Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Astragalus
Astragalus (As-tra-ga-lus) is a large genus of about 2,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Common names include milk-vetch (most species) and goat's-thorn (A. gummifera, A. tragacanthus). Some pale-flowered vetches are similar in appearance, but vetches are more vine-like.
Astragalus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the following case-bearers of the genus Coleophora: C. astragalella (feeds exclusively on A. glycyphyllos), C. cartilaginella (feeds exclusively on Astragalus), C. colutella, C. euryaula (feeds exclusively on Astragalus), C. gallipennella (feeds exclusively on A. glycyphyllos), C. hippodromica (feeds exclusively on A. gombo), C. onobrychiella (feeds exclusively on Astragalus), C. polonicella (feeds exclusively on A. arenarius) and C. vicinella.

# Medicinal use
Astragalus membranaceus, or huangqi (, literally "yellow leader"; also called beiqi, , literally "northern leader") is a tonic herb originally used in Chinese medicine. It is believed to be a galactagogue, and recent studies show that it may strengthen the human immune system.
The natural gum tragacanth, which is used in pharmaceuticals and textiles, is obtained from Astragalus tragacanthus. It is claimed to help the immune system, and to increase the body's resistance to common viruses.
In western herbal medicine, Astragalus is primarily considered a tonic for enhancing metabolism and digestion and is consumed as a tea made from the roots of the plant. It is also traditionally used to strengthen the immune system and in the healing of wounds and injuries.
The biotech company Geron Corporation has determined that a molecule from Astragalus membranaceus root called TA-65 is a telomerase activator. According to PRNewswire, TA Sciences, has a license from Geron to sell TA-65 and is now selling it as a neutraceutical anti-aging product at their TA Sciences Center in New York City. 

# Traditional use of huang qi (radix astragali)
- Replenishes the Qi of the Spleen and Stomach
- Causes the Yang Qi of the Spleen and Stomach to Ascend
- Benefits the Qi and consolidates the surface, controls sweating
- Promotes urination and disperses swelling caused by a deficiency pattern
- Promotes the discharge of pus and speeds healing
- Tonifies and nourishes the Qi and Blood
- Used for Wasting and Thirsting syndrome (diabetes)
It enters the Lung and Spleen meridians and its properties are Sweet and Slightly Warm
Contraindications: Deficient Yin with Heat, Exterior Excess Heat
Notes: Prepare with Honey to tonify Spleen and Stomach Qi, with wine to tonify the essence or with salt to tonify the Kidneys.

# Ornamental use
Several species, including A. alpinus (bluish-purple flowers), A. hypoglottis (purple flowers) and A. lotoides, are grown as ornamental plants in gardens.

# External references
- Astragalus
- Medicinal uses of Astragalus in Armenia
- Astragalus Supplements
- Astralagus information
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Astrovirus
An astrovirus is a type of virus that infects humans. They have been poorly studied due to the fact that they do not grow in culture. Astroviruses belong to the family Astroviridae along with a virus known as mamastrovirus. They were first described in the year 1975 using electron microscopes during an outbreak of diarrhoea. Astrovirus has a non-segmented, single stranded, positive sense RNA genome within a non-enveloped icosahedral capsid.

