Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase
Dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DHDDS gene.

# Function
Dehydrodolichyl diphosphate (dedol-PP) synthase catalyzes cis-prenyl chain elongation to produce the polyprenyl backbone of dolichol, a glycosyl carrier lipid required for the biosynthesis of several classes of glycoproteins.

# Clinical significance
It has been suggested that missense mutations in the DHDDS gene are responsible for certain variants of retinitis pigmentosa. Since it is involved in the early steps of dolichol synthesis, vital e.g. for correct N-glycosylation, a disease caused by mutations in DHDDS should be considered a congenital disorder of glycosylation (and named DHDDS-CDG according to the novel nomenclature of CDGs). Many CDG subtypes present with retinitis pigmentosa as a major feature.
Desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy

# Overview
Desmin-related myofibrillar myopathy is a subgroup of the myofibrillar myopathy diseases and is the result of a mutation in the gene that codes for desmin which prevents it from forming protein filaments, instead forming aggregates of desmin and other proteins throughout the cell.

# Pathophysiology
The sarcomeres become misaligned and result in the disorganization of muscle fibers. This mutation also results in muscle cell death by apoptosis and necrosis. The muscle cell may also be disorganized because the aggregates may interrupt other filament structures and/or normal cellular function.
Desminopathies are very rare diseases and only 60 patients have been diagnosed with so far, however this number probably does not accurately represent the population due to frequent mis or under diagnosis.

# Presentation
Common symptoms of the disease are weakness and atrophy in the distal muscles of the lower limbs which progresses to the hands and arms, then to the trunk, neck and face. Respiratory impairment often follows.

# Evaluation

## AHA Scientific Statement: Management of Cardiac Involvement Associated With Neuromuscular Diseases

### Cardiac Evaluation in Myofibrillar Myopathies (MFM)

# Inheritance
There are three major types of inheritance for this disease: Autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive and de novo.
- The most severe form is autosomal recessive and it also has the earliest onset. It usually involves all three muscle tissues and leads to cardiac and respiratory failure as well as intestinal obstruction.
- Autosomal Dominant inheritance shows a later onset and slower progression. It usually involves only one or two of the muscle tissues.
- De novo diseases occur when a new mutation arises in the person that was not inherited through either parent. This form has a wide range of symptoms and varies depending on the mutation made.

# Treatment
There is currently no cure for the disease but treatments to help the symptoms are available.
Diabetes mellitus dietary management

# Dietary Management

## General nutritional recommendation
Healthy diabetic eating includes
- Limiting foods that are high in sugar.
- Eating smaller portions, spread out over the day.
- Being careful about when and how many carbohydrates are eaten.
- Eating a variety of whole-grain foods, fruits and vegetables every day.
- Eating less fat.
- Limiting your use of alcohol.
- Using less salt.

### American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists

### American Diabetes Association

### American Dietetic Association

# 2013 American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes (DO NOT EDIT)

## Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT)

## Energy Balance, Overweight and Obesity

## Macronutrients in Diabetes Managment
Diabetes mellitus primary prevention

# Primary Prevention
Type 1 diabetes risk is known to depend upon a genetic predisposition based on HLA types (particularly types DR3 and DR4), an unknown environmental trigger (suspected to be an infection, although none has proven definitive in all cases), and an uncontrolled autoimmune response that attacks the insulin producing beta cells. Some research has suggested that breastfeeding decreased the risk;  various other nutritional risk factors are being studied, but no firm evidence has been found. 
Giving children 2000 IU of Vitamin D during their first year of life is associated with reduced risk of type 1 diabetes. 
Type 2 diabetes risk can be reduced in many cases by making changes in diet and increasing physical activity. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends maintaining a healthy weight, getting at least 212 hours of exercise per week (a brisk sustained walk appears sufficient), having a modest fat intake, and eating a good amount of fiber and whole grains. The ADA does not recommend alcohol consumption as a preventative, but it is interesting to note that moderate alcohol intake may reduce the risk (though heavy consumption clearly increases damage to body systems significantly). There is inadequate evidence that eating foods of low glycemic index is clinically helpful.
Some studies have shown delayed progression to diabetes in predisposed patients through prophylactic use of metformin, rosiglitazone, or valsartan. In patients on hydroxychloroquine for rheumatoid arthritis, incidence of diabetes was reduced by 77%.
Breastfeeding might also be associated with the prevention of type 2 of the disease in mothers.
It is possible that adequate copper could help prevent insulin dependant diabetes since it does so for ATZ poisoned mice  and copper in drinking water has somewhat of a protective affect . It could be that copper produces its effects through super oxidase dismutase (SOD) because metaloporpherin based superoxide dismutase can prevent or delay the onset of the autoimmune cascade in diabetes, using mice .  However, there are sufficient differences in human and animal models to indicate this is only a theory at the present time.
Children with antibodies treated with vitamin B-3 (niacin) had less than half the onset of diabetes incidence in a 7-year time span as the general population and even lower incidence relative to those with antibodies as above, but no vitamin B-3.

