Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Budesonide/formoterol
Budesonide/formoterol is a combination formulation containing budesonide and formoterol used in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the EU. It is marketed by AstraZeneca under the trade name Symbicort.  Symbicort in the United States is a pressurized metered-dose inhaler while in the EU and Canada, Symbicort is available as a dry-powder inhaler.
Symbicort contains two active ingredients which are delivered via a single inhaler:
- budesonide (Pulmicort), an anti-inflammatory corticosteroid
- formoterol (Oxis, Foradil), a rapid-acting and long-lasting bronchodilator
In Europe, Symbicort is available in three doses of 100/6, 200/6 and 400/12, where the larger number is the dose per actuation of budesonide (in micrograms) and the lower number the dose of formoterol.  In the United States, Symbicort is available in 160/4.5mcg and 80/4.5mcg per actuation.  
Symbicort was introduced in Sweden in 2000 and is approved for use in at least 70 countries, yielding global sales in excess of $1 billion in 2005.  It was not approved for use in the United States until July 2006.
Symbicort is the first combination inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta agonist (ICS/LABA) that has shown some efficacy as a medicine not only used to prevent asthma attacks, but also provide quick relief of an asthma attack.
The use for quick relief has  been approved by the GINA guidelines 2006 (Evidence A) however Symbicort is indicated in the United States only as a maintenance medication.
Buruli ulcer overview

# Overview
Buruli ulcer is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, from the same family of bacteria which causes tuberculosis and leprosy. The infection causes painless swelling, with lesions developing in the skin later on. Further progression of this bacteria produces toxins that suppress the immune system and destroy skin, underlying tissue and bone, causing severe deformities. It predominantly affects the limbs.

# Historical Perspective
Buruli ulcer was first described in 1948 from the Bairnsdale district in south-east Australia.

# Pathophysiology
Buruli ulcer is an infectious disease caused by the tuberculous agent Mycobacterium ulcerans. The infection causes painless swelling, with lesions developing in the skin later on.

# Diagnosis

## Laboratory Findings
The diagnosis of Buruli ulcer is usually based on the characteristic appearance of the ulcer in an endemic area. If there is any doubt about the diagnosis, then PCR using the IS2404 target is helpful, but this is not specific for M. ulcerans. The Ziehl-Neelsen stain is only 4080% sensitive, and culture is 2060% sensitive.

# Medical Therapy
Antibiotics currently play little part in the treatment of Buruli ulcer.  Recommended drugs include rifampin, streptomycin and dapsone.

# Surgery
Treatment is by surgical excision (removal) of the lesion, which may be only a minor operation and very successful if undertaken early. Advanced disease may require prolonged treatment with extensive skin grafting. Surgical practice can be dangerous and scarcely available in affected third world countries.
Carbonic anhydrase II
Carbonic anhydrase II (gene name CA2), is one of fourteen forms of human  carbonic anhydrases. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes reversible hydration of carbon dioxide.  Defects in this enzyme are associated with osteopetrosis and renal tubular acidosis. 
Renal carbonic anhydrase allows the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule.
 Loss of carbonic anhydrase activity in bones impairs the ability of osteoclasts to promote bone resorption, leading to osteopetrosis. 

# Interactions
Carbonic anhydrase II has been shown to interact with band 3 and sodium-hydrogen antiporter 1.
Coronary flow reserve

# Overview
Coronary flow reserve is a measure of the ability of the coronary artery to increase coronary blood flow in response to a hyperemic stimulus.  A normal coronary flow reserve is a value above 2.0. . In other words, ordinarily the coronary artery can double its blood flow in response to the administration of adenosine.  Coronary flow reserve interrogates both the epicardial blockage(s) as well as the resistance in the downstream capillary bed. This is in contrast to fractional flow reserve or FFR which reflects only abnormalities of the epicardial stenosis, and does not reflect abnormalities of the downstream microvascular bed.

