Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Micafungin description

# Description
Mycamine is a sterile, lyophilized product for intravenous (IV) infusion that contains micafungin sodium. Micafungin sodium is a semisynthetic lipopeptide (echinocandin) synthesized by a chemical modification of a fermentation product of Coleophoma empetri F-11899. Micafungin inhibits the synthesis of 1, 3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall.
Each single-use vial contains 50 mg or 100 mg micafungin sodium, 200 mg lactose, with citric acid and/or sodium hydroxide (used for pH adjustment). Mycamine must be diluted with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, or 5% Dextrose Injection, USP . Following reconstitution with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, the resulting pH of the solution is between 5-7.
Micafungin sodium is chemically designated as:
Pneumocandin A0,1--3-isoxazolyl]benzoyl]-L-ornithine]-4--L-threonine]-, monosodium salt.
The chemical structure of micafungin sodium is:
The empirical/molecular formula is C56H70N9NaO23S and the formula weight is 1292.26.
Micafungin sodium is a light-sensitive, hygroscopic white powder that is freely soluble in water, isotonic sodium chloride solution, N,N-dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide, slightly soluble in methyl alcohol, and practically insoluble in acetonitrile, ethyl alcohol (95%), acetone, diethyl ether and n-hexane.
Miconazole description

# DESCRIPTION
ORAVIG (miconazole) buccal tablets are applied topically to the gum once daily and release miconazole as the buccal tablet gradually dissolves.
Miconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent and is described chemically as 1--2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole with an empirical formula of C 18H14Cl4N2O and a molecular weight of 416.13. The structural formula is shown in Figure 1.
Miconazole drug substance is a white to almost white powder.
ORAVIG contains 50 mg of miconazole base, USP and the following inactive ingredients: hypromellose, USP; milk protein concentrate; corn starch, NF; lactose monohydrate, NF; sodium lauryl sulfate, NF; magnesium stearate, NF; and talc, USP.
Microbiology (journal)
Microbiology is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in all aspects of microbiology, including the biochemistry, cell biology, molecular biology, developmental biology, physiology, pathogenicity, biodiversity, evolution and genetics of microorganisms and viruses of microorganisms. It also covers plantmicrobe interactions, and environmental and theoretical microbiology. The journal is published monthly by the Society for General Microbiology, from Reading, UK.
Established in January 1947 as the Journal of General Microbiology, it was renamed Microbiology in 1994. As of 2007, its Editor-in-Chief is Charles J. Dorman (Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland).
Content from 1997 is available online in PDF and text formats. Papers are currently available free 12 months after print publication; additionally, selected papers considered of special importance are made freely available ahead of publication.
Its 2006 impact factor was 3.139.
Middle cerebral artery

# Overview
The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major paired arteries that supplies blood to the brain. The MCA arises from the internal carotid and continues into the lateral sulcus where it then branches and projects to many parts of the lateral cerebral cortex. It also supplies blood to the anterior temporal lobes and the insular cortices.
The MCAs rise from trifurcations of the internal carotid arteries and thus are connected to the anterior cerebral arteries and the posterior communicating arteries, which connect to the posterior cerebral arteries.  The MCAs are not considered a part of the Circle of Willis.

# Areas supplied
Areas supplied by the middle cerebral artery include:
- The bulk of the lateral surface of the hemisphere. Exceptions are the superior inch of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe and the inferior part of the temporal lobe and the occipital pole, which are supplied by the posterior cerebral artery.
- Part of the internal capsule and basal ganglia.

# Occlusion
Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery may result in the following defects:
- Paralysis of the contralateral face and arm.
- Sensory loss in the contralateral face and arm.
- Aphasia (e.g. Broca's, Wernicke's, conduction, and anomic types) when the dominant hemisphere (usually the left hemisphere for right handed individuals) is affected
- Contralateral neglect syndrome with damage to the right hemisphere
- Homonymous hemianopia or quadrantanopia.

