Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Bone morphogenetic protein 3
Bone morphogenetic protein 3, also known as osteogenin, is a protein in humans that is encoded by the BMP3 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily. It, like other bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP's) is known for its ability to induce bone and cartilage development. It is a disulfide-linked homodimer. It negatively regulates bone density. BMP3 is an antagonist to other BMP's in the differentiation of osteogenic progenitors.
It is highly expressed in fractured tissues.

# Cancer
BMP3 is hypermethylated in many cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) and hence along with other hypermethylated genes, may be used as an biomarker to detect early stage CRC.
Bone morphogenetic protein 4
Bone morphogenetic protein 4, also known as BMP4, is a human gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family which is part of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. The superfamily includes large families of growth and differentiation factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. This particular family member plays an important role in the onset of endochondral bone formation in humans, and a reduction in expression has been associated with a variety of bone diseases, including the heritable disorder Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Alternative splicing in the 5' untranslated region of this gene has been described and three variants are described, all encoding an identical protein.
BMP4 is a polypeptide belonging to the  TGF- superfamily of proteins. It, like other bone morphogenetic proteins, is involved in bone and cartilage development, specifically tooth and limb development and fracture repair. It has been shown to be involved in muscle development, bone mineralization, and uteric bud development.  BMP4 has also been implicated in Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva in which it is underexpressed.
In human embryonic development, BMP4 is a critical signaling molecule required for the early differentiation of the embryo and establishing of a dorsal-ventral axis. BMP4 is secreted from the dorsal portion of the notochord, and it acts in concert with sonic hedgehog (released from the ventral portion of the notochord) to establish a dorsal-ventral axis for the differentiation of later structures.
BMP4 stimulates differentiation of overlying ectodermal tissue. Inhibition of the BMP4 signal (by chordin, noggin, or follistatin) causes the ectoderm to differentiate into the neural plate. If these cells also receive signals from FGF, they will differentiate into the spinal cord; in the absence of FGF the cells become brain tissue.
Bone morphogenetic protein 5
Bone morphogenetic protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP5 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is member of the TGF superfamily. Bone morphogenetic proteins are known for their ability to induce bone and cartilage development. BMP5 may play a role in certain cancers. Like other BMP's BMP5 is inhibited by chordin and noggin. It is expressed in the trabecular meshwork and optic nerve head and may have a role in the development and normal function. It is also expressed in the lung and liver.
This gene encodes a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family which is part of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. The superfamily includes large families of growth and differentiation factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. These proteins are synthesized as prepropeptides, cleaved, and then processed into dimeric proteins. This protein may act as an important signaling molecule within the trabecular meshwork and optic nerve head, and may play a potential role in glaucoma pathogenesis. This gene is differentially regulated during the formation of various tumors.
Bone morphogenetic protein 6
Bone morphogenetic protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BMP6 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TGF superfamily. Bone morphogenetic proteins are known for their ability to induce the growth of bone and cartilage. BMP6 is able to induce all osteogenic markers in mesenchymal stem cells.
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a family of secreted signaling molecules that can induce ectopic bone growth. BMPs are part of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) superfamily. BMPs were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. Based on its expression early in embryogenesis, the BMP encoded by this gene has a proposed role in early development. In addition, the fact that this BMP is closely related to BMP5 and BMP7 has led to speculation of possible bone inductive activity.
As of April 2009, an additional function of BMP6 has been identified as described in Nature Genetics April; 41 :386-8. BMP6 is the key regulator of hepcidin, the small peptide secreted by the liver which is the major regulator of iron metabolism in mammals.
Balanced ligamentous tension
Balanced ligamentous tension (also known as balanced ligamentous tension release, ligamentous  articular strain, or simply BLT) is both an indirect and direct technique used in osteopathic manipulative medicine.

# History
The technique was reportedly invented by A.T. Still. It was later described by his students Rebbecca Lippincott and William Garner Sutherland, who greatly expanded it.

