Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Electron ionization
Electron ionization (EI, formerly known as electron impact) is an ionization technique widely used in mass spectrometry, particularly for organic molecules.

# How it works
The gas phase reaction producing electron ionization is
where M is the atom of molecule being ionized, e^- is the electron, and M^{+\bullet} is the resulting ion.
In an EI source, electrons are produced through thermionic emission by heating a wire filament that has electric current running through it. The electrons are accelerated through the ionization space towards an anode; in the ionization space, they interact with analyte molecules in the gas phase, causing them to ionize to a radical ion, and frequently causing numerous cleavage reactions that give rise to fragment ions, which can convey structural information about the analyte.
The efficiency of ionization and production of fragment ions depends strongly on the chemistry of the analyte and the energy of the electrons. At low energies (around 20 eV), the interactions between the electrons and the analyte molecules do not transfer enough energy to cause ionization. At around 70 eV, the de Broglie wavelength of the electrons matches the length of typical bonds in organic molecules (about 0.14 nm), and energy transfer to organic analyte molecules is maximized, leading to the strongest possible ionization and fragmentation. Under these conditions, about 1 in 1000 analyte molecules in the source are ionized. At higher energies, the de Broglie wavelength of the electrons becomes smaller than the bond lengths in typical analytes; the molecules then become "transparent" to the electrons, and ionization efficiency decreases.
Emergency physician
An emergency physician is a physician who works at an emergency department to care for acutely ill patients. The emergency physician is a specialist in advanced cardiac life support (advanced life support in Europe),  trauma care such as fractures and soft tissue injuries, and management of other life-threatening situations.
In some European countries (e.g. Germany, Austria and Denmark), emergency physicians are also part of the emergency medical service and are dispatched together with EMTs and paramedics in cases of life-threatening situations for patients (heart attacks, serious accidents, resuscitations). In the United States, emergency physicians are mostly hospital-based, but they often work on air ambulances and mobile intensive-care units.
When a patient is brought into the emergency department, he or she is usually sent to triage first. The patient may be triaged by an emergency physician, a paramedic, or a nurse; in the United States, triage is usually performed by a registered nurse. If the patient is admitted to the hospital, another physician such as a cardiologist or neurologist takes over for the emergency physician.
Psychological abuse

# Overview
Psychological abuse or emotional abuse refers to the humiliation  or intimidation of another person, but is also used to refer to the long-term effects of emotional shock.
Psychological abuse can take the form of physical intimidation, controlling through scare tactics and oppression. It is often associated with situations of power imbalance, such perhaps as the situations of abusive relationships and child abuse; however, it can also take place on larger scales, such as Group psychological abuse, racial oppression and bigotry. A more "mild" case might be that of workplace abuse. Workplace abuse is a large cause of workplace-related stress, which in turn is a strong cause of illness, both physical and mental.
There need not be an agitator for psychological abuse to occur  one can undergo self-abuse, as in the case of someone who is a depressive, or self-mutilation.
Any situation in which the repeated and extreme impact of a situation affects a person's emotional and rational thinking, in such a way as to adversely impact their later lives, could be termed as psychological abuse at some level.
Psychotherapy and psychiatric methods can help some people overcome the negative effects of abuse, given time and a healing environment.
Encopresis overview

# Overview
Encopresis, from the Greek  (kopros, dung) is involuntary "fecal soiling" in children who have usually already been toilet trained.  Children with encopresis often leak stool into their underwear.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
The estimated prevalence of encopresis in 5-year-olds is ~1-3%. The disorder is thought to be more common in males than females, by a factor of 3 to 1.

# Diagnosis

## Abdominal X Ray
An abdominal x-ray may confirm impacted stool in the colon.

# Treatment

## Primary Prevention
Because the causes often are obscure, prevention is difficult. As a general rule, refrain from toilet training that is too early and too coercive.
Endergonic reaction
In chemical thermodynamics, an endergonic reaction (also called an unfavorable reaction or a nonspontaneous reaction) is a chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive, and energy is absorbed.
Under constant temperature and constant pressure conditions, this means that the change in the standard Gibbs free energy would be positive
for the reaction at standard state (ie at standard pressure (1 bar), and standard concentrations (1 molar) of all the reagents).