# Sensitivity and Specificity
When compared to reversible defects on myocardial perfusion imaging, a coronary flow reserve < 2.0 has:
- Sensitivity: 86% to 92%
- Specificity: 89% to 100%
- Predictive accuracy: 89% to 96%
- Positive predictive value: 84% to 100%
- Negative predictive value: 77% to 95%

# CFR in the Setting of ST Elevation MI
In some studies, a coronary flow reserve greater than 1.3 immediately after reperfusion in the setting of STEMI is predictive of preservation of the microvasculature.

# Complications
The risk of intracoronary Doppler velocity wire measurements are as follows (n=906):
- Bradycardia: 1.7%
- Coronary spasm: 2%
- Ventricular fibrillation: 0.2%
Calendula officinalis
CalenderMan
Pot Marigold or English Marigold (Calendula officinalis) is a plant in the Calendula genus. It was used in ancient Greek, Roman, Arabic and Indian cultures as a medicinal herb as well as a dye for fabrics, foods and cosmetics.
The leaves and petals of the Pot Marigold are edible, with the petals added to dishes as a garnish and in lieu of saffron. The leaves can be sweet but are more commonly bitter, and may be used as or as part of salad.
It is also used in homeopathic medicine (in a gel form) as a way to promote the healing of minor burns, scrapes and skin irritations.

# Medical Uses
Flowers harvested between June and September are most potent.
Hot calendula tea helps soothe ulcers. Gargle with cool tea for inflamed tonsils or canker sores.
To make the tea:
-Pour 10 oz of boiling water over 2/3 cup of dried flowers and let steep for 15 minutes.
Or
-Add 5-10 drops of calendula tincture to a cup of hot water.
Ointment is used on scabs, eczema and psoriasis.
To make the ointment:
-Melt 1/2 cup of petroleum jelly over low heat in a double boiler
-Add a handful of dried calendula flowers
-Heat on low for an hour
-Strain out herb and pour into glass jar
Tincture or spray can be applied to rashes, cuts, scrapes, or acne with a cotton ball. Spraying is good for sunburns, vaginitis and pinworms.
To dry the flowers themselves, put it on a mesh in direct sun for 1-2 weeks. Afterwards, store in an air tight container.

# Pharmacology
Plants are used for the treatment of skin disorders and pain, and as a bactericide, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory.  The petals and pollen contain triterpenoid esters (an anti-inflammatory) and the carotenoids flavoxanthin and auroxanthin (antioxidants, and the source of the yellow-orange coloration).  The leaves and stems contain other carotenoids, mostly lutein (80%) and zeaxanthan (5%), and beta-carotene.  Plant extracts are also widely used by cosmetics, presumably due to presence of compounds such as saponins, resins and essential oils.  Organic extracts have even been tentatively shown to inhibit HIV-1.
Calyceal diverticulum
Synonyms and Related Keywords:  Pyelocalyceal diverticulum

# Overview
Calyceal diverticulum is a relatively uncommon cyst-like lesion, often discovered incidentally during ultrasound examination of the kidneys. Calyceal diverticulum is a urine-containing cavity within the renal parenchyma, communicating with the collecting system through a narrow channel. 

# Classification
- Two types are identified:
One is related to a minor calyx and usually located in the upper pole
Other is connected with the pelvis or a major calyx in the central portion of the kidney.
- One is related to a minor calyx and usually located in the upper pole
- Other is connected with the pelvis or a major calyx in the central portion of the kidney.
- The majority of calyceal diverticulum are small and asymptomatic, and do not require any treatment.
- Calyceal diverticulua may rarely cause urinary tract infection, renal colic, pyuria, hematuria or hypertension.
- Mobile calculi and milk of calcium are characteristic findings in calyceal diverticulum.

# Diagnosis

## Ultrasound
- Ultrasound examination suggests the diagnosis of calyceal diverticulum and it has a variable appearance.
- The diverticulum may appear as a cyst-like lesion, indistinguishable from a simple cyst.
- Recognition of mobile echogenic material within such a cyst-like structure is considered characteristic of milk of calcium. A cyst-like mass with milk of calcium is presumed to be a calyceal diverticulum.

