Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid
N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) is an amino acid derivative which acts as a specific agonist at the NMDA receptor mimicking the action of glutamate, the neurotransmitter which normally acts at that receptor. Unlike glutamate, NMDA only binds to and regulates the NMDA receptor and has no effect on other glutamate receptors (such as those for AMPA and kainate).  NMDA receptors are particularly important when they become overactive during withdrawal from alcohol as this causes symptoms such as agitation and, sometimes, epileptiform seizures.
NMDA is a water-soluble synthetic substance that is not normally found in biological tissue. It was first synthesized in 1960s. NMDA is an excitotoxin; this trait has applications in behavioral neuroscience research. The body of work utilizing this technique falls under the term "lesion studies." Researchers apply NMDA to specific regions of an (animal) subject's brain or spinal cord and subsequently test for the behavior of interest, such as operant behavior. If the behavior is compromised, it suggests the destroyed tissue was part of a brain region that made an important contribution to the normal expression of that behavior.
However, in lower quantities NMDA is not neurotoxic. Therefore the action of glutamate specifically through NMDA receptors can be investigated by injecting small quantities of NMDA into a certain region in the brain: for example, injection of NMDA in a brainstem region induces involuntary locomotion in cats and rats.

# Antagonists
Examples of antagonists of the NMDA receptor are APV, Amantadine, dextromethorphan, ketamine, phencyclidine (PCP), riluzole, memantine, and kynurenic acid; the latter is the only known endogenous antagonist. They are commonly referred to as NMDA receptor antagonists.
Nasal septum perforation

# Overview
A nasal septum perforation is a medical condition in which the nasal septum, the cartilaginous membrane dividing the nostrils, develops a hole or fissure.
This may be brought on directly, as in the case of nasal piercings, or indirectly, as by long-term topical drug application, including intranasal ethylphenidate, methamphetamine, cocaine, crushed prescription pills,  or decongestant nasal sprays, chronic epistaxis, aggressive digital nasal cleaning (nose picking) and as a complication of nasal surgery like septoplasty or rhinoplasty. Much less common causes for perforated nasal septums include rare granulomatous inflammatory conditions like granulomatosis with polyangiitis. It has been reported as a side effect of anti-angiogenesis drugs like bevacizumab.

# Signs and symptoms
A perforated septum can vary in size and location, and is usually found deep inside the nose. It may be asymptomatic, or cause a variety of signs and symptoms. Small perforations can cause a whistling noise when breathing. Larger perforations usually have more severe symptoms. These can be a combination of crusting, blood discharge, difficulty breathing, nasal pressure and discomfort. The closer the perforation is to the nostrils, the more likely it is to cause symptoms.

# Treatment
The majority of septal perforations can be managed without surgery. The hole will never close but if the open, raw trailing edge of the perforation can heal, the vast majority of symptoms resolve. The open irritated and raw surface must be continuously covered with a cream using a cotton applicator. This will prevent this area from drying out, cracking, bleeding, forming a scab and crusting up. A few months of successful application will allow the ulcerated edge to heal and reduces or resolves symptoms.
In a small percentage of patients surgery is necessary to alleviate symptoms. There are several different surgical procedures with reported success rates between 40 to 95%. Often these can't be reproduced by other surgeons which suggests the actual rate is lower.
Natal Multimammate Mouse
The Natal Multimammate Mouse (Mastomys natalensis) is a species of rodent in the Muridae family.
It it found in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, arable land, pastureland, rural gardens, urban areas, irrigated land, and seasonally flooded agricultural land.
In 1972, the Natal Multimammate Mouse was found to be the natural host of the deadly Lassa Fever virus.
Neonatal hemochromatosis
Neonatal Hemochromatosis is a rare and severe liver disease.  Its characteristics are similar to hereditary hemochromatosis, where iron deposition causes damage to the liver and other organs and tissues.

