Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Aureobasidium pullulans

# Overview
Aureobasidium pullulans is a ubiquitous yeast-like fungus that can be found in different environments (e.g. soil, water, air and limestone). It is well known as a naturally occurring epiphyte or endophyte of a wide range of plant species (e.g. apple, grape, cucumber, green beans, cabbage) without causing any symptoms of disease.
A. pullulans has a high importance in biotechnology for the production of different enzymes, siderophores and pullulan. Furthermore A. pullulans is used in biological control of plant diseases, especially storage diseases. In addition to the beneficial aspects, A. pullulans is in a few cases associated with plant disease (e.g. stigmatomycosis on cotton).
It can be cultivated on potato dextrose agar, where it produces smooth, faint pink, yeast-like colonies covered with a slimy mass of spores. Older colonies change to black due to chlamydospore production. Primary conidia are hyaline, smooth, ellipsoidal, one-celled, and variable in shape and size; secondary conidia are smaller. Conidiophores are undifferentiated, intercalary or terminal, or arising as short lateral branches. Endoconidia are produced in an intercalary cell and released into a neighboring empty cell. Hyphae are hyaline, smooth, and thinwalled, with transverse septa. The fungus grows at 1035C with optimum growth at 30C.
Chronic human exposure via humidifiers or air conditioners can lead to hypersensitivity pneumonitis (extrinsic allergic alveolitis) or "humidifier lung".  This condition is characterized acutely by dyspnea, cough, fever, chest infiltrates, and acute inflammatory reaction.  The condition can also be chronic, and lymphocyte-mediated. The chronic condition is characterized radiographically by reticulonodular infiltrates in the lung, with apical sparing.
A. pullulans is notable for its phenotypic plasticity. Colony morphology may be affected by carbon source, colony age, temperature, light and substrate, with colonies ranging from homogeneous to sectored, yeast-like to filamentous growth, and from small to large. These changes, potentially influenced by epigenetic factors, and the particular developmental sequences that the colonies proceed through may be observed with the naked eye.
Periodic fever syndrome
Synonyms and keywords: Autoinflammatory syndrome

# Overview
The periodic fever syndromes (also known as autoinflammatory syndromes) are a set of genetic disorders in which the mechanisms which initiate and control inflammation are disturbed leading to uncontrolled inflammation throughout the body. The syndromes are diverse but tend to cause fever, joint pains, abdominal pains and may lead to chronic complications such as amyloidosis.

# Classification
- Periodic fever syndromes are classified to:
Familial Mediterranean fever
Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with recurrent fever
TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS)
Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) which includes:
Muckle-Wells syndrome
Familial cold urticaria
Neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease
Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis (PFAPA syndrome)
Blau syndrome
Pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, acne (PAPA syndrome)
- Familial Mediterranean fever
- Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with recurrent fever
- TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS)
- Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) which includes:
Muckle-Wells syndrome
Familial cold urticaria
Neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease
- Muckle-Wells syndrome
- Familial cold urticaria
- Neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease
- Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis (PFAPA syndrome)
- Blau syndrome
- Pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, acne (PAPA syndrome)

# Causes
- Peridic fever syndrome are caused by a mutation in the relative genes.
- For more information on familial Mediterranean fever causes click here.
- For more information on Hyperimmunoglobulinemia D with recurrent fever causes click here.
- For more information on TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome causes click here.
- For more information on Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) causes click here.
- For more information on periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis causes click here.
- For more information on Blau syndrome causes click here.
- For more information on pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, acne causes click here.

# Differential Diagnosis
- Periodic fever syndromes should be differentiated from each other.
Azeotropic distillation
In chemistry, azeotropic distillation is any of a range of techniques used to break an azeotrope in distillation.  In chemical engineering, azeotropic distillation usually refers to the specific technique of adding another component to generate a new lower-boiling azeotrope that is heterogeneous, such as the example below with the addition of benzene to water and ethanol.

# Example - distillation of ethanol/water
A common distillation with an azeotrope is the distillation of ethanol and water.  Using normal distillation techniques, ethanol can only be purified to approximately 96% (hence the 96% (192 proof) strength of some commercially available grain alcohols).
Once at a 96.4% ethanol/water concentration the vapor from the boiling mixture is also 96.4%.  Further distillation is therefore ineffective.  Some uses require a higher percentage of alcohol, for example when used as a gasoline additive.  The 96.4% azeotrope needs to be "broken" in order to refine further.

# Material separation agent
One method is the addition of an "MSA", a material separation agent.  The addition of benzene to the mixture changes the molecular interactions and eliminates ("breaks") the azeotrope.  The drawback is that another separation is needed to remove the benzene.

