Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Foaming agent
A foaming agent is a surfactant, which when present in small amounts, facilitates the formation of a foam, or enhances its colloidal stability by inhibiting the coalescence of bubbles.
Sodium laureth sulfate, or sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), is a detergent and surfactant found in many personal care products (soaps, shampoos, toothpaste etc.). It is an inexpensive and very effective foamer. Sodium lauryl sulfate (also known as sodium dodecyl sulfate or SLS) and ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS) are commonly used alternatives to SLES in consumer products. While SLS is a known irritant, some evidence and research suggest that SLES can also cause irritation after extended exposure.
Also, a foaming agent is a material that will decompose to release a gas under certain conditions (typically high temperature), which can be used to turn a liquid into a foam. For example,  powdered titanium hydride is used as a foaming agent in the production of metal foams, as it decomposes to form titanium and hydrogen gas at elevated temperatures. Zirconium(II) hydride is used for the same purpose.
Body donation

# Overview
Body donation is the donation of the whole body after death for medical research and education. For years, only medical schools accepted whole bodies for donation. Only the legal next-of-kin(s) of the deceased can provide the necessary consent for donation if the donor did not provide it to the specific accepting program prior to death.
Body donation is useful for understanding the human body and for advancing science. Medical schools will cover the cost of cremation or burial once the cadaver has served its medical purpose and is returned to the family for interment. Any person wishing to donate their body may be required to make prior arrangements with the local medical school or university before death. These organizations use whole embalmed bodies to teach anatomy to medical students. Individuals may request a consent form and will supply information about policies and procedures that will take place after the potential donor is deceased. 
Body donation is legally available with the consent of the individual prior to death or the legal next of kin after death.
Body donation is not regulated through licensure and inspection by the federal government and most states. The legal right for an individual to choose body donation is governed by the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act which has been largely adopted by most states. Laws relating to the transportation and disposition of human bodies apply.

# Body donation in the UK
Body donation in the UK is governed by the Human Tissue Authority under the auspices of the Human Tissue Act 2004. The HTA licenses and inspects establishments, such as medical schools, which teach anatomy using donated bodies. Under the Human Tissue Act, written consent must be given prior to death; consent cannot be given by anyone else after death.
Body stuffers
Heroin overdose in a number of cases, can occur accidentally in a group of people called as 'body packers' and 'body stuffers'. Body stuffers usually stuff their rectum or vagina with bags of heroin in an attempt to illegally smuggle them into a country. Since these bags are not specially designed to store drug in the body, there are chances that they might actually rupture leading to accidental poisoning/overdose.
For more information on dealing with an accidental overdose resulting from rupture of these packets, please click here.

# Reference
-  Simson, LR. (1976). "Sudden death while attempting to conceal illegal drugs: laryngeal obstruction by a package of heroin". J Forensic Sci. 21 (2): 378380. PMID 1262836. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help).mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  Roberts, JR.; Price, D.; Goldfrank, L.; Hartnett, L. (1986). "The bodystuffer syndrome: a clandestine form of drug overdose". Am J Emerg Med. 4 (1): 247. PMID 3947429. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
Bone turnover
Bone remodeling is a life long process where old bone is removed from the skeleton (a sub-process called bone resorption) and new bone is added (a sub-process called ossification or bone formation). These processes also control the reshaping or replacement of bone during growth and following injuries. Remodeling responds to functional demands and muscle attachments. As a result bone is added where needed and removed where it is not required.
In the first year of life, almost 100% of the skeleton is replaced. In adults, remodeling proceeds at about 10% per year.
An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two sub-processes, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.
Bootstrapping

