Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Lead(II) sulfate
Lead (II) sulfate (sulphate in British English) (PbSO4) is a white crystal or powder. It is also known as white lead, fast white, milk white, sulfuric acid lead salt or anglesite.
It is often seen in the terminals of car batteries, as it is formed when the battery is discharged (when the battery is recharged, then the lead sulfate can be transformed back to metallic lead and sulfuric acid on the negative terminal or lead dioxide and sulfuric acid on the positive terminal). Lead sulfate is poorly soluble in water.

# Toxicology
Lead sulfate is toxic by inhalation, ingestion and skin contact. It is a cumulative poison, and repeated exposure may lead to anemia, kidney damage, eyesight damage or damage to the central nervous system (especially in children). Some lead salts may cause reproductive defects and cardiovascular disturbances. It is also corrosive - contact with the eyes can lead to severe irritation or burns. Typical threshold limit value (above which the substance is harmful) is 0.15 mg/m3.

# Mineral
The naturally occurring mineral anglesite, PbSO4, occurs as an oxidation product of primary lead sulfide ore, galena.

# Basic and hydrogen lead sulfates
A number of lead basic sulfates are known: PbSO4PbO; PbSO42PbO; PbSO43PbO; PbSO44PbO. They are used in manufacturing of active paste for lead acid batteries. A related mineral is leadhillite, 2PbCO3PbSO4Pb(OH)2.
At high concentration of sulfuric acid (>80%), hydrogen lead sulfate, Pb(HSO4)2, forms.
Lesser celandine
Lesser celandine, (Ranunculus ficaria, syn. Ficaria grandiflora Robert Ficaria verna Huds.) is a low-growing, hairless perennial plant, with fleshy dark green, heart-shaped leaves.
According to Gilbert White, a diarist writing around 1800 in the Hampshire village of Selborne, the plants came out on February 21st, but it is more commonly reported to flower from March until May, and is sometimes called the "spring messenger" as a consequence. The flowers are yellow, turning white as they age. Ranunculus ficaria exists in both diploid (2n=16)  and tetraploid (2n=32) forms which are very similar in appearance. However, the tetraploid type prefer more shady locations and frequently develops bulbils at the base of the stalk. These two variants are sometimes referred to as distinct sub-species,R. ficaria ficaria and R. ficaria bulbifer respectively. The plant is found throughout Europe and west Asia and is now introduced  in North America. It prefers bare, damp ground and in the UK it is often a persistent garden weed.
The plant used to be known as Pilewort, as it was used to treat haemorrhoids.  Supposedly the knobbly tubers of the plant resemble piles, and according to the Doctrine of signatures this resemblance suggests that pilewort could be used to cure piles. The German vernacular Scharbockskraut (Scurvywort) derives from the use of the early leaves, which are high in vitamin C, against scurvy.
The poet William Wordsworth was very fond of the flower and it inspired him to write three poems including the following from his ode to the celandine:
Upon Wordsworth's death it was proposed that a celandine be carved on his memorial plaque inside the church of Saint Oswald at Grasmere, but unfortunately the Greater celandine Chelidonium majus was mistakenly used.
In many parts of the northern United States and Canada, lesser celandine is cited as aninvasive species.
Muehrcke's lines
Synonyms and keywords: Leukonychia striata

# Overview
Muehrcke's lines are changes in the fingernail that may be a sign of an underlying medical disorder or condition.

# Causes

## Common Causes
The appearance of Meuhrcke's lines is nonspecific, but they are often associated with decreased protein synthesis, which may occur during periods of metabolic stress (e.g., after chemotherapy) and in hypoalbuminemic states such as the nephrotic syndrome.
An example of Muehrcke's Lines in the context of chemotherapy was published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2007. 

