Application of New Cholesterol Guidelines to the Korean Adult Diabetic Patients

Patients with diabetes over 30 yr of age were analyzed by the two guidelines. Of the total 1,975 diabetic patients, only 377 (19.1%) were receiving drugs for dyslipidemia. Among 1,598 patients who had not taken any medications for dyslipidemia, 65.6% would be indicated for statin therapy according to the ATP-III guidelines. When we apply the new guidelines, 94.3% would be eligible for statin therapy. Among the total diabetic patients, the new guidelines, compared with the ATP-III guidelines, increase the number eligible for statin therapy from 53.1% to 76.2%. The new guidelines would increase the indication for statin therapy for most diabetic patients. At present, many diabetic patients do not receive appropriate statin therapy. Therefore efforts should be made to develop the Korean guidelines and to ensure that more diabetic patients receive appropriate statin therapy.

# Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. Dyslipidemia, a common condition coexisting with type 2 diabetes, is a major cause of atherosclerosis and a risk factor for CVD. Numerous studies have shown that lowering lipid levels is very important for preventing CVD in patients with diabetes [bib_ref] Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes, Gaede [/bib_ref].
Since their release, the guidelines of the Third Adult Treatment Panel (ATP-III) of the National Cholesterol Education Program have been used globally in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. The ATP-III guidelines defined patients with diabetes as coronary heart disease equivalent condition and high risk of CVD group. Individuals at high risk with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels  100 mg/dL are candidates for statin therapy. The ATP-III guidelines calculated the 10-yr risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) using the Framingham risk calculator [bib_ref] National Heart L, and Blood Institute, Grundy [/bib_ref].
The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines for the management of cholesterol were released in November 2013. The new guidelines expand the recommendation for statin therapy to all patients with diabetes aged 40-75 yr with LDL-C levels  70 mg/dL who also have a 10-yr risk of CVD  7.5%, as estimated based on new pooled cohort equations.
In Korea, the prevalence rate of dyslipidemia increased from 1998 to 2010, but the treatment rate of diabetic patients in 2010 was only 23.6% [bib_ref] Prevalence and management of dyslipidemia in Korea: Korea National Health and Nutrition..., Roh [/bib_ref]. This study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) to estimate the number of patients with diabetes in Korea for whom statin therapy would be recommended based on the new guidelines compared with the ATP-III guidelines.

# Materials and methods

## Study population
This study was performed using data from the KNHANES V (2010-2012) conducted by the Division of Health and Nutritional Survey under the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDCP). This is a nationwide, community-based crosssectional survey examining the general health and nutrition status of the civilians of Korea. Participants were selected from sampling units based on geographical area, sex, and age group using household registries and a stratified, multistage, clustered, probability sampling design. This sampling method is certified to produce representative statistics by the Korea National Sta-tistical Office.
The diagnostic criteria for diabetes were taken from the American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines. Patients over 30 yr of age were defined as having diabetes if they had already been diagnosed as diabetic by a physician or had a fasting plasma glucose level  126 mg/dL or HbA1c level  6.5%. We excluded participants who fasted less than 8 hr before blood sampling and who had missing LDL-C level data. After these exclusions, a total of 1,975 patients with diabetes for whom LDL-C levels that were directly measured or calculated by Friedewald's equation were available [bib_ref] Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use..., Friedewald [/bib_ref].
The diabetic patients were divided into dyslipidemia treatment versus non-treatment groups. The patients in the dyslipidemia treatment group were defined as those who reported taking medications for dyslipidemia. Treatment for dyslipidemia was not limited to statins but included any type of drug. We assessed the eligibility for statin therapy using the 2004 updated ATP-III criteria as well as the 2013 ACC/AHA guidelines. According to the ATP-III guidelines, patients with diabetes should be considered at high risk. Statin therapy is recommended in high-risk patients with a LDL-C level  100 mg/dL. The new ACC/AHA guidelines recommend moderate-intensity statin therapy in all diabetic patients between the ages of 40 and 75 yr and moderate-to-high-intensity statin therapy in those with a 10-yr risk of CVD  7.5%.

## Biochemical measurements
After fasting for 8 hr or more, blood samples were drawn from the antecubital vein of each participant in the morning. Samples were processed appropriately, refrigerated at 2-8C, and transported to the Central Testing Institute, Seoul, Korea. After transport, plasma was separated by centrifugation and analyzed within 24 hr.
The fasting plasma concentrations of glucose and lipid were measured using a Hitachi Automatic Analyzer 7600 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). High-performance liquid chromatography (HLC-723G7; Tosoh, Tokyo, Japan) was used to measure HbA1c.
The HDL-C level was calculated according to the Lipid Standardization Program of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The formula used in 2012 was different from that in 2010-2011. LDL-C levels have been measured directly using automated enzymatic techniques since 2009 in KNHANES IV. LDL-C levels were calculated using Friedewald's formula [bib_ref] The Centers for Disease Control-National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Lipid Standardization..., Myers [/bib_ref] in subjects with no direct LDL data.

# Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses in this study were performed using weighted variables with stratification and clustering variables to incorporate sample weights and to adjust for the complex sample design of the survey. Nominal variables are presented as the numbers of cases and percentages, and continuous variables are presented as means  standard deviations. We compared the baseline characteristics of men and women by Student's ttest and chi-square test. We determined the proportion of the patients with diabetes in KNHANES for whom statin therapy would be recommended on the basis of the two guidelines.
We calculated the new ACC/AHA pooled-cohort equations to determine the proportions of adults with a 10-yr risk of CVD  7.5%. All analyses were conducted using SPSS version 19.0 software (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA).

# Ethics statement
The survey was approved by the institutional review board of KCDCP (approval numbers 2010-02CON-21-C, 2011-02CON-06-C, and 2012-01EXP-01-2C). All participants provided informed consent.

# Results
A total of 25,534 individuals participated in the health interview and examination in KNHANES V in 2010-2012. Of these, 17,292 subjects were  30 yr of age, among whom 12.5% (2,165 patients) had diabetes. A total of 190 participants was excluded because of missing LDL-C data, leaving 1,975 patients (aged 62.64  11.42 yr, 30-90 yr) with diabetes analyzed in this study. [fig_ref] Table 1: Comparison of baseline characteristics between men and women among Korean adult diabetic... [/fig_ref] shows a comparison of the baseline characteristics between men and women. There was no difference in HbA1c levels between men and women (7.3 vs. 7.3, respectively, P = 0.996). Women were older than men (64.11 vs. 61.24, respectively, P < 0.001) and had higher levels of total cholesterol and LDL-C (193.2 vs. 182.61, respectively, P < 0.001; 115.61 vs. 108.65, respectively, P < 0.001). A larger proportion of female patients (23.9%) than male patients (14.5%) had been taking medications for dyslipidemia. shows the flow of the process used to determine the final subjects selected for analysis according to the two sets of guidelines for the management of cholesterol. Among the 1,598 diabetic patients who had never taken medications for dyslipidemia, 1,048 patients (65.6%) were recommended for statin therapy according to the NCEP/ATP-III guidelines. According to the new ACC/AHA guidelines, 94.3% (72.8% required moderate-to-high-intensity therapy; 21.5% required moderate-intensity therapy) were recommended for statin therapy.
Among the 1,975 Korean adult diabetic patients, [bib_ref] Application of new guidelines for the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease..., Kim [/bib_ref].1% (n = 377) had already been taking drugs for dyslipidemia. If patients with LDL levels > 130 mg/dL were recommended for statin therapy, an additional 25.3% (n = 500) would be classified as requiring statin therapy. After application of the NCEP/ATP-III guidelines, an additional 53.1% (n = 1,048) were classified as requiring statin therapy. Application of the new ACC/AHA guidelines resulted in an indication for statin therapy in an additional 76.2% of patients (n = 1,506) .
Among the 1,598 patients not taking any drugs for dyslipid- .

