Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Alphamethylthiofentanyl
-methyl-thiofentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl.
-methyl-thiofentanyl was sold briefly on the black market in the early 1980s, before the introduction of the Federal Analog Act which for the first time attempted to control entire families of drugs based on their structural similarity rather than scheduling each drug individually as they appeared. 
-methyl-thiofentanyl has similar effects to fentanyl. Side effects of fentanyl analogues are similar to those of fentanyl itself, which include itching, nausea and potentially serious respiratory depression which can be life-threatening.
Aluminium acetotartrate

# Overview
Aluminium acetotartrate (or ALSOL) is an organic acid, astringent, and disinfectant. It is the aluminium salt of acetic acid and tartaric acid.

# Appearance
Aluminium acetotartrate occurs as colorless or yellowish crystals, freely but exceedingly slowly soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol and ether.

# Applications
Aluminium acetotartrate is employed in 0.52% solutions as a nasal douche in affections of the respiratory tract, in 13% solutions as a substitute for solution of aluminium acetate, in concentrated solution as a lotion in frostbite and balanitis, and as a snuff with boric acid in atrophic rhinitis. It is also used as an antiseptic vulnerary ointment cream.
Amantadine how supplied

# How Supplied
Amantadine Hydrochloride Capsules, USP are available as yellow, soft gelatin capsules containing 100 mg of amantadine hydrochloride, in bottles of 100s (NDC 10888-5006-02) and 500s (NDC 10888-5006-03).  Each capsule is imprinted with "A1" in black ink.
Store at 20 to 25C (68 to 77F). Protect from moisture.
Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container, as defined in the USP. Keep out of reach of children.
American Cancer Society

# Overview
The American Cancer Society (ACS) is the "nationwide community-based voluntary health organization dedicated to eliminating cancer as a major health problem by preventing cancer, saving lives, and diminishing suffering from cancer, through research, education, advocacy and service." The group has its headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, and has branches in all 50 U.S. states and Puerto Rico. It also operates about 3400 local offices.
The American Cancer Society was founded in 1913 as the American Society for the Control of Cancer (ASCC) by 15 physicians and businessmen in New York City. It adopted its current name and organization in 1945.
Its activities include providing grants to researchers, running public health advertising campaigns, and organizing projects such as the Relay For Life, Great American Smokeout, Making Strides Against Breast Cancer, and Daffodil Days.
Among its notable endorsements is the Hopkins 4K for Cancer, a 4000-mile bike ride from Baltimore to San Francisco to raise money for cancer patients.

# Fund Allocation
The ACS spends 20% of its budget on cancer prevention activities and 20% on patient support (e.g., support groups, transportation, patient education).  Detection and treatment programs receive 16% of the budget, and research programs (including prevention research) receive 14% of the budget.
The ACS currently meets the Better Business Bureau's Standards for Charity Accountability (at least 65% to program services and no more than 35% to overhead and fundraising expenses).  It spends 8% of its income on administration, $760,000 of which goes to the CEO.  However, 22% of its income is spent on fundraising.

# Criticisms
The Chairman of the Cancer Prevention Coalition, Dr. Samuel S. Epstein, believes their priorities are economically motivated, and reflect conflicts of interests with the pharmaceutical industry, the pesticide industry, and the mammography industry.
In the past, the ACS has been involved in a few economic scandals, none of which indicated systemic abuse. In 2000, Dan Wiant, an administrative officer, was accused of embezzling $7 million . In the 1980s, an employee discovered that a fund-raiser was leading a $4 million tax fraud scheme..
Ammonium ferric citrate

# Overview
Ammonium ferric citrate is a food additive with E number E381 used as an acidity regulator.  It is a green or reddish-brown powder which is very soluble in water.
The molecular formula of ammonium iron(III) citrate is variable. It can be prepared by adding Fe(OH)3 to an aqueous solution of citric acid and ammonia.  The brown form is approximately 9% NH3, 16.518.5% Fe, and 65% hydrated citric acid; the green form is approximately 7.5% NH3, 14.516% Fe, and 75% hydrated citric acid.  The green type is more readily reduced by light than the brown.
Other uses for ammonium ferric citrate include water purification and printing (cyanotype). It is used as a reducing agent of metal salts of low activity like gold and silver and is also in a commonly used recipe with potassium ferricyanide to make cyanotype prints.  Ammonium ferric citrate is also used in Kligler iron deeps to determine hydrogen sulfide production in microbial metabolism.
Ammonium ferric citrate is present in Scottish carbonated soft drink Irn-Bru.
In medicine, ammonium ferric citrate is used as a contrast medium.  It is also used as a hematinic.