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Chemotherapy
- Nephrotic syndrome

# Physical examination
Muehrcke's lines are white lines that extend all the way across the nail and lie parallel to the lunula (half moon). In contrast to Beau's lines, they are not grooved. The lines are actually in the vascular nail bed underneath the nail plate, and as such, they do not move with nail growth.  Meuhrcke's lines disappear when pressure is placed over the nail, blanching the underlying nail bed.
Linaria vulgaris
Linaria vulgaris (Common Toadflax) is a species of toadflax (Linaria), native to most of Europe and northern Asia, from the United Kingdom south to Spain in the west, and east to eastern Siberia and western China.
It is a perennial plant with short spreading roots, erect to decumbent stems 1590 cm high, with fine, threadlike, glaucous blue-green leaves 2-6 cm long and 1-5 mm broad. The flowers are similar to those of the snapdragon, 25-33 mm long, pale yellow except for the lower lip which is orange, borne in dense terminal racemes from mid summer to mid autumn. The fruit is a globose capsule 5-11 mm long and 5-7 mm broad, containing numerous small seeds.

# Ecology
The plant is widespread on ruderal spots, along roads, in dunes, and on disturbed and cultivated land.
Because the flower is largely closed by its underlip, pollination requires strong insects such as bees and bumblebees (Bombus species).
The plant is foodplant for a large number of insects such as the Sweet-Gale Moth (Acronicta euphorbiae), Mouse Moth (Amphipyra tragopoginis), Silver Y (Autographa gamma), Calophasia lunula, Gorgone Checkerspot (Charidryas gorgone carlota), Toadflax Pug  (Eupithecia linariata), Satyr Pug (Eupithecia satyrata), Falseuncaria ruficiliana, Bog Fritillary (Proclossiana eunomia eunomia), Pyrrhia umbra, Brown Rustic (Rusina ferruginea), and Stenoptilia bipunctidactyla.

# Cultivation and uses
While most commonly found as a weed, toadflax is sometimes cultivated for cut flowers, which are long-lasting in the vase. Like snapdragons (Antirrhinum), they are often grown in children's gardens for the "snapping" flowers which can be made to "talk" be squeezing them at the base of the corolla.
The plant requires ample drainage, but is otherwise adaptable to a variety of conditions.
It has escaped from cultivation in North America where it is a common naturalised weed of roadsides and poor soils; it is listed as an invasive species in several U.S. states and Canadian provinces.

# Other names
Linaria acutiloba Fisch. ex Rchb. is a synonym. Because this plant grows as a weed, it has acquired a large number of local colloquial names, including brideweed, bridewort, butter and eggs (but see Lotus corniculatus), butter haycocks, bread and butter, bunny haycocks, bunny mouths, calf's snout, Continental weed, dead men's bones, devil's flax, devil's flower, doggies, dragon bushes, eggs and bacon (but see Lotus corniculatus), eggs and butter, false flax, flaxweed, fluellen (but see Kichxia), gallweed, gallwort, imprudent lawyer, impudent lawyer, Jacob's ladder (but see Polemonium), lion's mouth, monkey flower (but see Mimulus), North American ramsted, rabbit flower, rancid, ransted, snapdragon (but see Antirrhinum), wild flax, wild snapdragon, wild tobacco (but see Nicotiana), yellow rod, yellow toadflax.
Lindlar catalyst
A Lindlar catalyst is a heterogeneous catalyst that consists of palladium deposited on calcium carbonate and treated with various forms of lead. The lead additive serves to deactivate the palladium sites.  A variety of "catalyst poisons" have been used including lead acetate and lead oxide.  The palladium content of the catalyst is usually 5% by weight. The catalyst is used for the hydrogenation of alkynes to alkenes.
As described by its inventor, the catalyst is prepared by reduction of palladium chloride in a slurry of calcium carbonate followed by adding lead acetate. By this approach, one obtains a catalyst with a large surface area.  Further deactivation of the catalyst with quinoline enhances its selectivity, preventing formation of alkanes. An example of alkyne reduction is the reduction of phenylacetylene to styrene.
Alkyne reduction is stereoselective, occurring via syn addition to give the cis-alkene. The commercial organic synthesis of vitamin A also involves an alkyne reduction with the Lindlar catalyst.
Other heterogeneous catalysts useful for hydrogenation are Adam's Catalyst, Palladium Black, and Raney nickel.
Lindsay Tribunal
The Lindsay Tribunal was set up in Ireland in 1999 to investigate the infection of haemophiliacs with HIV and Hepatitis C from contaminated blood products supplied by the Blood Transfusion Service Board.
There are about 400 haemophiliacs in Ireland. According to the tribunal a 'minimal figure' of 250 haemophilliacs were infected with HIV or Hepatitis C while receiving treatment from the BTSB before 1985.
Haemophilia is a genetic condition where the blood does not clot as quickly as normal due to a deficiency in certain proteins. This means they can suffer from internal bleeding - bruises and sprains can be much more serious for haemophiliacs.
Haemophiliacs may be treated by transfusions of the protein they are deficient in. One source of this protein is from human blood. Heat-treatment of blood products was started in the mid-eighties. Heat-treatment of blood products reduces the probability of infection from them. Since 1992 recombinant proteins are generally used, which contain little, if any, human blood products - and thus have a negligible risk of contamination.
Most of the blood products used by the BTSB were from local donations. However, some of it came from American suppliers which included blood from prisoners and drug addicts, who had a high risk of infection.

