Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Electroactive polymers
Electroactive Polymers or EAPs are polymers whose shape is modified when a voltage is applied to them.
They can be used as actuators or sensors. As actuators, they are characterized by the fact that they can undergo a large amount of deformation while sustaining large forces. Due to the similarities with biological tissues in terms of achievable stress and force, they are often called artificial muscles, and have the potential for application in the field of robotics, where large linear movement is often needed.
EAP can have several configurations, but are generally divided in two principal classes:
- Dielectric EAPs, in which actuation is caused by electrostatic forces between two electrodes which squeeze the polymer. This kind of EAP is characterized by a large actuation voltage (several thousand volts), but very low electrical power consumption. Dielectric EAPs require no power to keep the actuator at a given position. Examples are electrostrictive polymers and dielectric elastomers.
- Ionic EAPs, in which actuation is caused by the displacement of ions inside the polymer. Only a few volts are needed for actuation, but the ionic flow implies a higher electrical power needed for actuation, and energy are needed to keep the actuator at a given position. Examples of ionic EAPS are conductive polymers, ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs), and responsive gels. Yet another example is a Bucky gel actuator, which is a polymer-supported layer of polyelectrolyte material consisting of an ionic liquid sandwiched between two electrode layers consisting of a gel of ionic liquid containing single-wall carbon nanotubes. The name refers to bucky balls.
Eletriptan description

# Description
RELPAX (eletriptan hydrobromide) tablets contain eletriptan hydrobromide, which is a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine 1B/1D (5-HT1B/1D) receptor agonist. Eletriptan hydrobromide is chemically designated as (R)-3--5--1H-indole monohydrobromide, and it has the following chemical structure:
The empirical formula is C22H26N2O2S . HBr, representing a molecular weight of 462.43. Eletriptan hydrobromide is a white to light pale colored powder that is readily soluble in water.
Each RELPAX Tablet for oral administration contains 24.2 or 48.5 mg of eletriptan hydrobromide equivalent to 20 mg or 40 mg of eletriptan, respectively. Each tablet also contains the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose NF, lactose monohydrate NF, croscarmellose sodium NF, magnesium stearate NF, titanium dioxide USP, hypromellose, triacetin USP and FD&C Yellow No. 6 aluminum lake.
Elevated transaminases

# Overview
The presence of elevated transaminases can be an indicator of liver damage.
The biochemical hub of the body, the liver, has a variety of transaminases to synthesize and break down amino acids and to interconvert energy storage molecules. The concentrations of these in the serum (the non-cellular portion of blood) are normally low. However, if the liver is damaged, the hepatocyte cell membrane becomes more permeable and some of the enzymes leak out into the blood stream. The two transaminases commonly measured are alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST). These levels previously were called the serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and the serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT). Elevated levels are quite sensitive for liver injury, meaning that they are likely to be present if there is injury. However, they may also be elevated in other conditions. ALT is not commonly found outside the liver; AST too is most commonly found in the liver, but also in significant amounts in cardiac (heart) and skeletal muscle. In fact, measurement of these used to be part of diagnosing heart attacks, although newer enzymes and proteins that are more specific for cardiac damage have largely replaced this usage.
In general, any damage to the liver will cause medium elevations in these transaminases (usually called liver enzymes, though of course they are not the only enzymes in the liver). And diagnosis requires synthesis of many pieces of information, including the patient's history, physical examination, and possibly imaging or other laboratory examinations. However, very high elevations of the transaminases suggests severe liver damage, such as viral hepatitis, liver injury from lack of blood flow, or injury from drugs or toxins. Most disease processes cause ALT to rise higher than AST; AST levels double or triple that of ALT are consistent with alcoholic liver disease.

