Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Semecarpus anacardium
Semecarpus Anacardium (the Oriental Anacardium) is a native of India and is closely related to the cashew.
It is known as bhallatak in India and was called "marking nuts" by Europeans, because it was used by washermen to mark the cloths before washing, as it imparted water insoluble mark to the cloth.
It is a deciduous tree, found in the outer Himalayas.  The nut is about 2.5 cm long, ovoid and smooth lustrous black. In Ayurveda, the fruit is considered a rasayana for longevity and rejuvenation,and is processed before use, as it is toxic in nature.
Recent studies have shown the fruit to be a good anti-inflammatory agent and effective in various types of cancers.
Senior-Lken syndrome

# Overview
Senior-Lken syndrome is a congenital eye disorder, first characterized in 1961.  It is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by nephronophthisis and progressive eye disease.

# Pathophysiology
The cause of Senior-Loken syndrome type 5 has been identified to mutation in the NPHP1 gene which adversely affects the protein formation mechanism of the cilia

## Genetics
Genes involved include:
- NPHP1
- NPHP4
- IQCB1

## Relation to other rare genetic disorders
Recent findings in genetic research have suggested that a large number of genetic disorders, both genetic syndromes and genetic diseases, that were not previously identified in the medical literature as related, may be, in fact, highly related in the genetypical root cause of the widely-varying, phenotypically-observed disorders.  Such diseases are becoming known as ciliopathies.  Known ciliopathies include primary ciliary dyskinesia, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, polycystic kidney and liver disease, nephronophthisis, Alstrom syndrome, Meckel-Gruber syndrome and some forms of retinal degeneration.
Sepiapterin reductase
Sepiapterin reductase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SPR gene.

# Function
Sepiapterin reductase (7,8-dihydrobiopterin:NADP+ oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.153) catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of various carbonyl substances, including derivatives of pteridines, and belongs to a group of enzymes called aldo-keto reductases. SPR plays an important role in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin.

# Reaction
Sepiapterin reductase (SPR) catalyzes the chemical reaction
L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin + NADP+ \rightleftharpoons sepiapterin + NADPH + H+
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin and NADP+, whereas its three products are sepiapterin, NADPH, and a single hydrogen ion (H+).
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, to be specific, those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 7,8-dihydrobiopterin:NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in folate biosynthesis.

# Clinical significance
Sepiapterin reductase deficiency belongs to the rare diseases. The clinical phenotype can include progressive psychomotor retardation, altered tone, seizures, choreoathetosis, temperature instability, hypersalivation, microcephaly, and irritability. Patients with sepiapterin reductase deficiency also manifest dystonia with diurnal variation, oculogyric crises, tremor, hypersomnolence, oculomotor apraxia, and weakness. Response to treatment is variable and the long-term and functional outcome is unknown. To provide a basis for improving the understanding of the epidemiology, genotype/phenotype correlation and outcome of these diseases their impact on the quality of life of patients, and for evaluating diagnostic and therapeutic strategies a patient registry was established by the noncommercial International Working Group on Neurotransmitter Related Disorders (iNTD).
Sharpless epoxidation
The Sharpless epoxidation reaction is an enantioselective chemical reaction to prepare 2,3-epoxyalcohols from primary and secondary allylic alcohols.  This reaction gives good yields and enantioselectivities over a broad range of substrates.
The oxidizing agent is t-butylperoxide.  Enantioselectivity is achieved by a catalyst formed from titanium tetra(isopropoxide) and diethyl tartrate.  Only 5-10 mol% of the catalyst in the presence of 3A molecular sieves (3A MS) is necessary.
Several reviews have been published.
Epoxides can be easily converted into dialcohols, aminoalcohols or ethers, so formation of chiral epoxides is a very important step in the synthesis of natural products.  K. Barry Sharpless shared the Nobel prize in 2001 for his work on asymmetric oxidations.
The prize was shared with William S. Knowles and Ryoji Noyori.

