Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Sheba Medical Center
The Chaim Sheba Medical Center (Template:Lang-he), often referred to as the Tel HaShomer Hospital, is the largest hospital in Israel, world renowned for its medical services, research, and patient care. It was founded in 1948, one month after Israel was created.
The Sheba Medical Center also has a military wing serving the Israel Defense Forces.
Sheba Medical Center is located in the east side of the city of Ramat Gan (Tel HaShomer) in the Tel Aviv District, under the Israeli Medical Corps.
Former Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon was hospitalized in Sheba since May 28 and November 6, 2006.

# Image gallery
- Sheba Medical Center
Sheba Medical Center
- Safra Children's Hospital
Safra Children's Hospital
- Safra Children's Hospital
Safra Children's Hospital
- Padeh Geriatric Rehabilitation Center
Padeh Geriatric Rehabilitation Center
Shigella dysenteriae

# Overview
Shigella dysenteriae is a species of the rod-shaped bacterial genus Shigella. Shigella species can cause shigellosis (bacillary dysentery). Shigellae are Gram-negative, nonspore-forming, facultatively anaerobic, nonmotile bacteria.
S. dysenteriae, spread by contaminated water and food, causes the most severe dysentery because of its potent and deadly Shiga toxin, but other species may also be dysentery agents. Contamination is often caused by bacteria on unwashed hands during food preparation, or soiled hands reaching the mouth.

# Diagnosis
Since the typical fecal specimen is not sterile, the use of selective plates is mandatory. XLD agar, DCA agar, or Hektoen enteric agar are inoculated; all give colorless colonies as the organism is not a lactose fermenter. Inoculation of a TSI slant shows an alkaline slant and acidic, but with no gas, or H2S production. Following incubation on SIM, the culture appears nonmotile with no H2S production. Addition of Kovac's reagent to the SIM tube following growth typically indicates no indole formation (serotypes 2, 7, and 8 produce indole).
Shigella flexneri will produce acid and gas from glucose, and Shigella sonnei is mannitol and ornithine positive, and is also a late lactose fermenter (ONPG positive). Some Shigella species can produce indole.
Short ciliary nerves
The branches of the ciliary ganglion are the short ciliary nerves.
These are delicate filaments, from six to ten in number, which arise from the forepart of the ganglion in two bundles connected with its superior and inferior angles; the lower bundle is the larger.
They run forward with the ciliary arteries in a wavy course, one set above and the other below the optic nerve, and are accompanied by the long ciliary nerves from the nasociliary.
They pierce the sclera at the back part of the bulb of the eye, pass forward in delicate grooves on the inner surface of the sclera, and are distributed to the Ciliaris muscle, iris, and cornea.
The short ciliary nerve contains parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve fibers. The parasympathetics arise from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and synapse in the ciliary ganglion via the oculomotor nerve, the postganglionic parasympathetics leave the ciliary ganglion in the short ciliary nerve and supply the ciliary body and iris. Sympathetics are provided by the superior cervical ganglion.
Damage to the short ciliary nerve may result in loss of the pupillary light reflex, or mydriasis.

# Additional images
- Sympathetic connections of the ciliary and superior cervical ganglia.
- Pathways in the Ciliary Ganglion.
Sigmatropic reaction
A Sigmatropic reaction in organic chemistry is a pericyclic reaction wherein the net result is one sigma bond changed to another sigma bond . In this type of rearrangement reaction, a substituent moves from one part of a pi-bonded system to another part in an intramolecular reaction with simultaneous rearrangement of the pi system. True sigmatropic reactions are usually uncatalyzed, although lewis acid catalysis is possible.  Sigmatropic reactions often have transition-metal catalysts that form intermediates in analogous reactions.
Sigmatropic rearragements are classified by the substituent that moves and the order of the rearrangement, which is given in brackets  with i and j the number of atoms that each sigma terminus has moved. For example, in a hydride shift, a proton moves over 5 carbon positions.
The most well-known of the sigmatropic rearrangements are the  Cope rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement, Carroll rearrangement and the Fischer indole synthesis. The Gassman indole synthesis contains a sigmatropic rearrangement.
The hydride shifts and methyl shifts are also sigmatropic reactions.  Hydride shifts occur at 4n+1 positions in a suprafacial fashion,   Hydride shifts can also occur at 4n+3 positions in an antarafacial fashion, but this is not observed in the 3 case due to geometrical constraints.