# Pressure-swing distillation
Another method, pressure-swing distillation, relies on the fact that an azeotrope is pressure dependent. It also depends on the knowledge that an azeotrope is not a range of concentrations that can not be distilled, but the point at which activity coefficients are crossing one another.  If the azeotrope can be "jumped over", distillation can continue, although because the activity coefficients have crossed, the water will boil out of the ethanol.
To "jump" the azeotrope, the azeotrope can be moved by altering the pressure.  Typically, pressure will be set such that the azeotrope will be closer to 100% concentration.  For ethanol, that may be 97%.  Ethanol can now be distilled up to 97%.  It will actually be distilled to something slightly less, like 96.5%  The 96.5% alcohol is then sent to a distillation column that is under a different pressure, one that pulls the azeotrope down, maybe to 96%.  Since the mixture is already above the 96% azeotrope, the distillation will not get "stuck" at that point and the ethanol can be distilled to whatever concentration is needed.

# Molecular sieves
For the distillation of ethanol for gasoline addition, the most common means of breaking the azeotrope is the use of molecular sieves.  Ethanol is distilled to 96%, then run over a molecular sieve which absorbs water from the mixture.  The concentration is now above 96% and can be further distilled.  The sieve is heated to remove the water and reused.
BCL2-related protein A1
Bcl-2-related protein A1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BCL2A1 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of the bcl2 protein family. The proteins of this family form hetero- or homodimers and act as anti- and pro-apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities such as embryonic development, homeostasis and tumorigenesis. The protein encoded by this gene is able to reduce the release of pro-apoptotic cytochrome c from mitochondria and block caspase activation. This gene is a direct transcription target of NF-kappa B in response to inflammatory mediators, and has been shown to be up-regulated by different extracellular signals, such as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), CD40, phorbol ester and inflammatory cytokine TNF and IL-1, which suggests a cytoprotective function that is essential for lymphocyte activation as well as cell survival.
In melanocytic cells BCL2A1 gene expression may be regulated by MITF.

# Interactions
BCL2-related protein A1 has been shown to interact with:
- Bcl-2-associated X protein, and
- Bcl-2-associated death promoter.
Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome
Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome (BHD) is a rare human genetic disorder. The disorder has been reported in more than 30 families, and it is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.

# Presentation
Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome is a rare disorder that affects the skin and increases the risk of certain types of tumors. The condition is characterized by multiple noncancerous tumors of the hair follicles, particularly on the face, neck, and upper chest. These growths typically first appear in a person's twenties or thirties. People with Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome also have an increased risk of developing cancerous or noncancerous kidney tumors and possibly tumors in other organs and tissues. Additionally, affected individuals have a higher chance of developing cysts in the lungs and an abnormal collection of air in the chest cavity (pneumothorax) that may result in the collapse of a lung.

# Genetics
Mutations in the FLCN gene cause Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome. The FLCN gene makes a protein called folliculin. The normal function of this protein is unknown, but researchers believe that it may act as a tumor suppressor. Tumor suppressors normally prevent cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled way. Mutations in the FLCN gene may interfere with the ability of folliculin to restrain cell growth and division, leading to the formation of noncancerous and cancerous tumors.
Researchers believe that two copies (instead of one copy) of the FLCN gene must be altered for a person to develop the kidney tumors often seen in Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome. People with this condition are born with one mutated copy of the FLCN gene in each cell. Then, during their lifetime, the other copy of the gene is mutated in kidney cells. These genetic changes result in no functional copies of the FLCN gene in these cells, allowing the cells to divide uncontrollably and form tumors.

# History
The syndrome was first described in 1977.
BUN-to-creatinine ratio

# Overview
In medicine, the BUN-to-creatinine ratio, also BUN-creatinine ratio, BUN/creatinine ratio or BUN:Cr, is the ratio of two serum laboratory values, the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine.  This terminology is used in the United States.  In Canada and Europe, urea is used instead of BUN, so it is termed the urea-to-creatinine ratio, urea-creatinine ratio or urea/creatinine ratio.  The interpretation and significance of the ratio is identical.

# Acute renal failure
It has been found to be predictive of pre-renal failure, if the BUN-to-creatinine ratio is greater than 20 or the urea-to-creatinine ratio>0.10 and urea>10.  In pre-renal failure, urea rises out of proportion to the creatinine due to enhanced proximal tubular reabsorption.