### Drug Side Effect
- Crizotinib
- Pegaspargase
- Ruxolitinib
- Zileuton
Endemic (epidemiology)
In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic (from Greek en- in or within + demos people) in a population when that infection is maintained in the population without the need for external inputs. For example, chickenpox is endemic (steady state) in the UK, but malaria is not. Every year, there are a few cases of malaria acquired in the UK, but these do not lead to sustained transmission in the population due to the lack of a suitable vector (mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles).
For an infection to be endemic, each person who becomes infected with the disease must pass it on to exactly one other person (on average). Assuming a completely susceptible population, that means that the basic reproduction number (R0) of the infection must equal 1. In a population with some immune individuals, the basic reproduction number multiplied by the proportion of susceptible individuals in the population (S) must be 1. This takes account of the probability of each individual who the disease may be transmitted to actually being susceptible to it, effectively discounting the immune sector of the population.
For the disease to be in an endemic steady state:
\ {R_0} \times {S} = {1} 
In this way, the infection neither dies out nor does the number of infected people increase exponentially but the infection is said to be in an endemic steady state. An infection that starts as an epidemic will eventually either die out (with the possibility of it resurging in a theoretically predictable cyclical manner) or reach the endemic steady state, depending on a number of factors, including the virulence of the disease and its mode of transmission.
If a disease is in endemic steady state in a population, the relation above allows us to estimate the R0 (an important parameter) of a particular infection. This in turn can be fed into the mathematical model of an epidemic.
It should be noted that while it might be common to say that AIDS is "endemic" in Africa, this is a use of the word in its colloquial form (meaning found in an area).  AIDS cases in Africa are still increasing, so the disease is not in an endemic steady state. It is more correct to call the spread of AIDS in Africa an epidemic.
Entecavir how supplied

# How Supplied
BARACLUDE (entecavir) Tablets and Oral Solution are available in the following strengths and configurations of plastic bottles with child-resistant closures:
BARACLUDE Oral Solution is a ready-to-use product; dilution or mixing with water or any other solvent or liquid product is not recommended. Each bottle of the oral solution is accompanied by a dosing spoon that is calibrated in 1 mL increments up to 10 mL .
Storage
BARACLUDE Tablets should be stored in a tightly closed container at 25 C (77 F); excursions permitted between 1530 C (5986 F) .
BARACLUDE Oral Solution should be stored in the outer carton at 25 C (77 F); excursions permitted between 1530 C (5986 F) . Protect from light. After opening, the oral solution can be used up to the expiration date on the bottle. The bottle and its contents should be discarded after the expiration date.
Enteric nervous system

# Overview
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a subdivision of the Peripheral Nervous System, that directly controls the gastrointestinal system. It is capable of autonomous functions such as the coordination of reflexes, although it receives considerable innervation from the autonomic nervous system and thus is often considered a part of it. Its study is the focus of neurogastroenterology. It has as many as one billion neurons, one hundredth of the number of neurons in the brain, and considerably more than the number of neurons in the spinal cord. It has become a colloquialism among university students to refer to this subdivision as the "Poo-Poo Brain".

# Layers
The neurons of the ENS are collected into two types of ganglia: myenteric (Auerbach's) and submucosal (Meissner's) plexuses. Myenteric plexuses are located between the inner and outer layers of the muscularis externa, while submucosal plexuses are located in the submucosa.

# Complexity
There are several reasons why the enteric nervous system may be regarded as a second brain.  The enteric nervous system can operate autonomously.  It normally communicates with the CNS through the parasympathetic (eg, via the vagus nerve) and sympathetic (eg, via the prevertebral ganglia) nervous systems.  However, vertebrate studies show that when the vagus nerve is severed, the enteric nervous system continues to function.
The complexity of the enteric nervous system is another reason for its status as  a second brain. In vertebrates the enteric nervous system  includes efferent neurons, afferent neurons, and interneurons, all of which make the enteric nervous system capable of carrying reflexes in the absence of CNS input.  The sensory neurons report on mechanical and chemical conditions.  Through intestinal muscles, the motor neurons control peristalsis and churning of intestinal contents.  Other neurons control the secretion of enzymes.  The enteric nervous system also makes use of the same neurotransmitters as the CNS, such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. The enteric nervous system has the capacity to alter its response depending on such factors as bulk and nutrient composition.
Enterobacter aerogenes
Enterobacter aerogenes is a Gram-negative, oxidase negative, catalase positive, rod-shaped bacterium.
E. aerogenes is a nosocomial pathogen that causes opportunistic skin and tissue infections.  Some strains can become very treatment resistant, a result of their colonization within hospital environments.
Most of the infections caused by E. aerogenes result from specific antibiotic treatments, venous catheter insertions, and/or surgical procedures.  E. aerogenes is generally found in the human intestinal tract and does not generally cause disease in healthy individuals.  It has been found to live in various wastes, hygenic chemicals, and soil.  The bacterium also has some commercial significance - the hydrogen gas produced during fermentation has been experimented with in the production of molasses.
One possible identification code generated by testing E. aerogenes using an API strip is 5 305 773.