# Additional images
- The arteries of the base of the brain.
- Medial surface of cerebral hemisphere, showing areas supplied by cerebral arteries.
- Location of the cerebral cortex

# Reference
-  Moore KL, Dalley AR. Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 4th Ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Toronto. Copyright 1999. ISBN 0-683-06141-0.

# External link
- Template:LoyolaMedEd
- Template:SUNYAnatomyLabs
- Template:RocheLexicon
- Blood supply at neuropat.dote.hu
de:Arteria cerebri media
no:Arteria cerebri media
Miller-Dieker syndrome

# Overview
Miller-Dieker syndrome is a disease characterised by a developmental defect of the brain, caused by incomplete neuronal migration.

# Historical Perspective
It is named for JQ Miller and H. Dieker.

# Pathophysiology

## Pathology
The brain is smooth (also known as lissencephaly), has an absence of sulci and gyri, has a cerebral cortex 4 layers thick instead of 6 and shows microcephaly.  There are multiple abnormalities of the brain, heart, kidney and gastrointestinal tract.

## Genetics
Originally thought to be an autosomal recessive disorder, it is now known to be an autosomal dominant disorder, and a haploinsufficiency of one or more genes on chromosome 17p.
The disease arises from the deletion of part of 17p (which includes both the LIS1 and 14-3-3 epsilon gene), leading to partial monosomy. There may be unbalanced translocations (ie 17q:17p or 12q:17p), or the presence of a ring chromosome 17.

# Natural History, COmplications, Prognosis=
There is delayed growth and delayed mental development.  Death tends to occur in infancy and childhood.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
- Failure to thrive
- Feeding difficulties
- Seizures
- Decreased spontaneous activity

## Physical Examination

### Head
- Microcephaly
- There is a characteristic facial appearance, ,

## Laboratory Findings
The disease may be diagnosed by cytogenetic techniques, testing for a microdeletion at LIS1.
Mitochondrial ferritin
Mitochondrial ferritin is a ferroxidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FTMT gene.
It is classified as a metal-binding protein which is located within the mitochondria. After the protein is taken up by the mitochondria it can be processed into a mature protein and assemble functional ferritin shells.

# Structure
Its structure was determined at 1.70 A through the use of X-ray diffraction and contains 182 residues. It is 67% helical. The Ramachandran plot shows that the structure of mitochondrial ferritin is mainly alpha helical with a low prevalence of beta sheets.
Mitochondrial myopathy

# Overview
Mitochondrial myopathy are a type of myopathy associated with mitochondrial disease.
Examples include:

## Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like syndrome (MELAS)
- varying degrees of cognitive impairment and dementia
lactic acidosis
strokes
transient ischemic attacks
hearing loss
dysmotility
weight loss
- varying degrees of cognitive impairment and dementia
- lactic acidosis
- strokes
- transient ischemic attacks
- hearing loss
- dysmotility
- weight loss

## Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fibers (MERRF)
- progressive myoclonic epilepsy
clumps of diseased mitochondria accumulate in the subsarcolemmal region of the muscle fiber and appear as "ragged-red fibers" when muscle is stained with modified Gomori trichrome stain
short stature
- progressive myoclonic epilepsy
- clumps of diseased mitochondria accumulate in the subsarcolemmal region of the muscle fiber and appear as "ragged-red fibers" when muscle is stained with modified Gomori trichrome stain
- short stature

## Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS)
- external ophthalmoplegia
cardiac conduction defects
sensory-neural hearing loss
- external ophthalmoplegia
- cardiac conduction defects
- sensory-neural hearing loss

## Progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO)
- progressive ophthalmoparesis is the cardinal feature
symptomatic overlap with many other mitochondrial myopathies
- progressive ophthalmoparesis is the cardinal feature
- symptomatic overlap with many other mitochondrial myopathies
Mitral valve sclerosis

# Overview
Mitral sclerosis is a degenerative process that involves the annular ring of the mitral valve and commonly affects the elderly population aged above 50-60 years.

