Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases
P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases are a class of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that are responsive to stress stimuli, such as cytokines, ultraviolet irradiation, heat shock, and osmotic shock, and are involved in cell differentiation, apoptosis and autophagy. Persistent activation of the p38 MAPK pathway in muscle satellite cells (muscle stem cells) due to ageing, impairs muscle regeneration.
p38 MAP Kinase (MAPK), also called RK or CSBP (Cytokinin Specific Binding Protein), is the mammalian orthologue of the yeast Hog1p MAP kinase, which participates in a signaling cascade controlling cellular responses to cytokines and stress.
Four p38 MAP kinases, p38- (MAPK14), - (MAPK11), - (MAPK12 / ERK6), and - (MAPK13 / SAPK4), have been identified. Similar to the SAPK/JNK pathway, p38 MAP kinase is activated by a variety of cellular stresses including osmotic shock, inflammatory cytokines, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), Ultraviolet light, and growth factors.
MKK3 and SEK activate p38 MAP kinase by phosphorylation at Thr-180 and Tyr-182. Activated p38 MAP kinase has been shown to phosphorylate and activate MAPKAP kinase 2 and to phosphorylate the transcription factors ATF2, Mac and MEF2. p38 also has been shown to phosphorylate post-transcriptional regulating factors like TTP.

# Clinical significance
Abnormal activity (higher or lower than physiological) of P38 has been implicated in pathological events in several tissues,  that  include  neuronal  
bone,  lung   cardiac and skeletal muscle,    red blood cells, and fetal tissues. The protein product of Proto-oncogene RAS can increase activity of p38, and thereby cause excessively high activity of transcription factor NF-B. This transcription factor is normally regulated from intracellular pathways that integrate signals from the surrounding tissue and the immune system. In turn these signals coordinate between cell survival and cell death. Dysregulated NF-B activity can activate genes that cause cancer cell survival, and can also activate genes that facilitate cancer cell metastasis to other tissues.

# Inhibitors
P38 inhibitors are being sought for possible therapeutic effect on autoimmune diseases and inflammatory processes, e.g. pamapimod. Some have started clinical trials, e.g. PH-797804 for COPD.  Other p38 inhibitors include BIRB 796, VX-702, SB239063, SB202190, SB203580, SCIO 469, and BMS 582949.
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

# Overview
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs, are molecules associated with groups of pathogens, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. These molecules can be referred to as small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes. They are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in both plants and animals.
They activate innate immune responses, protecting the host from infection, by identifying some conserved non-self molecules. Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin found on the bacterial cell membrane of a bacterium, is considered to be the prototypical PAMP. LPS is specifically recognised by TLR 4, a recognition receptor of the innate immune system. Other PAMPs include bacterial flagellin (recognized by TLR 5), lipoteichoic acid from Gram positive bacteria, peptidoglycan, and nucleic acid variants normally associated with viruses, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), recognized by TLR 3 or unmethylated CpG motifs, recognized by TLR 9.  Although the term "PAMP" is relatively new, the concept that molecules derived from microbes must be detected by receptors from multicellular organisms has been held for many decades, and references to an "endotoxin receptor" are found in much of the older literature.
The term "PAMP" has been criticized on the grounds that most microbes, not only pathogens, express the molecules detected; the term microbe-associated molecular pattern, or MAMP, has therefore been proposed. A virulence signal capable of binding to a pathogen receptor, in combination with a MAMP, has been proposed as one way to constitute a (pathogen-specific) PAMP.  Plant immunology frequently treats the terms "PAMP" and "MAMP" interchangeably, considering their recognition to be the first step in plant immunity, PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity), a relatively weak immune response that occurs when the host plant does not also recognize pathogenic effectors which damage it or modulate its immune response.
Palivizumab dosage and administration