# Gastrointestinal bleeds
It is useful for the diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients who do not present with overt vomiting of blood.
In children, a BUN/creatinine ratio of 30 or above has a sensitivity of 68.8% for upper GI bleeding and a specificity of 98%.

## Why the urea rises
The reason the urea concentration increases in upper GI bleeds is:
- Blood, which consists largely of the protein hemoglobin, is broken down by digestive enzymes of the upper GI tract into amino acids.
- The amino acids, which originate from the hemoglobin, are re-absorbed by the lower GI tract.
- Urea is a break down product of amino acid catabolism; therefore, the "protein meal" from an upper GI bleed shows up in the blood as urea.

# Elderly patients
Because of decreased muscle mass, elderly patients may have an elevated BUN-to-creatinine ratio at baseline.
Bacitracin how supplied

# How Supplied
Bacitracin for Injection, USP is available in vials containing 50,000 units.
NDC 39822-0277-5. Boxes of ten vials use NDC 39822-0277-2.
Store the unreconstituted product in a refrigerator 2 to 8C (36 to 46F).
Solutions are stable for one week when stored in a refrigerator 2 to 8C (36 to 46F).
Microbiological culture
A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of growing a microbial organism to determine what it is, its abundance in the sample being tested, or both.  It is one of the primary diagnostic methods of microbiology.  A tool is often used to determine the cause of infectious disease by letting the agent multiply (reproduce) in predetermined media in laboratory.
The most common method of microbiological culture uses Petri dishes with a layer of agar-based growth medium in them to grow bacterial cultures.  This is generally done inside of an incubator. Another method is liquid culture, where the bacteria are grown suspended in a liquid nutrient medium. Bottles of liquid culture are often placed in shakers in order to introduce oxygen to the liquid and maintaining the uniformity of the culture.
The term culture can also, though infrequently and informally, be used as a synonym for tissue culture, which involves the growth of cells or tissues explanted from a multi-cellular organism.
Bamberger rearrangement
The Bamberger rearrangement is the chemical reaction of N-phenylhydroxylamines with strong aqueous acid, which will rearrange to give 4-aminophenols. It is named for the German chemist Eugen Bamberger (18571932).
N-Phenylhydroxylamines are typically synthesized from nitrobenzenes by reduction using rhodium or zinc.

# Reaction mechanism
The mechanism of the Bamberger rearrangement proceeds from the monoprotonation of N-phenylhydroxylamine 1.  N-protonation 2 is favored, but unproductive.  O-protonation 3 can form the nitrenium ion 4, which can react with nucleophiles (H2O) to form the desired 4-aminophenol 5.
Battle Creek Sanitarium
The Battle Creek Sanitarium, in Battle Creek, Michigan, United States, first opened on September 5, 1866 as the Western Health Reform Institute, based on the health principles advocated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church. In 1876, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg became the superintendent, and his brother, W. K. Kellogg, worked as the book keeper. In 1878, a new structure was built on the site, but it burned down in 1902. The following year, it was rebuilt and enlarged.   In 1942, the United States Army bought the complex and converted the buildings into the Percy Jones Army Hospital for treating soldiers wounded in World War II.  The building was renamed the Hart-Dole-Inouye Federal Center in honor of three former U.S. Senators treated at the hospital: Philip Hart, Bob Dole, and Daniel Inouye.
The Battle Creek Sanitarium was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.
With over 400,000 guests, including 1800 staff members, the Sanitarium became a destination for both prominent and middle class American citizens. Celebrated American figures who visited the sanitarium (including Mary Todd Lincoln and Sojourner Truth) would influence and encourage enthusiasm for health and wellness among the general population. It was nicknamed "The San" by its clients and was a popular place for the rich to go for a health retreat and dieting.
At the sanitarium, Kellogg explored various treatments for his patients, including diet reform and frequent enemas. He encouraged a low fat, low protein diet with an emphasis on whole grains, fiber-rich foods, and most importantly, nuts. Kellogg also recommended a daily intake of fresh air, exercise, and the importance of hygiene. Many of the theories of John Harvey Kellogg were later published in his book, The Road to Wellness.
"The San" and Dr. J.H. Kellogg were lampooned in the 1993 novel The Road to Wellville and the 1994 film of the same name.
Baylis-Hillman reaction
The Baylis-Hillman reaction is an organic reaction of an aldehyde and an ,-unsaturated electron-withdrawing group catalyzed by DABCO (1,4-diazabicyclooctane) to give an allylic alcohol . This reaction is also known as the MoritaBaylisHillman reaction or MBH reaction . It is named for the Japanese chemist Ken-ichi Morita, and the German chemists Anthony B. Baylis and Melville E. D. Hillman.
In addition to DABCO, additional nucleophilic amines such as DMAP and DBU have been found to successfully catalyze this reaction.