# Overview
As an allusion to lifting oneself up by one's own bootstraps, the term bootstrapping means using a special process to perform a task that one would be unable to do in general.  In particular, it is used in the following contexts:
- Bootstrapping (computing), starting a computer or building complex tools after building simple tools that allow for the creation of the more complex tools.  Shortened to booting to describe the process of starting up a computer.
Bootstrapping (compilers), writing a compiler for a computer language using the language itself.
- Bootstrapping (compilers), writing a compiler for a computer language using the language itself.
- Bootstrapping (linguistics), a theory of language acquisition.
- Bootstrapping (physics), axiomatic sets.
- Bootstrapping (statistics), a modern, computer-intensive, general purpose approach to statistical inference.
- Bootstrapping (law), a rule preventing hearsay in conspiracy cases.
- Bootstrapping  (electronics), a form of positive feedback in analog circuit design.
- Bootstrapping  (business), to start a business without external help (capital).
- Bootstrapping  (finance), the method to create the spot rate curve.
- Bootstrapping  (corporate finance), when a financial sponsor gains control of a majority of a target company's equity through the use of borrowed money or debt.
- Bootstrapping (science fiction), giving advanced technology to a race less technologically advanced than one's own.
- Operation Bootstrap ("Operacion Manos a la Obra") is the name given to the ambitious projects which industrialized Puerto Rico in the mid-20th century.
- William "Bootstrap Bill" Turner, a character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series.
Botryomycosis
Botryomycosis; also known as bacterial pseudomycosis is a rare chronic granulomatous bacterial infection that affects the skin, and sometimes the viscera. The disease was originally discovered by Otto Bollinger (1843-1909) in 1870, and its name was coined by Sebastiano Rivolta (1832-1893) in 1884. The name refers to its grape-like granules (Gr. botryo = grapes) and the mistakenly believed fungal etiology (Gr. mykes = fungus). In 1919 the bacterial origin of the infection was discovered. Botryomycosis has been known to affect humans, horses, cattle and swine.
Staphylococcus aureus is usually the organism that causes the infection, however it can also be caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or several other species of bacteria. The anatomic structure of its lesion is similar to that of actinomycosis and mycetoma, and its granules resemble the sulfur granules of actinomycosis.
There are only a handful of documented cases of botryomycosis in humans, and its pathogenesis is not completely understood. However, it is usually described in individuals with impaired immunity, or with an underlying disease such as diabetes mellitus, cystic fibrosis or HIV infection.
Brain mapping

# Overview
Brain mapping is a set of neuroscience techniques predicated on the mapping of (biological) quantities or properties onto spatial representations of the (human or non-human) brain resulting in maps. All neuroimaging can be considered part of brain mapping. Brain mapping can be conceived as a higher form of neuroimaging, producing brain images supplemented by the result of additional (imaging or non-imaging) data processing or analysis, such as maps projecting (measures of) behaviour onto brain regions (see fMRI). Brain Mapping techniques are constantly evolving, and rely on the development and refinement of image acquisition, representation, analysis, visualization and interpretation techniques. Functional and structural neuroimaging are at the core of the mapping aspect of Brain Mapping.

# History
In the late 1980s in the United States, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Science was commissioned to establish a panel to investigate the value of integrating neuroscientific information across a variety of techniques. Of specific interest is using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), positron emission tomography (PET) and other non-invasive scanning techniques to map anatomy, physiology, perfusion, function and phenotypes of the human brain. Both healthy and diseased brains may be mapped to study memory, learning, aging, and drug effects in various populations such as people with schizophrenia, autism, and clinical depression. This led to the establishment of the Human Brain Project. Following a series of meetings, the International Consortium for Brain Mapping (ICBM) evolved. The ultimate goal is to develop flexible computational brain atlases.

# Current atlas tools
- Talairach Atlas, 1988
- Harvard Whole Brain Atlas, 1995
- MNI Template, 1998 (the standard template of SPM and International Consortium for Brain Mapping)
Breast health

# Cancer

# Breast Pain

# Infections and inflammations
These may be caused among others by trauma, secretory
stasis/milk engorgement, hormonal stimulation, infections
-r autoimmune reactions.
Repeated occurrence unrelated to lactation requires
endocrinological examination.

