Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Lilium lancifolium
Lilium lancifolium (syn. L. tigrinum) is a species of lily native to eastern Guam, in China, Korea and Japan. It is one of several species of lily to which the common name Tiger lily is applied, and the species most widely so known.
Like other true lilies, the flowers are borne on an erect stem 80200 cm tall, clothed with the more or less linear leaves 69 cm long and 12 cm broad.  It is one of a very small number of species that produce aerial bulblets, known as bulbils, in the leaf axils along the stem.  These can be used to propagate the plant.   Flowers on the plant last for a short period of time before they wither and are replaced by newer flowers.
While most parts of the plant are edible for humans, the pollen is considered poisonous.   All parts of the plant are toxic to cats, resulting in kidney failure in a few days after eating it.

# Cultivation and uses
It is cultivated in Asia for its edible bulb. It is also grown as an ornamental plant for its bold flowers, and has become naturalised in parts of North America.
Used in homeopathy as a medicine for myopic astigmia.
Named sub-species in cultivation include;
- flaviflorum (Macho), yellow flowers.
- fortunei (Manly), large form with woolly stems,
- splendens (Monkey), vigorous plant with larger flowers.
Lipid polymorphism

# Overview
Polymorphism in biophysics is the aspect of the behaviour of lipids that influences their long-range order, i.e. how they aggregate.  This can be in the form of spheres of lipid molecules (micelles), pairs of layers that face one another (lamellar phase, observed in biological system as a lipid bilayer), a tubular arrangement (hexagonal), or various cubic phases (Fd3m, Im3m, Ia3m, Pn3m, and Pm3m being those discovered so far).  More complicated aggregations have also been observed, rhombohedral, tetragonal and orthorhombic phases have been observed.
It forms an important part of current academic research in the fields of membrane biophysics (polymorphism), biochemistry (biological impact) and organic chemistry (synthesis).
Determination of the topology of a lipid system is possible by a number of methods, the most reliable of which is x-ray diffraction.  This uses a beam of x-rays that are scattered by the sample, giving a diffraction pattern as a set of rings.  The ratio of the distances of these rings from the central point indicates which phase(s) are present.
The structural phase of the aggregation is influenced by the ratio of lipids present, temperature, hydration, pressure and ionic strength (and type).
Lobelia cardinalis
Lobelia cardinalis, the Cardinal Flower, is a perennial that grows 2-4 feet tall and is found in wet places, streambanks, and swamps. Leaves are lanceolate  to oval and toothed. The plant flowers during the summer, with vibrant red blooms cited by Roger Tory Peterson as "America's favorite".  A white form is also known.  Discovered in Canada by explorers, it was sent back to France in the mid 1620s.  The name Cardinal flower was in use by 1629, likely due to the similarity of the flower's colour to the miters of Roman Catholic Cardinals . It can be found in North America from New Brunswick,  to Florida to Texas to Minnesota, though it is most concentrated in Southern Ontario, New Brunswick, Michigan, and Minnesota
North American indigenous peoples used root tea for a number of intestinal ailments and syphilis.  Leaf teas were used by them for bronchial problems and colds, inter alia. The Meskwaki people used it as part of an inhalant against catarrh. Although related to tobacco, it was apparently not smoked, but may have been chewed.  The plant contains a number of alkaloids. As a member of the genus Lobelia, it is considered to be potentially toxic.
Lobelia cardinalis is related to two other wildflowering plants common to the Eastern United States: Indian Tobacco and Great Lobelia, all of which display the characteristic "lip" petal near the opening of the flower and the "milky" liquid the plant excretes. It has been known to cause an upset in the digestive system when consumed.

# Notes
-  Donaldson, Cathy. Cardinal FlowerSpectacular Scarlet Blossoms That Hummingbirds Adore Plants & Gardens News Volume 14, Number 3; Fall 1999. online at Brooklyn Botanic Garden. accessed 23 May 2006.
-  Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 Foster, Steven  and James A. Duke. Eastern/Central Medicinal Plants, "Peterson Field Guides", Houghton, Mifflin 1990 edn. ISBN 0-395-92066-3
-  Peterson, Roger Tory and Margaret McKenny. Wildflowers; Northeastern/North-central North America,"Peterson Field Guides", Houghton, Mifflin 1968 edn. ISBN 0-395-91172-9.
-  Guedon, Marie-Francoise. Sacred Smudging in North America, Walkabout Press 2000
Muscularis externa
The muscular coat (or muscular layer, or muscular fibers, or muscularis propria, or muscularis externa) is a region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the mucous membrane. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis.
It usually has two distinct layers of smooth muscle:
- inner and "circular"
- outer and "longitudinal"
However, there are some exceptions to this pattern.
- In the stomach, there are three layers to the muscularis externa.
- In the upper esophagus, part of the externa is skeletal muscle, rather than smooth muscle.
The inner layer of the muscularis externa forms a sphincter at two locations of the alimentary canal:
- in the pyloric stomach, it forms the pyloric sphincter
- in the anal canal, it forms the anal sphincter

