Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Thrombin clotting time
The Thrombin Clotting Time (TCT), also known as the Thrombin Time (TT), is a coagulation assay which is usually performed in order to detect for the therapeutic level of the anticoagulant Heparin.  It is also sensitive in detecting the presence of a fibrinogen abnormality.

# Procedure
Within the realm of coagulation assays, the Thrombin Clotting Time is one of the most procedurally simple.  After liberating the plasma from the whole blood by centrifugation, bovine Thrombin is added to the sample of plasma.  The clot is formed and is detected optically or mechanically by a coagulation instrument.  The time between the addition of the thrombin and the clot formation is recorded as the thrombin clotting time

# Specimen Requirements
Whole blood is taken with either citrate or oxalate additive (if using the vacutainer system, this is a light blue top tube).  As with other coagulation assays, the tube must not be over- or under-filled in order to ensure the correct anticoagulant-to-blood ratio:  1 part anticoagulant per 9 parts blood.

# Reference Interval
The reference interval of the Thrombin Clotting time is generally <21 seconds, depending on the method and the endemic patient population.  Results outside of reference interval indicate heparin therapy, Hypofibrinogenemia, hyperfibrinogenemia, fibrinogen abnormality, or Lupus anticoagulant.

# Causes for specimen rejection
Causes for Rejection of the specimen include QNS, severe hemolysis, improper storage or delay in processing, error in labeling.

# Sources
Thyroxine 5-deiodinase
Thyroxine 5-deiodinase also known as type III iodothyronine deiodinase (EC number 1.21.99.3) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DIO3 gene. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
The protein encoded by this intronless gene belongs to the iodothyronine deiodinase family. It catalyzes the inactivation of thyroid hormone by inner ring deiodination of the prohormone thyroxine (T4) and the bioactive hormone 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) to inactive metabolites, 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (RT3) and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2), respectively. This enzyme is highly expressed in the pregnant uterus, placenta, fetal and neonatal tissues, suggesting that it plays an essential role in the regulation of thyroid hormone inactivation during embryological development.

# Discovery
The gene was mapped to chromosome 14q32 using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 1998.

# Structure
This protein contains a selenocysteine (Sec) residue, which is essential for efficient enzyme activity. The selenocysteine is encoded by the UGA codon, which normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTR of Sec-containing genes have a common stem-loop structure, the sec insertion sequence (SECIS), which is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon rather than as a stop signal.

# Function
The DIO3 gene codes for type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (D3), an enzyme that inactivates thyroid hormones and is highly expressed throughout fetal development, peaking early and decreasing towards the end of gestation.  Part of the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinting control region, this gene is one involved in the epigenetic process that causes a subset of genes to be regulated based on their parental origin (see Genomic Imprinting).  Such imprinted genes are required for the formation of the placenta as well as the development of cellular lineages such as those derived from the mesoderm and ectoderm.  D3 is found in the pregnant uterus, placenta, and mammalian fetal tissues where it is thought to be involved in the transfer of thyroid hormone between the mother and fetus.  Expression of D3 contributes to the development of the brain, skin, liver, bone, ovary, testis, intestine, and brown adipose tissue.  Introductory observations of D3-deficient mice indicate growth retardation and even some neonatal death.  Due to its ability to activate or inactivate thyroid hormone, Dio3 coding of D3 could be a target for therapeutic intervention in insulin-related illness such as diabetes.  In addition, an abnormal amount of Dio3 related to insufficient thyroid hormone levels could be responsible for the disruption of brain development in conjunction with alcohol exposure.  Many factors modify genetic imprinting of Dio3, making it a potential aid in understanding prenatal insults and their production of spectrum disorders.
Tipranavir description