# Findings
The Tribunal criticised the National Haemophilia Centre for its slow response to the risk of HIV infection. 
Findings of the Tribunal included:
- Patients were routinely started on home-treatment with possibly-dangerous commercial blood products, after the risk of infection had been discovered.
- Unheated blood products were probably not recalled after the safer heat-treated products became available.
- There was no formal means for communicating with regional centres to stop using unheated blood-products.
- There was an unacceptable delay between testing for HIV and Hepatitis and notification of the results (up to 4 years)

# Links:
Irish Haemophilia Society Website
Article on the Tribunal
Lipothrixviridae
The Lipothrixviridae or Lipothrixvirus family consists of a family of viruses that infect archaea bacteria.  They share characteristics from the Rudiviridae family and both have are filamentous viruses with linear dsDNA genomes that infect thermophilic archaea in the kingdom Crenarchaeota.  Lipothrixviridae are enveloped.

# Literature
-  Arnold, H.P., Zillig, W., Ziese, U., Holz, I., Crosby, M., Utterback, T., Weidmann, J.F., Kristjanson, J.K., Klenk, H.P., Nelson, K.E. and Fraser, C.M. (2000). A novel lipothrixvirus, SIFV, of the extremely thermophilic crenarchaeon Sulfolobus. Virology, 267, 252-266.
-  Bettstetter, M., Peng, X., Garrett, R.A. and Prangishvili, D. (2003). AFV-1, a novel virus infecting hyperthermophilic archaea of the genus Acidianus. Virology, 315, 68-79.
de:Lipothrixviridae
List of emotions
This is a list of emotions.

# Stoic Passions
The Stoics named four primary passions. In On Passions, Andronicus reported the Stoic definitions of these passions (trans. Long & Sedley, pg. 411, modified):
Numerous subdivisions of the same class are brought under the head of the separate passions. The definitions are those of the translation of Cicero's Tusculan Disputations by J. E. King.

## Distress

## Fear

## Lust

## Delight

# Plutchik's wheel of emotions
Robert Plutchik created a wheel of emotions in 1980 which consisted of 8 basic emotions and 8 advanced emotions each composed of 2 basic ones.