# Execution
The technique has many variants. The general prescription is to disengage and exaggerate the diagnosed somatic dysfunction. This is the indirect component. The practitioner then waits for a change is the palpatory quality of the structure being treated, i.e. a change in skin tension, temperature, or muscle tension. This is followed by a balancing stage in which the practitioner slowly bring the joint into the diagnosed dysfunction (the direct component).
Beta-ketothiolase deficiency
Beta-ketothiolase deficiency is an uncommon inherited disorder in which the body cannot properly process the amino acid isolecine or the products of lipid breakdown. The condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and is extremely rare having only been reported in 50 to 60 individuals throughout the world.
The typical age of onset for this disorder is between 6 months and 24 months. The signs and symptoms of beta-ketothiolase deficiency include vomiting, dehydration, trouble breathing, extreme tiredness, and occasionally convulsions. These episodes are called ketoacidotic attacks and can sometimes lead to coma. Attacks occur when compounds called organic acids (which are formed as products of amino acid and fat breakdown) build up to toxic levels in the blood. These attacks are often triggered by an infection, fasting (not eating), or in some cases, other types of stress.
Mutations in the ACAT1 gene cause beta-ketothiolase deficiency. The enzyme made by the ACAT1 gene plays an essential role in breaking down proteins and fats in the diet. Specifically, the enzyme is responsible for processing isoleucine, an amino acid that is part of many proteins. This enzyme also processes ketones, which are produced during the breakdown of fats. If a mutation in the ACAT1 gene reduces or eliminates the activity of this enzyme, the body is unable to process isoleucine and ketones properly. As a result, harmful compounds can build up and cause the blood to become too acidic (ketoacidosis), which impairs tissue function, especially in the central nervous system.
This article incorporates public domain text from The U.S. National Library of Medicine
Biphasic Cuirass Ventilation
Biphasic Cuirass Ventilation (BCV) is a method of ventilation which requires the patient to wear an upper body shell or cuirass, so named after the body-armour worn by medieval soldiers. The ventilation is biphasic because the cuirass is attached to a pump which actively controls both the inspiratory and expiratory phases of the respiratory cycle. This method has also been described as 'Negative Pressure Ventilation' (NPV), 'External Chest Wall Oscillation' (ECWO), 'External Chest Wall Compression' (ECWC) and 'External High Frequency Oscillation' (EHFO). BCV may be considered a refinement of the iron lung ventilator.
As the ventilation provided by the cuirass is biphasic, it is possible to achieve both large breaths (tidal volumes) and a high respiratory rate (from 6 to 1200 breaths per minute). The biphasic function allows control over the I:E ratio, which is the ratio between the time allowed for inspiration (pumping air out of the cuirass and creating a negative pressure around the chest) and experation (pumping air into the cuirass and creating an increase in pressure around the chest.) Most other types of ventilation depend on the passive recoil of the patient's chest, which limits the respiratory rate.

# Advantages
BCV is non-invasive and therefore avoids some of the problems associated with invasive ventilation such as infection and 
barotrauma. Unlike intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), BCV is active in both the inspiratory and expiratory phases (biphasic). This allows  greater control over the tidal volumes and respiratory rate. BCV may also help to maintain and redevelop the respiratory muscles which may weaken with respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation, this allows patients to be weaned from a ventilator. BCV also does not impair cardiac function as much as IPPV does. . The oscillations caused by BPV assist in the removal of secretions which are a symptom of many respiratory diseases. Lastly, because BCV does not require the patient to be intubated or to have a tracheostomy, patients can have BCV at home.

# Disadvantages
Although the end-expiratory chamber pressure can be set to below atmospheric pressure, which aims to prevent a decrease in functional residual capacity, most studies on anaesthetised humans have had to use a positive end-expiratory pressure in order to allow the removal of harmful carbon dioxide from the patients' lungs. . BCV may also be difficult to maintain in patients who are obese. .
Lastly, unlike endotracheal intubation, BCV does not provide any protection for the lungs from contaminants such as vomit.

