Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Criteria

# Overview
The  Diagnostic Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) released by the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is used for the diagnosis of Asperger Syndrome (AS).

# Diagnostic Criteria
The  Diagnostic Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) released by the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is:

## Table: Severity levels for autism spectrum disorder
(the following table is a quotation from DSM-5)
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Dilated rete testis

# Overview
Dilated rete testis represents dilated testicular mediastinal tubules. This is a benign condition thought to result from partial or complete obliteration of the efferent ducts. It is often bilateral, is frequently associated with spermatocele. It is more common in men over the age of 55 years.

# Imaging Findings
- At sonography, it appears as multiple small cystic or tubular anechoic structures that replace and enlarge the mediastinum. The geographic shape, lack of mass effect, and lack of internal flow are helpful to distinguish this benign condition from a partially cystic tumor.
- At MR imaging, the cystic dilatation or ectasia of multiple small tubules of the rete testis appears hyperintense on T2-weighted images. After administration of gadolinium contrast material, no internal enhancement is seen
Dimethylheptylpyran
Dimethylheptylpyran (DMHP, 1,2-dimethylheptyl-3THC) is a synthetic analogue of THC, which was invented in 1949 during attempts to elucidate the structure of 9-THC, the active component of cannabis.
DMHP is similar in both structure to THC, differing only in the position of one double bond, and the replacement of the 3-pentyl chain with a 3-(1,2-dimethylheptyl) chain. It produces similar activity to THC, such as sedative and antinauseant effects, but is considerably more potent. It is thought to act as a CB1 agonist, in a similar manner to other similar cannabinoid derivatives.
DMHP was made illegal under UN convention in 1982 on the basis of its structural similarity and similar effects profile to THC, despite never having had any recorded instances of abuse by humans or illicit sale. In the United States, DMHP was placed into the most restrictive Schedule 1 as a compound with no medical use, although it is still used in some scientific research into cannabinoid drugs.
Dipropanoylmorphine
Dipropanoylmorphine is an opiate derivative, the 3,6-dipropanoyl ester of morphine. It was developed in the 1970s as an analgesic.  It is rarely used in some countries for the relief of severe pain such as that caused by terminal cancer, as an alternative to diamorphine (heroin) and morphine.
Dipropanoylmorphine is slightly slower acting than diamorphine, but longer lasting, and is slightly more potent due to its relatively higher lipophilicity.  Side effects are similar to those of other opioids and include itching, nausea and respiratory depression.
Dipropanoylmorphine is prepared by reacting morphine with propanoic anhydride, in an analogous manner to how heroin is produced by reacting morphine with acetic anhydride.
While acetic anhydride is a restricted chemical around the world due to its potential uses in making heroin, it is used in vast amounts by the chemical industry for the manufacture of drugs such as aspirin. Propanoic anhydride however is much less widely used. Although it is used in the manufacture of a range of pharmaceuticals, none of these are produced in nearly as large quantities, and sales of propanoic anhydride in quantities larger than one gram must be reported in many countries because of its potential use in making fentanyl type synthetic opiates.
Direct Xa inhibitor

# Overview
Direct factor Xa inhibitors ('xabans') are a class of anticoagulant drugs which act directly upon Factor X in the coagulation cascade, without using antithrombin as a mediator.

# Clinical uses
Direct factor Xa inhibitors are being used clinically. Clinical trials have shown promise for these compounds as substitutes for the currently administered vitamin K antagonists or low molecular weight heparin. Advantages of orally administered direct Xa inhibitors lie in the fact that they have a predictable effect, do not require frequent monitoring or re-dosing, are given through the mouth and not by injection and have few (known) drug interactions.  Disadvantages include the currently limited prospective experience and lack of specific antidotes (although research in that field is ongoing, andexanet alfa being a candidate antidote).

# Examples
A naturally occurring inhibitor of factor Xa was first reported in 1987. Tuszynski et al. discovered antistasin, which was isolated from the extracts of Mexican leech, Haementeria officinalis. Soon after this, another naturally occurring inhibitor, tick anticoagulant peptide (TAP) was isolated from the extract of tick Ornithodoros moubata.
Examples include:
- Apixaban
- Betrixaban
- Darexaban
- Edoxaban
- Otamixaban
- Rivaroxaban
Disability overview

