Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Osteoglycin
Osteoglycin (also called mimecan), encoded by the OGN gene, is a human protein.
This gene encodes a protein which induces ectopic bone formation in conjunction with transforming growth factor beta. This protein is a small proteoglycan which contains tandem leucine-rich repeats (LRR). The gene expresses three transcript variants.
The level of expression of this gene has been correlated with enlarged hearts and more specifically left ventricular hypertrophy.
Sex steroid

# Overview
Sex steroids, also known as gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones which interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors. The term sex hormone nearly always is synonymous with sex steroid.

# Production
Natural sex steroids are made by the gonads (ovaries or testes), by adrenal glands, or by conversion from other sex steroids in other tissues such as liver or fat.

# Functions
Sex steroids play important roles in inducing the body changes known as primary sex characteristics and secondary sex characteristics.
The development of both primary and secondary sexual characteristics is controlled by sex hormones after the initial fetal stage where the presence or absence of the Y-chromosome and/or the SRY gene determine development.

# Synthetic sex steroids
There are also many synthetic sex steroids. Synthetic androgens are often referred to as anabolic steroids. Synthetic estrogens and progestins are used in methods of hormonal contraception. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic estrogen.

# Types
In many contexts, the two main classes of sex steroids are androgens and estrogens, of which the most important human examples are testosterone and estradiol respectively. Other contexts will include progestagen as a third class of sex steroids, distinct from androgens and estrogens. Progesterone is the most important and only naturally occurring human progestagen.
Sex steroids include:
- androgens:
testosterone
androstenedione
dihydrotestosterone
dehydroepiandrosterone
anabolic steroids
- testosterone
- androstenedione
- dihydrotestosterone
- dehydroepiandrosterone
- anabolic steroids
- estrogens:
estradiol
diethylstilbestrol
- estradiol
- diethylstilbestrol
- progestagens:
progesterone
progestins
- progesterone
- progestins
Oviposition
Oviposition is the process of laying eggs by oviparous animals. The turtle is a great example. The turtle often lays eggs in strange places.
Some arthropods, for example, lay their eggs with an organ called the ovipositor.
Reptiles or birds or monetremata also lay eggs.
A major issue for human health is the prevention of oviposition by malaria-bearing anopheles mosquitos. Suggested methods include using floating plants to cover the surface of bodies of stagnant water.
Oxeye daisy
The oxeye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare, syn. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) also known as the marguerite is a widespread flowering plant native to Europe and the temperate regions of Asia. It is one of a number of plants to be called by the common name daisy. It is also sometimes called moon daisy or dog daisy.
It is a perennial prostrate herb with small flower head (not larger than 5 cm) that consists of about 20 white ray flowers and numerous yellow disc flowers, growing on the end of the stem. The stem is mostly unbranched and sprouts laterally from a creeping rootstock.
The leaves are darkgreen on both sides. The basal and middle leaves are petiolate, obovate to spoon-shaped, and serrate to dentate. The upper leaves are shorter, sessile and borne along the stem.
It produces an abundant number of flat seeds without pappus. It spreads also vegetatively by rooting underground stems.
The oxeye daisy is a typical meadow flower, growing in a variety of plant communities such as dry fields, meadows, but also under scrubs, open-canopy forests and waste places. It thrives in a wide range of conditions and prefers heavy and damp soils. It was introduced in parts of North America, Australia and New Zealand, where it is now a common weed displacing native plant species in some areas. It is difficult to control or eradicate, since a new plant can regenerate from rhizome fragments. However, in North Carolina it is planted on roadsides by the highway department.
See also: Yellow oxeye daisy

# Uses
The un-opened buds can be marinated and used in a similar way to capers 

# He loves me, he loves me not
The game "He loves me, he loves me not" (effeuiller la marguerite (in French)) is associated with this flower.
PR interval

