Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Level I trauma center

# Overview
In the United States, a Level I trauma center provides the highest level of surgical care to trauma patients.
A Level I trauma center is required to have a certain number of surgeons and anesthesiologists on duty 24 hours a day at the hospital, an education program, preventive and outreach programs. Key elements include 24-hour in-house coverage by general surgeons and prompt availability of care in specialties such as orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, anesthesiology, emergency medicine, radiology, internal medicine, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and critical care.
Level I trauma-center hospitals in most states in the U.S. (New York, Pennsylvania and Florida among others are notable exceptions) are designated by the American College of Surgeons (ACS) for a period of three years.  Pennsylvania has its own rankings system, based on the criteria of the Commonwealth's Trauma Foundation.
The ACS does not officially designate hospitals as regional trauma centers, however. Numerous U.S. hospitals that are not listed on the organization's trauma roster nevertheless refer to their emergency or trauma units as "Level I trauma centers."   The ACS describes that responsibility as a geopolitical process by which empowered entities, government or otherwise, are authorized to designate. The ACSs self-appointed mission is limited to confirming and reporting on any given hospitals ability to comply with the ACS standard of care known as Resources for Optimal Care of the Injured Patient.
Lower levels of trauma care are provided by
- Level II trauma centers
- Level III trauma centers
- Level IV trauma centers
Levofloxacin overdose

# Overdose Information
General overdose information
Treatment

## General overdose information
Levofloxacin exhibits a low potential for acute toxicity. Mice, rats, dogs and monkeys exhibited
the following clinical signs after receiving a single high dose of levofloxacin: ataxia, ptosis,
decreased locomotor activity, dyspnea, prostration, tremors, and convulsions. Doses in excess of
1500 mg/kg orally and 250 mg/kg i.v. produced significant mortality in rodents. Return to top

## Treatment
In the event of an acute overdosage, the stomach should be emptied. The patient should be observed and appropriate hydration maintained. Levofloxacin is not efficiently removed by hemodialysis or
peritoneal dialysis. Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Lidocaine description

# Description
Xylocaine (lidocaine HCl Injection, USP) is a sterile non-pyrogenic solution of an antiarrhythmic agent administered intravenously by direct injection.
Xylocaine Injection is composed of an aqueous solution of lidocaine hydrochloride. Lidocaine HCl (C14H22N2OHCl) is chemically designated acetamide, 2-(diethylamino)-N-(2, 6 dimethylphenyl)-, monohydrochloride and is represented by the following structural formula:
pH adjusted to 5.07.0 with sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid. Single use container. Solution does not contain preservatives.
Linezolid description

# Description
ZYVOX I.V. Injection, ZYVOX Tablets, and ZYVOX for Oral Suspension contain linezolid, which is a synthetic antibacterial agent of the oxazolidinone class. The chemical name for linezolid is (S)-N--2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl] methyl]-acetamide.
The empirical formula is C16H20FN3O4. Its molecular weight is 337.35, and its chemical structure is represented below:
ZYVOX I.V. Injection is supplied as a ready-to-use sterile isotonic solution for intravenous infusion. Each mL contains 2 mg of linezolid. Inactive ingredients are sodium citrate, citric acid, and dextrose in an aqueous vehicle for intravenous administration. The sodium (Na+) content is 0.38 mg/mL (5 mEq/300-mL bag; 3.3 mEq/200-mL bag; and 1.7 mEq/100-mL bag).
ZYVOX Tablet for oral administration contains 600 mg linezolid as a film-coated compressed tablet. Inactive ingredients are corn starch, microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, sodium starch glycolate, magnesium stearate, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide, and carnauba wax. The sodium (Na+) content is 2.92 mg per 600-mg tablet (0.1 mEq/tablet).
ZYVOX for Oral Suspension is supplied as an orange-flavored granule/powder for constitution into a suspension for oral administration. Following constitution, each 5 mL contains 100 mg of linezolid. Inactive ingredients are sucrose, citric acid, sodium citrate, microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium, aspartame, xanthan gum, mannitol, sodium benzoate, colloidal silicon dioxide, sodium chloride, and flavors . The sodium (Na+) content is 8.52 mg/5 mL (0.4 mEq/5 mL).
Linguistic demography
Estimating the number of speakers of a given language is not straightforward, and various estimates may diverge considerably. This is first of all due to the question of defining "language" vs. "dialect". Classification of macrolanguages like Arabic, Chinese or Hindi as a single language has cultural or political reasons rather than a basis in linguistics. The second difficulty is multilingualism, complicating the definition of "native language". Finally, in many countries, insufficient census data adds to the difficulties.
Demolinguistics is a branch of sociolinguistics observing linguistic trends as affected by population distribution and redistribution and by the status of societies.