## CT
- CT has an important role in the presence of a complicated cystic mass diagnosed by ultrasound without the characteristic features of calyceal diverticulum.
- The demonstration of the layering of contrast medium on delayed images is pathognomonic of these lesions.
- The patency of the diverticulum is demonstrated by the gradual opacification on delayed images.
Images courtesy of RadsWiki
- CT: Calyceal diverticulum
- CT: Calyceal diverticulum
Carbonic anhydrase VI
Carbonic anhydrase 6 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CA6 gene.  It is also called 'gustin' because of its presence in saliva, and lower-than-normal levels of salivary zinc in individuals with hypogeusia.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is one of several isozymes of carbonic anhydrase. This protein is abundantly found in salivary glands and saliva and protein may play a role in the reversible hydratation of carbon dioxide, though its function in saliva is unknown.
It has been suggested that CA VI participates in the maintenance of appropriate pH homeostasis on tooth surfaces as well as in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal canal.
Carisoprodol overdose

# Overdosage topics
Manifestations
Treatment
Successful treatments with the related drug meprobamate

## Manifestations
Overdosage of Carisoprodol produces CNS depression, and in severe cases coma. Shock, respiratory depression, seizures and death have also been reported rarely. The following signs and symptoms may be associated with Carisoprodol overdosage: horizontal and vertical nystagmus, blurred vision, mydriasis, mild tachycardia and hypotension, respiratory depression, euphoria, CNS stimulation, muscular incoordination, and/or rigidity, confusion, headache, hallucinations, and dystonic reactions. The effects of an overdosage of Carisoprodol and alcohol or other CNS depressants or psychotropic agents can be additive even when one of the drugs has been taken in the usual recommended dosage. Fatal accidental and non-accidental overdoses have been reported alone or in combination with alcohol or psychotropic drugs. Return to top

## Treatment
Basic life support measures should be instituted as dictated by the clinical presentation. Induced emesis is not recommended due to the risk of CNS and respiratory depression. Gastric lavage should be considered soon after ingestion (usually within 1 hour.) In cases of severe CNS depression, airway protective reflexes may be compromised. In such cases, tracheal intubation should be considered for airway protection and respiratory support. Circulatory support should be administered with volume infusion and pressor agents as indicated. Seizures should be treated with a benzodiazepine IV and may be followed with phenobarbital if seizures recur. Return to top

## Successful treatments with the related drug meprobamate
Carisoprodol is metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidney. The following types of treatment have been used successfully with the related drug meprobamate: activated charcoal (oral or via nasogastric tube), forced diuresis, peritoneal dialysis, and hemodialysis (Carisoprodol is dialyzable). Careful monitoring of urinary output is necessary and caution should be taken to avoid overhydration. Observe for possible relapse due to incomplete gastric emptying and delayed absorption. Carisorprodol can be measured in biological fluids by gas chromatography (Douglas, J.F.et al.: J Pharm Sci 58:145, 1969).
For more information on the management of overdose or unintentional ingestion, contact a Poison Control Center. Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Carroll rearrangement
The Carroll rearrangement is a rearrangement reaction in organic chemistry and involves the transformation of a -keto allyl ester into a -allyl--ketocarboxylic acid. This organic reaction is accompanied by decarboxylation and the final product is a ,-allylketone. The Carrol rearrangement is an adaptation of the Claisen rearrangement and effectively a decarboxylative Allylation.

# Reaction mechanism
The Carrol rearrangement (1940) in the presence of base and with high reaction temperature (path A) takes place through an intermediate enol which then rearranges in an electrocyclic Claisen rearrangement. The follow up is a decarboxylation. With palladium(0) as a catalyst, the reaction (Tsuji, 1980) is much milder (path B) with an intermediate allyl cation / carboxylic acid anion organometallic complex .
Decarboxylation preceeds allylation as evidenced by this reaction catalyzed by tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) :