# 2013 American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes (DO NOT EDIT)

## Prevention/ Delay of Type 2 Diabetes

## Recommendations for Primary Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes

## Children and Adolescents

## Children and Adolescents Glycemic Control
Dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency

# Overview
Dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency is a condition involving inadequate dopamine beta hydroxylase.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms

### Symptoms
A deficiency of norepinephrine and epinephrine that causes orthostatic hypotension, nasal stuffiness, and droopy eyelids (ptosis) among other symptoms. Some people refer to this as norepinephrine deficiency. It's caused by largely increased amounts of serum dopamine and release of dopamine in place of norepinephrine. It is difficult for people with this to stand still for longer than one minute. Another symptom is hypoglycemia which is thought to be caused by adrenomedullary failure and the T-wave abnormalities from failure of noradrenergic control. Also, prolactin is frequently suppressed by excessive dopamine. This can also have an impact on digestion. Dopamine has an emetic effect and inhibitis digestive motricity. People with dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency may have a paradoxical response to NRI antidepressant medication such as Edronaxthey may experience more depression, less energy, and become more sleepy. This is a form of dysautonomia but differentiated from familial dysautonomia by lack of familial dysautonomic symptoms such as loss of sense of pain and smell.

# Treatment
Most people can be treated using L-Threo-DOPS. Some other OTC medications can be beneficial as well. Researchers of disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and migraines are very interested in studying this disorder, as the persons generally have triple fold amounts of dopamine in their system and yet are generally normal.
Other medications that can bring relief include:
- Phenylpropanolamine- due to pressor response to vascular -adrenoceptors.
- Indomethacin

# Secondary Prevention
Untreated individuals with DBH deficiency should avoid hot environments, strenuous exercise, standing still, and dehydration.
Doxycycline monohydrate how supplied

# How Supplied
Doxycycline Monohydrate Capsules 50 mg have a white opaque body with an ivory opaque cap. The capsule bears the inscription WATSON 410 in brown and 50 mg in brown. Each capsule contains doxycycline monohydrate equivalent to 50 mg of doxycycline, supplied in bottles of 100.
Doxycycline Monohydrate Capsules 75 mg have a white opaque body with a brown opaque cap. The capsule bears the inscription WATSON 2404 in black and 75 mg in black. Each capsule contains doxycycline monohydrate equivalent to 75 mg of doxycycline, supplied in bottles of 100.
Doxycycline Monohydrate Capsules 100 mg have an ivory opaque body with a brown opaque cap. The capsule bears the inscription WATSON 411 in white and 100 mg in brown. Each capsule contains doxycycline monohydrate equivalent to 100 mg of doxycycline, supplied in bottles of 50.
Store at 20 - 25C (68 -77F). 
Dispense in a tight light-resistant container as defined in the USP/NF.
ESA guidelines classification scheme

# Overview
The Class designation is used to indicate whether a therapy is recommended or not and the certainty surrounding that recommendation. The Level of Evidence designation is used to indicate the strength of the data associated with that recommendation.