# Compendial status
- Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia
Amoxicillin description

# Description
Amoxicillin formulations contain amoxicillin, a semisynthetic antibiotic, an analog of ampicillin, with a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity against many gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.  Chemically it is (2S,5R,6R)-6--3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo heptane-2-carboxylic acid trihydrate.  It may be represented structurally as:
The amoxicillin molecular formula is C16H19N3O5S3H2O, and the molecular weight is 419.45.
Amoxicillin capsules, tablets, and oral suspension are intended for oral administration.

## Capsules
Each amoxicillin capsule contains amoxicillin trihydrate equivalent to amoxicillin anhydrous 250 mg or 500 mg.  Inactive ingredients: black iron oxide, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, D&C Yellow No. 10, FD&C Yellow No. 6, gelatin, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, shellac, sodium lauryl sulfate and titanium dioxide.  In addition 250 mg capsule contains FD&C Red No. 40 and 500 mg capsule contains D&C Red No. 28 and FD&C Blue No. 1.

## Tablets
Each amoxicillin tablet contains amoxicillin trihydrate equivalent to amoxicillin anhydrous 500 mg or 875 mg.  Inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, D&C Red No. 30 aluminum lake, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, sodium starch glycolate, and titanium dioxide.
Chewable Tablets 125 mg and 250 mg: Each amoxicillin chewable tablet contains amoxicillin trihydrate equivalent to amoxicillin anhydrous 125 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg or 400 mg.  Inactive ingredients: aspartame, FD&C Red No. 40 aluminum lake, magnesium stearate, mannitol and strawberry guarana flavor.  Additionally the 125 mg and 250 mg tablets contain corn starch, compressible sugar and talc, while the 200 mg and 400 mg tablets contain crospovidone.

## Powder for Oral Suspension
Each 5 mL of reconstituted suspension contains, 200 mg or 400 mg amoxicillin as the trihydrate.  Each 5 mL of both the 200 mg and 400 mg reconstituted suspension contains 0.24 mEq (5.59 mg) of sodium.
Amoxicillin trihydrate for oral suspension 200 mg/5 mL and 400 mg/5 mL is (reconstituted) a fruity flavor containing inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, FD&C yellow no.6, flavor strawberry guarana, flavor tutti frutti, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, sucrose, xanthan gum.
Amoxicillin indications

# List of indications
AMOXIL
- Infections of the ear, nose, and throat
- Infections of the genitourinary tract
- Infections of the skin and skin structure
- Infections of the lower respiratory tract
H. pylori eradication to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence Triple therapy(AMOXIL/clarithromycin/lansoprazole)
Dual therapy(AMOXIL/lansoprazole)

## AMOXIL
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of
AMOXIL and other antibacterial drugs, AMOXIL should be used only to treat or prevent
infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When
culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or
modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and
susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Indicated surgical procedures should be performed. AMOXIL is indicated in the treatment of infections due to susceptible (ONLY -lactamasenegative) strains of the designated microorganisms. Return to top

## Infections of the ear, nose, and throat
Amoxicillin is indicated in the infections of the ear, nose, and throatdue to Streptococcus spp. (- and -hemolytic
strains only), S. pneumoniae, Staphylococcus spp., or H. influenzae. Return to top

## Infections of the genitourinary tract
Amoxicillin is indicated in the infections of the genitourinary tract due to E. coli, P. mirabilis, or E. faecalis. Return to top

## Infections of the skin and skin structure
Amoxicillin is indicated in the infections of the skin and skin structure due to Streptococcus spp. (- and -hemolytic
strains only), Staphylococcus spp., or E. coli. Return to top