# Additional images
- Wall of the ureter.
- Layers of stomach wall.
- Section of the human esophagus. Moderately magnified.
- Section of duodenum of cat. X 60.
- Vertical section of bladder wall.
Longitudinal study

# Overview
A longitudinal study is a correlational research study that involves repeated observations of the same items over long periods of time, often many decades.
Longitudinal studies are often used in psychology to study developmental trends across the life span. The reason for this is that unlike cross-sectional studies, longitudinal studies track the same people, and therefore the differences observed in those people are less likely to be the result of cultural differences across generations. Longitudinal studies are also used in medicine to uncover predictors of certain diseases.
Because longitudinal studies are observational, in the sense that they observe the state of the world without manipulating it, it has been argued that they may have less power to detect causal relationships than do experiments. But because of the repeated observation at the individual level, they have more power than cross-sectional observational studies, by virtue of being able to exclude time-invariant unobserved individual differences, and by virtue of observing the temporal order of events.
Longitudinal studies are beneficial in portraying the similarities and differences between several traits over several individuals over the course of several years, often decades.
Longitudinal studies allow social scientists to distinguish short from long-term phenomena, such as poverty. If the poverty rate is 10% at a point in time, this may mean that 10% of the population are always poor, or that the whole population experiences poverty for 10% of the time. It is not possible to conclude which of these possibilities is the case using one-off cross-sectional studies.
Types of longitudinal studies include cohort studies and panel studies. Cohort studies sample a cohort, defined as a group experiencing some event (typically birth) in a selected time period, and studying them at intervals through time. Panel studies sample a cross-section, and survey it at (usually regular) intervals.
A retrospective study is a longitudinal study that looks back in time. For instance a researcher may look up the medical records of previous years to look for a trend.

# (Longitudinal) Study Designs
- Case study
- Case series
- Cohort study
- Case-control study
- Randomized database study

# Examples
- Born in Bradford
- British Household Panel Survey
- Busselton Health Study
- Dunedin Longitudinal Study
- Framingham Heart Study
- German Socio-economic Panel Study
- Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey
- Luxembourg Income Study (LIS)
- Minnesota Twin Family Study
- National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
- Panel Study of Belgian Households
- Panel Study on Income Dynamics
- Seven Up!
- Wisconsin Longitudinal Study

## Repeated Cross-Sectional Surveys
- General Social Survey
- World Values Survey
Lorazepam overdose

# Overdosage topics
General information
Symptoms
Management
Flumazenil

## General information
In postmarketing experience, overdose with Lorazepam has occurred predominantly in combination with alcohol and/or other drugs. Therefore, in the management of overdosage , it should be borne in mind that multiple agents may have been taken.  Return to top

## Symptoms
Overdosage of benzodiazepines is usually manifested by varying degrees of central nervous system depression ranging from drowsiness to coma. In mild cases, symptoms include drowsiness, mental confusion, paradoxical reactions, dysarthria and lethargy. In more serious cases, and especially when other drugs or alcohol were ingested, symptoms may include ataxia, hypotonia, hypotension,cardiovascular depression, respiratory depression, hypnotic state, coma, and death. Return to top

## Management
General supportive and symptomatic measures are recommended; vital signs must be monitored and the patient closely observed. When there is a risk of aspiration, induction of emesis is not recommended. Gastric lavage may be indicated if performed soon after ingestion or in symptomatic patients. Administration of activated charcoal may also limit drug absorption. Hypotension, though unlikely, usually may be controlled with norepinephrine bitartrate injection. Lorazepam is poorly dialyzable. Lorazepam glucuronide, the inactive metabolite, may be highly dialyzable.   Return to top

## Flumazenil
The benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil may be used in hospitalized patients as an adjunct to, not as a substitute for, proper management of benzodiazepine overdose. The prescriber should be aware of a risk of seizure in association with flumazenil treatment, particularly in long-term benzodiazepine users and in cyclic antidepressant overdose.  Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Lumbar lymph trunk
The lumbar trunks are formed by the union of the efferent vessels from the lateral aortic lymph glands.
They receive the lymph from the lower limbs, from the walls and viscera of the pelvis, from the kidneys and suprarenal glands and the deep lymphatics of the greater part of the abdominal wall.
Ultimately, the lumbar trunks empty into one the cisterna chyli, a dilatation at the beginning of the thoracic duct.
Luminous intensity