# Classification of Recommendations

## Class 1: Benefit >>> Risk or Risk >>> Benefit
Benefits clearly outweigh risk and burdens, or vice versa.

## Class 2: Benefit  Risk
Benefits closely balanced with risks and burdens.
Benefits closely balanced with risks and burdens, some uncertainty in the estimates of benefits, risks and burdens.
Uncertainty in the estimates of benefits, risks and burdens; benefits may be closely balanced with risks and burdens.

# Level of Evidence
Consistent evidence from well performed randomised, controlled trials or overwhelming evidence of some other form. Further research is unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of benefit and risk.
Evidence from randomised, controlled trials with important limitations (inconsistent results, methodological flaws, indirect or imprecise), or very strong evidence of some other form. Further research (if performed) is likely to have an impact on our confidence in the estimate of benefit and risk and may change the estimate.
Evidence from observational studies, unsystematic clinical experience, or from randomised, controlled trials with serious flaws. Any estimate of effect is uncertain.
ESC Guidelines Classification Scheme

# Overview
The Class designation is used to indicate whether a therapy is recommended or not and the certainty surrounding that recommendation.

# Classes of Recommendation

## Class I:
Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a given procedure or treatment is beneficial, useful, and effective.

## Class II:
Conditions for which there is conflicting evidence and/or a divergence of opinion about the usefulness/efficacy of a procedure or treatment.
Weight of evidence/opinion is in favor of usefulness/efficacy.
Usefulness/efficacy is less well established by evidence/opinion.

## Class III
Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a procedure/treatment is not useful/effective and in some cases may be harmful.

# Level Of Evidence

### Level of Evidence A:
Data derived from multiple randomized clinical trials or meta-analyses of such studies.

### Level of Evidence B:
- Data derived from one or more randomized trials or meta-analysis of such studies.
- Data derived from one or more non-randomized trials or meta-analysis of such studies.

## Level of Evidence C:
- Non randomized observational studies with limitations in design or execution or Metanalysis of such studies.
- Consensus opinion of experts based on clinical experience.

# Applying Classification of Recommendations and Level of Evidence

## 2016 Classification of Recommendations and Level of Evidence
Eletriptan dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration
The maximum recommended single dose is 40 mg.
In controlled clinical trials, single doses of 20 mg and 40 mg were effective for the acute treatment of migraine in adults. A greater proportion of patients had a response following a 40 mg dose than following a 20 mg dose .
If the migraine has not resolved by 2 hours after taking RELPAX, or returns after transient improvement, a second dose may be administered at least 2 hours after the first dose. The maximum daily dose should not exceed 80 mg.
The safety of treating an average of more than 3 migraine attacks in a 30-day period has not been established.
Etravirine dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration

## Adult Patients
The recommended oral dose of INTELENCE tablets is 200 mg (one 200 mg tablet or two 100 mg tablets) taken twice daily following a meal seeClinical Pharmacology. The type of food does not affect the exposure to etravirine.

## Pediatric Patients (6 years to less than 18 years of age)
The recommended dose of INTELENCE for pediatric patients 6 years to less than 18 years of age and weighing at least 16 kg is based on body weight (see table below) not exceeding the recommended adult dose. INTELENCE tablet(s) should be taken orally, following a meal see Clinical Pharmacology. The type of food does not affect the exposure to etravirine.
The safety and efficacy of INTELENCE have not been established in children less than 6 years of age .
Healthcare professionals should pay special attention to the accurate dose selection of INTELENCE, the transcription of the medication order, the dispensing information and the dosing instructions to minimize the risk of medication errors, overdosing, and underdosing.

