Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Huntingtin-interacting protein 1
Huntingtin-interacting protein 1 also known as HIP-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIP1 gene.
Hip-1 is a protein that interacts with the huntingtin protein. It is known to contain a domain homologous to the death effector domains (DED) found on proteins involved in apoptosis. It is believed that accumulation of high levels of the free form of this protein (free as in dissociated from the huntingtin and free to bind other key protein(s)) in the cell is one of the mechanisms by which neuron cell death is caused in Huntington's disease (via the caspase-3 route).  The role of Hip-1 in caspase mediated cell death remains unclear.

# Discovery
Huntingtin interacting protein 1 (HIP1) was first identified by Wanker et al. in 1997.

# Function
HIP1 was found to bind to Htt in an N-terminal dependent manner, and co-localise with Htt in the CNS although the nature of this interaction with respect to muHtt was not identified.  It has since been found that the CAG expansion seen with muHtt results in decreased binding affinity for HIP1, thus causing disruption of HIP1s usual function, and also an increased in free HIP1.  It is likely that this decreased affinity plays a role in mediating HD pathogenesis, due to loss of cytoskeletal integrity and induction of apoptosis.  HIP1s pro apoptotic effect may involve activation of caspase-8 and a novel HIP1 protein interactor HIPPI.  HIP1s non-pathological activity includes clathrin assembly via interaction with clathrin light chains.  HIP1 is the human homologue of Sla2p, a membrane protein in the periphery.  Sla2p is an actin-binding protein involved in endocytosis, thus indicating HIP1 in this role.  Further details suggesting an important role for Hip-1 in endocytosis comes from binding studies looking at Hip-1 binding to actin.  Actin binding by Hip-1 is altered depending on whether clathrin is also bound to Hip-1.

# Clinical significance
HIP1 has also been found to be overexpressed in some cancers including a subset of colorectal and prostate cancers.  This is of specific interest because prostate cancer disease progression involves altered transcription/expression of the androgen receptor (AR).  The AR is a nuclear hormone receptor transcription factor that contains polyglutamine repeats.  In 2005 Mills and colleagues showed that HIP1 is able to regulate transcription of hormone receptors via the androgen response element (ARE) and also alters the rate of degradation of the AR.  It is likely that HIP1 is also able to regulate, or at least interact with proteins that also possess the ARE.
Hypertension practice guidelines

# Practice Guidelines

# 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults

## General Principles of Drug Therapy

## Treatment Threshold and the Use of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Risk Estimation to Guide Drug Treatment of Hypertension

## Blood Pressure (BP) Goal for Patients With Hypertension

## Choice of Initial Medication

## Choice of Initial Monotherapy Versus Initial Combination Drug Therapy

## Follow-Up After Initiating Antihypertensive Drug Therapy

## Monitoring Strategies to Improve Control of Blood Pressure (BP) in Patients on Drug Therapy for High BP

## Stable Ischemic Heart Disease (SIHD)

## Heart Failure

## Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction

## Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction

## Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

## Recommendations for Treatment of Hypertension in Patients With CKD

## Hypertension After Renal Transplantation

## Recommendations for Treatment of Hypertension After Renal Transplantation

## Acute Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH)

## Acute Ischemic Stroke

## Secondary Stroke Prevention

## Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

## Diabetes Mellitus

## Atrial Fibrillation (AF)

## Valvular Heart Disease (VHD)

## Aortic Disease

## Racial and Ethnic Differences in Treatment

## Pregnancy

## Older Persons

## Hypertensive CrisesEmergencies and Urgencies

## Cognitive Decline and Dementia

## Patients Undergoing Surgical Procedures

## Antihypertensive Medication Adherence Strategies
Hypoplastic right heart syndrome

# Overview
Hypoplastic right heart syndrome is a congenital heart defect in which the right ventricle of the heart fails to grow and develop appropriately.      The underdeveloped ventricle cannot contain the proper amount of blood pumped from the right atrium. The ventricles muscle structure is poor, so additional problems are encountered as the heart attempts to pump blood to the pulmonary valve for transfer to the lungs. Hypoplastic right heart syndrome needs immediate and emergency treatment, as the heart begins to fail almost immediately after birth. An inadequate blood supply to the lungs means a poor return of oxygenated blood to the body, and the muscle in the ventricle will exhaust easily.