# dosage and administration

## Dosing Information
The recommended dose of Synagis is 15 mg per kg of body weight given monthly by intramuscular injection. The first dose of Synagis should be administered prior to commencement of the RSV season and the remaining doses should be administered monthly throughout the RSV season. Children who develop an RSV infection should continue to receive monthly doses throughout the RSV season. In the northern hemisphere, the RSV season typically commences in November and lasts through April, but it may begin earlier or persist later in certain communities.
Synagis serum levels are decreased after cardio-pulmonary bypass . Children undergoing cardio-pulmonary bypass should receive an additional dose of Synagis as soon as possible after the cardio-pulmonary bypass procedure (even if sooner than a month from the previous dose). Thereafter, doses should be administered monthly as scheduled.
The efficacy of Synagis at doses less than 15 mg per kg, or of dosing less frequently than monthly throughout the RSV season, has not been established.

## Administration Instructions
- DO NOT DILUTE THE PRODUCT.
- DO NOT SHAKE OR VIGOROUSLY AGITATE THE VIAL.
- Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. Do not use any vials exhibiting particulate matter or discoloration.
- Using aseptic techniques, attach a sterile needle to a sterile syringe. Remove the flip top from the Synagis vial and wipe the rubber stopper with a disinfectant (e.g., 70% isopropyl alcohol). Insert the needle into the vial and withdraw into the syringe an appropriate volume of solution. Administer immediately after drawing the dose into the syringe.
- Synagis should be administered in a dose of 15 mg per kg intramuscularly using aseptic technique, preferably in the anterolateral aspect of the thigh. The gluteal muscle should not be used routinely as an injection site because of the risk of damage to the sciatic nerve. The dose (volume of injection in mL) per month = patient weight (kg) x 15 mg per kg  100 mg per mL of Synagis. Injection volumes over 1 mL should be given as a divided dose.
- Synagis is supplied as a single-dose vial and does not contain preservatives. Do not re-enter the vial after withdrawal of drug; discard unused portion. Only administer one dose per vial.*Use sterile disposable syringes and needles. To prevent the transmission of hepatitis viruses or other infectious agents from one person to another, DO NOT reuse syringes and needles.
Pancreatic branches of splenic artery
The pancreatic branches are numerous small vessels derived from the splenic artery as it runs behind the upper border of the pancreas, supplying its body and tail.
One of these, larger than the rest, is sometimes given off near the tail of the pancreas; it runs from left to right near the posterior surface of the gland, following the course of the pancreatic duct, and is called the arteria pancreatica magna.
These vessels anastomose with the pancreatic branches of the pancreaticoduodenal and superior mesenteric arteries.
Penicillin G sodium drug interactions