# Overview
A disability is a condition or function judged to be significantly impaired relative to the usual standard of an individual or their group. The term is often used to refer to individual functioning, including physical impairment, sensory impairment, cognitive impairment, intellectual impairment mental illness, and various types of chronic disease. This usage is associated with a medical model of disability. 
The human rights or social model focuses on functioning as an interaction between a person and their environment, highlighting the role of a society in labelling, causing or maintaining disability within that society, including through attitudes or accessibility favoring the majority. Disabilities may come to people during their life or people may be born disabled.
On December 13, 2006, the United Nations formally agreed on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the first human rights treaty of the 21st century, to protect and enhance the rights and opportunities of the world's estimated 650 million disabled people. Countries that sign up to the convention will be required to adopt national laws, and remove old ones, so that persons with disabilities would, for example, have equal rights to education, employment, and cultural life; the right to own and inherit property; not be discriminated against in marriage, children, etc; not be unwilling subjects in medical experiments.
In 1976, the United Nations launched its International Year for Disabled Persons (1981), later re-named the International Year of Disabled Persons. The UN Decade of Disabled Persons (1983-1993) featured a World Programme of Action Concerning Disabled Persons. In 1979, Frank Bowe was the only person with a disability representing any country in the planning of IYDP-1981. Today, many countries have named representatives who are themselves individuals with disabilities. The decade was closed in an address before the General Assembly by Robert Davila. Both Bowe and Davila are deaf. In 1984, UNESCO accepted sign language for use in education of deaf children and youth.
Nummular dermatitis

# Overview
Nummular dermatitis is one of the many forms of dermatitis.  Also known as discoid dermatitis, it is characterized by round or oval-shaped itchy lesions. (The name comes from the Latin word "nummus," which means "coin.")

# Presentation
The disorder is recurrent and chronic, and may appear at any age, although it is most common in people in their 60's.  Nummular dermatitis does not appear to be a genetic condition, is not related to food allergies, and is not contagious.
The coin-shaped patches can affect any part of the body, but the legs and buttocks are the most common areas.  Flare-ups are associated with dry skin, so the winter season is a particularly bad time for those with this condition.
Other forms of dermatitis are at risk of developing.

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination

### Skin
- Eczema microbic. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Eczema microbic. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Eczema microbic. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Eczema microbic. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Eczema microbic. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

# Differentiating nummular dermatitis from other diseases
Nummulrar dermatitis should be differentiated from other diseases causing papulosquamous or erythmatosquamous rash. The differentials include the following:

# Treatment
One of the keys to treatment and prevention involves keeping the skin moisturized.  Lotions, creams, and bath oils may help prevent an outbreak.  If the condition flares up, a common treatment involves the application of topical corticosteroids.  Oral antihistamines may help lessen itching.  More severe cases sometimes respond to ultraviolet light treatment.
Diseases of poverty

# Overview
Diseases of poverty are diseases that are more prevalent among "the poor" than among wealthier people.  In many cases poverty is the leading risk factor for such diseases, and in some cases disease can (or allegedly) cause poverty.

# Examples
The three primary diseases of poverty are AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis.  Developing countries account for 95% of the global AIDS prevalence and 98% of active tuberculosis infections. Furthermore, 90% of malaria deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa.  Together, these three diseases account for 10% of global mortality.
Three additional diseases, measles, pneumonia, and diarrheal diseases also closely associated with poverty, and are often included with AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis in broader definitions and discussions of diseases of poverty.  Finally, infant mortality and maternal mortality are far more prevalent among the poor.  For example, 98% of the 11,600 daily maternal and neonatal deaths occur in developing countries.  Together, diseases of poverty kill approximately 14 million people annually.

# Mechanisms and Causes
For many environmental and social reasons, including crowded living conditions, inadequate sanitation, and disproportionate occupation as sex workers, the poor are more likely to be exposed to infectious diseases.  Malnutrition and inadequate, inaccessible, or non-existent health care can hinder recovery and exacerbate the disease.  Malnutrition is associated with 54% of childhood deaths from diseases of poverty, and lack of skilled attendants during childbirth is primarily responsible for the high maternal and infant death rates among the poor.

# Consequences
Diseases of poverty reflect the dynamic relationship between poverty and poor health; while such diseases result directly from poverty, they also perpetuate and deepen impoverishment by sapping personal and national health and financial resources.  For example, malaria decreases GDP growth by up to 1.3% in some developing nations, and by killing tens of millions in sub-Saharan Africa, AIDS alone threatens the economies, social structures, and political stability of entire societies.children die each day from malnutrition.

# Diseases as a cause of Poverty
Some diseases are alleged to cause poverty; many of these diseases are mental illnesses that affect socialization, awareness, and intelligence.  They include autism, schizophrenia, antisocial personality disorder, and certain mental damage caused by substance abuse or trauma.  Also malaria.
Disulfur dichloride
Disulfur dichloride is the chemical compound with the formula S2Cl2.  Some alternative names for this compound are sulfur monochloride (the name implied by its empirical formula, SCl), disulphur dichloride (British English Spelling) and sulphur monochloride (British English Spelling).  S2Cl2 has the structure implied by the formula Cl-S-S-Cl, wherein the angle between the Cla-S-S and S-S-Clb planes is 90.  This structure is referred to as gauche, and is akin to that for H2O2.  A different isomer of S2Cl2 is S=SCl2; this isomer forms transiently when S2Cl2 is exposed to UV-radiation.

