Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Anidulafungin description

# Description
ERAXIS for Injection is a sterile, lyophilized product for intravenous (IV) infusion that contains anidulafungin. ERAXIS (anidulafungin) is a semi-synthetic lipopeptide synthesized from a fermentation product of Aspergillus nidulans. Anidulafungin is an echinocandin, a class of antifungal drugs that inhibits the synthesis of 1,3--D-glucan, an essential component of fungal cell walls.
ERAXIS (anidulafungin) is 1--4-yl]carbonyl]-L-ornithine]echinocandin B. Anidulafungin is a white to off-white powder that is practically insoluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. In addition to the active ingredient, anidulafungin, ERAXIS for Injection contains the following inactive ingredients:
50 mg/vial - fructose (50 mg), mannitol (250 mg), polysorbate 80 (125 mg), tartaric acid (5.6 mg), and sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment.
100 mg/vial - fructose (100 mg), mannitol (500 mg), polysorbate 80 (250 mg), tartaric acid (11.2 mg), and sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment.
The empirical formula of anidulafungin is C58H73N7O17 and the formula weight is 1140.3.
The structural formula is:
Prior to administration, ERAXIS for Injection requires reconstitution with sterile Water for Injection and subsequent dilution with either 5% Dextrose Injection, USP or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP (normal saline).
DO NOT dilute with other solutions or co-infuse with other medications or electrolytes
Animal testing on rodents
Rodents are commonly used in animal testing, particularly guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils, rats, and mice.

# Numbers
In the UK in 2004, 1,910,110 mice, 464,727 rats and 37,475 other rodents were used (84.5% of the total animals used that year). In 2005, the total number of rodents used was similar to the previous year: 1,955,035 mice, 414,335 rats and 40,856 other rodents.
In the U.S., the numbers of rats and mice used are not reported, but have been estimated at 15-20 million. In 2000, the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, published the results of an analysis of its Rats/Mice/and Birds Database: Researchers, Breeders, Transporters, and Exhibitors.
Over 2,000 research organizations are listed in the database, of which approximately 500 were researched and of these, 100 were contacted directly by FRD staff. These organizations include hospitals, government organizations, private companies (pharmaceutical companies, etc.), universities/colleges, a few secondary schools, and research institutes. Of these 2,000, approximately 960 are regulated by USDA; 349 by NIH; and 560 accredited by AALAC. Approximately 50 percent of the organizations contacted revealed a specific or approximated number of animals in their laboratories. The total number of animals for those organizations is: 250,000-1,000,000 rats; 400,000-2,000,000 mice; and 130,000-900,000 birds.

# Mice
Mice are the most commonly used vertebrate species, popular because of their availability, size, low cost, ease of handling, and fast reproduction rate.
They are widely considered to be the prime model of inherited human disease and share 99% of their genes with humans. With the advent of genetic engineering technology, genetically modified mice can be generated to order and can cost hundreds of dollars each. The Mouse Genetics Core at Washington University in St. Louis explains what is required to produce today's widely used transgenic and chimeric mice:
Production of Transgenic Mice
The Transgenic Animal Production service consists of injecting each construct into 300-350 eggs, typically representing three days work. Twenty to fifty mice will normally be born from this number of injected eggs. These animals are screened for the presence of the transgene by a polymerase chain reaction genotyping assay. The number of transgenic animals typically varies from two to eight.
Production of Chimeric Mice
The chimeric mouse production service consists of injecting embryonic stem cells provided by the investigator into 150-175 blastocysts, representing three days of work. Thirty to fifty live mice are normally born from this number of injected blastocysts. Normally, the skin color of the mice from which the host blastocysts are derived is different from that of the strain used to produce the embryonic stem cells. Typically two to six mice will have skin and hair with greater than seventy percent ES cell contribution, indicating a good chance for embryonic stem cell contribution to the germline.
Annular pancreas overview

# Overview
Annular pancreas is a rare condition in which the second part of the duodenum is surrounded by a ring of pancreatic tissue continuous with the head of the pancreas. This portion of the pancreas can constrict the duodenum and block or impair the flow of food to the rest of the intestines.  It occurs in 1 out of 12,000 to 15,000 newborns. 

