Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Horimono
Horimono (, , literally carving, engraving) is a word used to describe Japanese Irezumi (Japanese Tattooing) or to describe the carving of images into a sword blade.

# Japanese Irezumi
The Japanese word irezumi (, , , ,  or ) refers to the insertion of ink under the skin to leave a permanent, usually decorative mark, in other words, tattooing. While both terms are often used interchangeably, horimono is generally considered the more polite term.
Tattooing for spiritual and decorative purposes in Japan is thought to extend back to at least the Jomon or paleolithic period (approximately 10000 BCE). Some scholars have suggested that the distinctive cord-marked patterns observed on the faces and bodies of figures dated to that period represent tattoos, but this claim is by no means unanimous. There are similarities, however, between such markings and the tattoo traditions observed in other contemporaneous cultures.
At the beginning of the Meiji period the Japanese government, wanting to protect its image and make a good impression on the West, outlawed tattoos, and irezumi took on connotations of criminality. Nevertheless, fascinated foreigners went to Japan seeking the skills of tattoo artists, and traditional tattooing continued underground.
Tattooing was legalized by the occupation forces in 1945, but unfortunately has retained its image of criminality. For many years, traditional Japanese tattoos were associated with the yakuza, Japan's notorious mafia, and many businesses in Japan (such as public baths, fitness centers and hot springs) still ban customers with tattoos.

# Japanese Swords
Horimono is also called Chokoku () when describing carving pictures into Japanese swords including Katana and Tanto. The carving is used mostly for ceremonial blades due to the inherent weakness in a carved blade. The engravings are created by a Chokokushi (), also called a Horimonoshi () engraver. They come in a huge variety of designs: Kozumi (claws), Kusa kurikara () (Arabesque style), Munenagabori (Created in Munenaga), Rendai (Lotus pedastal), Tokko (a type of indian sword), fruit, dragons, and many others.
Hy's law
Synonyms and keywords: Hy's rule

# Overview
Hy's law is a prognostic indicator based on observations by Hyman J. Zimmerman that drug-induced hepatocellular injury with jaundice is a grave illness, with an estimated mortality rate of 10 to 50 percent.
Hys Law is essentially a translation of Hy Zimmermans observation that pure hepatocellular injury sufficient to cause hyperbilirubinemia is an ominous indicator of the potential for a drug to cause serious liver injury. Thus, a finding of ALT elevation, usually substantial, seen concurrently with bilirubin >2xULN, identifies a drug likely to cause severe DILI (fatal or requiring transplant) at a rate roughly 1/10 the rate of Hys Law cases.

# Historical Perspective
Recognition of the importance of altered liver function, in addition to liver injury, began with Zimmermans observation that drug-induced hepatocellular injury (i.e., aminotransferase elevation) accompanied by jaundice had a poor prognosis, with a 10 to 50 percent mortality from acute liver failure in pretransplantation days. The reason for this now seems clear. Because the liver has a large excess of bilirubin-excreting capacity, injury to hepatocytes sufficient to cause jaundice or even mild hyperbilirubinemia (i.e., a bilirubin >2xULN) represents an extent of liver injury so great that recovery may not be possible in some patients. Zimmermans observation that hepatocellular injury sufficient to impair bilirubin excretion was ominous has been used at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) over the years to identify drugs likely to be capable of causing severe liver injury. The observation of the critical importance of altered liver function has been referred to informally as Hys Law.

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

# Causes

# Differentiating Hy's law from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

## Natural History

## Complications

## Prognosis
Without a hepatic transplant, patients meeting criteria for Hy's Law face a case fatality rate of 10% to 50%.

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Prevention
Tonicity
Tonicity is a measure of effective osmolarity or effective osmolality in cell biology. Osmolality and osmolarity are properties of a particular solution, independent of any membrane. Tonicity is a property of a solution in reference to a particular membrane, and is equal to the sum of the concentrations of the solutes which have the capacity to exert an osmotic                                                                                                                                                                                                                       force across that membrane. Tonicity, also, depends on solute permeability (permeant solutes do not affect tonicity; impermeant solutes do affect tonicity). Tonicity is generally classified in three ranges; hypertonicity, hypotonicity and isotonicity.

