Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 3
WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 3 (WISP3, also named CCN6) is a matricellular protein that in humans is encoded by the WISP3 gene.

# Structure
It is a member of the CCN family (CCN intercellular signaling protein) of secreted, extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated signaling matricellular proteins. The CCN acronym is derived from the first three members of the family identified, namely CYR61 (cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61, or CCN1), CTGF (connective tissue growth factor, or CCN2), and NOV (nephroblastoma overexpressed, or CCN3). These proteins, together with WISP1 (CCN4), and WISP2 (CCN5) comprise the six-member CCN family in vertebrates. CCN proteins characteristically contain an N-terminal secretory signal peptide followed by four structurally distinct domains with homologies to insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP), von Willebrand type C repeats (vWC), thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSR), and a cysteine knot motif within the C-terminal (CT) domain.

# Function
The CCN family of proteins regulates diverse cellular functions, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, survival, and differentiation.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in the human WISP3 gene are associated with progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia, a juvenile onset autosomal recessive skeletal disorder, indicating that the gene is essential for normal postnatal skeletal growth and cartilage homeostasis. However, mice with WISP3 knockout or overexpression are normal and suffer no apparent developmental defect. Loss of WISP3 expression is associated with aggressive inflammatory breast cancer and breast cancer with axillary lymph node metastasis, suggesting that WISP3/CCN6 may function as a suppressor of breast cancer growth and metastasis.
Yersinia enterocolitica infection overview
Please help WikiDoc by adding content here.  It's easy!  Click  here  to learn about editing.

# Overview
Y. enterocolitica belongs to a family of rod-shaped bacteria. Other species of bacteria in this family include Y. pseudotuberculosis, which causes an illness similar to Y. enterocolitica, and Y. pestis, which causes plague. Only a few strains of Y. enterocolitica cause illness in humans. The major animal reservoir for Y. enterocolitica strains that cause human illness is pigs, but other strains are also found in many other animals including rodents, rabbits, sheep, cattle, horses, dogs, and cats. In pigs, the bacteria are most likely to be found on the tonsils.

# Pathophysiology
Yersiniosis is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium of the genus Yersinia. In the United States, most human illness is caused by one species, Y. enterocolitica.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Based on data from the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), which measures the burden and sources of specific diseases over time, approximately one culture-confirmed Y. enterocolitica infection per 100,000 persons occurs each year.

# Risk Factors
Infection with Y. enterocolitica occurs most often in young children.

# Diagnosis

## Laboratory Findings
Many laboratories do not routinely test for Y. enterocolitica,so it is important to notify laboratory personnel when infection with this bacterium is suspected so that special tests can be done.

## Other Diagnostic Studies
Y. enterocolitica infections are generally diagnosed by detecting the organism in the stools. The organism can also be recovered from other sites, including the throat, lymph nodes, joint fluid, urine, bile, and blood.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
Uncomplicated cases of diarrhea due to Y. enterocolitica usually resolve on their own without antibiotic treatment.
A1BG response element gene transcriptions
Def. nucleotide "sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents",  "may be found in both promoter and enhancer regions" are called response elements.

# Hypotheses
- A1BG has no response elements in either promoter.
- A1BG is not transcribed by a response element.
- Each response element does not participate in the transcription of A1BG.

# Response element testing

# Response element testing (Absent)

# Response element testing (Present)

# Totals
Of 371 response elements, there are 121 Ns for not present (absent) in either A1BG promoter and 251 Ys for (present) or transcription factors that occur in the promoters on either side A1BG. There are 251 likely active or activable (67.65 %). With 4560 nts considered between ZSCAN22 and A1BG, halfway would be at 2280. Less than 2280 suggests the nearest other gene. In the positive direction, 4445 nts considered between ZNF497 and A1BG, halfway would be 2222 for another nearest gene. Less than 2222 suggests the nearest other gene.

# Acknowledgements
The content on this page was first contributed by: Henry A. Hoff.
ABO incompatibility (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page on Hemolytic disease of the newborn, click here

# Overview
ABO incompatibility is a reaction of the immune system that occurs if two different and not compatible blood types are mixed together.