# Pathophysiology
Annular pancreas is typically associated with abnormal embryological development, however adult cases can develop. It can result from growth of a bifid ventral pancreatic bud around the duodenum, where the parts of the bifid ventral bud fuse with the dorsal bud, forming a pancreatic ring. It can also result if the ventral pancreatic bud fails to fully rotate, so it remains on the right or if the dorsal bud rotates in the wrong direction, such that the duodenum is surrounded by pancreatic tissue. Blockage of the duodenum develops if inflammation (pancreatitis) develops in the annular pancreas.

# Diagnosis

## X Ray
Postnatal diagnostic procedures include abdominal x-ray and ultrasound, CT scan, and upper GI and small bowel series

## CT
CT or MRI studies may show normal pancreatic tissue, with or without a small pancreatic duct, encircling the duodenum.

# Treatment

## Surgery
Surgical resection is recommended for symptomatic cases. Treatment usually is bypassing the obstructed segment of duodenum by duodeno-doudenostomy. Another approach is laparoscopicgastrojejunostomy.
Anorexia (Disambiguation)
Anorexia can refer to:
- Anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder in which people do not eat correctly due to the obsessive fear of weight gain.
- Anorexia mirabilis, referring almost exclusively to women and girls of the Middle Ages who would starve themselves, sometimes to the death, in the name of God.
- Anorexia (symptom), the general symptom of decreased appetite.
- Sexual anorexia, a term used to describe a lack of "appetite" for sex.
ka:
Anterior choroidal artery
The anterior choroidal artery originates from the internal carotid artery, though it will rarely arise from the middle cerebral artery.

# Structures supplied
The anterior choroidal artery serves many structures in the cerebrum:
- choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle and third ventricle
- optic chiasm and optic tract
- internal capsule
- lateral geniculate body
- globus pallidus
- tail of the caudate nucleus
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- substantia nigra
- red nucleus
- crus cerebri

# Disorders
More investigation is required to determine the full extent of the damage caused by occlusion of this artery.
However, studies do show that interruption of this vessel's blood flow can result in hemiplegia on the opposite side of the body (contralateral), contralateral hemihypesthesia, and homonymous hemianopia.
These symptoms are thought to arise from ischemic damage to the posterior limb of the internal capsule.
Anterior ethmoidal artery
The anterior ethmoidal artery, also anterior ethmoid artery, accompanies the nasociliary nerve through the anterior ethmoidal canal, supplies the anterior and middle ethmoidal cells and frontal sinus, and, entering the cranium, gives off:
- a meningeal branch to the dura mater, also known as the "anterior meningeal artery".
- nasal branches. These latter descend into the nasal cavity through the slit by the side of the crista galli, and, running along the groove on the inner surface of the nasal bone, supply branches to the lateral wall and septum of the nose, and a terminal branch which appears on the dorsum of the nose between the nasal bone and the lateral cartilage.
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Peripheral chemoreceptors act most importantly to detect variation of the oxygen in the arterial blood, in addition to detecting arterial carbon dioxide and pH.
These nodes, called the aortic body and carotid body, are located on the arch of the aorta and on the common carotid artery, respectively.
A continual signal is sent, via cranial nerves IX and X, from the peripheral chemoreceptors.
With a decrease in arterial oxygen tension, the signal intensifies, calling for an increase in respiration.
Human physical appearance

# Overview
Variations in the physical appearance of humans, known as human looks, are believed by anthropologists to be an important factor in the development of personality and social relations in particular physical attractiveness. There is a relatively low sexual dimorphism between human males and females in comparison with other mammals. However humans are acutely sensitive to variations in physical appearance, some theorize for reasons of evolution. Some differences in human appearance are genetic, others are the result of age or disease, and many are the result of personal adornment.
Some people have traditionally linked some differences in personal appearance such as skeletal shape with race, such as prognathism or elongated stride (but this is a controversial and sensitive matter). Different cultures place different degrees of emphasis on physical appearance and its importance to social status and other phenomena.