# Antibiotic Regimen
- Enterobacter species including E. aerogenes and E. cloacae
- 1. Empiric antimicrobial therapy pending in vitro susceptibility
- 1.1 Nonlife-threatening infections or MDR-GNB prevalence < 20%
- Preferred regimen: Piperacillin-Tazobactam 3.375 g IV q6h  Aminoglycosides
- Alternative regimen: Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q812h
- 1.2 Life-threatening infections or MDR-GNB prevalence > 20%
- Preferred regimen: Meropenem 0.51 g IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (1): Colistin AND Meropenem 0.51 g IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (2): Colistin AND Imipenem 500 mg IV q6h
- Alternative regimen (3): Colistin AND Doripenem 500 mg IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (4): Colistin AND Ertapenem 1 g IV q24h
- Alternative regimen (5): Colistin AND Fosfomycin 6 g IV q6h
- 2. In vitro susceptibility available
- 2.1 Susceptible to all tested agents
- Preferred regimen: Piperacillin-Tazobactam 3.375 g IV q6h
- Alternative regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q812h
- Alternative regimen (2): Cefepime 2 g IV q8h (if MIC  1 g/mL)
- 2.2 Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacter spp.
- Preferred regimen: Meropenem 0.51 g IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (1): Imipenem 500 mg IV q6h
- Alternative regimen (2): Doripenem 500 mg IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (3): Ertapenem 1 g IV q24h
- Alternative regimen (4): Cefepime 2 g IV q8h (if MIC  1 g/mL)
- 2.3 Resistant to all tested agents
- Preferred regimen: Colistin AND Meropenem 0.51 g IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (1): Colistin AND Imipenem 500 mg IV q6h
- Alternative regimen (2): Colistin AND Doripenem 500 mg IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (3): Colistin AND Ertapenem 1 g IV q24h
- Alternative regimen (4): Colistin AND Minocycline 100 mg IV q12h
Enterobacter sakazakii
Enterobacter sakazakii is a Gram-negative rod-shaped pathogenic bacterium of the genus Enterobacter. It is a rare cause of invasive infection with historically high case fatality rates (4080%) in infants.
It can cause  bacteraemia, meningitis and necrotising enterocolitis. E. sakazakii infection has been associated with the use of infant formula.

# Taxonomy
E. sakazakii was defined as a new species in 1980 by Farmer et al. 1980. DNA-DNA hybridization showed that E. sakazakii was 5354% related to species in two different genera, Enterobacter and Citrobacter. However diverse biogroups  were described and Farmer et al. suggested that these may represent different species .
In 2007, a group of researchers clarified the taxonomic relationship E. sakazakii strains using f-AFLP, automated ribotyping, full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing and DNA-DNA hybridization.  This resulted in the proposal of an alternative classification of of E. sakazakii as a new genus, Cronobacter, comprising five species 

# Gallery
- Xylose-lysine-deoxycholate (XLD) agar culture plate that had been inoculated with Enterobacter sakazakii 24hrs. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- SBA inoculated with Enterobacter sakazakii 24hrs. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Plate culture of Enterobacter sakazakii performed during an antibiogram study. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Trypticase soy agar plate culture of Enterobacter sakazakii showing wrinkled colonies 72hrs. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).
The heart in leukemias