# Causes
The causes of neonatal hemochromatosis are still unknown, however recent research has led to the hypothesis that it is an alloimmune disease (see alloimmunity).  Evidence supporting this hypothesis includes the high recurrence rate within sibships (>80%).  This evidence along with other research indicates that Neonatal Hemochromatosis could be classified as a Congenital Alloimmune Hepatitis.

# Treatment
Effective treatment of the disease has been confined to liver transplants.  An antioxidant chelation cocktail has also been reported as having some success though its effectiveness cannot be confirmed.
Based on the alloimmune cause hypothesis, a new treatment involving high-dose immunoglobulin to pregnant mothers who have had a previous pregnancy with a confirmed neonatal hemochromatosis outcome, has provided very encouraging results.

# Related conditions
Neonatal hemochromatosis is sometimes confused with Juvenile Hemochromatosis, which is a hereditary hemochromatosis, caused by mutations of a gene called hemojuvelin.  While the symptoms and outcomes from these two diseases are similar, the causes appear to be different.
Nephritic syndrome x ray

# Overview
There are no x-ray findings associated with .
OR
An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of . Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of  include , , and .
OR
There are no x-ray findings associated with . However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of , which include , , and .

# X Ray
- There are no x-ray findings associated with .
OR
- An x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of . Findings on an x-ray suggestive of/diagnostic of  include:
OR
- There are no x-ray findings associated with . However, an x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of , which include:
Nerve of pterygoid canal
The nerve of the pterygoid canal (Vidian nerve), formed by the junction of the great petrosal nerve and the deep petrosal nerve in the cartilaginous substance which fills the foramen lacerum, passes forward, through the pterygoid canal, with the corresponding artery (artery of the pterygoid canal), and is joined by a small ascending sphenoidal branch from the otic ganglion.
Finally, it enters the pterygopalatine fossa, and joins the posterior angle of the sphenopalatine ganglion.
It contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the greater petrosal nerve, a branch of the facial nerve, and postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the deep petrosal nerve.

# Additional images
- Alveolar branches of superior maxillary nerve and sphenopalatine ganglion.
- Diagram of the cervical sympathetic.
Neuropeptide FF receptor
The neuropeptide FF receptors are members of the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily of integral membrane proteins which bind the pain modulatory neuropeptides AF and FF. 
The Neuropeptide FF receptor family is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily containing two subtypes, NPFF1 and NPFF2, which exhibit a high affinity for Neuropeptide FF (NPFF) peptides. NPFF1 is broadly distributed in the central nervous system with the highest levels found in the limbic system and the hypothalamus. NPFF2 is present in high density, particularly in mammals in the superficial layers of the spinal cord where it is involved in nociception and modulation of opioid functions 
These receptors participate to the modulation of opioid receptor function in the brain and spinal cord, and can either reduce or increase opioid receptor function depending which tissue they are released in, reflecting a complex role for neuropeptide FF in pain responses.
NPFF receptors are coupled to G proteins and regulate adenylyl cyclase in recombinant cell lines (CHO, HEK 293, SH-SY5Y). NPFF receptors are also coupled to voltage-gated N-type Ca2+ channels.