# List by category

## Physiological differences in human physical appearance from individual to individual
- Height, body weight, skin tone, body hair, sexual organs, moles, freckles,  hair color and type,  eye color, nose shape, ears shape, body shape, body deformations, mutilations and other variations such as amputations, scars, burns and wounds.

## Long-term physiological changes in an individual
- Aging
- Hair loss

## Short-term physiological changes in an individual
- Blushing, crying, fainting, hiccup, stuttering, sexual arousal, reddening of the skin due to increased blood flow due to exertion. Sweating, shivering, nose bleeding,  skin color changes due to sunshine or frost.

## Clothing and personal effects
- clothing, including headgear and footwear; some clothes alter or mold the shape of the body (e.g. corset, support pantyhose, bra). As for footwear, high heels make a person look taller.
- style and colour of haircut (see also dreadlocks, braids, ponytail, wig, hairpin, facial hair, beard and moustache)
- cosmetics, stage makeup, body paintings, permanent makeup
- body modifications, such as body piercings and tattoos
- plastic surgery
- decorative objects (jewelry) such as a necklaces, bracelets, rings, earrings
- medical or body shape altering devices (e.g. tooth braces, bandages, casts, hearing aids, cervical collar, crutches,  contact lenses of different colours, glasses, gold teeth)

## Other functional objects, temporarily attached to the body
- jewelry
- sunglasses
- goggles
- watch
- headphones/handsfree phone headset
- electronics (e.g. PDA, cell phone, DAP)
- weapons
- hair ornaments
- hats and caps
Areolar connective tissue
Areolar connective tissue (or loose connective tissue) is the most widely distributed connective tissue type in vertebrates.

# Location
It can be found in the skin as well as in places that connect epithelium to other tissues.It is also found in the orbit.
The areolar tissue is found beneath the dermis layer and is also underneath the epithelial tissue of all the body systems that have external openings.
It is also a component of mucus membranes found in the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary systems.
It also surrounds the blood vessels and nerves.

# Composition
It is a pliable, mesh-like tissue with a fluid matrix and functions to cushion and protect body organs.
Cells called fibroblasts are widely dispersed in this tissue; they are irregular branching cells that secrete strong fibrous proteins and proteoglycans as an extracellular matrix.
The cells of this type of tissue are generally separated by quite some distance by a gel-like gelatinous substance primarily made up of collagenous and elastic fibers

# Function
Areolar connective tissue holds organs in place and attaches epithelial tissue to other underlying tissues. It also serves as a reservoir of water and salts for surrounding tissues. Almost all cells obtain their nutrients from and release their wastes into areolar connective tissue.

# Classification
Loose connective tissue is named based on the "weave" and type of its constituent fibers. There are three main types:
- Collagenous fibers: collagenous fibers are made of collagen and consist of bundles of fibrils that are coils of collagen molecules.
- Elastic fibers: elastic fibers are made of elastin and are "stretchable."
- Reticular fibers: reticular fibers consist of one or more types of very thin collagen fibers. They join connective tissues to other tissues.

# Additional images
- Section of the human esophagus. Moderately magnified.
It has lots of spindles that help the bones get bone marrow
Ascending palatine artery
The ascending palatine artery is an artery in the head that branches off the facial artery and runs up the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle.