# Overview
In photometry, luminous intensity is a measure of the wavelength-weighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction, based on the luminosity function, a standardized model of the sensitivity of the human eye. The SI unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd), an SI base unit.
Photometry deals with the measurement of visible light as perceived by human eyes. The human eye can only see light in the visible spectrum and has different sensitivities to light of different wavelengths within the spectrum. When adapted for bright conditions (photopic vision), the eye is most sensitive to greenish-yellow light at 555 nm. Light with the same radiant intensity at other wavelengths has a lower luminous intensity. The curve which measures the response of the human eye to light is a defined standard, known as the luminosity function. This curve, denoted V(\lambda) or \overline{y}(\lambda), is based on an average of widely differing experimental data from scientists using different measurement techniques. For instance, the measured responses of the eye to violet light varied by a factor of ten.
Luminous intensity should not be confused with another photometric unit, luminous flux, which is the total perceived power emitted in all directions. Luminous intensity is the perceived power per unit solid angle.
Luminous intensity is also not the same as the radiant intensity, the corresponding objective physical quantity used in the measurement science of radiometry.

# Units
Like other SI base units, the candela has an operational definitionit is defined by the description of a physical process that will produce one candela of luminous intensity. By definition, if one constructs a light source that emits monochromatic 540 THz light, and that has a radiant intensity of 1/683 watts per steradian in a given direction, that light source will emit one candela in the specified direction.
The 540 THz frequency used in the definition corresponds to a wavelength of about 555 nm, which is green light near the peak of the eye's response. Since there are about 12.6 steradians in a sphere, the total radiant flux would be about 18.40 mW, if the source emitted uniformly in all directions. A typical candle produces very roughly one candela of luminous intensity.
In 1881, Jules Violle proposed the Violle as a unit of luminous intensity, and it was notable as the first unit of light intensity that did not depend on the properties of a particular lamp. It was superseded by the candela in 1946.

# Usage
The luminous intensity for monochromatic light of a particular wavelength \lambda is given by
where
If more than one wavelength is present (as is usually the case), one must sum or integrate over the spectrum of wavelengths present to get the luminous intensity:
Maculopapular rash

# Overview
A maculopapular rash (little spots or bumpy bumps) is a flat red rash which includes macules and papules by definition. The rash may include pimples or spots similar to those caused by measles.
A macule is a flat discoloured area. A papule is a small raised lump. A maculopapular rash is a flat, red area on the skin that is covered with small confluent bumps.
This type of rash is common in patients experiencing Scarlet fever.
This type of rash can be as a result of large doses of niacin or no flush niacin,(2000 - 2500 mg.) sometimes used for the management of low HDL cholesterol.

# Causes

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order
Mai Huong Hospital
Mai Huong Hospital (or Mai Huong Day Psychiatric Hospital) - a hospital in Hanoi (Vietnam) specialized in mental health.
The hospital provides psychotherapy, medical treatment, consultations, rehabilitation services and is sponsored by Centre for International Mental Health of the University of Melbourne.
The programs for free mental check-ups and counselling for students and schoolchildren are regularly held.
Torus mandibularis

# Overview
Torus mandibularis (pl.  mandibular tori) is a bony growth in the mandible along the surface nearest to the tongue.  Mandibular tori are usually present near the premolars and above the location of the mylohyoid muscle's attachment to the mandible.  In 90% of cases, there is a torus on both the left and right sides, making this finding an overwhelmingly bilateral condition.
The prevalence of mandibular tori ranges from 5% - 40% and are less common than bony growths occurring on the palate, known as torus palatinus.  Mandibular tori are more common in Asian and Inuit populations, and slightly more common in males.  In the United States, the prevalence is 7% - 10% of the population with similar findings between blacks and whites.
It is believed that mandibular tori are caused by several factors.  They are more common in early adult life and are associated with bruxism.  The size of the tori may fluctuate throughout life, and in some cases the tori can be large enough to touch each other in the midline of mouth.  Consequently, it is believed that mandibular tori are the result of local stresses and not solely on genetic influences.
Mandibular tori are usually a clinical finding with no treatment necessary.  It is possible for ulcers to form on the area of the tori due to trauma. The tori may also complicate the fabrication of dentures.  If removal of the tori is needed, surgery can be done to reduce the amount of bone, but the tori may reform in cases where nearby teeth still receive local stresses.
Marsh Labrador Tea
Marsh Labrador Tea, Northern Labrador Tea or Wild Rosemary (Rhododendron tomentosum, formerly Ledum palustre), is a flowering plant in the subsection Ledum of the large genus Rhododendron in the family Ericaceae. It is a low shrub growing to 50 cm (rarely up to 120 cm) tall with evergreen leaves 12-50 mm long and 2-12 mm broad. The flowers are small, with a five-lobed white corolla, and produced several together in a corymb 3-5 cm diameter. They emit strong smell to attract bees and other pollinating insects.
In North America it is found growing in northern latitudes in Greenland, Canada, and Alaska, in Europe south to Germany, and in Asia south to northern China, Korea and Japan. It grows in peaty soils, shrubby areas, moss and lichen tundra.
For its traditional uses in herbal medicine, see Labrador Tea; it has also been traditionally used as a gruit in brewing beer in the Middle Ages. All parts of the plant contain poisonous terpenes that affect central nervous system, causing aggressive behaviour. First symptoms of overdosage are dizziness and disturbances in movement, followed by spasms, nausea and unconsciousness. The mere smell of the plant may cause headache to some people.
Mastalgia overview

