Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Almotriptan overdosage

# Overdosage

## Signs and Symptoms
Patients and volunteers receiving single oral doses of 100 to 150 mg of almotriptan did not experience significant adverse events. Six additional normal volunteers received single oral doses of 200 mg without serious adverse events. During clinical trials with Almotriptan (almotriptan malate), one patient ingested 62.5 mg in a 5-hour period and another patient ingested 100 mg in a 38-hour period. Neither patient experienced adverse reactions.
Based on the pharmacology of triptans, hypertension or other more serious cardiovascular symptoms could occur after overdosage.

## Recommended Treatment
Gastrointestinal decontamination (i.e., gastric lavage followed by activated charcoal) should be considered in patients suspected of an overdose with Almotriptan. Clinical and electrocardiographic monitoring should be continued for at least 20 hours even if clinical symptoms are not observed.
It is unknown what effect hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis has on plasma concentrations of almotriptan.
Alpha-Methyltryptamine
-Methyl-tryptamine, also known as alpha-methyltryptamine, -MT, AMT or IT-290, is a synthetic drug of the tryptamine family. First developed as an antidepressant, in the 1960s it was produced commercially for this purpose in the Soviet Union under the trade name "Indopan" in 5mg and 10mg pills. Like many other tryptamines, at sufficient dosages it is a psychedelic hallucinogen. Its effects may take 2-3 hours to onset, and can last for 18 to 24 hours. It also acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor and a stimulant. On 4 April 2003, an emergency United States DEA order resulted in -MT  being placed, along with 5-MeO-DIPT, on Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act.
AMT is legal in the UK and does not fall under the tryptamine clause as its substitution is not on the nitrogen. See the 2001 Misuse of Drugs Act : Schedule 1, regulation 3 (as of Mar 2004)

# Chemistry
AMT is chemically related to serotonin, an important neurotransmitter. It acts by mimicking the effects of serotonin at the 5-HT2 receptor and by interfering with neurotransmitter reuptake and degradation mechanisms.  -MT has a stereocenter, and S-(+)--MT is the more active stereoisomer.

# Dosage
An oral dosage of 5-10mg will produce a stimulating effect, and 20-30mg usually results in hallucinogenic effects that can last 24 hours.  While a dosage of 60-80mg is generally considered a strong dosage, some users have been known to use large amounts of -MT, and report dosages of up to 150mg being taken.  The freebase can also be smoked, and 5-20mg is generally used.

# Effects
AMT is a long-acting psychedelic/euphoric stimulant. It is known to cause nausea and vomiting in many recreational users. Erowid lists the following effects:

### Positive
- increase in energy (stimulation)
- mood lift, smiling
- visual patterning and closed eye visuals
- increased awareness & appreciation of music
- empathogenic qualities

### Neutral
- general change in consciousness (as with most psychoactives)
- blurred vision
- restlessness
- yawning
- pupil dilation

### Negative
- anxiety, tension
- nausea and vomiting
- decrease in coordination
- muscle aching
- headaches
- jaw clenching (trisma)

# Deaths
There have been at least two reported deaths due to AMT use. The first was a 21 year old in Alabama and the second a 22 year old FIU student in Miami. There are accounts of a third death, but there are currently no verifiable media reports.
Alternative Livelihood
Alternative Livelihood Programs are the name given to government attempts, especially in South America to replace the illicit cultivation of banned substances, such as opium or coca, with alternative, legal crops or other activities as a source of income.
Alternative Livelihood has sometimes been referred as Alternative Development.