# Reaction mechanism
The Sharpless group has investigated both the reaction kinetics and the structure of the catalyst.
Shope papilloma virus
The Shope papillomavirus or cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) is a type I virus under the Baltimore scheme, possessing a nonsegmented dsDNA genome.  It infects rabbits, causing keratinous carcinomas, typically on or near the animals head.  These tumors can become large enough that they interfere with the hosts ability to eat, eventually causing starvation.
Shope papillomavirus provided the first mammalian model of a cancer caused by a virus.  It takes its name from Dr. Richard E. Shope, who discovered it in the 1930s.  Shope was able to isolate virus particles from tumors on captured animals and use these to inoculate domestic rabbits, which then developed similar tumors.   
The virus was sequenced in 1984, showing  substantial sequence similarities to HPV1a.  It has been used as a model for human papillomaviruses both before and after this discovery.  The most visible example of this role is the HPV vaccine, which was developed based on and incorporating research done using the virus as a model.  Similarly, it has been used to investigate antiviral therapies.
The virus is also a possible source of myths about the jackalope, a rabbit with the antlers of an antelope.  Stories and illustrations of horned rabbits appear in scientific treatises dating back many years, such as the Tableau Encyclopedique et Methodique, from 1789.
Sodium lauryl sulfate

# Overview
Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS or NaDS) (C12H25SO4Na) is an anionic surfactant that is used in household products such as toothpastes, shampoos, shaving foams, some dissolvable aspirins, fiber therapy caplets, and bubble baths for its thickening effect and its ability to create a lather.  The molecule has a tail of 12 carbon atoms, attached to a sulfate group, giving the molecule the amphiphilic properties required of a detergent.

# Preparation
Sodium lauryl sulfate is prepared by esterification of sulfuric acid with dodecanol (lauryl alcohol, C12H25OH), followed by neutralization with sodium carbonate.  It is used in both industrially produced and home-made cosmetics.

# Applications
Sodium lauryl sulfate is probably the most researched anionic surfactant compound. Like all detergent surfactants (including soaps), sodium lauryl sulfate removes oils from the skin, and can cause skin and eye irritation. The critical micelle concentration in pure water at 25C is 0.0082 M, and the aggregation number at this concentration is usually considered to be about 50. The micelle ionization fraction () is around 0.3 (or 30%).
It has recently found application as a surfactant in gas hydrate or methane hydrate formation reactions, increasing the rate of formation as much as 700 times.

## SDS-PAGE
Sodium lauryl sulfate is commonly used in preparing proteins for electrophoresis in the SDS-PAGE technique. This compound works by disrupting non-covalent bonds in the proteins, denaturing them, and causing the molecules to lose their native shape (conformation). Also, anions of SLS bind to the main peptide chain at a ratio of one SLS anion for every two amino acid residues. This effectively imparts a negative charge on the protein that is proportional to the mass of that protein (about 1.4 g SLS/g protein).
This new negative charge is significantly greater than the original charge of that protein. The electrostatic repulsion that is created by binding of SLS causes proteins to unfold into a rod-like shape thereby eliminating differences in shape as a factor for separation in the gel.

# Reactions
SLS can be converted by ethoxylation to sodium laureth sulfate (sodium lauryl ether sulfate; SLES), which is less harsh on the skin, probably because it is not as much of a protein denaturant as is the unethoxylated substance.

# Safety
When handling SLS in its solid form use extreme caution, the compound easily particalizes into the air. If inhaled can cause a serious choking hazard.
A number of health concerns about SLS have been raised in published reports. These studies indicate that:
- SLS may cause a number of skin problems (for which the non-specific term is dermatitis), with some people being affected more than others.
- SLS in toothpaste may cause aphthous ulcers, commonly referred to in some countries as "canker sores". However, some studies find no connection between SLS in toothpaste and mouth ulcers.
Sp100 nuclear antigen
Sp100 nuclear antigen is an interferon stimulated antigen found in the cell nuclei of many human and higher animal cells. Autoantibodies directed against Sp100 are often found in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Histologically Sp100 'dots' regions of the cell nucleus. Viral infection and mitogens affect the expression of the Sp100 autoantigen. Cells grown in the presence of interferons (, , and ) revealed an increase both in size and number of the Sp100 protein-containing nuclear dots and increase the protein concentration. 
This raises "the question whether cytokine-mediated increase of Sp100 protein expression plays a role in induction of anti-Sp100 autoantibodies."

