Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Relations between specific heats
The laws of thermodynamics imply the following relations between the heat capacity at constant volume, C_{V}, and the heat capacity at constant pressure, C_{P}:
Here \alpha is the thermal expansion coefficient:
\beta_{T} is the isothermal compressibility:
and \beta_{S} is the isentropic compressibility:
The first relation allows one to obtain the heat capacity for solids at constant volume which is not readily measured in terms of quantities that are more easily measured. The second relation allows one to express the isentropic compressibility in terms of the heat capacity ratio.

# Derivation
If an infinitesimal small amount of heat \delta Q is supplied to a system in a quasistatic way then, according to the second law of thermodynamics, the entropy change of the system is given by:
Since
where C is the heat capacity, it follows that:
The heat capacity depends on how the external variables of the system are changed when the heat is supplied. If the only external variable of the system is the volume, then we can write:
From this we see that:
Expressing dS in terms of dT and dP similarly as above leads to the expression:
We can find the above expression for C_{P}-C_{V} by expressing dV in terms of dP and dT in the above expression for dS. We have
which gives
and we see that:
The partial derivative \left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial V}\right)_{T} can be rewritten in terms of variables that do not involve the entropy using a suitable Maxwell relation. These relations follow from the fundamental thermodynamic relation:
It follows from this that the differential of the Helmholtz free energy F = E - T S is:
This means that
and
The symmetry of second derivatives of F w.r.t. T and V then implies
allowing us to write:
The r.h.s. contains a derivative at constant volume, which can be difficult to measure. We can rewrite it as follows. In general, we have:
Since the partial derivative \left(\frac{\partial P}{\partial T}\right)_{V} is just the ratio of dP and dT for dV = 0, we can obtain this by putting dV = 0 in the above equation and solving for this ratio. We then obtain:
which yields the expression:
The expression for the ratio of the heat capacities can be obtained as follows. We have:
The partial derivative in the numerator can be expressed as a ratio of partial derivatives of the pressure w.r.t. temperature and entropy. If in the relation
we put dP = 0 and solve for the ratio \frac{dS}{dT} we obtain \left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial T}\right)_{P}. Doing so gives:
We can similarly rewrite the partial derivative \left(\frac{\partial S}{\partial T}\right)_{V} by expressing dV in terms of dS and and dT, puting dV equal to zero and solving for the ratio \frac{dS}{dT}. If we substitute that expression in the heat capacity ratio expressed as the ratio of the partial derivatives of the entropy above, we obtain:
\frac{\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial S}\right)_{T}}{\left(\frac{\partial V}{\partial T}\right)_{S}}\,
Taking together the two derivatives at constant S:
Taking together the two derivatives at constant T:
We can thus write
Resident survival guide template
Synonyms and keywords:

# Overview

# Causes

## Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
- Life threatening cause 1
- Life threatening cause 2
- Life threatening cause 3

## Common Causes
- Common cause 1
- Common cause 2
- Common cause 3
- Common cause 4
- Common cause 5

# Diagnosis
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of ] according the the  guidelines.

# Treatment
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of ] according the the  guidelines.

# Do's
- The content in this section is in bullet points.

# Don'ts
- The content in this section is in bullet points.
Retropharyngeal abscess overview

# Overview
A retropharyngeal abscess is an abscess in the tissues in the back of the throat, the retropharyngeal space. It can lead to airway obstruction, a life-threatening emergency. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection originating from the nasopharynx, tonsils, sinuses, adenoids or middle ear. It can also result from a direct infection due to penetrating injury or a foreign body. Symptoms include difficulty swallowing, fever and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Retropharyngeal abscesses often need to be drained surgically. Antibiotics are also given.

# Pathophysiology
Infected material (pus) builds up in the space around the tissues at the back of the throat. This can occur during or immediately after a throat infection.

# Diagnosis

## Surgery
Surgery is needed to drain the infected area. The airway will be protected so that it does not become completely blocked by the swelling.

# Treatment

## Primary Prevention
Prompt diagnosis and treatment of pharyngitis or upper respiratory infections will generally prevent retropharyngeal abscess.
Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast
The Royal Victoria Hospital (Irish: Ospideal Rioga Victoria; commonly known as "The Royal" or the "RVH") is a hospital in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
The hospital, which provides over a fifth of the acute beds in Northern Ireland and treats half a million patients a year, is currently undergoing a 74m refurbishment. This has included an extension to the Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, new wards in the main hospital, a new Accident & Emergency department and a new maternity unit.
The hospital is located a few minutes from the City Centre in West Belfast.

# History
Completed in 1906, it is a landmark in building engineering, laying claim to being the first air conditioned building in the world. Belfast's Sirocco Works factory pioneered the development of air conditioning.
Frank Pantridge, the "father of emergency medicine", was a cardiac consultant at the hospital for over thirty years. During his time at the Royal, Pantridge developed the portable defibrillator. The portable defibrillator revolutionised emergency medicine, allowing patients to be treated early by paramedics.
Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) politician Carmel Hanna worked as a nurse in the hospital.
Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) politician David Ervine was admitted on January 7 2007 and died there there the following day.
During the Northern Ireland Troubles, the RVH was the best hospital in the world for the treatment of gunshot wounds. Specifically to the knee. Due to the large number of 'punishment' shootings to the kneecaps, the surgeons at the RVH became renowned for their treatment of such injuries.

# Notes
-  THE ORTHOPAEDIC CONSEQUENCES OF CIVIL DISTURBANCE IN NORTHERN IRELAND
-  BMJ - Twenty five years of vascular trauma in Northern Ireland
Sandbox: WikiDoc Journal Project

# Overview
The WikiDoc Journal Club initiative, is a collaborative project providing concise discussions and summaries of landmark clinical trials within the collaboration network of WikiDoc. This project is a presential and online interdisciplinary journal club, that will facilitate participants to engage in critical discussions and post-publication peer reviews of novel medical literature.

# Statement of Need
This practice will provide insight about common challenges in emerging evidence-based medicine, as well as medical training to develop important editor reviewing skills useful for WikiDoc quality. This experience will enable participants to conduct structured critical appraisal, understand the limitations of the application of evidence-based medicine, gain insight into a specific clinical problem, and more importantly share updated medical knowledge between Wikidoc scholars.
The goals of creating a Journal Club Landmark trial page are as follows:
- Familiarize editors with evidence-based research and the systemic interpretation of clinical trials
- Problem-based training to WikiDoc scholars and remote platform collaborators
- Allow users to add/edit content based on critical skills acquired by the rich discussion of novel research approaches

# How Can WikiDoc Meet These Needs
A joint effort has been initiated among WikiDoc Chief-Editors, scholars on campus, and remote collaborators to provide bi-weekly content for novel clinical trials (slides, breakdown information, commentary). This project is just getting started.

## Examples
- SPRINT

# How Can You Help WikiDoc Meet These Needs
This project is intended for both editors at an Assistant Editor-in-Chief level and international remote collaborator. This may be the right project for you if you are a college student, medical student, intern, resident, attending physician, hospitalist, specialist, medical faculty, researcher, nurse, physician assistant, nurse practitioner, and allied health professional.
Wikidoc always welcomes remote contributions from qualified candidates. If you're equally interested and qualified to participate in the WikiDoc Journal Club project, the Wikidoc foundation will be happy to hear from you and guide you on how to start. Once you're on board as an editor, you will be able to select your aticle of choice and start reviewing it. This way, the articles will be presented in our biweekly sessions for a thorough discussion  between the scholars. Our remote contributors are also welcome to join these biweekly sessions.
Sandbox:other diagnostic studies

# Overview
- There are no other diagnostic studies associated with .
-  may be helpful in the diagnosis of . Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of  include , , and .
- Other diagnostic studies for  include , which demonstrates , , and , and , which demonstrates , , and .

# Other Diagnostic Studies
- There are no other diagnostic studies associated with .
-  may be helpful in the diagnosis of . Findings suggestive of/diagnostic of  include:
- Other diagnostic studies for  include:
, which demonstrates:
, which demonstrates:
- , which demonstrates:
- , which demonstrates:
Sandbox lung cancer differential
- Differentiation of primary and secondary lung tumors is difficult due to overlapping histologic features.
- Topography, size and form of pulmonary growth pattern are important aspects for the differential diagnosis.
- The following table summarizes the differentiation of various lung tumors based on histological and topographical features:

# Differentiation of lung cancer from other diseases with similar presentation
The following table summarizes the differentiation of lung cancer from other disease entities with similar presentation.
Saquinavir indications and usage

# Indications And Usage
INVIRASE in combination with ritonavir and other antiretroviral agents is indicated for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults (over the age of 16 years).
The following points should be considered when initiating therapy with INVIRASE:
- The twice daily administration of INVIRASE in combination with ritonavir is supported by safety data from the MaxCmin 1 trial  and pharmacokinetic data .
- The efficacy of INVIRASE with ritonavir has not been compared against the efficacy of antiretroviral regimens currently considered standard of care.
- The number of baseline primary protease inhibitor mutations affects the virologic response to INVIRASE/ritonavir
Sentara Norfolk General Hospital
Sentara Norfolk General Hospital is a hospital in Norfolk, Virginia. It is located adjacent to Sentara Heart Hospital. Norfolk General is home to the only Level I Trauma Center and burn trauma unit in Hampton Roads, and is the teaching hospital for Eastern Virginia Medical School. The hospital is considered among the best in the country.

# History
In 1888 the forerunner to Norfolk General, the 25-bed Retreat for the Sick, was opened in downtown Norfolk. At this time there were fewer than 200 hospitals in the entire country. In 1892 the Retreat for the Sick opened the first nursing school in Norfolk. The hospital moved to a new location in 1896 and was renamed Norfolk Protestant Hospital in 1898. The hospital moved again in 1903 and witnessed a fire in 1906, though no lives were lost. Norfolk Protestant was renamed Norfolk General in the 1930s and the first open-heart surgery in Virginia was performed there in 1967.
In 1981 Elizabeth Carr was born at the hospital, becoming America's first in-vitro fertilization baby. The first heart transplant performed in Hampton Roads occurred at the hospital in 1989.
Shooting Star Children's Hospice
The Shooting Star Children's Hospice (known as 'Shooting Star House') is a UK based children's registered charity. 
The charity provides palliative care and support for children and young people with life-limiting conditions.
The hospice, which is located in Hampton, London, 2 miles from Hampton Court Palace, consists of 10 children's bedrooms and 6 family rooms. Other facilities include The Hydrotherapy Pool & Spa, The Sensory Room, The Music Therapy Room and wet and dry play areas. Care and support is offered to children and families, free of charge, 365 days a year.
2.5 million is required each year to run the hospice care services, which is raised mainly from voluntary charitable donations. There is no long-term statutory funding for children's hospices.

# History
The Shooting Star Children's Hospice was founded in 1995 with the aim of "Enhancing quality of life, when every moment counts". There are up to 1500 life-limited children, young people and their families in the western half of London and north Surrey who could benefit from the hospice care services at Shooting Star House.
The hospice was officially opened by Charles, Prince of Wales and his wife, Camilla, The Duchess of Cornwall on 21 February 2006,
although children were admitted to the hospice from August 2005.
For further information, please visit www.shootingstar.org.uk

# Services
The Shooting Star Children's Hospice offers the following services to the children and their families:
- Respite breaks
- Care in the child's own home
- Post diagnosis support and counselling
- End of Life care
- Bereavement counselling and support
- Advocacy to facilitate access to other services
- Support for the whole family
Short posterior ciliary arteries
The short posterior ciliary arteries from six to twelve in number, arise from the ophthalmic as it crosses the optic nerve.
They pass forward around the optic nerve to the posterior part of the eyeball, pierce the sclera around the entrance of the optic nerve, and supply the choroid (up to the equator of the eye) and ciliary processes.
Some branches of the short posterior ciliary arteries also supply the optic disc via an anastomotic ring (Circle of Zinn).

# Additional images
- The terminal portion of the optic nerve and its entrance into the eyeball, in horizontal section.
Simeprevir indications and usage