# Lojban emotions
The artificial language Lojban has interjections expressing degrees of emotions.  These include:
- Simple emotions
discovery - confusion
gain - loss
generosity - greed
surprise -  no surprise - expectation
wonder - commonplace
happiness - unhappiness
amusement - weariness
completion - incompleteness
courage - timidity - cowardice
pity - cruelty
repentance - lack of regret - innocence
- discovery - confusion
- gain - loss
- generosity - greed
- surprise -  no surprise - expectation
- wonder - commonplace
- happiness - unhappiness
- amusement - weariness
- completion - incompleteness
- courage - timidity - cowardice
- pity - cruelty
- repentance - lack of regret - innocence
- Complex emotions
pride - modesty - shame
closeness -  detachment - distance
complaint/pain - doing OK - pleasure
caution - boldness - rashness - drama
patience - mere tolerance - anger
relaxation - composure - stress
- pride - modesty - shame
- closeness -  detachment - distance
- complaint/pain - doing OK - pleasure
- caution - boldness - rashness - drama
- patience - mere tolerance - anger
- relaxation - composure - stress
- Pure emotions
fear - nervousness - security
togetherness - privacy
respect - disrespect
appreciation - envy
love - indifference - hatred
familiarity - mystery
- fear - nervousness - security
- togetherness - privacy
- respect - disrespect
- appreciation - envy
- love - indifference - hatred
- familiarity - mystery
- Propositional attitudes
attentive - inattentive - avoiding
alertness - exhaustion
intent - indecision - refusal
effort - no real effort - repose
hope - despair
desire - indifference - reluctance
interest - no interest - repulsion
- attentive - inattentive - avoiding
- alertness - exhaustion
- intent - indecision - refusal
- effort - no real effort - repose
- hope - despair
- desire - indifference - reluctance
- interest - no interest - repulsion
- Complex propositional attitudes
permission - prohibition
competence - incompetence
-bligation - freedom
constraint - independence - resistance to constraint
request - negative request
suggestion - no suggestion - warning
understand - confused
- permission - prohibition
- competence - incompetence
- obligation - freedom
- constraint - independence - resistance to constraint
- request - negative request
- suggestion - no suggestion - warning
- understand - confused
Lithium peroxide

# Overview
Lithium peroxide (Li2O2) is a chemical compound. It decomposes above 195C to give lithium oxide, Li2O:

# Preparation
It is prepared industrially by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and lithium hydroxide to produce the hydroperoxide which is then dehydrated:

# Uses
It is used in air purifiers where weight is important e.g. spacecraft to absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen in the reaction:

# Precautions
Lithium peroxide reacts with and should be isolated from water, steam, reducing agents, organic material, metallic oxides and salts.
Locus (genetics)

# Overview
In biology and evolutionary computation, a locus (plural loci) is a fixed position on a chromosome, such as the position of a gene or a biomarker (genetic marker).  A variant of the DNA sequence at a given locus  is called an allele.  The ordered list of loci known for a particular genome is called a genetic map. Gene mapping is the process of determining the locus for a particular biological trait.
Diploid and polyploid cells whose chromosomes have the same allele at some locus are called homozygous, while those that have different alleles at a locus, heterozygous.

# Nomenclature
The chromosomal locus of a gene might be written "6p21.3".
A range of locations is specified in a similar way. For example, the locus of gene OCA1 may be written "11q1.4-q2.1", meaning it is on the long arm of chromosome 11, somewhere in the range of sub-band 4 of band 1, and sub-band 1 of band 2.
The ends of a chromosome are labeled "ptel" and "qtel", and so "2qtel" refers to the telomere of the long arm of chromosome 2.
Low residue diet
A low residue diet is a diet designed to reduce the frequency and volume of stools while prolonging intestinal transit time. It is similar to a low fiber diet, but typically includes restrictions on foods that increase bowel activity, such as milk and milk products and prune juice. A low residue diet typically contains less than 10-15 grams of fiber per day. Long term use of this diet, with its reduced intake of fruits and vegetables may not provide required amounts of vitamin C, calcium, and folic acid.

# General guidelines
Foods to include
- White bread, refined pasta and cereals, and white rice
- Limited servings of canned or well cooked vegetables that do not include skins, seeds, or pulp
- Tender, ground, and well cooked meat, fish, and poultry
- Milk and yogurt (usually limited to 2 cups per day), mild cheese, cottage cheese
- Margarines, butter, vegetable oil, mayo, plain gravies and dressings
- Broth and strained soups from allowed foods
- Pulp free juices
Foods to avoid
- Whole grain breads and pastas, corn bread or muffins, products made with whole grain products, bran, seeds, or nuts
- Strong cheeses, yogurt containing fruit skins or seeds
- Raw vegetables
- Tough meat, meat with gristle
- Crunchy peanut butter
- Millet, buckwheat, flax, oatmeal
- Dried beans, peas, and legumes
- Dried fruits, berries, other fruits with pulp or seeds
- Food containing chocolate, coconut
- Juices with pulp
- Highly spiced food and dressings, pepper, hot sauces
- Caffeine

# Conditions that may require a low residue diet
- 1st & 2nd stages of labour
- Pre- and post- abdominal or intestinal surgery
- Bowel inflammation
- Crohn's disease
- Diverticulitis
- Ulcerative colitis
- Radiation therapy to the pelvis and lower bowel
- Chemotherapy
- Being an Astronaut (as per the Space toilet)
- Preparation for a colonoscopy
Lymphotoxin beta
Lymphotoxin-beta (LT-beta) also known as tumor necrosis factor C (TNF-C) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LTB gene.