# What are the symptoms of ABO incompatibility?
The following are symptoms of transfusion reactions:
- Back pain
- Blood in urine
- Feeling of "impending doom"
- Fever
- Yellow skin (jaundice)

# What causes ABO incompatibility?
- A, B, and O are the three major blood types. The types are based on small substances (molecules) on the surface of the blood cells. In people who have different blood types, these molecules act as immune system triggers (antigens).
- Each person has a combination of two of these surface molecules. Type O lacks any molecule. The different blood types are:
- Type A (AA or AO molecules)
- Type B (BB or BO molecules)
- Type AB
- Type O
- People who have one blood type form proteins (antibodies) that cause their immune system to react against other blood types. Being exposed to another type of blood can cause a reaction. This is important when a patient needs to receive blood (transfusion) or have an organ transplant. The blood types must be matched to avoid an ABO incompatibility reaction. For example:
- A patient with type A blood will react against type B or type AB blood
- A patient with type B blood will react against type A or type AB blood
- A patient with type O blood will react against type A, type B, or type AB blood
- Because type O lacks any surface molecules, type O blood does not cause an immune response. This is why type O blood cells can be given to patients of any blood type. People with type O blood are called universal donors. However, people with type O can only receive type O blood.
- Since antibodies are in the liquid part of blood (plasma), both blood and plasma transfusions must be matched to avoid an immune reaction.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call your health care provider if you have recently had a blood transfusion or transplant and you have the symptoms listed above.

# Diagnosis
- Bilirubin level is high
- Complete blood count (CBC) shows damaged red blood cells, may also show mild anemia
- Lab testing of patient's and donor's blood shows that they are not compatible

# Treatment options
Treatment may include:
- Drugs used to treat allergic reactions (antihistamines)
- Drugs used to treat swelling and allergies (steroids)
- Fluids given through a vein (intravenous)
- Medicines to raise blood pressure if it drops too low

# Where to find medical care for ABO incompatibility?
Directions to Hospitals Treating ABO incompatibility

# Prevention
Careful testing of donor and patient blood types before transfusion or transplant can prevent this problem.

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
This can be a very serious problem which can even result in death. With the right treatment, a full recovery is likely.

# Possible complications
- Kidney failure
- Low blood pressure needing intensive care
- Death

# Source
Abacavir lamivudine indications and usage

# Indications And Usage
EPZICOM Tablets, in combination with other antiretroviral agents, are indicated for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Additional important information on the use of EPZICOM for treatment of HIV-1 infection:
- EPZICOM is one of multiple products containing abacavir. Before starting EPZICOM, review medical history for prior exposure to any abacavir-containing product in order to avoid reintroduction in a patient with a history of hypersensitivity to abacavir .
- As part of a triple-drug regimen, EPZICOM Tablets are recommended for use with antiretroviral agents from different pharmacological classes and not with other nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Abacavir lamivudine zidovudine overdosage

# Overdosage
Abacavir: There is no known antidote for abacavir. It is not known whether abacavir can be removed by peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis.
Lamivudine: One case of an adult ingesting 6 grams of lamivudine was reported; there were no clinical signs or symptoms noted and hematologic tests remained normal. It is not known whether lamivudine can be removed by peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis.
Zidovudine: Acute overdoses of zidovudine have been reported in pediatric patients and adults. These involved exposures up to 50 grams. The only consistent findings were nausea and vomiting. Other reported occurrences included headache, dizziness, drowsiness, lethargy, and confusion. Hematologic changes were transient. All patients recovered. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis appear to have a negligible effect on the removal of zidovudine, while elimination of its primary metabolite, 3-azido-3-deoxy-5-O--D-glucopyranuronosylthymidine (GZDV), is enhanced.
HIV abstinence, be faithful, use a condom

# Overview
Abstinence, be faithful, use a condom, also known as the ABC strategy or abstinence plus of sex education, is a sex education policy based on harm reduction which modifies the strict approach of abstinence-only sex education by including education about safe sex and birth control methods. The ABC approach was developed in response to the growing epidemic of HIV/AIDS in Africa, and to prevent the spread of other sexually transmitted diseases.
It recommends sexual abstinence outside marriage as an ideal, having only a single long-term sexual partner. The use of condoms and other safe sex practices is advocated only if it is not possible to remain with a single sexual partner. Advocating this ideal, whilst pragmatically dealing with the fact that abstinence only sex education is ineffective by itself, has made the ABC approach more palatable to many African governments and U.S. funding agencies who answer to a majority Christian voter base.
The ABC approach has notably been used in African countries like Botswana and Uganda.

# Criticisms
Whilst the pillars of the ABC approach can reduce HIV transmission, the interpretation of the three elements causes controversy in international health policy making.  For example, the U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief has been criticised for prioritising "A" and "B" over "C", within its funding criteria. "C" activities may only be directed at "high-risk" groups, and not to the general population. (United States Government Accountability Office, 2006; Cohen J. Tate T. 2005)

# Related Chapters
- Condoms, needles, and negotiation
- Sexual abstinence
Acquired C1-esterase inhibitor deficiency
Quick Start: You don't need to be Editor-In-Chief to add or edit content. You can begin to add to or edit text on this wiki doc page by clicking on the edit button above and to the left on this same page. Type in the text you want to add. Once you are done, click the save changes button at the bottom.
Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.

