Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Abacavir lamivudine zidovudine drug interactions

# Drug Interactions
No drug interaction trials have been conducted using TRIZIVIR Tablets .

## Antiretroviral Agents
Zidovudine:Stavudine: Concomitant use of Zidovudine with Stavudine should be avoided since an antagonistic relationship has been demonstrated in vitro.
Nucleoside Analogues Affecting DNA Replication: Some nucleoside analogues affecting DNA replication, such as ribavirin, antagonize the in vitro antiviral activity of Zidovudine against HIV-1; concomitant use of such drugs should be avoided.

## Doxorubicin
Zidovudine: Concomitant use of Zidovudine with doxorubicin should be avoided since an antagonistic relationship has been demonstrated in vitro.

## Ethanol
Abacavir: Abacavir has no effect on the pharmacokinetic properties of ethanol. Ethanol decreases the elimination of Abacavir causing an increase in overall exposure .

## Hematologic/Bone Marrow Suppressive/Cytotoxic Agents
Zidovudine: Coadministration of ganciclovir, interferon alfa, ribavirin, and other bone marrow suppressive or cytotoxic agents may increase the hematologic toxicity of Zidovudine.

## Interferon- and ribavirin-Based Regimens
Lamivudine: Although no evidence of a pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction (e.g., loss of HIV-1/HCV virologic suppression) was seen when ribavirin was coadministered with Lamivudine in HIV-1/HCV co-infected subjects, hepatic decompensation (some fatal) has occurred in HIV-1/HCV co-infected subjects receiving combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV-1 and interferon alfa with or without ribavirin .

## Methadone
Abacavir: The addition of methadone has no clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetic properties of Abacavir. In a trial of 11 HIV-1-infected subjects receiving methadone-maintenance therapy with 600 mg of ZIAGEN twice daily (twice the currently recommended dose), oral methadone clearance increased . This alteration will not result in a methadone dose modification in the majority of patients; however, an increased methadone dose may be required in a small number of patients.

## Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX)
Lamivudine: No change in dose of either drug is recommended . There is no information regarding the effect on Lamivudine pharmacokinetics of higher doses of TMP/SMX such as those used to treat PCP.
Familial hyperreninemic hypoaldosteronism type 2
Synonyms and keywords: Aldosterone synthase deficiency unlinked to CYP11B2; aldosterone synthase deficiency unlinked to the aldosterone synthase gene; FHHA2.

# Overview
Familial hyperreninemic hypoaldosteronism type 2 is a very rare genetic disorder which  results in a deficiency of aldosterone. The condition can be severe enough to cause infant death unless the patient is diagnosed and treated.

# Refernces
-  Kayes-Wandover KM, Tannin GM, Shulman D, Peled D, Jones KL, Karaviti L, White PC (2001). "Congenital hyperreninemic hypoaldosteronism unlinked to the aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) gene". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 86 (11): 537982. PMID 11701710. Retrieved 2012-08-11. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills

# Background
The Assessment of Basic Language and Learning Skills (ABLLS, often pronounced "ables") is an educational
tool used frequently with Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) to measure the basic
linguistic and functional skills of an individual with developmental delays or
disabilities.

# Development
The ABLLS were developed based on principles from B. F. Skinner's book Verbal Behavior.
Verbal behavior states that language can be treated as a behavior like any other.  Therefore,
this behavior can be broken down into smaller and smaller components, which can be used to 
track deficits and strengths in a child's language or social abilities.
The ABLLS were originally developed by James W. Partington, Ph.D., BCBA and
Mark L. Sundberg, Ph.D., BCBA.  The new, ABLLS-R (revised), were updated by
Dr. Partington. The ABLLS are published by Behavior Analysts, Inc.
The ABLLS assessment is designed to cover the typical skill-set of an early elementary
student (5-7 years old).

# Usage
While the ABLLS is most commonly used on children with developmental disabilities and
delays (including Autism), it can be used for anyone who may be lacking in basic
communication or life-skills.
It assesses the strengths and weaknesses of an individual in each of the 25 skill sets.
Each skill set is broken down into multiple skills, ordered by typical development or
complexity.  So, a skill of F1 (Requests by indicating) is a simpler skill than
F12 (Requesting Help).  Usually, lower level skills are needed before proceeding to
teach higher skills.  However, many individuals display splinter skills that are
above their practical level.
The ABLLS is conducted via observation of the child's behavior in each skill area.  The
instructor will provide a stimulus to the child (Verbal, hand-over-hand, non-verbal, etc),
and depending on what the child does (the behavior) determines their skill-level.  Some
skills are difficult or time-consuming to test; instructors frequently accept anecdotal
evidence from parents and other instructors as to a child's ability at a given skill level.