# Related external links
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
- Alternative Development Program in UNODC
- "Follow-up to the Action Plan on the Eradication of Illicit Drug Crops and on Alternative Development" - Forty-fifth session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (March 2002)
- A case study of alternative livelihood in Laos by UNODC
- Alternative Development Cooperation in East Asia by UNODC
- Alternative Livelihoods Program in Northeastern Afghanistan - a project of CIDA implemented by Aga Khan Foundation Canada
- Integrated Alternative Livelihoods Program in Kandahar Province - a project of CIDA
- Research in Alternative Livelihoods Fund (RALF) - administered by the U.K.'s Department for International Development (DFID)
- Afghanistan Alternative Livelihoods Program - implemented by PADCO, a member of the International Peace Operations Association
- Rehabilitating communities in post-conflict Afghanistan - by Aga Khan Foundation Canada
- A briefing paper on Alternative Livelihoods - Oct 2005 by Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU)
- Alternative Development-related documents from David Mansfield's web site
Alternative hypothesis
The alternative hypothesis (or maintained hypothesis or research hypothesis) and the null hypothesis are the two rival hypotheses whose likelihoods are compared by a statistical hypothesis test. Usually the alternative hypothesis is the possibility that an observed effect is genuine and the null hypothesis is the rival possibility that it has resulted from random chance.
The classical (or frequentist) approach is to calculate the probability that the observed effect (or one more extreme) will occur if the null hypothesis is true. If this value (sometimes called the "p-value") is small then the result is called statistically significant and the null hypothesis is rejected in favour of the alternative hypothesis. If not, then the null hypothesis is not rejected.  Incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis is a Type I error; incorrectly failing to reject it is a Type II error.
Bayesian statisticians would challenge this approach in that it takes no account of a priori beliefs in the two hypotheses or the different consequences of taking a wrong decision; there may be good reasons (extraneous to the statistical data) for believing the null hypothesis to be correct. This must be weighed against the damning evidence of a low p-value before the null hypothesis can be rejected.
An example: In the trial of Sally Clark, a solicitor accused of killing both her babies, pediatrician Sir Roy Meadow testified that the probability of two infants in the same family dying of natural causes was 1 in 73,000,000. If natural death is the null hypothesis and murder the alternative hypothesis, then the p-value is 1/73,000,000. The smallness of this value means that the null hypothesis that the deaths had had natural causes should be rejected and therefore murder concluded.
The problem was that even if the 73,000,000 figure were correct (this calculation was itself challenged as being flawed by the ecological fallacy), double murder is a rare event and there is therefore a good a priori reason for believing the null hypothesis. The standard hypothesis test was therefore not a good indicator of Clark's guilt.
ko:
Dermacentor variabilis

# Overview
Dermacentor variabilis, also known as the American dog tick or Wood tick, is a species of tick that is known to carry bacteria responsible for several diseases in humans, including Rocky Mountain spotted fever and tularemia (Francisella tularensis). It is one of the most well-known hard ticks. Diseases are spread when it sucks blood from the host, which could take several days for the host to experience some symptoms.

# Life Cycle
- A tick's life cycle is composed of four stages: hatching (egg), nymph (six legged), nymph (eight legged), and an adult.
- Ticks require blood meals to survive through their life cycle.
- Hosts for tick blood meals include mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Ticks will most likely transfer between different hosts during the different stages of their life cycle.
- Humans are most often targeted during the nymph and adult stages of the life cycle.
- Life cycle is also dependent on seasonal variation.
- Ticks will go from eggs to larva during the summer months, infecting bird or rodent host during the larval stage.
- Larva will infect the host from the summer until the following spring, at which point they will progress into the nymph stage.
- During the nymph stage, a tick will most likely seek a mammal host (including humans).
- A nymph will remain with the selected host until the following fall at which point it will progress into an adult.
- As an adult, a tick will feed on a mammalian host. However unlike previous stages, ticks will prefer larger mammals over rodents.
- The average tick life cycle requires three years for completion.
Different species will undergo certain variations within their individual life cycles. 
- Different species will undergo certain variations within their individual life cycles. 

# Dermacentor variabilis Transmitted Diseases
Primary organisms as well as corresponding diseases transmitted by Dermacentor variabilis include:
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of HGE (human granulocytic ehrlichiosis), and Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the causative agent of HME (human monocytic ehrlichiosis).
- tick paralysis by elaboration of a neurotoxin that induces rapidly progressive flaccid quadriparesis similar to Guillain-Barre syndrome.
- Rickettsia Ricketsii, the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
- F. tularensis, the causative agent of Tularemia.
- D. variabilis may be exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, these ticks are not competent vectors for the transmission of this disease.

# Geographic Distribution
- Areas along the Pacific, West coast
- East of the Rocky Mountains until the Eastern coast
Amoxicillin overdosage

# Overdosage
In case of overdosage, discontinue medication, treat symptomatically, and institute supportive measures as required. If the overdosage is very recent and there is no contraindication, an attempt at emesis or other means of removal of drug from the stomach may be performed. A prospective study of 51 pediatric patients at a poison-control center suggested that overdosages of less than 250 mg/kg of amoxicillin are not associated with significant clinical symptoms and do not require gastric emptying.3
Interstitial nephritis resulting in oliguric renal failure has been reported in a small number of patients after overdosage with amoxicillin.
Crystalluria, in some cases leading to renal failure, has also been reported after amoxicillin overdosage in adult and pediatric patients. In case of overdosage, adequate fluid intake and diuresis should be maintained to reduce the risk of amoxicillin crystalluria.
Renal impairment appears to be reversible with cessation of drug administration. High blood levels may occur more readily in patients with impaired renal function because of decreased renal clearance of amoxicillin. Amoxicillin may be removed from circulation by hemodialysis.
Ampere's circuital law
In classical electromagnetism, Ampere's circuital law, discovered by Andre-Marie Ampere, relates the integrated magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current passing through the loop. It is the magnetic analogue of Gauss's law, and one of the four Maxwell's equations that form the basis of classical electromagnetism.