# Overview
The PR interval starts at the beginning of the atrial excitation (beginning of the P wave and ends at the beginning of the ventricular excitation (beginning of the QRS complex. It is termed the PQ interval if a Q wave is present. The PR interval measures the time required for an electrical impulse to travel from the atrial myocardium adjacent to the sinoatrial (SA) node to the ventricular myocardium adjacent to the fibers of the Purkinje network.
The duration of the PR interval is normally from 0.10 to 0.21 s. A major portion of the PR interval reflects the slow conduction of an impulse through the AV node, which is controlled by the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Therefore, the PR interval varies with the heart rate, being shorter at faster rates when the sympathetic component predominates, and vice versa. The PR interval tends to increase with age; 
- In childhood:   0.10 - 0.20 sec
- In adolescence: 0.12 - 0.16 sec
- In adulthood:   0.14 - 0.21 sec

# Changes in PR interval
A prolonged PQ interval is a sign of delayed conduction through the atrium and AV node. Pathophysiologically, this can be due to 1st, 2nd or 3rd degree AV block, increased vagal tone , or it can be pharmacologically induced. 
A short PR interval can be seen in the WPW syndrome in which a faster connection exists between the atria and the ventricles.
- Shortens up to a rate of 140 to 150 beats per minute through a withdrawal of parasympathetic tone. 
- PR may increase with increasing rate in the presence of digoxin or if the conducting system is diseased.
- If the atria are artificially paced the PR increases as the paced rate increases.
- Children have shorter PR intervals (0.11 at 1 year).
80% of the PR prolongations ranged from 0.21 to 0.24. In a second study 59 of 19.000 (0.31%) airmen had a PR of 0.24 or more.
- In healthy middle aged men, a prolongation of the PR in the presence of a normal QRS does not affect prognosis and is not related to ischemic heart disease.
- Prolongation can be a normal variant: 67.000 healthy airmen studied and 0.52% found to have a prolonged PR.
- PR prolongation often signifies a delay in the AV node but may reflect intra atrial or His Purkinje disease.

# Shortened PR Interval
A short PR interval is defined as a PR interval of less than 0.12 seconds.  Although a short PR interval may be a normal variant, it is also associated with the presence of an accessory bypass tract (e.g. WPW syndrome and LGL syndrome), and close proximity of the atrial impulse to the AV node such as occurs in a premature atrial beat.  In isorhythmic A-V dissociation, the atrial impulse does not conduct to the ventricle, but the atrium and the ventricle may separately beat at similar rates and the PR interval may vary from beat to beat.

# Prolonged PR Interval
PR prolongation can be a normal variant or can caused by several etiologies which include beta blocker therapy, AV block due to coronary artery disease or rheumatic heart disease, hyperthyroidism.

# Depressed PR Interval
PR segment depression can be caused by acute pericarditis or atrial infarction.
PIGN (gene)
Phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class N is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PIGN gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a protein that is involved in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis. The GPI-anchor is a glycolipid found on many blood cells and serves to anchor proteins to the cell surface. This protein is expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum and transfers phosphoethanolamine (EtNP) to the first mannose of the GPI anchor.

# Clinical aspect
Mutations in PIGN cause                 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia            .
PLATO count

# PLATO reading Log
Please use the spreadsheet to record the number of PLATO films you have read
To record the number of films you have read, please click on the CHECK OUT link to open the log and save to your computer.
PLATO CHECK OUT
To save your new version of the file, please click on the CHECK IN link and choose the "upload a new version of this file" option
PLATO CHECK IN
POP1 (gene)
Ribonucleases P/MRP protein subunit POP1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the POP1 gene.

# Function
POP1 is a protein subunit of two different small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complexes: the endoribonuclease for mitochondrial RNA processing complex and the ribonuclease P complex. This protein is a ribonuclease that localizes to the nucleus and functions in pre-RNA processing.

# Clinical significance
POP1 is also an autoantigen in patients suffering from connective tissue diseases. Mutations in the POP1 gene result in severe anauxetic dysplasia.