# Drug Interactions
Bacteriostatic antibacterials (i.e., chloramphenicol, erythromycins, sulfonamides or tetracyclines) may antagonize the bactericidal effect of penicillin, and concurrent use of these drugs should be avoided. This has been documented in vitro, however, the clinical significance of this interaction is not well-documented.
Penicillin blood levels may be prolonged by concurrent administration of probenecid which blocks the renal tubular secretion of penicillins.
Other drugs may compete with Penicillin G for renal tubular secretion and thus prolong the serum half-life of penicillin. These drugs include: aspirin, phenylbutazone, sulfonamides, indomethacin, thiazide diuretics, furosemide and ethacrynic acid.
Perceptual noise exclusion hypothesis
The concept of a perceptual noise exclusion deficit is an emerging hypothesis as to the origins and nature of dyslexia. It is supported by research showing that dyslexic adults and children experience difficulty in targeting visual information in the presence of visual perceptual distractions, but subjects do not show the same impairment when the distracting factors are removed in an experimental setting.  Thus, dyslexic symptoms appear to arise because of an impaired ability to filter out environmental distractions, and to  categorize information so as to distinguish the important sensory data from the irrelevant.
These research findings appear to undermine or weaken research that associates specific sensory deficits with dyslexia, such as studies showing that dyslexics have difficulty processing rapidly occurring sounds of speech or visual patterns.  The new research shows that differences in processing ability between dyslexic and non-dyslexic subjects for visual data occurs only in when there are environmental distractions. When the visual distractions were removed, the dyslexic subjects showed no sign of impairment.  Further,  exposure to external visual noise produced the same level of impairment in dyslexic subjects regardless of the speed of the task being tested.
The researchers have also found that dyslexic children and adults have difficulty forming perceptual categories, such as those involved in distinguishing printed letters and speech sounds, or in deducing rules for sorting of geometrical shapes.  This difficulty appears to be  closely related to the difficulty with filtering ambient data and focusing on relevant factors while disregarding irrelevant distractors. External noise interferes with the ability of dyslexic subjects to recognize patterns; the lack of a pattern-based template for interpretation of sensory information in turn may make it difficult to judge the relative importance and relevancy of details as they are perceived.
This hypothesis is supported by a study showing dyslexic subjects were less responsive to cueing in a visual discrimination task, indicating that the dyslexics had greater difficulty than controls with prioritizing certain visual information based on previous exposure.  The researchers also found that performance on the cuing task was a more accurate means of discerning dyslexic from normal readers surpasses than a range of other psychophysical tasks typically used in dyslexia research.
Percutaneous aortic valve replacement
In percutaneous aortic valve replacement (PAVR), a synthetic valve is transported to the heart through a small hole made in groin. This procedure can be compared to that performed when placing a stent, or performing balloon angioplasty.
Aortic valve replacement is an invasive procedure, with considerable mortality and morbidity, especially in more fragile patients. As of 2005, trials are being performed in which the dysfunctional aortic valve is replaced percutaneously, which removes the need for open heart surgery.
As of late 2006, this procedure is experimental, but initial results are encouraging.
Piperacillin sodium adverse reactions

# Adverse Reactions
PIPRACIL is generally well tolerated. The most common adverse reactions have been local in nature, following intravenous or intramuscular injection. The following adverse reactions may occur:
Local Reactions: In clinical trials thrombophlebitis was noted in 4% of patients. Pain, erythema, and/or induration at the injection site occurred in 2% of patients. Less frequent reactions including ecchymosis, deep vein thrombosis, and hematomas have also occurred.
Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea and loose stools were noted in 2% of patients. Other less frequent reactions included vomiting, nausea, increases in liver enzymes (LDH, AST, ALT), hyperbilirubinemia, cholestatic hepatitis, bloody diarrhea, and pseudomembranous colitis. The onset of pseudomembranous colitis symptoms may occur during or after antibiotic treatment. (See WARNINGS.)
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions (some leading to shock and fatalities) have been reported. (See WARNINGS.)
Rash was noted in 1% of patients. Other less frequent findings included pruritus, vesicular eruptions, and positive Coombs tests.
Other dermatologic manifestations, such as erythema multiforme, urticaria, toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome, have been reported.
Renal: Elevations of creatinine or BUN, renal failure and interstitial nephritis have been reported.
Central Nervous System: Headache, dizziness, fatigue, and seizures have been reported.
Hemic and Lymphatic: Hemolytic anemia, agranulocytosis, pancytopenia, prolonged bleeding time, reversible leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and/or eosinophilia have been reported. As with other -lactam antibiotics, reversible leukopenia (neutropenia) is more apt to occur in patients receiving prolonged therapy at high dosages or in association with drugs known to cause this reaction.
Serum Electrolytes: Individuals with liver disease or individuals receiving cytotoxic therapy or diuretics were reported to demonstrate a decrease in serum potassium concentrations with high doses of piperacillin. Hypokalemia has been reported.
Skeletal: Prolonged muscle relaxation (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions).
Other: Fever, superinfection, including candidiasis; hemorrhagic manifestations have been reported.
Piperacillin therapy has been associated with an increased incidence of fever and rash in cystic fibrosis patients.
Plasma membrane monoamine transporter
The plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) is a low-affinity monoamine transporter protein which in humans is encoded by the SLC29A4 gene. It is known alternatively as the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-4 (hENT4). Unlike other members of the ENT family, it is impermeable to most nucleosides, with the exception of the inhibitory neurotransmitter and ribonucleoside adenosine, which it is permeable to in a highly pH-dependent manner.
This protein is an integral membrane protein that transports the monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine) as well as adenosine, from synaptic spaces into presynaptic neurons or neighboring glial cells. It is abundantly expressed in the human brain, heart tissue, and skeletal muscle, as well as in the kidneys. It is relatively insensitive to the high affinity inhibitors (such as SSRIs) of the SLC6A monoamine transporters (SERT, DAT, NET), as well being only weakly sensitive to the adenosine transport inhibitor, dipyridamole. Its transport of monoamines, unlike for adenosine, is pH-insensitive. At low pH, (5.5-6.5 range, as occurs under ischemic conditions) however, its transport efficiency for adenosine becomes greater than for serotonin.
It has 530 amino acid residues with 1012 transmembrane segments, and is not homologous to other known monoamine transporters, such as the high-affinity SERT, DAT, and NET, or the low-affinity SLC22A OCT family. It was initially identified by a search of the draft human genome database by its sequence homology to ENTs (equilibrative nucleoside transporters).

