Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Anaerobic organism

# Overview
An anaerobic organism is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth and even dies in its presence.
- Obligate anaerobes will die when exposed to atmospheric levels of oxygen.
- Facultative anaerobes can use oxygen when it is present.
- Aerotolerant organisms can survive in the presence of oxygen, but they are anaerobic because they do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor.
Microaerophiles are organisms that may use oxygen, but only at low concentrations (low micromolar range); their growth is inhibited by normal oxygen concentrations (approximately 200 micromolar). Nanaerobes are organisms that cannot grow in the presence of micromolar concentrations of oxygen, but can grow with and benefit from nanomolar concentrations of oxygen.
Obligate anaerobes may use fermentation or anaerobic respiration. In the presence of oxygen, facultative anaerobes use aerobic respiration; without oxygen some of them ferment, some use anaerobic respiration. Aerotolerant organisms are strictly fermentative. Microaerophiles carry out aerobic respiration, and some of them can also do anaerobic respiration.
There are many chemical equations for anaerobic fermentative reactions.
Fermentative anaerobic organisms mostly use the lactic acid fermentation pathway:
The energy released in this equation is approximately 150 kJ per mol, which is conserved in regenerating two ATP from ADP per glucose. This is only 5% of the energy per sugar molecule that the typical aerobic reaction generates.
Plants and fungi (e.g., yeasts) generally use alcohol (ethanol) fermentation when oxygen becomes limiting:
The energy released is about 180 kJ per mol, which is conserved in regenerating two ATP from ADP per glucose.
Anaerobic bacteria and archaea use these and many other fermentative pathways, e.g., propionic acid fermentation, butyric acid fermentation, solvent fermentation, mixed acid fermentation, butanediol fermentation, Stickland fermentation, acetogenesis or methanogenesis.
Some anaerobic bacteria produce toxins (e.g., tetanus or botulinum toxins) that are highly dangerous to higher organisms, including humans.
Obligate (strict) anaerobes die in presence of oxygen due to the absence of the enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase which would convert the lethal superoxide formed in their cells due to the presence of oxygen.
Anagallis arvensis
The Scarlet pimpernel (Red pimpernel, Red chickweed, Poor man's barometer, Shepherd's weather glass, or Shepherd's clock; Anagallis arvensis) is a low-growing, annual plant in the family Myrsinaceae, growing in Europe, Asia and North America.
The barometer (weather glass) common names have their origin in the fact that the flowers close when atmospheric pressure decreases and bad weather is approaching.
This common European plant is generally considered a weed and is an indicator of light soils.
The stems are about 45 cm long and generally prostrate. The bright green ovate sessile leaves grow opposite. The small orange flowers grow in the leaf axils from spring till autumn. The petal margin is somewhat crenate.
The subspecies Anagallis arvensis ssp. foemina has bright, deep blue flowers. Many botanist consider it a species on its own, namely Anagallis foemina.
It is most noted for being the emblem of the fictional hero The Scarlet Pimpernel.
In the film "Tenacious D in: The Pick of Destiny," "I'll make him squeal like my scarlet pimpernel" is a euphemism the devil uses for raping Kyle.  It is rhymed with "I'm gonna fill him with my hot demon gel."
Hypochromic anemia

# Overview
Hypochromic anemia is a form of anemia characterized by a disproportionate reduction of red cell hemoglobin in proportion to the volume of the erythrocyte and an increased area of central pallor in the red cells.

# Acquired forms
Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs such as Meropenem, and lead poisoning. One acquired form of anemia is also known as Faber's syndrome. It may also occur from severe stomach or intestinal bleeding caused by ulcers or medications such as aspirin.