# Synthesis and basic properties
Disulfur dichloride is an orange/yellow liquid that smokes in air due to reaction with water:
It is synthesized by partial chlorination of elemental sulfur:
Excess chlorine gives sulfur dichloride:
Both reactions are reversible, and upon standing, SCl2 releases chlorine to revert to the disulfur dichloride.  It has the ability to dissolve sulfur, which reflects in part the formation of polysulfanes:
S2Cl2 also arises from the chlorination of CS2 as in the synthesis of thiophosgene.

# Applications in synthesis
S2Cl2 has been used to introduce C-S bonds.  In the presence of AlCl3, S2Cl2 reacts with benzene to give diphenyl sulfide:
Anilines react with S2Cl2 in the presence of NaOH via the so-called Herz reaction to give ortho-aminothiophenolates.  These species are precursors to thioindigo dyes.  It is also used to prepare the sulfur mustard "gas" by reaction with ethylene:
Divergent synthesis
In chemistry a divergent synthesis is a strategy with the aim to improve the efficiency of chemical synthesis. It is often an alternative to convergent synthesis or linear synthesis.
In one strategy divergent synthesis aims to generate a library of chemical compounds by first reacting a molecule with a set of reactants. The next generation of compounds is generated by further reactions with each compound in generation 1. This methodology quickly diverges to large numbers of new compounds
- A generates A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 in generation 1
- A1 generates A11, A12, A13 in generation 2 and so on.
An entire library of new chemical compounds for instance sugars can be screened for desirable properties. In another strategy divergent synthesis starts from a molecule as a central core from which successive generations of building blocks are added. A good example is the divergent synthesis of dendrimers for example where in each generation new monomer reacts to the growing surface of the sphere.
Diversity oriented synthesis or (DOS) is a strategy for quick access to molecule libraries with an emphasis on skeletal diversity. In one such application  a Petasis reaction product (1) is functionalized with propargyl bromide leading to a starting compound (2) having 5 functional groups. This molecule can be subjected to whole set of reagents each reaction yielding a unique sketelon already in generation one .
Gibbs-Donnan effect
The Gibbs-Donnan effect (also known as the Donnan effect, Donnan law, Donnan equilibrium, or Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium) is a name for the behavior of charged particles near a semi-permeable membrane to sometimes fail to distribute evenly across the two sides of the membrane.  The usual cause is the presence of a different charged substance that is unable to pass through the membrane and thus creates an uneven electrical charge. The Gibbs-Donnan effect can prevent sick cells' sodium pumps from functioning properly. Some ionic species can pass through the barrier while others cannot. The solutions may be gels or colloids as well as solutions of electrolytes, and as such the phase boundary between gels, or a gel and a liquid, can also act as a selective barrier.  The electric potential arising between two such solutions is called the Donnan potential.
The effect is named after the physicist Josiah Willard Gibbs and the chemist Frederick G. Donnan.
The Donnan equilibrium is prominent in the triphasic model for articular cartilage proposed by Mow and Ratcliffe, as well as in electrochemical fuel cells and dialysis.
The Donnan effect is extra osmotic pressure attributable to cations (Na+ and K+) attached to dissolved plasma proteins.
Doxycycline calcium

# Overview
Doxycycline  (IPA is a tetracycline antibiotic which is commonly used to treat a variety of infections. Under the brand name Vibramycin, Pfizer's doxycycline product received Food and Drug Administration (United States)|US Food and Drug Administration approval in 1967.  Other brand names include Monodox, Microdox, Periostat, Vibra-Tabs, Oracea, Doryx, Vibrox, Adoxa, Doxyhexal, Doxylin, Doxoral, Doxy-1 and Atridox (topical doxycycline hyclate for periodontitis).

