Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Juxtarestiform body

# Overview
The juxtarestiform body is a subdivision of the inferior cerebellar peduncle, which comprises both the juxtarestiform and restiform bodies.

# Function
The juxtarestiform body carries both afferent and efferent fibers connecting the vestibular nuclei and the flocculonodular lobe  and fastigial nucleus of the cerebellum.
The juxtarestiform body coordinates balance and eye movements by communication between the vestibular apparatus and the cerebellum.
Kawashima procedure

# Overview
The Kawashima procedure is used for congenital heart disease with a single effective ventricle and an interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC).  It was first performed in 1978 and reported in 1984.

# Procedure
Technically it is very similar to the Bidirectional Glenn procedure used to direct half the body's venous blood flow into the lungs.  However, in patients with interrupted IVC, most of the blood from the lower body actually joins the blood from the upper body before returning to the heart via the superior vena cava (SVC).  Therefore, the redirection of SVC blood to the lungs (as in the Glenn) results in much more than half the venous blood flow  being diverted.
After Kawashima, the only de-oxygenated blood returning to the heart is from the abdominal organs (via the hepatic veins)).  As a result, there is much less hypoxia than after Glenn, and the heart is pumping less additional blood than after Glenn.  However, the hypoxia can worsen over time (because of the development of microscopic AVMs in the lungs that allow blood to pass through without being oxygenated), and therefore these children still may need a complete Fontan procedure in the end.
Patellar tendinitis
Patellar tendinitis (patellar tendinopathy, also known as jumper's knee), is a relatively common cause of pain in the inferior patellar region in athletes.

# Presentation
It begins as inflammation in the patellar tendon where it attaches to the patella and may progress by tearing or degenerating the tendon. Patients present with an ache over the patella tendon.

# Causes
It is an overuse injury from repetitive overloading of the extensor mechansism of the knee.  The microtears exceed the body's healing mechanism unless the activity is stopped.
The injury occurs in many athletes, but is most common in sports such as Soccer, Volleyball, Track & Field, Freerunning, Parkour, American Football, Netball or Basketball which require explosive movements.

# Treatment
Early stages may be treated conservatively. Uncommonly it may require surgery to remove myxoid degeneration in the tendon. This is reserved for patients with debilitating pain for 6-12 months despite conservative measures.
User:Kristin Feeney
Kristin Feeney, B.S., M.P.H. Candidate at BUSPH
Deputy Assistant Editor-In-Chief + WikiDoc Scholar Program Coordinator, WikiDoc Foundation (a 509 (a)(1) Charitable Organization)
Contact: kfeeney@wikidoc.org; Phone: 617-632-7590

# Professional Background
- Research Assistant III at PERFUSE Study Group, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, January 2011-Present

# Education
Boston University School of Public Health, Master's of Public Health, Epidemiology, Presently Attending
Elon University, Elon, NC, Bachelor's of Science, Exercise Science (minors: Religious Studies, Public Health), December 2010

# Professional Memberships
American Public Health Association, Student Assembly Member
__SHOWFACTBOX__
Kohler illumination
Kohler illumination is a type of specimen illumination used in transmitted-light microscopy. It was designed by August Kohler in 1893, and overcame limitations of previous types of sample illumination techniques (ie: critical illumination). Prior to the advent of Kohler illumination, the filament of the bulb used to illuminate the sample could be visible in the sample plane. This created what is known as a filament image. Various techniques were used to overcome the filament image such as lowering the power of the light source, utilizing an opal bulb, or placing an opal glass diffuser in front of the light source. However, all these techniques, while being semi effective in reducing the filament image, had the effect of reducing the quality and uniformity of light reaching the sample. Reducing the power of the light source and utilizing an opal bulb both caused a narrowing of the spectrum of incident light. For transmitted-light microscopy wide spectrum white light is desired to realize the maximum amount of contrast. Further, adding an opal glass diffuser will cause the light reaching the sample to not be uniform. Uniformity of light is essential to avoid shadows, glare, and incorrect contrast when taking images. Kohler illumination overcomes these limitations by utilizing a collector lens in front of the light source. This lens focuses the light at the condenser diaphragm, and this has the effect of putting the condenser diaphram and the filament image in conjugate planes. Thus, the filament image is no longer conjugate to the image plane, and is no longer visible.

