Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Sandbox subdural empyema

# Antimicrobial Regimen  Empiric Therapy
- Infants < 1 month
Ampicillin 200 mg/kg/day IV q4h AND
Cefotaxime 200 mg/kg/day IV q6h
- Ampicillin 200 mg/kg/day IV q4h AND
- Cefotaxime 200 mg/kg/day IV q6h
- Infants 13 months
Ampicillin 200 mg/kg/day IV q4h AND
Cefotaxime 200 mg/kg/day IV q6h OR Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/day IV q12h
- Ampicillin 200 mg/kg/day IV q4h AND
- Cefotaxime 200 mg/kg/day IV q6h OR Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/day IV q12h
- Infants > 3 months or adults < 55 years
Vancomycin 60 mg/kg/day IV q6h (pediatric) or 2 g/day IV q12h (adult) AND
Cefotaxime 200 mg/kg/day IV q6h (pediatric) or 12 g/day IV q4h (adult) OR Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/day IV q12h (pediatric) or 4 g/day IV q12h (adult) OR Cefepime 150 mg/kg/day IV q8h (pediatric) or 6 g/day IV q8h (adult)
- Vancomycin 60 mg/kg/day IV q6h (pediatric) or 2 g/day IV q12h (adult) AND
- Cefotaxime 200 mg/kg/day IV q6h (pediatric) or 12 g/day IV q4h (adult) OR Ceftriaxone 100 mg/kg/day IV q12h (pediatric) or 4 g/day IV q12h (adult) OR Cefepime 150 mg/kg/day IV q8h (pediatric) or 6 g/day IV q8h (adult)
- Adults  55 years, alcoholics, or with debilitating illness
Ampicillin 200 mg/kg/day IV q4h AND
Vancomycin 2 g/day IV q12h AND
Cefotaxime 12 g/day IV q4h OR Ceftriaxone 4 g/day IV q12h OR Cefepime 6 g/day IV q8h
- Ampicillin 200 mg/kg/day IV q4h AND
- Vancomycin 2 g/day IV q12h AND
- Cefotaxime 12 g/day IV q4h OR Ceftriaxone 4 g/day IV q12h OR Cefepime 6 g/day IV q8h
- Impaired cell-mediated immunity or hospital-acquired, post-neurosurgery, or post-traumatic meningitis
Ampicillin 200 mg/kg/day IV q4h (pediatric) or 12 g/day IV q4h (adult) AND
Vancomycin 60 mg/kg/day IV q6h (pediatric) or 2 g/day IV q12h (adult) AND
Ceftazidime 150 mg/kg/day IV q8h (pediatric) or 6 g/day IV q8h (adult) OR Meropenem 20 mg/kg/day IV q8h (pediatric) or 3 g/day IV q8h (adult)
- Ampicillin 200 mg/kg/day IV q4h (pediatric) or 12 g/day IV q4h (adult) AND
- Vancomycin 60 mg/kg/day IV q6h (pediatric) or 2 g/day IV q12h (adult) AND
- Ceftazidime 150 mg/kg/day IV q8h (pediatric) or 6 g/day IV q8h (adult) OR Meropenem 20 mg/kg/day IV q8h (pediatric) or 3 g/day IV q8h (adult)
Scaling and root planing

# Overview
The objective of scaling and root planing, otherwise known as conventional periodontal therapy or non-surgical periodontal therapy, is to remove or eliminate the etiologic agents which cause inflammation: dental plaque, its products and calculus, thus helping to establish a periodontium that is free of disease.
Periodontal scaling procedures "include the removal of plaque, calculus and stain from the crown and root surfaces of teeth, whereas root planing is a specific treatment that removes the roughened cementum and surface dentin that is impregnated with calculus, microorganisms and their toxins."
Scaling and root planing are often referred to as deep cleaning, and may be performed using a number of dental tools, including ultrasonic instruments and hand instruments, such as periodontal scalers and curettes.
Removal of adherant plaque and calculus with hand instruments can also be performed on patients without periodontal disease.  This treatment would then be referred to as a prophylaxis (a cleaning, although literally, it means "prevention"), or a prophy for short. Sometimes this device may be electric, known as an ultrasonic or sonic scaler. At present though, there is inadequate research evidence to claim that periodic pre-emptive scaling reduces the incidence of periodontal disease .
Sonic and ultrasonic scalers are powered by a system that causes the tip to vibrate. Sonic scalers are typically powered by an air-driven turbine. Ultrasonic scalers typically use either magnetostrictive or piezoelectric systems to create vibration. Magnetostrictive scalers use a stack of metal plates bonded to the tool tip. The stack is induced to vibrate by an external coil connected to an AC source. Many ultrasonic scalers also include a liquid output or lavage, which aids in cooling the tool during use. The lavage can also be used to deliver antimicrobial agents. There is some debate over whether there is an advantage to sonic or ultrasonic scaling over hand scaling and some issues arise from powered scalers. However, powered scalers tend to create aerosols, which can spread pathogens.
SchwartzJampel syndrome

