1B/1D agonist)
- RU-24969 (mixed 5-HT1A/1B agonist)

## Partial agonists
- Dextromethorphan (Cough Suppressant)
- Ziprasidone (antipsychotic)
- Asenapine (antipsychotic)
- Vortioxetine (antidepressant)

## Antagonists and inverse agonists
- Methiothepin (antipsychotic)
- Yohimbine (aphrodisiac)
- Metergoline
- Aripiprazole
- Isamoltane
- AR-A000002
- SB-216,641
- SB-224,289 (inverse agonist)
- SB-236,057 (inverse agonist)

# Genetics
In humans the protein is coded by the gene HTR1B.
A genetic variant in the promotor region, A-161T, has been examined with respect to personality traits and showed no major effect.
5-HT1D receptor
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1D, also known as HTR1D, is a 5-HT receptor, but also denotes the human gene encoding it. 5-HT1D acts on the central nervous system, and affects locomotion and anxiety. It also induces vascular vasoconstriction in the brain.

# Structure
5HT1D receptor is a G protein linked receptor that activates an intracellular messenger cascade to produce an inhibitory response by decreasing cellular levels of cAMP. The 5HT1D is a 7-TM receptor. A large intercellular loop between TM-5 and TM-6 is believed to be associated with coupling to a second messenger. Agonists might bind in a manner that utilizes an aspartate residue in TM-3 and residues in the TM-4, TM-5 and TM-6. A human clone containing an intronless open reading frame was found to encode 377 amino acids of the 5HT1D receptor. The gene has been localized on chromosome 1, region 1p34.3-36.3 

# Ligands

## Agonists
Molecular modelling has provided a picture of the agonistic binding site of 5HT1D. The amino acid residues within the receptor binding site region have been identified. This is a valuable guide to design potential 5HT1D receptor agonists.
When sumatriptan binds there is major conformational change in both ligand and receptor in the binding pocket.
- Dextromethorphan (Cough Suppressant)
- 5-(Nonyloxy)tryptamine
- Sumatriptan (vasoconstrictor in migraine)
- 5-Carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT)
- 5-(t-Butyl)-N-methyltryptamine
- CP-135,807
- CP-286,601
- PNU-109,291 ((S)-3,4-Dihydro-1-ethyl]-N-methyl-1H-2-benzopyran-6-carboxamide)
- PNU-142,633 ((1S)-1--1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-3,4-dihydro-N-methyl-1H-2-benzopyran-6-carboxamide)
- GR-46611 (3--N-(4-methoxybenzyl)acrylamide)
- L-694,247 (2--1H-indol-3-yl]ethanamine)
- L-772,405

## Antagonists
- Ziprasidone (atypical antipsychotic) 
- Methiothepin (antipsychotic)
- Yohimbine (aphrodisiac)
- Metergoline
- Ergotamine (vasoconstrictor in migraine)
- BRL-15572
- Vortioxetine (antidepressant)
- GR-127,935 (mixed 5-HT1B/1D antagonist)
- LY-310,762
- LY-367,642
- LY-456,219
- LY-456,220
5-HT1E receptor
5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 1E receptor (5-HT1E) is a highly expressed human G-protein coupled receptor that belongs to the 5-HT1 receptor family (Gi-coupled serotonin receptor). The human gene is denoted as HTR1E.

# Function
The function of the 5-HT1E receptor is unknown due to the lack of selective pharmacological tools, specific antibodies, and permissive animal models. The 5-HT1E receptor gene lacks polymorphisms amongst humans (few mutations), indicating a high degree of evolutionary conservation of genetic sequence, which suggests that the 5-HT1E receptor has an important physiological role in humans. It is hypothesized that the 5-HT1E receptor is involved in the regulation of memory in humans due to the high abundance of receptors in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and olfactory bulb, all of which are regions of the brain integral to memory regulation.
This receptor is unique among the serotonin receptors in that it is not known to be expressed by rats or mouse species, all of which lack the gene encoding the 5-HT1E receptor. However the genomes of the pig, rhesus monkey, and several lagomorphs (including rabbit) as well as the guinea pig each encode a homologous 5-HT1E receptor gene. The guinea pig is the most likely candidate for future study of 5-HT1E receptor function in vivo. The expression of 5-HT1E receptors in the guinea pig brain has been pharmacologically confirmed; 5-HT1E receptor expression patterns of the human and guinea pig brains appear to be similar. 
In the human cortex, the expression of 5-HT1E undergoes a marked transition during adolescence, in a way that is strongly correlated with the expression of 5-HT1B.
The most closely related receptor to the 5-HT1E is the 5-HT1F receptor. They share 57% amino acid sequence homology and have some pharmacological characteristics in common. Both receptors are Gi-coupled (inhibit adenylate cyclase activity) and both receptors have high affinities for 5-HT and low affinities for 5-carboxyamidotryptaine and mesulergine. However, due to major differences in brain expression patterns, these receptors are unlikely to mediate similar functions in humans. For example, 5-HT1E receptors  are abundant in the hippocampus but are not detectable in the striatum (caudate and putamen of the human brain), while the opposite is true for the 5-HT1F receptor. Thus, conclusions about the function of the 5-HT1E receptor cannot be ascribed to the function of the 5-HT1F receptor, and vice versa.

