Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Bacitracin warnings and precautions

# WARNINGS AND Precautions
Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.
C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
Adequate fluid intake should be maintained orally, or if necessary, by parenteral method.
As with other antibiotics, use of this drug may result in overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms, including fungi. If superinfection occurs, appropriate therapy should be instituted.
Prescribing Bacitracin in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
There have been reports of anaphylaxis and/or allergic contact dermatitis in patients exposed to Bacitracin in non-approved indications.
Information for Patients
Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs, including Bacitracin, should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When Bacitracin is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by Bacitracin or other antibacterial drugs in the future.
Diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible.
Baltimore College of Dental Surgery

# Overview
The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, founded February 1 1840  , is the birthplace of the Doctor of Dental Surgery degree (D.D.S.), and is known as the first dental college in the world.

# History
The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery (BCDS),was chartered by an act of the Maryland General Assembly in 1840. Its co-founders, Drs. Horace H. Hayden and Chapin A. Harris have been both inducted in the Pierre Fauchard Academy Hall of Fame.   Dr. Harris was the school first dean and a professor of practical dentistry. Following the death of Dr. Hayden, on January 25th, 1844 , he became the school second president. The College is still in existence today and is part of the University of Maryland.
The establishment of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery is seen as one of the three crucial steps in the foundation of the dental profession in the United States. " A true profession is built upon a tripod: a formal organization, formal professional education, and a formal scientific literature. The United States was the leader in all three. In 1839-40, the American Society of Dental Surgeons was organized, the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery was established, and the first dental journal in the world, the American Journal of Dental Science, was founded. At that time there were only about three hundred trained and scientific dentists in the entire country; the rest were relatively untrained operators, outright quacks, or charlatans. In 1898, a list of the first subscribers to the first journal was discovered and published by G.V. Black. These initial subscribers may be considered the core group of truly professional American dentists. They became the leaders of the newly born profession of dentistry. "  
Today, BCDS enjoys the most advanced dental education facility in the world. The new 12 story building in downtown Baltimore was completed in October of 2006. The total cost for the establishment amount to near $150 million, the highest spent on an academic building by the State of Maryland.

# Footnotes
Barrier to autointegration factor 1
Barrier-to-autointegration factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BANF1 gene. It is a member of the barrier-to-autointegration factor family of proteins.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene was identified by its ability to protect retroviruses from intramolecular integration and therefore promote intermolecular integration into the host cell genome. The endogenous function of the protein is unknown. The protein forms a homodimer which localizes to the nucleus and is specifically associated with chromosomes during mitosis. This protein binds to DNA in a non-specific manner and studies in rodents suggest that it also binds to lamina-associated polypeptide 2, a component of the nuclear lamina. It also associates with the LEM Domain containing proteins LAP2, Emerin, and MAN1.

# Interactions
Barrier to autointegration factor 1 has been shown to interact with Thymopoietin.

# Clinical relevance
Mutations in this gene have been shown to cause hereditary progeroid syndrome.
Basement membrane corneal dystrophy
Synonyms and keywords: Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy

# Overview
Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy (EBMD), also known as map-dot-fingerprint dystrophy and Cogans's microcystic dystrophy, is a disorder of the eye that can cause pain and dryness. 
It is sometimes included in the group of corneal dystrophies. It diverges from the formal definition of corneal dystrophy in being in most cases non-familial. It also has a fluctuating course, while for a typical corneal dystrophy the course is progressive.  When it is considered part of this group, it is the most common type of corneal dystrophy.

# Pathophysiology
In some families autosomal dominant inheritance and point mutations in the TGFBI gene encoding keratoepithelin have been identified, but according to the International Committee for Classification of Corneal Diseases (IC3D) the available data still does not merit a confident inclusion of EBMD in the group of corneal dystrophies. In view of this, the more accurate designation of the disease is possibly not dystrophy but corneal degeneration.
The main pathological feature of the disease is thickened, multilaminar and disfigured basement membrane of corneal epithelium. The change in the structure affects the epithelium, some cells of which may become entrapped in the rugged membrane and fail to migrate to the surface where they should undergo desquamation.

