Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Southampton Hospital
Southampton Hospital, a 168-bed hospital, in Southampton, New York, is the only hospital in the Hamptons.
First Lady of the United States Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and her sister Lee Radziwill were born there.
It is a member of the NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System.  The hospital admits more than 6,000 patient/year and has about 26,000 emergency room visits (with half being during the summer season).
The hospital was founded after a 1908 when Doctors Wheelwright and Schenck operated on a patient by kerosene light in the attic of Southampton house after they did not have time to transfer the patient (who survived) to the nearest hospital.  They initially rented two rooms for a hospital in a house on Hampton Road.  Business soon boomed and cots were placed in the hallway and more rooms were rented.
In 1909 the Southampton Hospital Association bought the Hervey J. Topping house on the corner of Lewis Street and Meeting House Lane and planned to build the hospital on an adjoining lot.
In 1911, Samuel Parrish donated 2.5 acre on Old Town Road, stretching from Meeting House Lane to Herrick Road, where the present hospital was built opening in 1913.  The hospital has expanded since then.
The hospital is the beneficiary of the funds raised at the Hampton Classic Horse Show which is one of the biggest social events of the summer season.
In 2004 a massive outcry forced it to back down from a fundraising plan called Southampton Plus that offered V.I.P. rooms at the hospital.  Individuals (for $3,800) and families (for $6,000) could get around-the-clock on-call medical advice and care, same-day doctors' appointments, home visits and access to the V.I.P. room.
Affiliated with the hospital are:
- Westhampton Primary Care Center
- Centers for Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (located in East Hampton and Westhampton Beach)
- David E. Rogers, M.D. Center for HIV/AIDS Care
- Shinnecock Indian Health Clinic
- Southampton Care Center (a skilled nursing facility)
- Southampton Hospital Regional Dialysis Center
- Center for Prenatal Care at Greenport
- Diagnostic centers (one in East Hampton and the other in Hampton Bays)

# Proposed downsizing
In 2006 the  Berger Commission in an attempt to streamline medical costs in New York State recommended the hospital downsize to 125 beds and merge with Eastern Long Island Hospital in Greenport, New York and Peconic Medical Center in Riverhead, New York with a strong recommendation that Brookhaven Memorial Medical Center in Brookhaven, New York also join the entity.   The merged hospitals would continue to operate separate hospitals.  The Commission has recommended that the hospitals formally affiliate with Stony Brook University Hospital.

# Proposed Move
In 2007 the hospital announced it is considering selling its 12-acre property in a residential neighborhood and building a whole new hospital closer to a highway.  No exact location has been announced but it was noted in articles that 400 of the hospital's 600 employees live west of the Shinnecock Canal.
Soy allergy overview

# Overview
Soy allergy is a type of food allergy. Soy allergy is one of the most common food allergies.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America estimates soy is among the nine most common food allergens for pediatric and adult food allergy patients.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
Soy allergy can also manifest itself as urticaria, rash, redness (inflammation due to immune system response) and severe itching of the skin. These symptoms can happen immediately, but may also manifest a day (or even days) after consuming soy protein.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
It is usually treated with an exclusion diet and vigilant avoidance of foods that may be contaminated with soy ingredients.  The most severe food allergy reaction is called anaphylaxis and is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention and treatment with epinephrine.
Some people who are allergic to soy protein may have an extreme allergic reaction and go into anaphylactic shock (anaphylaxis). In cases of anaphylaxis, emergency medical personnel typically administer epinephrine (available as an autoinjector, such as EpiPen) and an antihistamine such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine). In event of an allergic reaction, the victim should see a physician or immediately go to the emergency room, as anaphylaxis can be fatal if not treated immediately.

## Primary Prevention
Those allergic to soy protein should always read food ingredient labels carefully and avoid any foods containing soybean, including the substances listed below. Caution should be exercised when dining at Asian restaurants or when using Asian sauces, which may contain soy.
Speech communication

# Overview
Speech communication refers to the processes associated with the production and perception of sounds used in spoken language. A number of academic disciplines study speech and speech sounds, including acoustics, psychology, speech pathology, linguistics, and computer science.