# Pathophysiology
The pathophysiologic process for mitral sclerosis is similar to that of aortic sclerosis and is also associated with increase incidence of newer adverse coronary events.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Among diabetics with impaired kidney function, the incidence of mitral valve sclerosis is much higher than the incidence of aortic sclerosis.

# Causes
- Primary Hyperparathyroidism

# Complication
Kizer JR et al, demonstrated that mitral valve calcification remained a strong risk factor for incident stroke after extensive adjustment for other predictors.

# Treatment

## 2008 ACCP Guidelines Recommendation 

# Guidelines Resources
- Valvular and Structural Heart Disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition)
Mixed potential theory
Mixed potential theory is a theory used in electrochemistry that relates the potentials and currents from differing constituents to come up with a 'weighted' potential at zero net current. In other words, it is an electrode potential resulting from a simultaneous action of more than a single redox couple, while the net electrode current is zero.

# IUPAC definition
According to the IUPAC  definition, mixed potential is the potential of an electrode (against a suitable 
reference electrode, often the standard hydrogen electrode) when appreciable fraction to the anodic or cathodic current arises from species of two or more different redox couples, but when the total current on the electrode is zero.
Modelling (psychology)
Modelling in psychology is:
- a method used in certain techniques of psychotherapy whereby the client learns by imitation alone, without any specific verbal direction by the therapist (See Cognitive Behavior Therapy) and
- a general process in which persons serve as models for others, exhibiting the behavior to be imitated by the others This process is most commonly discussed with respect to children in developmental psychology.
Confusingly, the word refers both to the behavior of the learner and the teacher.
Modelling is an important component of Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP), which field has further developed specialized techniques involving modeling. (See NLP modeling.)
Modic endplate changes

# Overview
Modic endplate changes is the classification scheme for signal intensity changes in the bone marrow adjacent to the vertebral endplates in degenerative spine disease.

# Classification
- Type 1 changes:
- Increased marrow signal intensity in T2-weighted MR images and decreased signal intensity in T1-weighted MR images.
Fibrovascular tissue in endplates
- Increased marrow signal intensity in T2-weighted MR images and decreased signal intensity in T1-weighted MR images.
- Fibrovascular tissue in endplates
- Type 2 changes:
- Increased signal intensity in T1- and T2-weighted MR images.
Lipid in endplates
- Increased signal intensity in T1- and T2-weighted MR images.
- Lipid in endplates
- Type 3 changes:
- Decreased signal intensity in T1 -and T2-weighted MR images.
Endplate sclerosis
- Decreased signal intensity in T1 -and T2-weighted MR images.
- Endplate sclerosis
Type 2 changes at C6-C7
- T1
- T2
Morphine-6-glucuronide
Morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) is the major active metabolite of morphine, and as such is the molecule responsible for much of the pain-relieving effects of morphine (and thus heroin and codeine). This analgesic activity of M6G (in animals) was first noted by Yoshimura.
Subsequent work at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London in the 1980's, using a sensitive and specific HPLC assay, accurately defined for the first time the metabolism of morphine, and the abundance of this metabolite (along with two other major, but pharmacologically inactive metabolites, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-3,6-diglucuronide).
It was postulated that renal impairment would result in accumulation of the renally-excreted active agent M6G, leading to potentially fatal toxicity such as respiratory depression. The frequent use of morphine in critically ill patients, and the common occurrence of renal failure in this group implied that M6G accumulation could be a common, but previously unanticipated problem. The first studies demonstrated massive levels of M6G in 3 patients with renal failure, which resolved as kidney function returned. Subsequent work formally examined the role of renal function in the pharmacokinetics of morphine and its metabolites by studying their behaviour before and after renal transplantation.
A key step in defining the importance of M6G in man came in 1992  when the substance was artificially synthesised and administered to patients with pain, the majority of whom described pain relief.
Morphine-6--D-glucopyranosiduronide
CAS# 20290-10-2; 28932-95-8; 32205-91-7; 155755-06-9
Mucopurulent discharge

# Overview
Mucopurulent discharge is the emission or secretion of fluid containing mucus and pus (Muco pretaining to 'mucus' and purulent pertaining to 'pus') from the eye, nose, cervix, vagina, or other part of the body due to infection and inflammation.

