Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Subarachnoid hemorrhage overview

# Overview
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is bleeding into the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain, i.e., the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater. It may arise due to trauma or spontaneously,  and is a medical emergency which can lead to death or severe disability even if recognized and treated in an early stage. Treatment is with close observation, medication and early neurosurgical investigations and treatments. Subarachnoid hemorrhage causes 5% of all strokes. 10-15% die before arriving in hospital, and average survival is 50%.

# Causes
Spontaneous SAH is most often due to rupture of cerebral aneurysms (85%), which are weaknesses in the wall of the arteries of the brain that enlarge. While most cases of SAH are due to bleeding from small aneurysms, there is evidence from research that larger aneurysms (which are rarer) are still more likely to rupture. A further 10% of cases is due to non-aneurysmal perimesencephalic hemorrhage, in which the blood is limited to the area of the midbrain. No aneurysms are generally found. The remaining 5% are due to vasculitic damage to arteries, other disorders affecting the vessels, disorders of the spinal cord blood vessels, and bleeding into various tumors.

# Risk Factors
Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage are smoking, hypertension (high blood pressure) and excessive alcohol intake; all are associated with a doubled risk for SAH. Some protection of uncertain significance is conferred by Caucasian ethnicity, hormone replacement therapy, a higher than normal cholesterol and the presence of diabetes mellitus.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
The classic symptom of subarachnoid hemorrhage is thunderclap headache ("most severe ever" headache developing over seconds to minutes). This headache is often described like being "kicked in the head". 10% of all people with this symptom turn out to have a subarachnoid hemorrhage, and is the only symptom in about a third of all SAH patients. Other presenting features may be vomiting (non-specific), seizures (1 in 14) and meningism. Confusion, decreased level of consciousness or coma may be present. Intraocular hemorrhage (bleeding into the eyeball) may occur. Subhyaloid hemorrhages may be visible on fundoscopy (the hyaloid membrane envelopes the vitreous body).

## Laboratory Findings
A lumbar puncture (removal of cerebrospinal fluid/CSF with a needle from the lumbar sac under local anesthetic) will identify another 3% of the cases by demonstrating xanthochromia (yellow appearance of centrifugated fluid) or bilirubin (a breakdown product of hemoglobin) in the CSF.
Sunscreens (patient information)

# Why is this medication prescribed
Sunscreens help to prevent sunburn and reduce the harmful effects of the sun such as premature skin aging and skin cancer.

# How should this medicine be used
Sunscreens come in cream, lotion, gel, stick, spray, and lip balm. They are for external use only; do not swallow them. Sunscreens should be applied between 30 minutes and 2 hours before sun exposure. In general, they should be reapplied after every 80 minutes spent in the water or perspiring heavily or every 2 hours spent out of the water. Follow the directions on the label carefully, and ask your pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand.
Ask your pharmacist or doctor about which sunscreen product to use. The choice depends on your sunburn and tanning history, skin type, use of other medications, and reasons for using a sunscreen. You want a product with the appropriate sun protection factor (SPF) for you. In most cases, an SPF of greater than 30 is not necessary and is not recommended.
If you are using a sunscreen to prevent drug-induced photosensitivity reactions or to prevent ultraviolet-induced disorders, choose a broad-spectrum product. Ask your pharmacist for advice.
If you will be swimming or sweating heavily, choose a sunscreen that is labeled waterproof or very water resistant.
Talk to your doctor before using a sunscreen on an infant less than 6 months old. Use a sunscreen with a high SPF (e.g., 30) in children older than 6 months.
Sunscreens should be applied liberally to all exposed areas. The average adult in a bathing suit should apply 9 half-teaspoon size portions as follows:
- Face and neck: 1 half-teaspoon portion
- Arms and shoulders: 1 half-teaspoon portion to each arm
- Torso: 1 half-teaspoon portion each to front and back
- Legs and top of feet: 2 half-teaspoon portions to each leg

# What special precautions should I follow
Before using sunscreens:
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to sunscreens, diuretics ('water pills'), sulfonamides, oral diabetic drugs, acetazolamide (Diamox), or any other drugs.
- tell your doctor and pharmacists what topical medications you are taking.