# Principles

## Condenser Optical Components
- High intensity bulb
- Collector lens
- Field diaphragm
- Condenser diaphragm
- Condenser lens

## Setting Up Kohler Illumination
1. Focus on the specimen.
2. Close the field diaphragm to its most closed state such that you can see the edges of the diaphragm (may be blurry) in the field of view.
3. Use the condenser focus knobs to bring the edges of the field diaphragm into the best focus possible.
4. Use the condenser-centering screws to center the image of the closed field diaphragm in the field of view.
5. Open the field diaphragm just enough so that its edges are just beyond the field of view.
6. Adjust the condenser diaphragm to introduce the proper amount of contrast into your sample. The amount of contrast added will depend on the sample, however too much contrast can introduce artifacts into your images.
7. Adjust the light intensity as necessary. To adjust light intensity it is best to use a neutral density filter rather than rasing or lowering the lightsource power supply. Neutral density filters block all wavelengths of light equally, while changing the power to the light source can reduce the spectrum of incident light creating a yellow/brown light effect.

## Used In
- Bright field microscopy
- Phase contrast microscopy
- Dark field microscopy
- Differential interference contrast microscopy
- Polarized light microscopy
- Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy
Lacrimal canaliculi

# Overview
The lacrimal canaliculi, also known as the lacrimal canals or lacrimal ducts, are the small channels in each eyelid that commence at minute orifices, termed puncta lacrimalia, on the summits of the papill lacrimales, seen on the margins of the lids at the lateral extremity of the lacus lacrimalis.
- The superior duct, the smaller and shorter of the two, at first ascends, and then bends at an acute angle, and passes medialward and downward to the lacrimal sac.
- The inferior duct at first descends, and then runs almost horizontally to the lacrimal sac.
At the angles they are dilated into ampull; their walls are dense in structure and their mucous lining is covered by stratified squamous epithelium, placed on a basement membrane.
Outside the latter is a layer of striped muscle, continuous with the lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi; at the base of each lacrimal papilla the muscular fibers are circularly arranged and form a kind of sphincter.

# Clinical significance
Canaliculitis is an inflammation of the canaliculus.
Lake Alice Hospital
Lake Alice Hospital was a rural psychiatric facilty, near Marton in Rangitikei, New Zealand. It was opened in 1950, and had a Maximum Security unit.
Like many New Zealand psychiatric hospitals, Lake Alice was self-sufficient, with its own farm, workshop, bakery, laundry, and fire station.  It also had swimming pools as well as glasshouses and vegetable gardens.
The facility shut down in 1999.  The buildings and 56-hectare grounds were purchased in July, 2006 by an undisclosed buyer.
Former patients of the hospital's child and adolescent unit have made allegations of abuse there during the 1970s, including the use of electroconvulsive therapy and paraldehyde injections as punishment.
The New Zealand government issued a formal apology in 2001, and has paid out a total of NZ$10.7 million in compensation to 183 former patients.  
The former head of the unit gave up the practice of medicine in order to forestall a disciplinary hearing by the Medical Practitioners Board of Victoria.
Langhans giant cell

# Overview
Langhans giant cells are large cells found in granulomatous conditions. They are formed by the fusion of epithelioid cells (macrophages), and contain nuclei arranged in a horseshoe-shaped pattern in the cell periphery. Their presence could indicate tuberculosis.
They should not be confused with Langerhans cell. According to MeSH, Langhans giant cells are macrophages, but Langerhans cells are not. "Langerhans" may also refer to the Islets of Langerhans that are found in the pancreas.
Langhans giant cells are named for Theodor Langhans (1839-1915), a German pathologist
Left-to-right shunt
Assistant Editor-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. ]

# Overview
Left-to-right shunting refers to the abnormal situation in which blood travels form the left side of the heart or the arterial circulation to to the right side. In patients with atrial septal defects, the circulation of blood flow may become altered due to an opening or hole in wall or septum that separates the left atrium and right atrium. Because the blood pressure is higher in the left atrium than in the right atrium, there is initially a change in the blood flow from left-to-right, referred to as left-to-right shunting.  There may also be left-to-right shunting in patients with a ventricular septal defect and in those patients in which there is an anomalous connection between the great vessels.

# Pathophysiology
A left-to-right shunt is a cardiac shunt which allows, or is designed to cause, blood to flow from the left heart to the right heart. This occurs when:
- There is an opening or passage between the atria, ventricles, and/or great vessels; and,
- The left heart pressure is higher than right heart pressure and/or the shunt has a one-way valvular opening.

# Causes
- Atrial septal defect
- Ventricular septal defect
- Anomalous connection between the great vessels
Left gastric artery
In human anatomy, the left gastric artery arises from the celiac artery, and runs along the superior portion of the lesser curvature of the stomach.  Branches also supply the lower esophagus.  The left gastric artery anastomoses with the right gastric artery, which supplies the inferior portion.

