Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Sandbox ammu endocrine

# Overview
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 is part of a group of disorders that affect the endocrine system.

# Explanation
These disorders greatly increase the risk of developing multiple cancerous and noncancerous tumors in glands such as the parathyroid, pituitary, and pancreas. Multiple endocrine neoplasia occurs when tumors are found in at least two endocrine glands. Tumors can also develop in organs and tissues other than endocrine glands. If the tumors become cancerous, some cases can be life-threatening. The disorder affects 1 in 30,000 people.
Although many different types of hormone-producing tumors are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia, tumors of the parathyroid gland, pituitary gland, and pancreas are most frequent in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Tumors cause an overactivation of these hormone-producing glands, leading to serious health problems such as severe ulcers. Overactivity of the parathyroid gland (hyperparathyroidism) is the most common sign of this disorder. Hyperparathyroidism disrupts the normal balance of calcium in the blood, which can lead to kidney stones, thinning of bones, weakness, and fatigue.
Neoplasia in the pituitary gland can manifest as prolactinomas whereby too much prolactin is secreted, suppressing the release of gonadotropins, causing a decrease in sex hormones such as testosterone.
Pancreatic tumors usually form in the islet cells, which over-secrete insulin, causing a decrease in blood glucose levels.

# Major types
The two major types of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 and type 2, are often confused because they have similar names. These types are distinguished by the genes involved, the hormones that are affected, and their characteristic signs and symptoms. They are also very different in their options for cancer.
Mutations in the MEN1 gene cause multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. The function of the MEN1 gene is unknown.The MEN1 gene is located in Chromosome 11q13 and the gene product is Menin (a cofactor for transcription). Researchers believe that it acts as a tumor suppressor, which means it normally keeps cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled way. If mutations inactivate both copies of the MEN1 gene, cells can grow and divide in a poorly controlled way to form tumors.
Most cases of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means affected people may have affected siblings and relatives in successive generations (such as parents and children). An affected person usually has one parent with the condition. Some cases, however, result from new mutations in the MEN1 gene. These cases occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.

# Genetic effects
People with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 are born with one mutated copy of the MEN1 gene in each cell. Then, during their lifetime, the other copy of the gene is mutated in a small number of cells. These genetic changes result in no functional copies of the MEN1 gene in selected cells, allowing the cells to divide with little control and form tumors.
Saprotrophic nutrition
Saphrotrophic nutrition (sah-FF-row-tro-FIK) is a process of chemoautotrophic extra-cellular digestion involved in the processing of dead or decayed organic matter which occurs in saprotrophs or heterotrophs, and is most often associated with fungi such as the Mucor or Rhizopus. The process is most often facilited through the active transport of such materials through endocytosis within the internal mycelium and its constituent hyphae.

# Process

## Explanation
As matter decomposes within a medium in which a saprotroph is residing, the saphrotroph breaks such matter down into their composites;
- proteins are broken down into their amino acid composites through the breaking of peptide bonds.
- lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.
- starch is broken down into simple disaccharides.
These products are re-absorbed into the hypha through the cell wall via endocytosis and passed on throughout the mycelium complex. This facilitates the passage of such materials throughout the organism and allows for growth, and if necessary, repair.

## Conditions
In order for a saprotrophic organism to facilitate optimal growth and repair, favourable conditions and nutrients must be present. Optimal conditions refers to several conditions which optimise the growth of saprotrophic organisms, such as;
- Presence of water - 80-90% of the fungus is composed of water by mass, and requires excess water for absorption due to the evaporation of internally retent water.
- Presence of Oxygen - Very few saphrotrophic organisms can endure anaerobic conditions due to their growth above media such as water or soil.
- Neutral-Acidic pH - The condition of neutral or mildly acidic conditions under pH 7 are required. 
- Low-medium temperature - The majority of saprotrophic organisms require limited temperatures between 1 and 35o, 25o as an optimal temperature.
The majority of nutrients taken in by such organisms must be able to provide carbon, proteins, vitamins and in some cases, ions. Due to the carbon composition of the majority of organisms, dead and organic matter provide rich sources of polysaccharides disaccharides such as glucose, maltose and starch.
In terms of nitrogen-rich sources, saprotrophs require combined protein for the creation of proteins, which is facilitated by the absorption of amino acids, and usually taken from rich soil. Although both ions and vitamins are rare, thiamine or ions such as potassium, phosphorus and magnesium aid the growth of the mycelium.
Saquinavir description