# Ligands

## Agonists
- Neuropeptide AF
- Neuropeptide FF
- Neuropeptide SF (RFRP-1)
- Neuropeptide VF (RFRP-3)

## Antagonists
- BIBP-3226 (mixed NPFF1 / NPY1 antagonist)
- RF-9
New Approaches to Cancer

# Overview
New Approaches to Cancer is a cancer support charity in the United Kingdom.

# External link
- Official website
New Approaches to Cancer is an organisation that was started by a group of four colleagues, two doctors and two healers back in 1969.  These innovators felt it was important to share with as many people as possible the positive experience of using Gentle Therapies; these, combined with supportive counseling, self help groups and dietary advice could make a real difference to people going through the experience of cancer. Today we are a national registered charity that provides a nationwide information service that is easily accessible and free to all.  
All our services are free of charge, the Charity is set up to provide a wide range of information on experienced holistic practitioners & clinics nationwide and runs self help groups in Surrey, Sussex, and Middlesex.    We organise talks and healthy living demonstrations, run regular classes in holistic therapy to support the cancer patient such as Relaxation and Visualisation Therapies, Yoga, Nutrition, Flower Remedies, Life-Coaching etc,.  And, in the spirit of prevention, invite local medical practitioners and nurses to attend as well as patients families and friends. 
The Charity offers practical and financial help in all areas of complementary therapy. Each patient is helped according to individual need.  We fund holistic treatments and provide ongoing support by giving appropriate professional attention through our network of offices.  Helpers are available to give practical direction in all areas of complementary cancer patient care and we carry out home visits, supply self-help tools such as juicers, books and tapes.  We send out free information packs and send out informative newsletters quarterly, make educational DVDs and maintain an extensive Website.  Working alongside conventional treatment, our aim is to encourage a sustainable and complementary way of living which will lower the risks of cancer and help those already diagnosed.
Nitazoxanide description

# Description
Alinia Tablets and Alinia for Oral Suspension contain the active ingredient, nitazoxanide, a synthetic antiprotozoal agent for oral administration. Nitazoxanide is a light yellow crystalline powder. It is poorly soluble in ethanol and practically insoluble in water. Chemically, nitazoxanide is 2-acetyloxy-N-(5-nitro-2-thiazolyl)benzamide. The molecular formula is C12H9N3O5S and the molecular weight is 307.3. The structural formula is:
Alinia Tablets contain 500 mg of nitazoxanide and the following inactive ingredients: maize starch, pregelatinized corn starch, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sucrose, sodium starch glycollate, talc, magnesium stearate, soy lecithin, polyvinyl alcohol, xanthan gum, titanium dioxide, FD&C Yellow No. 10 Aluminum Lake, FD&C Yellow No. 6 Aluminum Lake, and FD&C Blue No. 2 Aluminum Lake.
Alinia for Oral Suspension, when reconstituted with 48 mL of water, produces 60 mL of a homogeneous suspension with a pink color that contains 100 mg nitazoxanide per 5 mL and the following inactive ingredients: sodium benzoate, sucrose, xanthan gum, microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium, anhydrous citric acid, sodium citrate dihydrate, maltodextrin, modified food starch, triacetin, FD&C Red #40 and artificial strawberry flavoring.
No Compromise (magazine)
No Compromise is a San Francisco-based bi-annual animal liberation magazine, first published in the winter of 1989. The magazine covers global aspects of animal rights and promotes a vegan lifestyle, which includes the use of  cruelty-free products.
The magazine was founded by Ronnie Lee, the founder of the Animal Liberation Front. 

# Notes
-  "Ronnie Lee Fighting Talk: an interview with Arkangel", Arkangel, issue 25.

# Further reading
- Website of No Compromise.
Non-surgical liposuction

# Overview
Non-surgical liposuction is an alternative to surgical liposuction, in which fat is reduced using various technologies which attempt to melt and liquify a person's fat cells using non-invasive methods such as ultrasonics, lasers amd injections of chemical agents. In the standard techniques used the skin normally gets tightened in order to avoid excess skin caused by fat reduction.
The first technology was developed in approximately the late 1980s, and was approved in the United States by the FDA in 2007. The subject is a rapidly evolving field, with some of the newest technologies not yet approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration but approved by health departments in other countries.
In his book Mantalk: Tips from the Pros for Good Looks, Good Health, And Maintaining Your Competitive Edge, plastic surgeon Elliot Jacobs wrote: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}
These devices... appear to be safe, but further research is needed to determine if the procedure could effect cells other than fat cells. Early results indicate that this technology will be best for recontouring bulges rather than large volume fat removal... However, physicians have concerns about whether the appropriate amount of fat  neither too little nor too much  is dissolved through these injections, and what the short-term and long-term side effects may be. Claims as to the safety and efficacy of this product have so far not been substantiated by scientific clinical trials in the United States.
Injection of chemical agents, known as mesotherapy, is typically done using the compound phosphatidylcholine.