# Speech production
In linguistics (articulatory phonetics), manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound make contact. Often the concept is only used for the production of consonants. For any place of articulation, there may be several manners, and therefore several homorganic consonants.

# Speech perception
Speech perception refers to the processes by which humans are able to interpret and understand the sounds used in language. The study of speech perception is closely linked to the fields of phonetics and phonology in linguistics and cognitive psychology and perception in psychology. Research in speech perception seeks to understand how human listeners recognize speech sounds and use this information to understand spoken language. Speech research has applications in building computer systems that can recognize speech, as well as improving speech recognition for hearing- and language-impaired listeners.

# Problems involving speech
There are several biological and psychological factors that can affect speech. Among these are:
- Diseases and disorders of the lungs or the vocal cords, including paralysis, respiratory infections, vocal fold nodules and cancers of the lungs and throat.
- Diseases and disorders of the brain, including alogia, aphasias, dysarthria, dystonia and speech processing disorders, where impaired motor planning, nerve transmission, phonological processing or perception of the message (as opposed to the actual sound) leads to poor speech production.
- Hearing problems, such as otitis media effusion can lead to phonological problems.
- Articulatory problems, such as stuttering, lisping, cleft palate, ataxia, or nerve damage leading to problems in articulation.  Tourette syndrome and tics can also affect speech.
- In addition to aphasias, anomia and certain types of dyslexia can impede the quality of auditory perception, and therefore, expression.  Hearing impairments and deafness can be considered to fall into this category.
Sphingosine kinase 1
Sphingosine kinase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SPHK1 gene.
Sphingosine kinase 1  phosphorylates sphingosine to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) SK1 is normally a cytosolic protein but is recruited to membranes rich in phosphatidate (PA), a product of Phospholipase D (PLD)
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a novel lipid messenger with both intracellular and extracellular functions. Intracellularly, it regulates proliferation and survival, and extracellularly, it is a ligand for EDG1. Various stimuli increase cellular levels of S1P by activation of sphingosine kinase (SPHK), the enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of sphingosine. Competitive inhibitors of SPHK block formation of S1P and selectively inhibit cellular proliferation induced by a variety of factors, including platelet-derived growth factor  and serum.

