Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Invertebrate trachea
Many terrestrial arthropods have evolved a closed respiratory system composed of spiracles, tracheae, and tracheoles to transport metabolic gasses to and from tissue. Some terrestrial woodlice have evolved pseudotrachea, a system which is also called corpus alatum, and is made up of air tubes that delivers oxygen to their hemolymph; a similar system has been found in some caterpillars. The distribution of spiracles can vary greatly among the many orders of insects, but in general each segment of the body can have no more than one pair of spiracles, each of which connects to an atrium and has a relatively large tracheal tube behind it. The tracheae are invaginations of the cuticular exoskeleton that branch (anastomose) throughout the body with diameters from only a few micrometers up to 0.8mm.  The smallest tubes, tracheoles, penetrate cells and serve as sites of diffusion for water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.  Gas may be conducted through the respiratory system by  means of active ventilation or passive diffusion. Unlike vertebrates, insects do not generally carry oxygen in their hemolymph; this is one of the factors that may limit their size.
A tracheal tube may contain ridge-like circumferential rings of taenidia in various geometries such as loops or helices.
In the head, thorax, or abdomen, tracheae may also be connected to air sacs. Many insects, such as grasshoppers and bees, which actively pump the air sacs in their abdomen, are able to control the flow of air through their body. In some aquatic insects, the tracheae exchange gas through the body wall directly, in the form of a gill. Note that despite being internal, the tracheae of arthropods are shed during moulting (ecdysis).
Iodine heptafluoride
Iodine heptafluoride, also known as iodine(VII) fluoride or even iodine fluoride, is the compound IF7  .  It has an unusual pentagonal bipyramidal structure, as predicted by VSEPR theory. The molecule can undergo a pseudorotational rearangment like the Berry mechanism but for a hepta coordinated system.  
It forms colorless crystals, which melt at 4.5C: the liquid range is extremely narrow, with the boiling point at 4.77C. The dense vapor has a moldy, acrid odor.

# Preparation
IF7 is prepared by passing F2 through liquid IF5 at 90 C, then heating the vapors to 270 C.  Alternately, this compound can be prepared from fluorine and dried PdI2 or KI to minimize the formation of IOF5, an impurity arising by hydrolysis.

# Safety considerations
IF7 is highly irritating to both the skin and the mucous membranes.
Iodine pentafluoride
Iodine pentafluoride, IF5, is a fluoride of iodine.  It is a colourless or yellow liquid with a density of 3250 kg m3. It was first synthesized by Henri Moissan in 1891 by burning solid iodine in fluorine gas. This exothermic reaction is still used to produce iodine pentafluoride, although the reaction conditions have been improved.
I2 + 5 F2  2 IF5

# Chemistry
Iodine pentafluoride is a strong fluorination agent and is highly oxidative. It reacts vigorously with water forming hydrofluoric acid.
Primary amines react with iodine pentafluoride forming nitriles after hydrolysis with water.
R-CH2-NH2  R-CN
Isotopes of chlorine
Chlorine (Cl) has isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 32 g mol1 to 40 g mol1. There are two principal stable isotopes, 35Cl (75.77%) and 37Cl (24.23%), found in the relative proportions of 3:1 respectively, giving chlorine atoms in bulk an apparent atomic weight of 35.5.
Standard atomic mass: 35.453(2) u

# Chlorine-36 (36Cl)
Trace amounts of radioactive 36Cl exist in the environment, in a ratio of about 7x1013 to 1 with stable isotopes. 36Cl is produced in the atmosphere by spallation of 36Ar by interactions with cosmic ray protons. In the subsurface environment, 36Cl is generated primarily as a result of neutron capture by 35Cl or muon capture by 40Ca. 36Cl decays to 36S and to 36Ar, with a combined half-life of 308,000 years. The half-life of this hydrophilic nonreactive isotope makes it suitable for geologic dating in the range of 60,000 to 1 million years. Additionally, large amounts of 36Cl were produced by irradiation of seawater during atmospheric detonations of nuclear weapons between 1952 and 1958. The residence time of 36Cl in the atmosphere is about 1 week. Thus, as an event marker of 1950s water in soil and ground water, 36Cl is also useful for dating waters less than 50 years before the present. 36Cl has seen use in other areas of the geological sciences, including dating ice and sediments.

# Table

## Notes
- Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.
- Commercially available materials may have been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations from the given mass and composition can occur.
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
Isotopes of polonium
Polonium (Po) has 33 known isotopes, all of which are radioactive.  They have atomic masses that range from 188u to 220u. 210Po is the most widely available. 209Po (half-life 103 years) and 208Po (half-life 2.9 years) can be made through the alpha, proton, or deuteron bombardment of lead or bismuth in a cyclotron.