# Areas of treatment
Non-surgical liposuction may  be used on various areas of the human body, including the face, back, mons pubis, thighs, hips, buttocks, knees, upper arms, chin, cheeks and neck. The procedure has also been used to treat gynecomastia by reducing excess fat from enlarged male breasts.

# Technologies
There are three basic technologies used: laser, ultrasound waves and "CoolLipo" laser. The laser technologies are differentiated mainly by the wavelength of light used. All of the technologies are claimed to work selectively on the fat cells without affecting the neighboring cells, and with low, or no downtime. They require no anesthesia and are claimed to have no risks or side effects. In some cases technologies are combined together for better results.
North Hampshire Hospital
The North Hampshire Hospital, formerly Basingstoke District Hospital, is a 400 bed National Health Service (NHS) Hospital in Basingstoke, Hampshire, England.  It is part of the Basingstoke and North Hampshire NHS Foundation Trust, employing 3,000 staff and treating 180,000 patients a year in 2006.
In 1999 it became the first hospital in Europe to perform surgery using equipment operated by voice commands and in 2002 opened a new Postgraduate Medical Centre. This is The Ark Centre, an independent charity, on the hospital campus, run by the North Hampshire Medical Education Trust, a registered charity. this works in partnership with the hospital to provide many postgraduate education functions as well as running as an independent conference centre. Other partners in The Ark are the Pelican Cancer Foundation, a charity dedicated to the cure of pelvic & liver cancer by the use of precision surgical techniques, and Southampton University's nurse training facility. The Ark specialises in high tech conferences, including medical & surgical meetings, providing first rate IT and interactive live case presentation facilities. 
The Charity also sponsors a large range of community activities, within the Ark itself, sponsoring a range of educational and selfhelp meetings.
The hospital has been used as a set for both series of the Channel 4 comedy series Green Wing.
An elephant-shaped fountain by sculptress Sioban Coppinger, made to form part of a childrens play area, stands in Hunters Courtyard in the grounds of the hospital.
The hospital has its own hospital radio station called Hospital Radio Basingstoke on 945 kHz AM and on channel 6 on the bedside PatientLine units.
Obstructive lung disease

# Overview
An obstructive lung disease is a group of diseases characterized by various deformities that result in the collapse of airways. Patients suffering from obstructive lung disease usually present with shortness of breath due to damage to the airways within the lungs. This results in an inability to exhale air completely and an abnormally high amount of air may still present in the lungs after the end of full expiration. One of the main etiology of the obstructive lung disease is long-term exposure to substances that irritate and damage the lung epithelium and lung parenchyma. This includes cigarette smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes, or dust etc. Patients are usually asymptotic during the initial phase of the disease. However, symptoms usually become more evident as the disease process gets worse. The symptoms usually include a productive cough, difficulty in breathing, wheezing, and tightness in the chest. These diseases include asthma, COPD, bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, heart failure, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Obstructive lung diseases present with an obstructive pattern that is an increase in total lung capacity (TLC), increase in respiratory volume (RV), a decrease in forced vital capacity (FVC), a decreased forced expiratory volume (FEV1), and a decreased FEV1/FVC, on pulmonary function tests.

# Classification
Various diseases that present with an obstructive pattern on pulmonary function tests include:
- Asthma
- COPD
- Bronchiolitis
- Bronchiectasis
- Heart failure
- Tuberculosis
- Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
- Cystic fibrosis

# Spirometry Findings in Various Lung Conditions
Spirometry can help distinguish obstructive lung disease from restrictive lung disease. On spirometry the findings include:

# Approach to Lung Disorders

# Differentiating Obstructive Lung Disease from other Diseases
Various diseases presenting with obstructive pattern on pulmonary function tests can be differentiated from each other as follows:
Opisthorchiasis overview

# Overview
Opisthorchiasis is a parasitic disease caused by species in the genus Opisthorchis (specifically, Opisthorchis viverrini and Opisthorchis felineus).
Medical care and loss of wages caused by Opisthorchis viverrini in Laos and in Thailand costs about $120 million annually or $120 million per year can cost Northeast Thailand only.
Infection of Opisthorchis viverrini and of other liver flukes in Asia affect the poor and poorest people. Opisthorchiasis have received less attention in comparison of other diseases and it is a neglected disease in Asia.