# Reaction mechanism
The nucleophilic addition of DABCO 2 onto the ,-unsaturated ketone 1 gives a charged intermediate 3, which will add to the electrophilic aldehyde producing the keto-alcohol 4.  Elimination of the DABCO gives the desired allylic alcohol 5.
An alternative mechanism, based on extensive rate data, has been proposed for some aldehydes. 
A related reaction actually predating the Baylis-Hillman reaction utilising phosphines and not DABCO is the lesser known Rauhut-Currier reaction.

# Scope
The MBH reaction in general is any reaction of electron deficient alkenes and sp2 hybridized carbon electrophiles such as aldehydes, ketones and aldimines catalyzed by a nucleophile. Under special reaction conditions the reaction is also found to extend to alkyl halides as the electrophilic reagent . In this variation amine nucleophiles are unsuitable and trialkyl phosphines are used instead. Under the given reaction conditions these phosphines do not react directly with the alkyl halide. The added base in the second step of this reaction promotes the elimination reaction to the enone.
In the aza-Baylis-Hillman reaction the electrophile is an imine.

# Limitations
The MBH reaction of phenyl vinyl ketone with benzaldehyde and DABCO in DMF is not limited to the monoadduct because the MBH adduct reacts with a second molecule of phenyl vinyl ketone in a nucleophilic conjugate addition .
Beck Hopelessness Scale
The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) is a 20-item self-report inventory developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck that was designed to measure three major aspects of hopelessness; feelings about the future, loss of motivation, and expectations.  The test is designed for adults, age 17-80.

# Validity
The BHS moderately correlates with the Beck Depression Inventory, although research shows that the BDI is better suited for predicting suicidal ideation behavior. The internal reliability coefficients are reasonably high (Pearson r= .82 to .93 in seven norm groups), but the BHS test-retest reliability coefficients are modest (.69 after one week and .66 after six weeks).
Dowd  and Owenboth positively reviewed the effectiveness of the instrument, with Dowd concluding that the BHS was "a well-constructed and validated instrument, with adequate reliability."
Bedaquiline description

# Description
SIRTURO (bedaquiline) for oral administration is available as 100 mg strength tablets. Each tablet contains 120.89 mg of bedaquiline fumarate drug substance, which is equivalent to 100 mg of bedaquiline. Bedaquiline is a diarylquinoline antimycobacterial drug.
Bedaquiline fumarate is a white to almost white powder and is practically insoluble in aqueous media. The chemical name of bedaquiline fumarate is (1R, 2S)-1-(6-bromo-2-methoxy-3-quinolinyl)-4-(dimethylamino)-2-(1-naphthalenyl)-1-phenyl-2-butanol compound with fumaric acid (1:1). It has a molecular formula of C32H31BrN2O2C4H4O4 and a molecular weight of 671.58 (555.50 + 116.07). The molecular structure of bedaquiline fumarate is the following:
SIRTURO (bedaquiline) contains the following inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, corn starch, croscarmellose sodium, hypromellose 2910 15 mPa.s, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polysorbate 20, purified water (removed during processing).
Beer potomania overview

# Overview
Beer potomania is defined as the development of hyponatremia or low levels of salt in the bloodstream, as a result of excess beer intake coupled with poor nutritional intake. This is a syndrome of binge drinking, poor nutritional intake, and profound hyponatremia.

# Pathophysiology
The pathophysiological mechanism of beer potomania can be understood through an example. Imagine someone who binged on 4 liters of beer (which essentially means 4 liters of water) with ingestion of roughly 200 mosm that day. To place this in context, a normal American diet contains 750 mosm/day, and all of it is excreted in urine to maintain a steady state.  As a result of the ingestion of this large amount of beer (i.e.free water), the patient's anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) (the hormone that causes the kidney to reabsorb free water) secretion is at its minimum to allow the kidneys to excrete maximally dilute urine. Since the maximal dilution that can be attained is 50 mosm/L, the kidneys will excrete all the 200 mosm in the diet in 4 liters of urine (50mosm/L X 4L = 200 mosm). This will indeed maintain his sodium level. If this person in our example drinks his 5th liter of beer without taking any further osmoles, then he will become hyponatremic. This is beer potomania.

# Diagnosis

## Laboratory Findings
A value of Uosm < 100 mOsm/kg is indicative of a complete and appropriate suppression of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion, a finding seen with either primary polydipsia (including beer potomania) or reset osmostat.