Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Van der Waals radius
The van der Waals radius of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere which can be used to model the atom for many purposes. Van der Waals radii are determined from measurements of atomic spacing between pairs of unbonded atoms in crystals.
The van der Waals radius is named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals, winner of the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Real gases do not behave exactly as predicted. In some cases the deviation can be extremely large. For example, ideal gases could never become liquids or solids, no matter how much they were cooled or compressed. Modifications of the ideal gas law, P\tilde{V} = nRT, were therefore proposed. Particularly useful and well known is the van der Waals equation of state: \left (P + a(\frac{n}{\tilde{V}})^2\right ) (\tilde{V} - nb) = nRT, where a and b are adjustable parameters determined from experimental measurements carried out on actual gases. Their values vary from gas to gas.
The van der Waals equation also has a microscopic interpretation. Molecules interact with one another. The interaction is strongly repulsive at very short distance, becomes mildly attractive at intermediate range, and vanishes at long distance. The ideal gas law must be corrected when attractive and repulsive forces are considered. For example, the mutual repulsion between molecules has the effect of excluding neighbours from a certain amount of territory around each molecule. Thus, a fraction of the total space becomes unavailable to each molecule as it executes random motion. In the equation of state, this volume of exclusion (nb) should be subtracted from the volume of the container (V), thus: (V - nb). The other term that is introduced in the van der Waals equation, a(\frac{n}{\tilde{V}})^2, describes a weak attractive force among molecules, which increases when n increases or V decreases and molecules become more crowded together.

# Van der Waals volume
The van der Waals volume of an atom is the volume of a sphere with the Van der Waals radius of the atom.
Two atoms which are not chemically bonded have a minimum distance between their centers, which is equal to the sum of their Van der Waals radii. However, if the atoms are bonded by a covalent bond, the distance between their centers is smaller.
Therefore, the van der Waals volume of a molecule with covalent bonds is smaller than the sum of the van der Waals volumes of the atoms.
The van der Waals volume of a system of molecules is the sum of their van der Waals volumes.
Varrentrapp reaction
The Varrentrapp reaction is an organic reaction involving the chemical decomposition of an ,-unsaturated acid into two other acid fragments by action of molten alkali. This reaction pioneered by F. Varrentrapp in 1840  has been of some importance in structure elucidation of certain fatty acids but has no practical synthetic use  .
The original 1840 Varrentrapp reaction concerned the conversion of oleic acid to palmitic acid, acetic acid and hydrogen gas:
the reaction conditions are harsh: medium molten potassium hydroxide at temperatures in the range of 250 to 300 C. Likewise cinnamic acid is converted to benzoic acid.
The reaction mechanism for this reaction is outlined below. Although the alkene group in the fatty acid can be located at more than one position in the chain, this does not affect the nature of te reaction products. This is because the double bond always migrates to the position next to the carboxylic acid group prior to cleavage. The next step is nucleophilic addition of a hydroxyl anion to the double bond of 1 followed by proton migration to intermediate 3. The next step is cleavage to enolate 4a and aldehyde 4b. The enolate on acidic workup will form acetic acid. The aldehyde continues to react with another equivalent of base forming carboxylate 7 together with hydrogen. The hydride transfer is akin the Cannizzaro reaction.
Veronica officinalis
Veronica officinalis (Heath Speedwell, Common Speedwell, Common gypsyweed,  Paul's betony) is a species of Veronica, native to Europe and western Asia. Other common names include common speedwell and common gypsyweed.
It is a herbaceous perennial with hairy green stems 10-50 cm long that cover the ground in mats and send up short vertical shoots which bear soft violet flowers. The leaves are 1.5-5 cm long and 1-3 cm broad, and softly hairy.

