Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Preanesthetic agent
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A preanaesthetic agent is a drug that is given before the administration of an anesthetic.

# Examples
Examples of preanesthetic agents are:
- Acepromazine 
- atropine 
- diazepam 
- Scopolamine
Predictive medicine
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The goal of predictive medicine is to identify biological markers in order to enrole individuals at high risk for developing a disease in special early detection trials. Different approaches exist to develop predictive medicine, such as genomics, proteomics, and cytomics.
Prevention template
To go to the main page, click here.

# Introduction to the Prevention Page
- The page name should be "(Disease name) prevention", with only the first letter of the title capitalized.
- Goal: To provide a brief description of the main methods of prevention in regards to the disease you are describing.
- As with all microchapter pages linking to the main page, at the top of the edit box put {{CMG}}, your name template, and the microchapter navigation template you created at the beginning.
- Remember to create links within Wikidoc by placing ] around key words which you want to link to other pages. Make sure you makes your links as specific as possible. For example if a sentence contained the phrase anterior spinal artery syndrome, the link should be to anterior spinal artery syndrome not anterior or artery or syndrome.  For more information on how to create links click here.
- Remember to follow the same format and capitalization of letters  as outlined in the template below.

# Overview
- The overview section should include the disease name in the first sentence.
- The goal is to summarize the main preventative methods for the disease you are describing in several sentences. This section can be the same as the prevention segment on the overview page.
- To see an example of an overview section on a prevention page, click here.

## Template

### Primary Prevention
- First Sentences
- Examples:

### Secondary Prevention
- First Sentences:
OR
- Examples:

# Preferred Template Statements
IF there are no strategies for primary prevention:
- There are no established measures for the primary prevention of .
- There are no available vaccines against .
IF there are primary prevention strategies:
- Effective measures for the primary prevention of  include , , and .
-  vaccine is recommended for  to prevent . Other primary prevention strategies include , , and .

# Prevention
- Describe in detail the key methods of preventing the disease you are describing, and preventing conditions that lead up to the disease.
- A good source to reference is .
- For an example of the prevention segment in the prevention page, click here.
- Methods of prevention can be divided into primary and secondary prevention measures, as per the microchapter navigation template. To help you determine what type of preventative measures you are describing, refer to the table below.
Primitive ventricle
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# Overview
The primitive ventricle of the developing heart gives rise to the trabeculated parts of the left and right ventricles.  In contrast, the smooth parts of the left and right ventricles originate from the embryological bulbus cordis.
The primitive ventricle becomes divided by a septum, the septum inferius or ventricular septum, which grows upward from the lower part of the ventricle, its position being indicated on the surface of the heart by a furrow.
Its dorsal part increases more rapidly than its ventral portion, and fuses with the dorsal part of the septum intermedium.
For a time an interventricular foramen exists above its ventral portion, but this foramen is ultimately closed by the fusion of the aortic septum with the ventricular septum.

# Additional images
- Heart showing expansion of the atria.
Processus vaginalis
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The processus vaginalis (or vaginal process) is an embryonic developmental outpouching of the peritoneum.
It is present from around the 12th week of gestation, and commences as a peritoneal outpouching.

# Gender differences
In males, it precedes the testis in their descent down within the gubernaculum, and closes. This closure occurs at any point from a few weeks before birth, to a few weeks after birth. The remaining portion around the testes becomes the tunica vaginalis.  
It does not close in females. Instead, it forms the canal of Nuck. 

# Clinical significance
Failure of closure of the processus vaginalis leads to the propensity to develop a number of abnormalities.
Peritoneal fluid can travel down a patent processus vaginalis leading to the formation of a  hydrocele.
There is the potential for an inguinal hernia to develop, although not all people with a patent processus vaginalis will develop one. The more patent the processus vaginalis, the more likely the patient is to develope a hernia.
Persistent patent processus vaginalis more common on the right than the left.
Project Hippocrates
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Project Hippocrates (an acronym of "HIghly PerfOrming Computer for Robot-AssisTEd Surgery") is an effort of the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science and Shadyside Medical Center, "to develop advanced planning, simulation, and execution technologies for the next generation of computer-assisted surgical robots."

# Reference
Propanoic anhydride
Propanoic anhydride, also called propionic anhydride, is a simple acid anhydride. With the chemical formula (CH3CH2CO)2O, it is a widely used reagent in organic synthesis.