### Method of Administration
Patients should be instructed to swallow the INTELENCE tablet(s) whole with a liquid such as water. Patients who are unable to swallow the INTELENCE tablet(s) whole may disperse the tablet(s) in a glass of water.
The patient should be instructed to do the following:
- Place the tablet(s) in 5 mL (1 teaspoon) of water, or at least enough liquid to cover the medication.
- Stir well until the water looks milky.
- If desired, add more water or alternatively orange juice or milk (patients should not place the tablets in orange juice or milk without first adding water). The use of grapefruit uice or warm (greater than 40C) or carbonated beverages should be avoided.
- Drink it immediately, rinse the glass several times with water, orange juice, or milk and completely swallow the rinse each time to make sure the patient takes the entire dose.
FDI World Dental Federation notation
FDI World Dental Federation notation is widely used by dentists internationally to associate information to a specific tooth.
Developed by the FDI World Dental Federation, World Dental Federation notation is also known as ISO-3950 notation.
Orientation of the chart is traditionally "dentist's view", i.e. patient's right corresponds to notation chart left.  The designations "left" and "right" on the chart, however, nonetheless correspond to the patient's left and right, respectively.

# Table of codes
Codes, names, and usual number of roots:
- 11 21 maxillary central incisor 1
- 41 31 mandibular central incisor 1
- 12 22 maxillary lateral incisor 1
- 42 32 mandibular lateral incisor 1
- 13 23 maxillary canine 1
- 43 33 mandibular canine 1
- 14 24 maxillary first premolar 2
- 44 34 mandibular  first premolar 1
- 15 25 maxillary second premolar 1
- 45 35 mandibular second premolar 1
- 16 26 maxillary first molar 3
- 46 36 mandibular  first molar 2
- 17 27 maxillary second molar 3
- 47 37 mandibular second molar 2
- 18 28 maxillary third molar 3
- 48 38 mandibular third molar 2

# How the codes are constructed
Syntax: 
Examples:
- "13" = permanent upper right canine
- "32" = permanent lower left lateral incisor
Fibroblast activation protein, alpha
Fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAP-alpha) also known as prolyl endopeptidase FAP is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FAP gene.
Prolyl endopeptidase FAP is a 170 kDa membrane-bound gelatinase. It was independently identified as a surface glycoprotein recognized by the F19 monoclonal antibody in activated fibroblasts and a Surface Expressed Protease (seprase) in invasive melanoma cells.

# Structure and enzymatic activity
FAP is a 760 amino acid long type II transmembrane glycoprotein. It contains a very short cytoplasmic N terminal part (6 amino acids), a transmembrane region (amino acids 726), and a large extracellular part with an alpha/beta-hydrolase domain and an eight-bladed beta-propeller domain.
A soluble form of FAP, which lacks the intracellular and transmembrane part, is present in blood plasma. FAP is a non-classical serine protease, which belongs to the S9B prolyl oligopeptidase subfamily. Other members of the S9B subfamily are DPPIV, DPP8 and DPP9. FAP is most closely related to DPPIV (approximately 50% of their amino acids are identical). The active site of FAP is localized in the extracellular part of the protein and contains a catalytic triad composed of Ser624 Asp702 His734 in humans and mice. FAP is catalytically active as a 170kD homodimer and has a dipeptidase and an endopeptidase activity.
Several bioactive peptides and structural proteins were reported to be cleaved by FAP, such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), Peptide YY, Substance P (SP), and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), human fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), human alpha2 antiplasmin and denatured collagen I and III. NPY, FGF-21 and alpha2 antiplasmin are considered to be physiological FAP substrates.

# Expression and possible function
FAP expression under physiological conditions is very low in the majority of adult tissues. FAP is nevertheless expressed during embryonic development, and in adults in pancreatic alpha cells in multipotent bone marrow stromal cells (BM-MSC) and uterine stroma.
FAP expression is high in reactive stromal fibroblasts of epithelial cancers, granulation tissue of healing wounds, and malignant cells of bone and soft tissue sarcomas. FAP is thought to be involved in the control of fibroblast growth or epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during development, tissue repair, and epithelial carcinogenesis.

# Clinical significance
FAP expression is seen on activated stromal fibroblasts of more than 90% of all human carcinomas. Stromal fibroblasts play an important role in the development, growth and metastasis of carcinomas. Several approaches of FAP targeting mainly in cancer treatment are currently being tested including the use of low molecular weight inhibitors, prodrugs activated by FAP, various anti-FAP antibodies and their conjugates, FAP-CAR T cells, and FAP vaccines.
By cleaving FGF-21, FAP is also thought to play a possible role in energy metabolism.
Talabostat is an inhibitor of FAP and related enzymes, for which clinical trials have been done, but further research is suspended.
Sibrotuzumab is a monoclonal antibody against FAP.
Fidaxomicin warnings and precautions

# Warnings And Precautions

## Not for Systemic Infections
Since there is minimal systemic absorption of fidaxomicin, DIFICID is not effective for treatment of systemic infections.