# Pathophysiology

## Gross Pathology
Images shown below are Courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and Published with permission.  PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology
- Right Ventricle Hypoplasia: Gross natural color good example showing tiny tricuspid inlet and very small but quite thick right ventricle
- Right Ventricle Hypoplasia: Gross natural color view from right atrium showing patent foramen ovale and very small tricuspid valve
- Right Ventricle Hypoplasia: Gross natural color external view of heart showing very large left ventricle and very small right ventricle delineated by anterior descending branch of left coronary artery
Ion attachment mass spectrometry
Ion-attachment mass spectrometry (IAMS) is a form of mass spectrometry that uses a "soft" form of ionization similar to chemical ionization in which a cation is attached to the analyte molecule in a reactive collision:
Where M is the analyte molecule, X+ is the cation and A is a non-reacting collision partner.

# Principle
This technique is applicable to gases or any materials that can be vaporized. It uses a non-fragmenting non-conventional ionisation mode, by attachment of a lithium (or alkaline) ion to the gas to be analysed with a more traditional mass filter. This instrument is more dedicated to analysis of moderately-sized molecules such as organic or aromatic compounds.

# Applications
Currently, it is used industrially to verify, with a high throughput, the concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFR) in plastics in compliance with European RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances) regulation in place since 2006. The banned molecules include PBB and PBDE, whose concentration should not exceed 0.1% w/w. 
IAMS has also been used to analyze diesel exhaust particles, in ceramic processing  and in semiconductor critical SiO2 etch processing.
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI, pronounced "eeksee") is an in vitro fertilization procedure in which a single sperm is injected directly into an egg. This procedure is most commonly used to overcome male infertility problems, although it may also be used where eggs cannot easily be penetrated by sperm, and occasionally as a method of in vitro fertilization, especially that associated with sperm donation.
The procedure is done under a microscope using multiple micromanipulation devices (micromanipulators, microinjectors and micropipettes). A holding pipette (on the left of picture) stablizes the mature oocyte. From the opposite site a thin, hollow needle is pierced through the oolemma and into the inner part of the oocyte. It is loaded with a single sperm that will be released into the oocyte. The pictured oocyte has an extruded polar body at about 12 o'clock indicating its maturity. After the procedure, the oocyte will be placed into cell culture and checked on the following day for signs of fertilization.
In natural fertilization sperm compete and when the first sperm enters the egg cell, the egg cell blocks the entry of any other sperm. Concern has been raised that in ICSI this sperm selection process is bypassed and the sperm is selected by the embryologist without any specific testing. However, in mid 2006 the FDA cleared a device that allows embryologists to select mature sperm for ICSI based on sperm binding to hyaluronan, the main constituent of the gel layer (cumulus oophorus) surrounding the oocyte.  The device provides microscopic droplets of hyaluronan hydrogel attached to the culture dish.  The embryologist places the prepared sperm on the microdot, selects and captures sperm that bind to the dot.  Basic research on the maturation of sperm shows that hyaluronan-binding sperm are more mature and show fewer DNA strand breaks and significantly lower levels of aneuploidy than the sperm population from which they were selected.
There is some suggestion that birth defects are increased with the use of IVF in general, and ICSI  specifically. It is hoped that use of new device (PICSI) will lower the apparently elevated level of birth defects associated with ICSI.(see section of IVF discussing birth defects)
IMITREX tablet adverse reactions