# Pre-malignant diseases
- Carcinoma in situ, a pre-malignant condition which can progress to a malignant cancer

# Malignant diseases
Malignant diseases include:
- Breast cancer
- Pagets disease of the nipple, also known as Pagets disease of the breast

# Benign conditions
Benign conditions include:
- Congenital disorders
inverted nipple
supernumerary nipples/supernumerary breasts (polymazia / polymastia) /duplicated nipples
- inverted nipple
- supernumerary nipples/supernumerary breasts (polymazia / polymastia) /duplicated nipples
- Aberrations of normal development and involution
cyclical nodularity
breast cysts
fibroadenoma - benign tumor
gynecomastia (males)
nipple discharge, galactorrhea
mammary fistula
- cyclical nodularity
- breast cysts
- fibroadenoma - benign tumor
- gynecomastia (males)
- nipple discharge, galactorrhea
- mammary fistula
- Fibrocystic disease / Fibrocystic changes
cysts
epithelial hyperplasia
epithelial metaplasia
papillomas
adenosis
- cysts
- epithelial hyperplasia
- epithelial metaplasia
- papillomas
- adenosis
- Pregnancy-related
galactocoele
- galactocoele

# Fibrocystic Breast Condition
Also called:  fibrocystic breast disease, Chronic cystic mastitis, Diffuse cystic mastopathy, Mammary dysplasia

# Discharge from the nipples

# Abnormal  nipples
Nipples

# Inverted nipples
Inverted nipple

# Hygiene

# Mastitis
- bacterial mastitis
mastitis from milk engorgement or secretory stasis
mastitis of mumps
chronic intramammary abscess
chronic subareolar abscess
tuberculosis of the breast
syphilis of the breast
retromammary abscess
actinomycosis of the breast
Mondors disease
duct ectasia syndrome
breast engorgement
- bacterial mastitis
- mastitis from milk engorgement or secretory stasis
- mastitis of mumps
- chronic intramammary abscess
- chronic subareolar abscess
- tuberculosis of the breast
- syphilis of the breast
- retromammary abscess
- actinomycosis of the breast
- Mondors disease
- duct ectasia syndrome
- breast engorgement
Bremelanotide
Bremelanotide (formerly PT-141) is the generic term for a new medication for use in treating sexual dysfunction in men (erectile dysfunction or impotence) as well as sexual dysfunction in women (sexual arousal disorder). It is the only known synthetic aphrodisiac. Unlike Viagra and other related medications, it does not act upon the vascular system, but directly increases sexual desire. Bremelanotide is a spray introduced nasally.

# Development
Originally, the peptide Melanotan II that bremelanotide was developed from was tested as a sunless tanning agent. In initial testing, Melanotan II did induce tanning but additionally caused sexual arousal and spontaneous erections as unexpected side effects in nine out of the ten original male volunteer test subjects. In clinical studies, bremelanotide has been shown to be effective in treating male sexual and erectile dysfunction as well as female sexual dysfunction. It is currently being tested by Palatin Technologies.
A Phase III clinical trial was scheduled to begin in the first half of 2007, but was delayed until August 2007.  On August 30th, Palatin announced that the FDA had expressed serious concerns regarding the benefit/risk ratio of bremelanotide   with regards to the side effect of increased blood pressure.  The FDA also stated that they would consider alternate uses for bremelanotide, including as a treatment for individuals who do not respond to more established ED treatments.

