Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
KIAA1257
KIAA1257 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIAA1257 gene. KIAA1257 has been shown to be involve with activation of genes involved in sex determination

# Gene
In humans the gene KIAA1257 is located on chromosome 3q21.3. It spans 122 kilobasepairs (kBp) and contains 22 exons. It is flanked by Ras-related protein Rab-43 and several pseudogenes and on the opposite strand Acyl CoA dehydrogenase family member 9 (ACAD9) and EF-hand and coiled-coil domain containing 1 (EFCC1).

# Transcripts
The exons of KIAA1257 are alternatively spliced into 17 different isoforms (Table 1). Isoform X1 encodes the longest protein product and isoform X4 is the most common variant translated. Both the 5' and 3' UTR's are capable of forming stem loop structures that could serve as binding site for RNA-binding proteins.
Table 1

# Protein
The protein KIAA1257 exists most commonly as a translation of the mRNA isoform X4, which is only half the length of isoform X1's product even though they have similar mRNA lengths. Protein isoform X1 is 1179 amino acids long, has a molecular weight of 136.4 kilodaltons (kDa) and an isoelectric point (pI) of 8.1.  KIAA1257 contains a domain of unknown function (DUF) 4550 in the first third of the protein sequence that has a high lysine content (15%). Most of the protein exists in a random coil structure but the final thirds contains 6 predicted alpha helices. KIAA1257 is predicted to be localized to the nucleus and contains several nuclear localization signals.   A summary of KIAA1257 orthologs is shown below.
Table 2

# Expression and Regulation
KIAA1257 is mainly expressed in the testes and ovaries of adult humans, however expression is low in these tissues. KIAA1257 is most highly expressed during the earliest stages of development. Expression is the highest in the 2 through 8 cell stages of embryonic development and begins to decline steadily after morula and then blastocyst formation.
KIAA1257 has a promoter region upstream of the 5' UTR with several transcription factor binding sites including a Sox11 binding site. Sox11 is involved in the regulation of many developmental genes.

# Clinical Significance
KIAA1257 has been shown to activate expression of Nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 1 (NR5A1). NR5A1 is involved in sex determination and defects in the gene are related to XY sex reversal.

# Homology
KIAA1257 is found in all vertebrates except for cartilaginous and jawless fishes. KIAA1257 orthologs in birds, fish, and reptiles have 30-40% identity with humans while mammals such as goats, cats, and dogs have 60-70% identity and primates have 85-99% identity.
Table 3
KIAA1377
Uncharacterized protein KIAA1377 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIAA1377 gene.
Also known as Cep126, the protein has been shown to localize to the centrosome. Furthermore, it is found at pericentriolar satellites and the base of the primary cilium. Depleting Cep126 leads to dispersion of pericentriolar satellites, in turn disrupting microtubule organization at the mitotic spindle.

# Clinical relevance
Mutations in this gene have been found to cause monomelic amyotrophy.
KIAA1797
KIAA1797 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIAA1797 gene.
A specific single-nucleotide polymorphism rs7875153 in KIAA1797 is associated with heart rate.

# Gene
KIAA1797 is a protein-coding gene in Homo sapiens. Alternate names for the gene are FLJ20375, OTTHUMP00000069845, and hypothetical protein LOC54914. Located on chromosome 9 at area q21.3, the entire gene including introns and exons is 375,010 base pairs on the plus strand. There are 19 alternative splice variants. Longest variant yields a mRNA of 6117 base pairs.

## Expression
KIAA1797 was determined to express ubiquitously at varying levels throughout the human body. Based on the EST profile of Unigene, KIAA1797 expression have been observed in tissues ranging from reproductive to secretory.
Kiaa1797 expression pic

# mRNA
Predicted secondary mRNA structures in the 5'UTR and the 3'UTR are ugagaugaacucgguaucuca and uccuaagagaggag respectively. Other possible secondary structures are shown in the table below.

# Protein sequence
The main isoform of the human protein is 1801 amino acid long, a total of 200,072 Da.
Two distinct Domain of unknown function(DUF) are found in the sequence.DUF3730 (465-682aa) appears two times in the sequence; this domain family is found in eukaryotes and is typically between 220 and 262 amino acids in length. DUF3028(1213-1801aa). No additional information was provided regarding this DUF.
Kiaa1797 DUF pic

# Homology
KIAA1797 is well conserved in mammals. However, it is also found in non-mammalians with lower sequence identities.

# Gene Neighborhood
KIAA1797 is downstream of MLLT3 and upstream of PTPLAD2. MLLT3 is involved with myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia. PTPLAD2 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase.
Kiaa1797 Gene hood

# Function
The exact function of KIAA1797 is not yet understood by the scientific community. It is, however, found to be a transmembrane proteins.
KIAA1958
Protein KIAA1958 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIAA1958 gene. Orthologs of KIAA1958 go as far back in evolution to  chordates, although, it is closer in homology to primates than any other orthologs. KIAA1958 has no known paralogs.

# Gene
KIAA1958 is located on the long arm of chromosome 9 (9.q32) in humans on the plus strand from 115249248 to 115427597.  Its mRNA has 2683 bp. The gene has these neighbors on chromosome 9:
HSDL2: Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-like protein 2 plays a role in nucleotide binding, oxidoreductase activity, and sterol binding.
C9orf147: Chromosome 9 open reading frame 147 has an unknown function.
C9orf80: Chromosome 9 open reading frame 80 is a component of the SOSS complex, a multiprotein complex that functions downstream of the MRN complex to promote DNA repair and G2/M checkpoint. The SOSS complex associates with single-stranded DNA at DNA lesions and influences diverse endpoints in the cellular DNA damage response including cell cycle checkpoint activation, recombinational repair and maintenance of genomic stability.
SNX30: Sorting nexin-30 may be linked to phosphatidylinositol binding.

# Expression
KIAA1958 is expressed in the highest quantities in the larynx as proposed by EST.  The highest expression in developmental stage is the blastocyst and for health state, it is most found in uterine tumors.
Data from NCBI GEO Profile shows that KIAA1958 expression includes many of the tissue types in the human body. Using EMBL-EBI, KIAA1958 was found to be overexpressed in pseudopod RNA during the migration of the metastatic cancer cells.  KIAA1958 was also overexpressed in Stat5/ab  and stat 3 which are transcription factors reported to be critical for the growth and viability of prostate cancer cells and both the embryonic stem cell and the pluripotent stem cell.

# Protein
KIAA1958 is composed of 716 amino acids and weighs 79212 Da with an iso-electric point of 6.375.  Although not much is known about the KIAA1958 protein, scientific predictions have been made using supercomputers for predictions of KIAA1958's structure and function. KIAA1958 undergoes post-translational modifications. The most interesting modification is phosphorylation. In comparison to other proteins, KIAA1958 has a substantially significant amount of serines phosphorylated during post-translational modification. 36 serines are predicted to be phosphorylated.

## Structure
PELE on SDSC Biology WorkBench is supercomputer that is able to predict secondary structure of the KIAA1958 protein. According to this tool, the protein's secondary structure is a combination of alpha helices and beta sheets, in almost equal amount and spread out almost evenly throughout the protein.

## Interactions
There is no known proof that KIAA1958 interacts with any other proteins at this time.

# Homology
Kiaa1107
KIAA1107 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIAA1107 gene. 
KIAA1107 is a Serine-rich protein, whose expression was found to increase in white matter of Multiple Sclerosis brain lesions. 

# Gene

## General Information
KIAA1107 is a protein encoding gene, located on chromosome 1 in Homo sapiens. Its exact location is at cytogenetic band 1p22.1, with the genomic location of 92,067,052 bp - 92,184,723 bp from pter, with 17,672 total bases.
The KIAA1107 gene contains nine known exons.

# Protein

## General Properties
Uncharacterized Protein KIAA1107 is 1401 amino acids in length in the most common variant, isoform A, found in Homo sapiens.
The predicted molecular weight of isoform A in Homo sapiens is 149.6 kdal. 