# Cultivation and uses
This speedwell grows in fields and takes hold in areas that have been disturbed. It is a potential weed if its seed gets into collections of agricultural seed, such as alfalfa. Historically the green parts of the plant have been used medicinally for coughs, otitis media, and gastrointestinal distress. The plant is rich in vitamins, tannins, and the glycoside aucuboside. Aucuboside, which is also found in many other Plantaginaceae species, is thought to have antiinflammatory properties. Extracts are widely sold as herbal remedies for sinus and ear infections. It has been introduced to North America and is widely naturalised there.
bg:
cs:Rozrazil lekarsky
de:Echter Ehrenpreis
et:Kassisaba
lt:Vaistine veronika
nl:Mannetjesereprijs
no:Legeveronika
sk:Veronika lekarska
sr:
fi:Rohtotadyke
sv:Arenpris
uk:
Vietnamese Coriander
Vietnamese coriander (Persicaria odorata, syn. Polygonum odoratum, Polygonaceae) is a herb of which the leaves are frequently used in Southeast Asian cooking. Other English names for the herb include Vietnamese mint, Vietnamese cilantro, Cambodian mint and hot mint. The Vietnamese name is rau ram, while in Malaysia and Singapore it is called daun kesom or daun laksa (laksa leaf).  In Thailand, it is called pak pai (). It is not related to the mints, but the general appearance and odor are reminiscent.
Above all, the leaf is identified with Vietnamese cuisine, where it is commonly eaten fresh in salads (including chicken salad) and in raw summer rolls (goi cuon), as well as in some soups such as canh chua, and stews, such as fish kho to. It is also popularly eaten with hot vit lon (fertilized duck egg, known as balut in the Philippines).
In Singapore and Malaysia, the shredded leaf is an essential ingredient of laksa, a spicy soup, so much so that the Malay name daun laksa means "laksa leaf."
In Australia the plant is being investigated as a source of essential oil (kesom oil).

# Characteristics
The Vietnamese coriander is a perennial plant that grows best in tropical and subtropical zones in warm and damp conditions. In advantageous conditions, it can grow up to 15 to 30 cm.  In the winter or when the temperature is too high, it can wither.
The top of its leaf is dark green, with chestnut-colored spots while the leaf's bottom is burgundy red.  Its stem has sections.  In Vietnam it can be cultivated or found in the wild.

# Components
Its oil contains aldehydes such as decanal (28%) and dodecanal (44%), as well as the alcohol decanol (11%).  Sesquiterpenes such as -humulene and -caryophyllene comprise about 15% of its oil.

# Medicinal uses
According to Vietnamese experts, Vietnamese Coriander has a bitter and spicy taste, is nontoxic, and can detoxify food.  They claim that it can be used to treat swellings, acne, indigestion, flatulence, and stomachaches.

## Effects on health
In many Vietnamese herbal remedies, it is used to repress sexual urges.  There is a saying in Vietnamese, "rau ram, gia song" ("Vietnamese coriander, live bean sprouts") meaning that Vietnamese coriander has the ability to reduce sexual desires, while bean sprouts have the opposite effect.  Many Buddhist monks grow coriander in their private gardens and eat it frequently as a helpful step in their celibate life.
Vitamin A deficiency

# Overview
Vitamin A deficiency is common in developing countries but rarely seen in developed countries. Approximately 250,000 to 500,000 malnourished children in the developing world go blind each year from a deficiency of vitamin A. Night blindness is one of the first signs of vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A deficiency contributes to blindness by making the cornea very dry and damaging the retina and cornea.
Vitamin A deficiency also diminishes the ability to fight infections. In countries where children are not immunized, infectious disease like measles have relatively higher fatality rates.  As elucidated by Dr. Alfred Sommer, even mild, subclinical deficiency can also be a problem, as it may increase children's risk of developing respiratory and diarrheal infections, decrease growth rate, slow bone development, and decrease likelihood of survival from serious illness.
In addition to dietary problems, there are other causes of vitamin A deficiency. Iron deficiency can affect vitamin A uptake. Excess alcohol consumption can deplete vitamin A, and a stressed liver may be more susceptible to vitamin A toxicity. People who consume large amounts of alcohol should seek medical advice before taking vitamin A supplements.
Treatment of vitamin A deficiency can be undertaken with both oral and injectable forms, generally as vitamin A palmitate.

# Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin D deficiency
Synonyms and keywords: Hypovitaminosis D; Low vitamin D

# Overview
The definition and criteria for vitamin D deficiency are very difficult. Per a narrative review, "over 60 Mendelian randomization studies, designed to minimize bias from confounding, have evaluated the consequences of lifelong genetically lowered serum 25OHD concentrations on various outcomes and most studies have found null effects".

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

# Causes

# Differentiating Vitamin D deficiency  from other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

# Diagnosis
Diagnostic study of choice | History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Electrocardiogram | Laboratory Findings | X-Ray Findings | Echocardiography and Ultrasound | CT-Scan Findings | MRI Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies | Other Imaging Findings

# Treatment
Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

# Case Studies
Case #1
Voyeuristic disorder
Synonyms and keywords: Voyeurism

# Overview
Voyeurism is the sexual interest in or practice of spying on people engaged in intimate behaviors, such as undressing, sexual activity, or other actions usually considered to be of a private nature.

# Differential Diagnosis
- Conduct disorder
- Antisocial personality disorder
- Antisocial behaviors
- Substance use disorder

# Epidemiology and Demographics
The prevalence of voyeuristic disorder is 12,000 per 100,000 (12%) among the male population and 4,000 per 100,000 (4%) among the female population.

# Risk factors
- Childhood sexual abuse
- Substance misuse
- Sexual preoccupation
- Hypersexuality

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Poor prognostic factors include:
- Sexual interest in secretly unsuspected people
- Intense sexual frustration
- Loneliness
- Psychiatric morbidity
- Hypersexuality
- Sexual impulsivity

# Diagnosis Criteria

## DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Voyeuristic Disorder
- A. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, in the process of disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
AND
- B. The individual has acted on these sexual urges with a nonconsenting person, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
AND
- C. The individual experiencing the arousal and/or acting on the urges is at least 18 years of age.
Specify if:
- In a controlled environment: This specifier is primarily applicable to individuals living in institutional or other settings where opportunities to engage in voyeuristic behavior are restricted.
OR
- In full remission: The individual lias not acted on the urges with a nonconsenting per son, and there has been no distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning, for at least 5 years while in an uncontrolled environment.
Wuchereria bancrofti

# Overview
Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic filarial nematode worm spread by a mosquito vector. It is one of the three parasites that cause lymphatic filariasis.  Named for Otto Wucherer and Joseph Bancroft, it affects over 120 million people, primarily in Africa, South America, and other tropical and sub-tropical countries. Elephantiasis can result if the infection is left untreated. Limited treatment modalities exist and no vaccines have been developed.
W. bancrofti carry out their life cycle in two hosts. Human beings serve as the definitive host and mosquitoes as their intermediate hosts. The adult parasites reside in the lymphatics. They are viviparous. The first stage larvae are known as microfilariae. The microfilaria are present in the circulation. The microfilaria migrate between the deep and the peripheral circulation. During the day they are present in the deep veins and during the night the migrate to the peripheral circulation. Next, the worm is transferred into a vector; the most common vectors are the mosquito species: Culex, Anopheles, Aedes, and Mansonia. Inside their second host, it matures into motile larvae. When its current host feeds, and it is egested into the blood stream of its new human host. The larvae moves to the lymph nodes, predominantly in the legs and genital area, and develops into adult worm over the course of a year. By this time, an adult female can produce microfilariae itself.
W. bancrofti displays a large size gap between the male and femalea difference known as sexual dimorphism. The adult male worm is long and slender, between four and five centimeters in length, a tenth of a centimeter in diameter, and features a curved tail. The female, in contrast, is six to ten centimeters long, and three times larger in diameter than the male. This size deviation can be attributed to the vast numbers of microfilariae that the female produces each day.
The onset of symptoms is slow, but the effects are very apparent after several years. During the initial inflammatory stage, a host can exhibit swelling, granulation lesions, and impaired circulation. Following, the lymph nodes are enlarged and dilated. They become hardened and clogged with fibrous tissue, and this prevents the lymphatic system from operating correctly. The microfilariae also cause swelling, thickening, and discolouration of the skin. Without the proper drainage of fluids, the affected tissue will expand and elephantiasis, a gross expansion of body, will result, followed sometimes by death.
The parasite's severe symptoms can be avoided by the use of therapeutic drugs. Both diethylcarbamazine and sodium caparsolate are used to kill the worms and their microfilariae. Diethylcarbamazine is most commonly used and is administered orally. Protection is similar to that of other mosquito spread illnesses; one can use barriers both physical (a mosquito net) and chemical (insect repellent).