# Hypertonicity
A cell in a hypertonic environment is surrounded by a higher concentration of impermeable solute than exists in the inside of the cell. Osmotic pressure directs a net amount of water out of the cell, causing it to shrink.
Hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic solutions are defined in reference to a cell membrane by comparing the tonicity of the solution with the tonicity within the cell.
In animal cells, being in a hypertonic environment results in crenation, where the shape of the cell becomes distorted and wrinkled as water leaves the cell. Some organisms have evolved methods of circumventing hypertonicity; for example, saltwater is hypertonic to the fish that live in it. Since they cannot isolate themselves from osmotic water loss, because they need a large surface area in their gills for gas exchange, they respond by drinking large amounts of water, and                          excreting the salt. This process is called osmoregulation.
In plant cells, the effect is more dramatic.  The cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall, but the cell remains joined to the adjacent cells at points called plasmodesmata.  Thus, the cell takes on the appearance of a pincushion, with the plasmodesmata almost ceasing to function because they have become so constricted. This condition is known as plasmolysis.

# Isotonicity
A cell in an isotonic environment is in a state of equilibrium with its surroundings. When the amount of impermeable solute is the same on the inside and outside of the cell, osmotic pressure becomes equal; the force of water trying to exit and enter the cell balances out. This pressure is what drives hypertonic or hypotonic cells to become isotonic.

# Hypotonicity
The opposite of a hypertonic environment is a hypotonic one, where the net movement of water is into the cell. If the cell contains more impermeable solute than its surroundings, water will enter it. In the case of animal cells, they will swell until they burst; plant cells do not burst, due to the reinforcement their cell wall provides.
Hypnocil
Hypnocil is a fictitious, experimental drug used in the A Nightmare On Elm Street series of movies, specifically in Dream Warriors and Freddy vs. Jason.  As explained in the movies, it is used for the suppression of dreams, but has not yet been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This is true even after the more than 15 years that take place between the two movies it is featured in. Its mechanism is similar to that of anti-epileptic drugs except that it works during sleep time only preventing the REM phase of sleep. It is useful against Freddy Krueger in that he can only affect (and therefore kill) a person who is asleep and dreaming. When a person is on this drug, he is essentially powerless to hurt them.
In the first script for the third Nightmare on Elm Street film written by Wes Craven and Bruce Wagner, it was spelled "Hypnocyl." In this script it was also supposed to be effective in treating manifestations of psychotic disorders and night terrors.

# Side effects
As revealed in deleted scenes from Freddy vs. Jason and in the film's novelization Hypnocil can cause nervousness and even prolonged coma if taken in heavier than recommended doses.
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Hypnotic

# Overview
Hypnotic drugs are a class of drugs that induce sleep (which differentiates them from the sedative category), used in the treatment of insomnia and in surgical anesthesia. Often the treatment of insomnia will not begin with drugs at all. Because many hypnotic drugs are habit-forming, a physician will usually recommend alternative sleeping patterns and exercise before prescribing medication for sleep. This is due to a large number of factors known to disturb the human sleep pattern.
These drugs include barbiturates, opioids, benzodiazepines (not all, hypnotic benzodiazepines are usually more powerful than the others in their group), zolpidem, zaleplon, zopiclone, eszopiclone,  chloral hydrate, chlormethiazole or the antihistamines doxylamine, promethazine, and diphenhydramine. Alcohol is also used as a hypnotic drug.