# Description
INVIRASE brand of saquinavir mesylate is an inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease.
The chemical name for saquinavir mesylate is N-tert-butyl-decahydro-2-amino]butyl]-(4aS,8aS)-isoquinoline-3(S)-carboxamide methanesulfonate with a molecular formula C38H50N6O5CH4O3S and a molecular weight of 766.96. The molecular weight of the free base is 670.86. Saquinavir mesylate has the following structural formula:
Saquinavir mesylate is a white to off-white, very fine powder with an aqueous solubility of 2.22 mg per mL at 25C.
INVIRASE is available as light brown and green, opaque hard gelatin capsules for oral administration in a 200-mg strength (as saquinavir free base). Each capsule also contains the inactive ingredients lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone K30, sodium starch glycolate, talc, and magnesium stearate. Each capsule shell contains gelatin and water with the following dye systems: red iron oxide, yellow iron oxide, black iron oxide, FD&C Blue #2, and titanium dioxide.
INVIRASE is also available as a light orange to greyish- or brownish-orange, oval cylindrical, biconvex film-coated tablet for oral administration in 500-mg strength (as saquinavir free base). Each tablet also contains the inactive ingredients lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone K30, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. Each film coat contains hypromellose, titanium dioxide, talc, iron oxide yellow, iron oxide red, and triacetin.
Saturation (chemistry)

# Overview
In chemistry, saturation has four different meanings:
- In physical chemistry, saturation is the point at which a solution of a substance can dissolve no more of that substance and additional amounts of that substance will appear as a precipitate. This point of maximum concentration, the saturation point, depends on the temperature of the liquid as well as the chemical nature of the substances involved. This can be used in the process of recrystallisation to purify a chemical: it is dissolved to the point of saturation in hot solvent, then as the solvent cools and the solubility decreases, excess solute precipitates. Impurities, being present in much lower concentration, do not saturate the solvent and so remain dissolved in the liquid. If a change in conditions (e.g. cooling) means that the concentration is actually higher than the saturation point, the solution has become supersaturated.
- In physical chemistry, when referring to surface processes, saturation denotes the degree of which a surface is full of something.  For example, base saturation refers to the fraction of exchangeable cations that are base cations. Similarly, in environmental soil science, nitrogen saturation means that an ecosystem, such as a soil, can not store any more nitrogen.
- In organic chemistry, a saturated compound has the maximum amount of hydrogens possible: i.e., no double or triple bonds.  In a saturated hydrocarbon chain, every carbon atom is attached to two hydrogen atoms, except carbon atoms at the ends of the chain, which are attached to three hydrogen atoms.  In the case of saturated methane, four hydrogen atoms are attached to the single, central carbon atom. Of simple hydrocarbons, alkanes are saturated, and alkenes are unsaturated. The degree of unsaturation is a method of specifying the amount that a compound is partially saturated.  In the modern treatment of electronic structure, unsaturated compounds are characterized by pi electron systems. The term is applied similarly to the fatty acid constituents of lipids, where the fat is described as saturated or unsaturated, depending on whether the constituent fatty acids contain carbon-carbon double bonds. Unsaturated is used when any carbon structure contains double or occasionally triple bonds. Many vegetable oils contain fatty acids with one (monounsaturated) or more (polyunsaturated) double bonds in them.
- In biochemistry, the term saturation refers to the fraction of total protein binding sites that are occupied at any given time.
Scarlet fever overview