# Overview
SchwartzJampel syndrome (SJS) is a rare genetic disease caused by a mutation in the HSPG2 gene, which makes the protein perlecan, and causing osteochondrodysplasia associated with myotonia.
Relationships between the disease and perlecan deficiency have been studied.

# History
The syndrome was first described in 1962 by Oscar Schwartz and Robert Jampel.

# In the media
In March 2013 there was media coverage on a 7-year old boy with chronically tense muscles due to SJS and his three-legged pet dog. They became first place winners of the 2013 Crufts Kennel Club's annual Friends for Life competition which "celebrates dogs that have truly earned the title of mans best friend through bravery, support or companionship". The dog was also awarded The Braveheart Honour in the ceremony of The British Animal Honours in April 2013 (Haatchi the dog).
Scombroid food poisoning

# Overview
Scombroid fish poisoning is a foodborne illness that results from eating spoiled (decayed) fish. It is most commonly reported with tuna, mahi-mahi, bonito, sardines, anchovies, and related species of fish that were inadequately refrigerated or preserved after being caught. Scombroid can result from inappropriate handling of fish during storage or processing. One of the toxic agents implicated in scombroid poisoning is a chemical called histamine. Other chemicals have been found in decaying fish flesh, but their association to scombroid fish poisoning has not been clearly established.
The suspect toxin is an elevated level of histamine generated by bacterial breakdown of histidine in the muscle protein through elevated production of the enzyme histidine decarboxylase. This natural spoilage process is thought to release additional by-products, which cause the toxic effect.  Freezing, cooking, smoking, curing or canning does not destroy the potential toxins.

# Symptoms
Symptoms of poisoning can show within just minutes, and up to two hours, following consumption of a spoiled dish.  Symptoms usually last for approximately four to six hours and rarely exceed one to two days.

## Initial
The first signs of poisoning suggest an allergic reaction with the following symptoms:
- facial flushing/sweating
- burning-peppery taste sensations in the mouth and throat
- dizziness
- nausea
- headache

## Additional Symptoms
The above symptoms can advance to the following:
- facial rash
- hives
- edema
- short-term diarrhea
- abdominal cramps.

## Severe
In the worst cases, the poisoning may:
- blur vision
- cause respiratory stress
- cause swelling of the tongue

# Treatment
Scombroid poising is usually treated by a physician prescribing an anti-histamine to the subject.
Semicircular lipoatrophy
Semicircular lipoatrophy (lipoatrophia semicircularis) is a medical condition in humans, commonly known as ribbed thighs.
It consists of a semicircular zone of atrophy of the subcutaneous fatty tissue located mostly on the front of the thighs. Skin and underlying muscles remains intact.
Semicircular lipoatrophy mainly affects office workers. The ribs in the thighs are typically between 2 to 4 cm high and are typically located at about 72 cm above the ground, which is the standard height of office furniture.