# Interactions
SPHK1 has been shown to interact with TRAF2.
Stanley J. Korsmeyer

# Overview
Dr. Stanley J. Korsmeyer (1951  March 31, 2005) was an American oncologist. Through his studies of apoptosis, Korsmeyer helped develop the concepts of the role of programmed cell death in carcinogenesis. In 1989 Korsmeyer was among the first to confirm that a particular form of lymphoma arose in certain B cells because they had a genetic flaw that caused them to overexpress a gene, Bcl-2, that was involved in the body's normal process for getting rid of them. He then conducted a number of studies defining the activity of a number of related genes and their role in apoptosis.
Korsmeyer obtained a medical doctorate from the University of Illinois at Chicago, completed a residency at the University of  California Hospitals in California, and then trained at the National Cancer Institute under Thomas A. Waldmann and Philip Leder.  He then became a tenured Professor, first at Washington University and then at Harvard at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, working within the Howard Hughes Medical Institute while at both universities. He was widely respected in the field and received numerous prestigious cancer research awards including the Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer Research, and the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation Charles S. Mott Prize. He was an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, and the American Philosophical Society.  The  American Society for Clinical Investigation has established a scientific award in his name. In 2000 he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.
He has been author on nearly 20 scientific papers published since his death from cancer in 2005--a publication rate that exceeds most living scientists.
Statistical literacy
Statistical literacy is a term used to describe an individual's or group's ability to understand statistics.  Statistical literacy is necessary for citizens to understand material presented in publications such as newspapers, television, the internet.  Numeracy is a prerequisite to being statistically literate. Many official statistical agencies such as Statistics Canada have programs to educate students in schools about the nature of statistics.
Experiments in the sciences, business models and reports, use statistics. People involved in these fields generally have studied the meaning of statistical quantities, such as averages and standard deviation. Many colleges and universities require an introductory course in statistics as part of a professional program.
Each day people are inundated with statistical information from advertisements ("4 out of 5 dentists recommend"), news reports ("opinion poll show the incumbent leading by four points"), and even general conversation ("half the time I don't know what you're talking about"). Experts and advocates often use numerical claims to bolster their arguments, and statistical literacy is a necessary skill to help one decide what experts mean and which advocates to believe.  This is important because statistics can be made to produce misrepresentations of data that may seem valid.  The aim of statistical literacy proponents is to improve the public understanding of numbers and figures
Results of opinion polling are often cited by news organizations, but the quality of such polls varies considerably.  Some understanding of the statistical technique of sampling is necessary in order to be able to correctly interpret polling results.  Sample sizes may be too small to draw meaningful conclusions, and samples may be biased.  The Alexa Internet web traffic reports, for example, are known to be biased for several reasons, one of which is that their toolbar only works with the Internet Explorer browser .  The wording of a poll question may introduce a bias, and thus can even be used intentionally to produce a biased result.  Good polls use unbiased techniques, with much time and effort being spent in the design of the questions and polling strategy.  Statistical literacy is necessary to understand what makes a poll trustworthy and to properly weigh the value of poll results and conclusions.
A problem also occurs with literacy because of the work of statisticians. The legibility of numerical tables is an example given early in the recent book by Richard M. Heiberger & Burt Holland, Statistical Analysis and Data Display ( New York, N.Y.: Springer, 2004). In their example, rather than an incorrect, confusing, collection of numbers in misaligned columns, the statistician must present results legibly by lining up the decimal points so the visual presentation is more organised .
Sternothyroid muscle
The Sternothyreoideus (or Sternothyroid muscle) is shorter and wider than the Sternohyoideus, beneath which it is situated.
It arises from the posterior surface of the manubrium sterni, below the origin of the Sternohyoideus, and from the edge of the cartilage of the first rib, and sometimes that of the second rib, it is inserted into the oblique line on the lamina of the thyroid cartilage.
This muscle is in close contact with its fellow at the lower part of the neck, but diverges somewhat as it ascends; it is occasionally traversed by a transverse or oblique tendinous inscription.

# Variations
Doubling; absence; accessory slips to Thyreohyoideus, Inferior constrictor, or carotid sheath.

# Additional images
- Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries.
- The fascia and middle thyroid veins.
- Hypoglossal nerve, cervical plexus, and their branches.
- Side view of the larynx, showing muscular attachments.
Strabismus (protein)
Strabismus was originally identified as a Drosophila protein involved in planar cell polarity . Flies with mutated stranismus genes have altered development of omatidia in their eyes. Vertebrates have two Strabismus-related proteins, VANGL1 and VANGL2 (an alternate name for the Drosophila "Strabismus" protein is "Van Gogh").
The amino acid sequence and localization studies for Strabismus indicate that it is a membrane protein. Prickle is another protein in the planar cell polarity signaling pathway. Prickle is recruited to the cell surface membrane by strabismus. In cells of the developing Drosophila wing, Prickle and Strabismus are concentrated at the cell surface membrane on the most proximal side of cells.

# Vertebrate cell movement
VANGL2 is involved in the migration of groups of cells during vertebrate embryogenesis.

# Humans
In humans, mutations in VANGL1 have been associated with neural tube defects including spina bifida, and with some forms of cancer including hepatocellular carcinoma.
Streptococcus mutans

# Overview
Streptococcus mutans is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria commonly found in the human oral cavity and is a significant contributor to tooth decay.
The microbe was first described by Clarke in 1924.