# Sp100 and nuclear dots
Two proteins, Sp100 and promyelocytic leukemia (PML) factor are localized to punctate domains in the nucleus (nuclear dots or nuclear bodies). These domains (few to 20) were found to form a donut shaped structure when cells were starved of amino acids. In particular, depravation of cystine results in most pronounced changes. Two other proteins,  PIC1/SUMO-1, that also interact with nuclear pore complex factors also interact with these two proteins. In addition Sp100 interacts with a chromatin binding protein, HP1 alpha.

# Sp100 splicoforms
Some Sp100 variants contain a domain similar to two interferon-inducible nuclear phosphoproteins, suppressin and DEAF1. This defines a novel protein motif, the HNPP-box. Another class of variants has high mobility group 1 (HMG1) protein sequence as a domain. Both major classes of Sp100 splice variant proteins localize in part to nuclear dots/PML bodies and other nuclear domains.
Sparkling Enope Squid
The Sparkling Enope Squid (Watasenia scintillans), also known as the Firefly Squid, is a member of the class Cephalopoda, subclass Coleoidea, order Teuthida. It is the sole species in the genus Watasenia.

# Species characteristics
The Sparkling Enope Squid is found in the Western Pacific ocean at depths of 600 to 1200 feet and possesses bioluminescent properties. Each tentacle has an organ called a photophore, which produces light. By flashing these lights, the Sparkling Enope Squid can attract small fish to feed upon.
The Sparkling Enope Squid is the only species of cephalopod in which evidence of color vision has been found. While most cephalopods have only one visual pigment, firefly squid have three, along with a double-layered retina.  These adaptations for color vision may have evolved to enable firefly squid to distinguish between ambient light and bioluminescence.
The Sparkling Enope Squid measures about 3 inches long at maturity and dies after one year of life.

# Mating
The Sparkling Enope Squid can also light up its whole body to attract a mate. The mating season of the Sparkling Enope Squid lasts from March to June.
Sphenopalatine artery
The sphenopalatine artery (nasopalatine artery) is an artery of the head.

# Course
It passes through the sphenopalatine foramen into the cavity of the nose, at the back part of the superior meatus.
Here it gives off its posterior lateral nasal branches which spread forward over the conch and meatuses, anastomose with the ethmoidal arteries and the nasal branches of the descending palatine, and assist in supplying the frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, and sphenoidal sinuses.
Crossing the under surface of the sphenoid the sphenopalatine artery ends on the nasal septum as the posterior septal branches; these anastomose with the ethmoidal arteries and the septal branch of the superior labial; one branch descends in a groove on the vomer to the incisive canal and anastomoses with the descending palatine artery.

# Clinical significance
This artery is often ligated surgically to control severe epistaxis.
Spontaneous remission
Spontaneous remission is a common term in medicine, it is defined as recoveries without reason or cause. Spontaneous remission are usual in many health disorders  and are more commonplace than it is generally assumed, principally in young people.

# Studies
Studies have shown that cases of spontaneous remission that are not reported outnumber those reported by at least 10 to 1 and cases related with some disorders have a spontaneous remission rate that appears to be about 1 per cent per year.

# Mechanisms
The mechanisms for spontaneous recovery are active in many health disorders and also seem to occur in debilitating and progressive diseases as cancer and tuberculosis. In some disorders the mechanisms of spontaneous remission may be impaired but can be re-established with the proper therapy.
Even if some placebo effects could be observed or caused by spontaneous remission, the two processes are not one and the same.