# Original Ampere's circuital law
In its historically original form, Ampere's Circuital law relates the magnetic field \mathbf{B} to its source, the current density \mathbf{J}. The equation is not in general correct (see "Maxwell's correction" below), but is correct in the special case where the electric field is constant (unchanging) in time.
The law can be written in two forms, the "integral form" and the "differential form". The forms are equivalent, and related by the Kelvin-Stokes theorem.

# Further reading
- Griffiths, David J. (1998). Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 013805326X..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
- Tipler, Paul (2004). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Electricity, Magnetism, Light, and Elementary Modern Physics (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0716708108.
Angiogenesis inhibitor
An angiogenesis inhibitor is a drug or a dietary component that inhibits angiogenesis (the growth of new blood vessels).

# Examples
Known inhibitors include the drug bevacizumab which binds vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), inhibiting its binding to the receptors that promote angiogenesis.
Some common components of the Oriental diet (and to a much lesser extent, the Western diet) also act as mild angiogenesis inhibitors. In particular, the following foodstuffs contain significant inhibitors and have been suggested as part of a healthy diet for this and other benefits:
- Soy products such as tofu and tempeh, (which contain the inhibitor "genistein")
- Chinese cabbage (brassinin)
- Green tea (catechins)
- Red Wine (resveratrol) - Suggested only in moderation

# Research
Research and development in this field has been driven largely by the desire to find better cancer treatments.  Tumors can grow only if they form new blood vessels.  By stopping the growth of blood vessels, scientists hope to shut off the means by which tumors can extend themselves and spread inside the body.  In animal studies, angiogenesis inhibitors have successfully stopped the formation of new blood vessels.
In addition to their use as anti-cancer drugs, angiogenesis inhibitors are being investigated for their use in weight loss, as blood vessels in adipose tissue never fully mature, and are thus destroyed by angiogenesis inhibitors.
Limbus of fossa ovalis

# Overview
The limbus of fossa ovalis (annulus ovalis) is the prominent oval margin of the fossa ovalis.
It is most distinct above and at the sides of the fossa; below, it is deficient.
A small slit-like valvular opening is occasionally found, at the upper margin of the fossa, leading upward beneath the limbus, into the left atrium; it is the remains of the fetal aperture between the two atria.
Anterior spinal artery

# Overview
In human anatomy, the anterior spinal artery is the blood vessel that supplies the anterior portion of the spinal cord.  It arises from branches of the vertebral arteries and is supplied by the anterior segmental medullary arteries, including the artery of Adamkiewicz, and courses along the anterior aspect of the spinal cord.
The anterior spinal artery is a small branch, which arises near the termination of the vertebral, and, descending in front of the medulla oblongata, unites with its fellow of the opposite side at the level of the foramen magnum.
One of these vessels is usually larger than the other, but occasionally they are about equal in size.
The single trunk, thus formed, descends on the front of the medulla spinalis, and is reinforced by a succession of small branches which enter the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramina; these branches are derived from the vertebral and the ascending cervical of the inferior thyroid in the neck; from the intercostals in the thorax; and from the lumbar, iliolumbar artery and lateral sacral arteries in the abdomen and pelvis.
They unite, by means of ascending and descending branches, to form a single anterior median artery, which extend as far as the lower part of the medulla spinalis, and is continued as a slender twig on the filum terminale.
This vessel is placed in the pia mater along the anterior median fissure; it supplies that membrane, and the substance of the medulla spinalis, and sends off branches at its lower part to be distributed to the cauda equina.

# Disorders
Disruption of the anterior spinal cord leads to bilateral disruption of the corticospinal tract, causing motor deficits, and bilateral disruption of the spinothalamic tract, causing sensory deficits in the form of pain/temperature sense loss. See also Medial medullary syndrome
Anterior tibial artery
The anterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the anterior compartment of the leg and dorsal surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery.
It is accompanied by a deep vein, the anterior tibial vein, along its course.
It crosses the anterior aspect of the ankle joint, at which point it becomes the dorsalis pedis artery.