# Adverse Reactions
The following adverse reactions are discussed in more detail in other sections of the prescribing information:
Myocardial ischemia, myocardial infarction, and Prinzmetals angina 
Arrhythmias 
Chest, throat, neck, and/or jaw pain/tightness/pressure 
Cerebrovascular events 
Other vasospasm reactions 
Medication overuse headache 
Serotonin syndrome 
Increase in blood pressure 
Hypersensitivity reactions 
Seizures 

### Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared with rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
Table 1 lists adverse reactions that occurred in placebo-controlled clinical trials in patients who took at least 1 dose of study drug. Only treatment-emergent adverse reactions that occurred at a frequency of 2% or more in any group treated with IMITREX Tablets and that occurred at a frequency greater than the placebo group are included in Table 1.
The incidence of adverse reactions in controlled clinical trials was not affected by gender or age of the patients. There were insufficient data to assess the impact of race on the incidence of adverse reactions.

### Postmarketing Experience
The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of IMITREX Tablets, IMITREX Nasal Spray, and IMITREX Injection. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. These reactions have been chosen for inclusion due to either their seriousness, frequency of reporting, or causal connection to IMITREX or a combination of these factors.
Cardiovascular: Hypotension, palpitations.
Neurological: Dystonia, tremor.
IMITREX tablet contraindications

# Contraindications
IMITREX Tablets are contraindicated in patients with:
- Ischemic coronary artery disease (CAD) (angina pectoris, history of myocardial infarction, or documented silent ischemia) or coronary artery vasospasm, including Prinzmetals angina 
- Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or arrhythmias associated with other cardiac accessory conduction pathway disorders 
- History of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) or history of hemiplegic or basilar migraine because these patients are at a higher risk of stroke 
- Peripheral vascular disease 
- Ischemic bowel disease 
- Uncontrolled hypertension 
- Recent use (i.e., within 24 hours) of ergotamine-containing medication, ergot-type medication (such as dihydroergotamine or methysergide), or another 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT1) agonist 
- Concurrent administration of a monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A inhibitor or recent (within 2 weeks) use of an MAO-A inhibitor 
- Hypersensitivity to IMITREX (angioedema and anaphylaxis seen) 
- Severe hepatic impairment
IMITREX tablet drug interactions

# Drug Interactions

### Ergot-Containing Drugs
Ergot-containing drugs have been reported to cause prolonged vasospastic reactions. Because these effects may be additive, use of ergotamine-containing or ergot-type medications (like dihydroergotamine or methysergide) and IMITREX Tablets within 24 hours of each other is contraindicated.

### Monoamine Oxidase-A Inhibitors
MAOA inhibitors increase systemic exposure by 7-fold. Therefore, the use of IMITREX Tablets in patients receiving MAOA inhibitors is contraindicated .

### Other 5-HT1 Agonists
Because their vasospastic effects may be additive, co-administration of IMITREX Tablets and other 5HT1 agonists (e.g., triptans) within 24 hours of each other is contraindicated.

### Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors and Serotonin Syndrome
Cases of serotonin syndrome have been reported during co-administration of triptans and SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and MAO inhibitors .
Idiopathic craniofacial erythema

# Overview
Idiopathic Craniofacial Erythema is a medical condition characterised by severe, uncontrollable, and frequently unprovoked, facial blushing.
Blushing can occur at any time and is frequently triggered by even mundane events, such as, talking to friends, paying for goods in a shop or asking for directions.  The redness can take several minutes to dissipate leaving the sufferer feeling exposed and embarrassed.
Sufferers will often seek careers which do not ordinarily bring them into contact with others, especially the general public, and may have problems with relationships.  Consuming excessive quantities of alcohol in order to, "speak your mind", or alleviate the anxiety caused by the condition is common.
A link is frequently described between Idiopathic Craniofacial Erythema and Social Anxiety Disorder.
Other symptoms include excessive sweating on the palms, feet and under-arm areas.