# Ligands

# Inhibitors
No highly selective PMAT inhibitors are yet available, but a number of existing compounds have been found to act as weak inhibitors of this transporter, with the exception of decynium-22, which is more potent. These compounds include:
- Cimetidine
- Decynium-22
- Dipyridamole
- Quinidine
- Quinine
- Tryptamine
- Verapamil

# Substrates
- Acetylcholine (poor)
- Adenosine (at low pH)
- Dopamine
- Epinephrine
- Histamine (poor)
- Metformin (poor, pH-dependent)
- MPP+
- Norepinephrine
- Serotonin
Prairie State Achievement Examination
The Prairie State Achievement Examination (PSAE) is a two-day standardized test taken by all High School Juniors in Illinois. On the first day, students take the ACT, and on the second day, a WorkKeys examination and Illinois State Board of Education-developed science examination.. It has been required for all Illinois High School Students since 2001.

# Areas of Assesment
The PSAE attempts to assess students on the following areas:
- Math
- Reading
- Science
- Writing

# Exemptions

## General
A student is required to take the PSAE to achieve a high school Diploma, unless he or she meets one of the following requirements:
- The students Individualized Education Program is incompatible with the PSAE, and the test cannot be modified to comply. In this case, the student takes the Illinois Alternate Assessment instead.
- The student not proficient in English. In this case the student takes the Illinois Measure of Annual Growth in English instead.
- The student is enrolled in an alternative Education program, including an adult education program, or high school equivalency certificates.

## 2006-2007 School Year
A student may be exempted from the 2006-2007 school year examination if he or she meets one of the following requirements:
- The student has taken the ACT after freshman year and achieved reportable scores.
- The student is a Senior and fulfils one of the following requirements:
has taken alternative testing
was eligible for a medical exemption during the 2005-2006 examination
was incarcerated during both the 2006-2007 and 2005-2006 examinations.
is a transfer student transferring after May 1, 2006.
- has taken alternative testing
- was eligible for a medical exemption during the 2005-2006 examination
- was incarcerated during both the 2006-2007 and 2005-2006 examinations.
- is a transfer student transferring after May 1, 2006.
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A
Pappalysin-1, also known as pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, is a protein encoded by the PAPPA gene in humans. PAPPA is a secreted protease whose main substrate is insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Pappalysin-1 is also used in screening tests for Down syndrome.

# Function
This gene encodes a secreted metalloproteinase which cleaves insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs). PAPPA's proteolytic function is activated upon collagen binding. It is thought to be involved in local proliferative processes such as wound healing and bone remodeling. Low plasma level of this protein has been suggested as a biochemical marker for pregnancies with aneuploid fetuses (fetuses with an abnormal number of chromosomes).  For example, low PAPPA may be commonly seen in prenatal screening for Down syndrome.  Low levels may alternatively predict issues with the placenta, resulting in adverse complications such as intrauterine growth restriction, preeclampsia, placental abruption, premature birth, or fetal death.