# Overview
Scarlet fever is an exotoxin-mediated disease  that occurs most often in association with a sore throat and rarely with impetigo or other streptococcal infections. It is characterized by sore throat, fever, a 'strawberry' tongue, and a fine sandpaper rash over the upper body that may spread to cover almost the entire body. Scarlet fever is not rheumatic fever, but may progress into that condition as the infection develops (rheumatic fever is an autoimmune disease that can occur after infection with Group A strep).
Scarlet fever  is an infectious disease which most commonly affects 4-8 year old children. Symptoms include sore throat, fever and a characteristic red rash. It is usually spread by inhalation. There is no vaccine, but the disease is effectively treated with antibiotics.
Before the availability of antibiotics, scarlet fever was a major cause of death. It could also cause late complications such as glomerulonephritis and endocarditis leading to heart valve disease, all of which were protracted and often fatal afflictions at the time.
Scarlet fever is caused by erythrogenic toxin, a substance produced by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes (group A strep.) when infected by a certain bacteriophage.
The term scarlatina may be used interchangeably with scarlet fever, though it is most often used to indicate the less acute form of scarlet fever seen since the beginning of the twentieth century.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Scarlet fever usually develops in children, just like colds or the flu are common in children. This disease is most common in 3-15 year olds with males and females being equally affected. By the age of 10 years most children have acquired protective antibodies and scarlet fever at this age or older is rare.

# Diagnosis

## Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis of scarlet fever is clinical. The blood tests shows marked leukocytosis with neutrophilia and conservated or increased eosinophils, high ESR and CRP , and elevation of antistreptolysin O titer. Blood culture is rarely positive, but the streptococci can usually be demonstrated in throat culture.