# Histopathological Findings
Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission  PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology
- HEART: Abscess: Micro PAS high mag pseudohyphae of Candida. A leukemia case
- HEART: Abscess: Micro H&E high mag abscess due to Candida with marked muscle necrosis. A leukemia case
- HEART: Eosinophilic Endomyocarditis: Gross natural color extensive thrombi in patient with eosinophilic leukemia
- HEART: Abscesses Candida: Gross natural color excellent depiction myocardial abscesses Candida tropicalis in 51yo man with acute monocytic leukemia
- HEART: Abscesses Candida: Gross natural color excellent example three horizontal sections myocardium with obvious abscesses Candida tropicalis in 51yo man with acute monocytic leukemia.
- HEART: Candida Abscesses: Gross natural color horizontal slices of ventricle with typical bulls-eye lesions case of acute monocytic leukemia (abscess caused by Candida tropicalis)
- HEART: Candida Abscesses: Gross natural color close-up view of one horizontal ventricular section typical bulls-eye lesions case of acute monocytic leukemia (abscess caused by Candida tropicalis)
- HEART: Note the biventricular, predominantly subepicardial diffuse infiltrates. The patient was a 45-year-old man with acute myelogenous leukemia who died with disseminated disease.
Epizootic lymphangitis
Epizootic lymphangitis is a contagious lymphangitis disease of horses and mules caused by caused by the fungus Histoplasma farciminosum. Cattle are also susceptible, but more resistant to the disease than equids.
See also Glanders and Equine Lymphangitis.

# Classification
In the UK it is a notifiable disease; the OIE classify it as a List B Disease. These are diseases on "the List of transmissible diseases which are considered to be of socio-economic and/or public health importance within countries and which are significant in the international trade of animals and animal products". Reports of these diseases are normally submitted once a year.

# Symptoms
Epizootic Lymphangitis usually presents with the following symptoms:
- Skin eruption, usually on legs, occasionally head or neck, rarely other body parts.
- The lymph vessels in the skin stand out prominently, and small hard nodules approximately 1cm (1/2") in diameter appear on their course.
- The nodules suppurate forming abscesses and discharge a thick yellow pus. Proud flesh grows from the wounds, the lymph vessels around being inflamed, and the eruption gradually extends.
- The neighbouring glands are swollen and hard. The ulcers heal with difficulty, even under treatment, and they may break out again after an apparent cure had been effected.

# Diagnosis
This disease is distinguished from glanders/farcy by the presence of the Histoplasma organisms in the pus, and failure of the mallein test to produce a reaction. Both Glanders and epizootic lymphangitis may be present in the same animal. Serology can be used to assist diagnosis.

# Control
Control of the disease is usually through elimination of the infection. This is achieved by culling infected horses and application of strict hygiene practices to prevent spread of the organism.
Vaccination has been utilised on a limited scale in areas where enzootic lymphangitis is endemic, e.g. Iraq, but is not authorised for widespread use.
Equivalent (chemistry)
The equivalent (Eq or eq) is a reasonably common measurement unit used in chemistry and the biological sciences. It is a measure of a substance's ability to combine with other substances. It is frequently used in the context of normality.
The equivalent is formally defined as the amount of a substance (moles) which will react with 6.022 x 1023 electrons. (This is Avogadro's Number, which is the number of particles in a mole).
Another, slightly less precise, definition describes the equivalent as the number of grams of a substance that will react with a gram of free hydrogen. (This is practically true, since a gram of hydrogen is very close to a mole of hydrogen, and free hydrogen has one spare electron; hence one gram of hydrogen is effectively equivalent to 6.022 x 1023 electrons.)
Hence, the amount of a given substance in equivalents is equal to the amount of the substance in moles multiplied by the valence of the substance.
Note that the equivalent weight is the mass of one equivalent of a substance.
In practice, the amount of a substance in equivalents often has a very small magnitude, so it is frequently described in terms of milliequivalents (mEq or meq) -- the prefix milli denoting that the measure is divided by 1000. Very often, the measure is used in terms of milliequivalents of solute per litre of solvent (or milliNormal) ( (mEq/l = mN). This is especially common for measurement of compounds in biological fluids; for instance, the healthy level of potassium in the blood of a human is defined between 3.5 and 5.0 mEq/l.
Equivalents have advantage over moles in quantitative analysis of reactions. The best feature of using equivalents is that there is no need to study much about the nature of reaction, i.e. no need to analyse and balance chemical equations. Equivalents of reactants react in equal numbers to yield the equal equivalents of products.

