Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Stinky tofu
Stinky tofu  is a form of fermented tofu, which, as the name suggests, has a strong odor.  It is a popular snack in East and Southeast Asia, particularly China, Taiwan, and Indonesia  where it is usually found at night markets or roadside stands, or as a side dish in lunch bars.

# Preparation
Wide regional and individual variations exist in manufacture and preparation.  Most typically, it consists of tofu, which has been marinated in a brine made from fermented vegetables for as long as several months.  The brine can also include dried shrimp, amaranth greens, mustard greens, bamboo shoots, and Chinese herbs.
Stinky tofu can be eaten cold, steamed, stewed, or most commonly, fried. It is often accompanied by chili sauce.  The color varies from the golden fried Zhejiang-style to the black typical of Hunan-style stinky tofu .
From a distance, the odor of stinky tofu is said to resemble that of rotten garbage or manure, even by its enthusiasts. In spite of stinky tofu's smell, the flavor is surprisingly mild.  Some have compared it to the taste of blue cheese. It is said the more it smells, the better its flavor. Many foreigners, and even many Chinese and Taiwanese people detest stinky tofu, particularly on first encountering it.

# Regional

## China
Stinky tofu is made and consumed in different ways in various areas of China. For example, the types of dried stinky tofu made in Changsha and Shaoxing are both very popular, but they are made with different methods, and the resulting flavors are very different. The most famous shop for stinky tofu in Changsha makes the tofu with yellow soybeans marinated in seasoning. The stinky tofu sold in Tianjin is mostly made in the Nanjing style, with a mild aroma.

## Hong Kong
This has been another one of the street trademark food along with fishball and beef ball. The street style is rather plain.  It is deep fried fresh at street hawker stalls and sometimes dai pai dong.  It is purchased by the bag, and is well known for the grease and oil. It goes with hoisin sauce as the tradition.

## Taiwan
In Taiwan, stinky tofu is also served with goose blood in a Sichuan mala soup.
Stiripentol

# Overview
Stiripentol (marketed as Diacomit by Laboratoires BIOCODEX) is an anticonvulsant drug used in the treatment of epilepsy.
It is unrelated to other anticonvulsants and belongs to the group of aromatic allylic alcohols.

# Mechanism of action
As with most anticonvulsants, the precise mechanism is unknown. It has been shown to have anticonvulsant effects on its own. It can prevent the reuptake of GABA and inhibit its metabolism.
It also improves the effectiveness of many other anticonvulsants, possibly due to it inhibiting certain enzymes. This slows the drug's metabolism, increasing blood plasma levels.

# Approval history

## E.U.
- December 2001 - Treatment of severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI). EU orphan designation number EU/3/01/071.
Stiripentol has very limited availability.

# Indications and usage
It is indicated as an adjunctive therapy with sodium valproate and clobazam for treating severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI, also know as Dravet's syndrome). Children with SMEI develop often intractable seizures during their first year of life and mental retardation follows. Small-scale trials have show remarkably high response rates, with a significant minority of those treated becoming seizure free.
In addition, it may be used to treat refractory childhood epilepsy in conjunction with carbamazepine. It appears to be less effective in adolescents and adults.

# Dosing
Stiripentol is available as a gelatine capsule (250mg, 500mg) and as a sachet of powder to make a drinkable suspension (250mg, 500mg).
Initial dose is 50 mg/kg per day. This may be increased up to 100 mg/kg per day, with a maximum of 4g. The dose to be divided into two or three with meals. The does of other anticonvulsants may have to be reduced (possibly up to 50%).

# Side effects
Side effects are largely due to the increase in plasma concentrations of other anticonvulsants and can be reduced by lowering the does of those drugs. Nausea and vomiting are particularly noted when used in combination with sodium valproate.