# Cause
It is not yet clear what exactly causes semicircular lipoatrophy. Some hypotheses are that it is caused by localized pressure or by electromagnetic fields.
Small nucleolar RNA TBR7
Small nucleolar RNA TBR7   is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule identified in Trypanosoma brucei which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifiying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA TBR7 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
TBR7 was one of seventeen snoRNAs identified in  Trypanosoma brucei by immunoprecipiation with anti-fibrillarin antibodies . It is predicted to guide the 2'O ribosose methylation of 18s ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
Solomon Bahiel ben Moses
Solomon Bahiel ben Moses was the brother of Bahiel ben Moses; like his more famous brother, was also a physician and interpreter in the suite of King James I of Aragon. He was the author of the Arabic proclamation in which the Moors were notified of the conquest of Majorca and summoned to acknowledge their submission.. In the Maimonidean controversy Solomon sided with his brother and joined the faction of Maimonides' supporters. He died in 1264. The "Confirmacion en Favor de Mosse hijo de Bahiel" and "a Favor de Salomon Bahiel," in regard to the legacy of Solomon Alfaquin, may perhaps refer to two sons of Solomon Bahiel. They are dated 3 Kalends April, 1264, and 6 Ides May, 1264.

# Notes
-  "Chronica del Glorios. e Invict. Rey En. Jaeme," Valencia, 1557, xl.

# Sources
- Gottheil, Richard and Mayer Kayserling. "Bahiel". Jewish Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, 1901-1906; citing:
- Kayserling, Gesch. der Juden in Spanien und Portugal, i. 160, 218;
- Iggerot ha-Rambam, ed. Prag, pp. 34a, 35b;
- Brull, Jahrbucher, iv. 22;
- Gratz, Gesch. der Juden, vii. 33, 57;
- Jacobs, Sources, pp. 285, 286.
Somatic symptom disorder

# Overview
Somatic symptom disorder is characterized by the presence of one or more somatic symptoms with excessive thoughts and behaviors associated with health concerns. 

# Differential Diagnosis
- Anxiety disorder
- Body dysmorphic disorder
- Diabetes
- Heart disease
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Fibromyalgia
- Panic disorder
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder

# Epidemiology and Demographics

## Prevalence
The prevalence of somatic symptom disorder is 5,000 to 7,000 per 100,000 (5-7%) of the overall population.

# Risk Factors
- Negative affectivity (neuroticism)
- Comorbid anxiety
- Depression
- Few years of education
- Lower socioeconomic status
- History of sexual abuse

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Poor prognostic factors include:
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
- Panic disorder
- Social stress
- Illness benefits

# Diagnostic Criteria

## DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Somatic Symptom Disorder
A. One or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption of daily life.
AND
B. Excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms or associated health concerns as manifested by at least one of the following:
- Disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of ones symptoms.
- Persistently high level of anxiety about health or symptoms.
- Excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms or health concerns.
AND
C. Although anyone somatic symptom may not be continuously present, the state of being symptomatic is persistent (typically more than 6 months).
Specify if:
Specify if:
Specify current severity:

## Diagnostic scales
Most accurate diagnosis is be combining a somatic scale with a B symptoms scale, "Optimal combined cutpoints were 9 for the PHQ-15 or SSS-8, and 23 for the SSD-12 (sensitivity and specificity = 69% and 70%)".

### Somatic scales
Compared to the PHQ-15, the SSS-8 only has 8 questions, but the SSS-8 has 5 anchors for responses whereas the PHQ-15 is easier with only 3 anchors.
Area under the curve (AUC) 70
Area under the curve (AUC) 70
For the SS-8, a score of:
- <= 6 makes somatic symptom disorder unlikely
- >= 19 makes somatic symptom disorder likely

### B symptoms
The has been validated Somatic Symptom Disorder-B Criteria Scale (SSD-12).

# Treatment
Measurement-based care is guided by the somatic symptom scale-8.
A small randomized controlled trial  and a non-randomized study has addressed treatment.
Trials and reviews of cognitive behavioral therapy show benefit.
Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy may help.
Southwest Oncology Group

# Overview
The Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) is a National Cancer Institute (NCI) sponsored organization that conducts clinical trials in adult cancers.
SWOG was created by the NCI in 1956, and its was headquartered in Houston, Texas.  At first it was called the Southwest Cancer Chemotherapy Study Group (SWCCSG).  Its primary purpose was to study leukemia, a cancer of the blood which primarily affects children. Then in 1958, the NCI directed the SWCCSG to include the study of adult cancers, and separate administrative divisions were created for pediatric and adult cancers.  The name was then changed to Southwest Oncology Group to reflect its new mission.  Although most member organizations of SWOG were located in the Southwestern United States, the group spread to include members all over the United States and Canada.
Today, SWOG consists of over 250 institutions all over the United States and Canada, and is headquartered at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.