# Overview
Related Key Words and Synonyms:

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Pathophysiology & Etiology

# Molecular Biology

# Genetics

# Natural History

# Diagnosis

## Differential Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

### Appearance of the Patient

### Vital Signs

### Skin

### Eyes

### Ear Nose and Throat

### Heart

### Lungs

### Abdomen

### Extremities

### Neurologic

### Other

## Laboratory Findings

### Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies

### Electrocardiogram

### Chest X Ray

### MRI and CT

### Echocardiography or Ultrasound

### Other Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Risk Stratification and Prognosis

# Treatment

## Pharmacotherapy

### Acute Pharmacotherapies

### Chronic Pharmacotherapies

## Surgery and Device Based Therapy

### Indications for Surgery

### Pre-Operative Assessment

### Post-Operative Management

### Transplantation

## Primary Prevention

## Secondary Prevention

## Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

## Future or Investigational Therapies

# "The Way I Like To Do It ..." Tips and Tricks From Clinicians Around The World

## Suggested Revisions to the Current Guidelines
Acute mesenteric ischemia pathophysiology

# Overview
Acute mesenteric ischemia is caused by a sudden decrease in the blood flow to the small bowels leading to reperfusion and hypoxic injuries. The main protective mechanism, which is the supply of blood by collateral vessels, becomes no longer effective as the mesenteric vasculature constricts in response to ischemia. Hypoperfusion is caused either by occlusive or non occlusive causes.

# Pathophysiology
- The main mechanism underlying mesenteric ischemia is decreased blood flow to the small intestine. The decrease in blood flow can be caused by:
Occlusion
Systemic hypoperfusion
Spasm in the mesentery
- Occlusion
- Systemic hypoperfusion
- Spasm in the mesentery
- When blood flow to the mesentery decreases, collateral vessels try to compensate. However, following prolonged decrease in blood flow, vasoconstriction of the mesenteric vessels occurs leading to decreased blood flow in the collaterals, which were initially the main protective mechanism against ischemia.
- It is worth mentioning that mesenteric vessel vasoconstriction can persist after the blood flow is restored which explains the use of vasodilator in the management of acute mesenteric ischemia.
- Ischemia associated injury to the mesentery is either reperfusion injury when the ischemia occurs for a brief period of time or hypoxic injury when the ischemia occurs for a prolonged time.

## Mesenteric Arterial Occlusion
- Decreased blood flow in arterial occlusion occurs when the vessel, mainly superior mesenteric artery, is blocked by an embolism that has originated from the left heart or from a thrombus that has formed secondary to atherosclerosis, trauma or infection.
- Strangulation of the small bowels might also lead to occlusion of the mesenteric arteries and subsequent ischemia.

## Mesenteric Venous Occlusion
- Decreased blood flow to the mesentery in venous occlusion occurs with a sequence of events different from that of arterial occlusion. In hypercoagulable states, whether inherited or acquired, a blood clot is formed in the venous mesenteric vasculature. When the venous blood clot is formed, the resistance in the venous blood flow of the mesentery increases with subsequent increase in the fluid movement across the blood vessels. The result is bowel edema and systemic hypotension that leads to systemic hypoperfusion to the different organs, including the mesentery.

## Non Occlusive Mesenteric Ischemia
- Non occlusive mesenteric ischemia occurs when the blood flow to the mesentery decreases secondary to systemic hypoperfusion complicated by secondary mesenteric vasospasm. Non occlusive acute mesenteric ischemia occurs mainly in elderly with multiple cardiovascular risks and cardiovascular comorbidities in the setting of hypotension secondary to medication use, sepsis, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failre, kidney or liver failure. When hypotension occurs, the blood flow to the mesentery decreases and then it is complicated by further constriction of the mesenteric vasculature.
- Cocaine can be a cause of non occlusive acute mesenteric ischemia.
Amphotericin B lipid complex microbiology

# Microbiology

### Mechanism of Action
The active component of ABELCET, amphotericin B, acts by binding to sterols in the cell membrane of susceptible fungi, with a resultant change in the permeability of the membrane. Mammalian cell membranes also contain sterols, and damage to human cells is believed to occur through the same mechanism of action.

### Activity in vitro and in vivo
ABELCET shows in vitro activity against Aspergillus sp. (n=3) and Candida sp. (n=10), with MICs generally 10 mg/mL). However, standardized techniques for susceptibility testing for antifungal agents have not been established, and results of susceptibility studies do not necessarily correlate with clinical outcome.
ABELCET is active in animal models against Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, C. guillermondii, C. stellatoideae, and C. tropicalis, Cryptococcus sp., Coccidioidomyces sp., Histoplasma sp., and Blastomycessp. in which end-points were clearance of microorganisms from target organ(s) and/or prolonged survival of infected animals.

