Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Minimally invasive procedure
Minimally invasive surgical procedures avoid open invasive surgery in favor of closed or local surgery with less trauma. These procedures involve use of laparoscopic devices and remote-control manipulation of instruments with indirect observation of the surgical field through an endoscope or similar device, and are carried out through the skin or through a body cavity or anatomical opening. This may result in shorter hospital stays, or allow outpatient treatment. However, the safety and effectiveness of each procedure must be demonstrated with randomized controlled trials. The term was coined by John EA Wickham in 1984, who wrote of it in British Medical Journal in 1987.

# Specific procedures
Many medical procedures are called minimally invasive, such as hypodermic injection, air-pressure injection, subdermal implants, endoscopy, percutaneous surgery, laparoscopic surgery, arthroscopic surgery, cryosurgery, microsurgery, keyhole surgery, endovascular surgery (such as angioplasty), coronary catheterization, permanent spinal and brain electrodes, stereotactic surgery, The Nuss Procedure, radioactivity-based medical imaging methods, such as gamma camera, Positron emission tomography and SPECT (single photon emission tomography). Related procedures are image-guided surgery, robotic surgery and interventional radiology.

# Benefits
Minimally invasive surgery should have less operative trauma for the patient than an equivalent invasive procedure. It may be more or less expensive. Operative time is longer, but hospitalization time is shorter. It causes less pain and scarring, speeds recovery, and reduces the incidence of post-surgical complications, such as adhesions. Some studies have compared heart surgery. However, minimally invasive surgery is not necessarily minor surgery that only regional anesthesia is required. In fact, most of these procedures still requires general anesthesia to be administered beforehand.

# Risks
Minimally invasive procedures are not completely safe, and some have complications ranging from infection to death. Risks and complications include the following:
- Anesthesia or medication reactions
- Bleeding
- Infection
- Internal organ injury
- Blood vessel injury
- Vein or lung blood clotting
- Breathing problems
- Death (rare)

# Prevalence
Due to these advantages, surgeons are attempting to perform more procedures as minimally invasive procedures. Some procedures, such as gall bladder removal, can be done very effectively as minimally invasive surgery. Other procedures, such as endarterectomy, have a higher incidence of strokes in some studies.

# Equipment
Special medical equipment may be used, such as fiber optic cables, miniature video cameras and special surgical instruments handled via tubes inserted into the body through small openings in its surface. The images of the interior of the body are transmitted to an external video monitor and the surgeon has the possibility of making a diagnosis, visually identifying internal features and acting surgically on them.
Monostotic fibrous dysplasia
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Synonyms and keywords: Monostotic osteitis fibrosa; Jaffe-Lichtenstein syndrome; Jaffe-Lichtenstein monostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone

# Overview
Monostotic fibrous dysplasia (or monostotic osteitis fibrosa) is a form of fibrous dysplasia where only one bone is involved. It comprises a majority of the cases of fibrous dysplasia.
It is also known as "Jaffe-Lichtenstein syndrome".
Montgomery Regional Hospital
Montgomery Regional Hospital (MRH) is a hospital in the town of Blacksburg, in Montgomery County, Virginia.  The hospital is a subsidiary of Hospital Corporation of America.

# Services
Montgomery Regional Hospital is certified as a level III trauma center.

# History
MRH was founded in 1971.

## 2006 Shooting
On August 20, 2006, William Morva shot and killed Derrick McFarland, a security guard in the emergency department at MRH.  Morva had been in jail awaiting trial on an attempted robbery charge, but was taken to MRH after sustaining a sprained ankle and wrist in jail.  After using the restroom, he attacked the security guard and a Montgomery County sheriffs deputy.  Morva escaped the emergency department, but was captured the next day.  While escaping capture, he shot and killed Montgomery County sheriff's Cpl. Eric Sutphin on the morning of August 21.

## Virginia Tech massacre
MRH received several patients that were wounded in the Virginia Tech massacre on April 16, 2007.
Mutually protected occlusion