# Additional images
- Right knee-joint. Posterior view.
- Cross-section through middle of leg.
- Anterior tibial artery and the muscles and bones of the leg - anterior view of right leg.
Anti-mullerian hormone
Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a dimeric glycoprotein that inhibits the development of the Mullerian ducts in a male embryo. It is named after Johannes Peter Muller. It has also been called Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF), Mullerian inhibiting  hormone (MIH), and Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS).

# Structure
AMH is a protein hormone structurally related to inhibin and activin, and a member of the transforming growth factor- (TGF-) family. It is present in fish, reptiles, birds, marsupials, and placental mammals.

# Gene
In humans the gene for AMH is AMH, on chromosome 19p13.3, while the gene AMH-RII codes for its receptor on chromosome 12.

# Functions

## Embryogenesis
In mammals AMH is secreted by Sertoli cells of the testes during embryogenesis of the fetal male and prevents the development of the mullerian ducts into the uterus and other mullerian structures. The effect is ipsilateral, that is each testis suppresses Mullerian development only on its own side. In humans this action takes place by 8 weeks gestation. In female embryogenesis the absence of AMH allows for the development of upper vagina, uterus and cervix, and oviducts. 
Amounts of AMH that are measurable in the blood vary by age and sex. AMH works by interacting with specific receptors on the surfaces of the cells of target tissues. The best known and most specific effect, mediated through the AMH type II receptors, includes programmed cell death (apoptosis) of the target tissue (the fetal mullerian ducts).

## Ovarian function
While AMH is measurable in males during childhood and adulthood, AMH cannot be detected in women until puberty. AMH is expressed by granulosa cells of the ovary in the reproductive age and controls the formation of primary follicles by inhibiting excessive follicular recruitment by FSH. It therefore has a role in folliculogenesis,
and some authorities suggest it is a measure of some aspects of ovarian function useful in assessing conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome and premature ovarian failure.

## Other functions
AMH production by the Sertoli cells of the testes remains high throughout childhood but declines to low levels during puberty and adult life. AMH measurements have become widely used in the last few years in the evaluation of testicular presence and function in infants with intersex conditions, ambiguous genitalia, and cryptorchidism.

# Pathology
In men, inadequate embryonal AMH activity can lead to the Persistent mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS), in which a rudimentary uterus is present and testes are usually undescended. The AMH gene (AMH) or the gene (AMH-RII) for its receptor are usually abnormal.

# Research
AMH has been synthesized. Its ability to inhibit growth of tissue derived from the Mullerian ducts has raised hopes of usefulness in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions including endometriosis, adenomyosis and uterine cancer. Research is underway in several laboratories.
Antimony pentafluoride
Antimony pentafluoride is the chemical compound with the formula SbF5.  This colourless, viscous liquid is a valuable Lewis acid and a component of the superacid fluoroantimonic acid, the strongest known acid.  Some features that give the compound scientific interest are its Lewis acidity and that it also reacts with almost all known compounds.

# Structure and chemical reactions
In the gas phase, SbF5 adopts a trigonal bipyramidal structure of D3h point group symmetry (see picture).  The structure is more complex in the liquid and solid state.  The liquid contains polymers wherein each Sb is octahedral, the structure being described with the formula n.  The crystalline material is tetrameric, i.e. it has the formula 4.  The Sb-F bonds are 2.02 A within the eight-membered Sb4F4 ring; the remaining fluoride ligands radiating from the four Sb centers are shorter at 1.82 A. The related species PF5 and AsF5 are monomeric in the solid and liquid states, probably due to the smaller sizes of the central atom, which limits their coordination number.  BiF5 is a polymer.
SbF5 is a strong Lewis acid, exceptionally so toward sources of F to give the very stable anion .  The latter reacts with additional SbF5 to give .
In the same way that SbF5 enhances the Brnsted acidity of HF, it enhances the oxidizing power of F2.  This effect is illustrated by the oxidation of oxygen:
Antimony pentafluoride has also been used in the first discovered chemical reaction that produces fluorine gas from fluoride compounds:
The driving force for this reactions is the high affinity of SbF5 for F-, which is the same property which recommends the use of SbF5 to generate superacids.

# Safety
SbF5 reacts violently with many compounds, often releasing dangerous hydrogen fluoride.