# Sections
The ABLLS are split into 25 different functional areas, each corresponding to a letter
in the alphabet.  The letter 'O' is unused at this time.  The sections between the ABLLS and ABLLS-R are
extremely similar. It is mostly the specific skills that vary in number and scope.

# Advantages & Disadvantages
The following is a very brief list of advantages and disadvantages to using the ABLLS assessment.

## Advantages
- Provides a visual representation of skills.
- Can be conducted by most people with a minimal understanding of ABA.
- Addresses basic language, academic, self-help, classroom, and gross and fine
motor skill sets.

## Disadvantages
- Skill lists are not exhaustive
- Skills are mostly in order of childhood development, but every child learns differently.
- No age normalization is provided.
- Not a standardized assessment (it is still subjective to the assesor's interpretation or ability to elicit behaviors).
Canadian Academic Detailing Collaboration (CADC)
The Canadian Academic Detailing Collaboration (CADC) is a group of programs and services which provide academic detailing (or educational outreach) to physicians and other health care providers in Canada.   Member groups include the following:
- British Columbia Provincial Academic Detailing Service (expanded from the original North Shore CDUP) 
- Academic Detailing - Alberta Health Services
- RxFiles Academic Detailing Program - Saskatchewan 
- Prescription Information Service of Manitoba (PRISM)
- Dalhousie Academic Detailing  Service (Nova Scotia) 
The Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technology in Health (CADTH) published a summary of evidence related to academic detailing as an informational/educational intervention
Clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride how supplied

# HOW SUPPLIED
Clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride for oral solution, USP (Pediatric) flavored granules is available in bottles of 100 mL (NDC 0374-5070-01).
The drug powder appears as a white to off-white powder. The reconstituted solution appears as a clear to slightly hazy solution with no significant precipitate.
When reconstituted as directed, each bottle yields a solution containing 75 mg of clindamycin per 5 mL.
Store at 20 to 25C (68 to 77F) .
Clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride microbiology

# Microbiology
Although clindamycin palmitate HCl is inactive in vitro, rapid in vivo hydrolysis converts this compound to the antibacterially active clindamycin.
Clindamycin has been shown to have in vitro activity against isolates of the following organisms
Anaerobic gram negative bacilli, including:
Bacteroides species (including Bacteroides fragilis group and Bacteroides melaninogenicus group)
Fusobacterium species
Anaerobic gram positive nonsporeforming bacilli, including:
Propionibacterium
Eubacterium
Actinomyces species
Anaerobic and microaerophilic gram positive cocci, including:
Peptococcus species
Peptostreptococcus species
Microaerophilic streptococci
Clostridia: Clostridia are more resistant than most anaerobes to clindamycin.
MostClostridium perfringens are susceptible, but other species, e.g., Clostridium sporogenes and Clostridium tertium are frequently resistant to clindamycin. Susceptibility testing should be done.
Cross resistance has been demonstrated between clindamycin and lincomycin.
Antagonism has been demonstrated between clindamycin and erythromycin.
College of Medicine - University of Saskatchewan
College of Medicine - University of Saskatchewan is the only medical school in the province. The school is located in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
The University of Saskatchewan is one of nine Canadian institutions which offer PM&R Residency Programs in Canada in physical medicine and rehabilitation.
The college offers various medical programs:

# Organization
A list of departments in the college :

# Affiliations
College of Medicine - University of Saskatchewan is linked to a number of organizations in the province:
- H.S. Computer Laboratory IHOR Continuing Medical Education
- Saskatchewan Stroke Research Centre Saskatoon Cancer Center Research Unit
- The Saskatchewan Neuroscience Network(SNN)
- Centre for Integrative Medicine
The college also offers:
- international programs - allowing students to further their studies abroad
- Aboriginal programs - 6 spaces for first year students (Aboriginal Equity Program), Aboriginal Student Mentorship Program and Pre-Medicine Awards for Aboriginal Students (6 awards per year).