# Most spoken languages
The following table compares the estimates of  Comrie (1998) and  Weber (1997) (number of native speakers in millions). Also given are the estimates of SIL Ethnologue (2005). 
Comparing estimates that do not date to the same year is problematic, already due to the 1.14% per year growth of world population (with significant regional differences).
This table shows that for the world's largest languages, it is impossible to give an estimate of the number of native speakers with a certainty better than 10% or so.
Macrolanguages like Chinese, Hindustani or Arabic are particularly difficult to define, and estimates consequently show uncertainties of the order of 25%.
Liver X receptor beta
Liver X receptor beta (LXR-) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors.  LXR- is encoded by the NR1H2 gene (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 2).

# Function
The liver X receptors (LXRs) were originally identified as orphan members of the nuclear receptor superfamily because their ligands were unknown. Like other receptors in the family, LXRs heterodimerize with retinoid X receptor and bind to specific response elements (LXREs) characterized by direct repeats separated by 4 nucleotides. Two genes, alpha (LXRA) and beta, are known to encode LXR proteins.

# Structure
Crystal structure of human liver X receptor (LXR) forming heterodimer with its partner retinoid X receptor (RXR) on its cognate element, an AGGTCA direct repeat spaced by 4 nt shows an extended X-shaped arrangement, with DNA- and ligand-binding domains crossed. The LXR core binds DNA via canonical contacts and auxiliary DNA contacts that enhance affinity for the response element.

# Interactions
Liver X receptor beta has been shown to interact with NCOA6 and Retinoid X receptor alpha.
Opisthorchis felineus
Opisthorchis felineus, or cat liver fluke is a trematode parasite that infects the liver in mammals. It was first discovered in 1884 in a cat's liver by Sebastiano Rivolta of Italy. In 1891, Russian scientist K.N. Vinogradov found it in a human, and named the parasite a "Siberian liver fluke". In 1931, helminthologist Hans Vogel of Hamburg published a medical treatise describing the life cycle of Opisthorchis felineus  .
The first "intermediate hosts" of the parasite are freshwater snails, the second "intermediate hosts" are freshwater fish, followed by the final host, which are fish-eating mammals such as felines and humans. It is estimated that 1.5 million people in Russia are infected with the parasite. Inhabitants of Siberia acquire the infection by consuming raw, slightly salted and frozen fish.
Opisthorchiasis, the disease caused by Opisthorchis felineus, ranges in severity from asymptomatic infection to severe illness. Patient outcome is dependent on early detection and treatment.
Human cases of opisthorchiasis may affect the liver, pancreas, and gall bladder. If not treated in the early stages, opisthorchiasis may cause cirrhosis of the liver and increased risk of liver cancer, but may be asymptomatic in children.
Two weeks after flukes enter the body, the parasites infect the biliary tract. Symptoms of infection include fever,  general malaise, skin rash, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Severe anemia and liver damage may also incapacitate the infected person for 1-2 months.
Treatment of opisthorchiasis is generally with a single dose of praziquantel. 

# Sources:
Opisthorchiasis felineus in Russia
ProMED mail: Opisthorchiasis, human - Russia (Vladimir)
ProMED mail: Opisthorchiasis, human - Russia (Chelyabinsk)
de:Katzenleberegel
Lloyds Bank coprolite

# Overview
The Lloyds Bank turd is a large human coprolite recovered by archaeologists excavating the Viking settlement of Jorvik (now York) in England.
It was found in 1972 beneath the site of what was to become the York branch of Lloyds Bank and may be the largest example of fossilised human feces ever found. Analysis of the nine-inch (23cm) long stool has indicated that its producer subsisted largely on meat and bread whilst the presence of several hundred parasitic eggs suggests he or she was riddled with intestinal worms.  In 1991, paleoscatologist Andrew Jones made international news with his appraisal of the item for insurance purposes: "This is the most exciting piece of excrement I've ever seen. In its own way, it's as valuable as the Crown Jewels."
The specimen was put on display at the city's Archaeological Resource Centre, the outreach and education institution run by the York Archaeological Trust, where it delighted generations of awestruck schoolchildren.  In 2003, it broke into three pieces after being dropped whilst on exhibition to a party of visitors. As of 2003, efforts were underway to reconstruct it.