# Equilibrium constant
The equilibrium constant for the reaction is related to G  by the relation:
where T the absolute temperature and R is the gas constant.  A positive value of G therefore implies
so that starting from molar stoichiometric quantities such a reaction would move backwards toward equilibrium, not forwards.
Nevertheless, endergonic reactions are quite common in nature, especially in biochemistry and physiology. Examples of endergonic reactions in cells include protein synthesis, and the Na+/K+ pump which drives nerve conduction and muscle contraction.

# Making Endergonic reactions happen
Endergonic reactions can be achieved if they are either pulled or pushed by an exergonic (stability increasing, negative change in Free Energy) process.

## Pull
Reagents can be pulled through an endergonic reaction, if the reaction products are cleared rapidly by a subsequent exergonic reaction.  The concentration of the products of the endergonic reaction thus always remains low, so the reaction can proceed.
A classic example of this might be the first stage of a reaction which proceeds via a transition state.  The process of getting to the top of the activation energy barrier to the transition state is endergonic.  However, the reaction can proceed because having reached the transition state, it rapidly evolves via an exergonic process to the more stable final products.

## Push
Endergonic reactions can be pushed by coupling them to another reaction which is strongly exergonic, through a shared intermediate.
This is often how biological reactions proceed.  For example, on its own the reaction
may be too endergonic to occur.   However it may be possible to make it occur by coupling it to a strongly exergonic reaction  such as, very often, the decomposition of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate ions,  ATP  ADP + Pi, so that
This kind of reaction, with the ATP decomposition supplying the free energy needed to make an endergonic reaction occur, is so common in cell biochemistry that ATP is often called the "universal energy currency" of all living organisms.
Endobronchial valve
The endobronchial valve is a medical device researched and developed in Russia, used in treatment of tuberculosis and its complications. It is a one-way valve designerd to be installed in a bronchus. It causes hypoventilation of the affected segment of a lung and preserves the drainage function of the blocked bronchus and the tissue-destruction cavity. The valve lets air and sputum and other bronchial secretion go out of the lung during abrupt expiration and coughing, but lets nothing back in during inspiration.
The endobronchial valve has these features:
- minimally invasive  no surgical incision;
- procedure of installation of the valve lasts about five minutes;
- intended to reduce acute hyperinflation;
- flexible  adapts to the variable size and shape of the airway;
- ability to stage procedure and treat conservatively;
- reversible  valves are designed to be removable post implantation;
- increased ability to carry out daily activities;
- improved exercise tolerance;
- increased ventilation to healthier portions of the lung.
Phthisiologists have used one-way endobronchial valves since 1999 in treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB), extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB) and its complications. In the U.S. they have been used in the treatment of emphysema patients.
Endothelin receptor
There are at least four known endothelin receptors, ETA, ETB1, ETB2 and ETC, all of which are G protein-coupled receptors whose activation result in elevation of intracellular-free calcium, which constricts the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, raising blood pressure, or relaxes the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, lowering blood pressure, among other functions.

# Physiological functions
- ETA is a subtype for vasoconstriction These receptors are found in the smooth muscle tissue of blood vessels, and binding of endothelin to ETA increases vasoconstriction (contraction of the blood vessel walls) and the retention of sodium, leading to increased blood pressure.
- ETB1 mediates vasodilation, When endothelin binds to ETB1 receptors, this leads to the release of nitric oxide (also called endothelium-derived relaxing factor), natriuresis and diuresis (the production and elimination of urine) and mechanisms that lower blood pressure.
- ETB2 mediates vasoconstriction
- ETC has yet no clearly defined function.
- ET receptor are also found in the nervous system where they may mediate neurotransmission and vascular functions.

## Brain and nerves
Widely distributed in the body, receptors for endothelin are present in blood vessels and cells of the brain, choroid plexus and peripheral nerves. When applied directly to the brain of rats in picomolar quantities as an experimental model of stroke, endothelin-1 caused severe metabolic stimulation and seizures with substantial decreases in blood flow to the same brain regions, both effects mediated by calcium channels.
A similar strong vasoconstrictor action of endothelin-1 was demonstrated in a peripheral neuropathy model in rats.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in the EDNRB gene are associated with ABCD syndrome and some forms of Waardenburg syndrome.
Enoyl-CoA hydratase
Enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECH) or crotonase is an enzyme that hydrates the double bond between the second and third carbons on 2-trans/cis-enoyl-CoA:
File:Enoyl-CoA hydratase reaction cis.svg
ECH is essential to metabolizing fatty acids in beta oxidation to produce both acetyl CoA and energy in the form of ATP.
ECH of rats is a hexameric protein (this trait is not universal, but human enzyme is also hexameric), which leads to the efficiency of this enzyme as it has 6 active sites. This enzyme has been discovered to be highly efficient, and allows people to metabolize fatty acids into energy very quickly. In fact this enzyme is so efficient that the rate for short chain fatty acids is equivalent to that of diffusion-controlled reactions.