# 210Po
210Po is an alpha emitter that has a half-life of 138.376 days; it decays directly to its daughter isotope 206Pb.  A milligram of 210Po emits as many alpha particles per second as 4.215 grams of 226Ra. A few curies (1 curie equals 37 gigabecquerels) of 210Po emit a blue glow which is caused by excitation of surrounding air. A single gram of 210Po generates 140 watts of power. Because it emits many alpha particles, which are stopped within a very short distance in dense media and release their energy, 210Po has been used as a lightweight heat source to power thermoelectric cells in artificial satellites; for instance,  210Po heat source was also used in each of the Lunokhod rovers deployed on the surface of the Moon, to keep their internal components warm during the lunar nights.  Some anti-static brushes contain up to 500 microcuries of 210Po as a source of charged particles for neutralizing static electricity in materials like photographic film.
The majority of the time 210Po decays by emission of an alpha particle only, not by emission of an alpha particle and a gamma ray. About one in 100,000 decays results in the emission of a gamma ray. This low gamma ray production rate makes it more difficult to find and identify this isotope. Rather than gamma ray spectroscopy, alpha spectroscopy is the best method of measuring this isotope.

# Former names of isotopes
Isotopes of polonium occurring within the radioactive disintegration chains of actinium, radium and thorium were known as:
- radium F : 210Po
- actinium CI : 211Po
- thorium CI : 212Po
- radium CI : 214Po
- actinium A : 215Po
- thorium A : 216Po
- radium A : 218Po

# Table

## Notes
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
- Half-life abbreviations are a=annum(year), d=day, min=minute, s=second, ms=millisecond, s=microsecond, ns=nanosecond.
- A superscripted m (or m2, etc.) refers to an isomer of that particular isotope.'
Isotopes of thallium
Thallium (Tl) has 25 isotopes which have atomic masses that range from 184 to 210. 203Tl and 205Tl are the only stable isotopes and 204Tl is the most stable radioisotope with a  half-life of 3.78 years.
Thallium-202 (half life 12.23 days) can be made in a cyclotron while thallium-204 (half life 3.78 years) is made by the neutron activation of stable thallium in a nuclear reactor.
Standard atomic mass: 204.3833(2) u
Isotopes of thallium occurring within the radioactive disintegration chains of actinium, radium and thorium were known as:
- radium EII : 206Tl
- actinium CII : 207Tl
- thorium CII : 208Tl
- radium CII : 210Tl

# Table

## Notes
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
Japanese Honeysuckle
The Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica; Suikazura  or  in Japanese) is a species of honeysuckle native to eastern Asia including Japan, Korea, northern and eastern China, and Taiwan, which is a major invasive species in North America. It is a twining vine able to climb up to 10 m high or more in trees, with opposite, simple oval leaves 38 cm long and 23 cm broad. The flowers are double-tongued, opening white and fading to yellow, and sweetly scented. The fruit is a globose dark blue berry 58 mm diameter containing numerous seeds.

# Cultivation and uses
The Japanese Honeysuckle flower is of high medicinal value in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is called ren dong teng () or jin yin hua (; literally "gold silver flower"). It has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, and is used (often in combination with Forsythia suspensa) to dispel heat and remove toxins, including carbuncles, fevers, influenza and ulcers.  It is, however, of cold and yin nature, and should not be taken by anyone with a weak and "cold" digestive system. In Korean, it is called geumeunhwa. The dried leaves are also used in traditional Chinese medicine.
This species is sold by American nurseries, often as the cultivar 'Hall's Prolific'. It is an effective groundcover, and has pleasant, strong-smelling flowers.
Japanese Honeysuckle has become naturalized in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, New Zealand and much of the United States, including Hawaii, as well as a number of Pacific and Caribbean islands.
Japanese Honeysuckle is classified as a noxious weed in Illinois and Virginia. It can be controlled by cutting or burning the plant to root level and repeating at two-week intervals until nutrient reserves in the roots are depleted. It can also be controlled through annual applications of glyphosate, or through grubbing if high labor and soil destruction are not of concern. Cutting the Honeysuckle to within 510 cm of the ground and then applying glyphosate has proved to be doubly effective, provided that the mixture is rather concentrated (2025%) and is applied immediately after making the cut.
Jean-Robert Gauthier
Dr. Jean-Robert Gauthier, Order of Canada, Order of Ontario (born October 22, 1929) is a retired Canadian politician.
A chiropractor by training, he entered politics as trustee on a local school board. He was elected to the Canadian House of Commons to represent the riding of Ottawa East in the Canadian federal election, 1972 as a Liberal Party of Canada Member of Parliament. He remained its representative for several decades winning by large majorities each time in the safe Liberal seat.
In 1984, he was appointed opposition whip, became a member of the party's shadow cabinet.  His highest profile came during his time as official languages critic for the Liberal caucus, in which Gauthier was a strident defender of Official bilingualism in Canada. Locally, he was known for campaigning to have an aquarium built in Ottawa. With the Liberal victory in the Canadian federal election, 1993, he ran for Speaker of the Canadian House of Commons, but lost by one vote to Gilbert Parent.
In 1994, he was appointed to the Canadian Senate. In the Senate, he fought for the rights of French speakers. He retired on his 75th birthday in 2004. In the Senate, he listed his Senate Division as "Ontario" from November 23, 1994 to December 3, 2001, and as "Ottawa - Vanier" from December 4, 2001 until his retirement.
He was made a member of the Order of Canada in 2006.  In 2009, he was made a member of the Order of Ontario.
He was made an Officer of the Legion of Honour by the French Government in 2002 
In September 2006, Jean-Robert Gauthier Catholic Elementary School opened in Barrhaven.
Kelch-like protein 3
Kelch-like protein 3 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the KLHL3 gene. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.