# Historical Sites and Monuments
Cobalt Teletherapy Unit
Appareil De Traitement Au Cobalt
In 1951 Canadian Scientists, here and in London, Ontario, opened a new front in the battle against Cancer.  Through a pioneering partnership, the two teams of physicists, physicians and engineers, working independently yet cooperatively, designed the Saskatoon and the Eldorado {London) cobalt teletherapy units.  Both became prototypes for the first commercially avaiable units, then called "Cobalt bombs", which allowed gamma radiation to be focussed directly on cancerous cells.  Decades of effective worldwide use have proven the dependability of these units.
En 1951, des chercheurs canadiens tirent une vritable percee dans la lute contre le cancer.  Un partenariat innovateur permit a deux equipes multidisciplinaires, ici a Saskatoon et a London, de concevoir des appareils de traitement au cobalt permettant de diriger avec precision les rayons gamma sur les cellules cancereuses.  Ces dispositifs servirent de prototypes au premier appareil mis en marche: la "bombe au cobalt".  Utilisee dans le monde entier pendant des decennies, celle ci a demontre son efficacite dans la latte contre le cancer.
Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada
Commission des lieux et monumnets historiques du Canada
Government of Canada Gouvernement du Canada
Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis

# Overview
Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is a very rare inherited disorder of the nervous system which prevents the sensation of pain, heat, and cold. A person with CIPA cannot feel pain or differentiate extreme temperatures. "Anhidrosis" means the body does not sweat, and "congenital" means that the condition is present from birth.

# Clinical description
Patients with this disorder are very likely to injure themselves in ways that would normally be prevented by feeling pain. The main features of the disorder are: lack of pain sensation, painless injuries of the arms, legs and oral structures, fever during hot weather because of inability to sweat, mental retardation, infection and scarring of the tongue, lips and gums, chronic infections of bones and joints, bone fractures, multiple scars, osteomyelitis and joint deformities, which may lead to amputation.  People with this disorder may not be able to feel a physical orgasm.

# Cause
CIPA is caused by a genetic mutation which prevents the formation of nerve cells which are responsible for transmitting signals of pain, heat, and cold to the brain.   Overheating kills more than half of all children with CIPA before age 3.

# Incidence
CIPA is extremely rare. There are only 60 documented cases in the United States and more than 300 in Japan because it occurs more often in genetically homogeneous societies.
It is also found in Gallivare, a Swedish village in Gallivare Municipality in northern Sweden, where nearly 40 cases have been reported; however, the disorder found in Vittangi may be of a different kind because those affected can perspire.

# In Fiction
- In the episode "Insensitive" of House, M.D., Dr. House treats a teenage girl who is diagnosed as having CIPA.
- In the episode "Sometimes a Fantasy" of Grey's Anatomy, a young girl has undiagnosed CIPA and a long string of injuries of her limbs and mouth. But since she feels no pain, she thinks she is a superhero.
- "Ingenious Pain" by Andrew Miller. Main character James Dyer was born unable to feel pain. 
- In the third chapter of William Peter Blatty's Legion, a patient of the character Vincent Amfortas has CIPA and dies due to complications associated with infections.
- In the upcoming game "Dark Sector", the main character Hayden Tenno is born unable to feel pain and is able to survive into adulthood (This is also a key element to the story when later infected with a virus that turns most afflicted mad from pain).
Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type

# Overview
Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type is an inherited disorder of bone growth that results in dwarfism, characteristic skeletal abnormalities, and problems with vision. The name of the condition indicates that it affects the bones of the spine (spondylo-) and two regions near the ends of bones (epiphyses and metaphyses). The type was named after the first reported patient with the disorder. Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type is a subtype of collagenopathy, types II and XI.
The signs and symptoms of this condition at birth are very similar to those of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita, a related skeletal disorder. Beginning in childhood, the two conditions can be distinguished in X-ray images by changes in areas near the ends of bones (metaphyses). These changes are characteristic of spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type.
People with this condition are short-statured from birth, with a very short trunk and shortened limbs. Their hands and feet, however, are usually average-sized. Curvature of the spine (scoliosis and lumbar lordosis) may be severe and can cause problems with breathing. Changes in the spinal bones (vertebrae) in the neck may also increase the risk of spinal cord damage. Other skeletal signs include flattened vertebrae (platyspondyly), severe protrusion of the breastbone (pectus carinatum), a hip joint deformity in which the upper leg bones turn inward (coxa vara), and a foot deformity known as clubfoot.
Affected individuals have mild and variable changes in their facial features. The cheekbones close to the nose may appear flattened. Some infants are born with an opening in the roof of the mouth, which is called a cleft palate. Severe nearsightedness (high myopia) and detachment of the retina (the part of the eye that detects light and color) are also common.
This condition is one of a spectrum of skeletal disorders caused by mutations in the COL2A1 gene. The protein made by this gene forms type II collagen, a molecule found mostly in cartilage and in the clear gel that fills the eyeball (the vitreous). Type II collagen is essential for the normal development of bones and other connective tissues. Mutations in the COL2A1 gene interfere with the assembly of type II collagen molecules, which prevents bones from developing properly and causes the signs and symptoms of this condition.
This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene is sufficient to cause the disorder.
Differentiating Hypoglycemia from other diseases

# Overview
Hypoglycemia should be differentiated from other causes of autonomic hyperactivity symptoms. Neonatal hypoglycemia should be differentiated from other causes of neurological symptoms in neonates such as sepsis, metabolic diseases: urea cycle disorders, and branched-chain organic acidemias, hyponatremia and neonatal asphyxia. In adults, hypoglycemia should be differentiated from other diseases that may cause autonomic hyperactivity symptoms, such as hyperthyroidism, anxiety, arrhythmia, and pheochromocytoma.