# Selective ligands
No highly selective 5-HT1E ligands are available yet. 5-HT remains the only radioligand available with high affinity for the 5-HT1E receptor (5nM).

## Agonists
- BRL-54443 (5-Hydroxy-3-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-1H-indole) - mixed 5-HT1E/1F agonist

## Antagonists
None as yet.
5-HT5A receptor
5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 5A, also known as HTR5A, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HTR5A gene.

# Function
The gene described in this record is a member of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor family and encodes a multi-pass membrane protein that functions as a receptor for 5-hydroxytryptamine and couples to G proteins, negatively influencing cAMP levels via Gi and Go. This protein has been shown to function in part through the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. The 5-HT5A receptor has been shown to be functional in a native expression system.
Rodents have been shown to possess two functional 5-HT5 receptor subtypes, 5-HT5A and 5-HT5B, however while humans possess a gene coding for the 5-HT5B subtype, its coding sequence is interrupted by stop codons, making the gene non-functional, and so only the 5-HT5A subtype is expressed in human brain.
It also appears to serve as a presynaptic serotonin autoreceptor.

# Clinical significance
The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has been implicated in a wide range of psychiatric conditions and also has vasoconstrictive and vasodilatory effects.

# Selective Ligands
Few highly selective ligands are commercially available for the 5-HT5A receptor. When selective activation of this receptor is desired in scientific research, the non-selective serotonin receptor agonist 5-Carboxamidotryptamine can be used in conjunction with selective antagonists for its other targets (principally 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, and 5-HT7). Research in this area is ongoing.

## Agonists
- Valerenic acid, a component of valerian, has been shown to act as a 5HT5A partial agonist.
- Olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic.
- Another ligand that has been recently disclosed is shown below, claimed be a selective 5-HT5A agonist with Ki = 124 nM.

## Antagonists
- ASP-5736
- AS-2030680
- AS-2674723
- Latrepirdine (non-selective)
- Risperidone (non-selective), moderate 206nM affinity.
- SB-699,551
ACLS core cases
Synonyms and keywords: ACLS cases; advanced cardiovascular life support cases; advanced cardiac life support cases

# Overview
Advanced cardiac life support or (ACLS) refers to a set of clinical interventions for the urgent treatment of cardiac arrest and other life threatening medical emergencies, as well as the knowledge and skills to deploy those interventions. Extensive medical knowledge and rigorous hands-on training and practice are required to master ACLS. Only qualified health care providers (e.g. physicians, paramedics, nurses, respiratory therapists and other specially trained health care providers) can provide ACLS, as it requires the ability to manage the patient's airway, initiate IV access, read and interpret electrocardiograms, and understand emergency pharmacology.

# The advanced cardiac life support core cases

## Acute Coronary Syndromes

## Acute Stroke

## Asystole

## Bradycardia

## Pulseless Electrical Activity

## Respiratory Arrest

## Stable Tachycardia

## Unstable Tachycardia

## Ventricular Fibrillation

## Ventricular Fibrillation/Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia

# The Major Changes in Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) for 2010
- Quantitative waveform capnography is recommended for confirmation and monitoring of endotracheal tube placement and CPR quality.
- The traditional cardiac arrest algorithm was simplified and an alternative conceptual design was created to emphasize the importance of high-quality CPR; hence the change from A-B-C to C-A-B
- There is an increased emphasis on physiologic monitoring to optimize CPR quality and detect ROSC.
- Atropine is no longer recommended for routine use in the management of pulseless electrical activity (PEA)/asystole.
- Chronotropic drug infusions are recommended as an alternative to pacing in symptomatic and unstable bradycardia.
- Adenosine is recommended as safe and potentially effective for both treatment and diagnosis in the initial management of undifferentiated regular monomorphic wide complex tachycardia.
- Systematic postcardiac arrest care after ROSC should continue in a critical care unit with expert multidisciplinary management and assessment of the neurologic and physiologic status of the patient. This often includes the use of therapeutic hypothermia.
APRIL (protein)
A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13 (TNFSF13), is a protein of the TNF superfamily recognized by the cell surface receptor TACI.