# Drug interactions
Stiripentol inhibits several cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and so interacts with many anticonvulsants and other medicines. This is both a strength and weakness. It appears to increase the potency of phenobarbital, primidone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, clobazam and diazepam. For example, blood levels of carbamazepine can be maintained whist reducing the dose by 50%.
Stomatology

# Overview
Stomatology is an international training course in specialised medicine recognised in the European Union relating to the mouth and its diseases.  It requires a minimum of 3 years' university training beyond the medical degree (MD), and it also generally forms part of a dental degree. The specialty is defined within Europe under the Medical Directive 2001/19/EC.

# Focus
The study of stomatology includes, but is not limited to, the following:
1.1. At the sickness of parodentium:
a)extraction of a dental deposit of over gingival and sub gingival
Manual
Piezon-master
b) teaching of hygiene of the oral cavity
c) Hygiene control
d) medial treatment of gingival periodontal canal
e) Flap operation
f) application of medical  protective band
g) selective filing
h) temporary splinting
2. At the disease of mucous membrane.
2.1. Take material for oral cavity:
- Cytological analysis
- diorrological analysis
- bacterioscopic analysis
2.2. Application irrigation by medicinal agent has done:
- anaesthetization
- anti-infective agent anaesthetization
- enzyme anaesthetization
-  by keratoplasty
2.3. Injections Done:
- by pharmaceutical composition
- blockades
- preventive/initial/teeth handling by anticarious agent
- cutter choice
2.3 Preparation of carious cavity of different appearance
- by Bleck
- for composite materials
- tooth stopping with amalgam
- composite material of chemical rejection and light rejection
- glass ionomers cement  20 teeth and glass ionomers inset
- polish and burnish the stopping
- utilization of modern matrix and retainer during the stopping
- utilization of light reflector wedges during the polymnerization of composites
- gluing up by fissure hermetics
- utilization of temporary filing materials, insulating liners
- treatment of deep caries with utilization of modern liners
- sandwich  technics
- make insets direct method
- utilization of parapulpal nail for the renewal of the crown of tooth
- during the trauma and caries of 4 class by Bleck
2.4. Pulpitis treated by:
- pulp devitalization -
- preservation of viable pulp
- utilize the endodontic handpiece
- extract the coronal pulp and root pulp
- determine the (active) length of teeth canals
2.5. Root canals with
- antibacterial preparations
- chemical preparations
String sign

# Overview
String sign is a medical term used in diagnosing Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (HPS).  Specifically, it is a radiographic finding on an Upper GI series in which the infant is given a radio-opaque material, such as barium, to drink.   X-rays are then taken of the infant's stomach and intestines.
If the infant has pyloric stenosis, the pylorus is narrowed and the barium will take on the appearance of a thin string as it passes through this narrowed channel.  Often, there are several of these strings seen (called the "railroad track sign"). The use of the Upper GI series for the diagnosis of HPS, which was the primary diagnostic tool for this condition in the 1980's and 1990's, has been largely replaced by the use of ultrasound, which is less invasive and can visualize the thickened pylorus, giving actual measurements of this thickening.
String sign is also used to describe a narrowed segment in regional ileitis. Among the inflammatory bowel disease, string sign appears in Crohn disease and not Ulcerative colitis making this sign of significance.
Strongylida
The order Strongylida includes many of the important nematodes found in the gastrointestinal tracts of ruminants, horses, and swine, as well as the lungworms of ruminants and, the hookworms of dogs and cats.
This order includes:
- Amidostomatidae
- Ancylostomidae
- Cloacinidae
- Diaphanocephalidae
- Dictyocaulidae
- Globocephalidae
- Heligosomatidae
- Metastrongylidae
- Ollulanidae
- Strongylidae
- Strongylacanthidae
- Syngamidae
- Trichostrongylidae
- Uncinariidae

# Major Families

## Diaphanocepaloidea
These are parasites of lizards and snakes. They have a direct life cycle in soil.

## Ancylostomatoidea
These have very large buccal vavities. They infect the small intestine of mammal carnivores by skin penetration.

## Strongyloidea
These have large buccal capsules with corona radiata. Most of them infect the large intestine by oral ingestion of the larva.