# Asymmetric decarboxylative allylation
By introducing suitable chiral ligands, the reaction becomes enantioselective .
The first reported asymmetric rearrangement is catalyzed by tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0) and the Trost ligand :
A similar reaction  uses additional naphthol.
This reaction delivers one enantiomer with 88% ee. It remains to be seen if this reaction will have a wide scope because the acetamido group appears to be a prerequisite.
The same catalyst but a different ligand is employed in this enantioconvergent reaction :
The scope is extended to asymmetric -alkylation of ketones masked as their enol carbonate esters :
Cefotetan description

# DESCRIPTION
CEFOTAN (cefotetan disodium for injection) and CEFOTAN (cefotetan injection) in Galaxy - plastic container (PL 2040) as cefotetan disodium are sterile, semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, beta-lactamase resistant, cephalosporin (cephamycin) antibiotics for parenteral administration. It is the disodium salt of -7-carbonyl]amino]-7-methoxy-3-methyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclooct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid. Its molecular formula is
C17H15N7Na2O8S4 with a molecular weight of 619.57.
CEFOTAN (cefotetan disodium for injection) is supplied in vials containing 80 mg (3.5 mEq) of sodium per gram of cefotetan activity. It is a white to pale yellow powder which is very soluble in water. Reconstituted solutions of CEFOTAN (cefotetan disodium for injection) are intended for intravenous and intramuscular administration. The solution varies from colorless to yellow depending on the concentration. The pH of freshly reconstituted solutions is usually between 4.5 to 6.5.
CEFOTAN in the ADD-Vantage Vial is intended for intravenous use only after dilution with the appropriate volume of ADD-Vantage diluent solution.
CEFOTAN is available in two vial strengths. Each CEFOTAN 1 g vial contains cefotetan disodium equivalent to 1 g cefotetan activity. Each CEFOTAN 2 g vial contains cefotetan disodium equivalent to 2 g cefotetan activity.
CEFOTAN (cefotetan injection) in the Galaxy plastic container (PL 2040) is a frozen, iso-osmotic, sterile, nonpyrogenic premixed 50 mL solution containing 1 g or 2 g cefotetan as sterile cefotetan disodium. Dextrose, USP has been added to adjust the osmolality to 300 mOsmol/kg (approximately 1.9 g and 1.1 g to the 1 g and 2 g dosages, respectively); sodium bicarbonate has been added to convert cefotetan free acid to the sodium salt. The pH has been adjusted between 4 and 6.5 with sodium bicarbonate and may have been adjusted with hydrochloric acid. CEFOTAN (cefotetan injection) in the Galaxy plastic container (PL 2040) contains 80 mg (3.5 mEq) of sodium per gram of cefotetan activity. After thawing to room temperature, the solution is intended for intravenous use only.
This Galaxy container is fabricated from a specially designed multilayer plastic (PL 2040). Solutions are in contact with the polyethylene layer of this container and can leach out certain chemical components of the plastic in very small amounts within the expiration dating period. The suitability of the plastic has been confirmed in tests in animals according to the USP biological tests for plastic containers as well as by tissue culture toxicity.
Cefoxitin description