## Composition
KIAA1107 has a higher frequency of Serine and Aspartate and a lower frequency of Tyrosine than in the average protein in Homo sapiens. Uncharacterized protein is composed of 7.5% Aspartate and 14.0% Serine, which constitutes it as a Serine-rich protein. This protein also consists of 0.7% Tyrosine, which is considered to be below average in human proteins.

# mRNA

## Isoforms
Transcription of KIAA1107 produces 6 different mRNAs, with 4 alternatively spliced variants and 2 unspliced forms. Variant A is the most commonly occurring and longest variant of KIAA1107 in humans.
Variant A contains nine exons (1-9) present in their standard form. Variant B contains seven exons (3-9) present in standard form. Variant C-U contains one exon, which is an alternatively spliced variant of exon 8. Variant D contains five exons (1-4, 5a) with 1-4 occurring in their standard form and an alternative form of exon 5. Variant E contains three exons, which are alternatively spliced forms of exons 3, 4, and 5. Variant F-U contains one exon, which is an alternatively spliced form of exon 5a, which occurs in variant D.

## Conserved Domains
There is a domain, DUF4596, present from 1311 - 1354 in KIAA1107. The function of this domain is unknown.

# Expression

## Tissue Expression
Expression of KIAA1107 does not appear to be ubiquitous in Homo sapiens. KIAA1107 is found to be expressed mostly in the brain, with lower levels of expression occurring in the bladder, mammary gland, muscle, prostate, and testis.
Within the brain, KIAA1107 is expressed highest in the pineal gland, prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and subthalamic nucleus.

## Disease Association
KIAA1107 was found to be over expressed in brain white matter with Multiple Sclerosis brain lesions when compared to control white matter. The average non-diseased sample had negligible expression of KIAA1107, while in the diseased sample it was expressed higher than almost any other gene (95th-98th percentile of expression).

# Homology

## Orthologs
Orthologs of KIAA1107 exist in most vertebrates. The most distant homolog of KIAA1107 was found in, a fish, the Amazon Molly. There were no homologs found for sharks and rays, which would suggest that KIAA1107 originated in fish.
There are no human paralogs for KIAA1107.
Kingella
Kingella kingae is a fastidious gram-negative coccobacillus that colonizes the respiratory and oropharyngeal tract in children. K. kingae occasionally causes invasive disease, primarily osteomyelitis/septic arthritis in young children, bacteremia in infants, and endocarditis in school-aged children and adults (1--8). Although diagnosis of this organism frequently is missed, invasive disease is uncommon. Only sporadic, non-epidemiologically linked cases have been reported.
K. kingae constitutes part of the normal respiratory flora in children but can cause isolated cases of invasive disease, primarily osteomyelitis/septic arthritis (65%--75% of cases) in young children and bacteremia (20%--30% of cases) in infants (1,2,7,8). The majority of children who have invasive disease are previously healthy without immunosuppressive conditions; >90% are aged <2 years (1,2,5-8).
Invasive disease is associated frequently with concomitant or precedent URI or stomatitis (3,4); disrupted respiratory or buccal mucosa might facilitate bacterial invasion and hematogenous dissemination. Biting might be an alternative means of introducing oropharyngeal pathogens into the bloodstream.
The presence of K. kingae is difficult to detect without immediate clinical suspicion. Gram stain of synovial fluid shows WBCs but frequently is negative for organisms. Recovery of the organism in culture is difficult because of its fastidious nature, and might require laboratories to hold culture plates for up to 7 days. For cases described in this report, cultures were held longer than routine laboratory protocol recommends (usually 3 days) because an atypical organism was suspected. Studies of cases in Israel indicate that 40%--50% of culture-negative septic arthritis cases in children aged <2 years might be attributable to K. kingae (5,8).
Inoculating synovial fluid or bony exudates directly into blood-culture bottles with a continuous monitoring system increases the rate of K. kingae recovery substantially, compared with direct plating of specimens on solid media (5,8). The increased awareness and enhanced capability of laboratories to isolate this organism might lead to an observed increase in incidence of K. kingae invasive disease.
Although limited data are available about the epidemiology and transmission of K. kingae, the organism most likely is transmitted through respiratory secretions and saliva. In one study of an Israeli day care center, the monthly prevalence of K. kingae colonization ranged from 6% to 35%, and approximately 70% of children were colonized at some point during the 11-month study period. No invasive disease was observed (9).
Subtyping by PFGE, immunoblotting, and ribotyping of the isolates demonstrated that children were colonized continuously, or intermittently with different subtypes over weeks to months. Two distinct subtypes with temporal clustering represented approximately 75% of the isolates (10). In comparison, a cohort of epidemiologically unrelated cases showed substantially more subtype variability (10). These findings suggest person-to-person transmission within the facility.
LGALS3BP
Galectin-3-binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGALS3BP gene.

