Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Nonclassic eicosanoid
Nonclassic eicosanoids are biologically active signaling molecules made  by oxygenation of twenty-carbon fatty acids, other than the classic eicosanoids.

# Terminology
"Eicosanoid"  is the collective 
term for oxygenated derivatives of three different 20-carbon essential fatty acidsEicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),  Arachidonic acid (AA) and Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA).
Current usage limits the term  to the leukotrienes (LT) and three types of prostanoidsprostaglandins (PG) prostacyclins (PGI), and  thromboxanes (TX).  
However, several other classes can technically be termed eicosanoid, including the hepoxilins, resolvins, isofurans, isoprostanes, lipoxins, epi-lipoxins, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and endocannabinoids. 
LTs and prostanoids are sometimes termed 'classic eicosanoids'  
in contrast to the 'novel', 'nonclassic' or 'eicosanoid-like' eicosanoids.
The classic eicosanoids are autocrine and paracrine mediators, active at micromolar concentrations (or lower), produced with high stereospecificity.  They are produced from EPAs (chiefly AA) from either cyclooxygenase (COX) or 5-lipoxygenase.
Broadly, the nonclassic eicosanoids are the products of 20-carbon EFAs and
- Other oxygenation enzymes, (hepoxilins, resolvins, lipoxins, epi-lipoxins, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs));
- Uncatalyzed oxygenation reactions, (isofurans, isoprostanes, phytoprostanes);
- Addition reactions other than oxygenation (endocannabinoids).
Also included are
- Side products from the classic eicosanoid biosynthesis, (levuglandins, Oxo-eicosanoidss);
- Reactions between other 20-carbon fatty acids and these pathways (the COX products of pinolenic and mead acid).
Number needed to harm
The number needed to harm (NNH) is an epidemiological measure that indicates how many patients need to be exposed to a risk-factor to cause harm in one patient that would not otherwise have been harmed. It is defined as the inverse of the attributable risk.  Intuitively, the lower the number needed to harm, the worse the risk-factor.
NNH is similar to Number needed to treat (NNT), where NNT usually refers to a therapeutic intervention and NNH to a detrimental effect or risk factor.   NNH is computed with respect to "exposure" and "non-exposure", and can be determined for raw data or for data corrected for confounders.  A defined endpoint has to be specified.  If the probabilities pexposure and pnon-exposure of this endpoint are known, then the NNH is computed as 1/(pexposure-pnon-exposure).
The NNH is an important measure in evidence-based medicine and helps physicians decide whether it is prudent to proceed with a particular treatment which may expose the patient to harms while providing therapeutic benefits.  If a clinical endpoint is devastating enough without the drug (e.g. death, heart attack), drugs with a low NNH may still be indicated in particular situations if the number needed to treat, (the converse for side-effects, or the drug's benefit) is less than the NNH.

# Worked Example
The following is an example of calculating number needed to harm.
In a cohort study, individuals with exposure to a risk factor (Exposure +) are followed for a certain number of years to see if they develop a certain disease or outcome (Disease +).  A control group of individuals who are not exposed to the risk factor (Exposure -) are also followed .  "Follow up time" is the number of individuals in each group multiplied by the number of years that each individual is followed:
^ "Years followed" is a weighted average of the length of time the patients were followed.
The incidence with exposure is:
The indicence without exposure:
To determine the relative risk, divide the incidence with exposure by the incidence without exposure:
To determine attributable risk subtract incidence without exposure from incidence with exposure:
The number needed to harm is the inverse of the attributable risk, or:
This means that if 714 individuals are exposed to the risk factor, 1 will develop the disease that would not have otherwise.
Quantitative literacy
In education and literacy, Quantitative literacy (also called numeracy) is "the knowledge and skills required to apply
arithmetic operations, either alone or sequentially, using numbers embedded in printed materials; for example, balancing a checkbook, figuring out a tip, completing an order form, or determining the amount of interest from a loan advertisement."
Comprehension of numbers can be divided into:
- Verbatim comprehension: "the ability to correctly read numbers from graphs"
- Gist comprehension: "the ability to identify the essential point of the information presented", or more specifically, correctly rank the magnitude of two or more options.
Quantitative literacy is important in politics and health care.