# Description
APTIVUS is a protease inhibitor of HIV-1 belonging to the class of 4-hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-2-pyrone sulfonamides.
The chemical name of tipranavir is 2-Pyridinesulfonamide, N-propyl]phenyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl). It has a molecular formula of C31H33F3N2O5S and a molecular weight of 602.7. Tipranavir has the following structural formula and is a single stereoisomer with the 1R, 6R configuration.
Tipranavir is a white to off-white to slightly yellow solid. It is freely soluble in dehydrated alcohol and propylene glycol, and insoluble in aqueous buffer at pH 7.5.
APTIVUS soft gelatin capsules are for oral administration. Each capsule contains 250 mg tipranavir. The major inactive ingredients in the capsule are dehydrated alcohol (7% w/w or 0.1 g per capsule), polyoxyl 35 castor oil, propylene glycol, mono/diglycerides of caprylic/capric acid and gelatin.
APTIVUS oral solution is available in a strength of 100 mg/mL of tipranavir. APTIVUS oral solution is a yellow, viscous clear liquid with a buttermint-butter toffee flavor. The major inactive ingredients in the oral solution are polyethylene glycol 400, vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS), purified water, and propylene glycol. Each milliliter of APTIVUS oral solution contains 116 IU of vitamin E, and when taken at the recommended maximum dose of 500 mg/200 mg tipranavir/ritonavir BID results in a daily dose of 1160 IU.
Tobacco harm reduction
Tobacco harm reduction describes actions taken to lower the health risks associated with using tobacco or nicotine.  These measures include:
- Switching to Western smokeless tobacco
- Switching to non-tobacco sources of nicotine
- Smoking safer or fewer cigarettes
- Eliminating nicotine use with or without the use of pharmaceutical products.
Some alternatives such as smoking safer or few cigarettes lower the health risk a little while substituting nonsmoking forms of tobacco, nicotine replacement therapies and non-nicotine pharmaceuticals reduce the risk a great deal.  Abstention confers the greatest lowering of risk.
Given the varying legal, moral and historical status of tobacco, and the different types of tobacco and tobacco use, in different cultures around the world, debates on tobacco harm reduction tend to be geographically defined arguments.  For instance, in the United States, tobacco use tends to mean cigarette smoking with a smaller number of users availing themselves of cigars, pipes, and smokeless tobacco.  The political climate over the last few decades has led to both restrictions in the sale and use of tobacco and a widespread knowledge of the negative health effects of tobacco use.  Despite this, tobacco, in all its forms, has remained a legal product.
In other countries, the pharmaceutical options might not exist, smokeless tobacco might not be a common form of use, the smokeless tobacco in use is too similar in health risks to smoking, or the target society may not consider any form of tobacco use a problem.  In Sweden, there is a tradition of smokeless tobacco use as the dominant form of use among men and there is little controversy regarding using smokeless tobacco as an alternative to smoking.  In the United Kingdom, most forms of smokeless tobacco are illegal, with only the more damaging ethnic forms being available so this option is less likely to be pursued.
Proponents of tobacco harm reduction argue that lessening the health risk for the individual user is worthwhile in itself and manifests itself over the population in fewer tobacco related deaths and illnesses.
Opponents argue that some aspects of harm reduction interfere with the possibility of abstention and might increase the number of people beginning to use tobacco in the first place.
Tombstone ST elevation

# Overview
Tombstone ST elevation is an electrocardiographic pattern of ST segment elevation whereby the QRS complex, the ST segment and the T wave merge to form a large upright monophasic deflection called a "tombstone".  This electrocardiographic pattern has been associated with poorer clinical outcomes in the setting of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.

# Criteria
- The R wave is absent or its duration is <0.04 seconds with minimal amplitude;
- The ST segment is convex upward and merges with the descending limb of the R wave or the ascending limb of the QS wave;
- The peak of the convex ST segment is higher than whatever remains of the R wave; and
- The convex ST segment merges with the ascending limb of the T wave.