# Structure
Bremelanotide is a cyclic hepta-peptide lactam analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) that activates the melanocortin receptors MC3-R and MC4-R in the central nervous system. It has the amino acid sequence Ac-Nle-cyclo-OH or cyclo-alpha-MSH-(4-10). PT-141 is a metabolite of Melanotan II that lacks the C-terminal amide function. Its molecular formula is C50H68N14O10 with a molecular weight of 1025.2.
Brinell scale
The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. It is one of several definitions of hardness in materials science.
Brinelling refers to surface fatigue caused by repeated impact or overloading. It is a common cause of roller bearing failures, and loss of preload in bolted joints when a hardened washer is not used. Engineers will use the Brinell hardness of materials in their calculations to avoid this mode of failure. Fretting corrosion can cause a similar-looking kind of damage and is called false brinelling since  the mechanism is different.
Proposed by Swedish engineer Johan August Brinell in 1900, it was the first widely used and standardised hardness test in engineering and metallurgy. The large size of indentation and possible damage to test-piece limits its usefulness.
The typical test uses a 10 mm diameter steel ball as an indenter with a 3,000 kgf (29 kN) force. For softer materials, a smaller force is used; for harder materials, a tungsten carbide ball is substituted for the steel ball. The indentation is measured and hardness calculated as:
where:

# Common Values
When quoting a Brinell Hardness Number (BHN or, more commonly, HB), the conditions of the test used to obtain the number must be specified. The standard format for specifying tests can be seen in the example "HBW 10/3000". "HBW" means that a tungsten (chemical symbol W, from the German Wolfram) carbide ball indenter was used, as opposed to "HBS", which means a hardened steel ball. The "10" is the ball diameter in millimeters. The "3000" is the force in kilograms force.

# Standards
- International (ISO) and European (CEN) Standard
- EN ISO 6506-1 : Metallic materials - Brinell hardness test - Part 1 : test method.
- EN ISO 6506-2 : Metallic materials - Brinell hardness test - Part 2 : verification and calibration of testing machine.
- EN ISO 6506-3 : Metallic materials - Brinell hardness test - Part 3 : calibration of reference blocks
- US standard (ASTM International)
- ASTM E10 : : Standard method for Brinell hardness of metallic materials.

# Links
Rockewell to Brinell Conversion chart:
Brittle nails
Synonyms and keywords: Onychorrhexis; longitudinal split of nail

# Overview
Brittle nails is a condition where the nails are fragile and break frequently.

# Causes

## Common Causes
It can be due to an infection or a nutritional disorder, but they can also be an indication of several other medical conditions, including iron deficiency, anemia, hypothyroidism, impaired kidney function, circulation problems, and biotin deficiency.

## Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Anemia
- Anorexia nervosa
- Biotin deficiency
- Bulimia
- Circulation problems
- Excessive strong soap and water exposure
- Hypothyroidism
- Impaired kidney function
- Infection
- Iron deficiency
- Nail polish remover
- Nutritional disorder
- Oral retinoid therapy
- Witkop syndrome

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination
Brittle nails can also be considered as nails that show signs of splitting.
Image shown below is courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission  PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology
- Splitting

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Brittle nails affects up to 20% of the population.

# Treatment

## Primary prevention
Some solutions that have been proposed include vitamin supplements, gelatin, glucosamine, reducing the use of nail polish, and ensuring proper moisture.
Bromo-Seltzer
Bromo-Seltzer (acetaminophen,  sodium bicarbonate, and citric acid), is an antacid used to relieve pain occurring together with heartburn, upset stomach, or  acid indigestion. Originally produced by the Emerson Drug Company, Bromo-Seltzer is sold in the United States in the form of effervescent granules which must be mixed with water before ingestion.
In the days of classic radio, it was known for its slogan which was repeated rhythmically in imitation of a railroad steam engine: "BRO-mo-Selt-zer, BRO-mo-Selt-zer, ..." There is also a clock tower in Baltimore, Maryland, known as the Bromo-Seltzer Tower, and has the name written on the face of the clock. It is based on the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence, Italy, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The product took its name from a component of the original formula, sodium bromide; it contained 3.2 mEq/teaspoon of this active ingredient.  Bromides are a class of tranquilizers that were withdrawn from the American market in 1975 due to their toxicity.  Their sedative effect probably accounted for Bromo-Seltzer's popularity as a hangover remedy.