# Function
Lymphotoxin beta is a type II membrane protein of the TNF family. It anchors lymphotoxin-alpha to the cell surface through heterotrimer formation. The predominant form on the lymphocyte surface is the lymphotoxin-alpha 1/beta 2 complex (e.g. 1 molecule alpha/2 molecules beta) and this complex is the primary ligand for the lymphotoxin-beta receptor. The minor complex is lymphotoxin-alpha 2/beta 1. LTB is an inducer of the inflammatory response system and involved in normal development of lymphoid tissue. Lymphotoxin-beta isoform b is unable to complex with lymphotoxin-alpha suggesting a function for lymphotoxin-beta which is independent of lymphotoxin-alpha. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.
Pro-tumorigenic function of membrane LT is clearly established: mice with overexpression of LT or LT showed increased tumor growth and metastasis in several models of cancer. However, these studies utilized mice with complete LT gene deficiency that did not allow to distinguish effects of soluble versus membrane-associated LT.

# Interactions
LTB has been shown to interact with Lymphotoxin alpha.
MAPK/ERK pathway
The MAPK/ERK pathway is a signal transduction pathway that couples intracellular responses to  the binding of growth factors to cell surface receptors. This pathway is very complex and includes many protein components . The basic pathway shown in the figure (to the right) and described below includes the major components of the pathway. In many cell types, activation of this pathway promotes cell division.

# Coupling cell surface receptors to G proteins
Receptor-linked tyrosine kinases such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are activated by extracellular ligands. Binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to the EGFR activates the tyrosine kinase activity of the cytoplasmic domain of the receptor. The EGFR becomes phosphorylated on tyrosines. Docking proteins such as GRB2 contain SH2 domains that bind to the phosphotyrosines of the activated receptor . GRB2 binds to the guanine nucleotide exchange factor SOS by way of an SH3 domain of GRB2. When the GRB2-SOS complex docks to phosphorylated EGFR, SOS becomes activated . Activated SOS promotes the removal of GDP from Ras. Ras can then bind GTP and become active. Other small G proteins can be activated in a similar way, but are not discussed further here.

# Kinase cascade
Activated Ras activates the protein kinase activity of RAF kinase , a serine/threonine-selective protein kinase. RAF kinase phosphorylates and activates MEK, another serine/threonine kinase. MEK phosphorylates and activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).
Technically, RAF, MEK and MAPK are all mitogen-activated kinases, as is MNK (see below). MAPK was originally called "extracellular signal-regulated kinase" (ERK) and microtubule-associated protein kinase (MAPK). One of the first proteins known to be phosphorylated by ERK was a microtubule-associated protein. As discussed below, many additional targets for phosphorylation by MAPK were later found and the protein was re-named "mitogen-activated protein kinase" (MAPK). The series of kinases from RAF to MEK to MAPK is an example of a protein kinase cascade. Such series of kinases provide opportunities for feedback regulation and signal amplification.

# Regulation of translation and transcription
Three of the many proteins that are phosphorylated by MAPK are shown in the Figure. One effect of MAPK activation is to alter the translation of mRNA to proteins. MAPK phosphorylates 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase (RSK). This activates RSK which in turn phosphorylates ribosomal protein S6 . Mitogen-activated protein kinases that phosphorylate ribosomal protein S6 were the first to be isolated .
MAPK regulates the activities of several transcription factors. MAPK can phosphorylate C-myc. MAPK phosphorylates and activates MNK which in turn phosphorylates CREB. MAPK also regulates the transcription of the Fos gene. By altering the levels and activities of transcription factors, MAPK leads to altered transcription of genes that are important for the cell cycle.