# Structure
The ascending palatine artery arises close to the origin of the facial artery and passes up between the styloglossus and stylopharyngeus to the side of the pharynx along which it is continued between the superior pharyngeal constrictor and the medial pterygoid muscle to near the base of the skull.
It divides near the levator veli palatini muscle into two branches: one follows the course of this muscle, and, winding over the upper border of the superior pharyngeal constrictor, supplies the soft palate and the palatine glands, anastomosing with its fellow of the opposite side and with the descending palatine branch of the maxillary artery; the other pierces the superior pharyngeal constrictor and supplies the palatine tonsil and auditory tube, anastomosing with the tonsillar branch of the facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery.
Atascadero State Hospital

# History
Atascadero State Hospital is located on the central coast of California, halfway between San Francisco and Los Angeles. It is an all-male, maximum-security facility, that has patients from all over the state.
Atascadero opened in 1954, as a state run, self-contained public sector forensic psychiatric facility. It is enclosed within a security perimeter, and licensed by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Patients are referred to the hospital by the Superior Court, Board of Prison Terms, or the Department of Corrections.
In 1998, Atascadero won the  Ernest A.Codman Award in the Hospital Category.

# Commitment categories
- Incompetent to Stand Trial
- Not Guilty By Reason of Insanity
- Department of Corrections patients transferred for evaluation
- Mentally Disordered Offenders
- Sexually Violent Predators

# Current status

# Employees, staff and officers
Atascadero employs a staff of over 1,800, with on-site training programs for a variety of schools, including nurse practitioner programs, clinical psychology internship programs, and psychiatric technician training.
Executive Director of Atascadero is Melvin E. Hunter.
Atelosteogenesis, type II
Atelosteogenesis, type II is a severe disorder of cartilage and bone development. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern and is extremely rare, infants with the disorder are usually stillborn, those that that survive birth die shortly after birth from respiratory failure.
Infants born with this condition have very short arms and legs, a narrow chest, and a prominent, rounded abdomen. This disorder is also characterized by an opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate), distinctive facial features, an inward- and downward-turning foot (clubfoot), and unusually positioned thumbs (hitchhiker thumbs).
The signs and symptoms of atelosteogenesis, type 2 are similar to those of another skeletal disorder called diastrophic dysplasia. Atelosteogenesis, type 2 tends to be more severe, however.
Atelosteogenesis, type 2 is one of a spectrum of skeletal disorders caused by mutations in the SLC26A2 gene. The protein made by this gene is essential for the normal development of cartilage and for its conversion to bone. Mutations in the SLC26A2 gene disrupt the structure of developing cartilage, preventing bones from forming properly and resulting in the skeletal problems characteristic of atelosteogenesis, type 2.
This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means two copies of the gene in each cell must be altered for a person to be affected by the disorder. Most often, the parents of a child with an autosomal recessive disorder are not affected but are carriers of one copy of the altered gene.
This article incorporates public domain text from The U.S. National Library of Medicine
B-cell maturation antigen
B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA or BCM), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 17 (TNFRSF17), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFRSF17 gene.
TNFRSF17 is a cell surface receptor of the TNF receptor superfamily which recognizes B-cell activating factor (BAFF).

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the TNF-receptor superfamily. This receptor is preferentially expressed in mature B lymphocytes, and may be important for B cell development and autoimmune response. This receptor has been shown to specifically bind to the tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily, member 13b (TNFSF13B/TALL-1/BAFF), and to lead to NF-kappaB and MAPK8/JNK activation. This receptor also binds to various TRAF family members, and thus may transduce signals for cell survival and proliferation.

# Interactions
TNFRSF17 has been shown to interact with the B-cell activating factor TNFSF13B. A conserved domain at the N-terminus, BCMA TALL-1 binding domain, is required for binding to the TNFSF13B.

# Clinical significance - Related Diseases
TNFRSF17 is implicated in leukemia, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma  (see the "Mitelman Database"  and the Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology,).