# Hypnotic Withdrawal

## Differential Diagnosis
- Alcohol withdrawal
- Anxiety disorders
- Essential tremor
- Hypoglycemia
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Seizure due to infections, head injury, poisonings

## DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Withdrawal

# Hypnotic Intoxication

## Differential Diagnosis
- Alcohol use disorders
- Alcohol intoxication
- Delirium
- Traumatic brain injury

## DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Intoxication

# Hypnotic Use Disorder

## Differential Diagnosis
- Alcohol use disorder
- Clinically appropriate use of the medication
- Generalized anxiety disorder
- Multiple sclerosis
- Subdural hematoma

## Epidemiology and Demographics of Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Use Disorder

### Prevalence
The 12 month prevalence of hypnotic or anxiolytic use disorder is:
- 300 per 100,000 (0.3%) among adults 12-17 years old
- 200 per 100,000 among adults 18 years and older

## Risk Factors
- Availability of the substances
- Alcohol use disorder
- Environmental factors
- Early onset of use
- Genetic predisposition
- Peer use of the substance

## DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Sedative, Hypnotic, or Anxiolytic Use Disorder
Hypolith
In Arctic and Antarctic ecology, a hypolith  is a photosynthetic organism that lives 
underneath rocks in climatically extreme deserts such as  Cornwallis Island and Devon Island in the Canadian high Arctic.  The community itself is the hypolithon.
Hypolithons are protected from harsh ultraviolet radiation and wind scouring by their rock, which can also trap moisture.    The rocks are generally translucent to allow for the penetration of light.  Writing in Nature, ecologist Charles S. Cockell of the British Antarctic Survey and Dale Stokes describe how hypoliths reported to date (until 2004) had been found under quartz, which is one of the most common translucent rocks .
However, Cockell reported that on Cornwallis Island and Devon Island, 94-95% of a random sample of 850 opaque dolomitic rocks were colonized by hypoliths, and found that the communities were dominated by cyanobacteria.  The rocks chosen were visually indistinguishable from those nearby, and were about 10cm across; the hypolithon was visible as a greenish coloured band.  Cockell proposed that rock sorting by periglacial action, including that during freezethaw cycles, improves light penetration around the edges of rocks (see granular material and Brazil nut effect).
Cockell and Stokes went on to estimate the productivity of the Arctic communities by monitoring the uptake of sodium bicarbonate labelled with Carbon-14 and found that (for Devon Island) productivity of the hypolithon was comparable to that of plants, lichens, and bryophytes combined (0.8  0.3 g m-2 y-1 and 1  0.4 g m-2 y-1 respectively) and concluded that the polar hypolithon may double previous estimates of the productivity of that region of the rocky polar desert.
Hypusine
Hypusine is an unusual amino acid found in all eukaryotes and in some archaebacteria, but not in eubacteria. The only known protein containing hypusine is eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) and a similar protein found in archaebacteria. In human, two isoforms of eIF-5A have been described: eIF-5A-1 and eIF-5A-2. They are coded by two different genes. This protein is involved in protein biosynthesis and promotes the formation of the first peptide bond. The region surrounding the hypusine residue is highly conserved among the eukaryotes and is essential to the function of eIF-5A.  Thus, hypusine and eIF-5A appear to be vital for the viability and proliferation of eukaryotic cells.
Hypusine is formed in eIF-5A by post-translational modification of one of the lysyl residues. There are two reactions and two enzymes involved:
- 1. Deoxyhypusine synthase catalyzes the cleavage of the polyamine spermidine and transfer of its 4-aminobutyl moiety to the -amino group of one specific lysine residue of the eIF-5A precursor to form deoxyhypusine and 1,3-diaminopropane.
- 2. Deoxyhypusine hydroxylase mediates the formation of hypusine by addition of a hydroxyl group to the deoxyhypusine residue.
An excess of hypusine was found in the urine of children and patients with familial hyperlysinemia.
Hypusine was first isolated from bovine brain by Japanese scientists Shiba et all. in 1971. The name hypusine indicates that the molecule comprises moieties of hydroxyputrescine and lysine.