# Metabolism

## Fatty acid metabolism
ECH catalyzes the second step (hydratation) in the breakdown of fatty acids (-oxidation). Fatty acid metabolism is how human bodies turn fats into energy. Fats in foods are generally in the form of triglycerols. These must be broken down in order for the fats to pass into human bodies. When that happens, three fatty acids are released.

## Leucine metabolism

# Mechanism
ECH is used in -oxidation to add a hydroxyl group and a proton to the unsaturated -carbon on a fatty-acyl CoA. ECH functions by providing two glutamate residues as catalytic acid and base. The two amino acids hold a water molecule in place, allowing it to attack in a syn addition to an - unsaturated acyl-CoA at the -carbon. The -carbon then grabs another proton, which completes the formation of the beta-hydroxy acyl-CoA.
It is also known from experimental data that no other sources of protons reside in the active site. This means that the proton which the -carbon grabs is from the water that just attacked the -carbon. What this implies is that the hydroxyl group and the proton from water are both added from the same side of the double bond, a syn addition. This allows ECH to make an S stereoisomer from 2-trans-enoyl-CoA and an R stereoisomer from the 2-cis-enoyl-CoA. This is made possible by the two glutamate residues which hold the water in position directly adjacent to the - unsaturated double bond. This configuration requires that the active site for ECH is extremely rigid, to hold the water in a very specific configuration with regard to the acyl-CoA. The data for a mechanism for this reaction is not conclusive as to whether this reaction is concerted (shown in the picture) or occurs in consecutive steps. If occurring in consecutive steps, the intermediate is identical to that which would be generated from an E1cB-elimination reaction.
ECH is mechanistically similar to fumarase.
Erythema marginatum

# Overview
Erythema marginatum is described as the presence of pink rings on the trunk and inner surfaces of the arms and legs which come and go for as long as several months. The rings are barely raised and are non-pruritic. The face is generally spared.

# Classification
Some sources distinguish between the following:
- "Erythema marginatum rheumaticum"
- "Erythema marginatum perstans"

# Epidemiology and Demographics
It occurs in less than 5% of patients with rheumatic fever, but is considered a major Jones criterion when it does occur.  The four other major criteria include carditis, polyarthritis, Sydenham's Chorea, and subcutaneous (Aschoff) nodules.

# Diagnosis
It is an early feature of rheumatic fever and may be associated with mild carditis (inflammation of heart muscle).
Erythema multiforme

# Overview
Erythema multiforme is a skin condition of unknown etiology, but some authors suggest that the disease is mediated by deposition of immune complex (mostly IgM) in the superficial microvasculature of the skin and oral mucous membrane. It can occur due to drug exposure,as well in association with some types of infections. It varies from a mild, self-limited rash (E. multiforme minor) to a severe, life-threatening form (E. multiforme major, or Stevens-Johnson syndrome) that also involves mucous membranes.

## Common Causes
E. multiforme may also be caused by drug reactions, most commonly sulfa drugs, Hydrochlorothiazide,  phenytoin, barbiturates, penicillin, and allopurinol, Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol, or a host of internal ailments. The most common predisposing infection for E. multiforme is Herpes simplex, but bacterial infections (commonly Mycoplasma) and fungal diseases are also implicated.