# Category
Tetracycline

# US Brand Names
VIBRAMYCIN HYCLATE

# FDA Package Insert
Description

# Mechanism of Action
As with related tetracycline antibiotics, demeclocycline acts by binding to the 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits, which impairs protein synthesis by bacteria. It is bacteriostatic (it impairs bacterial growth, but does not kill bacteria directly).
It is not completely understood why demeclocycline impairs the action of antidiuretic hormone, but is thought to block the binding of the hormone from its receptor.
Dynamic equilibrium
A dynamic equilibrium occurs when two reversible processes proceed at the same rate. A reversible chemical reaction will be at dynamic equilibrium when the rate of forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction. Whilst at dynamic equilibrium there is no change in the concentration of either the forward or reverse reactions. The word dynamic indicates that at equilibrium both the forward and reverse chemical reactions still occur rather than the reaction halting once equilibrium is reached.
An example of dynamic equilibrium, for a closed and partially filled water bottle water will evaporate from the surface of the water and the air in the bottle will begin to become  saturated with water vapor. Eventually, the air will be completely saturated with water vapor, this water will then condense as its molecules collide with the surface of the water. When the rate of evaporation is equal to the rate of condensation the system is at dynamic equilibrium.
The concept of dynamic equilibrium is not limited to simple changes of state such as that described above. It is often applied to the analysis of chemical reaction kinetics, to obtain useful information about the ratios of reactants and products which will form at equilibrium. It should be noted that at equilibrium the concentrations of the reactants and the concentrations of the products are constant.
The term also has applications across a wide range of disciplines.  While it may be applied to less physical systems in these fields, it still relates to a stable situation maintained by balancing processes.  For example: in economics it may be used to refer to the constant flux of capital in otherwise stable markets; in ecology, an unchanging population of organisms results from the balancing of birth rate against death rate.
This term can also be used to refer to a steady state (i.e., a state which isn't a true equilibrium, but does not change with time).  This can only happen if the system is in contact with an environment which is not in equilibrium.  A prime example is that of most stars - nuclear fusion provides an outward pressure to counteract the pressure of gravity, but neither the fusion continually produces energy, and the environment external to the star is certainly not in equilibrium, either.
Edward Lawrie Tatum

# Overview
Edward Lawrie Tatum (December 14, 1909  November 5, 1975) was an American geneticist. He shared half of the  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958 with George Wells Beadle for showing that genes control individual steps in metabolism. The other half of that year's award went to Joshua Lederberg.
Beadle and Tatum's key experiments involved exposing the bread mold Neurospora crassa to x-rays, causing mutations. In a series of experiments, they showed that these mutations caused changes in specific enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. These experiments, published in 1941, led them to propose a direct link between genes and enzymatic reactions, known as the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis.
Tatum went on to study genetics in bacteria. An active area of research in his laboratory was to understand the basis of Tryptophan biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Later, Tatum and his student Lederberg showed that E. coli could share genetic information through recombination.
Tatum was born in Boulder, Colorado. He attended college at the University of Chicago and received his PhD in biochemistry from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1934.  Starting in 1937, he worked at Stanford University, where he began his collaboration with Beadle.  He then moved to Yale University in 1945 where he mentored Lederberg.  He returned to Stanford in 1948 and then joined the faculty of Rockefeller Institute in 1957. A heavy cigarette smoker, he died in New York City of heart failure complicated by chronic emphysema.
Electric toothbrush
An electric toothbrush is a toothbrush that uses electric power to move the brush head, normally in an oscillating pattern, though electric toothbrushes are often called 'rotary' toothbrushes.

# History

## Dr. Scott's 'electric' toothbrush
In the late 1800s in the USA, a man named Dr. George A. Scott claimed to invent an "electric" toothbrush. However, unlike actual electronically-powered bristle brushes, Dr. Scott's brush merely sent a strong electrical current through the brush to whoever was using it at the time. The shock was apparently (according to lore of the time) supposed to "promote good health".

## Evolution of the modern toothbrush
Although a true electric toothbrush was first conceived in 1880 and reliably sold in 1939 (in Switzerland), it took almost 30 years for the invention to be produced in the USA; the Broxodent, was a rotating electric toothbrush introduced by Squibb Pharmaceutical at the centennial of the American Dental Association in 1960.  These were initially created for patients with limited motor skills, as well orthodontic patients (such as those with braces). Claims have been made that these are more effective than manual toothbrushes, as it leaves less room for patients to brush incorrectly.
Electric toothbrushes such as those made by Braun, have become increasingly cheap. However, part of this is offset by the (relatively) high retail cost of the disposable brush heads.

## Charging
The electronic compartments in most of the electronic toothbrushes are completely sealed to prevent water damage. There are no metal contacts. These toothbrushes charge using a technique called inductive charging. In the brush unit is one half of a transformer, and in the charge-unit is the other part of the transformer. When brought together, a varying magnetic field in one coil induces a current in the other coil, thereby allowing for the charging of a battery.
Other electric toothbrushes use replaceable batteries, disposable or rechargeable, storing them in the bottom, generally thicker than a normal toothbrush.

# Effectiveness
Independent research finds that most electric toothbrushes are no more effective than the manual variety.  .  The exception is the "rotation-oscillation"-models, including many of the electrical brushes in Braun's Oral B-series, but even this brush performs only marginally better than a regular manual brush.  The research done indicates that the way the brushing is performed is of a higher importance than the choice of brush.