# As a drug target
In 2017, a phase 1 clinical trial employed a CAR-T therapy that targeted BCMA02 in multiple myeloma. Side-effects seen include cytokine release syndrome and mild neurotoxicity.
An antibody-drug conjugate GSK2857916 is in early clinical trials. Side effects are expected to include corneal toxicity.
Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon
The Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon occurs when a person, after having learned some (usually obscure) fact, word, phrase, or other item for the first time, encounters that item again, perhaps several times, shortly after having learned it.
The source of the name "Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon" is not certain, but it likely originates in the St. Paul Pioneer Press.  The Minnesota newspaper runs a daily column called "Bulletin Board," in which readers submit humorous or interesting anecdotes.  Stories concerning the phenomenon in question are published under the heading "Baader Meinhof Phenomenon."  It is likely that the term was coined when an account of the phenomenon was submitted to Bulletin Board concerning the Baader-Meinhof Gang.
There are several theories about the psychological explanation of the phenomenon, including a popular one that cites its primary cause as being the Recency Effect, in which the human brain has a bias that lends increased prominence to new or recently acquired information.
The Baader-Meinhof Phenomenon is sometimes confused with the phenomenon of Synchronicity, which is a similar but none-the-less different phenomenon.
Balo concentric sclerosis
Synonyms and keywords: Sudanophilic cerebral sclerosis; diffuse sclerosis of Schilder; encephalitis periaxalis diffusa; myelinoclastic diffuse sclerosis

# Overview
Balo concentric sclerosis is one of the borderline forms of multiple sclerosis.Balo concentric sclerosis is a demyelinating disease similar to standard Multiple sclerosis, but with the particularity that the demyelinated tissues form concentric layers. Scientists used to believe that the prognosis was similar to Marburg multiple sclerosis, but now they know that patients can survive, or even have spontaneous remission and asymptomatic cases.
It is also common that the clinic course is primary progressive, but a relapsing-remitting course has been reported. It seems that the course gets better with prednisone therapy, although evidence of this is anecdotal and such conclusions are difficult to accept given that there are cases where patients spontaneously recover whether the patient was on steroid therapy or not.

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology
The lesions of the Balo sclerosis belong to the MS lesion pattern III (distal oligodendrogliopathy).
According with Dr. Lucchinetti investigations, in Balo's concentric sclerosis, the rings may be caused by a physiological hypoxia (similar to that caused by some toxins or viruses) in the lesion, which is in turn countered by expression of stress proteins at the border. This expression and counter-expression forms rings of preserved tissue within the lesion and rings of demyelinated tissue just beyond where the previous attack had induced the protective stress proteins. Hence, subsequent attacks form concentric rings. .
Ultimately, this expanding lesion causes the progressive picture typically seen. However, in some patients, the pathology underlying the disease appears to burn out and hence the disease may halt, hence the patients who spontaneously recover. The mechanisms triggering attacks and recovery remain uncertain.
Recently, a mathematical model for concentric sclerosis has been proposed. Authors review the previous pathogenic theories, discuss the link between concentric sclerosis and Liesegang's periodic precipitation phenomenon and propose a new mechanism based on self-organization.

# Differentiating Balo Concentric Sclerosis from other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics
The disease is more common in Chinese and Filipino populations (both Asiatic) than in caucasoids.

# Risk Factors

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Prevention

# Related Chapters
- Multiple sclerosis
- The Lesion Project
Banti's syndrome overview

# Overview
Banti's syndrome (also known as Banti's disease) is a chronic congestive enlargement of the spleen resulting in premature destruction of the red blood cells by the spleen.

# Historical Perspective
The term Banti's syndrome is a term that was used in the past (but isn't any longer) to describe patients with splenomegaly, hypersplenism and portal hypertension without cirrhosis and without occlusion of the portal venous system.

# Pathophysiology
The basic pathology is some kind of obstructive pathology in the portal, hepatic or splenic vein that causes obstruction of venous blood flow from the spleen towards the heart. The cause of such obstruction may be abnormalities present at birth (congenital) of certain veins, blood clots, or various underlying disorders causing inflammation and obstruction of veins (vascular obstruction) of the liver.

# Diagnosis
Enlargement of spleen, ascites, jaundice, and the result of destruction of various blood cells by spleen - anemia,leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, gastrointestinal tract bleeding - may constitute the presenting symptoms.