### Drug Resistance
Fungal species with decreased susceptibility to amphotericin B have been isolated after serial passage in culture media containing the drug, and from some patients receiving prolonged therapy. Although the relevance of drug resistance to clinical outcome has not been established, fungal species which are resistant to amphotericin B may also be resistant to ABELCET.
Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Autonomic dysreflexia,"AD" or "autonomic hyperreflexia" is a massive sympathetic discharge that can occur in association with spinal cord injury or disease (e.g. multiple sclerosis). It is triggered by a variety of noxious stimuli, including bladder distension, irritation to the urinary tract, skin ulcers, fractures, abdominal emergencies, bowel impaction and uterine contractions. Sometimes the triggering factor is obscure.
Pure autonomic failure, also known as Bradbury-Eggleston syndrome or idiopathic orthostatic hypotension, is a form of dysautonomia that first occurs in middle age or later in life; men are affected more often than women. It is one of three diseases classified as primary autonomic failure.
Bartholin's abscess (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Bartholin's abscess is the buildup of pus that forms a lump (swelling) in one of the Bartholin's glands, which are located on each side of the vaginal opening.

# What are the symptoms of Bartholin's abscess?
- A tender lump on either side of the vaginal opening
- Fever
- Pain with sexual intercourse

# What causes Bartholin's abscess?
A Bartholin's abscess forms when a small opening (duct) from the gland gets blocked. Fluid in the gland builds up and may become infected. Fluid may build up over many years before an abscess occurs.
Often the abscess appears quickly over several days and become very hot and swollen. Activity that puts pressure on the vulva, and walking and sitting, may cause excruciating pain.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call for an appointment with your health care provider if a painful, swollen lump is noted on the labia near the vaginal opening and does not improve with 2 - 3 days of home treatment. Call if pain is severe and interferes with normal activity.
Call your health care provider if you have one of these cysts and develop a fever higher than 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit.

# Diagnosis
A pelvic examination reveals an enlarged and tender Bartholin's gland. A biopsy may be recommended in older women to rule out a tumor.
Any vaginal discharge or fluid drainage will be sent to a lab for analysis.

# Treatment options
Soaking in warm water four times a day for several days usually provides some relief and causes the abscess to open and drain on its own. However, the opening is usually very small and closes quickly, before drainage is complete.
A small surgical cut can completely drain the abscess. This provides the greatest relief and the fastest recovery. The procedure can be done under local anesthesia in a doctor's office. A catheter (tube) may be used to continue to allow draining while the area heals.
Antibiotics may be prescribed, but they are not usually needed if the abscess is drained properly.
Women who have repeated abscesses may consider a procedure called marsupialization. The procedure involves surgically creating a small, permanent opening to help the gland drain. Women with large, persistent Bartholin's cysts may also have this procedure.
Your health care provider may recommend that the glands be removed if abscesses keep coming back.

# Where to find medical care for Bartholin's abscess?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Bartholin's abscess

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
The chance of full recovery is excellent. About 10% of the time, abscesses recur.
It is important to treat any vaginal infection that may be diagnosed at the same time as the abscess.

# Possible complications
A chronic Bartholin's duct cyst may develop. In women over the age of 40, a swollen Bartholin's gland may mean there is a cancerous tumor in the gland, although this is very rare.

# Prevention
Bartholin's abscess can happen without any specific cause, so there is no specific way to prevent it.

# Sources
CLONIDINE patch dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration
Apply Clonidine Transdermal System once every 7 days to a hairless area of intact skin on the upper outer arm or chest. Each new application of Clonidine Transdermal System should be on a different skin site from the previous location. If the system loosens during 7-day wearing, the adhesive cover should be applied directly over the system to ensure good adhesion. There have been rare reports of the need for patch changes prior to 7 days to maintain blood pressure control.
To initiate therapy, Clonidine Transdermal System dosage should be titrated according to individual therapeutic requirements, starting with Clonidine Transdermal System 0.1 mg/day. If after one or two weeks the desired reduction in blood pressure is not achieved, increase the dosage by adding another Clonidine Transdermal System, 0.1 mg/day or changing to a larger system. An increase in dosage above two Clonidine Transdermal System 0.3 mg/day is usually not associated with additional efficacy.
When substituting Clonidine Transdermal System for oral clonidine or for other antihypertensive drugs, physicians should be aware that the antihypertensive effect of Clonidine Transdermal System may not commence until 2 to 3 days after initial application. Therefore, gradual reduction of prior drug dosage is advised. Some or all previous antihypertensive treatment may have to be continued, particularly in patients with more severe forms of hypertension.

# Renal Impairment
Patients with renal impairment may benefit from a lower initial dose. Patients should be carefully monitored. Since only a minimal amount of clonidine is removed during routine hemodialysis, there is no need to give supplemental clonidine following dialysis.