# Causes
Causes include trematodes (flukes) Opisthorchis viverrini (Southeast Asian liver fluke) and O. felineus (cat liver fluke).

# Diagnosis

## Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis is based on microscopic identification of eggs in stool specimens.  However, the eggs of Opisthorchis are practically indistinguishable from those of Clonorchis.
Spin isomers of hydrogen
Each hydrogen molecule (H2) consists of two hydrogen atoms linked by a covalent bond. If we neglect the traces of deuterium and tritium which could be present, each hydrogen atom consists of one proton and one electron. The proton has an associated magnetic moment, which we can treat as being generated by the proton's spin. The spins of the two hydrogen atoms can either be aligned  the same direction (this is orthohydrogen) or in opposite directions (this is parahydrogen). The ratio between the ortho and para forms is about 3:1 at standard temperature and pressure, but the para form dominates at low temperatures (approx. 99.95% at 20 K). Other molecules and functional groups containing two hydrogen atoms, such as water and methylene, also have ortho and para forms, although their ratios differ from that of the dihydrogen molecule.
Orthohydrogen is unstable at low temperatures and spontaneously changes into parahydrogen, but the process is slow because the kinetic barrier to interconversion is high. The conversion from ortho to para state is exothermic (releasing heat). The presence of a paramagnetic substance in liquid hydrogen can induce rapid heating - an undesirable occurrence when one wants hydrogen to remain liquid. At room temperature, hydrogen contains 75% orthohydrogen, a proportion which the liquefaction process preserves. One must therefore use a catalyst to accelerate the conversion of the liquid hydrogen into parahydrogen, or supply additional refrigeration equipment to absorb the heat that the liquid hydrogen will give off as it spontaneously converts itself to pure parahydrogen.
The first synthesis of pure parahydrogen was achieved by Paul Harteck and Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer in 1929.
Oseltamivir how supplied

# How Supplied

## TAMIFLU Capsules
30-mg capsules (30 mg free base equivalent of the phosphate salt): light yellow hard gelatin capsules. "ROCHE" is printed in blue ink on the light yellow body and "30 mg" is printed in blue ink on the light yellow cap. Available in blister packages of 10 (NDC 0004-0802-85).
45-mg capsules (45 mg free base equivalent of the phosphate salt): grey hard gelatin capsules. "ROCHE" is printed in blue ink on the grey body and "45 mg" is printed in blue ink on the grey cap. Available in blister packages of 10 (NDC 0004-0801-85).
75-mg capsules (75 mg free base equivalent of the phosphate salt): grey/light yellow hard gelatin capsules. "ROCHE" is printed in blue ink on the grey body and "75 mg" is printed in blue ink on the light yellow cap. Available in blister packages of 10 (NDC 0004-0800-85).
Storage
Store the capsules at 25C (77F); excursions permitted to 15 to 30C (59 to 86F) .

## TAMIFLU for Oral Suspension
Supplied as a white powder blend in a glass bottle. After constitution, the powder blend produces a white tutti-fruttiflavored oral suspension. After constitution with 55 mL of water, each bottle delivers a usable volume of 60 mL of oral suspension equivalent to 360 mg oseltamivir base (6 mg/mL). (NDC 0004-0822-05).
Storage
Store dry powder at 25C (77F); excursions permitted to 15 to 30C (59 to 86F) .
Store constituted suspension under refrigeration for up to 17 days at 2 to 8C (36 to 46F). Do not freeze. Alternatively, store constituted suspension for up to 10 days at 25C (77F); excursions permitted to 15 to 30C (59 to 86F) .