# Function
The galectins are a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins implicated in modulating cellcell and cellmatrix interactions.  Using fluorescence insitu hybridization, the full length 90K cDNA has been localized to chromosome 17q25. The native protein binds specifically to a human macrophage-associated lectin known as Mac-2 and also binds to galectin 1.

# Clinical significance
LGALS3BP has been found elevated in the serum of patients with cancer and in those infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It appears to be implicated in immune response associated with natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell cytotoxicity.

# Interactions
LGALS3BP has been shown to interact with LGALS3.
PAFAH1B1
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase IB subunit alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PAFAH1B1 gene. The protein is often referred to as Lis1 and plays an important role in regulating the motor protein Dynein.

# Function
PAFAH1B1 was identified as encoding a gene that when mutated or lost caused the lissencephaly associated with Miller-Dieker syndrome. PAFAH1B1 encodes the non-catalytic alpha subunit of the intracellular Ib isoform of platelet-activating factor acteylhydrolase, a heterotrimeric enzyme that specifically catalyzes the removal of the acetyl group at the SN-2 position of platelet-activating factor (identified as 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine). Two other isoforms of intracellular platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase exist: one composed of multiple subunits, the other, a single subunit. In addition, a single-subunit isoform of this enzyme is found in serum.
According to one study, PAFAH1B1 interacts with VLDLR receptor activated by reelin.

# Genomics
The gene is located at chromosome 17p13.3 on the Watson (plus) strand. The gene is 91,953 bases in length and encodes a protein of 410 amino acids (predicted molecular weight 46.638 kiloDaltons).

# Interactions
PAFAH1B1 has been shown to interact with DYNC1H1, CLIP1, NDEL1, NDE1,  PAFAH1B3, PAFAH1B2, NUDC, TUBA1A and Doublecortin.
Lactitol

# Overview
Lactitol is a sugar alcohol used as a replacement bulk sweetener for low calorie foods with approximately 40% of the sweetness of sugar.  It is also used medically as a laxative.  Lactitol is produced by two manufacturers, Danisco and Purac Biochem.

# Applications
Lactitol is used in a variety of low food energy or low fat foods.  High stability makes it popular for baking. It is used in sugar-free candies, cookies (biscuits), chocolate, and ice cream.  Lactitol also promotes colon health as a prebiotic.  Because of poor absorption, lactitol only has 2.4 Calories (9 kilojoules) per gram, compared to 4 Calories (17 kJ) per gram for typical carbohydrates.
Lactitol is listed as an excipient in some prescription drugs, such as Adderall.
Lactitol is a laxative and is used to prevent or treat constipation, e.g. under the trade name Importal.
Lactitol in combination with Ispaghula husk is an approved combination for idiopathic constipation as a laxative and is used to prevent or treat constipation.

# Safety and health
Lactitol, erythritol, sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, and maltitol are all sugar alcohols. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies sugar alcohols as "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS). They are approved as food additives, and are recognized as not contributing to tooth decay or causing increases in blood glucose. Lactitol is also approved for use in foods in most countries around the world.
Like most other sugar alcohols (with the exception of erythritol), lactitol can cause cramping, flatulence, and diarrhea in some individuals. This is because humans lack a suitable beta-galactosidase in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and a majority of ingested lactitol reaches the large intestine, where it then becomes fermentable to gut microbes (prebiotic) and can pull water into the gut by osmosis.  In a human study with sweetened chocolate, consumption of 5 g per day or less resulted in no GI changes, and 10 g per day caused few changes.  Those with other health conditions should consult their GP or dietician prior to consumption.
Lamiales
The order Lamiales is a taxon in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It includes approximately 11,000 species divided up into about 10 families. Well-known members of this order include the lavender, the lilac, the olive, the jasmine, the ash tree, the teak, the snapdragon, and a number of table herbs such as mint, basil, and rosemary.