# Causes

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
The skin form of E. multiforme, far more common than the severe form, usually presents with mildly itchy, pink-red blotches, symmetrically arranged and starting on the extremities. It often takes on the classical "target lesion" appearance, with a pink-red ring around a pale center. Resolution within 7-10 days is the norm.
- Erythema Multiforme Major
- Erythema Multiforme reaction to an antibiotic

## Physical Examination

### Skin
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
Image:Erythema multiforme24.jpg| Erythema multiforme Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

## Laboratory Findings
Laboratory findings are non-specific and can include an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), elevated white blood cell count (WBC), and elevated liver enzymes.
Essential medicines

# Overview
Essential medicines, as defined by the World Health Organization are "those drugs that satisfy the health care needs of the majority of the population; they should therefore be available at all times in adequate amounts and in appropriate dosage forms, at a price the community can afford."
The WHO has published a model list of essential medicines. Each country is encouraged to prepare their own lists taking into consideration local priorities. At present over 150 countries have published an official essential medicines list.The WHO List contains a core list and a complementary list.
The core list presents a list of minimum medicine needs for a basic health care system, listing the most efficacious, safe and cost-effective medicines for priority conditions. Priority conditions are selected on the basis of current and estimated future public health relevance, and potential for safe and cost-effective treatment.
The complementary list presents essential medicines for priority diseases, for which specialized diagnostic or monitoring facilities are needed. In case of doubt medicines may also be listed as complementary on the basis of consistent higher costs or less attractive cost-effectiveness in a variety of settings.
The compilation of an essential medicines list enables health authorities, especially in developing countries, to optimize pharmaceutical resources.
Ethacridine lactate

# Overview
Ethacridine lactate is an aromatic organic compound based on acridine. Synonyms include acrinol, rivanol and ethacridine monolactate monohydrate.  Its formal name is 2-ethoxy-6,9-diaminoacridine monolactate monohydrate.  It forms orange-yellow crystals with a melting point of 226 C and it has a stinging smell.
Its primary use is as an antiseptic in solutions of 0.1%.
Ethacridine is also used as an agent for second trimester abortion.  Up to 150 ml of a 0.1% solution is instilled extra-amniotically using a foley catheter. After 20 to 40 hours, 'mini labor' ensues.  In China, an intra-amniotic method has also been used.  Ethacridine as an abortifacient is found to be safer and better tolerated than 20% hypertonic saline.
Eucalyptus globulus
The Tasmanian Blue Gum, Southern Blue Gum or Blue Gum Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), is an evergreen tree, one of the most widely cultivated trees native to Australia. They typically grow from 30 to 55 m (98 to 180 ft) tall. The tallest currently known specimen in Tasmania is 90.7 m tall. The natural distribution of the species includes Tasmania and southern Victoria. There are also isolated occurrences on King Island and Flinders Island in Bass Strait and on the summit of the You Yangs.
The bark shreds often, peeling in large strips. The broad juvenile leaves are borne in opposite pairs on square stems. They are about 6 to 15 cm long and covered with a blue-grey, waxy bloom, which is the origin of the common name "blue gum". The mature leaves are narrow, sickle-shaped and dark shining green. They are arranged alternately on rounded stems and range from 15 to 35 cm in length. The buds are top-shaped, ribbed and warty and have a flattened operculum (cap on the flower bud) bearing a central knob. The cream-colored flowers are borne singly in the leaf axils and produce copious nectar that yields a strongly flavored honey. The fruits are woody and range from 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter. Numerous small seeds are shed through valves which open on the top of the fruit. It produces roots throughout the soil profile, rooting several feet deep in some soils. They do not form taproots.
The Tasmanian Blue Gum was proclaimed as the floral emblem of Tasmania on 27 November 1962. The species name is from the Latin globulus, a little button, referring to the shape of the operculum.
Blue gum is the most common plantation hardwood in Australia. It comprises 65% of all plantation hardwood in Australia with approximately 4,500 km2 planted. Most of these plantations are owned by international paper producers. The tree is widely cultivated elsewhere in the world for its timber, and sometimes for extraction of eucalyptus oil from its leaves. It was introduced to California in the mid 1800s and is prominent in many parks in San Francisco and throughout the state.
Exosome component 6
Exosome complex exonuclease MTR3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the EXOSC6 gene.
This gene product constitutes one of the subunits of the multisubunit particle called the exosome complex, which mediates mRNA degradation. The composition of human exosome is similar to its yeast counterpart. This protein is homologous to the yeast Mtr3 protein. Its exact function is not known, however, it has been shown using a cell-free RNA decay system that the exosome is required for rapid degradation of unstable mRNAs containing AU-rich elements (AREs), but not for poly(A) shortening. The exosome does not recognize ARE-containing mRNAs on its own, but requires ARE-binding proteins that could interact with the exosome and recruit it to unstable mRNAs, thereby promoting their rapid degradation.

# Interactions
Exosome component 6 has been shown to interact with Exosome component 7,Exosome component 8 and Exosome component 1.