# Health care
Health care numeracy by patients is associated with improved health. However, health care numeracy is problematic as health care providers and patients both have problems with quantitative reasoning. Some of the difficulty is doe to interpreting relative versus absolute measures of efficacy. The problem is confounded by scientific journals not well presenting quantitative results.
Many methods exist to measure health literacy.

## Describing the impact of a single choice
Presenting lifetime risk increases patients' accepting treatment as compared to presenting risk of a shorter time frame.
In oncology, the value of progression-free survival as an outcome measure is debated.

## Comparing benefits of competing interventions
The hazard ratio is difficult to use.
Various formats including the number needed to treat have been tested to improve comprehension of quantitative comparisons of treatment benefit by patients and by health care professionals.
Originally in oncology but now in other clinical areas, the restricted mean survival time ratio (RMST) has been used. A randomized controlled trial found favorable impact from the RMST.
When weighing the impact of benefits versus harms, various methods have been studied to help patients prioritize values.
In practicing evidence-based medicine, framing bias is best avoided by using numeracy with absolute measures of efficacy.

### Pictographs (Pictograms)
Pictographs, compared to usual care or no decision aids, improved clinical processes. Pictographs add to simple text statements that quantify risk. Patients may prefer bar graphs. However, pictographs may be better than bargraphs when event rates are small. THe type of icon in a pictograph may be important - patients may prefer images of people such as sed for restroom pictograms
When designing pictographs:
- Anthropomorphic icons (restroom icons, head outlines, and photos), especially restroom icons, may be best.
- Patients may have more trust when the characters are randomly highlighted vs highlighted in groups.
- Pictographs best depict only one outcome.

### Tables
Types of tables include 'fact boxes' and 'balance sheets'.

## Comparing accuracy of competing diagnostic strategies
Various formats have been tested to improve comprehension of quantitative comparisons of diagnostic accuracy. However, improved understanding of probabilities may not affect decision making by physicians.
Oral allergy syndrome

# Overview
Oral Allergy Syndrome or OAS is an allergic reaction to certain (usually fresh) fruits, nuts, and vegetables. The allergy is not actually an allergy to food but a syndrome that develops in hay fever sufferers.  The immune system mistakes the food proteins for the pollen proteins and causes an allergic reaction.

# Symptoms
OAS sufferers may have a number of reactions that usually occur very rapidly, within minutes of eating a trigger food.  The most common reaction is an itching or burning sensation in the lips, mouth, and/or pharynx.  Sometimes other reactions can be triggered in the eyes, nose, and skin.  The most severe reactions can result in asthma problems or anaphylaxis. If a sufferer is able to swallow the food, there is a good chance that there will be a reaction later in the gastrointestinal tract. Vomiting, diarrhea, severe indigestion, or cramps may occur.

# Cross reactions
Allergies to a certain pollen are associated with OAS reactions to certain foods.  For instance, an allergy to ragweed is associated with OAS reactions to banana, watermelon, cantaloupe, honeydew, zucchini, and cucumber. This does not mean that all sufferers of an allergy to ragweed will experience adverse effects from all or even any of these foods. Reactions may begin with one type of food and with reactions to others developing later. However, it should be noted that reaction to one or more foods in any given category does not necessarily mean a person is allergic to all foods in that group. Often well-cooked, canned, or frozen food offenders cause no reaction due to denaturation of the cross-reacting proteins.

# Treatment
An OAS sufferer should avoid foods to which they are allergic.  Peeling or cooking the foods has shown to reduce the effects of the allergy in the throat and mouth, but may not relieve reactions in the gastrointestinal tract.  Antihistamines may also relieve the symptoms of the allergy.  Persons with severe reactions may consider carrying injectable medication (such as an EpiPen) to relieve themselves if necessary.  Allergy immunotherapy has improved or cured OAS in many patients.
Finally, a person may choose to eat substitute foods, such as the following:
Substitute Raw Fruits
Berries- (strawberry, blueberry, raspberries, etc.), citrus- (orange, mandarins, etc.), grapes, currants, gooseberries, guava, mango*, figs*, pineapple*, papaya, avocado, persimmon, pomegranates*, watermelon*.
Substitute Raw Vegetables
MUSTARD family (cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, watercress, radish)
GOOSEFOOT family (spinach, Swiss chard)
COMPOSITE family (green onions)
Substitute Nuts
Peanut*, cashew, pistachio, Brazil, macadamia, pine nut.
- May cause a cross-reaction with OAS.