# Synthesis
Propionic anhydride has been prepared by dehydration of propionic acid using ketene:

# Safety
Propanoic anhydride is strong smelling and corrosive, and will cause burns on contact with skin. Vapour can burn eyes and lungs.

# Legal Status
Due to its potential use as a precursor in the synthesis of fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, propanoic anhydride is regulated by the United States Drug Enforcement Agency as a List I chemical under the Controlled Substances Act.
Protease inhibitors
Protease inhibitors (PIs) are a class of medication used to treat or prevent infection by viruses, including HIV and Hepatitis C. PIs prevent viral replication by inhibiting the activity of HIV-1 protease, an enzyme used by the viruses to cleave nascent proteins for final assembly of new virons.
Protease inhibitors have been developed or are presently undergoing testing for treating various viruses:
- HIV/AIDS: antiretroviral protease inhibitors (saquinavir, ritonavir, indinavir, nelfinavir etc.)
- Hepatitis C: experimental agents: BILN 2061, VX 950.
Given the specificity of the target of these drugs there is the risk, as in antibiotics, of the development of drug-resistant mutated viruses. To reduce this risk it is common to use together different drugs aimed at different targets.

# Antiretrovirals
Protease inhibitors were the second class of antiretroviral drugs developed. In all cases, patents remain in force until 2010 or beyond.
Psychogenic disease
A psychogenic disease is a set of symptoms or complaints whose origin likely lies within the complex interactions of the frontal lobes of the brain and the system in which the complaint manifests. These disorders can often result from mental or emotional conflict. In most cases, a structural or anatomical abnormality has not been identified, as seen in an organic disease, however this does not account for possible genetic, biochemical, electrophysiological or other abnormalities that may be present but for which we do not have the technology or background to identify them. The traditional duality that divided mind from body is no longer accepted by the mainstream of science. There is a multitude of evidence to implicate the frontal lobes of the brain, where the most complex aspects of cognition, personality, mood, and memory are processed, as the mediators if not the source of psychogenic complaints.
Psychogenic is a broader category than psychosomatic, in that it can include the hysterical form, where there is no physiologic change in peripheral tissues, as well as the psychosomatic form, where there is some physiologic alteration.
Psychogenic Amnesia is a debated form of amnesia related to trauma or general psychological disorientation.
Psychogenic pain is pain that cannot be linked to physical symptoms - instead, it is psychological in origin. Psychogenic pain is thought to be a physical manifestation of (often unexpressed) emotional pain, or stress, which themselves are mediated by biochemical and electrophysiological activity within the brain. It is as real and painful as non-psychogenic pain.
Psyllium seed husks
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Psyllium seed husks, also known as ispaghula or simply as psyllium, are portions of the seeds of the plant Plantago psyllium or Plantago ovata.

# Description
Psyllium seed husks expand and become mucilaginous when wet and are soluble in water, but they are indigestible in human beings.  The husks are dried and chopped or powdered for use. They may form one ingredient of several in finished products, or they may be used as-is, uncombined with any other ingredients.
Psyllium seeds are very similar to the seed husks and can be used for many of the same purposes, although their use is less common.