# Note
-  Shiba T, Mizote H, Kaneko T, Nakajima T, Kakimoto Y., Hypusine, a new amino acid occurring in bovine brain. Isolation and structural determination. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1971 Sep 21;244(3):523-31.
IFA Kits

# Reading an IFA HIV Test Results
An IFA or immunofluorescent assay HIV test is done to examine a tissue sample for the presence or absence of the HIV-1 virus. This is a test that includes blood drawing or plasma samples from the patients and allows them to undergo laboratory analysis to check detectable levels of the antibodies created by the immune system to fight the HIV virus.
1.	The IFA HIV test is basically employed used after the more standard western-blot test or ELISA test has returned a positive or inconclusive result. Physician doesnt regularly execute this type of test for the first-step screening procedure for the HIV virus, though the methods tend to depend from doctor to doctor and clinic to clinic.
2.	When reading a result, make sure to ask assistance from your doctor or the qualified, sexual-health professional who proctored the test. If you dont like to reveal your identity, you can look for an anonymous in-person HIV testing services, particularly in larger cities.
3.	 As needed by the IFA testing, you are asked to give out a blood or plasma sample.
4.	Dont hesitate to ask your physician concerning the techniques utilized when conducting an IFA HIV test. During the IFA testing, there is a particular antibody to the antigens which is produced to combat the HIV-1 virus. They normally employ one of four processes and these are competitive, noncompetitive, heterogeneous or homogeneous-immunoassay testing.  This test is not functional to detect the antibodies formed against the HIV-2 virus, for it is only limited on reading the presence of HIV-1.
5.	Ask your physician to explain the protocol specific to the lab to finally complete the testing on your sample. Laboratories necessitate a precised amount of HIV-1 antigen which is the exact amount varying from lab to lab. It must be presented before concluding a test reactive or positive. 
6.	Undergo a follow-up test if your IFA test gives positive results.
IL1RAPL1
X-linked interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein-like 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1RAPL1 gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the interleukin-1 receptor family and is similar to the interleukin 1 accessory proteins. It is most closely related to interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein-like 2 (IL1RAPL2).

# Clinical significance
This gene and IL1RAPL2 are located at a region on chromosome X that is associated with X-linked non-syndromic mental retardation. Deletions and mutations in this gene were found in patients with mental retardation. This gene is expressed at a high level in post-natal brain structures involved in the hippocampal memory system, which suggests a specialized role in the physiological processes underlying memory and learning abilities.
ISBT 128

# Overview
ISBT 128 is a system for identification, labeling and processing of human blood, tissue, and cellular therapy products using an internationally standardized system. The acronym ISBT stands for the International Society of Blood Transfusion. The number 128 reflects the choice of barcode symbology known as Code 128.

# History
The current version of the ISBT 128 Standard Technical Specification is version 3.0.0; version 1 was first published in 1994, and was intended to replace the ABC Codabar and other similar CODABAR-based standards in use in transfusion medicine at that time with a more secure barcode symbology which contains more information.
The ISBT working group on automation and data processing was joined by the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB), the American Red Cross (ARC), the Department of Defense, and the Health Industry Manufacturers Association in the development of the symbology which was adopted as an international standard.
The International Council for Commonality in Blood Banking Automation (ICCBBA) was established and given the responsibility for implementation and management of the new standard. Guidance from the AABB states that all AABB accredited blood banks must implement ISBT 128 by May 1, 2008.