# Notes
Observational science
An observational science is a science where it is not possible to construct controlled experiments in the area under study. For example, in astronomy, it is not possible to create or manipulate stars or galaxies in order to observe what happens. Other examples of necessarily observational sciences include geology, paleontology, epidemiology, and much of the social sciences.
Other fields of scientific study can have observational as well as experimental aspects. In high-energy physics, for example, some interactions involving energies higher than can be created in any experiment can be observed indirectly through astronomical observations.
To substitute for the inability to directly construct experiments as part of the scientific method, two main strategies are used. First, multivariate statistical techniques allow the approximation of experimental control with statistical control. Secondly, experimental observations of previously-unobserved phenomena can be used to suggest new hypotheses and test existing ones. This can be seen as making use of pre-existing "natural experiments".
In the social sciences, sociology and economics are generally held to be examples of observational sciences, because of the impracticality (not to mention dubious ethical status) of manipulating whole societies or economies for experimental purposes. However, microeconomics can be regarded as an experimental science, because it is possible to set up experimental micro-economies.
Sometimes fields of study can change from being observational to being experimental: for example, until the early 21st century, the study of comets was entirely observational -- it became experimental when the first man-made cometary collision was engineered in 2005.
Occlusion (dentistry)

# Overview
Occlusion, in a dental context, means simply the contact between teeth. More technically, it is the relationship between the maxillary (upper) and mandibular (lower) teeth when they approach each other, as occurs during chewing or at rest.
Malocclusion is the misalignment of teeth and jaws, or more simply, a "bad bite." Malocclusion can cause number of health and dental problems.
Static occlusion refers to contact between teeth when the jaw is closed and stationary, while dynamic occlusion refers to occlusal contacts made when the jaw is moving, as with chewing.
Centric occlusion is the occlusion a person makes when they close their jaw and fit their teeth together in maximum intercuspation. It is also referred to as a person's habitual bite, bite of convenience, or intercuspation position (ICP). Centric relation, not to be confused with centric occlusion, is a relationship between the upper and lower jaw.

# Occlusal problems
Malocclusion can cause a number of problems, not just with teeth, but with gums, the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and jaw muscles. Teeth, fillings, and crowns may wear, break, or loosen, and teeth may be tender or ache. Receding gums can be exacerbated by a faulty bite. TMJ problems, broadly termed temporomandibular joint disorder or TMJ syndrome, can include clicking, grinding, or pain in the jaw joint, ringing or buzzing in the ears, and difficulty opening and closing the mouth. If the jaw is mispositioned, jaw muscles may have to work harder, which can lead to fatigue and or muscle spasms. This in turn can lead to headaches or migraines, eye or sinus pain, and pain in the neck, shoulder, or even back. Untreated damaging malocclusion can lead to occlusal trauma.
Some of the treatments for different occlusal problems include tooth adjustments, replacement of teeth, medication (usually temporary), a diet of softer foods, relaxation therapy for stress-related clenching. Fixed appliances, known as orthodontic or dental braces, may be used to adjust the occlusion, and removable appliances, called occlusal splints, may be used for adjustment as well as for other purposes.
Fonder's Dental Distress Syndrome
Odontogenic infection

# Overview
Odontogenic infection affect the tooth and the supporting structures and remains localized. The infection occurs in three stages namely innoculation, cellulitis and abscess.

# Odontogenic Infections
An odontogenic infection is an infection that originates within a tooth or in the closely surrounding tissues. The term is derived from odonto- (from ancient Greek odous - "tooth") and -genic (from Greek genos - "birth"). Odontogenic infections may remain localized to the region where they started, or spread into adjacent or distant areas.
It is estimated that 90-95% of all orofacial infections originate from the teeth or their supporting structures. Furthermore, about 70% of odontogenic infections occur as periapical inflammation, i.e. acute periapical periodontitis or a periapical abscess. The next most common form of odontogenic infection is the periodontal abscess.