# What should I do if I forget a dose
If you forget to apply sunscreen and remember while you are being exposed to the sun, apply it as soon as possible.

# Side effects
Sunscreens may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if either of these symptoms are severe or do not go away:
- skin rash
- irritation

# What storage conditions are needed for this medicine
Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children.

# What other information should I know
Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about sunscreens.

# Brand names
- Bullfrog
- Coppertone
- Hawaiian Tropic
- PreSun
- Sundown
Superior ulnar collateral artery
The superior ulnar collateral artery (inferior profunda artery), of small size, arises from the brachial a little below the middle of the arm; it frequently springs from the upper part of the a. profunda brachii.
It pierces the medial intermuscular septum, and descends on the surface of the medial head of the Triceps brachii to the space between the medial epicondyle and olecranon, accompanied by the ulnar nerve, and ends under the Flexor carpi ulnaris by anastomosing with the posterior ulnar recurrent, and inferior ulnar collateral.
It sometimes sends a branch in front of the medial epicondyle, to anastomose with the anterior ulnar recurrent.

# Additional images
- Cross-section through the middle of upper arm.
- The brachial artery.
Telaprevir indications and usage

# Indications And Usage

## Chronic Hepatitis C
INCIVEK (telaprevir), in combination with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin, is indicated for the treatment of genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C in adult patients with compensated liver disease, including cirrhosis, who are treatment-naive or who have previously been treated with interferon-based treatment, including prior null responders, partial responders, and relapsers .
The following points should be considered when initiating treatment with INCIVEK:
- INCIVEK must not be administered as monotherapy and must only be prescribed with both peginterferon alfa and ribavirin .
- A high proportion of previous null responders (particularly those with cirrhosis) did not achieve a Sustained Virologic Response (SVR) and had telaprevir resistance-associated substitutions emerge on treatment with INCIVEK combination treatment .*INCIVEK efficacy has not been established for patients who have previously failed therapy with a treatment regimen that includes INCIVEK or other HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors .
Telavancin indications and usage

# Indications And Usage
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of VIBATIV and other antibacterial drugs, VIBATIV should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.

## Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections
VIBATIV is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI) caused by susceptible isolates of the following Gram-positive microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates), Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus anginosus group (includes S. anginosus, S. intermedius, and S. constellatus), or Enterococcus faecalis (vancomycin-susceptible isolates only).
Combination therapy may be clinically indicated if the documented or presumed pathogens include Gram-negative organisms.
Appropriate specimens for bacteriological examination should be obtained in order to isolate and identify the causative pathogens and to determine their susceptibility to telavancin. VIBATIV may be initiated as empiric therapy before results of these tests are known.
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Tendinitis (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Tendinitis is inflammation, irritation, and swelling of a tendon, which is the fibrous structure that joins muscle to bone. In many cases, tendinosis (tendon degeneration) is also present.

# What are the symptoms of Tendinitis?
Pain and tenderness along a tendon, usually near a joint
Pain at night
Pain that is worse with movement or activity

# What causes Tendinitis?
Tendinitis can occur as a result of injury, overuse, or with aging as the tendon loses elasticity. It can also be seen in persons with body-wide (systemic) diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or diabetes.
Tendinitis can occur in any tendon, but some commonly affected sites include the:
- Elbow
- Heel (Achilles tendinitis)
- Shoulder
- Wrist

# Who is at highest risk?
Tendinitis can also be seen in persons with body-wide (systemic) diseased such as rheumatoid arthritis or diabetes.