# Interactions
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A has been shown to interact with Major basic protein.
Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)
In contemporary research and clinical practice, Robert D. Hare's Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) is the psycho-diagnostic tool most commonly used to assess Psychopathy. Because an individual's scores may have important consequences for his or her future, the potential for harm, if the test is used or administered incorrectly, is considerable, so that the test should only be considered valid if administered by a suitably qualified and experienced clinician under controlled conditions.

# PCL-R Model of psychopathy
The PCL-R is a clinical rating scale (rated by a psychologist or other professional) of 20 items. Each of the items in the PCL-R is scored on a three-point (0, 1, 2) scale according to specific criteria through file information and a semi-structured interview. A value of 0 is assigned if the item does not apply, 1 if it applies somewhat, and 2 if it fully applies. In addition to lifestyle and criminal behavior the checklist assesses glib and superficial charm, grandiosity, need for stimulation, pathological lying, conning and manipulating, lack of remorse, callousness, poor behavioral controls, impulsivity, irresponsibility, failure to accept responsibility for one's own actions and so forth.  The scores are used to predict risk for criminal re-offence and probability of rehabilitation.
The current edition of the PCL-R officially lists four factors (1.a, 1.b, 2.a, and 2.b), which summarize the 20 assessed areas via factor analysis. The previous edition of the PCL-R listed two factors. Factor 1 is labelled "selfish, callous and remorseless use of others".  Factor 2 is labelled as "chronically unstable, antisocial and socially deviant lifestyle".  There is an implication of hopelessness for recovery or rehabilitation for those who are labelled as having "psychopathy" on the basis of the PCL-R ratings in the manual for the test.
PCL-R Factors 1a and 1b are correlated with narcissistic personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder. It is associated with extroversion and positive affect. Factor 1, the so-called core personality traits of psychopathy, may even be beneficial for the psychopath (in terms of nondeviant social functioning).
PCL-R Factor 2a and 2b are particularly strongly correlated to antisocial personality disorder and criminality and is associated with reactive anger, criminality, and impulsive violence. The target group for the PCL-R is convicted criminals.  The quality of ratings may depend on how much background information is available and whether the person rated is honest and forthright.
Public Health - Seattle & King County
Public Health - Seattle & King County (PHSKC)  is the Public Health department that is jointly managed by the City of Seattle and King County governments serving approximately 1.8 million residents in King County, Washington State.  Some of its unique services include King County Medic One, gay and lesbian health, online restaurant inspections, and healthy recipes of the week.  PHSKC has a growing reputation as the "CDC - West" for its internationally-recognized work on communicable diseases and epidemiology.

# History of the Department
The Seattle City Council created the position of Health Officer in 1877 to abate nuisances affecting the public health and to prevent the spread of contagious disease, especially samllpox. Between 1877 and 1890, ten different local doctors served as Health Officers. The Department of Sanitation, under the direction of the Board of Health, was created in 1890 under the City's first home rule Charter; the Board had authority to appoint a Health Officer. The Board of Health was imbued with authority to supervise the health and sanitation of the City. A Market Inspector, under the supervision of the Health Officer, was appointed in 1891 to regulate the sanitation of Seattle's public markets. A City Charter amendment in 1908 abolished the Board of Health, replacing it with a new Department of Health administered by a Commissioner of Health appointed by the Mayor. Researchers should see pages 77-107 in the 1939-1943 Annual Report for a detailed history of the health and sanitation department from 1877 to 1943.
Seattle's Department of Health merged with the King County Department of Health in 1951. Prior to 1981, the City of Seattle administered the department with the two jurisdictions providing funding in proportion to their populations. Reorganization in 1981 placed administrative control in the hands of the County while the City retained direct policy and funding control over the Seattle Services Division.
In July 2006 a Public Health employee was attacked by a mentally disturbed woman who had walked in off the street. The incident left the employee, Maritza Rios-Dowe, severely injured and permanently blinded in both eyes. The attacker had a history of violence against strangers. The attacker was found criminally insane and committed to a local mental institution.