# Interactions
POP1 (gene) has been shown to interact with POP4.
PPIE (gene)
Peptidylprolyl isomerase E (cyclophilin E), also known as PPIE, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the PPIE gene on chromosome 1. As a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family, this protein catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds, which allows it to facilitate folding or repair of proteins. In addition, PPIE participates in many biological processes, including mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis, and inflammation, as well as related diseases and conditions, such as ischemic reperfusion injury, AIDS, influenza, and cancer.

# Structure
Like other cyclophilins, PPIE forms a -barrel structure with a hydrophobic core. This -barrel is composed of eight anti-parallel -strands and capped by two -helices at the top and bottom. In addition, the -turns and loops in the strands contribute to the flexibility of the barrel. In particular, PPIE contains two RNA-binding domains at the N-terminal and a 165-bases long PPIase domain at the C-terminal. The PPIase domain is homologous to PPIA and can be bound and inhibited by CsA.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family. PPIases catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and accelerate the folding of proteins.  Generally, PPIases are found in all eubacteria and eukaryotes, as well as in a few archaebacteria, and thus are highly conserved. The PPIase family is further divided into three structurally distinct subfamilies: cyclophilin (CyP), FK506-binding protein (FKBP), and parvulin (Pvn). As a cyclophilin, PPI binds cyclosporin A (CsA) and can be found within in the cell or secreted by the cell. In eukaryotes, cyclophilins localize ubiquitously to many cell and tissue types. In addition to PPIase and protein chaperone activities, cyclophilins function in mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis, immunological response, inflammation, and cell growth and proliferation. PPIE in particular also exhibits RNA-binding activity.

# Clinical significance
Due to the close homology in the PPIase domain between PPIE and PPIA, PPIE may also be involved in the replication process of HIV. Moreover, PPIE helps to prevent infections by influenza A virus. As a cyclophilin, PPIE also binds the immunosuppressive drug CsA to form a CsA-cyclophilin complex, which then targets calcineurin to inhibit the signaling pathway for T-cell activation.
In cardiac myogenic cells, cyclophilins have been observed to be activated by heat shock and hypoxia-reoxygenation as well as complex with heat shock proteins. Thus, cyclophilins may function in cardioprotection during ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Currently, cyclophilin expression is highly correlated with cancer pathogenesis, but the specific mechanisms remain to be elucidated.

# Interactions
PPIE (gene) has been shown to interact with CsA and MLL.
PSCA (gene)
Prostate stem cell antigen is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSCA gene.
This gene encodes a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell membrane glycoprotein. In addition to being highly expressed in the prostate it is also expressed in the bladder, placenta, colon, kidney, and stomach. This gene has a nonsynonymous nucleotide polymorphism at its start codon.

# Clinical significance
This gene is up-regulated in a large proportion of prostate cancers and is also detected in cancers of the bladder and pancreas.
Paco (drug)
Paco (Spanish, Pasta de Cocaina) is a smokable, cheap, and highly addictive street drug.  It is a chemical byproduct left over when Andean coca leaves are turned into a paste and then formulated into cocaine bound for US and European markets. Formerly considered lab trash, the substance became popular in the impoverished Argentinian neighborhoods after the country's 2001 financial collapse. 
Because the drug is smoked rather than sniffed, the physiological impacts are addictive and can cause lasting physical damage. Buenos Aires' provincial government says that intense paco consumption can cause "cerebral death" in as little as six months. In Argentina, paco usually goes for about 30 cents (USD) a dose, enough for a powerful two-minute high. 
Kelly Hearn wrote:
- Users describe being hooked by the first use, of needing more, sacrificing everything and eventually ending up as bone-thin, wraith-like addicts who sell clothes and household appliances, turn to crime, all to keep up the flow of dosis, or packets that cost around 30 cents and provide a high that lasts only a few minutes.
- Leonardo Gorbacz, a national lawmaker who was involved in the study headed by Elisa Carrio, said Argentine government officials estimate 400,000 doses of paco are consumed each day in Argentina.
Soft palate

# Overview
The soft palate (or velum, or muscular palate) is the soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth.  The soft palate is distinguished from the hard palate at the front of the mouth in that it does not contain bone.