# Trivia
- Joseph Merrick, "The Elephant Man", was not afflicted by a parasitic worm, but by Proteus syndrome.
Walter "Walt" Dawson
Walter "Walt" Dawson (born April 26 1982 in Portland, Oregon) is an Alzheimer's disease activist. He is the son of
British immigrant Cecil Dawson and Oregon native Clara Dawson.  As a young boy, Dawson captured the attention of Americas leaders and national media by undertaking a letter writing campaign on behalf of his father and other sufferers of Alzheimer's. 
In 1992, Dawson became a national spokesperson for the Alzheimer's Association. In this role, Dawson traveled to Washington, D.C. several times to testify before the United States Senate and House of Representative committees about his family's experiences. While in Washington, Dawson was granted access to several senior legislators and public officials including President Bill Clinton and Vice-President Al Gore.

# Overview
Dawson began his letter-writing campaign after the cost of his fathers long care placed the family in serious financial peril. National Public Radio became the first nationwide media outlet to support his original letter-writing campaign, after Dawson (aged 9) read one of his letters on the air. Soon afterwards, NBC, CBS and Nickelodeon picked up the story of Dawson's campaign on behalf of his father and other sufferers of Alzheimer's disease. They covered the Dawson family and their struggle for health care reform over numerous programs, gaining national exposure for the issues that mattered to sufferers of the disease and their families.