# Signs and symptoms
Patients may complain of severe problems with dry eyes.  It can also be asymptomatic, and only discovered because of subtle lines and marks seen during an eye exam.
EBMD is a bilateral anterior corneal dystrophy characterized by grayish epithelial fingerprint lines, geographic map-like lines, and dots (or microcysts) on slit-lamp examination. Findings are variable and can change with time. While the disorder is usually asymptomatic, up to 10% of patients may have recurrent corneal erosions, usually beginning after age 30; conversely, 50% of patients presenting with idiopathic recurrent erosions have evidence of this dystrophy.

# Treatment
Phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) done by an ophthalmologist can restore and preserve useful visual function for a significant period of time in patients with anterior corneal dystrophies including EMBD.
Eyelid twitch (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
An eyelid twitch is a general term for involuntary spasms of the eyelid muscles. In some instances, the eyelid may repeatedly close (or nearly close) and re-open.

# What are the symptoms of an Eyelid twitch?
In addition to having repetitive, uncontrollable twitching or spasms of your eyelid (usually the upper lid), you may be very sensitive to light or have blurry vision.

# What causes an Eyelid twitch?
The most common things that make the muscle in your eyelid twitch are fatigue, stress, and caffeine. Once spasms begin, they may continue off and on for a few days. Then, they disappear. Most people experience this type of eyelid twitch on occasion and find it very annoying. In most cases, you won't even notice when the twitch has stopped.
More severe contractions, where the eyelid completely closes, are possible. These can be caused by irritation of the surface of the eye (cornea) or the membranes lining the eyelids (conjunctiva).
Sometimes, the reason your eyelid is twitching cannot be identified. This form of eyelid twitching lasts much longer, is often very uncomfortable, and can also cause your eyelids to close completely.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call your primary care doctor or eye doctor (ophthalmologist, optometrist) if:
- Eyelid twitching does not go away within 1 week
- Twitching completely closes your eyelid
- Twitching involves other parts of your face
- You have redness, swelling, or a discharge from your eye
- Your upper eyelid is drooping

# Treatment options
Eyelid twitching usually disappears without treatment. In the meantime, the following steps may help:
- Get more sleep.
- Drink less caffeine.
- Lubricate your eyes with eye drops.
If twitching is severe, small injections of botulinum toxin can temporarily cure the spasms.

# Where to find medical care for an Eyelid twitch?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Eyelid twitch

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
The outlook depends on the specific type or cause of eyelid twitch. In some cases, the twitches usually stop within a week.

# Possible complications
Permanent eye injury from an unrecognized cornea injury is possible, but rare.

# Sources
Bone grafting (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
A bone graft is surgery to place new bone or bone substitutes into spaces around a broken bone or bone defects.  It is a transplant of bone tissue. Surgeons use bone grafts to repair and rebuild diseased bones in your hips, knees, spine, and sometimes other bones and joints. Grafts can also repair bone loss caused by some types of fractures or cancers. Once your body accepts the bone graft, it provides a framework for growth of new, living bone.

# How is a bone graft made?
A bone graft can be taken from the patient's own healthy bone. This is called an autograft.  Autograft bone often comes from your ribs, hips or a leg.
A bone graft can also be made from frozen, donated bone (allograft).  Most allograft bone comes from donors who have died. Tissue banks screen these donors and disinfect and test the donated bone to make sure it is safe to use.
In some cases, a man-made (synthetic) bone substitute is used.
No matter where the bone graft comes from, the surgery will be the same.  A surgeon makes a cut over the bone defect. The bone graft is shaped and inserted into and around the area. It is held in place with pins, plates, or screws. Stitches are used to close the wound.
A splint or cast is usually used to prevent injury or movement while healing.

# Why is a bone graft performed?
Bone grafts are used to:
- Fuse joints to prevent movement
- Repair bone loss from broken bones (fractures) or cancers
- Repair injured bone that has not healed

# Where to find medical care for Bone grafting?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Bone grafting

# Recovery
Recovery time depends on the injury or defect being treated and the size of the bone graft. Your recovery from the procedure may take as little as 2 weeks, or as much as 3 months. The bone graft itself will take up to 3 months or longer to heal.  Vigorous exercise may be restricted for up to 6 months.
You will need to keep the bone graft area clean and dry. Your doctor will give you instructions about showering.
Do not smoke. Smoking slows down or prevents bone healing. If you smoke, it is more likely to graft will fail.