# Quality Assurance
The Southwest Oncology Group has all of its protocol driven cases reviewed at the Quality Assurance Review Center (QARC). As mandated by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), every radiotherapy department participating in a SWOG study must submit their data to QARC for review. QARC is located in Providence, Rhode Island and reviews thousands of cases per year. The center was founded in 1977 as a not-for-profit healthcare organization designed to provide quality assurance for CALGB studies. Radiotherapy data from around one-thousand hospitals in both the United States and abroad is reviewed and archived at QARC.
Another center for quality assurance is the Radiological Physics Center (RPC) in Houston, Texas. The primary responsibility of the RPC is to assure the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and its cooperative groups like SWOG that all participating institutions are following the guidelines set-forth for the physics-related aspects of radiotherapy. Established in 1968, the RPC has consistently received funding from the NCI in order to perform the aforementioned mission.
Sp1 transcription factor
Transcription factor Sp1, also known as specificity protein 1- is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SP1 gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a zinc finger transcription factor that binds to GC-rich motifs of many promoters. The encoded protein is involved in many cellular processes, including cell differentiation, cell growth, apoptosis, immune responses, response to DNA damage, and chromatin remodeling. Post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, and proteolytic processing significantly affect the activity of this protein, which can be an activator or a repressor.
In the SV40 virus, Sp1 binds to the GC boxes in the regulatory region (RR) of the genome.

# Structure
SP1  belongs to the Sp/KLF family of transcription factors. The protein is 785 amino acids long, with a molecular weight of 81 kDA. The SP1 transcription factor contains a zinc finger protein motif, by which it binds directly to DNA and enhances gene transcription. Its zinc fingers are of the Cys2/His2 type and bind the consensus sequence 5'-(G/T)GGGCGG(G/A)(G/A)(C/T)-3' (GC box element).

# Applications
Sp1 has been used as a control protein to compare with when studying the increase or decrease of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and/or the estrogen receptor, since it binds to both and generally remains at a relatively constant level.

# Inhibitors
Withaferin A, a sterodial lactone from Withania Somnifera plant is known to inhibit Sp1 transcription factor.

# Interactions
Sp1 transcription factor has been shown to interact with:
- AATF,
- CEBPB,
- COL1A1,
- E2F1,
- FOSL1,
- GABPA,
- HDAC1,
- HDAC2,
- HMGA1,
- HCFC1,
- HTT,
- KLF6,
- MEF2C,
- MEF2D,
- MSX1,
- Myogenin,
- POU2F1,
- PPP1R13L,
- PSMC5,
- PML,
- RELA,
- SMAD3,
- SUMO1,
- SF1,
- TAL1,  and
- UBC.
Sp3 transcription factor
Sp3 transcription factor, also known as SP3, refers to both a protein and the gene it is encoded by.
This gene belongs to a family of Sp1 related genes that encode transcription factors that regulate transcription by binding to consensus GC- and GT-box regulatory elements in target genes. This protein contains a zinc finger DNA-binding domain and several transactivation domains, and has been reported to function as a bifunctional transcription factor that either stimulates or represses the transcription of numerous genes. Transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene, and one has been reported to initiate translation from a non-AUG (AUA) start codon. Additional isoforms, resulting from the use of alternate downstream translation initiation sites, have also been noted.

# Interactions
Sp3 transcription factor has been shown to interact with Histone deacetylase 2, PIAS1, E2F1 and GABPA.
Spiral valves of Heister

# Overview
Spiral valves of Heister are undulating folds or valves in the proximal mucosa of the cystic duct. The cystic duct attaches the gallbladder to the common bile duct.
The spiral valves of Heister are supported by underlying smooth muscle fibers. There is some uncertainty regarding the role of the folds. Historically, physicians believed that their function was to aid in the passage of bile to and from the gallbladder, as well as regulate the degree of gallbladder distension.
The presence of the spiral folds, in combination with the tortuosity of the cystic duct, makes endoscopic cannulation and  catheterization of the cystic duct extremely difficult. Also, the valves of Heister impede the introduction of surgical instruments and are susceptible to lacerations. They were named after German anatomist Lorenz Heister (1683-1758).
Stabilization (medicine)