# Pathology
In terms of disease, the left gastric artery may be involved in peptic ulcer disease: if an ulcer erodes through the stomach mucosa into a branch of the artery, this can cause massive blood loss into the stomach, which may result in such symptoms as hematemesis or melaena.

# Additional images
- The celiac artery and its branches; the stomach has been raised and the peritoneum removed.
- Diagram to show the lines along which the peritoneum leaves the wall of the abdomen to invest the viscera.
Lima Rescue Mission
The Lima Rescue Mission is a city mission located in Lima, Ohio. Founded on November 1, 1906 by Adam Welty, the mission, which is funded completely by donations, provides daily necessities for homeless and needy individuals in and around Allen County, Ohio. It is the second oldest gospel rescue mission in Ohio, and the only facility of its kind in west central Ohio. The mission is a member of the Association of Gospel Rescue Missions, part of the global city mission movement.

# History
On November 1, 1906, mission founder Rev. Adam Welty moved his family from Bluffton, Ohio to a new home at 207 East North Street in Lima, Ohio. This large rented house would serve as a residence for the family and also a haven for transient men needing food and lodging. It was not until later that Rev. Welty learned that their new home was in the heart of what was then the red light district of the city.
Within a few years, the house proved inadequate to care for the number of men coming for help. Although there were no funds in the Mission treasury for expansion Rev. Welty decided that a larger building was necessary. A site at the corner of Central and Wayne was selected and secured with a down payment of $200.00 which Mrs. Welty had managed to save. Construction finally began in March 1916, and was suspended for a time during World War I. In June of 1920, the mission was finally able to move in to its spacious new building, which is still in use today.
In the late 1940s the Rescue Mission began ministering to youth through child evangelism classes held in the missions chapel. Over time the classes grew and it was realized that a larger, more dedicated space would be needed. In 1964 a large house, known as the "Children's Chapel" was purchased to meet this need. In 1974, land was purchased to build a new summer day camp, Camp Roberts. The camp, which occupies 54 acres in Shawnee Township, consists of a lodge, pool, chapel and recreation building.

# Target Audience
- Poor and homeless men
- At risk youth

# Basic Services
- Emergency overnight shelter
- Meals served daily
- Clothing distribution
- Transitional housing

# Programs
- Mighty Men life recovery & discipleship program
- Daily chapel services, Bible studies
- Group & individual Biblical counseling
- Children's Chapel after school Bible classes and activities for inner city youth
- Camp Roberts summer day camp for inner city youth

# Statistics (2005)
- 14,545 meals served
- 3,561 lodgings provided in overnight shelter
Lincomycin warnings

# WARNINGS
Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including Lincomycin, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.
C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
Other causes of colitis should also be considered. A careful inquiry should be made concerning previous sensitivities to drugs and other allergens.
LINCOCIN Sterile Solution contains benzyl alcohol as a preservative.
The preservative benzyl alcohol has been associated with serious adverse events, including the "gasping syndrome", and death in pediatric patients. Although normal therapeutic doses of this product ordinarily deliver amounts of benzyl alcohol that are substantially lower than those reported in association with the "gasping syndrome", the minimum amount of benzyl alcohol at which toxicity may occur is not known. The risk of benzyl alcohol toxicity depends on the quantity administered and the hepatic capacity to detoxify the chemical. Premature and low-birth weight infants may be more likely to develop toxicity.
Usage in Meningitis  Although lincomycin appears to diffuse into cerebrospinal fluid, levels of lincomycin in the CSF may be inadequate for the treatment of meningitis.
SERIOUS ANAPHYLACTOID REACTIONS REQUIRE IMMEDIATE EMERGENCY TREATMENT WITH EPINEPHRINE. OXYGEN AND INTRAVENOUS CORTICOSTEROIDS SHOULD ALSO BE ADMINISTERED AS INDICATED. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS.)
List of DYS markers
The following DYS (DNA Y-chromosome Segment) markers are commonly used in genealogical DNA testing.
DYS454 is the least varying Y-STR marker, and multi-copy marker DYS464 is the most varying Y-STR marker.
The location on the Y chromosome of numbered DYS markers can be roughly given with cytogenetic localization. For example DYS449 is located at Yp11.2 - meaning the Y chromosome, petit arm, band 1, sub-band 1, sub-sub-band 2 - DYS449.

# Mutation rates
Mutation rates are those per generation, as estimated in Chandler (2006).  The quoted estimated errors are typically +/- 15-20%.  Alternative estimates from observed pedigrees are also available for some markers .
It appears that some trinucleotide markers may have much higher mutation rates at some repeat lengths than at others.  For example, variation of the trinucleotide DYS 388 is generally very slow in most haplogroups, when it takes the values 11-13.  But there appears to be much greater variation and more rapid mutation in Haplogroup J, where it typically has values 14-18.  Similarly the trinucleotide DYS 392 is reported to be "fast" in haplogroups N and Q, where it takes values 14-16 which are rare in other groups. .