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Outlook for a bone graft is very good.  Most bone grafts help the bone defect to heal with little risk of graft rejection.

# Possible complications
All surgeries come with a risk of complication.
The risks for any anesthesia include:
- Reactions to medications
- Problems breathing
The risks for bone grafting surgery include:
- Bleeding
- Infection
- Pain at the place on the body where the bone was removed.
There is also a risk that the bone graft may fail, although this is rare.  Smoking increases this risk.

# Sources
Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel

# Overview
A cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel is any ion channel that opens in the presence of cyclic nucleotides.

# Mechanism
The channels are gated by a chemical ligand (the cyclic nucleotide) but they are more similar in structure to the family of voltage-gated ion channels than to the ligand gated ones. In fact, the cyclic nucleotide-gated channels often have positively or negatively charged areas that may respond to changes in membrane potential. The purpose and function of these charged areas are not yet fully understood.

# Functions
Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels are particularly important in several systems:
- The mammalian olfactory system.
- In the visual system, a cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate) gated channel is found in the outer membrane of retinal photoreceptor cells. In response to high levels of cGMP, the channels are open and allow positively charged ions to flow into the cell, causing depolarization. This is the state of the cell in the dark (called the dark current), but a photon striking a photoreceptor in the cell causes a chain reaction that results in lower levels of cGMP and therefore hyperpolarization. Thus, these cells are actually more active in dark than in light.
- Funny currents have been associated with the HCN channels.

# Examples

## Alpha
"Cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha" subunits include CNGA1, CNGA2, CNGA3, and CNGA4. "Beta" subunits include CNGB1 and CNGB3.

## Hyperpolarization-activated
Other examples include the following "hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channels" (HCN): HCN1, HCN2, HCN3, HCN4
Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase
Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase is responsible for transporting both carnitine-fatty acid complexes and carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

# Function
This enzyme is required since fatty acids cannot cross the mitochondrial membranes without assistance. The fatty acid is firstly bound to CoA and may cross the external mitochondrial membrane. It then exchanges the CoA for carnitine by the action of the enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase I. The complex then enters the mitochondrial matrix via facilitated diffusion by carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase. Here, the acyl-carnitine complex is disrupted by carnitine palmitoyltransferase II and the fatty acid rebinds to CoA. Carnitine then diffuses back across the membrane by carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. This is called the carnitine shuttle system.

# Clinical significance
A disorder is associated with carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency. This disorder prevents the shuttle-like action of carnitine from assisting fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane and therefore there is decreased fatty acid catabolism. The result of this is an increased number of fat droplets within muscles and liver, decreased tolerance to long term exercise, inability to fast for more than a few hours, muscle weakness and wasting, and a strong acidic smell on the breath (due to protein breakdown).

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of SLC25A20 function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Slc25a20tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed:  - In-depth immunological phenotyping
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein
Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), also known as thrombospondin-5, is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein primarily present in cartilage. In humans it is encoded by the COMP gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a noncollagenous extracellular matrix (ECM) protein. It consists of five identical glycoprotein subunits, each with EGF-like and calcium-binding (thrombospondin-like) domains. Oligomerization results from formation of a five-stranded coiled coil and disulfide bonds. Binding to other ECM proteins such as collagen appears to depend on divalent cations. Mutations can cause the osteochondrodysplasias pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED).
COMP is a marker of cartilage turnover. It is present in high quantities in fibrotic scars and systemic sclerosis, and it appears to have a role in vascular wall remodeling.
Cefpirome dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration
Dosage and mode of administration depend on the severity of the infection, sensitivity of the pathogens, and condition of the patients.