# Overview
In dentistry, a mutually protected occlusion is an occlusal scheme in which the anterior teeth protect the posterior teeth, and vice versa.
The anterior teeth protect the posterior teeth by providing for a plane of guidance during excursions, thus allowing the cusps of the posterior teeth to disclude rather than strike one another upon opening or closing.  In other words, the posterior teeth have much larger crowns and many more cusps than the anterior teeth.  Because posterior crowns are so much wider and possess cuspal projections in various configurations, the cusps of the maxillary teeth and those of the mandibular teeth have an opportunity to bang into each other during chewing, speech or simply meeting together when one bites down.  To prevent this from happening, the anterior teeth of each arch will, ideally, be situated so as to come into contact before the cusps of the posterior teeth do, thus averting such a situation.
The posterior teeth protect the anterior teeth by providing a stable vertical dimension of occlusion.  While anterior teeth may retain their natural position even after loss of posterior teeth, the masticatory forces will eventually cause the single-rooted anterior to splay, thus leading to a collapsed bite.
Mycobacterium conceptionense
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Mycobacterium conceptionense is a non pigmented rapidly growing mycobacterium was first isolated from wound liquid outflow, bone tissue biopsy, and excised skin tissue from a 31-year-old woman who suffered an accidental open right tibia fracture and prolonged stay in a river.  Etymology: conceptionense, pertaining to Hopital de la Conception, the hospital where the first strain was isolated.

# Description
Microscopy
- Acid-fast and gram-positive bacilli.
Colony characteristics
- Colonies are non pigmented.
Physiology
- Colonies appear on 5% sheep blood agar, Middlebrook 7H10 agar, and egg-based Lowenstein-Jensen slants in 2 to 5
days at temperatures between 25 and 37C, optimally at 30C.  No growth occurs at 42C.
- The type strain is susceptible in vitro to imipenem, minocycline, doxycycline, clarithromycin, erythromycin, azithromycin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and amoxicillinclavulanate and resistant to penicillin, amoxicillin, and vancomycin.
Differential characteristics
- M. conceptionense shares 99.7% 16S rRNA (4-bp difference) and 97.0% rpoB gene sequence similarity with Mycobacterium porcinum, the nearest species.

# Pathogenesis
- This species is associated with post traumatic osteitis.

# Type Strain
- Strain D16 = CCUG 50187 = CIP 108544
Mycobacterium heckeshornense
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Mycobacterium heckeshornense

# Description
Gram-positive, nonmotile and acid-fast rods. Cells are typically rod-shaped, with some coccoid forms
Colony characteristics
Smooth, yellow scotochromogenic colonies appear after 4 weeks of culture.
Physiology
- Slowly growing organism, colonies appear after 4 weeks of growth.
- Able to grow at 37C and 45C.
Differential characteristics
- The phylogenetic position of this species is within the cluster defined by M. xenopi and M. botniense.
- Key differentiating features are negative tests for arylsulfatase and pyrazinamidase and susceptibility to antimycobacterial drugs.

# Pathogenesis
- Seems to be pathogenic in immunocompetent humans.
- Biosafety level unknown

# Type Strain
- The type strain was isolated from human lung by bronchoscopy.
Strain S369 = CCUG 51897 = DSM 44428
Mycobacterium heidelbergense
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Mycobacterium heidelbergense

# Description
Gram-positive, and nonmotile acid-fast coccobacilli (0.5-0.8m x 2.0-3.0m).
Colony characteristics
- Smooth, dome-like and nonpigmented colonies on Lowenstein-Jensen media at 35C (0.5 -1 mm in diameter).
Physiology
- Slow growth on Lowenstein-Jensen medium at 35C within 3-4 weeks.
- Optimal growth at a temperature range from 33C to 35C, but also growth at 30C and 37C, neither growth at 25C nor at 45C.
- Susceptible to isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol.
- Resistant to pyrazinamide and cycloserine.
Differential characteristics
- Differentiation from M. malmoense, (bearing a strong phenotypic resemblance to M. heidelbergense), by its wider range of susceptibility to antituberculous drugs, (including isoniazid), and by its inability to grow on Lowenstein-Jensen medium at 25C.
- Differentiation of M. triplex from M. heidelbergense by its positive nitrate reduction test and by its characteristic HPLC profile (triple-mycolate pattern).

# Pathogenesis
- Cervical lymphadenitis in immunocompetent patients.
- Biosafety level not known

# Type Strain
- First isolated from a immunocompetent paediatric patient with cervical lymphadenitis with recurrent fistula formation, in Heidelberg, Germany.
Strain 2554/91 = ATCC 51253 = CIP 105424 = DSM 44471.
Mycobacterium intracellulare
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Mycobacterium intracellulare

# Description
Gram-positive, nonmotile and acid-fast short to long rods.
Colony characteristics
- Usually smooth, rarely rough and nonpigmented colonies. Ageing colonies may become yellow.
Physiology
- Growth on Lowenstein-Jensen medium and Middlebrook 7H10 at 37C after 7 or more days.
- Resistant to isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin and streptomycin.
Differential characteristics
- M. intracellulare and M. avium form the M. avium-intracellulare complex (MAIC). A commercially available hybridisation assay (AccuProbe) to identify all members of the MAIC exists. Furthermore, separate AccuProbes are available to identify either M. intracellulare or M. avium.
- remarkable ITS heterogeneity within different M. intracellulare isolates.