# MO picture
Most notably, cyclopentadiene undergoes a hydride shift:
Hydride shifts would be antarafacial and are not observed due to geometric constraints.  Antarafacial hydride shifts are observed in the conversion of lumisterol to vitamin D.
Methyl shifts occur at 4n+3 positions in a suprafacial fashion with inversion of stereochemistry:
Sinus-lift procedure

# Overview
A sinus-lift procedure is a surgical procedure, performed by a specialised dentist, to augment bone mass in the top jaw (maxilla), which increases the likelihood of successful placement of dental implants. Bone from another part of the body, such as the iliac crest, is grafted in the bone (endosseous) below the floor of the maxillary sinus. In the upper jaw the amount of bone is reduced by the presence of the sinus. A number of techniques are used to increase the bone height:
- Onlay grafts
- Interpositional (Lefort I) grafts
- Inlay grafts for nasal floor
- Sinus-lift and grafting

# History
Sinus-lift procedure was first performed by Dr. O.H. Tatum Jr. Boyne and James were the first to report their 4-year experiences with autogenous graft placed into the sinus and allowed to heal for 6 months, which was followed by the placement of blade implants. In 1986, Tatum described his techniques for raising the sinus membrane, from a lateral and from an inferior approach.

# Surgical technique
Lateral approach is used commonly in the severely resorbed and thin ridge cases. A crestal incision is made with vertical extensions and the lateral aspect of the maxilla is exposed.  Then the osteotomy is completed. The lateral wall with the sinus membrane is rotated medially into the sinus. The sinus membrane can fold on itself when reflected medially. Implant sites can be prepared and implants placed at this stage. The medial part of the sinus is grafted first. After the implants have been placed, the remaining lateral part of the sinus defect is grafted. The flaps are relieved and closed primarily. The graft is left for 6-9 months. Implant placements should be delayed if they cannot be properly stabilised, to prevent complications.

# Complications
- Graft failure
- Infection
- Oral antral fistula
- Sinusitis
- Tilting or loosening of implants
Site Enhancement Oil

# Background
Site Enhancement Oil (SEO) is a liquid substance, usually a mixture of oils, used by a few bodybuilders to increase the apparent size of some muscles. The effects of SEO are purely and solely cosmetic. It is injected either under the skin or between the muscle fibers.
Many doctors advise that use of SEOs is extremely dangerous, if not potentially fatal, as injection into a major blood vessel can cause embolism, leading to heart strokes, respiratory crisis and/or permanent brain damage if SEO traces find their way into cerebral vessels..
SEOs work by filling the muscle up with an oil substance. It is site injected, that is, it is injected directly into the muscle whose size is to be increased. SEO is usually really only used to 'top up' a muscle that is not quite up to standard with the rest of the body, and once the use of SEO is stopped, all gains are lost, because the oil is soaked up into the muscle.
SEO is not an androgen, and does not contain steroids, It is an oil that will remain in circulation for years in the body and it will tend to damage and scar the actual muscles. It is simply a cosmetic that creates scar tissue within the muscle to make it look like it has been trained hard.
de:Synthol
Skeletal-muscle pump
The skeletal-muscle pump is a collection of skeletal muscles that aid the heart in the circulation of blood. It is especially important in increasing venous return to the heart, but may also play a role in arterial blood flow.

# Venous return
During physical exercise, muscles contract and expand laterally.  The intramuscular pressure exerted on the veins by the surrounding muscle pushes blood through the one-way valves of the veins, returning it to the heart.  This pumping action keeps blood from pooling in the lower limbs, and individuals that stand still for extended periods of time can experience reduced venous return to the heart and low blood pressure (hypotension) leading to dizziness or fainting (syncope).

# Arterial blood pumping
While the muscle pump clearly is important in aiding the return of blood to the heart from the lower limbs, whether the muscle pump plays a role in the control of muscle arterial blood flow is a topic of debate.
Between muscle contractions, intramuscular pressure transiently returns to a level below the venous blood pressure and blood from the capillary system refills the veins until the next contraction.  It is postulated that this change in pressure may be great enough to actually create a vacuum that draws blood from the arterial side to the venous side.  It is hypothesized that this vacuum during rhythmic contraction actually increases blood flow through the muscle and may be responsible for a portion of the increase in muscle blood flow immediately at the onset of activity. While this explanation is attractive because it would explain the readily observable tight coupling between muscle contraction and a rapid increase in muscle blood flow, recent evidence has emerged that cast doubts on this theory.  Experiments have shown that a strong muscle contraction can occur without a corresponding increase in skeletal muscle blood flow.  Given the proposed manner of action of the muscle pump to increase arterial blood flow, it would seem impossible for a muscle contraction and skeletal muscle hyperemia to be uncoupled.
Skin cancer overview

# Overview
Skin cancer is a malignant growth on the skin which can have many causes. Skin cancer generally develops in the epidermis (the outermost layer of skin), so a tumor is usually clearly visible. This makes most skin cancers detectable in the early stages. There are three common types of skin cancer, each of which is named after the type of skin cell from which it arises. Cancers caused by UV exposure may be prevented by avoiding exposure to sunlight or other UV sources, wearing sun-protective clothes, and using a broad-spectrum sun screen.
Skin cancers are the fastest growing type of cancer in the United States. Skin cancer represents the most commonly diagnosed malignancy, surpassing lung, breast, colorectal and prostate cancer. More than 1 million Americans will be diagnosed with skin cancer in 2007.