# Effects
Members of a relatively new virus family, the astroviridae, astroviruses are now recognised as a major cause of gastroenteritis in children and adults.  They are non-enveloped viruses displaying cubic symmetry, approximately 28-30nm in diameter.  The genome consists of a positive sense single strand of RNA encoding a varying array of structural proteins.
A study of intestinal disease in the UK, published in 1999 determined incidence as 3.8/1000 patient years in the community (95%CI, range2.3-6.4), the fourth most common known cause of viral gastroenteritis.  Studies in the USA have detected astroviruses in the stools of 2-9% of children presenting symptoms; illness is most frequent in children of less than two years, although outbreaks among adults and the elderly have been reported.  Early studies carried out in Glasgow demonstrated that a significant proportion of babies excreting virus particles, 12%, did not exhibit gastrointestinal symptoms, and seroprevalence studies carried out in the US have shown that 90% of children have antibody to HastV-1 by age 9, suggesting that (largely asymptomatic) infection is common.  There is, as with most viral causes of gastroenteritis, a peak of incidence in the winter.
Symptoms include diarrhoea, headache, malaise and nausea, vomiting being a less common complaint, and are usually milder than those experienced with rotavirus infection, and as a result dehydration is less severe.  Incubation takes 3-4 days, and symptoms persist for less than 5 days in uncomplicated cases.
Diagnosis is achieved using electron microscopy; immune amplification is not necessarily required due to large numbers of virus particles in the stools.  ELISAs, immunofluorescence, and nucleic acid based techniques have all been used.
Treatment may not be required, rehydration using oral rehydration therapy helps maintain electrolyte balance.  There is potential for development of vaccination as it appears infection proffers some short-term protection against viruses of the same serotype.

# Differential diagnosis
Astrovirus infection must be differentiated from other causes of viral, bacterial, and parasitic gastroentritis.
8Small bowel diarrhea: watery, voluminous with less than 5 WBC/high power field
Large bowel diarrhea: Mucousy and/or bloody with less volume and more than 10 WBC/high power field
 It could be as high as 1000 based on patient's immunity system.
The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate inflammatory causes of chronic diarrhea
Nude mouse
A nude mouse is a genetic mutant that has a deteriorated or removed thymus gland, resulting in an inhibited immune system due to a greatly reduced number of T cells.  The phenotype, or main outward appearance of the mouse is a lack of body hair, which gives it the "nude" nickname.  The nude mouse is valuable to research because it can receive many different types of tissue and tumor grafts, as it mounts no rejection response.  These xenografts are commonly used in research to test new methods of imaging and treating tumors.  The genetic basis of the nude mouse mutation is a disruption of the FOXN1 gene .

# Nomenclature
The nomenclature for the nude mouse has changed several times since their discovery. Originally they were described as nu and this was updated to Hfh11nu when the mutated gene was identified as a mutation in the HNF-3/forkhead homolog 11 gene.  Then in 2000 the gene responsible for the mutation was identified as a member of the Fox gene family and the nomenclature was updated to Foxn1nu.

# History and significance
Nude mice have been bred since at least 1937. Because it lacks a thymus, nude mice cannot generate mature T lymphocytes. Therefore they are unable to mount most types of immune responses, including:
- antibody formation that requires CD4+ helper T cells
- cell-mediated immune responses, which require CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells
- delayed-type hypersensitivity responses (require CD4+ T cells)
- killing of virus-infected or malignant cells (requires CD8+ cytotoxic T cells)
- graft rejection (requires both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells)
Because of the above features, nude mice have served in the laboratory to gain insights into the immune system, leukemia, solid tumors, AIDS and other forms of immune deficiency as well as leprosy.
Moreover, the absence of functioning T cells prevents nude mice from rejecting not only allografts, but they cannot even reject xenografts; that is, grafts of tissue from another species.

# Genetics
To create an athymic mouse, the researcher may remove genetic material from chromosome 11 which harbors the gene for Foxn1; alternatively, one could simply remove the thymus from the mouse within 24 hours of birth. Usually, the latter method is preferred as it is economically feasible and does not rely on genetic processes, including radioimmunoassays, which are often unreliable.
Athymic mice are most often bred rather than produced by either of the processes mentioned above. Since nude females have underdeveloped mammary glands and are unable to effectively nurse their young, nude males are bred with heterozygous females.

# Nobel Prize
The concept of a "nude mouse" is the brainchild of Rosalyn Yalow. In 1977, she was awarded half the Nobel Prize for Medicine, for the development of the radioimmunoassays, mentioned above.
Clofibrate

# Overview
Clofibrate (tradename Atromid-S) is an organic compound.  It is marketed as a fibrate. It is a lipid-lowering agent used for controlling the high cholesterol and triacylglyceride level in the blood. It increases lipoprotein lipase activity to promote the conversion of VLDL to LDL, and hence reduce the level of VLDL. It can increase the level of HDL as well.