# Example
Source:
Tonic vibration reflex
Tonic vibration reflex is a sustained contraction of a muscle subjected to vibration.  This reflex is caused by vibratory  activation of muscle spindles - muscle receptors sensitive to stretch.
Tonic vibration reflex is evoked by placing a vibrator - which in this case is typically an electrical motor with an eccentric load on its shaft - on a muscle's tendon.  30-100 Hz vibration activates receptors of the skin, tendons and, most importantly, muscle spindles.  Muscle spindle discharges are sent to the spinal cord through afferent nerve fibers, where they activate monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflex arcs, causing the muscle to contract.
The effects of sustained vibratory stimulation on muscle contraction, posture and kinesthetic perceptions are much more complex than merely contraction of the muscle being vibrated.
Russian scientists Victor Gurfinkel, Mikhail Lebedev, Andrew Polyakov and Yuri Levick used vibratory stimulation to study human posture control and spectral characteristics of electromyographic (EMG) activity.
Topiramate description
For patient information about topiramate, click here.

# Description
Topiramate is a sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide. Topiramate tablets are available as 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg circular tablets for oral administration.
Topiramate USP is a white crystalline powder with a bitter taste. Topiramate is most soluble in alkaline solutions containing sodium hydroxide or sodium phosphate and having a pH of 9 to 10. It is freely soluble in acetone, chloroform, dimethylsulfoxide, and ethanol. The solubility in water is 9.8 mg/mL. Its saturated solution has a pH of 6.3. Topiramate has the molecular formula C12H21NO8S and a molecular weight of 339.36. Topiramate is designated chemically as 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene--D-fructopyranose sulfamate and has the following structural formula:
Topiramate tablets USP contain the following inactive ingredients: hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, pregelatinized starch, sodium starch glycolate, and titanium dioxide. In addition, the 50 mg and 100 mg tablets contain iron oxide yellow and 200 mg tablet contains iron oxide red.
Total body irradiation
Total body irradiation (TBI) is a form of radiotherapy used primarily as part of the preparative regimen for hematopoietic stem cell (or bone marrow) transplantation. As the name implies, TBI involves irradiation of the entire body, though in modern practice the lungs are often partially shielded to lower the risk of radiation-induced lung injury. Total body irradiation in the setting of bone marrow transplantation serves to destroy or suppress the recipient's immune system, preventing immunologic rejection of transplanted donor bone marrow or blood stem cells. Additionally, high doses of total body irradiation can eradicate residual cancer cells in the transplant recipient, increasing the likelihood that the transplant will be successful.
Doses of total body irradiation used in bone marrow transplantation typically range from 10 to >12 Gy. For reference, a dose of 4.5 Gy is fatal in 50% of exposed individuals without aggressive medical care. At these doses, total body irradiation both destroys the host's bone marrow (allowing donor marrow to engraft) and kills residual cancer cells. Non-myeloablative bone marrow transplantation uses lower doses of total body irradiation, typically about 2 Gy, which do not destroy the host bone marrow but do suppress the host immune system sufficiently to promote donor engraftment.
In modern practice, total body irradiation is typically fractionated. That is, the radiation is delivered in multiple small doses rather than one large dose. Early research in bone marrow transplantation by E. Donnall Thomas and colleagues demonstrated that this process of splitting TBI into multiple smaller doses resulted in lower toxicity and better outcomes than delivering a single, large dose.
In addition to its use in bone marrow transplantation, total body irradiation has been explored as a treatment modality for high-risk Ewing sarcoma. However, subsequent findings suggest that TBI in this setting causes toxicity without improving disease control, and TBI is not currently used in the treatment of Ewing sarcoma outside of clinical trials.
Total inorganic carbon