### Dosage in Adult Patients With Normal Renal Function

### Dosage in Patients With Impaired Renal Function
Cefpirome is excreted predominantly via the renal route. In cases of impaired renal funclion, dose reduction is necessary lo compensate for the slower excretion.
No dose reduction is necessary in patients wilh a creatinine clearance below 50 ml/min. In patients with creatinine clearance below 50/ml/min, the dosage must be adjusted according to the following scheme:
When creatinine clearance can not be measured, it can be calculated based on the serum creatinine level using the following formula (Cockcroft's equation):

### Dosage in Elderly Patients
No adjustment necessary except in cases of impaired renal function (see above).

### Duration of Treatment
The duration of treatment depends on patient's clinical and bacteriological response.
Cefprozil dosage and administration
Cefprozil is administered orally.
Renal Impairment
Cefprozil may be administered to patients with impaired renal function.
The following dosage schedule should be used.
Hepatic Impairment
No dosage adjustment is necessary for patients with impaired hepatic function.
Reconstitution Directions for Oral Suspension
Prepare the suspension at the time of dispensing; for ease in preparation, add water in two portions and shake well after each aliquot.
After mixing, store in a refrigerator and discard unused portion after 14 days.
Store dry powder at 20 to 25C (68 to 77F)  prior to constitution.
Central neurogenic hyperventilation

# Overview
Central neurogenic hyperventilation is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by deep and rapid breaths. It is unrelated to other forms of hyperventilation like Kussmaul's respirations.
It is caused by the body's attempt to reduce intracranial pressure by reducing the carbon dioxide levels in the blood, causing contraction of cranial arteries; or direct damage to certain areas of the brain stem.
This abnormal breathing pattern is seen in patients with severe head injuries and with strokes involving the midbrain.
Chloromycetin indications and usage
Chloramphenicol should be used only in those serious infections for which less potentially dangerous drugs are ineffective or contraindicated. Bacteriological studies should be performed to determine the causative organisms and their sensitivity to chloramphenicol (see Boxed Warning).
Chloromycetin Ophthalmic Ointment, 1% (Chloramphenicol Ophthalmic Ointment, USP) is indicated for the treatment of surface ocular infections involving the conjunctiva and/or cornea caused by chloramphenicol-susceptible organisms.
The particular antiinfective drug in this product is active against the following common bacterial eye pathogens:
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus, including Streptococcus pneumoniae
Escherichia coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Klebsiella/Enterobacter species
Moraxella lucunata
(Morax-Axenfeld bacillus)
Neisseria species
This product does not provide adequate coverage against:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Serratia marcescens
Chlorzoxazone (patient information)

# Why this medication is prescribed?
Chlorzoxazone is used to relieve pain and stiffness caused by muscle strains and sprains. It is used in combination with physical therapy, analgesics (such as aspirin or acetaminophen), and rest.
This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.

# How this medication should be used?
Chlorzoxazone comes as a tablet to take by mouth. It usually is taken three or four times a day. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take chlorzoxazone exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor.

# Special precautions
Before taking chlorzoxazone:
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to chlorzoxazone or any other drugs.
- tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, especially sedatives, sleeping pills, tranquilizers, and vitamins.
- tell your doctor if you have or have ever had liver disease.
- tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while taking chlorzoxazone, call your doctor.
- you should know that this drug may make you drowsy. Do not drive a car or operate machinery until you know how this drug affects you.
- remember that alcohol can add to the drowsiness caused by this drug.

# What to do if you forget a dose?
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one.

# Side effects

## Minor side effects
Chlorzoxazone may cause side effects. Your urine may turn purple or red; this effect is not harmful. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away:
- upset stomach
- drowsiness
- dizziness
- lightheadedness
- weakness

## Severe side effects
If you experience any of the following symptoms, call your doctor immediately:
- skin rash or itching
- yellowing of the skin or eyes
- stomach pain
If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online  or by phone .

# Storage conditions needed for this medication
Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom). Throw away any medication that is outdated or no longer needed. Talk to your pharmacist about the proper disposal of your medication.

# In case of emergency
In case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911.

# Other information
Keep all appointments with your doctor.
Do not let anyone else take your medication. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription.

# Brand names
- Parafon Forte DSC Caplets