# Treatment
A number of treatments are available.  The most successful non-invasive procedure is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), which attempts to alleviate the anxiety felt by sufferers.
In extreme cases a surgical procedure known as Endoscopic Transthoracic Sympathicotomy (ETS) is available.  Pioneered by surgeons in Sweden, this procedure has recently become increasingly controversial due to its many potential adverse effects.  Patients who have undergone the procedure frequently complain of compensatory sweating and fatigue.  ETS is now normally only considered in extreme cases where other treatments have been ineffective.
Idiopathic postprandial syndrome
Idiopathic postprandial syndrome is a medical term describing a collection of symptoms popularly attributed to hypoglycemia but without demonstrably low glucose levels. People with this condition suffer from recurrent episodes of altered mood and cognitive efficiency, often accompanied by weakness and adrenergic symptoms such as shakiness. The episodes typically occur a few hours after a meal, rather than after many hours of fasting. The principal treatments recommended are extra small meals or snacks and avoidance of excessive simple sugars.
The term idiopathic postprandial syndrome was coined around 1980 in an attempt to reserve the term hypoglycemia for those conditions in which low glucose levels could be demonstrated. It was offered as a less confusing alternative to functional hypoglycemia and as a less pejorative alternative to "nonhypoglycemia" or "pseudohypoglycemia."
The syndrome resembles reactive hypoglycemia except that low glucoses are not found at the time of symptoms.

# Adrenergic Postprandial Syndrome
There is some evidence of the existence of a so-called "Adrenergic Postprandial Syndrome" : the glycemia is normal, but the symptoms are caused through autonomic adrenergic counterregulation. Often, this syndrome is associated with emotional distress and anxious-behaviour of the patient.
Imipenem cilastatin how supplied

# How Supplied
PRIMAXIN I.V. is supplied as a sterile powder mixture in single dose containers including vials and ADD-Vantage vials containing imipenem (anhydrous equivalent) and cilastatin sodium as follows:
No. 3514  250 mg imipenem equivalent and 250 mg cilastatin equivalent and 10 mg sodium bicarbonate as a buffer
NDC 0006-3514-58 in trays of 25 vials.
No. 3516  500 mg imipenem equivalent and 500 mg cilastatin equivalent and 20 mg sodium bicarbonate as a buffer
NDC 0006-3516-59 in trays of 25 vials.
No. 3551  250 mg imipenem equivalent and 250 mg cilastatin equivalent and 10 mg sodium bicarbonate as a buffer
NDC 0006-3551-58 in trays of 25 ADDVantage vials.
No. 3552  500 mg imipenem equivalent and 500 mg cilastatin equivalent and 20 mg sodium bicarbonate as a buffer
NDC 0006-3552-59 in trays of 25 ADDVantage vials.
Inferior ulnar collateral artery
The inferior ulnar collateral artery (anastomotica magna artery) arises about 5 cm. above the elbow.
It passes medialward upon the Brachialis, and piercing the medial intermuscular septum, winds around the back of the humerus between the Triceps brachii and the bone, forming, by its junction with the profunda brachii, an arch above the olecranon fossa.
As the vessel lies on the Brachialis, it gives off branches which ascend to join the superior ulnar collateral: others descend in front of the medial epicondyle, to anastomose with the anterior ulnar recurrent.
Behind the medial epicondyle a branch anastomoses with the superior ulnar collateral and posterior ulnar recurrent arteries.

# Additional images
- The brachial artery.
Suspensory ligament of the ovary

# Overview
The suspensory ligament of the ovary, also infundibulopelvic ligament (commonly abbreviated IP ligament or simply IP), is a fold of peritoneum that extends out from the ovary to the wall of the pelvis.
Some sources consider it a part of the broad ligament of uterus  while other sources just consider it a "termination" of the ligament.
The suspensory ligament is directed upward over the iliac vessels,

# Contents
It contains the ovarian artery, ovarian vein, ovarian plexus,  and lymphatic vessels.

# Composition
The suspensory ligament of the ovary is one continuous tissue that connects the ovary to the wall of the pelvis. There are separate names for the two regions of this tissue.
- In the anterior region, the suspensory ligament is attached to the wall of the pelvis via a continuous tissue called peritoneum.
- In the more posterior region, the suspensory ligament is attached to the ovary via a continuous tissue call the broad ligament.
In sum, the suspensory ligament consists of a single connective tissue from that has different regional notations, the peritoneum and the broad ligament.