# Overview
Mastalgia is usually a benign disorder in young women due to hormonal imbalance during their menstrual cycle. During a menstrual cycle the breasts swell and become lumpy and tender. During a period, the breasts reabsorb the extra fluid inside instead of discharging it, causing breast pain.  A breast exam and a breast ultrasound should be performed to make sure nothing is hidden.

# Classification
Breast pain can be categorized into 2 main clinical patterns, cyclical and non cyclical.

# Treatment

## Prevention
There is not really any way to prevent most breast pain, but wearing a well-fitting bra for support may help.
Matrix gla protein
Matrix gla protein (MGP) is member of a family of vitamin-K2 dependent, Gla-containing proteins. MGP has a high affinity binding to calcium ions, similar to other Gla-containing proteins. The protein acts as an inhibitor of vascular mineralization and plays a role in bone organization.
MGP is found in number body tissues in mammals, birds, and fish. Its mRNA is present in bone, cartilage, heart, and kidney.
It is present in bone together with the related vitamin K2-dependent protein osteocalcin. In bone, its production is increased by vitamin D.

# Genetics
The MGP was linked to the short arm of chromosome 12 in 1990. Its mRNA sequence length is 585 bases long in humans.

# Physiology
MGP and osteocalcin are both calcium-binding proteins that may participate in the organisation of bone tissue. Both have glutamate residues that are post-translationally carboxylated by the enzyme gamma-glutamyl carboxylase in a reaction that requires Vitamin K hydroquinone.
This process also occurs with a number of proteins involved in coagulation: prothrombin, factor VII, factor IX and factor X, protein C, protein S and protein Z.

# Role in disease
Abnormalities in the MGP gene have been linked with Keutel syndrome, a rare condition characterised by abnormal calcium deposition in cartilage, peripheral stenosis of the pulmonary artery, and midfacial hypoplasia.
Mice that lack MGP develop to term but die within two months as a result of arterial calcification which leads to blood-vessel rupture.
Meckel's cartilage
The cartilaginous bar of the mandibular arch is formed by what are known as Meckels cartilages (right and left) ; above this the incus is developed.
The dorsal end of each cartilage is connected with the ear-capsule and is ossified to form the malleus; the ventral ends meet each other in the region of the symphysis menti, and are usually regarded as undergoing ossification to form that portion of the mandible which contains the incisor teeth.
The intervening part of the cartilage disappears; the portion immediately adjacent to the malleus is replaced by fibrous membrane, which constitutes the sphenomandibular ligament, while from the connective tissue covering the remainder of the cartilage the greater part of the mandible is ossified.

# Additional images
- Vertical section of the mandible of an early human fetus. X 25.
Nasopalatine nerve

# Overview
One branch of the posterior superior nasal branches, longer and larger than the others, is named the nasopalatine nerve (sometimes called the long sphenopalatine nerve).
It enters the nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen, passes across the roof of the nasal cavity below the orifice of the sphenoidal sinus	 to reach the septum, and then runs obliquely downward and forward between the periosteum and mucous membrane of the lower part of the septum.
It descends to the roof of the mouth through the incisive canal and communicates with the corresponding nerve of the opposite side and with the greater palatine nerve.
It supplies the palatal structures around the upper central and lateral incisors (the upper front four teeth).
It also furnishes a few filaments to the mucous membrane of the nasal septum.

# Additional images
- Base of skull. Inferior surface.
Medical statistics
Medical statistics is the field of medicine dealing with applications of statistics to the field of health and medicine.
The use of statistics in any field cannot be underestimated. Statistics is used in health to plan the usage of various health resources as well as evaluate the results of an ongoing health project.
Medical statistics forms an important curriculum in the field of students of health as well as mathematics.
Medical statistics is an important research as well as application field.

# Applications
Medical statistics finds applications in the fields of public health, forensic medicine, as well as clinical sciences.
While the use of medical statistics in environmental health, public health, health services and forensic medicine is for the diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, in the clinical sciences and other fields of medicine, they are used as a research tool.
Medical statistics also provides an input in the development of algorithms used in the treatment of various conditions.
They help in the formulation of national health policies and keep track of the disbursion of helath services availability.
Many medical machines use algorithms developed using meical statistics for the prediction of future outcomes of the patients monitored.