## Trichostrongyloidea
These worms have very small mouths and are found in a large number of hosts

## Metastrongyloidea
All of these parasites go through a snail to infect the lungs or vascular system of mammals, artiodactyls, carnivores, marsupials, and cetacea.
Study phase

# Phase I Trials
These are initial studies to determine the metabolism and pharmacologic actions of drugs in humans (what are called PK/PD studies or pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic studies), the side effects associated with increasing doses (a dose response curve or dose response relationship), and to gain early evidence of effectiveness; may include healthy participants and/or patients.  These are sometimes called a first in man study.

# Phase II Trials
Controlled clinical studies conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug for a particular indication or indications in patients with the disease or condition under study and to determine the common short-term side effects and risks. Sometimes multiple doses will be studied in these trials to select the appropriate dose for further testing in phase III.  These are sometimes called a dose finding study.

# Phase III Trials
Expanded controlled and uncontrolled trials after preliminary evidence suggesting effectiveness   of the drug has been obtained, and are intended to gather additional information  to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the drug and provide and adequate basis for physician labeling. These are also called pivotal trials.

# Phase IV Trials
After the drug has been approved by a regulatory agency, these are post-marketing studies to delineate additional information including the drug's risks,benefits, and optimal use in a broader group of real world patients.
Subluxation

# Overview
A subluxation may have different meanings, depending on the profession or specialty involved. It implies the presence of an incomplete or partial dislocation (Latin: luxatio) of a joint or organ

# Medicine
A medical subluxation is an incomplete or partial dislocation of a joint or organ. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers a subluxation to be a "significant structural displacement, and therefore visible on static imaging studies." In the spine, such a displacement may be caused by a spondylolisthesis.

## Orthopedics
An orthopedic dislocation of any joint will usually need medical attention to help relocate or reduce the joint. Nursemaid's elbow is the subluxation of the head of the radius from the annular ligament. Other joints that are prone to subluxations are the shoulders, fingers, kneecaps, and hips affected by hip dysplasia. A spinal subluxation is relatively rare, but can sometimes impinge on spinal nerve roots causing symptoms in the areas served by those roots.

## Ophthalmology
An ophthalmologic subluxation is called ectopia lentis, an ocular condition characterized by a displaced or malpositioned lens within the eye. Although a relatively rare disorder, subluxated lenses are frequently found in those who have had ocular trauma and those with certain systemic disorders, such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and homocystinuria. Some subluxated lenses may require removal, as in the case of those that float freely or those that have opacified to form cataracts.

# Chiropractic
A chiropractic subluxation is called a vertebral subluxation, which is an historical concept defined by chiropractors as a relatively common condition in which a spinal vertebra has lost its proper juxtaposition with one or both of its neighboring vertebrae. While not as extreme as a luxation, chiropractors believe they interfere with the nervous system. The WHO considers the degree of structural displacement to not necessarily be "visible on static imaging studies." Although research into the significance of the chiropractic vertebral subluxation is ongoing in chiropractic circles, the concept is rejected by mainstream medicine and progressive chiropractors. Campbel et. al.  considered that the disease is the result of spinal nerve dysfunction caused by misplaced (subluxated) vertebrae. Although rejected by medical science, this concept is still accepted by a minority of chiropractors.... Indeed, many progressive chiropractors have rejected the historical concept of the chiropractic subluxation in favor of ones that more accurately describe the nature of the complex joint dysfunctions they treat.
Sudan stain
Sudan staining is the use of Sudan dyes to stain sudanophilic substances, usually lipids. Sudan lysochromes (Sudan II, Sudan III, Sudan IV, Oil Red O, and Sudan Black B) are used.
Sudan dyes have high affinity to fats, therefore they are used to demonstrate triglycerides, lipids, and lipoproteins.
Alcoholic solutions of Sudan dyes are usually used, however pyridine solutions can be used in some situations as well.
Sudan stain test is often used to determine the level of fecal fat to diagnose steatorrhea. Small sample is dissolved in water or saline, glacial acetic acid is added to hydrolyze the insoluble salts of fatty acids, few drops of alcoholic solution of Sudan III are added, the sample is spread on a microscopic slide, and heated twice to boil. Normally, a stool sample should show only a few drops of red-orange stained fat under the microscope. The method is only semiquantitative, however due to its simplicity it is used for screening.
Sulcus sign

# Overview
The Sulcus sign is an orthopedic evaluation test for glenohumeral instability of the shoulder (glenohumeral joint).