# Diagnosis
The health care provider will perform a physical exam and look for signs of pain and tenderness when the muscle attached to the tendon is used against resistance. There are specific tests for specific tendons.
The tendon can be inflamed, and the overlying skin may be warm and red.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call for an appointment with your health care provider if symptoms of tendinitis occur.

# Treatment options
The goal of treatment is to relieve pain and reduce inflammation.
Rest or immobilization of the affected tendons is helpful for recovery. This may be achieved using a splint or a removable brace. The application of heat or cold to the affected area can help.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibuprofen, can also reduce both pain and inflammation. Steroid injections into the tendon sheath can also be very useful in controlling pain and allowing physical therapy to start.
Physical therapy that stretches and strengthens the muscle and tendon is essential. This can restore the tendon's ability to function properly, improve healing, and prevent future injury.
Rarely, surgery is needed to physically remove the inflammatory tissue from around the tendon.

# Where to find medical care for Tendinitis?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Tendinitis

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Symptoms improve with treatment and rest. If the injury is caused by overuse, a change in work habits may be indicated to prevent recurrence of the problem.

# Possible complications
- Long-term inflammation raises the risk of further injury, such as rupture
- Tendinitis symptoms return

# Prevention of Tendinitis
- Avoid repetitive motion and overuse of the arms and legs.
- Keep all your muscles strong and flexible.
- Warm up by exercising at a relaxed pace before engaging in vigorous activity.

# Sources
Teniposide (patient information)

# IMPORTANT WARNING:
Teniposide can cause a decrease in the number of blood cells in your bone marrow. Your doctor will order tests before, during, and after your treatment to see if your blood cells are affected by this drug.

# About your treatment
Your doctor has ordered the drug teniposide to help treat your illness. The drug is given by injection into a vein.
This medication is used to treat:
- childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia
This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.
Teniposide is in a class of drugs known as podophyllotoxin derivatives; it slows or stops the growth of cancer cells in your body. The length of treatment depends on the types of drugs you are taking, how well your body responds to them, and the type of cancer you have.

# Precautions
Before taking teniposide:
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to teniposide or any other drugs.
- tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, especially aspirin and vitamins.
- tell your doctor if you have or have ever had liver or kidney disease.
- you should know that teniposide may interfere with the normal menstrual cycle (period) in women and may stop sperm production in men. However, you should not assume that you cannot get pregnant or that you cannot get someone else pregnant. Women who are pregnant or breast-feeding should tell their doctors before they begin taking this drug. You should not plan to have children while receiving chemotherapy or for a while after treatments. (Talk to your doctor for further details.) Use a reliable method of birth control to prevent pregnancy. Teniposide may harm the fetus.
- do not have any vaccinations (e.g., measles or flu shots) without talking to your doctor.

# Side effects

## Mild side effects
Side effects from teniposide are common and include:
- nausea and vomiting
- diarrhea
- thinned or brittle hair
Tell your doctor if either of these symptoms is severe or lasts for several hours:
- fatigue
- mouth blistering

## Severe side effects
If you experience any of the following symptoms, call your doctor immediately:
- unusual bruising or bleeding
- dizziness, lightheadedness, or feeling of faintness
- pain at the injection site
- persistent diarrhea or any change in normal bowel habits for more than 2 days
- fever
- chills
- sore throat
- shortness of breath
- breathing discomfort
If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online  or by phone .

# In case of emergency/overdose
In case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911.

# Brand names
- Vumon

# Other names
- VM-26
Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2
Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2) is a human gene. It resides at chromosome 4q24, in a region showing recurrent microdeletions and copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN-LOH) in patients with diverse myeloid malignancies.

# Function
TET2 encodes a protein that catalyzes the conversion of the modified DNA base methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene were first identified in myeloid neoplasms with deletion or uniparental disomy at 4q24. TET2 may also be a candidate for active DNA demethylation, the catalytic removal of the methyl group added to the fifth carbon on the cytosine base.
Somatic TET2 mutations are frequently observed in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), MDS/MPN overlap syndromes including chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML), acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) and secondary AML (sAML).
TET2 mutations have prognostic value in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML). "Nonsense" and "frameshift" mutations in this gene are associated with poor outcome on standard therapies in this otherwise favorable-risk patient subset.
Loss of function TET2 mutations may also have a possible causal role in atherogenesis as reported by Jaiswal S. et al. 