# Differential diagnosis of causes in opthalmology
In ophthalmology, mucopurulent discharge from the eyes, and caught in the eyelashes, is a hallmark sign of bacterial conjunctivitis. The normal buildup of tears, mucus, and dirt (compare rheum) that appears at the edge of the eyelids after sleep is not mucopurulent discharge, as it does not contain pus.

# Differential diagnosis of causes in obstetrics and gynecology
Mucopurulent discharge from the cervix/vagina can be indicative of PID, or pelvic inflammatory disease, which is associated with N. gonorrhea or Chlamydia.  Along with discharge, the woman suffering from PID will also complain of lower abdominal tenderness, bilateral adnexal tenderness and cervical motion tenderness.
Multistable perception

# Overview
Multistable perceptual phenomena are a rare form of visual perception phenomena which is characterized by an unpredictable sequence of spontaneous subjective changes.

# Classification
Perceptual multistability can be evoked by visual patterns that are too ambiguous for the human visual system to recognise with one unique interpretation. 
Famous examples include the Necker cube, structure from motion, monocular rivalry and binocular rivalry, but many more visually ambiguous patterns are known. Since most of these images lead to an alternation between two mutually exclusive perceptual states, they are sometimes also referred to as bistable perception.

# Characterization
Transitions from one percept to its alternative are called perceptual reversals. They are spontaneous and stochastic events which cannot be eliminated by intentional efforts (although some control over the alternation process is learnable). Reversal rates vary drastically between stimuli and observers, and has been found to be slower for people with Bipolar disorder ("sticky" interhemispheric switch in bipolar disorder) .

# Cultural history
Human interest in these phenomena can be traced back to antiquity. The fascination of multistable perception probably comes from the active nature of endogenous perceptual changes or from the dissociation of dynamic perception from constant sensory stimulation. Multistable perception was a common feature in the artwork of the Dutch lithographer M. C. Escher, who was strongly influenced by mathematical physicists such as Roger Penrose.

# Real world examples
Photographs of craters, from either the moon or other planets including our own, can exhibit this phenomenon. Craters, in stereo imaging, such as our eyes, should appear to be pit-like structures. However in mono-vision, such as that of photographs, the elimination of our depth perception causes multistable perception to take over, and this can cause the craters to inverse their depth values and instead look like plateaus rather than pits.  Sometimes rotating the image so that the photographic direction of the source of light matches a light source in the room can cause the correct perception to suddenly switch, if you always seem to perceive craters as inverted mounds.
Mumbai plague epidemic
The Mumbai plague epidemic was a bubonic plague epidemic that stuck the city of Mumbai (Bombay) in the late nineteenth century. The plague killed thousands, and many fled the city leading to a drastic fall in the population of the city.

# Causes
The rapid growth of Bombay's commerce led to a large influx of workers. In the 1891 census the population of Bombay was counted to be 820,000. Most of the immigrant workers (over 70%) lived in chawls. The city services were not geared towards the well-being of this part of the population and various diseases were endemic to the slums.