# Complications and controversies
It can induce SIADH, syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone ADH (vasopressin).
The World Health Organization Cooperative Trial on Primary Prevention of Ischaemic Heart Disease using clofibrate to lower serum cholesterol observed excess mortality in the clofibrate-treated group despite successful cholesterol lowering (47% more deaths during treatment with clofibrate and 5% after treatment with clofibrate) than the non-treated high cholesterol group. These deaths were due to a wide variety of causes other than heart disease, and remain "unexplained".
Clofibrate was discontinued in 2002 due to adverse affects.

# Synthesis
Atrophin 1
Atrophin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATN1 gene. The encoded protein includes a serine repeat and a region of alternating acidic and basic amino acids, as well as the variable glutamine repeat. The function of Atrophin-1 has not yet been determined. There is evidence provided by studies of Atrophin-1 in animals to suggest it acts as a transcriptional co-repressor.   Atrophin-1 can be found in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of neurons. It is expressed in nervous tissue.

# Function
The function of Atrophin-1 has not been defined yet. It is widely hypothesized that Atrophin-1 functions as a transcriptional co-repressor. A transcriptional co-repressor is a protein that indirectly suppresses the activity of specific genes by interacting with DNA-binding proteins.

# Clinical significance
The ATN1 gene has a segment of DNA called the CAG trinucleotide repeat. It is made up of cytosine, adenine, and guanine. The number of CAG repeats in the ATN1 gene in a healthy person will range from six to thirty-five repeats. CAG repeats that exceed thirty-five can cause a gain-of-function mutation in ATN1. Studies have supported the idea that mutated Atrophin-1 gathers in neurons and disrupts cell function. The sequence of the ATN1 gene contains a nuclear localizing signal (NLS) and a nuclear export signal (NES). It has been shown that a mutation of the NES in ATN1 can change where ATN1 localizes, and can cause aggregation to occur in the nucleus. This can lead to an increase in cellular toxicity.
Mutations in ATN1 are associated with a form of trinucleotide repeat disorder known as "dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy" or "dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy". Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia, myoclonic epilepsy, choreoathetosis, and dementia. The disorder is related to the expansion of a trinucleotide repeat within this gene.  In patients with DRPLA, truncated ATN1 has been observed forming intranuclear aggregates that cause cell death. The symptoms of this disorder can be credited to the significant reduction of brain and spinal tissue observed in those afflicted with DRPLA. There are both juvenile-onset and late adult-onset variants of DRPLA, which show differing degrees of severity of specific symptoms.

# Interactions
ATN1 has been shown to interact with:
- BAIAP2,
- MAGI1,
- MAGI2,
- RERE,  and
- WWP2.
Oblimersen

# Overview
Oblimersen (INN, trade name Genasense; also known as Augmerosen and bcl-2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide G3139) is an antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide being studied as a possible treatment for several types of cancer, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, and breast cancer. It may kill cancer cells by blocking the production of Bcl-2a protein that makes cancer cells live longerand by making them more sensitive to chemotherapy.