# Trivia
In the 1950's, the Emerson Drug Company devoted their talents into creating a tablet that dissolved in water to create a soft drink. The product was marketed as Fizzies.
In the Rodgers and Hart song "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered" from their 1940 musical Pal Joey, "Bromo-Seltzer" is mentioned in the opening verse:  "After one whole quart of brandy/Like a daisy I awake/With no Bromo-Seltzer handy,/I don't even shake..."
In the Coen brother's film The Hudsucker Proxy the two cab drivers, acting as chorus, in the diner scene order "bromo" for indigestion caused by eating the diner's "Special".
In the Broadway musical Hairspray, "bromo" is mentioned in the song "Without Love". The main character, Tracy Turnblad, along with the ensemble, sings:
"...without love
Life is like my dad without his bromo..."
In the Dick Tracy comic strip from October 30, 1978, the character Vitamin Flintheart is drinking a glass of "bromo".
In "A Streetcar Named Desire", a play by Tennessee Williams, the character Blanche DuBois rubs her forehead and says, "Sometime today I've got to get hold of a bromo!"
Brugia timori

# Overview
Brugia timori is a human filarial parasitic nematode (roundworm) which causes the disease Timor filariasis.  While this disease was first described  in 1965, the identity of Brugia timori as the causative agent was not known until 1977.   In that same year, Anopheles barbirostris was shown to be its primary vector.

# Characteristics of Brugia Timori
The microfilariae of Brugia timori are longer and morphologically distinct from those of Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti, with a cephalic space length-to-width ratio of about 3:1.  Also, the sheath of B. timori does not stain pink with Giemsa stain as is observed with B. malayi and W. bancrofti.

# Brugia Timori Filariasis
Like other human filariasis infections, Brugia timori filariasis causes acute fever and chronic lymphedema.  The life cycle of Brugia timori is very similar to that of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, leading to nocturnal periodicity of the disease symptoms.
So far Brugia timori has only been found in the lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia.  It is locally confined to areas inhabited by its mosquito vector, which breeds in rice fields.  One study of the prevalence of infection in Mainang village, Alor Island, found microfilariae in the blood of 157 of 586 individuals (27%), with 77 of them (13%) exhibiting lymphedema of the leg.

# Treatment
Anthelmintics such as diethylcarbamazine and albendazole have shown promise in the treatment of Brugia timori filariasis.  Some researchers are confident that Brugia timori filariasis may be an eradicable disease.
Bulbus cordis

# Overview
When the developing heart assumes its S-shaped form, the bulbus cordis lies ventral to the primitive ventricle.  Together, the bulbus cordis and the primitive ventricle give rise to the ventricle of the formed heart.
The adjacent walls of the bulbus cordis and ventricle approximate, fuse, and finally disappear, and the bulbus cordis now communicates freely with the right ventricle, while the junction of the bulbus with the truncus arteriosus is brought directly ventral to and applied to the atrial canal.
By the upgrowth of the ventricular septum the bulbus cordis is in great measure separated from the left ventricle, but remains an integral part of the right ventricle, of which it forms the infundibulum.

# Additional images
- Head of chick embryo of about thirty-eight hours incubation, viewed from the ventral surface. X 26
- Diagram to illustrate the simple tubular condition of the heart.
- Heart of human embryo of about fourteen days.
- Human embryo about fifteen days old. Brain and heart represented from right side. Digestive tube and yolk sac in median section.
Burr (cutter)

# Overview
Burrs (sometimes called rotary files) are small cutters used in die grinders, rotary tools or dentist's drills. The name may be considered appropriate when their small sized head (3 mm diameter shaft) is compared to that of a seed of the burr (fruit)|burr fruit.
To maintain the correct surface speed and cutting conditions they are rotated at the highest speed possible, commensurate with their size and construction. The cutters shown in the image are made from tungsten carbide which allows them to run at higher speeds than similar High speed steel|HSS cutters, yet still maintain their cutting edges.
Burrs (the tools) are also used in Cnc|CNC machining centers for removing Burr (metal)|burrs (the small flakes of metal) after a machining process.
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