# Detection
In September 1896 the first case of Bubonic plague was detected in Mandvi by Dr. Acacio Gabriel Viegas. It spread rapidly to other parts of the city, and the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week through the rest of the year. Many people fled from Bombay at this time, and in the census of 1901, the population had actually fallen to 780,000. Dr Viegas correctly diagnosed the disease as Bubonic Plague and tended to patients with great personal risk. He then launched a vociferous campaign to clean up slums and exterminate rats, the carriers of the plague. To confirm Veigas' findings, four teams of independent experts were brought in. With his diagnosis proving to be correct, the Governor of Bombay invited Dr W M Haffkine, who had earlier formulated a vaccine for cholera, do the same for the epidemic.
In the first year of the plague, a research laboratory was set up at the JJ Hospital. It moved in 1899 to the Government House in Parel under the directorship of Haffkine. This was the beginning of the Haffkine Institute.
Those who could afford it, tried to avoid the plague by moving out of the city. Jamsetji Tata tried to open up the northern suburbs to accommodate such people. The brunt of the plague was borne by mill workers. The anti-plague activities of the health department involved police searches, isolation of the sick, detention in camps of travellers and forced evacuation of residents in parts of the city. These measures were widely regarded as offensive and as alarming as the rats.
In 1900, the mortality rate from plague was about 22 per thousand. In the same year, the corresponding rates from tuberculosis were 12 per thousand, from cholera about 14 per thousand, and about 22 per thousand from what were classified as "fevers". The plague was fearsome only because it was contagious. More mundane diseases took a larger toll.
On 9 December, 1898 the Bombay City Improvement Trust was created by an act of the British Parliament. It was entrusted with the job of creating a healthier city. One of the measures taken by the CIT was the building of roads, like Princess Street and Sydenham Road (now Mohammedali Road), which would channel the sea air into the more crowded parts of the town.
Mupirocin microbiology

# Microbiology
Mupirocin is an antibacterial agent produced by fermentation using the organism Pseudomonas fluorescens. It is active against a wide range of gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It is also active against certain gram-negative bacteria. Mupirocin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by reversibly and specifically binding to bacterial isoleucyl transfer-RNA synthetase. Due to this unique mode of action, mupirocin demonstrates no in vitro cross-resistance with other classes of antimicrobial agents.
Resistance occurs rarely; however, when mupirocin resistance does occur, it appears to result from the production of a modified isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. High-level plasmid-mediated resistance (MIC >1024 mcg/mL) has been reported in some strains of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci.
Mupirocin is bactericidal at concentrations achieved by topical application. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against relevant pathogens is generally 8-fold to 30-fold higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In addition, mupirocin is highly protein bound (>97%), and the effect of wound secretions on the MICs of mupirocin has not been determined.
Mupirocin has been shown to be active against most strains of S. aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, both in vitro and in clinical studies. (See Indications And Usage.) The following in vitro data are available, BUT THEIR CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE IS UNKNOWN. Mupirocin is active against most strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus.
Musculoskeletal system

# Overview
The musculoskeletal system (also known as the locomotor system) is an organ system that gives animals the ability to physically move using the muscles and skeletal system.
The human musculoskeletal system consists of the human skeleton, made by bones attached to other bones with joints, and skeletal muscle attached to the skeleton by tendons.

# Hydrostatic musculoskeletal system
Among others, cnidarians and annelids, have a hydrostatic skeleton similar to a water-filled balloon, these animals can move by contracting the muscles surrounding the fluid-filled pouch, creating pressure within the pouch that causes movement. Animals such as earthworms use their hydrostatic skeletons to change their body shape as they move forward, from long and skinny to short and stumpy. Arthropoda have their muscles attached to an exoskeleton.

# Muscle contraction initiation
In mammals, when a muscle contracts, a series of reactions occur. Muscle contraction is stimulated by the motor neuron sending a message to the muscles from the somatic nervous system. Depolarization of the motor neuron results in neurotransmitters being released from the nerve terminal. The space between the nerve teminal and the muscle cell is called the neuromuscular junction. These neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to specific receptor sites on the sarcolemma (cell membrane of the muscle fiber). When enough receptors are stimulated, an  action potential is generated and the permeability of the sarcolemma is altered. This process is known as initiation.
sk:Pohybova sustava