## Infections of the lower respiratory tract
Amoxicillin is indicated in the infections of the lower respiratory tract due to Streptococcus spp. (- and -hemolytic
strains only), S. pneumoniae, Staphylococcus spp., or H. influenzae.
Gonorrhea, acute uncomplicated (ano-genital and urethral infections)  due to
N. gonorrhoeae (males and females). Return to top

## H. pylori eradication to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence Triple therapy (AMOXIL/clarithromycin/lansoprazole)
AMOXIL, in combination with clarithromycin plus lansoprazole as triple therapy, is indicated
for the treatment of patients with H. pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease (active or 1-year
history of a duodenal ulcer) to eradicate H. pylori. Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to
reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence. Return to top

## Dual therapy (AMOXIL/lansoprazole)
AMOXIL, in combination with lansoprazole delayed-release capsules as dual therapy, is
indicated for the treatment of patients with H. pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease (active
-r 1-year history of a duodenal ulcer) who are either allergic or intolerant to clarithromycin
-r in whom resistance to clarithromycin is known or suspected. Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to reduce the risk
-f duodenal ulcer recurrence. Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Amoxicillin precautions

# List of precautions
Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Pregnancy
Labor and Delivery
Nursing Mothers
Pediatric Use

## Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
High urine concentrations of ampicillin may result in
false-positive reactions when testing for the presence of glucose in urine using CLINITEST, Benedicts Solution, or Fehlings Solution. Since this effect may also occur with amoxicillin, it is recommended that glucose tests based on enzymatic glucose oxidase reactions (such as
CLINISTIX) be used.
Following administration of ampicillin to pregnant women, a transient decrease in plasma
concentration of total conjugated estriol, estriol-glucuronide, conjugated estrone, and estradiol
has been noted. This effect may also occur with amoxicillin. Return to top

## Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate carcinogenic potential. Studies to detect mutagenic potential of amoxicillin alone have not been conducted; however, the following information is available from tests on a 4:1 mixture of amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate (AUGMENTIN). AUGMENTIN was non-mutagenic in the Ames bacterial mutation assay, and the yeast gene
conversion assay. Return to top

## Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category B. Reproduction studies have been
performed in mice and rats at doses up to 10 times the human dose and have revealed no
evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to amoxicillin. There are, however, no
adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies
are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if
clearly needed. Return to top

## Labor and Delivery
Oral ampicillin-class antibiotics are poorly absorbed during labor.
Studies in guinea pigs showed that intravenous administration of ampicillin slightly decreased
the uterine tone and frequency of contractions but moderately increased the height and duration
-f contractions. However, it is not known whether use of amoxicillin in humans during labor or
delivery has immediate or delayed adverse effects on the fetus, prolongs the duration of labor, or
increases the likelihood that forceps delivery or other obstetrical intervention or resuscitation of
the newborn will be necessary. Return to top

## Nursing Mothers
Penicillins have been shown to be excreted in human milk. Amoxicillin use
by nursing mothers may lead to sensitization of infants. Caution should be exercised when
amoxicillin is administered to a nursing woman. Return to top

## Pediatric Use
Because of incompletely 313 developed renal function in neonates and young
314 infants, the elimination of amoxicillin may be delayed. Dosing of AMOXIL should be modified
315 in pediatric patients 12 weeks or younger (3 months). Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Ampicillin microbiology

# Microbiology
While in vitro studies have demonstrated the susceptibility of most strains of the following organisms, clinical efficacy for infections other than those included in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section has not been demonstrated.
The following bacteria have been shown in in vitro studies to be susceptible to Ampicillin for Injection, USP:
- GRAM-POSITIVE ORGANISMS: Hemolytic and nonhemolytic streptococci, D. pneumoniae, nonpenicillinase-producing staphylococci, Clostridia spp., B. anthracis, Listeria monocytogenes, and most strains of enterococci.
- GRAM-NEGATIVE ORGANISMS: H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, Proteus mirabilis, and many strains of Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli.
AMPICILLIN does not resist destruction by penicillinase.