# Reports
The term anecdotal evidence is often mentioned by medical researchers in conjunction with cases of spontaneous remission, it refers to the descriptions of remissions by those who directly experienced the process or by those who observed it.
Spontaneous remission occurs normally as an established body mechanism In those cases in which the remission is not expected or normally occurring, medical professionals might attribute this to rationally explainable influences that lacked observation, or misdiagnosis.
A published example of unexpected spontaneous remission is that of John Matzke.  At 30 years old, he was diagnosed with a chest tumour and lung cancer in 1984.  Instead of undergoing immediate treatment, he spent one month hiking, meditating, and eating healthy (to prepare his body for treatment).  Surprisingly, upon his next X-ray appointment, the tumour had disappeared.  He went on to live another 18 years before the cancer reoccurred in his brain and took his life on November 8, 1991.
Stavudine description

# Description
ZERIT is the brand name for stavudine (d4T), a synthetic thymidine nucleoside analogue, active against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The chemical name for stavudine is 2,3-didehydro-3-deoxythymidine. Stavudine has the following structural formula:
Stavudine is a white to off-white crystalline solid with the molecular formula C10H12N2O4 and a molecular weight of 224.2. The solubility of stavudine at 23C is approximately 83 mg/mL in water and 30 mg/mL in propylene glycol. The n-octanol/water partition coefficient of stavudine at 23C is 0.144.
Capsules: ZERIT is available as capsules for oral administration containing either 15, 20, 30, or 40 mg of stavudine. Each capsule also contains inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, lactose, and magnesium stearate. The hard gelatin shell consists of gelatin, titanium dioxide, and iron oxides. The capsules are printed with edible inks.
Powder for Oral Solution: ZERIT is available as a dye-free, fruit-flavored powder in bottles with child-resistant closures providing 200 mL of a 1 mg/mL stavudine oral solution upon constitution with water per label instructions. The powder for oral solution contains the following inactive ingredients: methylparaben, propylparaben, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sucrose, and antifoaming and flavoring agents.
Strategic complements
In economics and game theory, the decisions of two or more players are called strategic complements if they mutually reinforce one another, and they are called strategic substitutes if they mutually offset one another.  These terms were originally coined by Bulow, Geanakoplos, and Klemperer (1985).
To clarify what is meant by 'reinforce' or 'offset', it is helpful to consider a situation in which the players all have similar choices to make, as in the paper of Bulow et al., where all the players are imperfectly competitive firms which are each choosing how much to produce. In that context, the production decisions are strategic complements if an increase in the production of one firm increases the marginal revenues of the others, because in that case the others will have an incentive to produce more too. This tends to be the case if there are sufficiently strong aggregate increasing returns to scale and/or the demand curves for the firms' products have a sufficiently low own-price elasticity. On the other hand, the production decisions are strategic substitutes if an increase in one firm's output decreases the marginal revenues of the others, giving them an incentive to produce less.

# Calculus formulation
Mathematically, consider a symmetric game with two players that each have payoff function \Pi(x_i, x_j), where x_i represents the player's own decision, and x_j represents the decision of the other player. Assume \Pi is increasing and concave in the player's own strategy x_i. Under these assumptions, the two decisions are strategic complements if an increase in each player's own decision x_i raises the marginal payoff \frac{d\Pi}{dx_j} of the other player. In other words, the decisions are strategic complements if the second derivative \frac{d^2\Pi}{dx_idx_j} is positive for i \neq j. Equivalently, this means that the function \Pi is supermodular.
On the other hand, the decisions are strategic substitutes if \frac{d^2\Pi}{dx_idx_j} is negative, that is, if \Pi is submodular.
Strategic partnership

# Goals of the Strategic Partnership:
- Preserve and Promote Academic Integrity and the Value Proposition Provided by Academic Research Organizations
- Academic Research Organizations have shared value systems and cultures that differ from the for profit entities with which they partner.
- Academic Rosearch Organizations have intellectual capital (their ideas) that must be valued appropriately.
- Academic Research Organizations have associative capital (a network of relationships) that must be valued appropriately.
- Academic Research Organizations
- Academic Research Organizations
Strawberry quick meth
Strawberry Quick (methamphetamines in disguise) is the newest fad in drug smuggling and dealing.
According to news reports seen on WFAA-8 TV, this will rise to as much popularity among young drug users as so called "cheese" heroin.
Harrison Fairbanks from Plano Texas uses pop-rocks to disguise how horrible meth tastes. They market it mostly to pre-adolescent/adolescent children. They take it, under the pretext that it is candy. They eat it, get a high, and with it being attributed to the sugar content, most parents have truly no idea what is happening to their youngsters. The child begins the path toward addiction, not quite knowing EXACTLY what is going on, just that they need more "MORE Strawberry Quick!".
The exact history of this method of methamphetamine delivery is not yet known at this time, however it is known that some meth users will eat the meth to attain a different sort of high, or to enhance one already in existence. So to correlate one method of oral delivery with another, more appealing one, would appear to make sense.
Parents are being strongly advised to warn their children about the risks involved with accepting candy from people they don't know and trust, and should be warned about this new epidemic.
Stroke case study one