# Uses
The characteristics of psyllium seed husks make them useful for any treatment that requires improvement or maintenance of transit time in the gastrointestinal tract, because the inert bulk of the husks helps provide a constant volume of solid material irrespective of other aspects of the diet or any disease condition of the gut. Over-the-counter laxatives and fiber supplements such as Metamucil, Serutan, Effersyllium, and Isabgol have psyllium husks as their main ingredient, in finely chopped or powdered form. The husks can be consumed as-is (with plenty of water or other fluid) with much the same effect. Psyllium can also be added to food or drink to boost the fiber content of the diet, and some cereals (Bran Buds, Heartwise) contain it.
Psyllium husks are used to relieve constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, diverticular disease, and diarrhea. They are used as a regular dietary supplement to improve and maintain regular GI transit. Some recent research is also showing them to be promising in lowering cholesterol and controlling diabetes.
Pudendal anesthesia
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Pudendal anaesthesia is a form of local anesthesia commonly used in the practice of obstetrics.  (the pudendal nerve block) is used in obstetrics.  The anethesia is produced by blocking the pudendal nerves near the ischial spine of the ischium.  The ischial spine separates the greater and lesser sciatic foramina.
Pyrophosphoric acid
Pyrophosphoric acid, also known under the name diphosphoric acid, is a syrupy liquid of off-white color or a needle-like crystalline solid. Pyrophosphoric acid is colorless, odorless, hygroscopic and is soluble in water, diethyl ether, and ethyl alcohol. It is the anhydride of phosphoric acid and is produced from phosphoric acid by dehydration.  Pyrophosphoric acid is one of many phosphorus oxoacids.
Pyrophosphoric acid is unstable in aqueous solution and in the absence of enzymic catalysis hydrolyzes extremely slowly into phosphoric acid in all but highly acidic media.
Enzyme EC 3.6.1.1 catalyzes this hydrolysis. Specificity varies with the source and with the activating metal ion, e.g. Mg2+.
Pyrophosphoric acid is a medium strong inorganic acid. In a pyrophosphoric acid molecule, there are four hydrogens bonded to oxygens, and one, two, three, or all four can be lost as H+ ions.  When all four are lost from pyrophosphoric acid, a pyrophosphate ion is formed. The anion, the salts, and the esters of pyrophosphoric acid are called pyrophosphates. Because pyrophosphoric acids can undergo four dissociations, there are four Ka values for it, as well as four corresponding pKa values.  Similarly, pyrophosphate is a base with four Kb and, of course, four pKb values for regaining the H+ ions in reverse order.
Retinoid X receptor
The retinoid X receptor (RXR) is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by 9-cis retinoic acid, which is discussed controversially to be of endogenous relevance, and 9-cis-13,14-dihydro-retinoic acid, which is likely to be the major endogenous mammalian RXR-selective agonist.  There are three retinoic X receptors (RXR): RXR-alpha, RXR-beta, and RXR-gamma, encoded by the RXRA, RXRB, RXRG genes, respectively.
RXR heterodimerizes with subfamily 1 nuclear receptors including CAR, FXR, LXR, PPAR, PXR, RAR, TR, and VDR.
As with other type II nuclear receptors, the RXR heterodimer in the absence of ligand is bound to hormone response elements complexed with corepressor protein.  Binding of agonist ligands to RXR results in dissociation of corepressor and recruitment of coactivator protein, which, in turn, promotes transcription of the downstream target gene into mRNA and eventually protein.
Raffaella Di Marzio
Raffaella Di Marzio, Ph.D. is an Italian psychologist and theologian.  She is a member of the Editorial Board of the academic journal, Cultic Studies Review.  Di Marzio is the director of the Sectes, Religion, Spirituality Counseling Center, in Rome, Italy.  She is also a member of SIPR, Societa Italiana di Psicologia della Religione (Italian Society of Psychology of Religion), and founded a support center in Rome for individuals directly or indirectly affected by cults.
With Albert Amitrani, Ph.D., her article "Blind, or Just Don't Want to See? Brainwashing, Mystification, and Suspicion", was later cited in two separate articles by Michael D. Langone, Ph.D..  Di Marzio is a contributor to the encyclopedia:  Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, as well as Enciclopedia delle religioni in Italia .

# Education
- University of Rome La Sapienza, History of Religions, 2003
- University of Rome La Sapienza, psychology, 1981
- Pontifical Salesian University, Educational Science, 1981
- Institute for Religious Studies Ecclesia Mater, Pontifical Lateran University, Superior Diploma in Religious Science

# Publications

## Books
- Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices , Contributor, 2002
- Enciclopedia delle religioni in Italia , Contributor, 2001