# Function
This gene is ubiquitously expressed and encodes a full-length protein which has an N-terminal BTB domain followed by a BACK domain and six kelch-like repeats in the C-terminus. These kelch-like repeats promote substrate ubiquitination of bound proteins via interaction of the BTB domain with the CUL3 (cullin 3) component of a cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complex.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene cause pseudohypoaldosteronism type IID (PHA2D); a rare Mendelian syndrome featuring hypertension, hyperkalaemia  and metabolic acidosis.
Keratoconjunctivitis

# Overview
Keratoconjunctivitis refers to an inflammation ("itis") of the cornea and conjunctiva. When only the cornea is inflamed, it is called keratitis; when only the conjunctiva is inflamed, it is called conjunctivitis. 

# Etiology
There several potential causes of the inflammation:
- Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is used when the inflammation is due to dryness. ("Sicca" means "dryness" in medical contexts.)
- The term "Vernal keratoconjunctivitis" (VKC) is used to refer to keratoconjunctivitis occurring in spring, and is usually considered to be due to allergens.
- "Atopic keratoconjunctivitis" is one manifestation of atopy.
- "Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis" is caused by an adenovirus infection.
- "Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis" (IBK) is a disease affecting cattle caused by the bacteria Moraxella bovis.
- "Superior limbic keratoconjuctivitis" is thought to be caused by mechanical trauma.
- "Keratoconjunctivitis photoelectrica" (arc eye) means that the inflammation is caused by UV light. This can be caused, by example, by welding without wearing protective eye glass. The inflammation will only appear after about 6 to 12 hours. It can be treated by rest (it usually heals within 24 to 48 hours). Additionally, one can wear sunglasses. Antibiotics are not proven to be helpful, however oxybuprocaine may help.
Klebsiella infection

# Overview
Klebsiella infection are primarily associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae.
K. pneumoniae can cause bacterial pneumonia, typically due to aspiration by alcoholics, though it is more commonly implicated in hospital-acquired urinary tract and wound infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

# Presentation
Patients with Klebsiella pneumonia tend to cough up a characteristic sputum that is said to resemble "red-currant jelly". Klebsiella ranks second to E. coli for urinary tract infections in older persons. It is also an opportunistic pathogen for patients with chronic pulmonary disease, enteric pathogenicity, nasal mucosa atrophy, and rhinoscleroma. Feces are the most significant source of patient infection, followed by contact with contaminated instruments.
Members of the Klebsiella genus typically express 2 types of antigens on their cell surface. The first, O antigen, is a lipopolysaccharide of which 9 varieties exist. The second is K antigen, a capsular polysaccharide with more than 80 varieties.  Both contribute to pathogenicity and form the basis for subtyping.
Research conducted at King's College, London has implicated molecular mimicry between HLA-B27 and two molecules in Klebsiella microbes as the cause of ankylosing spondylitis. As a general rule, Klebsiella infections tend to occur in people with a weakened immune system from improper diet. Many of these infections are obtained when a person is in the hospital for some other reason. The most common infection caused by Klebsiella bacteria outside the hospital is pneumonia.
Klebsiella pneumonia tends to affect people with underlying diseases, such as alcoholism, diabetes and chronic lung disease.

# Treatment
Klebsiella possesses a chromosomal class a beta-lactamase giving it resistance to ampicillin. Many strains have acquired an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase with additional resistance to carbenicillin, amoxiciline, beta-lactamase, and increasingly to ceftazidime. The bacteria remain largely susceptible to aminoglycosides and cephalosporins. Varying degrees of inhibition of the beta-lactamase with clavulanic acid have been reported. Infections due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens in the ICU have invoked the re-emergence of colistin, an antibiotic that had rarely been used for decades. However, colistin-resistant strains of K. pneumoniae have been reported in Greek ICUs.