# Hereditary forms
It can also occur in certain forms of congenital developmental disorders, like Benjamin syndrome.

# Differentiating Hypochromic Anemia from Other Diseases
To review the differential diagnosis of anemia, click here.
Animal geographies
Animal Geographies is an area of study in geography, studying the spaces and places occupied by animals in human culture.
An interest in animal geographies emerged in human geography in the mid 1990s. This was marked by a special edition of the journal Environment and Planning D: Society and Space  in 1995 and a book by Jennifer Wolch and Jody Emel called Animal Geographies: place, politics and identity in the nature-culture borderlands published in 1998.
This movement was prompted by the basic fact that social life and space is heavily populated by animals of many differing kinds and in many differing ways (e.g. farm animals, pets, wild animals in the city). It was also prompted by ecofeminist and other environmentalist viewpoints on nature-society relations (including questions of animal welfare and rights).
This sub-discipline within human geography quickly developed, another landmark being the book Animal Spaces, Beastly Places: New Geographies of Human-Animal Relations.
Papers regularly come out in a number of geographical journals and in journals such as Animals and Society.
Animal geographies is now part of a wider idea of non-human geographies which pays close attention not only to animals but all the things, living and non-living, that help to make up the everyday social world and its spaces and places.
Anthemis tinctoria
Anthemis tinctoria, or Golden Marguerite and Yellow Chamomile,  is a species in the genus Anthemis of the Sunflower family (Asteraceae).
This popular flower has several common names : Golden Marguerite, Marguerite Daisy, Dyer's Chamomile, Ox-eye Chamomile, Boston Daisies, Paris Daisies.
It is a short-lived biennal, occurring in the Mediterranean and western Asia. It has aromatic, bright green, feathery foliage. The serrate leaves are bi-pinnatifid (= finely divided) and downy beneath. It grows to a height of 60 cm.
It has yellow daisy-like terminal flowers on long thin angular stems, blooming in profusion during the summer.
It has no culinary or commercial uses and only limited medicinal uses. However, it produces an excellent yellow, buff and golden-orange dye, used in the past for fabrics.
de:Farberkamille
nl:Gele kamille
fi:Keltasauramo
sv:Fargkulla
User:Anthony Gallo

# Anthony Gallo, B.S.
Anthony Gallo, B.S.
Email: galloa53@rowan.edu

# Current Position
Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Student: Class of 2022

# Past Positions
Undergraduate Research Student, PERFUSE Study Group
Project Manager - Microchapter Template Project
Project Manager - Stanford Medical Resident Project

# Professional Background
Anthony Gallo is a medical student at Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine. He has served as Chair of the Medical Society of New Jersey and is a member of the Gold Humanism Honor Society. Anthony is excited to pursue a career in internal medicine; he hopes to pursue a fellowship following residency.
Previously, he was an undergraduate research student at the PERFUSE Study Group at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. He graduated from Boston College in Chestnut Hill, MA with a bachelor of science degree in Biology; he was also a member in the College of Arts and Sciences Honors Program. Anthony is an associate editor-in-chief at WikiDoc.org where he authors content in infectious disease. He has also trained new domestic and international postdoctoral fellows.

# Education
- 2013- Diploma. Don Bosco Preparatory High School. Ramsey, New Jersey
- 2017- Biology, B.S., Honors Program. Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
- 2022- Doctorate of Osteopathic Medicine. Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, New Jersey

# Pages Authored
- Mediastinitis
- Rheumatic fever
- Epidural abscess
- Subdural empyema
- Herpes simplex encephalitis
- VZV encephalitis
- California encephalitis virus
- La Crosse encephalitis
- Eastern equine encephalitis
- Western equine encephalitis
- Venezuelan equine encephalitis
- Japanese encephalitis
- St. Louis encephalitis
- Viral encephalitis
- Laryngitis

# Pages Edited
Anthony has edited pages within:
- Infectious disease
- Hematology
- Oncology
- Ophthalmology
- Pulmonology
Editing duties included rewriting content, reformatting pages, and rearranging chapters to meet current standards.
Trichlormethiazide

# Overview
Trichlormethiazide (currently being sold under the brand names of Achletin, Diu-Hydrin and Triflumen) is a diuretic with properties similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. It is usually administered for the treatment of oedema (including that which is associated with heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis and corticosteroid therapy) and hypertension.

# Pharmacology
As a diuretic (in particular a thiazide), Trichlormethiazide encourages water loss from the body. Trichlormethiazide works by inhibiting Na+/Cl- ion reabsorption from the distal tubules of the kidneys. In addition, Trichlormethiazide increases the excretion of potassium.