## Susceptibility Tests
AMPICILLIN Susceptibility Test Discs, 10 g, should be used to estimate the in vitro susceptibility of bacteria to Ampicillin for Injection, USP.
Amygdalohippocampectomy
Amygdalohippocampectomy is a surgical procedure for the treatment of epilepsy. It consists of the removal of the hippocampus, which has a role in memory, spatial awareness, and navigation, and the amygdalae, which have a role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions, both structures forming part of the limbic system of the brain.
Amygdalohippocampectomy is used only when all other treatment options have failed to resolve the epilepsy. It is an effective treatment for most patients. However, possible adverse side effects include impaired memory and defects in visual perception.

# Procedure
The procedure is indicated when the focal point of the seizures can be anatomically localized to the hippocampus and amygdala. Normally, to be considered for this procedure, one must have failed all first-line treatments. The selective amygdalohippocampectomy will remove only the offending portions of the hippocampus and amygdala. When data from studies of the electrophysiology and neuropathy vis-a-vis temporal lobe epilepsy determines this area to be the origin of seizure activity, the removal of the hippocampus and amygdala is usually indicated. Computer imaging is sometimes used to guide this procedure. Patients continue normal activity after approximately six to eight weeks.

# Statistics and side effects
Of 376 patients who had the amygdalohippocampectomy procedure performed, compared to other types of temporal lobe resections, two thirds of this population were reported free of disabling seizures.
Some patients report defects in visual perception and impaired memory function.
Pulsus parvus et tardus
Synonyms and keywords: Slow-rising pulse, delayed pulse, or anacrotic pulse

# Overview
Pulsus parvus et tardus, more commonly known as a "slow-rising" or "anacrotic" pulse, is a sign where, upon palpation, the pulse is weak/small (parvus), and late (tardus) relative to contraction of the heart.

# Differential Diagnosis of the Underlying Causes of Pulsus Parvus et Tardus
Classically, it is seen in aortic valve stenosis. A meta analysis, demonstrated the presence of pulsus parvus et tardus or anacrotic pulse as the most useful finding to rule in or rule out aortic stenosis in the clinical setting. The positive likelihood ratio observed across studies was 2.8 to 130.
Anal sac adenocarcinoma
An anal sac adenocarcinoma is an uncommon and aggressive malignant tumor found in dogs that arises from the tissue of anal sac.    At least one case has been reported in a cat.  They are the second most common cancerous cause of hypercalcaemia (high serum calcium) in dogs.

# Signs and symptoms
Anal sac adenocarcinomas first appear as a small lump associated with one of the anal sacs, but they can grow to a large size.  Smaller tumors are undetectable without a rectal examination, while larger tumors can cause pain and straining to defecate.  Between 25 and 50 percent of dogs with these tumors will also develop hypercalcaemia through secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein by the tumor.  Symptoms of hypercalcaemia include increased drinking and urination, vomiting, loss of appetite, weight loss, and bradycardia (slow heart rate).  Anal sac adenocarcinomas also have a tendency to metastasize to the lymph nodes, spleen, and lungs.  The sublumbar (iliac) lymph nodes are the most common site of metastasis and can become larger than the original tumor.

# Diagnosis
Anal sac adenocarcinomas are often suspected due to location and behavior, but a biopsy is necessary for a definitive diagnosis.  Needle aspiration biopsy is a common first step.  Cytology reveals clusters of cells with uniform round nuclei.  These cells do not have many of the features usually associated with malignancy, such as a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio or prominent nucleoli.  Ultrasonography and radiography are performed to look for metastasis.

# Treatment and prognosis
Aggressive surgical removal of the tumor and any enlarged sublumbar lymph nodes is essential for treatment of the tumor and associated hypercalcaemia.  There is a high recurrence rate, although removal of lymph nodes with metastasis may improve survival time.  Radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be helpful in treatment.  Severe hypercalcaemia is treated with aggressive IV fluid therapy using sodium chloride and medications such as loop diuretics (increased kidney excretion of calcium) and aminobisphosphonates (decreased calcium release from bones).  A poorer prognosis is associated with large tumor size (greater than 10 cm), hypercalcaemia, and generalized metastasis.