# Overview
The total inorganic carbon (CT, or TIC) or Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is the sum of inorganic carbon species in a solution.  The inorganic carbon species include carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate anion, and carbonate anion.  It is customary to express carbon dioxide and carbonic acid simultaneously as CO2- .  CT is an important parameter when making measurements related to the pH of natural aqueous systems, and carbon dioxide flux estimates.
where,
- CT is the total inorganic carbon
-   is the sum of carbon dioxide and carbonic acid concentrations  (  =  + )
-  is the bicarbonate concentration
-  is the carbonate concentration
Each of these species are intimately related by the following pH driven chemical equilibria:
Total inorganic carbon is measured by the acidification of the sample which drives the equilibria to CO2.  This gas is then sparged from solution and trapped, and the quantity trapped is then measured, typically by infrared spectroscopy.
Transferrin receptor 1
Transferrin receptor protein 1 (TfR1), also known as Cluster of Differentiation 71 (CD71), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TFRC gene. TfR1 is required for iron import from transferrin into cells by endocytosis.

# Structure and function
TfR1 is a transmembrane glycoprotein composed of two disulfide-linked monomers joined by two disulfide bonds. Each monomer binds one holo-transferrin molecule creating an iron-Tf-TfR complex which enters the cell by endocytosis.

# Clinical significance
TfR1 as a potential new target in cases of human leukemia & lymphoma. InatherYs, in Evry, France, developed a candidate drug, INA01 antibody (anti-CD71) that showed efficacy in pre-clinical studies in the therapy of two incurable orphan oncohematological diseases: the adult T cell leukemia (ATLL) caused by HTLV-1 and the Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).

# Interactions
TfR1 has been shown to interact with GABARAP and HFE.
Transmembrane proteins
Transmembrane domain usually denotes a single transmembrane alpha helix of a transmembrane protein. It is called a "domain" because an alpha-helix in a membrane can be folded independently from the rest of the protein, similar to domains of water-soluble proteins.  More broadly, a transmembrane domain is any three-dimensional protein structure which is thermodynamically stable in a membrane. This may be a single alpha helix, a stable complex of several transmembrane alpha helices, a transmembrane beta barrel, a beta-helix of gramicidin A, or any other structure.
Transmembrane helices are usually about 20 amino acids in length, although they may be much longer or shorter.

# Identification of transmembrane helices
Transmembrane helices are visible in structures of membrane proteins determined by X-ray diffraction. They may also be predicted on the basis of hydrophobicity. Because the interior of the bilayer and the interiors of most proteins of known structure are hydrophobic, it is presumed to be a requirement of the amino acids that span a membrane that they be hydrophobic as well. However, membrane pumps and ion channels also contain numerous charged and polar residues within the generally non-polar transmembrane segments.
Using hydrophobicity analysis to predict transmembrane helices enables a prediction in turn of the "transmembrane topology" of a protein; i.e. prediction of what parts of it protrude into the cell, what parts protrude out, and how many times the protein chain crosses the membrane. Such prediction methods are commonly applied with a limited success.
The Bioinformatics package STRAP  provides access to 15 different TM-helix prediction algorithms.
Trendelenburg position

# Overview
In the  Trendelenburg position  the body is laid flat on the back (supine position) with the feet higher than the head, in contrast to the reverse Trendelenburg position, where the body is tilted in the opposite direction. This is a standard position used in abdominal and gynecological surgery. It allows better access to the pelvic organs as gravity pulls the intestines towards the head.