# Role in tooth decay
Along with S. sobrinus, S. mutans plays a major role in tooth decay, metabolizing sucrose to lactic acid. The acidic environment created in the mouth by this process is what causes the highly mineralized tooth enamel to be vulnerable to decay. S. mutans is one of a few specialized organisms equipped with receptors for adhesion to the surface of teeth. Sucrose is utilized by S. mutans to produce a sticky, extracellular, dextran-based polysaccharide that allows them to each other forming plaque. S. mutans produces dextran via the enzyme dextransucrase (a hexosyltransferase) using sucrose as a substrate in the following reaction:
Sucrose is the only sugar that S. mutans can use to form this sticky polysaccharide.
Conversely, many other sugarsglucose, fructose, lactosecan be digested by S. mutans, but they produce lactic acid as an end product. It is the combination of plaque and acid that leads to dental decay. Due to the role the S. mutans plays in tooth decay, there have been many attempts to make a vaccine for the organism. So far, such vaccines have not been successful in humans.
Stress hyperglycemia

# Overview
Stress hyperglycemia is a medical term referring to transient elevation of the blood glucose due to the stress of illness. It usually requires no specific treatment and resolves spontaneously, but must be distinguished from various forms of diabetes mellitus.
It is often discovered when routine blood chemistry measurements in an ill patient reveal an elevated blood glucose. Blood glucose can be assessed either by a bedside fingerstick glucose meter or plasma glucose as performed in a labarotory (the latter being more efficacious). A retrospective cohort study by the Mayo Clinic held that bedside glucometry was a reliable estimate of plasma glucose with a mean difference of 7.9 mg/dL, but still may not coincide with every individual PMID 15888855. The glucose is typically in the range of 140-300 mg/dl (7.8-16.7 mM) but occasionally can exceed 500 mg/dl (28 mM), especially if amplified by drugs or intravenous glucose. The blood glucose usually returns to normal within hours unless predisposing drugs and intravenous glucose are continued.
Stress hyperglycemia is especially common in patients with hypertonic dehydration and those with elevated catecholamine levels (e.g., after emergency department treatment of acute asthma with epinephrine). Steroid diabetes is a specific and prolonged form of stress hyperglycemia.
In some people, stress hyperglyemia may indicate a reduced insulin secretory capacity or a reduced sensitivity, and is sometimes the first clue to incipient diabetes. Because of this, it is occasionally appropriate to perform diabetes screening tests after recovery from an illness in which significant stress hyperglycemia occurred.
One of the most sweeping changes in intensive care unit and post-surgical care in recent years is the trend toward more aggressive treatment of hyperglycemia of all causes in hospitalized patients. A number of research studies of the last decade have demonstrated that even mildly elevated blood glucose levels (110 mg/dL or 6.1 mmol/L) in a hospital intensive care unit (ICU) can measurably increase the morbidity and mortality of such patients.  According to a randomized control trial (RCT) of over 1500 surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients, controlling patients blood glucose below 110 mg/dL or 6.1 mmol/L significantly decreased mortality from 8% with conventional treatment to 4.6% PMID 11794168.  Intensive insulin therapy also decreased bloodstream infections by 46%, acute renal failure requiring dialysis or hemofiltration by 41%, the median number of red-cell transfusions by 50%, and critical-illness polyneuropathy by 44%.  A subsequent RCT of 1200 medical ICU patients found that intensive insulin therapy significantly reduced morbidity but not mortality among all patients in the medical ICU PMID 16452557. It is becoming increasingly common to treat hospital patients with "stress hyperglycemia" aggressively, usually with insulin.
Subscapularis muscle
The Subscapularis is a large triangular muscle which fills the subscapular fossa.

# Origin and insertion
It arises from its medial two-thirds and from the lower two-thirds of the groove on the axillary border(subscapular fossa) of the scapula.
Some fibers arise from tendinous lamin which intersect the muscle and are attached to ridges on the bone; others from an aponeurosis, which separates the muscle from the Teres major and the long head of the Triceps brachii.
The fibers pass lateralward, and, gradually converging, end in a tendon which is inserted into the lesser tubercle of the humerus and the front of the capsule of the shoulder-joint.

# Relations
The tendon of the muscle is separated from the neck of the scapula by a large bursa, which communicates with the cavity of the shoulder-joint through an aperture in the capsule.