# Indications And Usage
OLYSIOTM is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitor indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection as a component of a combination antiviral treatment regimen.
- OLYSIO efficacy has been established in combination with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin, in HCV genotype 1 infected subjects with compensated liver disease (including cirrhosis) .
The following points should be considered when initiating OLYSIO for treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection:
- OLYSIO must not be used as monotherapy .
- OLYSIO efficacy in combination with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin is influenced by baseline host and viral factors .
- OLYSIO efficacy in combination with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin is substantially reduced in patients infected with HCV genotype 1a with an NS3 Q80K polymorphism at baseline compared to patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1a without the Q80K polymorphism . Screening patients with HCV genotype 1a infection for the presence of virus with the NS3 Q80K polymorphism at baseline is strongly recommended. Alternative therapy should be considered for patients infected with HCV genotype 1a containing the Q80K polymorphism.
- OLYSIO efficacy has not been studied in patients who have previously failed therapy with a treatment regimen that includes OLYSIO or other HCV protease inhibitors.
Small Cajal body specific RNA 13
In molecular biology, Small Cajal body specific RNA 13 (also known as scaRNA13 or U93) is a small nucleolar RNA found in Cajal bodies and believed to be involved in the pseudouridylation of U2 and U5 spliceosomal RNA.
scaRNAs are a specific class of small nucleolar RNAs that localise to the Cajal bodies and guide the modification of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12.
U93 is composed of two tandemly arranged box H/ACA box sequence motifs and belongs to the H/ACA box class of guide RNAs . U93 is predicted to guide pseudouridylation of U2 spliceosomal snRNA residue U54 and residue U53 of snRNA U5 .
Small Cajal body specific RNA 15
Small Cajal body specific RNA 15 (also known as SCARNA15  or ACA45) is a small nucleolar RNA found in Cajal bodies and believed to be involved in the pseudouridylation (isomerisation of uridine to pseudouridine) of U1 spliceosomal RNA.
scaRNAs are a specific class of small nucleolar RNAs that localise to the Cajal bodies and guide the modification of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12.
ACA45 belongs to the H/ACA box class of guide RNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 . ACA45 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of residue U37 of the U2 spliceosomal snRNA .
Small Cajal body specific RNA 16
Small Cajal body specific RNA 16 (also known as SCARNA16  or ACA47) is a small nucleolar RNA found in Cajal bodies and believed to be involved in the pseudouridylation (isomerisation of uridine to pseudouridine) of U1 spliceosomal RNA.
scaRNAs are a specific class of small nucleolar RNAs that localise to the Cajal bodies and guide the modification of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12.
ACA47 belongs to the H/ACA box class of guide RNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 . ACA47 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of residue U5 of the U1 spliceosomal snRNA.
Small Cajal body specific RNA 23
Small Cajal body specific RNA 23 (also known as SCARNA23  or ACA11) is a small nucleolar RNA found in Cajal bodies and believed to be involved in the pseudouridylation (isomerisation of uridine to pseudouridine) of U1 spliceosomal RNA.
scaRNAs are a specific class of small nucleolar RNAs that localise to the Cajal bodies and guide the modification of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12.
ACA11 belongs to the H/ACA box class of guide RNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure,the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 .  H/ACA snRNAs are predicted to guide the modification of uridines to pseudouridines in substrate RNAs however, no target RNA has been identified for scaRNA ACA11.
Small Cajal body specific RNA 24
Small Cajal body specific RNA 24 (also known as scaRNA24 or ACA12) is a small nucleolar RNA found in Cajal bodies and believed to be involved in the pseudouridylation (isomerisation of uridine to pseudouridine) of U6 spliceosomal RNA.
scaRNAs are a specific class of small nucleolar RNAs that localise to the Cajal bodies and guide the modification of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12.
ACA12 belongs to the H/ACA box class of guide RNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure,the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein . ACA12 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of residue U40 of the spliceosomal U6 snRNA .
Sofosbuvir indications and usage

# Indications And Usage
SOVALDI is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) nucleotide analog NS5B polymerase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection as a component of a combination antiviral treatment regimen.
- SOVALDI efficacy has been established in subjects with HCV genotype 1, 2, 3 or 4 infection, including those with hepatocellular carcinoma meeting Milan criteria (awaiting liver transplantation) and those with HCV/HIV-1 co-infection .
The following points should be considered when initiating treatment with SOVALDI:
- Monotherapy of SOVALDI is not recommended for treatment of CHC.
- Treatment regimen and duration are dependent on both viral genotype and patient population .
- Treatment response varies based on baseline host and viral factors .
Stillbirth (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
A stillbirth is when a fetus that was expected to survive dies during birth or during the last half of pregnancy.

# What causes Stillbirth?
- Stillbirth can be caused by:
- Birth defects
- Chromosome abnormalities
- Infection, in the mother or the fetus
- Injuries
- Medical conditions of the mother, such as diabetes, epilepsy, and high blood pressure
- Placenta problems (placental detachment or poor placental function)
- Sudden severe blood loss (hemorrhage) in the mother or fetus
- Stopping of the heartbeat (cardiac arrest) in the mother or fetus
- Umbilical cord problems
- In about 15 - 35% of stillbirths, no explanation can be found.

# Diagnosis
- Stillbirth is becoming less common as care for pregnancy improves.
- If you have a stillbirth, your health care provider may ask to carefully examine and test the fetus to determine the cause of stillbirth. This may help plan medical care for any future pregnancies. A full autopsy will be offered. You may decline this option if you wish.

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
- Stillbirth is traumatic for the mother and her family.
- It can cause grief and lead to an increased risk for postpartum depression.

# Source