# Overview
Stabilization is a process to help prevent shock in sick or injured people. Stabilization is often performed by the first person to arrive on scene, EMTs or nurses before or just after arrival in hospital.  It includes controlling bleeding, arranging for proper evacuation, keeping patients warm with blankets, and calming them by personal providing attention and concern for their well-being.
It is particularly important in trauma cases where spinal injury is suspected to immobilize the cervical spine, or back.  Failure to do so can cause permanent paralysis or death. In the field, spinal stabilization involves moving the person's back as a single unit with as many as 5 rescuers assisting, the applying a cervical collar (which can be improvised from duct tape and cardboard), and securing victims to a solid-backed stretcher, long spine board, or a vacuum mattress.
Search and Rescue Technician (aka SARTech.)  trained in wilderness first aid have a protocol for verifying that the spine has not been hurt (clearing the cervical spine) when the victim is several hours or more from the hospital and evacuation may not be indicated.  Without this technique it may be necessary to carry a suspected trauma victim out only to discover that he had no injury worthy of the effort and expense.
Staphylococcal infection
Staphylococcus can cause a wide variety of staphylococcal infections in humans and other animals through either toxin production or invasion. Staphylococcal toxins are a common cause of food poisoning, as it can grow in improperly-stored food. One pathogenic species is Staphylococcus aureus, which can infect wounds. These bacteria can survive on dry surfaces, increasing the chance of transmission. S. aureus is also implicated in toxic shock syndrome; during the 1980s some tampons allowed the rapid growth of S. aureus, which released toxins that were absorbed into the bloodstream. Any S. aureus infection can cause the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, a cutaneous reaction to exotoxin absorbed into the bloodstream. It can also cause a type of septicaemia called pyaemia. The infection can be life-threatening. Problematically, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a major cause of hospital-acquired infections, and is being recognized with increasing frequency in community-acquired infections.
- The coagulase-positive Staphylococcus that inhabits and sometimes infects the skin of domestic dogs and cats is Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. This organism, too, can carry the genetic material that imparts multiple bacterial resistance. It is rarely implicated in infections in humans, as a zoonosis.
- S. epidermidis, a coagulase-negative staphylococcus species, is a commensal of the skin, but can cause severe infections in immune-suppressed patients and those with central venous catheters.
- S. saprophyticus, another coagulase-negative species that is part of the normal vaginal flora, is predominantly implicated in genitourinary tract infections in sexually-active young women.
- In recent years, several other Staphylococcus species have been implicated in human infections, notably S. lugdunensis, S. schleiferi, and S. caprae.
- S. aureus is also one of the most common causes of closed-space infections of the fingertips, known as paronychia.
Statistical epidemiology
Statistical epidemiology is an emerging branch of the disciplines of epidemiology and biostatistics that aims to:
- Bring more statistical rigour to bear in the field of epidemiology
- Recognise the importance of applied statistics, especially with respect to the context in which statistical methods are appropriate and inappropriate
- Aid and improve our interpretation of observations

# Introduction
The science of epidemiology has had enormous growth, particularly with charity and government funding.  Many researchers have been trained to conduct studies, requiring multiple skills ranging from liaising with clinical staff to the statistical analysis of complex data, such as using Bayesian methods.  The role of a Statistical Epidemiologist is to bring the most appropriate methods available to bear on observational study from medical research, requiring a broad appreciation of the underpinning methods and their context of applicability and interpretation.
The earliest mention of this phrase was in an article by Wilson EB (Cancer 1963;16:510-5 ), taking a critical look at the way in which statistical methods were developing and being applied in the science of epidemiology.

# Academic recognition
There are two Professors of Statistical Epidemiology in the United Kingdom (University of Leeds and Imperial College, London) and a Statistical Epidemiology group (Oxford University).

# Related fields
Statistical epidemiology draws upon quantitative methods from fields such as: statistics, operations research, computer science, economics, biology, and mathematics