# Innervation
Innervation to subscapularis is supplied by the upper and lower subscapular nerves, branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.

# Actions
The Subscapularis rotates the head of the humerus medially (internal rotation); when the arm is raised, it draws the humerus forward and downward. It is a powerful defense to the front of the shoulder-joint, preventing displacement of the head of the humerus.

# Additional images
- Diagram of the human shoulder joint
- Left scapula. Costal surface.
- Left humerus. Anterior view.
- The axillary artery and its branches.
Substance dependence

# Background
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is an American handbook for mental health professionals that lists different categories of mental disorders and the criteria for diagnosing them, according to the publishing organization the American Psychiatric Association. It is used worldwide by clinicians and researchers as well as insurance  companies, pharmaceutical companies and policy makers. The present version  of DSM-IV-TR doesnt use the word addiction at all. Instead it has a section about Substance dependence
Substance dependence can be diagnosed with  physiological dependence, evidence of tolerance or withdrawal, or without physiological dependence.
The related concept drug addiction has many different definitions. Some writers give in fact drug addiction the same meaning as substance dependence, others for example provides drug addiction a narrower meaning which excludes drugs without evidence of tolerance or withdrawal symptoms.

# Reference
-  DSM-IV & DSM-IV-TR:Substance Dependence
Sulfur tetrafluoride
Sulfur tetrafluoride is the chemical compound with the formula SF4.  This species exists as a gas at standard conditions.  It is a corrosive species that releases dangerous HF upon exposure to water or moisture.  Despite these unwelcome characteristics, this compound is a useful reagent for the preparation of organofluorine compounds, some of which are important in the pharmaceutical and specialty chemical industries.  Aside from SF4,  two other "binary" sulfur fluorides are well known, SF6 and S2F10.

# Structure of the SF4 molecule
Sulfur in SF4 is in the formal 4+ oxidation state.  Of sulfur's total of six valence electrons, two form a "lone pair."  The structure of SF4  can therefore be anticipated using the principles of VSEPR theory: it is a see-saw shape, with S at the center.  One of the three equatorial positions is occupied by a nonbonding lone pair of electrons.  Ignoring this lone pair, SF4 has a see-saw molecular geometry.  Consequently, the molecule has two distinct types of F ligands, two axial and two equatorial.  The relevant bond distances are S-Fax = 1.643 A and S-Feq = 1.542 A.  It is typical for the axial ligands in hypervalent molecules to be bonded less strongly.  In contrast to SF4, the related molecule SF6 has sulfur in the 6+ state, no valence electrons remain nonbonding on sulfur, hence the molecule adopts a highly symmetrical octahedral structure.  Further contrasting with SF4, SF6 is extraordinarily inert chemically.
The19F NMR spectrum of SF4 reveals only one signal, which indicates that the axial and equatorial F atom positions rapidly interconvert via "pseudorotation."

# Synthesis and manufacture
SF4 is produced by the reaction of SCl2, Cl2, and NaF:
Interestingly, treatment of SCl2 with NaF also affords SF4, not SF2.  SF2 is unstable, it condenses with itself to form SF4 and SSF2.

# Use of SF4 for the synthesis of fluorocarbons
In organic synthesis, SF4 is used to convert COH and C=O groups into CF and CF2 groups, respectively.  Certain alcohols readily give the corresponding fluorocarbon.  Ketones and aldehydes give geminal difluorides.  The presence of protons alpha to the carbonyl leads to side reactions and diminished (30- 40%) yield. Also diols can give cyclic sulfite esters, (RO)2SO.  Carboxylic acids convert to trifluoromethyl derivatives. For example treatment of heptanoic acid with SF4 at 100-130 C produces 1,1,1-trifluoroheptane.  The coproducts from these fluorinations, including unreacted SF4 together with SOF2 and SO2, are toxic but can be neutralized by their treatment with aqueous KOH.
The use of SF4 is being superseded in recent years by the more conveniently handled diethylaminosulfur trifluoride, Et2NSF3, "DAST," where Et = CH3CH2.  This reagent is prepared from SF4: