Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Squamous cell carcinoma
What are you looking for?
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, a common subtype of skin cancer that affects the epithelial cells
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder, a subtype of bladder cancer associated with Schistosoma hematobium infection
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the gall bladder, a rare subtype of gallbladder cancer compared to the more common adenocarcinoma subtype
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, a subtype of non-small cell lung carcinoma that is associated with smoking
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, a subtype of esophageal cancer associated with smoking and HPV infection
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the prostate, a rare subtype of prostate cancer compared to the more common adenocarcinoma subtype
- Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, a subtype of cervical cancer that affects the exocervix and is associated with HPV infection
- Spinal cord compression
Radiofrequency ablation
Synonyms and keywords: RFA

# Overview
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is use of radiofrequecy energy to destroy biological tissue for medical treatment.

# Use in Cardiology
Radiofrequency energy is used to destroy abnormal electrical pathways in heart tissue. It is used in recurrent atrial fibrillation and other types of supraventricular tachycardia. The energy emitting probe (electrode) is placed into the heart through a catheter. The practitioner first "maps" an area of the heart to locate the abnormal electrical activity before the responsible tissue is eliminated. Ablation is a newer technique and has shown some promise for cases unresponsive to conventional treatments. New techniques include the use of cryoablation (tissue freezing using a coolant which flows through the catheter), and microwave ablation, where tissue is ablated by the microwave energy "cooking" the adjacent tissue. The abnormal electrophysiology can also be modified in a similar way surgically, and this procedure referred to as the "Cox maze procedure", is commonly performed concomitantly with cardiac surgery.
This procedure is usually performed by a subspecialty of cardiologists known as cardiac electrophysiologists.

# Renal and Hepatic Tumor Ablation
Applications other than cardiology field include ablations of tumor masses, e.g. hepatocellular carcinoma, adrenal tumors and breast tumors.
The procedure is performed either under ultrasound or CT guidance.  A radiofrequency probe is inserted into or next to a tumor mass. By exerting radio-energy with frequency around 460 kHz, the tumor mass is heated to a point where cell necrosis occurs.  Coagulation necrosis can be shown microscopically.  It is usually used to treat patients with solitary inoperable lesions, as opposed to multiple metastases.
The most extensively investigated field should be the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in  gastroenterology. According to the Barcelona Consensus 2002, such technique had been ranked " curative " procedure and proved as effective as surgical resection and chemical injection provided the hepatic tumor mass is smaller than 3 cm and the total tumor number fewer than 3.

# Treatment of Varicose Veins
Radiofrequency ablation is a minimally-invasive procedure used in the treatment of varicose veins. An alternative to the traditional stripping operation, it is usually used to treat the great or small saphenous veins. Branch varicose veins are then treated either with phlebectomy or sclerotherapy.
Under ultrasound guidance, a radiofrequency catheter is inserted into the abnormal vein and the vessel treated with radio-energy, resulting is closure of the involved vein. Early studies have shown a high success rate with low rates of complications.

# Other Uses
RFA is also used in radiofrequency lesioning, somnoplasty, and for vein closure in areas where intrusive surgery is contraindicated by trauma.  Radiofrequency energy is also used in liver resection to control bleeding (hemostasis) and facilitate the transection process.
Cardiobacterium hominis