# Peritoneal relationship
One must understand that most of the abdominal cavity is lined by a double-membranous sac called peritoneum .  The interior is called the peritoneal cavity, this is the location of all 'intra-peritoneal' organs (disambiguation: retro-peritoneal organs ).    The most inferior extent of the peritoneum covers the pelvic inlet; in females, this region of the peritoneum is referred to as the 'broad ligament'.

# Development
The suspensory ligament originates from the mesonephros, which, in turn, originates from the Wolffian duct.
International emergency medicine

# Overview
International Emergency Medicine is a discipline that evalutes current standards and development of emergency medicine in various countries throughout the world.
Emergency Medicine has been a recognized medical specialty in the United States for over twenty years.  The term International Emergency Medicine generally refers to the transfer of skills and knowledge from developed EM systems to those systems which are less developed- including knowledge of ambulance operations.
In most developing countries, steps are being taken to develop EM as a specialty, to develop accreditation mechanisms, and to promote the development of emergency medicine training programs.
International Emergency Medicine (IEM) is a sub-specialty of emergency medicine, and there are several International Emergency Medicine Fellowships in the US, where residency-trained emergency physicians obtain advanced training in international skills and systems development.  These programs usually offer an advanced degree in public health to their fellows, such as a Master of Public Health degree.
Fellowships are provided at the following universities:
Alameda County Medical Center - Highland Hospital
Loma Linda University
Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California
George Washington University 
Emory University 
Medical College of Georgia
Rush University/ Cook County Hospital
University of Illinois at Chicago
The Johns Hopkins University
University of Maryland
Bellevue Hospital Center/New York University 
Columbia University/New York Presbyterian Hospital
Long Island Jewish Medical Center
University of Rochester Medical Center
University of Pittsburgh
Rhode Island Hospital- Brown University

# The International Conference on Emergency Medicine
The International Conference on Emergency Medicine (ICEM) is a conference held every two years by worldwide emergency physicians by the International Federation for Emergency Medicine. This organization was founded by four national emergency physician organizations: the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), the British Association for Emergency Medicine (BAEM), the Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP)and the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine (ACEM). Up until now the conference has rotated between the founder members, but numerous new members have been accepted in recent years and the conference will rotate to them as well.
Emedicine- history of International EM
SAEM fellowships list
Interrupted aortic arch overview
Assistant Editor-In-Chief: Kristin Feeney, B.S. ]

# Overview
Interrupted aortic arch is a very rare heart defect in which the aorta is not completely developed. There is a gap between the ascending and descending thoracic aorta. Almost all patients also have other cardiac anomalies. It can be diagnosed with an echocardiogram. Treatment consists of open heart surgery soon after birth. Awaiting surgery, prostaglandin can be administered to keep the ductus arteriosus open, thereby allowing blood flow to the lower body.
- Interrupted aortic arch (IAA) is a separation between the ascending and descending aortas. There are 3 types of this abnormality:
- Type A: Interruption is distal to the subclavian artery
- Type B: Interruption occurs between the second carotid and the ipsilateral subclavian arteries
- Type C: Interruption occurs between two carotid arteries.
- Each type is divided into 3 subtypes:
- Subtype 1: Normal subclavian artery
- Subtype 2: Aberrant subclavian artery
- Subtype 3: Isolated subclavian artery that arises from the ductus arteriosus.
- In addition to the type of IAA, the following information is important for surgical planning
- Evaluation of the distance between the proximal and distal segments,
- Size of a patent ductus arteriosus
- Narrowest dimension of the left ventricular outflow tract
- Other cardiac structural abnormalities are important for surgical planning.
- A right-sided descending aorta with aortic interruption is almost always associated with DiGeorge syndrome.