# Mechanism
Trichlormethiazide appears to block the active reabsorption of chloride and possibly sodium in the ascending loop of Henle. This results in excretion of sodium, chloride and water, and thus acts as a diuretic. Although Trichlormethiazide is used to treat hypertension, it's hypotensive effects may aren't necessarily due to their role as a diuretic. Thiazides in general cause vasodilation by activating calcium-activated potassium channels in vascular smooth muscles and inhibiting various carbonic anhydrases in vascular tissue.
Aquagenic pruritus
Aquagenic pruritus is a skin disease characterized by the development of severe, prickling-like epidermal itching that is without observable skin lesions and that is evoked by contact with water at any temperature.
Symptoms can be felt immediately after contact with water or humid air and can persist for an hour or longer. Other triggers may be sweat or blowing air.
The disease seems to appear equally in both genders regardless of age.  Aquagenic pruritus is sometimes a symptom of Primary Polycythemia or Polycythemia Vera.
This disease is not to be taken lightly since the intensity of the itch impedes normal activities, limits bathing, and very commonly leads to severe depression.

# Etymology
The name is derived from Latin: Aquagenic, meaning water-induced, and Pruritus, meaning itch.

# Treatment
Treatments can include applying capsaicin cream on the affected areas, and Ultraviolet-B Phototherapy. Some people utilize tanning beds to accomplish such treatment, but skin cancer can become a concern for frequent tanning.
Since pruritus is sometimes believed to be a result of histamine, H1 and H2 blockers such as Claritin or Cimetidine may be helpful.
The symptoms may recur after each water exposure for years. Many sufferers now control the itch by turning the shower water to hot for the last 5 minutes, and/or using heatpads or hairdryers on their skin immediately after showering.  The use of cotton clothes and bedding can prevent itch or provide relief to some sufferers.
Aquilegia vulgaris
Aquilegia vulgaris is a species of Aquilegia native to Europe. It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1.2 m tall, with branched, thinly hairy stems. The leaves are pinnate, with the basal leaflets themselves trifoliate.

# Folklore
To traditional herbalists columbine was considered sacred to Venus; carrying a posy of it could arouse the affections of a loved one. Nicholas Culpeper recommended it to ease the pains of childbirth. In modern herbal medicine it is used as an astringent and diuretic.
- Plants growing in natural habitat
Plants growing in natural habitat
- Close-up of flowers
Close-up of flowers

# references
-   Howard, Michael. Traditional Herbal Remedies (Century, 1987), p.124
de:Gemeine AkeleiTemplate:Link FA
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sv:Akleja
Arcuate fasciculus

# Overview
The arcuate fasciculus (Latin, curved bundle) is the neural pathway connecting the posterior part of the temporoparietal junction with the frontal cortex in the brain and is now considered as part of the Superior longitudinal fasciculus.

# Function
In the cerebral hemisphere specialised for language, this pathway is thought to connect Broca's area to Wernicke's area.
It is thought to connect areas of the brain involved in the generation and understanding of language.

# Pathology
Damage to this pathway can cause a form of aphasia known as conduction aphasia, where auditory comprehension and speech articulation are preserved, but people find it difficult to repeat heard speech.
Argentina anserina
Argentina anserina, commonly known as Silverweed, is a flowering perennial plant in the rose family Rosaceae. It is native throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere, often on river shores and in grassy habitats such as meadows and road-sides. The plant was formerly classified in the genus Potentilla but has recently been reclassified into the new genus Argentina.
Silverweed is a low-growing herbaceous plant with creeping red stolons up to 80 cm long. The leaves are 10-20 cm long, evenly pinnate into in crenate leaflets 2-5 cm long and 1-2 cm broad, covered with silky white hairs, particularly on the underside. These hairs are also present on the stem and the stolons. These give the leaves the silvery appearance from which the plant gets its name.
The flowers are produced singly on 5-15 cm long stems, 1.5-2.5 cm diameter with five (rarely up to seven) yellow petals. The fruit is a cluster of dry achenes.
It is difficult to distinguish A. anserina from A. egedii (the only other species in the genus), the two taxa only differing in characters of the hairs; some botanists treat A. egedii as a subspecies of A. anserina.
Silverweed is most often found in sandy or gravelly soils, where it may spread rapidly by its prolific rooting stolons. It typically occurs in inland habitats, unlike A. egedii, which is a salt-tolerant coastal saltmarsh plant.