# Overview
Cardiobacterium hominis is a bacteria that normally resides resides in the respiratory tract but is said to play a role in causing endocarditis, although in an extremely low percentage of cases.  However, it and several other bacterias fall into a group of bacterias called the "The HACEK group" group, and collectively they have been associated with infections of the mouth which in turn have been linked to heart valve inflammation (endocarditis).  Cardiobacterium, when involved with valvular infection, typically affects the mitral valve and the aortic valve.  Dental procedures can often be linked to heart valve infections, leading many to believe that proper oral hygiene/the flossing of the teeth and gums is important in the prevention of heart valve infections.
Cardibacterium hominis falls into the bacterial category of being a "Gram-Negative Bacilli", thus responds to a treatment of antibiotics commonly used to treat gram-negative bacilli, such as penicillin or penicillin derivatives.
Signs and Symptoms of a Cardiac Infection due to Cardibacterium hominis
- Fever
- Enlargement of the Spleen ("Splenomegaly")
- "Peripheral embolic phenomenon".  Blood clots originating in the heart which break off and travel to through the blood stream causing strokes or Trans Ischemic Attacks (TIA's).
- Red or purples spots on the body ("Petechiae")
- Clubbing of the fingernails.
Peroxymonosulfuric acid
Peroxymonosulfuric acid, also known as persulfuric acid, peroxysulfuric acid, or as Caro's acid, is  H2SO5, a colorless solid melting at 45 C.  In this acid, the S(VI) center adopts its characteristic tetrahedral geometry; the connectivity is indicated by the formula HO-O-S(O)2-OH.
H2SO5 is sometimes confused with H2S2O8, known as peroxydisulfuric acid.  The disulfuric acid, which appears to be more widely used as its alkali metal salts, has the structure HO-S(O)2-O-O-S(O)2-OH.

# History
H2SO5 was first described  by Heinrich Caro, for whom it is named.

# Synthesis and production
The laboratory scale preparation of Caro's acid involve the combination of chlorosulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide.
Large scale production of Caro's acid is usually done on site, due to its instability.  According to the patent by Martin, Caro's acid is produced by reacting >85% sulfuric acid and >50% hydrogen peroxide ("Piranha solution").

# Uses in industry
H2SO5 has been used for a variety of disinfectant and cleaning applications, e.g., swimming pool treatment and denture cleaning.  Alkali metal salts of H2SO5 show promise for the delignification of wood.
Ammonium, sodium, and potassium salts of H2SO5 are used in the plastics industry as polymerization initiators, etchants, desizing agents, soil conditioner, and for decolorizing and deodorizing oils.
Potassium peroxymonosulfate, KHSO5, is the potassium acid salt of peroxymonosulfuric acid. It is widely used as an oxidizing agent.

# Dangers
As with all strong oxidizing agents, peroxysulfuric acid should be kept away from organic compounds such as ethers and ketones because of its ability to peroxidize the compound, creating a highly unstable molecule such as Acetone Peroxide.
Carpometacarpal bossing

# Overview
Carpometacarpal bossing  is a condition in  the  small, immovable mass of bone called the carpometacarpal joint and occurs when this joint becomes swollen or bossed.  The carpometacarpal joint is usually found at the base of the second and third metacarpal bones at the point where they meet the small bones of the wrist. This condition can result in sensitivity in the immediate area and/or an unsightly bulge on the back of the hand.  In most cases, the boss does not result in any injury or further problems, but in some cases, the patient may feel pain, aching, or even possibly a slight lack of mobility in the wrist joint. Often, this condition will be mistaken for a ganglion cyst due to its location and external appearance.
A carpometacarpal boss may exist from birth or may be the result of a trauma or injury in the affected area.  There are also indications that those with careers involving repetitive movements in the hands and fingers may develop this condition.  Typically, this condition will begin to show itself in the 3rd or 4th decade.
- Second metacarpal bone
- Third metacarpal bone

# Footnotes
-   "The Carpal Boss: An Overview of Radiographic Evaluation" (PDF). radiology.rsnajnls.org. Retrieved 2008-06-15..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  Walker, M.D., Lorenzo G. "CARPOMETACARPAL BOSS". www.handoc.net. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
B. Jagannath Kamath &, Praveen Bhardwaj. "Carpal Bossing With Trapezium-Trapezoid Fusion". www.ispub.com. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
Cartilage of the septum
The cartilage of the septum (or septal cartilage, or quadrangular cartilage) is somewhat quadrilateral in form, thicker at its margins than at its center, and completes the separation between the nasal cavities in front.
Its anterior margin, thickest above, is connected with the nasal bones, and is continuous with the anterior margins of the lateral cartilages; below, it is connected to the medial crura of the greater alar cartilages by fibrous tissue.
Its posterior margin is connected with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid; its inferior margin with the vomer and the palatine processes of the maxillae.
Castner-Kellner process
The Castner-Kellner process is a method of electrolysis on an aqueous alkali chloride solution (usually sodium chloride solution) to produce the corresponding alkali hydroxide, invented by Hamilton Castner and Karl Kellner in the 1890's.