## Articles
- What Should We Do About Cults?  An Italian Perspective, Dr. Raffaella Di Marzio, Cultic Studies Journal, 2001, Volume 18, Part 1, pages 13-31.
- "Mind Control" in New Religious Movements and the American Psychological Association, with Alberto Amitrani, Ph.D., Cults & Society, Vol. 1, No.1, 2001
- Blind, or Just Don't Want to See? : Brainwashing, mystification and suspicion, Group of Research and Information on the Sects, with Alberto Amitrani, Cultic Studies Journal, 2000
- "Mind Control" in New Religious Movements : clarifying some issues, By Alberto Amitrani and Raffaella Di Marzio, 1998
- The Neverending Story: A comment on M. Introvigne's "Liar, Liar", Alberto Amitrani and Raffaella Di Marzio, from the Roman seat of G.R.I.S., November 27, 1998
- Oriental religions: Ananda Assisi under accusation
Ragavendra R Baliga
Ragavendra R Baliga, MD, MBA, FACC, FRCP (Edin).
He is the Director & Chief of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ohio State University Hospital East , Columbus, OH.  He is well known for his contributions to medical education (he published his first book 200 Clinical Cases in Medicine when he was just 33 years old) and is the author of several books including 250 Cases in Medicine, Elsevier and Self-Assessment in Clinical Medicine, W.B. Saunders. He is the co-Editor of book, Practical Cardiology, published by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. He is a Fellow of the American College of Cardiology and Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. He is on the editorial board of American College of Cardiology Current Journal Review.  Dr. Baliga is also a co-founder of NextServices.
Ragavendra R Baliga, MD, received his medical degree from St. John's Medical College, Bangalore University, India. He received his Masters in Business Administration degree from the University of Michigan's Ross School of Business, Ann Arbor. Dr. Baligas postgraduate training includes:
- Fellowship, St Mary's Hospital (London), Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of London, England
- Fellowship, cardiology, Hammersmith Hospital, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Imperial College London, University of London, England
- Fellowship, advanced cardiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Fellowship, advanced heart failure, Boston University Medical Center
- Fellowship, clinical cardiac transplant, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas
Raloxifene overdose

# Overdosage topics
Adults
Children
Other

## Adults
In an 8-week study of 63 postmenopausal women, a dose of raloxifene HCl 600 mg/day was safely tolerated. In clinical trials, no raloxifene overdose has been reported.
In postmarketing spontaneous reports, raloxifene overdose has been reported very rarely (less than 1 out of 10,000  patients treated). The highest overdose has been approximately 1.5 grams. No fatalities associated with raloxifene overdose have been reported. Adverse reactions were reported in approximately half of the adults who took 180 mg raloxifene and included leg cramps and dizziness. Return to top

## Children
Two 18-month-old children each ingested raloxifene 180 mg. In these two children, symptoms reported included ataxia, dizziness, vomiting, rash, diarrhea, tremor, and flushing, as well as elevation in alkaline phosphatase. Return to top

## Other
There is no specific antidote for raloxifene.
No mortality was seen after a single oral dose in rats or mice at 5000 mg/kg (810 times the human dose for rats and 405 times the human dose for mice based on surface area, mg/m2) or in monkeys at 1000 mg/kg (80 times the AUC in humans). Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Random glucose test
Random glucose test is a blood sugar test taken from a non-fasting subject.
This test, also called random blood glucose (RBG), assumes a recent meal and therefore has higher reference values than the fasting glucose test.

# Reference values
The reference values for a random glucose test in an average adult are ?-140 ml/l (?-7.8 mmol/l).
Ranitidine overdose

# Overdose Information
Human Experience
Overdose Management

## Human Experience
There is very limited experience with Ranitidine  overdose. In premarketing clinical studies, there were eight
reports of Ranitidine overdose alone or in combination with other
pharmacological agents. The only drug overdose death reported
while taking Ranitidine was in combination with amitriptyline and
chlorprothixene in a non-US clinical study. Based on plasma levels,
the Ranitidine dose taken was 3045 mg, while plasma levels of
amitriptyline and chlorprothixene were found to be at toxic levels. All
-ther premarketing overdose cases resulted in full recovery. Signs and
symptoms reported in association with overdose included disorientation,
drowsiness, impaired memory, and tachycardia. There
were no reports of ECG abnormalities, coma or convulsions following
-verdose with Ranitidine alone. Return to top

## Overdose Management
Treatment should consist of those general measures employed in the
management of overdose with any drug effective in the treatment of
major depressive disorder. Ensure an adequate airway, oxygenation,
and ventilation. Monitor cardiac rhythm and vital signs. General supportive
and symptomatic measures are also recommended. Induction
-f emesis is not recommended. Gastric lavage with a large-bore
-rogastric tube with appropriate airway protection, if needed, may be
indicated if performed soon after ingestion, or in symptomatic patients.
Activated charcoal should be administered. There is no experience
with the use of forced diuresis, dialysis, hemoperfusion or exchange
transfusion in the treatment of mirtazapine overdosage. No specific
antidotes for mirtazapine are known. Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.