# Case #1

## Clinical Summary
Eight years prior to his demise, this 48-year-old black male had a dissecting aortic aneurysm. The first portion of the aortic arch was dilated with an associated aortic valve insufficiency.
The defect was repaired and a mechanical prosthetic valve was implanted. One year prior to his terminal admission, the patient experienced a catastrophic cerebrovascular accident (CVA) with left hemiparesis and obtundation. The patient experienced severe neurologic sequelae from this CVA and was eventually transferred to a nursing home where he was bedbound and required an indwelling urinary catheter.
The patient developed a urinary tract infection and was transferred to the hospital. The patient's condition deteriorated and he died 6 weeks after admission with a urinary tract infection and pneumonia.

## Autopsy Findings
Autopsy showed the expected findings in the aorta and in a 760-gram heart. The mechanical valve showed some deterioration and there was old thrombotic material adherent to the valve, which was probably the source of the emboli which caused the patient's CVA. The patient's 1250-gram brain showed extensive old infarctions in at least three different areas, with the largest (12.5 x 5.5 cm) in the distribution of the right middle cerebral artery.

## Gross Pathology
Images courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission  PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology

## Microscopic Pathology
Stubs iron wire gauge

# Overview
The Stubs Iron Wire Gauge system (also known as the Birmingham Wire Gauge) is used in medicine to measure the diameter of hypodermic needles, catheters, and suture wires. It was originally developed in early 19th-century England for use in wire manufacture, and it began appearing in a medical setting in the early 20th century.
The Stubs system was the first wire gauge recognized as a standard by any country when Great Britain adopted it in 1884. Each gauge increment roughly correlates to multiples of .01 inches, but the system is not truly linear, as can be seen in the Needle gauge comparison chart. Also, the needle gauge is inversely proportional to its diameter, so the larger the gauge number, the narrower the diameter.
Another common gauge system is the French catheter scale.
A common approximation used for medical needles is diameter (in inches) is equal to the reciprocal of the gauge.
Needle wire gauge was derived from the Stubs Iron Wire Gauge.
Subacute endocarditis
Subacute endocarditis (also called endocarditis lenta) is a type of endocarditis (more specifically, infective endocarditis) usually caused by a form of streptococci bacteria that normally live in the mouth and throat (Streptococcus mutans, mitis, sanguis,or milleri). Other strains of streptococci (bovis and equines) can also cause subacute endocarditis, usually in patients who have a form of gastrointestinal cancer.
Underlying structural valve disease is usually present in patients before developing subacute endocarditis. It is less likely to lead to septic emboli than is acute endocarditis, but subacute endocarditis has a relatively slow process of infection and, if left untreated, can worsen for up to one year before it is fatal.

# Treatment
The standard treatment is with a minimum of four weeks of high-dose intravenous penicillin with an aminoglycoside such as gentamicin.
Succinylsulfathiazole
Succinylsulfathiazole is a sulfonamide. It is also spelled as succinylsulphathiazole. It is a white or yellow-white crystalline powder. It dissolves in aqueous solutions of alkali hydroxides and carbonates but is very slightly soluble in water.
It is classified as ultra long acting drug. About 95% of the drug remains in the intestine and only 5% is hydrolyzed, slowly, to Sulfathiazole and is absorbed.
The drug is used for its antibacterial activity in the GIT. The dose is 10g - 20g daily in divided doses.