# DYS markers

# Notes & References
-  DYS449 in the GDB Human Genome Database
-  Chandler (2006) (but see also this mailing list discussion )
-  YHRD mutation rates
-  GENEALOGY-DNA-L Archives  DYS 388 Mutation Rate?
-  Jump up to: 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 Trinucleotide - see #Mutation rates
- Kayser et al (2004), A Comprehensive Survey of Human Y-Chromosomal Microsatellites Am. J. Hum. Genet., 74 1183-1197.  NB online only data file
List of paraphilias
This article is a list of paraphilias, defined as powerful and persistent sexual interest other than in copulatory or precopulatory behavior with phenotypically normal, consenting adult human partners. Some paraphilias have more than one term to describe them, and some terms overlap with others.  Paraphilias without DSM codes listed come under DSM 302.9, "Paraphilia NOS (Not Otherwise Specified)". A recent scientific source lists as many as 547 paraphilias.

# Paraphilias

# Technical terms for non-paraphilic sexual interests
- Androphilia: Sexual interest in men
- Analloerotic: Lacking in sexual interests towards others (but not lacking in sexual drive)
- Ephebophilia: Sexual attraction towards individuals in mid- to late adolescence, typically ages 15-19.
- Gynephilia: Sexual interest in women
- Polyamory: Interest in maintaining multiple sexual relationships
- Teleiophilia: Sexual interest in adults (as opposed to pedophilia, etc.)

## Ex-paraphilias
The following were at one point considered paraphilias by mainstream psychology, but are no longer:
- Homosexuality - see Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders#DSM and sexual orientation
Lithium perchlorate
Lithium perchlorate is the chemical compound with the formula LiClO4. This white crystalline salt is noteworthy for its high solubility in many solvents.  It exists both in anhydrous form and as a trihydrate.

# Uses
Lithium perchlorate is used as a source of oxygen in some chemical oxygen generators. It decomposes at about 400 C, yielding lithium chloride and oxygen. It has both the highest weight to oxygen and oxygen to volume ratio of all perchlorates, which makes it especially advantageous in aerospace applications.
LiClO4 is highly soluble in organic solvents, even diethyl ether.  Such solutions are employed in the Diels-Alder reactions, where it is proposed that the Lewis acidic Li+ binds to substituents on the diene, thereby accelerating the reaction.
Lithium perchlorate is also extensively used as an electrolyte in lithium batteries, as it does not undergo oxidization on the anode.
Concentrated solutions of lithium perchlorate (4.5 mol/l) are used as a chaotropic agent to denature proteins.

# Production
Lithium perchlorate can be manufactured by reaction of sodium perchlorate with lithium chloride. It can be also prepared by electrolysis of lithium chlorate at 200 mA/cm2 at temperatures above 20 C.

# Safety
Perchlorates often give explosive mixtures with organic compounds.
Livedoid vasculitis
Synonyms and keywords: Livedo reticularis; livedo vasculitis; livedoid vasculopathy; primary livedo reticularis; idiopathic livedo reticularis; vitiligo reticularis;Atrophie blanche;

# Overview
Livedoid vasculitis is a vascular disorder mostly affecting women. It may be aggravated by exposure to cold and occurs most often in the lower extremities.  It can also be associated with the presence of anti-cardiolipin antibodies (the Antiphospholipid syndrome).

# Historical Perspective
The condition's name derives from the Latin livere meaning bluish.

# Causes

## Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
There are no life-threatening causes of livedoid vasculitis that may result in death or permanent disability if left treated within 24 hours.

## Common Causes
- Anticardiolipin syndrome
- Antiphospholipid syndrome
- Factor V Leiden mutation
- Hyperhomocysteinemia
- Idiopathic livedo reticularis
- Lupus anticoagulant
- Protein C deficiency

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination

### Skin
- Atrophie Blanche. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.{{Cite
- Atrophie Blanche. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.{{Cite
- Atrophie Blanche. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.{{Cite
- Atrophie Blanche. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.{{Cite
- Atrophie Blanche. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.{{Cite
- Atrophie Blanche. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.{{Cite
- Atrophie Blanche. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.{{Cite
- Atrophie Blanche. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.{{Cite

# Treatment
Other than identifying and treating any underlying conditions in secondary livedo, idiopathic livedo reticularis itself may improve with warming the legs, but once established the skin discolouration may become permanent.