# Medical Therapy
Other than the occurrence of the diarrhea, the treatment and course of scarlet fever are no different from those of any strep throat. In case of penicillin allergy, clindamycin or erythromycin can be used with success. Antibiotic treatment is usually given. It has however never been shown to reduce the chance that rheumatic fever develops.
Selenium tetrafluoride
Selenium tetrafluoride (SeF4) is a chemical compound. It is a colourless liquid that reacts readily with water. It can be used as a fluorinating reagent in organic syntheses and has advantages over sulfur tetrafluoride in that milder conditions can be employed and it is a liquid rather than a gas. Selenium tetrafluoride was first synthesized by the reaction of  selenium with fluorine by Paul Lebeau in 1907.
Other methods of preparation include fluorinating elemental selenium with chlorine trifluoride:
and reacting sulfur tetrafluoride wih selenium dioxide:
Selenium in SeF4 has an oxidation state of +4. Its shape in the gaseous phase is similar to that of SF4 having a see-saw shape in accordance with VSEPR theory which predicts pseudo-trigonal pyramidal disposition of the five electron pairs around the selenium atom. The axial Se-F bond bonds are 177pm with an F-Se-F bond angle of 169.2. The two other fluorine atoms are attached by shorter bonds (168pm), with an F-Se-F bond angle of 100.6. In solution at low concentrations this monomeric structure predominates  but at higher concentrations there is evidence for weak association between SeF4 molecules leading to a distorted octahedral coordination around the sulfur atom. In the solid the sulfur atom also has a distorted octahedral environment.
In HF SeF4 is a weak base, weaker than sulfur tetrafluoride, SF4 (Kb= 2 X 102):
Ionic adducts are formed with SbF5, AsF5, NbF5, TaF5, and BF3 that  contain  the SeF3+ cation
With caesium fluoride, CsF, the SeBr5 anion is formed, which has a square pyramidal structure similar to the isoelectronic chlorine pentafluoride, ClF5 and bromine pentafluoride, BrF5 
With 1,1,3,3,5,5-Hexamethylpiperidinium fluoride or 1,2-dimethylpropyltrimethylammonium fluoride the SeF62 anion is formed. This has a distorted octahedral shape which contrasts to the regular octahedral shape of the analogous SeCl62
Serine octamer cluster
The Serine octamer cluster in physical chemistry is an unusually stable cluster consisting of eight serine molecules (Ser) implicated in the origin of homochirality. This cluster was first discovered in mass spectroscopy experiments. Electrospray ionization of an aerosol of serine in methanol results in a MS spectrum with a prominent ion peak of 841 corresponding to the Ser8+H+ cation. The smaller and larger clusters are virtually absent in the spectrum and therefore the number 8 is called a magic number. The same octamer ions are also produced by rapid evaporation of a serine solution on a hot (200-250C) metal surface or by sublimation of solid serine. After production,  detection again is by mass-spectroscopic means. For the discussion of homochirality it is important to note that these laboratory production methods resemble prebiotic conditions.
The cluster is not only unusually stable but also unusual because the clusters have a strong homochiral preference. A racemic serine solution produces a minimum amount of cluster and with solutions of both enantiomers a maximum amount is formed of both homochiral D-Ser8 and L-Ser8. In another experiment cluster formation of a racemic mixture with deuterium enriched L-serine results in a product distribution with hardly any 50/50 D/L clusters but a preference for either D or L enantioenriched clusters.
A model for chiral amplification is proposed whereby enantioenriched clusters are formed from a non-racemic mixture already enriched by L-serine as a result of a mirror-symmetry breaking process. Cluster formation is followed by isolation and on subsequent dissociation of the cluster a serene solution forms with a higher concentration of L-serine than in the original mixture. A cycle can be maintained in which each turn results in an incremental enrichment in L-serine. Many such cycles eventually result in enantiopure L-serine. This model has been experimentally verified.
Chiral transmission is assumed to take place through so-called substitution reactions of serine clusters. In these reactions, a serine monomer in a cluster can be replaced by another small biologically relevant molecule. For instance Ser8 reacts with glucose (Glc) to the Ser6 + Glc3 + Na+ cluster. Moreover the cluster of synthetic L-glucose with Ser8 is less abundant than that with the biological D-glucose.
Simeprevir description

# Description
OLYSIO (simeprevir) is an inhibitor of the HCV NS3/4A protease.
The chemical name for simeprevir is (2R,3aR,10Z,11aS,12aR,14aR)-N-(cyclopropylsulfonyl)-2-oxy]-5-methyl-4,14-dioxo-2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,8,9,11a,12,13,14,14a-tetradecahydrocyclopentacyclopropadiazacyclotetradecine-12a(1H)-carboxamide. Its molecular formula is C38H47N5O7S2 and its molecular weight is 749.94. Simeprevir has the following structural formula:
Simeprevir drug substance is a white to almost white powder. Simeprevir is practically insoluble in water over a wide pH range. It is practically insoluble in propylene glycol, very slightly soluble in ethanol, and slightly soluble in acetone. It is soluble in dichloromethane and freely soluble in some organic solvents (e.g., tetrahydrofuran and N,N-dimethylformamide).
OLYSIO (simeprevir) for oral administration is available as 150 mg strength hard gelatin capsules. Each capsule contains 154.4 mg of simeprevir sodium salt, which is equivalent to 150 mg of simeprevir. OLYSIO (simeprevir) capsules contain the following inactive ingredients: colloidal anhydrous silica, croscarmellose sodium, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate and sodium lauryl sulphate. The white capsule contains gelatin and titanium dioxide (E171) and is printed with ink containing iron oxide black (E172) and shellac (E904).
Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
Sir Ganga Ram Hospital is a hospital in Pakistan. Originally started by Sir Ganga Ram, a Civil Engineer in the British Government at Lahore, Pakistan in 1921. In 1946 the family of Sir Ganga Ram started a medical college by the name Balak Ram medical College named after a son of Sir Ganga Ram. After partition it was re-established by Sh. Dharma Vira, a Civil servent and  who was a family member of Founder at New Delhi on 13th April,1954. The first Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru laid the foundation stone of the Hospital. The hospital is run by Board of Management,who are eminent consultants, under the over all guidance of the Trust Society.
Fatima Jinnah Medical College, Lahore was established in 1948, just a year after the birth of our country, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The need for the immediate establishment of an institution to train women in the medical profession was acutely felt. The father of the nation, the late Quaid-i-Azam gave his blessings and approved the name of his sister Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah to be associated with this institution.
Fatima Jinnah Medical College admitted its first batch of 39 students in October, 1948. Since then it has been training women not only from all over Pakistan but also from the entire Muslim world and some friendly brethren countries. Fatima Jinnah graduates are serving not only in Pakistan but also all over the world. The first Principal of this college was Prof. Shujaat Ali. The present principal is Prof. Muhammad Akbar Chaudhry.
Teaching hospital attached to the college, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (550 beds), is now being extended on another 22 Kanals and will provide another 400 beds. The name of this new hospital is Fatima Jinnah Hospital. The Faculty is both male and female, all of them being highly qualified teachers. The college has well-equipped laboratories, air-conditioned dissection hall, lecture theatres with audio-visual aids for teaching purposes, pathology museum, clinical academic rooms, a well-equipped library and an auditorium for seminars and international conferences.
The hostel for students is within walking distance from the college. It consists of six blocks. Two new blocks are being built to accommodate more students. At the moment there are around one thousand students living in the hostel.