# Historical Perspective

# Classification
The most common types of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) which may be locally disfiguring but are unlikely to metastasize (spread to other parts of the body). The most dangerous type of skin cancer is malignant melanoma. This form of skin cancer can be fatal if not treated early but comprises only a small proportion of all skin cancers.
More rare types of skin cancer include:
- Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
- Merkel cell carcinoma
- Kaposi's sarcoma

# Pathophysiology

# Causes

# Differentiating Skin cancer from other diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

# Staging

# History and Symptoms

# Physical Examination

# Biopsy

# Medical Treatment

# Surgery
Sleep Apnea overview

# Overview
Sleep apnea, sleep apnoea or sleep apna is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. These episodes, called apneas (literally, "without breath"), each last long enough so one or more breaths are missed, and occur repeatedly throughout sleep. The standard definition of any apneic event includes a minimum 10 second interval between breaths, with either a neurological arousal (3-second or greater shift in EEG frequency, measured at C3, C4, O1, or O2), or a blood oxygen desaturation of 3-4 percent or greater, or both arousal and desaturation. Sleep apnea is not age specific. It can affect anyone from childhood up to old age. Both men and women can develop sleep apnea, but it is more common to men; particularly middle-age men who are also overweight. Sleep apnea is diagnosed with an overnight sleep test called a polysomnogram.  
There are two distinct forms of sleep apnea:
- Obstructive sleep apnea, which is more common form that occurs when throat muscles relax.
- Central sleep apnea, which occurs when your brain doesn't send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing.
Additionally, some people have complex sleep apnea, which is a combination of both. Regardless of type, the individual with sleep apnea is rarely aware of having difficulty breathing, even upon awakening.  Sleep apnea is recognized as a problem by others witnessing the individual during episodes or is suspected because of its effects on the body (sequelae). Symptoms may be present for years, even decades without identification, during which time the sufferer may become conditioned to the daytime sleepiness and fatigue associated with significant levels of sleep disturbance.
Venae cordis minimae
Synonyms and keywords: Smallest cardiac veins; Thebesian veins; Venae cardiacae minimae; Veins of Thebesius

# Overview
Venae cordis minimae (or smallest cardiac veins,  Thebesian veins, venae cardiacae minimae, veins of Thebesius) are minute valveless veins in the walls of all four heart chambers and they are often confused with the distinct set of arterial connections, the "vessels of Wearn". They are most abundant in the right atrium and least in the left ventricle. They drain the myocardium and pass through the endocardial layer to empty mostly into the right atrium, but a few empty into the ventricles. The openings of the chambers are called the foramina venarum minimarum.
The Thebesian venous network is considered an alternative (secondary) pathway of venous drainage of the myocardium.
They are named after the German anatomist Adam Christian Thebesius, who described them in a 1708 treatise called Disputatio medica inauguralis de circulo sanguinis in corde.
Sodium nitroprusside
Sodium nitroprusside is the chemical compound with the formula Na22H2O. 
This salt serves as a source of nitric oxide, a potent peripheral vasodilator that affects both arterioles and venules (venules more than arterioles).  Sodium nitroprusside is often administered intravenously to patients who are experiencing a hypertensive emergency.

# Chemistry
"Nitroprusside" is an anion that is usually available as the dihydrated disodium salt, Na22H2O.  This red solid dissolves in water, and to a lesser extent in alcohol to give a solution containing the dianion 2.  This metal nitrosyl complex is the active agent.  In this anion, the iron is octahedral, surrounded by five tightly bound cyanide ligands and one linear nitric oxide ligand. When the linear nitrosyl ligand is assigned a single positive charge, the iron is assigned an oxidation state of 2+.  This is a paramagnetic ion. Its chemical reactions have been studied intensively.

# Indications
It reduces both total peripheral resistance as well as venous return, thus decreasing both preload and afterload. For this reason, it can be used in severe cardiogenic heart failure where this combination of effects can act to increase cardiac output. In situations where cardiac output is normal; the effect is to reduce blood pressure.
Nitroprusside is light-sensitive, and breaks down in sunlight, producing cyanide.
Despite its toxicity, nitroprusside is still used because it remains an effective drug in certain clinical circumstances such as malignant hypertension or for rapid control of blood pressure during vascular surgery and neurosurgery.
Nitroprusside is contraindicated in patients with renal failure.