# Commonly affected breeds
Breeds that may be more commonly affected include the English Cocker Spaniel, German Shepherd Dog, Alaskan Malamute, Dachshund, and Springer Spaniel.
Angina (disambiguation)
The English word angina (which comes intact from Latin) refers to a painful constriction or tightness somewhere in the body, and may refer to:
- Angina pectoris, chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle
- Abdominal angina, postprandial abdominal pain that occurs in individuals with insufficient blood flow to meet visceral demands
- Ludwig's angina, a serious, potentially life-threatening infection of the tissues of the floor of the mouth
- Prinzmetal's angina, a syndrome typically consisting of cardiac chest pain at rest that occurs in cycles
- Vincent's angina, trench mouth, infection of the gums leading to inflammation, bleeding, deep ulceration and necrotic gum tissue
- Angina tonsillaris, an inflammation of the tonsils
de:Angina
ur: ()
it:Angina (disambigua)
Angiotensin II receptor
The angiotensin II receptors, (AGTR1) and (AGTR2), are a class of G protein-coupled receptors with angiotensin II as their ligands. They are important in the reninangiotensin system: they are responsible for the signal transduction of the vasoconstricting stimulus of the main effector hormone, angiotensin II.

# Structure
The AT1 and AT2 receptors share a sequence identity of ~30%, but have a similar affinity for angiotensin II, which is their main ligand.

# Members

## Overview table

## AT1
The AT1 receptor is the best elucidated angiotensin receptor.

### Location within the body
The AT1 subtype is found in the heart, blood vessels, kidney, adrenal cortex, lung and brain and mediates the vasoconstrictor effects.

### Mechanism
The angiotensin receptor is activated by the vasoconstricting peptide angiotensin II. The activated receptor in turn couples to Gq/11 and Gi/o and thus activates phospholipase C and increases the cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, which in turn triggers cellular responses such as stimulation of protein kinase C. Activated receptor also inhibits adenylate cyclase and activates various tyrosine kinases.

### Effects
Effects mediated by the AT1 receptor include vasoconstriction, aldosterone synthesis and secretion, increased vasopressin secretion, cardiac hypertrophy, augmentation of peripheral noradrenergic activity, vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation, decreased renal blood flow, renal renin inhibition, renal tubular sodium reuptake, modulation of central sympathetic nervous system activity, cardiac contractility, central osmocontrol and extracellular matrix formation.

## AT2
AT2 receptors are more plentiful in the fetus and neonate. The AT2 receptor remains enigmatic and controversial  is probably involved in vascular growth. Effects mediated by the AT2 receptor are suggested to include inhibition of cell growth, fetal tissue development, modulation of extracellular matrix, neuronal regeneration, apoptosis, cellular differentiation, and maybe vasodilation and left ventricular hypertrophy.

## AT3 and AT4
Other poorly characterized subtypes include the AT3 and AT4 receptors. The AT4 receptor is activated by the angiotensin II metabolite angiotensin IV, and may play a role in regulation of the CNS extracellular matrix, as well as modulation of oxytocin release.
Insect bites and stings

# Overview
Insect bites and stings occur when an insect is agitated and seeks to defend itself through its natural defense mechanisms, or when an insect seeks to feed off the bitten person.

# Pathophysiology
Insects inject formic acid, which can cause an immediate skin reaction often resulting in redness and swelling in the injured area.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
The sting from fire ants, bees, wasps and hornets are usually painful, and may stimulate a dangerous allergic reaction called anaphylaxis for at risk patients. Wasps can bite and sting at the same time.

# Differentiating insect bites from other diseases
Different rash-like conditions can be confused with insect bites and are thus included in its differential diagnosis. The various conditions that should be differentiated from insect bites include:

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
Stingers in the skin should be removed by scraping it away with a fingernail or credit card edge. Baking soda paste should then be applied for  20 minutes to neutralize the formic acid. Bites from mosquitoes, fleas and mites are more likely to cause itching than pain.

# Related Chapters
- Bee sting
- Schmidt Sting Pain Index