# Nomenclature
In the cluster of differentiation terminology, APRIL is designated CD256.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tumor necrosis factor ligand (TNF) ligand family. This protein is a ligand for TNFRSF17/BCMA, a member of the TNF receptor family. This protein and its receptor are both found to be important for B cell development. In vivo experiments suggest an important role for APRIL in the long-term survival of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Mice deficient in APRIL have normal immune system development. However, APRIL-deficient mice have also been reported to possess a reduced ability to support plasma cell survival. In vitro experiments suggested that this protein may be able to induce apoptosis through its interaction with other TNF receptor family proteins such as TNFRSF6/FAS and TNFRSF14/HVEM. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.

# Interactions
TNFSF13 has been shown to interact with TNFRSF13B and B-cell activating factor.

# Clinical significance
APRIL is being explored as a target for autoimmune diseases and B cell malignancies. At least one anti-APRIL monoclonal antibody has been announced to enter phase I clinical trials for multiple myeloma.
ARBITER 2 Trial

# Objective
To assess if treatment with extended release niacin when added to statin monotherapy slows progression of atherosclerosis among individuals with known coronary artery disease (CAD) and moderately low HDL-C.

# Methods
ARBITER (Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol) 2 was a double blinded randomized placebo controlled study of once daily extended release niacin (1000 mg). 167 patients with known CAD and moderately low HDL-C were enrolled in this study and were assessed for the primary end-point carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) at the end of one year.

# Results
At the end of 12 months mean CIMT significantly increased in the placebo group but not in the niacin group. Niacin significantly reduced the rate of IMT progression in patients without insulin resistance. Patients treated with niacin had a significant increase in HDL levels from a mean of 39 mg/dL to 47 mg/dL.  Clinical cardiovascular events occurred in 3 patients on niacin and 7 patients treated with placebo.

# Conclusion
The addition of extended-release niacin to statin therapy slowed the progression of atherosclerosis among individuals with known coronary heart disease and moderately low HDL-C.
ARBITER 3 Trial

# Objective
To study the effects of long term treatment with extended release niacin (ERN) on HDL levels and carotid intima- media thickness in patients who participated in ARBITER 2.

# Methods
88% (149) of patients enrolled in the ARBITER trial participated in the ARBITER 3 trial, those who either were continued or crossed over to the placebo group. The long term effects of ERN on HDL cholesterol and carotid intima- media thickness were examined during 12- 24 months of treatment.

# Results
- The ERN group showed an increase in HDL-C levels along with modest reductions in LDL-C and triglycerides.
- A net regression in CMIT was seen in patients treated with ENC for 12 months.
- An additional regression was noted in patients treated with ENC for 24 months.
- Changes in HDL-C were independently associated with regression of CIMT, controlling for changes in LDL and triglycerides.

# Conclusion
ERN when added to statin therapy significantly increases HDL levels and induces atherosclerosis regression. Open label design and the inability to correlate CIMT effects to clinical outcomes were the limitations of this study.
Central obesity

# Overview
Central obesity (or "apple-shaped" or "masculine" obesity) occurs when the main deposits of body fat are localized around the abdomen and the upper body. Central obesity is correlated with visceral fat.

# Associations
Central obesity is common in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and metabolic syndrome, and it is associated with a statistically higher risk of heart disease, hypertension, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus type 2.
Central obesity can also be a feature of lipodystrophies, a group of diseases which is either inherited, or due to secondary causes (often protease inhibitors, a group of medications against AIDS). Central obesity is one of the primary symptoms of Cushing's syndrome.
There is little scientific evidence that beer drinkers are more prone to abdominal obesity, despite it being known colloquially as beer belly, beer gut, or pot belly.

## Causes

## Drug Side Effect
- Dolutegravir
- Zidovudine

# Diagnosis
Central obesity is diagnosed by measuring the waist-hip ratio. When this exceeds 1.0 in men or 0.9 in women, central obesity can be diagnosed.