# Discussion
Over the past two decades, many randomized controlled trials have shown that lowering LDL-C levels with statin therapy reduces the incidence of atherosclerotic CVD under clinical conditions [bib_ref] Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis..., Baigent [/bib_ref] [bib_ref] The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at..., Mihaylova [/bib_ref]. The new ACC/AHA cholesterol guidelines were developed based on this evidence and emphasize primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. In diabetic patients, the new guidelines suggest that most patients require statin therapy. The 2015 ADA guidelines accept this concept of statin therapy for primary prevention in diabetic patients. We estimated the percentage of Korean adult diabetic patients requiring statin therapy according to the two sets of guidelines using the KNHANES data.
In this study, female Korean diabetic patients had higher levels of total cholesterol and LDL-C despite the larger portion taking drugs for dyslipidemia. As the mean age of women was older than that of men, it is possible that the group of women included a larger number of those older than 50 yr. According to a previous study, in the Korean general population, men had more hypercholesterolemia and hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia among the younger aged population (< 50 yr), whereas among those of older age ( 50 yr), women had more hypercholesterolemia and hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia. Women had higher HDL-C levels in all age groups [bib_ref] Prevalence and management of dyslipidemia in Korea: Korea National Health and Nutrition..., Roh [/bib_ref]. The same difference in HDL-C level was also found in American national data [bib_ref] Total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination..., Carroll [/bib_ref] [bib_ref] Hypertension, abnormal cholesterol, and high body mass index among non-Hispanic Asian adults:..., Aoki [/bib_ref]. In this study, Korean diabetic patients showed no differences in HDL levels between men and women. This may have been because diabetic patient have low levels of HDL-C.
We estimate that under the new guidelines, 94.3% of diabetic patients will be indicated for statin therapy, representing almost all patients with diabetes. This population would represent an increase of 28.7% over the number currently eligible according to the ATP-III guidelines (65.6%). These new treatment recommendations have a larger effect in older aged ( 60 yr) than younger aged individuals (< 60 yr) and in men than women . These trends are similar to those in the general population in the USA (17). The differences according to age may be partially explained by the new pooled-cohort equations. The new equation targeted prevention of stroke and coronary heart disease, as the prevalence of CVD rises markedly with age [bib_ref] Heart disease and stroke statistics--2013 update: a report from the, Go [/bib_ref]. In the Korean population, approximately 90% of old people require statins for primary prevention according to the new guidelines [bib_ref] Application of new guidelines for the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease..., Kim [/bib_ref]. However, there are few data showing the benefit of statin treatment in older people without CVD [bib_ref] Is it time for a cardiovascular primary prevention trial in the elderly?, Robinson [/bib_ref]. Instead, younger individuals were shown to require more aggressive preventive treatment for CVD. The new guidelines would also result in more http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2015.30.11.1612 men being newly indicated for statin therapy than women, although women had worse dyslipidemia. This may be explained by the new guidelines also expanding the indication for statin therapy among adults with other risk factors for CVD, even at lower levels of LDL-C. More male than female patients are smokers.
The purpose of treatment of dyslipidemia is not simply normalization of cholesterol level itself, but also the prevention of CVD and a decrease in mortality rate. Diabetes is a serious risk factor for CVD. Therefore, the ADA recommended statin therapy for all patients with diabetes aged > 40 yr without additional CVD risk factors, with consideration of moderate-intensity statins for primary prevention. However, it remains unclear whether Asian diabetic patients should follow these guidelines. The Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) recommends a goal of LDL-C level < 120 mg/dL for the high-risk group as well as diabetes for primary prevention [bib_ref] Executive summary of Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guideline for diagnosis and prevention..., Teramoto [/bib_ref]. These recommendations are based on Japanese epidemiological studies [bib_ref] The relationship between serum total cholesterol and all-cause or causespecific mortality in..., Okamura [/bib_ref] [bib_ref] Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan (MEGA Study): a..., Nakamura [/bib_ref] [bib_ref] Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS):..., Yokoyama [/bib_ref]. These studies indicated that low-dose statins are effective for prevention of atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) in Japanese patients. Several studies showed that relatively low-dose statins had a high lipid-lowering effect in Korean subjects [bib_ref] Comparison of efficacy and safety after administering high potency statin to high..., Yun [/bib_ref] [bib_ref] Comparing high-intensity versus low-to moderate-intensity statin therapy in Korean patients with acute..., Kim [/bib_ref] [bib_ref] Cholesterol lowering effects of low-dose statins in Korean patients, Kwon [/bib_ref]. According to the new guidelines, high-intensity statins are a taken at a daily dose that lowers LDL-C by an average of approximately  50%, e.g., atorvastatin 40-80 mg or rosuvastatin 20-40 mg. Moderate-intensity statins are taken at a daily dose that lowers LDL-C by 30%-50%, such as atorvastatin 10-20 mg or rosuvastatin 5-10 mg. A clinical study in Korea showed that atorvastatin at 10 mg decreased LDL-C levels by 41.8% from baseline, and a decrease of 48.8% was observed with only 5 mg rosuvastatin. In another Korean study, there were no differences in major adverse cardiac events between high-intensity and low-to-moderate-intensity statin therapy in patients with acute myocardial infarction [bib_ref] Comparing high-intensity versus low-to moderate-intensity statin therapy in Korean patients with acute..., Kim [/bib_ref]. Therefore, it may be possible for Korea to reach the same goal of CVD prevention as the new guidelines but with relatively lower doses of statin. However, it is still controversial as to which statins and doses are most effective, as the Korean absolute CVD risk is lower than those in Western countries, and there are insufficient long-term data. Even among Asian ethnic differences in cardiovascular mortality [bib_ref] Differences in risk factors, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease between ethnic groups in..., Anand [/bib_ref] , respective countries need their own guidelines for prevention of ASCVD.
Nevertheless, Korean diabetic patients have not received appropriate management for dyslipidemia. We showed that only 19.1% of diabetic patients were taking antidyslipidemic medications. As these medications include any drugs for dyslipidemia, the real proportion of patients taking statin may be smaller than 19%. If we assume the goal is to lower LDL-C levels to < 130 mg/dL, an additional 25.3% of patients need statin therapy. This level is higher than the JAS guidelines for diabetic patients. Even according to the ATP-III guidelines, an additional 53.1% of patients require statin treatment. At present, the Korean national health insurance system guarantees statin therapy in cases with LDL-C levels > 100 mg/dL. Therefore, more than half of all diabetic patients in Korea have not received statin therapy. It is necessary to at least ensure that diabetic patients are managed according to the proper guidelines. This is the first study regarding application of the new cholesterol guidelines to Korean diabetic patients. We used validated national data from KNHANES V (2010-2012). However, we did not consider peripheral vascular disease or previous cardiovascular events and did not predict real effects of the new and old guidelines on diabetic patients due to a lack of Korean cohort data.
In conclusion, the new ACC/AHA guidelines would increase the indication for statin therapy of most diabetic patients. The issues involved with application of the new guidelines to the Korean diabetic population should be discussed further in future studies. At present, many diabetic patients do not receive appropriate statin therapy. Efforts should be made to ensure that more diabetic patients receive appropriate statin therapy and to develop the Korean guidelines.
[table] Table 1: Comparison of baseline characteristics between men and women among Korean adult diabetic patients BP, blood pressure. http://dx.doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2015.30.11.1612 [/table]