# Characteristics
Species in this order typically have the following characteristics, although there are exceptions to all of them:
- superior ovary composed of two fused carpels
- five petals fused into a tube
- bilaterally symmetrical, often bilabiate corollas
- four (or fewer) fertile stamens

# Taxonomic history
Lamiales formerly had a restricted circumscription (e.g., by Arthur Cronquist) that included the major families Lamiaceae (Labiatae), Verbenaceae, and Boraginaceae plus a few smaller families.  Recent phylogenetic work has shown that Lamiales is polyphyletic with respect to order Scrophulariales and the two groups are now usually combined in a single order that also includes the former orders Hippuridales and Plantaginales. Lamiales has become the preferred name for this much larger combined group.  The placement of Boraginaceae is unclear but phylogenetic work shows that this family does not belong in Lamiales.
Also, the circumscription of family Scrophulariaceae, formerly a paraphyletic group defined primarily by plesiomorphic characters and from within which numerous other families of the Lamiales were derived, has been radically altered to create a number of smaller, better-defined and putatively monophyletic families.
Lamin B2
Lamin B2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LMNB2 gene. It is the second of two type B nuclear lamins, and it is associated with laminopathies.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of Lamin B2 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Lmnb2tm1a(KOMP)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty four tests were carried out on mutant mice and four significant abnormalities were observed.  No homozygous mutant embryos were identified during gestation, and therefore none survived until weaning. The remaining tests were carried out on heterozygous mutant adult mice. Male heterozygotes displayed increased circulating creatinine levels and an increased susceptibility to Salmonella infection.
Langerin
CD207, langerin (Cluster of Differentiation 207) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CD207 gene. Langerin is a type II transmembrane, C-type lectin receptor on Langerhans cells.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is expressed in Langerhans cells which are immature dendritic cells of the epidermis and mucosa. Additionally it is known by the name C-type lectin domain family 4 member K (CD antigen CD207). It is also expressed in several other dendritic cell types including dermal CD103+ DCs and splenic CD8+ DCs. Langerin is localized in the Birbeck granules, organelles present in the cytoplasm of Langerhans cells and consisting of superimposed and zippered membranes. It is a C-type lectin with mannose binding specificity, and it has been proposed that mannose binding by this protein leads to internalization of antigen into Birbeck granules and providing access to a nonclassical antigen-processing pathway.

# Clinical significance
Langerin on mucosal Langerhans cells of the human genital epithelium binds to HIV-1 and subsequently internalizes it into Birbeck granules to be degraded.
Lentinan

# Overview
Lentinan is an intravenous anti-tumor polysaccharide isolated from the fruit body of shiitake (Lentinula edodes). Lentinan has been approved as an adjuvant for stomach cancer in Japan since 1985. Lentinan is one of the host-mediated anti-cancer drugs which has been shown to affect host defense immune systems.

# Chemistry
Lentinan is a -1,3 beta-glucan with -1,6 branching. Molecular weight of lentinan is 500,000 Da. Specific rotation +14-22 (NaOH).

# Research
An in vitro experiment showed lentinan stimulated production of white blood cells in the human cell line U937. A pharmacological blend (MC-S) of lentinan, PSK, Ganoderma lucidum and Astragalus propinquus has also been shown to stimulate white blood cell production in vitro.
An in vivo experiment on mice, revealed lentinan is orally active (since clinical use of the drug is administered through an IV).
Limited clinical studies of cancer patients have associated lentinan with a higher survival rate, higher quality of life, and lower re-occurrence of cancer.

# Formulations containing Lentinan
Lentinex is a formulation featuring lentinan and is approved as a safe novel food in the EU.