# Pathogenesis
- Most frequently encountered in pulmonary secretions from patients suffering from tuberculosis like disease and from surgical specimens from such patients.
- When isolated from human secretions, it is often the etiologic agent of pulmonary disease, although frequently isolated as apparent casual resident
- Biosafety level 2

# Type Strain
- First isolated from fatal systemic disease in a child.  Found in soil and water.
Strain ATCC 13950 = CCUG 28005 = CIP 104243 = DSM 43223 = JCM 6384 = NCTC 13025.
Sodium-hydrogen antiporter 3
Sodium-hydrogen antiporter 3 or Sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3 (NHE3) is an isoform of sodium-hydrogen antiporters. It is found in the nephron of the kidney and is primarily responsible for maintaining the balance of sodium. 

# Regulation
Protein kinase C stimulates NHE3, while protein kinase A inhibits it. 
There is a specific protein functioning as an NHE3 regulator, sodium-hydrogen antiporter 3 regulator 1.

# Classification
It is a solute carrier family 9 (sodium/hydrogen exchanger), member 3

# Gene
It is encoded by the gene SLC9A3.
Non-rapid eye movement sleep
The sleep stages 1 through 4 are collectively referred to as NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep.  Rapid eye movement (REM), or stage 5, is not included. There are distinct electroencephalographic characteristics seen in each stage. Unlike REM sleep, there is usually little or no eye movement during this stage. Dreaming is rare during NREM sleep, and the muscles are not paralyzed as in REM sleep.
In addition, there is a parasympathetic dominance during NREM.

# Stages of NREM sleep
NREM sleep is divided into four stages:
- Stage 1 - occurs in the beginning of sleep, with slow eye movements. Disappearance of alpha waves and appearance of the theta wave. People in this stage often believe that they are fully awake.  During the transition into Stage 1 sleep, it is common to experience hypnic jerks.
- Stage 2 - the person is unconscious, though awakened easily. No eye movements occur, and dreaming is very rare during this stage. EEG recordings tend to show characteristic "sleep spindles" and "K-complexes" during this stage.
- Stage 3 - transition between stage 2 and stage 4. Delta waves begin to occur which are associated with "deep" sleep.
- Stage 4 - slow-wave sleep (SWS) refers to the "deepest" stage of sleep in which there is a continuation of the delta wave. Dreaming is more common in this stage than in other stages of NREM sleep though not as common as in REM sleep. The content of SWS dreams tends to be disconnected and not as vivid as those that occur during REM sleep. This is also the most common stage in which parasomnias occur.

# Polysomnography
Polysomnography (PSG) is a test used in the study of sleep; the test result is called a polysomnogram. Below are images of each stage of NREM.
The figures represent 30 second epochs (30 seconds of data). They represent data from both eyes, chin, EEG, legs, microphone, intercostal EMG, sternocleidomastoid activity, nasal/oral air flow, thoracic effort, abdominal effort,  EKG, oxymetry, and body position, in that order.  EEG is highlighted by the red box. Sleep spindles in the stage 2 figure are underlined in red.
Stage 1:
Stage 2:
Stage 4:
Naegleria infection overview

# Overview
Naegleria is a free-living amoeba commonly found in the environment in water and soil. Infection of humans is rare but serious. To prevent infection with Naegleria, precautions should be taken to ensure that water does not enter the nose when participating in recreational water sports.

# Causes
Only one species (type) of Naegleria infects people: Naegleria fowleri.

# Risk Factors
Infection with Naegleria is very rare. However, when it does occur, infection is most common during the dry, summer months, when the air temperature is hot, the water is warm, and water levels are low. The number of infections increase during years characterized by heat waves.

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
After the start of symptoms, the disease progresses rapidly and usually causes death within about 5 days (range 1 to 12 days).

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
Naegleria fowleri causes the disease primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a brain infection that leads to the destruction of brain tissue. In its early stages, symptoms of PAM may be similar to symptoms of bacterial meningitis.
Initial symptoms of PAM start about 5 days (range 1 to 7 days) after infection. The initial symptoms may include headache, fever, nausea, or vomiting. Later symptoms can include stiff neck, confusion, lack of attention to people and surroundings, loss of balance, seizures, and hallucinations.