# Early adulthood
Dawson continues to pursue a life of advocacy, dedicated to
fighting the issues surrounding Alzheimer's disease and driving further
health care reform. While an undergraduate at the University of Portland, Dawson was elected Student Body Vice-President and served as President of the Student Senate. Dawson then spent a year in AmeriCorps before heading to England to study at the London School of Economics. He begins a post-graduate degree in Comparative Health Policy at Oxford University in the fall of 2007.
Water of Life (Dune)
The Water of Life is a fictional drug from Frank Herbert's science fiction Dune universe.
Found on the planet Arrakis, the Water of Life is categorized as an illuminating poison, or an awareness spectrum narcotic. Specifically, it is the bilious liquid exhalation of a sandworm produced at the moment of its death from drowning. In its raw state it is toxic to anyone but a Reverend Mother. A Reverend Mother can metabolize the Water within her body, then expel it to transform the raw Water into a form consumable by others. The "changed" Water is the narcotic used in the Fremen Sietch orgy.
The Bene Gesserit test their acolytes to see if they can be Reverend Mothers by feeding them the Water of Life in a ritual known as the spice agony.  If the adept is qualified, she transmutes the poison safely within and becomes a Reverend Mother. If not, she dies. Paul Atreides uses the Water of Life to fulfill his destiny as the Kwisatz Haderach.
Paul also perceives that the Water of Life could also be used to catastrophic effect in combination with a pre-spice mass, as the "blow" reaction which formed the melange would transform the Water of Life into Water of Death, resulting in the destruction of the sandworms and the end of the spice-cycle ecosystem. With the power to destroy all the spice at its source, the Fremen were thus able to exercise a degree of control over both the Bene Gesserit and the Spacing Guild.
Since there were no sandworms after the transformation of Dune to Arrakis during and after the reign of Emperor Leto, it appears that the Water of Life was replaced by spice essence in Bene Gesserit and Fremen rituals.
White adipose tissue
White adipose tissue (WAT) or white fat is one of the two types of adipose tissue found in mammals (compare to brown adipose tissue). In humans, white adipose tissue composes as much as 20% of the body weight in men and 25% of the body weight in women. Its cells contain a single large fat droplet, which forces the nucleus to be squeezed into a thin rim at the periphery. They have receptors for:
- Insulin
- Growth hormones
- Norepinephrine
- glucocorticoids
The white adipose tissue is used as a store of energy. Upon release of insulin from the pancreas, white adipose cells' insulin receptors cause a dephosphorylation cascade that lead to the inactivation of hormone-sensitive lipase. Upon release of glucagon from the pancreas, glucagon receptors cause a phosphorylation cascade that activates hormone-sensitive lipase, causing the breakdown of the stored fat to fatty acids, which are exported into the blood and bound to albumin, and glycerol, which is exported into the blood freely. Fatty-acids are taken up by muscle and cardiac tissue as a fuel source, and glycogen is taken up by the liver for gluconeogenesis.
White adipose tissue also acts as a thermal insulator, helping to maintain body temperature.
ca:Teixit adipos blanc
Whitfield's ointment
Whitfield's Ointment is salicylic acid and benzoic acid in a suitable base, such as lanolin or vaseline.
It is used for the treatment of fungal infections, such as athlete's foot.
While cheap and effective, it is a relatively uncomfortable treatment and has a very noticeable burning effect.
It is named for Arthur Whitfield.
World No Tobacco Day
World No Tobacco Day is observed around the world every year on May 31. The member states of the World Health Organization created World No Tobacco Day in 1987. It draws global attention to the tobacco epidemic and to the preventable death and disease it causes. It aims to reduce the 3.5 million yearly deaths from tobacco related health problems.

# History
- In 1987, the World Health Assembly passed Resolution WHA40.38, calling for April 7 1988 to be "a world no-smoking day."
- In 1988, Resolution WHA42.19 was passed, calling for the celebration of World No Tobacco Day, every year on May 31.Every year 400,000 people die around the world
Yunis-Varon syndrome

# Overview
Yunis-Varon syndrome (YVS) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive multisystem congenital disorder which affects the skeletal system, ectodermal tissue and cardiorespiratory systems.

# Presentation
Symptoms include growth retardation before and after birth, defective growth of the bones of the skull along with complete or partial absence of the shoulder blades and characteristic facial features. Additional symptoms may include abnormalities of the fingers and/or toes. In most cases, infants with this disorder experience severe feeding problems and respiratory difficulties. In addition, affected infants may have heart defects.

# Genetic prevalence
File:Autorecessive.svg
This syndrome is inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic trait.  The disease has been described relatively recently in the 1980s and since then less than 15 cases have been reported around the world. Many of the infants did not survive beyond one year of age.
De Grouchy Syndrome

# Overview
de Grouchy syndrome is a rare congenital medical condition caused by an abnormality involving chromosome 18.  It has two forms, classified as type 1 or type 2, depending on the nature of the genetic lesion.
de Grouchy syndrome type 1 involves deletion of genes from the short arm of the chromosome (18p).
de Grouchy syndrome type 2 occurs when the long arm of the chromosome is affected (18q). It manifests clinically as mental retardation, short stature, hypotonia, hearing impairment, and foot deformities. Tapered digits and wide mouth have been described. Approximately 80% of individuals affected by the syndrome are below the fifth centile in height.