# DESCRIPTION
The drug chamber is filled with cefoxitin sodium USP, a semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum cepha antibiotic sealed under nitrogen for intravenous administration. It is derived from cephamycin C, which is produced by Streptomyces lactamdurans. Its chemical name is sodium (6R,7S)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-7-methoxy-8-oxo-7--5-thia-1-azabicyclooct-2-ene-2-carboxylate carbamate (ester). The empirical formula is C16H16N3NaO7S2, and the molecular weight is 449.44. The structural formula is:
Cefoxitin sodium contains approximately 53.8 mg (2.3 mEq) of sodium per gram of cefoxitin activity.
Cefoxitin for Injection and Dextrose Injection is supplied as a sterile, nonpyrogenic, single use packaged combination of cefoxitin (filled using Cefoxitin Sodium USP) and Dextrose Injection (diluent). After reconstitution, each 50 mL contains cefoxitin sodium equivalent to either 1 gram or 2 grams cefoxitin. The diluent chamber contains Dextrose Injection. The concentration of Dextrose Hydrous USP in Water for Injection USP has been adjusted to render the reconstituted drug product iso-osmotic. Dextrose Hydrous USP has been added to adjust the osmolality to approximately 290 mOsmol/kg (approximately 2 g (4% w/v) and 1.1 g (2.2% w/v) to the 1 g and 2 g doses, respectively). Dextrose Injection is sterile, nonpyrogenic, and contains no bacteriostatic or antimicrobial agents.
Dextrose Hydrous USP has the following structural (molecular) formula:
The molecular weight of Dextrose Hydrous USP is 198.17.
After removing the peelable foil strip, activating the seals, and thoroughly mixing, the reconstituted drug product is intended for single intravenous use. When reconstituted according to instructions in the product labeling, the approximate osmolality of the reconstituted solution of Cefoxitin for Injection and Dextrose Injection is approximately 290 mOsmol/kg. After reconstitution, the pH is approximately 6.5. Solutions of Cefoxitin for Injection and Dextrose Injection range from colorless to light amber.
Not made with natural rubber latex, PVC or Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP).
The DUPLEX dual chamber container is made from a specially formulated material. The product (diluent and drug) contact layer is a mixture of thermoplastic rubber and a polypropylene ethylene copolymer that contains no plasticizers. The safety of the container system is supported by USP biological evaluation procedures.
Cefprozil description
Cefprozil is a semi-synthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic.
Cefprozil is a cis and trans isomeric mixture ( 90% cis). The chemical name for the monohydrate is (6R, 7R)-7--8-oxo-3-propenyl-5-thia-1-azabicyclooct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid monohydrate, and the structural formula is:
Cefprozil is a white to yellowish powder with a molecular formula for the monohydrate of C18H19N3O5SH2O and a molecular weight of 407.44.
Each cefprozil tablet intended for oral administration contains cefprozil equivalent to 250 mg or 500 mg of anhydrous cefprozil. In addition each tablet contains the following inactive ingredients: hypromellose, magnesium stearate, methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol 400, polysorbate 80, sodium starch glycolate and titanium dioxide. The 500 mg tablets also contain ferric oxide.
Cefprozil for oral suspension is intended for oral administration. Cefprozil for oral suspension contains cefprozil equivalent to 125 mg or 250 mg anhydrous cefprozil per 5 mL constituted suspension. In addition, the oral suspension contains the following inactive ingredients: aspartame, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, citric acid anhydrous, colloidal silicon dioxide, FD & C Yellow No. 6, glycine, microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium, polysorbate 80, simethicone, sodium benzoate, sodium chloride, sucrose, and Tutti-Frutti flavor.
Cephalexin overdosage

# Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of oral overdose may include nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, diarrhea, and hematuria. If other symptoms are present, it is probably secondary to an underlying disease state, an allergic reaction, or toxicity due to ingestion of a second medication.

# Treatment
To obtain up-to-date information about the treatment of overdose, a good resource is your certified Regional Poison Control Center. Telephone numbers of certified poison control centers are listed in the Physicians Desk Reference (PDR). In managing overdosage, consider the possibility of multiple drug overdoses, interaction among drugs, and unusual drug kinetics in your patient.
Unless 5 to 10 times the normal dose of cephalexin has been ingested, gastrointestinal decontamination should not be necessary.
Protect the patients airway and support ventilation and perfusion. Meticulously monitor and maintain, within acceptable limits, the patients vital signs, blood gases, serum electrolytes, etc. Absorption of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract may be decreased by giving activated charcoal, which, in many cases, is more effective than emesis or lavage; consider charcoal instead of or in addition to gastric emptying. Repeated doses of charcoal over time may hasten elimination of some drugs that have been absorbed. Safeguard the patients airway when employing gastric emptying or charcoal.
Forced diuresis, peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, or charcoal hemoperfusion have not been established as beneficial for an overdose of cephalexin; however, it would be extremely unlikely that one of these procedures would be indicated.
The oral median lethal dose of cephalexin in rats is > 5000 mg/kg.