# Cultivation and uses
Herbal tea from the underground roots is used to help delivery, and as antispasmodic for diarrhea. The plant was also put in shoes to absorb sweat. Howard (1987) states that it was formerly used as a treatment for epilepsy, and that it could ward off witches and evil spirits.
The plant has been cultivated as a food crop for its edible roots. The usual wild forms, however, are impractical for this use, as they are small and are hard to clean. It may also become a problem weed in gardens.

# Etymology and folklore
The pre-Linnaean name anserina means "of the goose" (Anser), either because the plant was used to feed them or because the leaves reminded of the bird's footmarks.
A rich folklore has developed around Silverweed. The plant bears the common name of richette in French, being rich through both silver and gold.
Arrectores pilorum
Erectores pilorum (singular Erector pili) are tiny muscle fibers attached to each hair follicle, which contract to make the hairs stand on end, causing goose bumps. They exist in most mammals including humans.
Erectores pilorum are smooth muscle, not skeletal muscle, which explains why humans cannot voluntarily give themselves goose bumps. In other animals with more hair than humans, they serve an important function  they raise the hairs so air gets trapped between them, providing a layer of insulation to keep the animal warm. Some animals also contract their erectores pilorum when they are cornered, in order to appear larger and more threatening. A prominent example of this function is the porcupine which uses erectores pilorum to raise its quills when threatened. Although humans' erectores pilorum also contract in response to cold or arousal, they are vestigial because humans do not have enough hair to make them effective.
The erectores pilorum are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system which is in general responsible for many fight-or-flight responses.

# Additional images
- Cross-section of all skin layers.
Arsenic tribromide

# Overview
Arsenic tribromide is the chemical compound with the formula AsBr3.  This pyramidal molecule is the only known binary arsenic bromide.  It forms by the direct reaction of bromine and arsenic.  AsBr3 is noteworthy for its very high refractive index of approximately 2.3. It also has a very high diamagnetic susceptibility.

# Bromides of arsenic
AsBr5 is not known, although the corresponding phosphorus compound PBr5 is known.  AsBr3 is the parent for a series of hypervalent anionic bromoarsenates including 2, 3, and 3.
Organoarsenic bromides, (CH3)2AsBr and  (CH3)AsBr2 are formed efficiently by the copper-catalyzed reaction of methyl bromide with hot arsenic metal.  This synthesis is similar to the direct process used for the synthesis of methyl chlorosilanes.
Arterial stiffness
Arteries stiffen as a consequence of age and atherosclerosis. The two leading causes of death in the developed world, myocardial infarction and stroke, are both a direct consequence of atherosclerosis.  Increased arterial stiffness is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. The World Health Organisation predicts that by 2010 cardiovascular disease will also be the leading killer in the developing world and represents a major global health problem.
Once considered by the ancient Greeks as inert conduits within which air flowed, William Harvey is generally credited with being the first to describe the circulation of the blood through arteries.  When the heart contracts it generates a pulse or energy wave that travels through the circulation. The speed of travel of this pulse wave (pulse wave velocity or PWV) is related to the stiffness of the arteries. Other terms that are used to described the mechanical properties of arteries include elastance, or the reciprocal (inverse) of elastance, compliance. The relationship between arterial stiffness and pulse wave velocity was first predicted by Thomas Young in his Croonian Lecture of 1808 (Young T: On the function of the heart and arteries: The Croonian lecture. Phil Trans Roy Soc 1809;99:l-31), but is generally described by the Moens-Korteweg equation (Nichols WW, O'Rourke MF. Vascular impedance. In: McDonald's Blood Flow in Arteries: Theoretical, Experimental and Clinical Principles. 4th ed. London, UK: Edward Arnold; 1998:5497, 243283, 347395.) or the Bramwell-Hill equation (Bramwell JC, Hill AV. The velocity of the pulse wave in man. Proc R Soc Lond (Biol) 1922;93:298-306).Typical values of PWV in the aorta range from approximately 5m/s to >15m/s.
Measurement of aortic PWV provides some of the strongest evidence concerning the prognostic significance of large artery stiffening. Increased aortic PWV has been shown to predict cardiovascular, and in some cases all cause, mortality in individuals with end stage renal failure (Blacher et al.,Circulation. 1999; 99: 24342439), hypertension (Laurent et al., Hypertension. 2001; 37: 12361241), diabetes mellitus (Cruickshank et al., Circulation. 2002; 106: 20852090) and in the general population (Mattace-Raso et al. Circulation. 2006;113:657-663, Hansen et al., Circulation. 2006;113:664-670.). However, at present, the role of measurement of PWV as a general clinical tool remains to be established.
Asterion (anatomy)
In human anatomy, the asterion is a visible, so-called craniometric, point on the exposed skull, just behind the ear, where three cranial sutures meet: the lambdoid, parieto-mastoid, and occipito-mastoid sutures.
In the adult, it lies 4 cm behind and 12 mm above the center of the entrance to the ear canal.
Neurosurgeons use this point to orientate themselves, in order to plan safe entry into the skull for some operations.
Some surgeons call it the "Mercedes point", for its resemblance to the Mercedes-Benz logo.
Ataxic respiration