# Uses
BCV has been successfully used in a case of failed fibreoptic intubation , in microlaryngeal surgery  and after paediatric cardiac operations
Blind loop syndrome overview
Please help WikiDoc by adding content here.  It's easy!  Click  here  to learn about editing.

# Overview
Blind loop syndrome is a medical condition that occurs when the intestine is obstructed, slowing or stopping the progress of digested food, and thus facilitating the growth of bacteria to the point that problems in nutrient absorption occur.
Blind loop syndrome occurs when digested food slows or stops moving through part of the intestines, which leads to overgrowth of bacteria in the intestines, causing problems with absorbing nutrients.

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

# Causes

# Differentiating Blind loop syndrome overview from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

## Natural History

## Complications

## Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Prevention
Boceprevir contraindications

# Contraindications
Contraindications to peginterferon alfa and ribavirin also apply to VICTRELIS combination treatment.
VICTRELIS in combination with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin is contraindicated in:
Pregnant women and men whose female partners are pregnant because of the risks for birth defects and fetal death associated with ribavirin .
Patients with a history of a hypersensitivity reaction to boceprevir .
Coadministration with drugs that are highly dependent on CYP3A4/5 for clearance, and for which elevated plasma concentrations are associated with serious and/or life-threatening events, including those in Table 2, is contraindicated .
Coadministration with potent CYP3A4/5 inducers, where significantly reduced boceprevir plasma concentrations may be associated with reduced efficacy, including those inTable 2, is contraindicated .
Boceprevir drug interactions

# Drug Interactions

## Potential for VICTRELIS to Affect Other Drugs
Boceprevir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A4/5. Drugs metabolized primarily by CYP3A4/5 may have increased exposure when administered with VICTRELIS, which could increase or prolong their therapeutic and adverse effects. Boceprevir does not inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 or CYP2E1 in vitro. In addition, boceprevir does not induce CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 or CYP3A4/5 in vitro.
Boceprevir is a potential inhibitor of p-glycoprotein (P-gp) based on in vitro studies. In a drug interaction trial conducted with digoxin, VICTRELIS had limited p-glycoprotein inhibitory potential at clinically relevant concentrations.

## Potential for Other Drugs to Affect VICTRELIS
Boceprevir is primarily metabolized by aldo-ketoreductase (AKR). In drug interaction trials conducted with AKR inhibitors diflunisal and ibuprofen, boceprevir exposure did not increase to a clinically significant extent. VICTRELIS may be coadministered with AKR inhibitors.
Boceprevir is partly metabolized by CYP3A4/5. It is also a substrate for p-glycoprotein. Coadministration of VICTRELIS with drugs that induce or inhibit CYP3A4/5 could decrease or increase exposure to boceprevir.

## Established and Other Potential Significant Drug Interactions
Table 5 provides recommendations based on established or potentially clinically significant drug interactions. VICTRELIS is contraindicated with drugs that are potent inducers of CYP3A4/5 and drugs that are highly dependent on CYP3A4/5 for clearance, and for which elevated plasma concentrations are associated with serious and/or life-threatening events .
Wolffenstein-Boters reaction

# Overview
The Wolffenstein-Boters reaction is an organic reaction converting benzene to picric acid by a mixture of aqueous nitric acid and mercury(II) nitrate.
According to one series of studies the mercury nitrate first takes benzene to the corresponding nitroso compound and through the diazonium salt to the phenol.  The presence of nitrite is essential for the reaction; picric acid formation is prevented when urea, a trap for nitrous acid, is added to the mixture. From then on the reaction proceeds as a regular aromatic nitration.
A conceptually related reaction at one time of interest to the pigment industry is the Bohn-Schmidt reaction (1889) involving the hydroxylation of  hydroxyantraquinone with sulfuric acid and lead or selenium to a polyhydroxylated anthraquinone.
Bone Marrow Donors Worldwide