# Physical examination technique
This test can be administered with the patient either seated or standing with his arm relaxed at her side.  The examiner palpates the shoulder by placing her thumb and fingers on the anterior and posterior aspects of the humeral head.
The examiner grasps the patient's elbow with her other hand and applies a downward distraction force. With excessive inferior translation, a depression occurs just below the acromion. A positive test will result in a sulcus being formed between the acromion and the humeral head as the humeral head moves inferiorly while the force is being applied.
Sulfadoxine

# Overview
Sulfadoxine (also spelled sulphadoxine) is an ultra-long-lasting sulfonamide previously used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat or prevent malaria. Due to high levels of resistance, its use is no longer recommended routinely.
It is also used, usually in combination with other drugs, to treat or prevent various infections in livestock.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a basic health system.

# Mechanism of action
Sulfadoxine competitively inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, interfering with folate synthesis.

# Synthesis
Suppository
A suppository is a drug delivery system that is inserted either into the rectum (rectal suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository) or urethra (urethral suppository) where it dissolves. They are used to deliver both systemically-acting and locally-acting medications.  The alternative term for delivery of medicine via such routes, is known as a pharmaceutical pessary.
The general principle is that the suppository is inserted as a solid, and will dissolve inside the body to deliver the medicine. (The phrase liquid suppository is also sometimes applied to small syringes injecting a liquid, typically a laxative, into the rectum.)
Vaginal suppositories are commonly used to treat gynaecological ailments, including vaginal infections such as candidiasis.
Rectal suppositories are commmonly used for:
- For laxative purposes, with chemicals such as glycerin or bisacodyl.
- To treat a hemorrhoid by delivering a moisturizer or vasoconstrictor.
- Delivery of many other systemically-acting medications, such as promethazine or aspirin.
- For general medical administration purposes: the substance crosses the rectal mucosa into the bloodstream; examples include paracetamol (acetaminophen), opiates, and eucalyptol suppositories.
Non-laxative rectal suppositories are to be used after defecation, so as not to be expelled before they are fully dissolved and the substance is absorbed.
Alprostadil pellets are urethral suppositories used for the treatment of severe erectile dysfunction.  They are marketed under the name Muse in the United States.  Its use has diminished since the development of oral impotence medications, but is still on the market.
Some suppositories are made from a greasy base, such as cocoa butter, in which the active ingredient and other excipients are dissolved; this grease will melt at body temperature (this may be a source of discomfort for the patient, as the melted grease may pass the anus during flatulences).  Other suppositories are made from a water soluble base, such as polyethylene glycol.  Suppositories made from polyethylene glycol are commonly used in vaginal and urethral suppositories. Glycerin suppositories are made of glycerol and gelatin.
Suppositories may be used for patients in the event it may be easier to administer than tablets or syrups. Suppositories may also be used when a patient has a stomach virus, and oral medication can be thrown up.
Sweet Birch
Sweet Birch (Betula lenta), also known as Black Birch, Cherry Birch, Mahogany Birch, River Birch, or Spice Birch is a species of birch native to eastern North America, from southern Maine west to southernmost Ontario and southern Michigan, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia.
It is a medium-sized deciduous tree reaching 20 m tall with a trunk up to 60 cm diameter. The bark is (unlike most birches) rough, dark blackish-brown, cracking into irregular scaly plates. The twigs, when scraped, have a strong scent of oil of wintergreen. The leaves are alternate, ovate, 5-10 cm long and 4-8 cm broad, with a finely serrated margin. The flowers are wind-pollinated catkins 3-6 cm long, the male catkins pendulous, the female catkins erect. The fruit, maturing in fall, is composed of numerous tiny winged seeds packed between the catkin bracts.
Sweet Birch was used commercially in the past for production of oil of wintergreen before modern industrial synthesis; the tree's name reflects this scent of the shoots.
The sap flows about a month later than maple sap, and much faster. The trees can be tapped in a similar fashion, but must be gathered about three times more often. Birch sap can be boiled the same as maple sap, but its syrup is stronger (like molasses).
The Sweet Birch's leaves serve as food for some lepidopteran caterpillars. See List of Lepidoptera which feed on Birches.