# WIT pathway
TET2 is mutated in 7%23% of AML patients. Importantly, TET2 is mutated in a mutually exclusive manner with WT1, IDH1, and IDH2. TET2 can be recruited by WT1, a sequence-specific zinc finger transcription factor,  to its target genes and activates WT1-target genes by converting methylcytosine into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at the genes promoters. The WIT pathway might also be more broadly involved in suppressing tumor formation, as a number of non-hematopoietic malignancies appear to harbor mutations of WIT genes in a non-exclusive manner.
Tinidazole indications and usage

# Indications and Usage

## Trichomoniasis
Tinidazole is indicated for the treatment of trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. The organism should be identified by appropriate diagnostic procedures. Because trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease with potentially serious sequelae, partners of infected patients should be treated simultaneously in order to prevent re-infection.

## Giardiasis
Tinidazole is indicated for the treatment of giardiasis caused by Giardia duodenalis (also termed G. lamblia) in both adults and pediatric patients older than three years of age.

## Amebiasis
Tinidazole is indicated for the treatment of intestinal amebiasis and amebic liver abscess caused by Entamoeba histolytica in both adults and pediatric patients older than three years of age. It is not indicated in the treatment of asymptomatic cyst passage.

## Bacterial Vaginosis
Tinidazole is indicated for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis (formerly referred to as Haemophilus vaginitis, Gardnerella vaginitis, nonspecific vaginitis, or anaerobic vaginosis) in non-pregnant women.
Other pathogens commonly associated with vulvovaginitis such as Trichomonas vaginalis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Candida albicans and Herpes simplex virus should be ruled out.
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Tindamax and other antibacterial drugs, Tindamax should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Tipranavir indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
APTIVUS, co-administered with ritonavir, is indicated for combination antiretroviral treatment of HIV-1 infected patients who are treatment-experienced and infected with HIV-1 strains resistant to more than one protease inhibitor (PI).
This indication is based on analyses of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in two controlled studies of APTIVUS/ritonavir of 48 weeks duration in treatment-experienced adults and one open-label 48-week study in pediatric patients age 2 to 18 years. The adult studies were conducted in clinically advanced, 3-class antiretroviral (NRTI, NNRTI, PI) treatment-experienced adults with evidence of HIV-1 replication despite ongoing antiretroviral therapy.
The following points should be considered when initiating therapy with APTIVUS/ritonavir:
- The use of APTIVUS/ritonavir in treatment-naive patients is not recommended.
- The use of other active agents with APTIVUS/ritonavir is associated with a greater likelihood of treatment response.
- Genotypic or phenotypic testing and/or treatment history should guide the use of APTIVUS/ritonavir.
- The number of baseline primary protease inhibitor mutations affects the virologic response to APTIVUS/ritonavir.
- Use caution when prescribing APTIVUS/ritonavir to patients with elevated transaminases, hepatitis B or C co-infection or patients with mild hepatic impairment .
- Liver function tests should be performed at initiation of therapy with APTIVUS/ritonavir and monitored frequently throughout the duration of treatment.
- The drug-drug interaction potential of APTIVUS/ritonavir when co-administered with other drugs must be considered prior to and during APTIVUS/ritonavir use .
- Use caution when prescribing APTIVUS/ritonavir in patients who may be at risk for increased bleeding or who are receiving medications known to increase the risk of bleeding .
- The risk-benefit of APTIVUS/ritonavir has not been established in pediatric patients <2 years of age.
- There are no study results demonstrating the effect of APTIVUS/ritonavir on clinical progression of HIV-1.