# Overview
Ataxic respiration is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by complete irregularity of breathing, with irregular pauses and increasing periods of apnea. As the breathing pattern deteriorates, it merges with agonal respirations.
It is caused by damage to the medulla oblongata due to strokes or trauma. It generally indicates a poor prognosis, and usually progresses to complete apnea.
The term is sometimes used interchangeably with Biot's Respirations, but technically, Biot's respirations refers to groups of similar-sized breaths alternating with regular periods of apnea.
Interatrial septum

# Overview
The interatrial septum is the wall of tissue that separates the right and left atria of the heart.

# Development
The interatrial septum forms during the first and second months of fetal development. Formation of the septum occurs in several stages. The first is the development of the septum primum, a crescent-shaped piece of tissue forming the initial divider between the right and left atria. Because of its crescent shape, the septum primum does not fully occlude the space between left atria and right atria; the opening that remains is called the ostium primum. During fetal development, this opening allows blood to be shunted from the right atrium to the left.
As the septum primum grows, the ostium primum progressively narrows. Before the ostium primum is completely occluded, a second opening called the ostium secundum begins to form in the septum primum. The ostium secundum allows continued shunting of blood from the right atrium to the left.
To the right of the septum primum, the septum secundum begins to form. This thick, muscular structure initially takes on the same crescent shape as the septum primum, except that it originates anteriorly, whereas the septum primum originates posteriorly. As the septum secundum grows, it leaves a small opening called the foramen ovale. The foramen ovale is continuous with the ostium secundum, again providing for continued shunting of blood.
The ostium secundum progressively enlarges and the size of the septum primum diminishes. Eventually, the septum primum is nothing more than a small flap that covers the foramen ovale on its left side. This flap of tissue is called the valve of the foramen ovale. It opens and closes in response to pressure gradients between the left and right atria. When the pressure is greater in the right atrium, the valve opens; when the pressure is greater in the left atrium, the valve closes. Because the lungs are nonfunctional in fetal life, pressure in the pulmonary circulation is greater than that of the systemic circulation. Consequently, the right atrium is generally under higher pressures than the left atrium, and the valve of the foramen ovale is normally open.
At birth, there is a reversal in the pressure gradient between the atria, resulting in functional closure of the valve of the foramen ovale. Permanent anatomical closure of the foramen ovale occurs with time in normal infants. Inappropriate closure of the foramen ovale results in patent foramen ovale.

# Disorders
- Atrial septal defect is a relatively common heart malformation that occurs when the interatrial septum fails to develop properly.