## Hypersensitivity Reactions
Acute hypersensitivity reactions, including dyspnea, rash pruritus, and angioedema of the mouth, throat, and face have been reported with Fidaxomicin. If a severe hypersensitivity reaction occurs, DIFICID should be discontinued and appropriate therapy should be instituted.
Some patients with hypersensitivity reactions also reported a history of allergy to other macrolides. Physicians prescribing DIFICID to patients with a known macrolide allergy should be aware of the possibility of hypersensitivity reactions.

## Development of Drug-Resistant Bacteria
Prescribing DIFICID in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected C. difficile infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug resistant bacteria.
Fimbria (female reproductive system)

# Overview
In the female reproductive system, the fimbria (plural, fimbriae) is a fringe of tissue around the ostium of the Fallopian tube, in the direction of the ovary.
An ovary is not directly connected to its adjacent Fallopian tube. When ovulation is about to occur, the sex hormones activate the fimbriae, causing it to hit the ovary in a gentle, sweeping motion. An oocyte is released from the ovary into the peritoneal cavity and the cilia of the fimbriae sweep the ovum into the Fallopian tube.
Not all fimbriae, but only the ovarian fibria]] is long enough to reach to ovary.

# Additional images
- Uterus and right broad ligament, seen from behind.
Fosfomycin dosage and administration

# DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
The recommended dosage for women 18 years of age and older for uncomplicated urinary tract infection (acute cystitis) is one sachet of MONUROL. MONUROL may be taken with or without food.
MONUROL should not be taken in its dry form. Always mix MONUROL with water before ingesting. (SeePREPARATIONsection)

## PREPARATION
MONUROL should be taken orally. Pour the entire contents of a single-dose sachet of MONUROL into 3 to 4 ounces of water (1/2 cup) and stir to dissolve. Do not use hot water. MONUROL should be taken immediately after dissolving in water.
Functional gastrointestinal disorder

# Overview
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) include a number of separate idiopathic disorders which affect different parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

# Classification
The Rome process has helped to define the functional gastrointestinal disorders. Successively, the Rome I, Rome II, and the Rome III meetings have proposed a consensual classification system and terminology, as recommended by the Rome Coordinating Committee.
- Functional esophageal disorders
Functional heartburn
Functional chest pain of presumed esophageal origin
Functional dysphagia
Globus pharyngis
- Functional heartburn
- Functional chest pain of presumed esophageal origin
- Functional dysphagia
- Globus pharyngis
- Functional colonic disease: In medicine, the term functional colonic disease (or functional bowel disorder) refers to a group of bowel disorders which are characterised by chronic abdominal complaints without a structural or biochemical cause that could explain symptoms.
Functional constipation
Functional rectal pain
- Functional constipation
- Functional rectal pain
- Functional dyspepsia
- Noncardiac chest pain
- Chronic functional abdominal pain
- Irritable bowel syndrome

# Epidemiology
Functional gastrointestinal disorders have been found in 60-70% of both Canadian and American populations.
Gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid

# Overview
gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB) is a derivative of the neurotransmitter GABA. It is found naturally in the human body but it is not known whether it has an important physiological role at normal concentrations.
GABOB has anticonvulsant properties, but is of relatively low potency when used by itself, and is more useful as an adjutant treatment used alongside another anticonvulsant drug. It has two stereoisomers, with the (3S) isomer d-GABOB being around twice as potent an anticonvulsant as the (3R) isomer l-GABOB.
Other studies have suggested it may produce improved learning and memory function, probably through a cholinergic mechanism, as well as boosting growth hormone release. However its effectiveness for these purposes has not been well established and it is not widely used in medicine, although it is sold as a dietary supplement.