# Overview
Bone Marrow Donors Worldwide (BMDW) is an organization based in Leiden, Netherlands, that coordinates the collection of the HLA phenotypes of volunteer hematopoietic cell donors and cord blood units.
BMDW participants (as of March 2007) are 58 hematopoietic cell donor registries from 43 countries, and 39 cord blood banks from 21 countries.
The current number of donors and cord blood units in the BMDW database is 11,161,332 (last updated: 27-Mar-2007).
There are currently 608 users from 433 organisations authorised to perform online searches of registries and cord blood banks participating with the BMDW.

# BMDW
Started in 1988 with its office in Leiden (the Netherlands), the BMDW Editorial Board consists of one representative of each stem cell donor registry or cord blood bank participating in BMDW, and meets twice a year to discuss achievements and necessary improvements.
BMDW is a service provided and managed by Europdonor Foundation.

# Mission Statement
BMDW is a voluntary collaborative effort of stem cell donor registries and cord blood banks whose goal is to provide centralised information on the HLA phenotypes and other relevant data of unrelated stem cell donors and cord blood units and to make this information easily accessible to the physicians of patients in need of a hematopoietic stem cell transplant.

# Main Goals
The original goal to collect the HLA phenotypes of volunteer stem cell donors and cord blood units, and to co-ordinate their world-wide distribution remain our primary goals. But new initiatives have been added:
- To maximise the chance of finding a stem cell donor or cord blood unit by providing access to all stem cell donors and cord blood units available in the world.
- To minimise the effort required for stem cell donor or cord blood unit searches: only registries with potential stem cell donors or cord blood units need to be contacted.
- To provide an estimate of the chance of finding a stem cell donor or cord blood unit for a given patient.
- To provide advanced search programs to identify partially matched stem cell donors or cord blood units.
- To facilitate search advice requests via the Internet.
- To facilitate improvements in family search strategies.
- To provide relevant general information for the benefit of the patient.
- To provide statistics on the increase of different registries, the number of DNA typed donors, etc.

# External sources
British School of Osteopathy
The British School of Osteopathy (BSO) is the largest and the oldest school of osteopathy in the United Kingdom.
The BSO holds Recognised Qualification (RQ) status from the statutory regulatory body for osteopathy in the UK, the General Osteopathic Council.

# History
The BSO was founded in 1915, but was not incorporated until 1917 due to the First World War. The School received charity status in 1963. In 1984 HRH The Princess Royal became the school's Patron.
Since 2005, the University of Bedfordshire had validated the BSO 's four-year degree courses. Furthermore, this meant that EU students enrolled on the School's undergraduate Bachelor of Osteopathy (B.Ost) programme are eligible to apply for government (and EU) - funding of tuition fees. It also offers postgraduate courses - for an M.Sc (Osteopathy) for paediatric care and the Postgraduate Diploma in Clinical Practice concentrating on cranial osteopathy

# Clinics
Final-year students on the B.Ost course gain practical experience by treating members of the public at the school's clinics under the supervision of tutors (who are fully qualified, practising osteopaths). The fees that all patients pay for treatment are significantly subsidised; pensioners or those receiving state benefits receive a 50 percent discount on treatment fees, and some patients even receive free treatment.
Broad ligament of the uterus

# Overview
The broad ligament of the uterus is the wide fold of peritoneum that connects the sides of the uterus to the walls and floor of the pelvis. The name for the structure is misleading, because the term ligament typically refers to tissue that connects bones together.

# Contents
The contents of the broad ligament include the following:
- Fallopian tube
- ovarian artery and uterine artery
- ovary
- ovarian ligament
- round ligament of uterus

# Subdivisions
The broad ligament may be divided into three subcomponents:
- Mesometrium - the mesentery of the uterus; the largest portion of the broad ligament
- Mesosalpinx - the part that surrounds the uterine tube
- Mesovarium - the part that surrounds the ovary
Some sources consider the suspensory ligament of the ovary a part of the broad ligament while other sources just consider it a "termination" of the ligament.