# Function
It is movable, consisting of muscle fibers sheathed in mucous membrane, and is responsible for closing off the nasal passages during the act of swallowing.
The soft palate's motion during breathing is responsible for the sound of snoring.  Touching the soft palate evokes a strong gag response in most people.
The soft palate also functions during speech to separate the oral cavity (mouth) from the nose, in order to produce the oral speech sounds. If this separation is incomplete, air escapes through the nose during speech and the speech is perceived as hypernasal.

# Muscles of soft palate

# Additional images
- Soft palate without tonsils (after tonsillectomy)
- Mouth (oral cavity)
- Mouth
- Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx.
- The mouth cavity. The cheeks have been slit transversely and the tongue pulled forward.
Paneth cell

# Overview
Paneth cells provide host defense against microbes in the small intestine. They are functionally similar to neutrophils. When exposed to bacteria or bacterial antigens, Paneth cells secrete a number of antimicrobial molecules into the lumen of the crypt, thereby contributing to maintenance of the gastrointestinal barrier. Paneth cells are named after Joseph Paneth (18571890), Austrian physician.

# Stem cells
Small intestinal crypts house stem cells that serve to constantly replenish epithelial cells that die and are lost from the villi.
Protection of these stem cells is essential for long-term maintenance of the intestinal epithelium, and the location of Paneth cells adjacent to stem cells suggests that they play a critical role in defending epithelial cell renewal.

# Secretions

## Defensins
The principal defense molecules secreted by Paneth cells are alpha-defensins, also known as cryptdin. These peptides have hydrophobic and positively-charged domains that can interact with phospholipids in cell membranes. This structure allows defensins to insert into membranes, where they interact with one another to form pores that disrupt membrane function, leading to cell lysis. Due to the higher concentration of negatively-charged phospholipids in bacterial than vertebrate cell membranes, defensins preferentially bind to and disrupt bacterial cells, sparing the cells they are functioning to protect.
Paneth cells are stimulated to secrete defensins when exposed to bacteria (both Gram positive and negative types) or such bacterial products as lipopolysaccharide, muramyl dipeptide and lipid A.

## Other secretions
In addition to defensins, Paneth cells secrete lysozyme and phospholipase A2, both of which have clear antimicrobial activity. This battery of secretory molecules gives Paneth cells a potent arsenal against a broad spectrum of agents, including bacteria, fungi and even some enveloped viruses.
Parasitemia
Parasitemia is the quantitative content of parasites in the blood. It is used as a measurement of parasite load in the organism and an indication of the degree of an active parasitic infection. Systematic measurement of parasitemia is important in many phases of the assessment of disease, such as in diagnosis and in the follow-up of therapy, particularly in the chronic phase, when cure depends on ascertaining a parasitemia of zero.
The methods to be used for quantifying parasitemia depends on the parasitic species and its life cycle. For instance, in malaria, the number of plasmodia can be counted using an optical microscope, on a special thick film (for low parasitemias) or thin film blood smear (for high parasitemias).
The use of molecular biology techniques, such as PCR has been more and more used  as a tool to measure parasitemia, specially in patients in the chronic phase of disease. In this technique, blood samples are obtained from the patient, and specific DNA of the parasite is extracted and amplified by PCR.
Parasuicide
Parasuicide refers to suicidal gestures, risky behavior likely to result in death, or unsuccessful suicide attempts.
Examples of suicidal gestures include cutting in which the cut is not deep enough to cause significant blood loss, or taking a non-lethal overdose of medication. This differs from self-harm in that, in self-harm, the person's primary intention is to injure himself. These gestures are typically done to alert others to the seriousness of the suicidal person's clinical depression and suicidal ideation, as they are usually treated as an actual suicide attempt by others, including hospital staff. Despite the parasuicidal person having no intention of dying, sometimes suicidal gestures result in actual suicide.
Risky behaviors such as speeding or disregarding traffic laws, or abusing drugs, are considered parasuicide when the person shows total disregard for whether his actions result in his or her death.
Unsuccessful suicide attempts result from either miscalculations in the suicide plan (such as not taking enough pills to reach lethal dose), intervention from others or hospitalization, pure chance, or the suicidal person changing his mind after he has started his suicide attempt. These people are at high risk of attempting suicide again.