# Odontogenic sinusitis
Sinusitis is inflammation of the paranasal air sinuses. Infections associated with teeth may be responsible for approximately 20% of cases of maxillary sinusitis. The cause of this situation is usually a periapical or periodontal infection of a maxillary posterior tooth, where the inflammatory exudate has eroded through the bone superiorly to drain into the maxillary sinus. Once an odontogenic infection involves the maxilary sinus, it is possible that it may then spread to the orbit or to the ethmoid sinus.

# Treatment

## Antimicrobial Regimen
- Odontogenic infections
- 1. Empiric antimicrobial therapy
- Preferred regimen: Clindamycin 300450 mg PO q6h OR Clindamycin 600 mg IV q68h
- Alternative regimen: Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid 875/125 mg PO q12h OR Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid 500/125 mg PO q8h OR Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid 2000/125 mg PO q12h OR Cefotetan 2 g IV q12h
Ofloxacin description

# Description
OCUFLOX (ofloxacin ophthalmic solution) 0.3% is a sterile ophthalmic solution. It is a fluorinated carboxyquinolone anti-infective for topical ophthalmic use.
Chemical Name:
()-9-Fluoro-2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-7-oxo-7H-pyrido-1,4-benzoxazine-6-carboxylic acid.
Contains: Active: ofloxacin 0.3% (3 mg/mL). Preservative: benzalkonium chloride (0.005%).
Inactives: sodium chloride and purified water. May also contain hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide to adjust pH.
OCUFLOX solution is unbuffered and formulated with a pH of 6.4 (range - 6.0 to 6.8). It has an osmolality of 300 mOsm/kg. Ofloxacin is a fluorinated 4-quinolone which differs from other fluorinated 4-quinolones in that there is a six member (pyridobenzoxazine) ring from positions 1 to 8 of the basic ring structure.
Orthosiphon aristatus
Orthosiphon aristatus is a medicinal herb found mainly throughout South East Asia and tropical Australia. It is known as pokok misai kucing in Malay. It is believed to have antiallergic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties. It is used as a remedy for arteriosclerosis (capillary and circulatory disorders), kidney stones, diabetes and nephritis.
It is trusted for many centuries for treating ailments of the kidney, bladder stone, urinary tract infection, liver and bladder problems, diabetes, rheumatism and gout. It is also used to reduce cholesterol and blood pressure.
It has a mild diuretic action, so it is very useful for flushing the kidneys and urinary tract. It also relieves spasms of the smooth muscle in the walls of the internal organs, making it valuable for gallbladder problems. Researchers have found it to be mildly antiseptic as well.
It (misai kucing) is also known as Kumis Kuching (kumis kucing) or Remujung.  Other names for Misai Kuching are Orthosiphon Stamineus Benth, Orthosiphon Aristatus, Orthosiphonblaetter, Indisher Nierentee, Feuilles de Barbiflore, Java Tea, Javatee, Kidney Tea, Koemis Koetjing and Yaa Nuat Maeo.
Because of the characteristic form of its flowers, it is also known as Cat's whiskers.
The plant is from the family of Lippenblutengewachse /Lamiaceae / Labiatae.
to:kavaipusi
Outpatient commitment

# Overview
Outpatient commitment refers to mental health law which allows the compulsory, community-based treatment of individuals with mental illness.
In the United States the term "assisted outpatient treatment" is often used and refers to the practice of courts requiring those it has found to be mentally ill to take medication or to comply with other restrictions, while not ordering involuntary commitment.  The courts will often specify that if the orders are not complied with, the person under court order will be subject to involuntary commitment.
In the last decade of the 20th century and the first of the 21st, there were "outpatient commitment" laws passed in a number of states in the United States and jurisdictions in Canada, in response to a small number of violent acts committed by people who had been diagnosed with mental illness, or the existing "outpatient commitment" laws were expanded.  These laws were opposed by the anti-psychiatry and mad liberation movements, often on the basis that the ordered drugs often have serious or unpleasant side-effects such as tardive dyskinesia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, excessive weight gain leading to diabetes, addiction, sexual side effects, and increased risk of suicide. Critics, such as the New York Civil Liberties Union, have also denounced the strong racial and socioeconomic biases in the issuing of outpatient commitment orders.
Other countries and states have different laws with some requiring court hearings and others requiring that treating psychiatrists comply with a set of requirements before compulsory treatment is instituted. In Australia they are called Community Treatment Orders and last for a maximum of six months but can be renewed after review by a tribunal.
When a court process is not required there is usually a form of appeal to the courts or appeal to or scrutiny by tribunals set up for that purpose.  Community treatment laws have generally followed the worldwide trend of community treatment. See mental health law for details of countries which do not have laws that regulate compulsory treatment.
TIMI thrombus grade 5