# Process details
The apparatus shown is divided into two types of cells separated by slate walls. The first type, shown on the right and left of the diagram, uses an electrolyte of sodium chloride solution, a graphite anode (A), and a mercury cathode (M). The other type of cell, shown in the center of the diagram, uses an electrolyte of sodium hydroxide solution, a mercury anode (M), and an iron cathode (D). Note that the mercury electrode is shared between the two cells. This is achieved by having the walls separating the cells dip below the level of the electrolytes but still allow the mercury to flow beneath them.
The reaction at anode (A) is:
The chlorine gas that results vents at the top of the outside cells where it is collected as a byproduct of the process. The reaction at the mercury cathode in the outer cells is
The sodium metal formed by this reaction dissolves in the mercury to form an amalgam. The mercury conducts the current from the outside cells to the center cell. In addition, a rocking mechanism (B shown by fulcrum on the left and rotating eccentric on the right) agitates the mercury to transport the dissolved sodium metal from the outside cells to the center cell.
The anode reaction in the center cell takes place at the interface between the mercury and the sodium hydroxide solution.
Finally at the iron cathode (D) of the center cell the reaction is
The net effect is that the concentration of sodium chloride in the outside cells decreases and the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the center cell increases. As the process commences some sodium hydroxide solution is withdrawn from center cell as output product and is replaced with water. Sodium chloride is added to the outside cells to replace what has been electrolized.

# History
The first patent for electrolyzing brine was granted in England in 1851 to Charles Watt. His process was not an economically feasible method for producing sodium hydroxide though because it could not prevent the chlorine that formed in the brine solution from reacting with its other constituents. Hamilton Castner solved the mixing problem with the invention of the mercury cell and was granted a U.S. patent in 1892. Austrian chemist, Karl Kellner arrived at  a similar solution at about the same time. In order to avoid a legal battle they became partners in 1895, founding the Castner-Kellner Alkali Company, which built plants employing the the process throughout Europe. The mercury cell process continues in use to this day. Current-day mercury cell plant operations are criticized for environmental release of mercury  leading in some cases to severe mercury poisoning as occurred in Ontario Minamata disease. Due to these concerns, mercury cell plants are being phased out, and a sustained effort is being made to reduce mercury emissions from existing plants.
Cavum septum pellucidum

# Overview
CSP is bounded anteriorly by the genu of the corpus callosum; superiorly by the body of the corpus callosum; posteriorly by the anterior limb and pillars of the fornix; inferiorly by the anterior commissure and the rostrum of the corpus callosum; and laterally by the leaflets of the septum pellucidum

# Classification
The most common type of CSP is noncommunicating, that is, it does not connect to the brain's ventricular system. Because of this lack of communication, the erstwhile term for CSP, the "fifth ventricle," is not anatomically correct and its use has fallen out of favor in recent years.
CSP is present in 100% of fetuses, but over 85% of them fuse by 36 months of age 
. It has been loosely associated with schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, and chronic brain trauma