# Differentiating Hypoglycemia from other Diseases

### Differentiating Different Causes of Hypoglycemia from each other:
*(NIPHS) non-insulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia syndrome
- Differentials for Hypoglycemia on the basis of Laboratory findings:

### Differentiating Hypoglycemia from other diseases that cause autonomic hyperactivity symptoms:

### Differentiating Hypoglycemia from other Diseases that Cause Neurological Symptoms in Neonates:

### Differentiating Hypoglycemia from other Diseases that Cause Coma and Consciousness Alterations:
Differentiating Osteoporosis from other diseases

# Overview
Osteoporosis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause a decrease in the bone mineral density (BMD), such as idiopathic transient osteoporosis of hip, osteomalacia, scurvy, osteogenesis imperfecta, multiple myeloma, homocystinuria, and hypermetabolic resorptive osteoporosis.

# Differentiating Osteoporosis from other Diseases
Osteoporosis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause a decrease in the bone mineral density (BMD), such as idiopathic transient osteoporosis of hip, osteomalacia, scurvy, osteogenesis imperfecta, multiple myeloma, homocystinuria, and hypermetabolic resorptive osteoporosis. The major similarities and differences among the diseases are discussed in the following table:

## Idiopathic transient osteoporosis of hip
- It was initially thought to be seen in women during the third trimester of pregnancy but it is seen also in middle-aged men.
- Acute hip pain is the main feature of the disease, usually self-limited and resolves after 6-8 months.
- Sometimes it may be explained as early or benign avascular necrosis (AVN).
- Subchondral cortical loss and diffuse osteopenia of the femoral head and neck are the pathognomonic features.
- Treatment includes joint protection, limited weight bearing, and NSAIDs.

## Osteomalacia
- Osteomalacia is the inability to mineralize the newly formed bone matrix, caused by the deficiency of vitamin D in adults.
- It is due to low turn-over of bone in which osteoblasts are deficient.
- Diffuse bone pain, fatigue, and fractures are the most common symptoms.
- It can also progress to osteoporosis.

## Scurvy
- Vitamin C deficiency causes defective collagen synthesis, leading to dysfunction of every collagen containing organ such as bones.
- New bone formation is disturbed and the old bone becomes brittle due to lack and poor quality of collagen.
- Treatment is vitamin C replacement.

## Osteogenesis imperfecta
- Osteogenesis imperfecta is mainly induced by defect in the synthesis of collagen type I along with improper osteoblasts functioning.
- Short stature, scoliosis, tooth defects, hearing defects, blue sclera, and propensity for fractures are the main clinical features of the disease.

## Multiple myeloma
- Multiple myeloma is a malignant proliferation of the plasma cells, mostly in bone marrow.
- It accounts for 40% of all bone tumors.
- Diffuse bone pain and tenderness are common.
- Radiologically, osteolytic lesions could be found in the bones.
- The prognosis is poor.
- Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment.

## Homocystinuria
- Homocystinuria is an autosomal recessive disorder that affects the metabolism of the amino acid methionine.
- Clinical features include failure to thrive, visual and musculoskeletal problems.
Disorganized schizophrenia (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Disorganized schizophrenia is a type of schizophrenia in which behavior is disturbed and has no purpose.

# What are the symptoms of Disorganized schizophrenia?
- Active behavior, but in an aimless and not constructive way
- Bizarre and inappropriate emotional responses
- Difficulty feeling pleasure
- False, fixed beliefs (delusions)
- Lack of motivation
- Seeing or hearing things that aren't there (hallucinations)
- Strange or silly behavior
- Speech that makes no sense
- Some of these symptoms are also seen in other types of schizophrenia. The main difference is that in disorganized schizophrenia, there is a lot of strange, aimless behavior and often speech that does not make sense.

# What causes Disorganized schizophrenia?
The cause is unknown. This type of schizophrenia usually begins before age 25.

# Where to find medical care for Disorganized schizophrenia?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Disorganized schizophrenia

# Source