# Eponym
It was named after the German surgeon Friedrich Trendelenburg.

# Clinical Applications
- Hypotensive patients (patients with low blood pressure) have historically been placed in the Trendelenburg position in hopes of increasing their cerebral perfusion pressure (the blood pressure in the brain). A 2008 review however found adverse consequences to the use of the Trendelenburg position and recommended it be avoided. However, the passive leg raising test is a useful clinical guide to fluid resuscitation.
- The Trendelenburg position used to be the standard first aid position for shock and was used for injured scuba divers. Many experienced divers still believe this position is appropriate, but current scuba first aid professionals no longer advocate elevating the feet higher than the head.  The Trendelenburg position in this case increases regurgitation and airway problems, causes the brain to swell, increases breathing difficulty, and has not been proven to be of any value. "Supine is fine" is a good, general rule for victims of submersion injuries unless they have fluid in the airway or are breathing, in which case they should be positioned on the side.
- Perhaps because of its effect on breathing difficulty and airway problems, the Trendelenburg position is used in waterboarding.
- The Trendelenburg position may be used in childbirth when a woman's cervix is too swollen and won't quite dilate to 10 centimeters, or during the incidence of a prolapsed umbilical cord to take pressure off the cord and get more oxygen to the fetus, or it can be used to help rotate a posterior fetus either during pregnancy or the birth itself.
- Trendelenburg position in helpful in reducing an abdominal hernia.
- The Trendelenburg position is also used when placing a Central Venous Line. Trendelenburg position uses gravity to assist in the filling and distension of the upper central veins when placing a central line in the internal jugular or subclavian veins. It is also used in the placement of a external jugular peripheral line for the same reason. It plays no role in the placement of a femoral central venous line.
Triamcinolone overdose

# General
There are no data available on the effects of acute or chronic overdose. However, acute
-verdosing with Azmacort Inhalation Aerosol is unlikely in view of the total amount of active
ingredient present and the route of administration. The maximum total daily dose (1200 mcg) has
been well tolerated when administered as a single dose of 16 consecutive inhalations to adult
asthmatics in a controlled clinical trial. Chronic overdosage may result in signs/symptoms of
hypercorticoidism. (See PRECAUTIONS.) The risk of candidiasis could also be increased.
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Triceps brachii muscle
The triceps brachii muscle is often simply called the triceps (both singular and plural). However, the term triceps (Latin for "three-headed") can mean any skeletal muscle having three origins.

# Origin and insertion
The three heads have the following names and insertions:
- The "Long head": infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
- The "Lateral head": posterior shaft of the humerus, lateral and superior to the radial (spiral) groove.
- The "Medial head": posterior shaft of the humerus, medial and inferior to the radial (spiral) groove.
The fibres converge to a single tendon to insert onto the olecranon process of the ulna.
The triceps is an extensor muscle, unlike the biceps, which is a flexor muscle.
Many mammals have a fourth head, the "Accessory head", which is between the Lateral and Medial heads.

# Exercises that build the triceps
The triceps accounts for approximately 70 percent of the upper arm's muscle mass, but people who exercise the arms with weights often neglect this group of muscles in favor of the biceps brachii.
The triceps can be worked through either isolation elbow extension movements, contract statically to keep the arm straightened against resistance, or compound pressing movements.
Isolation movements include cable push-downs, "skull-crushers", and arm extensions behind the back.
Static contraction movements are pullovers, straight-arm pulldowns, and bent-over lateral raises, which are also used to build the rear deltoids and latissimus dorsi.
Examples of pressing movements are press ups, bench presses (level, incline or decline), military presses and dips. Using a closer grip stabilizes the arm allowing more weight to be used, so the triceps can be worked harder without being limited by the strength of the pectorals or shoulders.
Elbow extension is important to many athletic activities. As biceps are often worked more for aesthetic purposes, this is usually a mistake for fitness training. While it is important to maintain a balance between the biceps and triceps for postural & effective movement purposes, what the balance should be and how to measure it is a conflicted area. Pushing and pulling movements on the same plane are often used to measure this ratio.

# Additional images
- Left humerus. Posterior view.
- Bones of left forearm. Posterior aspect.
- Cross-section through the middle of upper arm.
- Posterior surface of the forearm. Superficial muscles.
- The scapular and circumflex arteries.
- The axillary artery and its branches.
- The brachial artery.
- The right brachial plexus (infraclavicular portion) in the axillary fossa; viewed from below and in front.
- Suprascapular and axillary nerves of right side, seen from behind.
- The suprascapular, axillary, and radial nerves.