# History
An antisense oligonucleotide drug Genasense (G3139) has been developed by Genta Incorporated to target Bcl-2. An antisense DNA or RNA strand is non-coding and complementary to the coding strand (which is the template for producing respectively RNA or protein). An antisense drug is a short sequence of RNA which hybridises with and inactivates mRNA, preventing the protein from being formed.
It was shown that the proliferation of human lymphoma cells (with t(14;18) translocation) could be inhibited by antisense RNA targeted at the start codon region of Bcl-2 mRNA. In vitro studies led to the identification of Genasense, which is complementary to the first 6 codons of Bcl-2 mRNA.
These have shown successful results in Phase I/II trials for lymphoma, and a large Phase III trial was launched in 2004.
By the first quarter 2010, Genasense had not received FDA approval due to disappointing results in a melanoma trial. Although safety and efficacy of Genasense have not been established for any use, Genta Incorporated still claims on its website that studies are currently underway to examine the potential role of Genasense in a variety of clinical indications.
Auramine O
Auramine O, also called Basic yellow 2, Pyocatanium aureum, aizen auramine, Pyoktanin Yellow, Canary Yellow, Pyoktanin, or C.I. 41000, is a diarylmethane dye used as a fluorescent stain. In its pure form, Auramine O appears as yellow needle crystals. It is very soluble in water and soluble in ethanol.
Auramine O can be used to stain acid-fast bacteria (e.g. Mycobacterium), where it binds to the mycolic acid in its cell wall) in a way similar to Ziehl-Neelsen stain. It can also be used as a fluorescent version of Schiff reagent.
Auramine O can be used together with Rhodamine B as the Truant auramine-rhodamine stain for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It can be also used as an antiseptic agent.

# Safety
Its risk and safety phrases are Template:R22 Template:R24 Template:R40 Template:S36/37 Template:S45.
Avermectin
Avermectin is a family of anti-parasitic drugs whose analogues include ivermectin, selamectin, doramectin and abamectin.

# Avermectin therapy for rodent fur mite infestation
A commonly used therapy in recent times has been based on oral or parenteral administration of avermectins, which are macrocyclic lactones produced by fermentation of the soil micro-organism Streptomyces avermitilis. They show activity against a broad range of nematodes and arthropod parasites of domestic animals at dose rates of 300 microgram/kg or less. Unlike the macrolide or polyene antibiotics, they lack significant antibacterial or antifungal activity (Hotson, 1982).
Avermectin therapy is not without its drawbacks.  Resistance to avermectins has been reported, which suggests use in moderation (Clark, 1995). Research on ivermectin, piperazine, and dichlorvos in combinations also shows potential for toxicity (Toth, 2000).  Avermectin has been reported to block LPS-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor, nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and increase of intracellular concentration of Ca2+ (Victorov, 2003). A proven ectoparasite mitigation method that stresses lab animals less than avermectin oral administration is definitely desirable. Permethrin based treatments such as MiteArrest may be a viable alternative.
Avobenzone
Avobenzone (trade names Parsol 1789, Eusolex 9020, Escalol 517 and others, INCI Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane) is an oil soluble ingredient used in sunscreen products to absorb the full spectrum of UVA rays.  
It is a dibenzoylmethane derivative. Its ability to absorb ultraviolet light over a wider range of wavelengths than many organic sunscreen agents has led to its use in many commercial preparations marketed as "broad spectrum" sunscreens.
Avobenzone was patented in 1973 and was approved in the EU in 1978. It was approved by the FDA in 1988. Its use is approved world wide.
Avobenzone has been shown to degrade significantly in light, resulting in less protection over time. The UV-A light in a day of sunlight in a temperate climate is sufficient to break down most of the compound. This degradation can be reduced by using a photostabilizer, like octocrylene. Other photostabilizers include:
- 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (USAN Enzacamene)
- Tinosorb S (USAN Bemotrizinol, INCI Bis-Ethylhexyloxyphenol Methoxyphenyl Triazine)
- Tinosorb M (USAN Bisoctrizole, INCI Methylene Bis-Benzotriazolyl Tetramethylbutylphenol)
- Butyloctyl Salicylate
- Hexadecyl Benzoate
- Butyloctyl Benzoate
- Mexoryl SX (USAN Ecamsule, INCI Terephthalylidene Dicamphor Sulfonic Acid)
- Corapan TQ (INCI Diethylhexyl 2,6-Naphthalate)
- Parsol SLX (INCI Polysilicone-15)
- Oxynex ST (INCI Diethylhexyl Syringylidene Malonate)
Complexing avobenzone with cyclodextrins may also increase its photostability.
According to some studies, "the most effective sunscreens contain avobenzone and titanium dioxide."   The combination with TiO2 is approved for use in the EU, but in the US the FDA has yet to approve this, stating (in 1997) that "until complete and adequate data have been submitted, the agency has no basis to allow other avobenzone combinations" (containing titanium dioxide).(this is wrong)  Avobenzone can degrade faster in light in combination with mineral UV absorbers like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, though with the right coating of the mineral particles this reaction can be reduced.  A manganese doped titanium dioxide may be better than undoped titanium dioxide to improve avobenzone's stability.
Avobenzone reacts with minerals to form colored complexes. Manufacturers of avobenzone, like DSM recommend to include a chelator to prevent this from happening. They also recommend to avoid the inclusion of iron and ferric salts, heavy metals, formaldehyde donors and PABA and PABA esters.
The makers of Coppertone advise that avobenzone binds iron and can cause staining of clothes washed in iron-rich water.
Azlocillin