## Laboratory Findings
In Naegleria infections, the diagnosis can be made by microscopic examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).  A wet mount may detect motile trophozoites, and a Giemsa-stained smear will show trophozoites with typical morphology. Confocal microscopy or cultivation of the causal organism, and its identification by direct immunofluorescent antibody, may also prove useful.  An increasing number of PCR-based techniques (conventional and real-time PCR) have been described for detection and identification of free-living amoebic infections in the clinical samples.  Such techniques may be available in selected reference diagnostic laboratories.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
Several drugs are effective against Naegleria fowleri in the laboratory. However, their effectiveness is unclear since almost all infections have been fatal, even when people were treated. Amphotericin B has been successfully used in some cases to treat PAM caused by Naegleria fowleri.
Nafcillin sodium description

# Description
Nafcillin for injection, USP is a semisynthetic penicillin derived from the penicillin nucleus, 6-aminopenicillanic acid. The chemical name of nafcillin sodium is Monosodium (2S,5R,6R)-6-(2-ethoxy-1-naphthamido)-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo heptane-2-carboxylate monohydrate. It is resistant to inactivation by the enzyme penicillinase (beta-lactamase). The structural formula of nafcillin sodium is as follows:
Nafcillin for injection, USP for the intravenous route of administration, contains nafcillin sodium as a sterile white to yellowish-white powder for reconstitution. The pH of the reconstituted solution is 6.0 to 8.5. Nafcillin for injection, USP contains nafcillin sodium as the monohydrate equivalent to 10 grams of nafcillin per Pharmacy Bulk Package and is buffered with 40 mg sodium citrate per gram. The sodium content is 65.78 mg  per gram.
A Pharmacy Bulk Package is a container of sterile dosage form which contains many single doses. The contents are intended for use in a pharmacy admixture program and are restricted to the preparation of admixtures for intravenous infusion. FURTHER DILUTION IS REQUIRED AFTER RECONSTITUTION (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, and DIRECTIONS FOR PROPER USE OF PHARMACY BULK PACKAGE)
National Library of Medicine

# Overview
The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library. The collections of the National Library of Medicine include more than seven million books, journals, technical reports, manuscripts, microfilms, photographs, and images on medicine and related sciences, including some of the world's oldest and rarest works.
Since 1879, the NLM has published the Index Medicus, a monthly guide to articles in nearly five thousand selected journals. The last issue of Index Medicus was printed in December 2004, but this information is offered in the freely accessible PubMed amongst the more than fifteen million MEDLINE journal article references and abstracts going back to the 1960s and 1.5 million references going back to the 1950s.
The NLM also runs the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) which houses biological databases freely accessible over the Internet through the Entrez search engine and PubMed.
The Toxicology and Environmental Health Program (TEHIP)], established at the NLM in 1967, is charged with developing computer databases compiled from the medical literature and from the files of governmental and nongovernmental organizations. TEHIP has implemented several information systems for chemical emergency response and public education, such as the Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET), TOXMAP, Tox Town, Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders (WISER), Toxmystery,and the Household Products Database. These resources are accessible without charge on the Web.
The Extramural Programs Division provides grants to support research in medical information science and to support planning and development of computer and communications systems in medical institutions. Research and publications in the history of medicine and the life sciences are also supported.

# History
The precursor of the NLM, established in 1836, was the Library of the Surgeon General's Office, a part of the office of the U.S. Army Surgeon General. The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and its Medical Museum were founded in 1862 as the Army Medical Museum. Throughout their history the Army Medical Library and the Army Medical Museum often shared quarters. From 1866 to 1887, they were housed in Ford's Theatre after production there was stopped after the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln.
In 1956, the Library collection was transferred from the control of the U.S. Department of Defense to the Public Health Service of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare and renamed the National Library of Medicine. The Library moved to its current quarters in Bethesda, Maryland, on the campus of the National Institutes of Health in 1962.
Nelfinavir drug interactions

# Drug Interactions
- Potential for VIRACEPT to Affect Other Drugs
Nelfinavir is an inhibitor of CYP3A. Coadministration of VIRACEPT and drugs primarily metabolized by CYP3A (e.g., dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, immunosuppressants and PDE5 inhibitors) may result in increased plasma concentrations of such drugs that could increase or prolong both its therapeutic and adverse effects. (see Tables 3 and 6).
- Potential for Other Drugs to Affect VIRACEPT
Nelfinavir is metabolized by CYP3A and CYP2C19. Coadministration of VIRACEPT and drugs that induce CYP3A or CYP2C19, such as rifampin, may decrease nelfinavir plasma concentrations and reduce its therapeutic effect. Coadministration of VIRACEPT and drugs that inhibit CYP3A or CYP2C19 may increase nelfinavir plasma concentrations.
- Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions
Table 6 provides the effect on concentrations of VIRACEPT or concomitant drug as a result of coadministration with VIRACEPT. These recommendations are based on either drug interaction studies or predicted interactions due to the expected magnitude of interaction and potential for serious adverse events or loss of efficacy.