# Movie Reference
- In Rocky V, Rocky Balboa is notified he has Cavum septum pellucidum.

# Related Chapters
- Cavum vergae
- Cavum velum interpositi
Cefadroxil how supplied

# How Supplied
Cefadroxil For Oral Suspension, USP is available in:
The 125 mg per 5 mL of reconstituted suspension- contains cefadroxil monohydrate equivalent to 125 mg with a light orange colored powder forming orange suspension on constitution with water. The resulting suspension has a characteristic mixed fruit flavor and is available as follows:
- NDC 63304-972-04 100 mL bottles
The 250 mg per 5 mL of reconstituted suspension- contains cefadroxil monohydrate equivalent to 250 mg with a light orange colored powder forming orange suspension on constitution with water. The resulting suspension has a characteristic mixed fruit flavor and is available as follows:
- NDC 63304-973-03 50 mL bottles
- NDC 63304-973-04 100 mL bottles
The 500 mg per 5 mL of reconstituted suspension- contains cefadroxil monohydrate equivalent to 500 mg with a light orange colored powder forming orange suspension on constitution with water. The resulting suspension has a characteristic mixed fruit flavor and is available as follows:
- NDC 63304-974-01 75 mL bottles
- NDC 63304-974-04 100 mL bottles
Prior to reconstitution: Store at 20 - 25 C (68 - 77 F). (See USP Controlled Room Temperature).
DURICEF (cefadroxil monohydrate, USP) 500 mg Capsules: opaque, maroon and white hard gelatin capsules, imprinted with PPP and 784 on one end and with DURICEF and 500 mg on the other end.
Capsules are supplied as follows:
- N 0430-0780-19 Bottle of 50
Store at controlled room temperature 1530 C (5986 F).
DURICEF 1 gram Tablets: white to off white, top bisected, oval shaped, imprinted with PPP on one side of the bisect and 785 on the other side of the bisect. Tablets are supplied as follows:
- N 0430-0781-19 Bottle of 50
Store at controlled room temperature 1530 C (5986 F).
DURICEF for Oral Suspension is orange-pineapple flavored, and is supplied as follows:
250 mg/5 mL N 0430-2782-15  50 mL Bottle
- N 0430-2782-17 100 mL Bottle
500 mg/5 mL N 0430-2783-16  75 mL Bottle
- N 0430-2783-17 100 mL Bottle
Prior to reconstitution: Store at controlled room temperature 1530 C (5986 F).
Cefadroxil microbiology

# Microbiology
In vitro tests demonstrate that the cephalosporins are bactericidal because of their inhibition of cell-wall synthesis. Cefadroxil has been shown to be active against the following organisms both in vitro and in clinical infections (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE):
- Beta-hemolytic streptococci
- Staphylococci, including penicillinase-producing strains
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Escherichia coli
- Proteus mirabilis
- Klebsiella species
- Moraxella catarrhalis
Note: Most strains of Enterococcus faecalis (formerly Streptococcus faecalis) and Enterococcus faecium (formerlyStreptococcus faecium) are resistant to DURICEF. It is not active against most strains of Enterobacter species, Morganella morganii (formerly Proteus morganii), and P. vulgaris. It has no activity against Pseudomonas species and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (formerly Mima and Herellea species).

## Susceptibility tests: Diffusion techniques
The use of antibiotic disk susceptibility test methods which measure zone diameter give an accurate estimation of antibiotic susceptibility. One such standard procedure1 which has been recommended for use with disks to test susceptibility of organisms to cefadroxil uses the cephalosporin class (cephalothin) disk. Interpretation involves the correlation of the diameters obtained in the disk test with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for cefadroxil.
Reports from the laboratory giving results of the standard single-disk susceptibility test with a 30 g cephalothin disk should be interpreted according to the following criteria:
A report of Susceptible indicates that the pathogen is likely to be inhibited by generally achievable blood levels. A report of intermediate susceptibility suggests that the organism would be susceptible if high dosage is used or if the infection is confined to tissue and fluids (e.g., urine) in which high antibiotic levels are attained. A report of Resistant indicates that achievable concentrations of the antibiotic are unlikely to be inhibitory and other therapy should be selected.
Standardized procedures require the use of laboratory control organisms. The 30 g cephalothin disk should give the following zone diameters:

## Dilution Techniques
When using the NCCLS agar dilution or broth dilution (including microdilution) method2 or equivalent, a bacterial isolate may be considered susceptible if the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) value for cephalothin is 8 g/mL or less. Organisms are considered resistant if the MIC is 32 g/mL or greater. Organisms with an MIC value of less than 32 g/mL but greater than 8 g/mL are intermediate.
As with standard diffusion methods, dilution procedures require the use of laboratory control organisms. Standard cephalothin powder should give MIC values in the range of 0.12 g/mL and 0.5 g/mL for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213. ForEscherichia coli ATCC 25922, the MIC range should be between 4.0 g/mL and 16.0 g/mL. For Streptococcus faecalisATCC 29212, the MIC range should be between 8.0 and 32.0 g/mL.
Cefamandole description