# Conversion guide
- For monovalent ions, 1 equivalent = 1 mole
- For divalent ions, 1 Eq = 0.5 mol
- For trivalent ions, 1 Eq = 0.333 mol

# Use in biochemistry and medicine
The composition of drug preparations, such as intravenous fluids, is usually stated in mmol/Litre rather than mEq/Litre. This is conceptually easier because the molarity refers to the number of dissolved particles, not the number of available charges. This simplifies understanding the composition of physiological solutions which contain the divalent ions Mg2+ and Ca2+.
Eritrityl tetranitrate

# Overview
Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) is an explosive compound chemically similar to PETN. It is however thought to be 1/3 more sensitive to friction and impact. ETN is not well known, but in recent years has been used by amateur experimenters to replace PETN in improvised detonation cord or in boosters to initiate larger, less sensitive explosive charges. Due to the availability of erythritol as a natural sweetener and its relative ease of production in relation to PETN, ETN is a favoured homemade explosive compound to the amateur experimenter.
Like many nitric esters, ETN acts as a vasodilator, and was the active ingredient in the original "sustained release"  tablets, made under a process patent in the early 50s, called "nitroglyn". Ingesting ETN or prolonged skin contact can lead to absorption and what is known as a "nitro headache".

# Properties
ETN has a relatively high velocity of detonation of 80008100 m/s at a density of 1.6 g/cm3. It is white in color and odorless. ETN is commonly cast into mixtures with other high explosives. It is somewhat sensitive to shock and friction, so care should be taken while handling. ETN dissolves readily in acetone and other ketone solvents.
Much like PETN, ETN is known for having a very long shelf life. Studies that directly observed the crystalline structure saw no signs of decomposition after four years of storage at room temperature.

# Oxygen balance
One quality this explosive has, that PETN does not, is a positive oxygen balance. Having a positive oxygen balance means that ETN possesses more than enough oxygen in its structure to fully oxidize all of its carbon and hydrogen upon detonation. This can be seen in the equation below.
Whereas PETN decomposes to:
The carbon monoxide (CO) still requires oxygen to complete oxidation to carbon dioxide (CO2).
Thus for every mole of ETN that decomposes, 1/2 free mole of O2 is released. This could be used to oxidize an added metal dust or an oxygen deficient explosive such as TNT or PETN.

# Manufacture
Like other nitrated polyols, ETN is made by nitrating erythritol through the mixing of concentrated sulfuric acid and a nitrate salt. Ammonium nitrate is commonly used for this type of reaction. The erythritol is added to the mixture to begin its nitration. Much better yields can be obtained by using concentrated nitric acid in place of the nitrate salt, in which case the sulfuric acid is used simply to absorb water and act as a catalyst from the resulting esterification, driving the reaction.
Ethyl methanesulfonate

# Overview
Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is a mutagenic, teratogenic, and possibly carcinogenic organic compound with formula Template:Carbon3Template:Hydrogen8Template:Oxygen3Template:Sulfur.  It produces random mutations in genetic material by nucleotide substitution; specifically by guanine alkylation.  This typically produces only point mutations.  It can induce mutations at a rate of 5x10-4 to 5x10-2 per gene without substantial killing.  The ethyl group of EMS reacts with guanine in DNA, forming the abnormal base O-6-ethylguanine. During DNA replication, DNA polymerases that catalyze the process frequently place thymine, instead of cytosine, opposite O-6-ethylguanine. Following subsequent rounds of replication, the original G:C base pair can become an A:T pair. This changes the genetic information, is often harmful to cells, and can result in disease. Many mutagens cause a wide variety of cancers in humans.
EMS is often used in genetics as a mutagen. Mutations induced by EMS can then be studied in genetic screens or other assays.

# Popular culture
In the 1982 movie Blade Runner, replicant Roy Batty asks Dr. Eldon Tyrell about the
possibility of extending his preprogrammed lifespan by changing his genetic code with "EMS recombination". He is informed that ethyl methanesulfonate is a potent mutagen and that a test subject was "dead before he left the table."