# Therapy
Weight loss is the main intervention against central obesity when this is considered disfiguring or when it puts one at a risk for the above mentioned diseases. Adjunctive therapies are the use of orlistat or sibutramine.
In the presence of diabetes mellitus type 2, the physician might prefer to prescribe metformin and thiazolidinediones (rosiglitazone or pioglitazone) as anti-diabetic drugs rather than sulfonylurea derivatives.

# Love Handles
"Love handles" is a colloquial or slang term for a layer of fat that is deposited around a person's midsection, especially visible on the sides over the abdominal external oblique muscle.  They are called "love handles" because they provide a soft place to rest one's hand while one's arm is around a person, or perhaps because they can serve as places to hold on while in the throes of passion.
Love handles are more common in men than women, as the midsection is one of the first regions where fat is stored in the male body. (Women tend to accumulate fat around the hips and thighs). Love handles generally become more pronounced as a person ages and approaches middle age, due to a lower activity level.
Both men and women tend to be image-conscious regarding love handles, sometimes leading to a negative body image.  While many products are marketed for eliminating love handles, it is generally agreed that spot reduction is impossible, and that the best way to reduce them is to lose fat by being more active (through activities such as cardiovascular exercise and weight training) and consuming fewer calories.
Love handles are also colloquially called a spare tire due to the enlarged tire-like shape around the midsection

# Related Chapters
- Obesity
- Ascites
Abdominal x-ray

# Overview
An abdominal x-ray is an x-ray the abdomen. It is sometimes abbreviated to AXR, or KUB (for kidneys, ureters, and bladder).

# Diagnostic Tool
The abdominal x-ray is a test that can be carried out quickly and easily in an emergency department.  The test can rule out major illnesses such as a small or large bowel obstruction, quickly and effectively.  It is a useful test in a practise called differential diagnosis.  For example, a patient who presents with right sided abdominal pain is most likely to be suffering from appendicitis.  To prove this, you would have to prove that the patient did not have an intestinal obstruction or something similar, which could cause the pain.  Once an obstruction is ruled out by a clear x-ray, the doctor could then follow a different line tests to give an accurate diagnosis.

# Technical Parameters
An abdominal x-ray is usually taken with the patient lying in a supine position.  Depending on the pathology in question the x-ray can also be taken with the patient lying prone, in a decubitus position or even erect.  Coverage on the x-ray should include from the top of the Liver (or diaphragm) to the Symphysis pubis.  The abdominal organs included on the xray (although not visible) are the liver, spleen, stomach, intestines, pancreas, kidneys, bladder and reproductive organs.

# Pathology
In an acute setting the abdominal x-ray is used to diagnose:
- Bowel obstruction
- Appendicitis
- Bowel perforation although this is more commonly diagnosed by a Chest x-ray
- Pancreatitis
- Kidney stones or Gall stones Further tests are then used to confirm this diagnosis.
- Faecal impaction

# See Also
- X-ray
- Acute abdomen
- Abdominal pain
- Medical imaging
- Chest x-ray
- Radiographer
Acacia tortilis
Umbrella Thorn Acacia (Acacia tortilis) also known as an Israeli Babool, is a medium to large canoped tree native primarily to the savannahs of Africa (especially Sudan), but also occurring in the Middle East.  In extremely arid conditions, it may occur as a small, wiry bush.  It grows up to 21m in height.  The tree carries leaves that grow to approx. 2.5 cm in length with between 4 and 10 pair of pinnae each with up to 15 pairs of leaflets.  Flowers are small and white, highly aromatic, and occur in tight clusters.  Seeds are produced in pods which are flat and coiled into a springlike structure.
The plant is known to tolerate high alkalinity, drought, high temperatures, sandy & stony soils, strongly sloped rooting surfaces, and sand blasting.  Also, plants older than 2 years have been observed to be somewhat frost resistant.

# Importance
Timber from the tree is used for furniture, wagon wheels, fence posts, cages, and pens.  The pods and foliage, which grow prolifically on the tree, are used as fodder for desert grazing animals.  The bark is often used as a string medium in Tanganyika, and is a source for tannin.  Gum from the tree is edible and can be used as Gum Arabic.  Parts of the tree including roots, shoots, and pods are also often used by natives for a vast number of purposes including decorations, weapons, tools, and medicines.

# Growing conditions
Acacia tortilis tends to grow in areas where temperatures vary from 0-50 deg. C. and rainfall is anywhere from about 100-1000mm/yr.

# Subspecies
- Acacia tortilis subsp. heteracantha (Burchell)Brenan
- Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana (Savi)Brenan
- Acacia tortilis subsp. spirocarpa (A.Rich.)Brenan
- Acacia tortilis subsp. tortilis