# Description
Mandol (Cefamandol (cefamandole) Nafate for Injection, USP) is a semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic for parenteral administration. It is 5-thia-1-azabicyclo oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 7-amino]-3-methyl]-8-oxo-, monosodium salt, ]. Cefamandol (cefamandole) has the empirical formula C 19 H 17 N 6 NaO 6S 2 representing a molecular weight of 512.49.
Mandol (cefamandole) also contains 63 mg sodium carbonate/g of cefamandol (cefamandole) activity. The total sodium content is approximately 77 mg (3.3 mEq sodium ion) per g of cefamandole activity. After addition of diluent, cefamandole nafate rapidly hydrolyzes to cefamandol (cefamandole), and both compounds have microbiologic activity in vivo.
Solutions of Mandol (cefamandole) range from light-yellow to amber, depending on concentration and diluent used. The pH of freshly reconstituted solutions usually ranges from 6.0 to 8.5.
Cefditoren how supplied

# How Supplied
SPECTRACEF (cefditoren pivoxil) tablets containing cefditoren pivoxil equivalent to 200 mg or 400 mg of cefditoren are available as white, elliptical, film-coated tablets imprinted with CBP 200 or CBP 400 in blue. These tablets are available in blister packages, as follows:
- NDC 10122-802-20: 400 mg 20 count blister. SPECTRACEF tablets containing cefditoren pivoxil equivalent to 400 mg of cefditoren are available as white, elliptical, film-coated tablets imprinted with CBP 400 in blue.
- NDC 10122-802-28: 400 mg 28 count blister. SPECTRACEF tablets containing cefditoren pivoxil equivalent to 400 mg of cefditoren are available as white, elliptical, film-coated tablets imprinted with CBP 400 in blue.
- NDC 10122-802-02: 400 mg 2 count blister. SPECTRACEF tablets containing cefditoren pivoxil equivalent to 400 mg of cefditoren are available as white, elliptical, film-coated tablets imprinted with CBP 400 in blue.
- NDC 10122-801-20: 200 mg 20 count blister.  SPECTRACEF tablets containing cefditoren pivoxil equivalent to 200 mg of cefditoren are available as white, elliptical, film-coated tablets imprinted with CBP 200 in blue.

### Storage
Store at 25C (77F); excursions permitted to 15-30C (59-86F).  Protect from light and moisture. Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container.
Healthcare professionals can telephone Cornerstone Therapeutics Medical Information Line (1-888-661-9260) for information on this product.
Cefpodoxime description
Cefpodoxime proxetil is an orally administered, extended spectrum, semi-synthetic antibiotic of the cephalosporin class. The chemical name is (RS)-1(isopropoxycarbonyloxy) ethyl (+)-(6R,7R)-7--3-methoxymethyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo oct-2-ene- 2-carboxylate.
Its empirical formula is C21H27N5O9S2 and its structural formula is represented below:
The molecular weight of cefpodoxime proxetil is 557,6.
Cefpodoxime proxetil is a prodrug; its active metabolite is cefpodoxime. All doses of cefpodoxime proxetil in this insert are expressed in terms of the active cefpodoxime moiety. The drug is supplied both as film-coated tablets and as flavored granules for oral suspension.
VANTIN Tablets contain cefpodoxime proxetil equivalent to 100 mg or 200 mg of cefpodoxime activity and the following inactive ingredients: carboxymethylcellulose calcium, carnauba wax, FD&C Yellow No. 6, hydroxypropylcellulose, hypromellose, lactose hydrous, magnesium stearate, propylene glycol, sodium lauryl sulfate and titanium dioxide. In addition, the 100 mg film-coated tablets contain D&C Yellow No. 10 and the 200 mg film-coated tablets contain FD&C Red No. 40.
Each 5 mL of VANTIN Oral Suspension contains cefpodoxime proxetil equivalent to 50 mg or 100 mg of cefpodoxime activity after constitution and the following inactive ingredients: artificial flavorings, butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), carboxymethylcellulose sodium, microcrystalline cellulose, carrageenan, citric acid, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropylcellulose, lactose, maltodextrin, natural flavorings, propylene glycol alginate, sodium citrate, sodium benzoate, starch, sucrose, and vegetable oil.