# Contact details
- Address: Shahrah-e-Fatima Jinnah, Lahore -54000
- Tel: (92) 042- 6369469, 6363750
- Fax (92) 042- 6366058
Social Norms Marketing
Social norms marketing typically involves reducing the disparity between student perceptions and  the actual  extent of alcohol consumption by their peers.
Research has demonstrated that most college and other students hold greatly  exaggerated beliefs about the proportion of their peers who drink alcoholic beverages, how much they consume, and how frequently they consume. The social norms approach  involves conducting credible surveys of a population, typically those on the campus of an educational institution, and reporting or marketing the findings to that population. When students discover that many fewer peers drink, drink heavily, or drink as frequently as they thought, they dont feel such high pressure to consume or to consume as much as they did earlier. Consequently, alcohol consumption tends to drop significantly.
Increasingly, the approach is being applied to larger populations and to other behaviors such as driving while impaired or intoxicated, using tobacco, engaging in sexual intercourse, and other behaviors.
Specific social phobia

# Background
Mental health professionals often distinguish between generalized social phobia  and specific social phobia.
People with generalized social phobia have great distress in a wide range of social situations. Those with specific social phobia may experience anxiety only in a few situations.
The most common symptoms of specific social phobia are glossophobia, the fear of public speaking and 
the fear of performance,  known as stage fright. Other examples of specific social phobia include fears of writing or eating in public, using public restrooms (paruresis), attending social gatherings, and dealing with authorities.
Specific social phobia may be classified into performance fears and interaction fears, i.e., fears of acting in social setting and interacting with other people, respectively.

# Prevalence and distribution
In the past, when the prevalence was estimated by sampling the psychiatric clinical cases, social phobia was thought to be a rare disorder. It is now recognized that this way of estimating is inappropriate, because people with social phobia rarely seek psychiatric help by the very nature of their disorder. A more reliable source used now is community surveys.
Various surveys show that the syndrom of glossophobia is the most prevalent type. A article based on a National Comorbidity Survey reported that 1/3 people with lifetime social phobia suffered from glossophobia Another survey of a community sample from a Canadian city reported that of people who believed being anxious in one or several social situations 55% feared speaking to a large audience, 25% feared speaking to a small group of familiar people,23% feared dealing with authority, 14.5% feared social gatherings, 14% feared speaking to strangers, 7% feared eating and 5% feared writing in public.