# Mechanism of action
Its mechanism of action appears to be liberation of nitric oxide (NO), which causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. Nitroprusside also releases cyanide ions which are converted in the liver to thiocyanate by the enzyme rhodanase, a reaction which requires a sulfur donor such as thiosulfate. Alternatively, cyanide may react with methemoglobin to form cyanomethemoglobin.  Thiocyanate is then excreted by the kidney. In the absence of sufficient thiosulfate, cyanide ions can quickly reach toxic levels.
The half-life of nitroprusside is 1-2 minutes although thiocyanate has an excretion half life of several days. The duration of treatment should not exceed 72 hours and thiocyanate plasma concentrations should be monitored.

# Role in research
Sodium nitroprusside (often abbreviated SNP) is frequently used in vascular research to test endothelium-independent vasodilation. One method of administering SNP is by iontophoresis. This allows local administration of the drug, preventing the systemic effects listed above but still causing local microvascular vasodilation. NO liberated from the SNP diffuses into the vascular smooth muscle causing relaxation and subsequent vasodilatation. This vasodilatation is quantified by various techniques. This role in the treatment of hypertension was first performed at the Cleveland Clinic.
Sodium hypophosphite
Sodium hypophosphite (NaPO2H2) is the sodium salt of hypophosphorous acid.  It is a solid at room temperature, appearing as odorless white crystals.  It is soluble in water, and easily absorbs moisture from the air.
Sodium hypophosphite should be kept in a cool, dry place, isolated from oxidizing materials.  It decomposes when heated and produces toxic phosphine gas, causing irritation to the respiratory tract.

# Uses
Sodium hypophosphite is mainly used for electroless nickel-plating.  With this method, a durable nickel-phosphorus film can coat objects with irregular surfaces, and can widely be used ionics, aviation and the petroleum field.
It also can be used as a food additive.

## DEA List I status
The United States Drug Enforcement Administration designated sodium hypophosphite as a List I chemical under 21 CFR 1310.02 effective November 17, 2001, specifically mentioning the compound together with several other salts of hypophosphorous acid.
Sodium metabisulfite
Sodium metabisulfite or sodium pyrosulfite (IUPAC spelling; Br. E. sodium metabisulphite or sodium pyrosulphite)  is an inorganic compound of chemical formula Na2S2O5.  The name is sometimes referred to as disodium (metabisulfite, etc).  It is used as a sterilizer and antioxidant/preservative.

# Uses

## Food additive
It is used as a food additive, mainly as a preservative and is sometimes identified as E223. As an additive, it may cause allergic reactions, particularly skin irritation e.g. eczema; gastric irritation and asthma. It is not recommended for consumption by children. It is present in many dilutable squashes (i.e. fruit juice concentrates) and in candy bars such as Mounds 

## Sterilization / Cleaning agent
It is commonly used in homebrewing preparations to sanitize equipment. It is used as a cleaning agent for potable water reverse osmosis membranes in desalination systems. It is also used to remove chloramine from drinking water after treatment.

## Stump Removing
In the brand Stump-Out, it is used in almost a pure form (98%) to cause degradation of lignin, creating pores for fuel adsorption, and consequently, ignition.

# Packaging
It can be purchased in powdered form. Either sodium or potassium metabisulfite will be the primary ingredient in Campden tablets and some stump removers. In solid form it ranges in color from white to slightly yellow.

# Chemical properties
When mixed with water, sodium metabisulfite releases sulfur dioxide (SO2), a pungent, unpleasant smelling gas that can also cause breathing difficulties in some people. For this reason, sodium metabisulfite has fallen from common use in recent times, with agents such as hydrogen peroxide becoming more popular for effective and odorless sterilization of equipment. Released sulfur dioxide however makes the water a strong reducing agent.

# Alternatives
Include ascorbates 300-304 in some applications. Calcium sulfate 516 and ascorbic acid 300 are safe alternatives to sodium metabisulfite used as a flour improver.
Soft tissue disorder
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# Overview
Soft tissue disorders are medical conditions affecting soft tissue.
Often soft tissue injuries are some of the most chronically painful and difficult to treat because it is very difficult to see what is going on under the skin with the soft connective tissues, fascia, joints, muscles and tendons.
Musculoskeletal specialists, manual therapists and neuromuscular physiologist and neurologist specialize in treating injuries and ailments in the soft tissue areas of the body. These specialized clinicians often develop innovative ways to manipulate the soft tissue to speed natural healing and relieve the mysterious pain that often accompanies soft tissue injuries.  This area of expertise has become known as soft tissue therapy and is rapidly expanding as the technology continues to improve the ability of these specialists to identify problem areas more quickly.
A promising new method of treating wounds and soft tissue injuries is via platelet-derived growth factor (PGF).
There is a close overlap between the term "soft tissue disorder" and rheumatism. Sometimes the term "soft tissue rheumatic disorders" is used to describe these conditions.