# Epidemiology
Nearly half of all suicides are preceded by an attempt at suicide that does not end in death. Those with a history of such attempts are significantly more likely eventually to end their own lives than those without.
A suicidal act that did not end in death is commonly called a "suicide attempt" or a "suicidal gesture", with the distinction being that the goal of a suicide attempt is the death of the individual. Those who attempt to harm themselves are, as a group, quite different from those who actually die from suicide; females attempt suicide much more frequently than males do, but males are four times more likely to die from suicide. Therefore, females commit more parasuicides, at least as far as suicidal gestures and attempts are concerned. Regardless of the intention of the parasuicide, it must be treated seriously, due to the risk of future suicide attempts by these individuals.
Parvalbumin
Parvalbumin is a calcium-binding albumin protein with low molecular weight (typically 9-11 kDa).
It has three EF hand motifs and is structurally related to calmodulin and troponin C. Parvalbumin is found in fast-contracting muscles, where its levels are highest, as well as in the brain and some endocrine tissues.
Parvalbumin is a small, stable protein containing EF-hand type calcium binding sites. It is involved in calcium signaling. Typically, this protein is broken into three domains, domains AB, CD and EF, each individually containing a helix-loop-helix motif. The AB domain houses a two amino-acid deletion in the loop region, whereas domains CD and EF contain the N-terminal and C-terminal, respectively.
Calcium binding proteins like parvalbumin play a role in many physiological processes, namely cell-cycle regulation, second messenger production, muscle contraction, organization of microtubules and phototransduction. Therefore, calcium-binding proteins must distinguish calcium in the presence of high concentrations of other metal ions. The mechanism for the calcium selectivity has been extensively studied. Alterations in the function of parvalbumin-expressing neurons have been implicated in various areas of clinical interest such as Alzheimer's disease, age-related cognitive defects and some forms of cancer.

# Location and function
Parvalbumin (PV) is present in GABAergic interneurons in the nervous system, especially the reticular thalamus, and expressed predominantly by chandelier and basket cells in the cortex. In the cerebellum, PV is expressed in Purkinje cells and molecular layer interneurons. In the hippocampus, PV+ interneurons are subdivided into basket, axo-axonic, bistratified, and oriens-lacunosum moleculare (O-LM) cells, each subtype targeting distinct domains of pyramidal cells.
PV interneurons' connections are mostly perisomatic (around the cell body of neurons). Most of the PV interneurons are fast-spiking. They are also thought to give rise to gamma waves recorded in EEG.
PV-expressing interneurons represent approximately 25% of GABAergic cells in the primate DLPFC.  Other calcium-binding protein markers are calretinin (most abundant subtype in DLPFC, about 50%) and calbindin. Interneurons are also divided into subgroups by the expression of neuropeptides such as somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin.

# Role in pathology
Decreased PV and GAD67 expression was found in PV+ GABAergic interneurons in schizophrenia.
PV has been identified as an allergen causing fish allergy.
Pat Simmons
Dr. Pat Simmons (born November 21, 1974 in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian curler. Simmons has skipped team Saskatchewan in four straight the Brier from 2005 to 2008.
Simmons made it to his first Brier in 2005 after winning his first provincial championship. He skipped Saskatchewan to a 6-5 finish, in a four-way tie for fifth place, out of the playoffs.
In 2006, Simmons skipped Saskatchewan to a 5-6 finish at the Brier, out of the playoffs, tied for eighth place.
In 2007, Simmons had a much better record, finishing 7-4, but narrowly missed the playoffs once again, finishing in fifth place.
In 2008, Simmons finally skipped Saskatchewan to a playoff spot at the Brier, finishing the round robin in second place with a 9-2 record. However, he lost in the semi-final in an extra end to Ontario, skipped by Glenn Howard