# How ISBT 128 works
The ISBT 128 system increases the level of standardization in transfusion medicine. Each blood product is given a unique donation identification number which includes an assigned collection facility code. This allows every product to be specifically identified and tracked anywhere in the world. Specific products and blood treatment processes are labeled the same way every time using this system.
The ISBT 128 barcode allows for more information to be coded into a small space and includes an internal check digit to prevent barcode misreads. Each barcode contains two data identifier characters embedded in the barcode that identifies the type of information coded in the barcode (e.g. ABO/Rh, Product Code) followed by the specific unit information which is reproduced in an eye readable format just below the barcode.
The label information is divided into quadrants.  Donor ID (unit number) prints in the upper left quadrant.  ABO/Rh prints in the upper right quadrant. Product code prints in the lower left quadrant. Expiration date/time (down to the hour and minute) print in the lower right quadrant along with any special testing (antigens, CMV, etc.)
ITGB1BP1
Integrin beta-1-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITGB1BP1 gene.
The cytoplasmic domains of integrins are essential for cell adhesion. The protein encoded by this gene binds to the beta1 integrin cytoplasmic domain. The interaction between this protein and beta1 integrin is highly specific. Two isoforms of this protein are derived from alternatively spliced transcripts. The shorter form of this protein does not interact with the beta1 integrin cytoplasmic domain. The longer form is a phosphoprotein and the extent of its phosphorylation is regulated by the cell-matrix interaction, suggesting an important role of this protein during integrin-dependent cell adhesion.

# Interactions
ITGB1BP1 has been shown to interact with KRIT1, LRP2, CD29 and LRP1.
Icaridin
Icaridin, also known as picaridine, KBR 3023, Bayrepel, and hydroxyethyl butyl piperidine carboxylate is an insect repellent owned and manufactured by Lanxess AG. It has a broad efficacy against different insects and is almost colorless and odorless.
The name picaridin was proposed as an International Nonproprietary Name (INN) to the World Health Organization (WHO), but the official name that has been approved by the WHO is icaridin. Bayrepel is a registered trademark of Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany. The product is marketed in the US in Cutter products as picaridin.

# Empirical findings
Icaridin has been reported to be as effective as DEET without the irritation associated with DEET.  According to the WHO, icaridin demonstrates excellent repellent properties comparable to, and often superior to, those of the standard DEET. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends using repellants based on icaridin, DEET, or oil of lemon eucalyptus (which may require more applications), for effective protection against mosquitoes that carry the West Nile virus, Eastern Equine Encephalitis and other illnesses.
Unlike DEET, icaridin does not dissolve plastics.
Iclaprim

# Overview
Iclaprim (INN), codenamed AR-100 and RO-48-2622, is a diaminopyrimidine dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)-inhibiting extended-spectrum antibiotic active against gram positive organisms being developed for the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria. It is structurally related to trimethoprim. In Phase III clinical trials, intravenously-administered iclaprim was found to be as effective as and better tolerated than linezolid in people with skin and soft tissue infections, many caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In vitro, iclaprim is highly active against MRSA, vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to several common antibiotics, and some Gram-negative bacteria.
A new drug application for iclaprim was filed with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in March 2008, and a marketing authorisation application (MAA) was accepted by the European Medicines Agency on August 21, 2008. Phase II clinical trials are being conducted to assess whether iclaprim can be taken by mouth as well as intravenously and whether it is effective for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia.
Iclaprim was granted fast track status by the FDA, but approval of the drug was eventually declined in 2009 and no further development has taken place since then.
Illicium
Illicium (Anise-tree, Anise tree) is a genus of flowering plants containing 42 species of evergreen shrubs and small trees, and is the sole genus in family Illiciaceae. The species are native to the tropical and subtropical regions of eastern and southeastern Asia, southeastern North America, and the West Indies.
- Illicium anisatum (Japanese Star Anise). Southern Japan, Taiwan.
- Illicium arborescens. Taiwan.
- Illicium floridanum (Purple Anise or Florida Anise). Southeastern United States.
- Illicium henryi (Henry's Anise). Southwestern China.
- Illicium lanceolatum. Southern China.
- Illicium mexicanum (Mexican Anise). Mexico.
- Illicium parviflorum (Yellow Anise). Southeastern United States.
- Illicium ternstroemioides. Southern China.
- Illicium verum (Star Anise). Southern China, Vietnam.

# Uses
The fruits of Illicium verum are known as star anise, and are used as a seasoning in Chinese and southeast-Asian cooking. Japanese star anise (Illicium anisatum) is used in Japan to produce incense, but its fruits are toxic if ingested.
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