# Structure
The peritoneum surrounds the uterus is like a flat sheet that is folded over the uterus; on the sides of the uterus, this sheet of peritoneum comes in direct contact with itself, forming the double layer of peritoneum known as the broad ligament of the uterus.
The part where this peritoneal sheet is folded (i.e. the free edge) has the uterine tubes running between the two layers; this part is known as the mesosalpinx.

# Function
The broad ligament serves as a mesentery for the uterus, ovaries, and the uterine tubes.  It helps in maintaining the uterus in its position.

# Additional images
- Broad ligament of adult, showing epoophoron.
Burkholderia cepacia complex
Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC), or simply Burkholderia cepacia is a group of catalase-producing, non-lactose-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria composed of at least nine different species, including B. cepacia, B. multivorans, B. cenocepacia, B. vietnamiensis, B. stabilis, B. ambifaria, B. dolosa, B. anthina, and B. pyrrocinia. B. cepacia is an important human pathogen which most often causes pneumonia in immunocompromised individuals with underlying lung disease (such as cystic fibrosis or chronic granulomatous disease).

# Pathogenesis
BCC organisms are typically found in water and soil and can survive for prolonged periods in moist environments. Person-to-person spread has been documented; as a result, many hospitals, clinics, and camps for patients with cystic fibrosis have enacted strict isolation precautions for those infected with BCC. Infected individuals are often treated in a separate area than noninfected patients to limit spread, since BCC infection can lead to a rapid decline in lung function and result in death.
Diagnosis of BCC involves isolation of bacteria from sputum cultures. BCC organisms are naturally resistant to many common antibiotics including aminoglycosides and polymyxin B. The bacteria is so hardy that it has been found to persist in betadine (a common topical antiseptic). Treatment typically includes multiple antibiotics and may include ceftazidime, doxycycline, piperacillin, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole.  In April 2007 Researchers from the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry at The University of Western Ontario, working with a group from Edinburgh, announced they had discovered a way to kill the the organism.

# History
B.cepacia was discovered by Walter Burkholder in 1949 as the culprit of onion skin rot, and first described as a human pathogen in the 1950s. In the 1980s, it was first recognized in individuals with cystic fibrosis, and outbreaks were associated with a 35% death rate. Burkholderia cepacia has a large genome, containing twice the amount of genetic material as E. coli.

# Gallery
- Scanning Electron Micrograph of Burkholderia cepacia. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 

## Anti microbial regimen
- Burkholderia cepacia complex
- Preferred regimen (1): Ceftazidime 2 g IV q8h
- Preferred regimen (2): Imipenem 1 g IV q6h
- Preferred regimen (3): Meropenem 1-2 g IV q8h
- Preferred regimen (4): Minocycline 100 mg IV/PO bid
Candidatus Carsonella ruddii

# Overview
Candidatus Carsonella ruddii is an endosymbiotic Gamma Proteobacteria; it has the smallest genome of any characterised bacteria.
The species is an endosymbiont that is present in all species of phloem sap-feeding insects known as psyllids. The endosymbionts occurs in a specialised structure known as the bacteriome.
In 2006 the genome of C. ruddii strain Pv (Carsonella-Pv) of the hackberry petiole gall psyllid, Pachypsylla venusta was sequenced at RIKEN in Japan and the University of Arizona. It was shown that the species genome consists of a circular chromosome of 159,662 base pairs and that the genome has a high coding density (97%) with many overlapping genes and reduced gene length. The number of predicted genes was 182, also lowest in record. In comparison, Mycoplasma genitalium, which has the smallest genome of any free-living organism, has a genome of 580,000 base pairs. Numerous genes considered essential for life are missing, suggesting that the species may have achieved organelle-like status.