# Overview
In TIMI Grade 5 thrombus, a recent total occlusion is present. 
The characteristics of a recent total occlusion are:
- There is often a beak like appearance of the occlusion. Chronic occlusions tend to have a more abrupt or straight appearance.
- The clot has not propagated backward to the most distal branch.
- Some collaterals may be present, but usually there are not extensive collaterals.

# Example
Shown below are an animated image and a static image depicting TIMI grade 5 thrombus in the RCA. Outlined in yellow in the image on the right is the beak like appearance of the occlusion.

# Additional Examples
TIMI thrombus grade 6

# Overview
In TIMI Grade 6 thrombus, a chronic total occlusion is present.
The characteristics of a chronic total occlusion are:
- The occlusion does not have a "beak like" appearance, and the occlusion has a blunt cut-off/edge.
- Extensive collaterals may be present.
- The clot generally propagates backwards up the proximal vessel to the nearest proximal side branch.

# Example
Shown below are an animated image an a static image depicting TIMI grade 6 thrombus in the left circumflex. Encircled in yellow in the image on the right is the thrombus, where you can notice an abrupt blunt cut-off appearance. Outlined in yellow in the same image on the right is the path of the dye in a collateral artery arising from the LAD.
Shown below are two animated images of the same case depicting TIMI grade 6 thrombus in the left circumflex. The image on the left shows the same thrombus before PCI and the image on the left shows the patent left circumflex after PCI.

# Additional Examples
Protein phosphatase 2
Protein phosphatase 2 (PP2), also known as PP2A, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2CA gene. The PP2A heterotrimeric protein phosphatase is ubiquitously expressed, accounting for a large fraction of phosphatase activity in eukaryotic cells. Its serine/threonine phosphatase activity has a broad substrate specificity and diverse cellular functions. Among the targets of PP2A are proteins of oncogenic signaling cascades, such as Raf, MEK, and AKT, where PP2A may act as a tumor suppressor.

# Structure and function
PP2A consists of a dimeric core enzyme composed of the structural A and catalytic C subunits, and a regulatory B subunit. When the PP2A catalytic C subunit associates with the A and B subunits several species of holoenzymes are produced with distinct functions and characteristics.  The A subunit, a founding member of the HEAT repeat protein family (huntington-elongation-A subunit-TOR), is the scaffold required for the formation of the heterotrimeric complex.  When the A subunit binds it alters the enzymatic activity of the catalytic subunit, even if the B subunit is absent.  While C and A subunit sequences show remarkable sequence conservation throughout eukaryotes, regulatory B subunits are more heterogeneous and are believed to play key roles in controlling the localization and specific activity of different holoenzymes. Multicellular eukaryotes express four classes of variable regulatory subunits: B (PR55), B (B56 or PR61), B (PR72), and B (PR93/PR110), with at least 16 members in these subfamilies. In addition, accessory proteins and posttranslational modifications (such as methylation) control PP2A subunit associations and activities.
The two catalytic metal ions located in PP2A's active site are manganese.

# Drug discovery
PP2 has been identified as a potential biological target to discover drugs to treat Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, however as of 2014 it was unclear which isoforms would be most beneficial to target, and also whether activation or inhibition would be most therapeutic.
PP2 has also been identified as a tumor suppressor for blood cancers, and as of 2015 programs were underway to identify compounds that could either directly activate it, or that could inhibit other proteins that suppress its activity.