# Overview
Azlocillin is an acylampicillin antibiotic with an extended spectrum of activity and greater in vitro potency than the carboxy penicillins.
Azlocillin is similar to mezlocillin and piperacillin. It demonstrates antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and, in contrast to most cephalosporins, exhibits activity against enterococci.

# Spectrum of bacterial susceptibility
Azlocillin is considered a broad spectrum antibiotic and can be used against a number of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The following represents MIC susceptibility data for a few medically significant organisms.
- Escherichia coli 1 g/mL - 32 g/mL
- Haemophilus spp. 0.03 g/mL - 2 g/mL
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4 g/mL - 6.25 g/mL
BBX (gene)
HMG box transcription factor BBX also known as bobby sox homolog or HMG box-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BBX gene.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of BBX function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Bbxtm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program, a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty six tests were carried out on homozygous mutant adult mice and four significant abnormalities were observed. A study of body composition found decreases in bone mineral density and content, and a reduction in body length in female mice, while mutants of both sexes showed a reduction in lean body mass. Radiography found that males had abnormal teeth morphology. Females had a decreased heart weight, and both sexes had reduced IgA levels in their plasma.
BCR (gene)
The breakpoint cluster region protein (BCR) also known as renal carcinoma antigen NY-REN-26 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCR gene. BCR is one of the two genes in the BCR-ABL complex, which is associated with the Philadelphia chromosome. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

# Function
Although the BCR-ABL fusion protein has been extensively studied, the function of the normal BCR gene product is not clear. The protein has serine/threonine kinase activity and is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho family GTPases including RhoA.

# Clinical significance
A reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 22 and 9 produces the Philadelphia chromosome, which is often found in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. The chromosome 22 breakpoint for this translocation is located within the BCR gene. The translocation produces a fusion protein that is encoded by sequence from both BCR and ABL, the gene at the chromosome 9 breakpoint.

# Structure
The BCR-ABL oncoprotein oligomerisation domain found at the N-terminus of BCR is essential for the oncogenicity of the BCR-ABL fusion protein. The BCR-ABL oncoprotein oligomerisation domain consists of a short N-terminal helix (alpha-1), a flexible loop and a long C-terminal helix (alpha-2). Together these form an N-shaped structure, with the loop allowing the two helices to assume a parallel orientation. The monomeric domains associate into a dimer through the formation of an antiparallel coiled coil between the alpha-2 helices and domain swapping of two alpha-1 helices, where one alpha-1 helix swings back and packs against the alpha-2 helix from the second monomer. Two dimers then associate into a tetramer.

# Interactions
The BCR protein has been shown to interact with:
- Abl gene,
- CD117,
- CRKL
- FES,
- Grb2,
- GRB10,
- HCK,
- MLLT4,
- PXN,
- PIK3CG,
- PTPN6,
- PTPRT(PTPrho)
- SOS1, and
- XPB.