# Gallery
- File:Betula lenta subsps lenta 01-10-2005 14.54.08.JPG
- Birch bark
Birch bark
- 19th century illustration
19th century illustration
Systematics

# Overview
Biological systematics is the study of the diversity of life on the planet Earth, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees (synonyms: cladograms, phylogenetic trees, phylogenies).  Phylogenies have two components, branching order (showing group relationships) and branch length (showing amount of evolution).  Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits (e.g., anatomical or molecular characteristics) and the distribution of organisms (biogeography). Systematics, in other words, is used to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth.
The term "systematics" is sometimes used synonymously with "taxonomy" and may be confused with "scientific classification."  However, taxonomy is properly the describing, identifying, classifying, and naming of organisms, while "classification" is focused on placing organisms within groups that show their relationships to other organisms.  All of these biological disciplines can be involved with extinct and extant organisms.  However, systematics alone deals specifically with relationships through time, requiring recognition of the fossil record when dealing with the systematics of organisms.
Systematics uses taxonomy as a primary tool in understanding organisms, as nothing about an organism's relationships with other living things can be understood without it first being properly studied and described in sufficient detail to identify and classify it correctly.  Scientific classifications are aids in recording and reporting information to other scientists and to laymen.  The systematist, a scientist who specializes in systematics, must, therefore, be able to use existing classification systems, or at least know them well enough to skillfully justify not using them.
Phenetic systematics was an attempt to determine the relationships of organisms through a measure of similarity, considering plesiomorphies (ancestral traits) and apomorphies (derived traits) to be equally informative. From the 20th century onwards, it was superseded by cladistics, which considers plesiomorphies to be uninformative for an attempt to resolve the phylogeny of Earth's various organisms through time.  Today's systematists generally make extensive use of molecular biology and computer programs to study organisms.
Systematics is fundamental to biology because it is the foundation for all studies of organisms, by showing how any organism relates to other living things.
Systematics is also of major importance in understanding conservation issues because it attempts to explain the Earth's biodiversity and could be used to assist in allocating limited means to preserve and protect endangered species, by looking at, for example, the genetic diversity among various taxa of plants or animals and deciding how much of that it is necessary to preserve.
T-complex 1
T-complex protein 1 subunit alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TCP1 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a molecular chaperone that is a member of the chaperonin containing TCP1 complex (CCT), also known as the TCP1 ring complex (TRiC). This complex consists of two identical stacked rings, each containing eight different proteins. Unfolded polypeptides enter the central cavity of the complex and are folded in an ATP-dependent manner. The complex folds various proteins, including actin and tubulin. Alternate transcriptional splice variants of this gene, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.

# Interactions
T-complex 1 has been shown to interact with PPP4C and HDAC3. CCT also directly interacts with lectin type oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) while its ligand oxidized low density lipoprotein (OxLDL) disassociates CCT from LOX-1.
TANK (gene)
TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TANK gene.

# Function
The TRAF (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor) family of proteins associate with and transduce signals from members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. The protein encoded by this gene is found in the cytoplasm and can bind to TRAF1, TRAF2, or TRAF3, thereby inhibiting TRAF function by sequestering the TRAFs in a latent state in the cytoplasm. For example, the protein encoded by this gene can block TRAF2 binding to LMP1, the Epstein-Barr virus transforming protein, and inhibit LMP1-mediated NF-kappa-B activation. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

# Interactions
TANK (gene) has been shown to interact with TANK-binding kinase 1, IKBKE, TRAF2, IKBKG and TRAF3.