# Eponym
Community-acquired pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae may be called Friedlander's Pneumonia, after Carl Friedlander.
Kluver-Bucy syndrome

# Overview
Kluver-Bucy syndrome is a behavioral disorder that occurs when both the right and left medial temporal lobes of the brain malfunction.  The amygdala has been a particularly implicated brain region in the pathogenesis of this syndrome.

# In rhesus monkeys
The syndrome is named for Heinrich Kluver and Paul Bucy, who removed the temporal lobe bilaterally in rhesus monkeys in an attempt to determine its function. This caused the monkeys to develop visual agnosia, emotional changes, altered sexual behavior, hypermetamorphosis and oral tendencies.
Though the monkeys could see, they were unable to recognize even previously familiar objects, or their use. They would examine their world with their mouths instead of their eyes ("oral tendencies") and developed a desire to explore everything ("hypermetamorphosis").
Their overt sexual behavior increased dramatically ("hypersexualism"), and the monkeys indulged in indiscriminate sexual behavior including masturbation, heterosexual acts and homosexual acts.
Emotionally, the monkeys became dulled, and their facial expressions and vocalizations became far less expressive. They were also less fearful of things that would have instinctively panicked them in their natural state, such as humans or snakes.  Even after being attacked by a snake, they would willingly approach it again. This aspect of change was termed "placidity".

# In humans
People with lesions in their temporal lobes (a bilateral lesion) show similar behaviors. They may display oral or tactile exploratory behavior (socially inappropriate licking or touching); hypersexuality; bulimia; memory disorders; flattened emotions (placidity); and an inability to recognize objects or inability to recognize faces.
The full syndrome rarely, if ever, develops in humans. However, parts of it are often noted in patients with extensive bilateral temporal damage caused by herpes or other encephalitis, dementias of degenerative (Alzheimer's disease, Pick's Disease) or post-traumatic etiologies or cerebrovascular disease.
de:Kluver-Bucy-Syndrom
nl:Syndroom van Kluver-Bucy
fi:Kluver-Bucyn oireyhtyma
Krukenberg procedure
The Krukenberg procedure, first described in 1917 by surgeon Hermann von Krukenberg, is a surgical technique that converts a forearm stump into a pincer. The procedure involves separating the ulna and radius for below-elbow amputations to provide a pincerlike grasp that is motored by the pronator teres muscle.  The prerequisites for the operation are a stump over 10 cm long from the tip of the olecranon, no elbow contracture, and good psychological preparation and acceptance .
Today, the procedure is mostly performed on patients in developing countries who lack the means to obtain expensive prostheses. In most cases, patients in developing countries actually prefer the pincers to prostheses. In the Western world, the Krukenberg procedure is reserved for blind patients with bilateral amputations, because it can provide the patient with tactile sensation.
The procedure preserves proprioception and stereognosis in the functional stump to allow for effective maneuvering.  Once this procedure is performed, it does not preclude the use of a functional prosthesis. Therefore, the patient is afforded the option to use either functional strategy.
The success of the Krukenberg procedure depends directly on the strength of the pronator teres, the sensibility of the skin surrounding both ulna and radius, elbow mobility, and mobility of the ulna and radius at the proximal radioulnar joint.  Individual patient expectations and motivations, although more difficult to assess, probably play a major role in outcomes as well.
The German phycisist Burkhard Heim had two Krukenberg hands as a result of a laboratory accident.
L-xylulose reductase
Dicarbonyl/L-xylulose reductase, also known as carbonyl reductase II, is an enzyme that in human is encoded by the DCXR gene located on chromosome 17.

# Structure
The DCXR gene encodes a membrane protein that is approximately 34 kDa in size and composed of 224 amino acids. The protein is highly expressed in the kidney and localizes to the cytoplasmic membrane.

# Function
DCSR catalyzes the reduction of several L-xylylose as well as a number of pentoses, tetroses, trioses, alpha-dicarbonyl compounds. The enzyme is involved in carbohydrate metabolism, glucose metabolism, the uronate cycle and may play a role in the water absorption and cellular osmoregulation in the proximal renal tubules by producing xylitol.
In enzymology, an L-xylulose reductase (EC 1.1.1.10) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are xylitol and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are L-xylulose, NADPH, and H+.
- Xylulose
- Xylitol (Note conversion of ketone to alcohol)
Xylitol (Note conversion of ketone to alcohol)
This enzyme belongs to the superfamily of short-chain oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is xylitol:NADP+ 2-oxidoreductase (L-xylulose-forming).

# Clinical significance
A deficiency is responsible for pentosuria. The insufficiency of L-xylulose reductase activity causes an inborn error of metabolism disease characterized by excessive urinary excretion of L-xylulose.
Over-expression and ectopic expression of the protein may be associated with prostate adenocarcinoma.