# Footnotes
Locality (statistics)
In statistics, locality is central tendency of a data set.  More frequently, the word location is used.  Thus the mean and median are measures of locality.  This usage is frequent in exploratory data analysis.
The word location also denotes a parameter that parametrizes a family of probability distributions in a shift-equivariant way.
While conventional measures of locality, such as arithmetic mean are often seen as the most straightforward way to describe locality, they are very sensitive to outliers. Thus the median value, which does not have any dependence on extreme outliers, is frequently used instead when the data set is relatively large.
Loken Senior syndrome

# Overview
SeniorLken syndrome is a congenital eye disorder, first described in 1961. It is a rare, ciliopathic, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by nephronophthisis and progressive eye disease.

# Pathophysiology
Loken-Senior syndrome is characterized by progressive wasting of the filtering unit of the kidney (nephronophthisis), with or without medullary cystic renal disease, and progressive eye disease. Typically this disorder becomes apparent during the first year of life.

## Genetics
The cause of SeniorLken syndrome type 5 has been identified to mutation in the NPHP1 gene which adversely affects the protein formation mechanism of the cilia.

## Associated conditions
Recent findings in genetic research have suggested that large number of genetic syndromes and diseases, that have not been previously identified in medical literature as related, may in fact be, highly related in genotypical root cause of widely varying, phenotypically observed disorders. Known ciliopathies include primary ciliary dyskinesia, Bardet-Beidl syndrome, polycystic kidney and liver disease, nephronophthisis, Alstrom's syndrome, Meckel-Gruber syndrome and some forms of retinal degeneration.
Lumbar spinal nerve 1
The lumbar spinal nerve 1 (L1) is a spinal nerve of the lumbar segment..
It originates from the spinal column from below the lumbar vertebra 1 (L1).

# Muscles
L1 supplies many muscles, either directly or through nerves originating from L1. They may be  innervated with L1 as single origin, or be innervated partly by L1 and partly by other spinal nerves. The muscles are:
- quadratus lumborum (partly)
- iliopsoas muscle (partly)
Lumbar spinal nerve 2
The lumbar spinal nerve 2 (L2) is a spinal nerve of the lumbar segment..
It originates from the spinal column from below the lumbar vertebra 2 (L2).

# Muscles
L2 supplies many muscles, either directly or through nerves originating from L2. They may be  innervated with L2 as single origin, or be innervated partly by L2 and partly by other spinal nerves. The muscles are:
- quadratus lumborum (partly)
- iliopsoas (partly)
Lumbar spinal nerve 3
The lumbar spinal nerve 3 (L3) is a spinal nerve of the lumbar segment..
It originates from the spinal column from below the lumbar vertebra 3 (L3).

# Muscles
L3 supplies many muscles, either directly or through nerves originating from L3. They may be  innervated with L3 as single origin, or be innervated partly by L3 and partly by other spinal nerves. The muscles are:
- quadratus lumborum (partly)
- iliopsoas (partly)
- obturator externus (partly)
Lumbar spinal nerve 4
The lumbar spinal nerve 4 (L4) is a spinal nerve of the lumbar segment..
It originates from the spinal column from below the lumbar vertebra 4 (L4).

# Muscles
L4 supplies many muscles, either directly or through nerves originating from L4. They are not innervated with L4 as single origin, but partly by L4 and partly by other spinal nerves. The muscles are:
- quadratus lumborum
- gluteus medius muscle
- gluteus minimus muscle
- tensor fasciae latae
- obturator externus
- inferior gemellus
- quadratus femoris
Lumbar spinal nerve 5
The lumbar spinal nerve 5 (L5) is a spinal nerve of the lumbar segment..
It originates from the spinal column from below the lumbar vertebra 5 (L5).

# Muscles
L5 supplies many muscles, either directly or through nerves originating from L5. They are not innervated with L5 as single origin, but partly by L5 and partly by other spinal nerves. The muscles are:
- gluteus maximus muscle
- gluteus medius muscle
- gluteus minimus muscle
- tensor fasciae latae
- obturator internus muscle
- inferior gemellus
- quadratus femoris
- semitendinosus
Lymphocyte antigen 96
Lymphocyte antigen 96, also known as "MD2," is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LY96 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is involved in binding lipopolysaccharide with TLR4.

# Function
The MD-2 protein appears to associate with toll-like receptor 4 on the cell surface and confers responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), thus providing a link between the receptor and LPS signaling.

# Interactions
Lymphocyte antigen 96 has been shown to interact with TLR 4.
Lysimachia nummularia
Lysimachia nummularia is a low, creeping plant of the genus Lysimachia. It is commonly called Creeping Jenny, Moneywort, Herb Twopence and Twopenny grass.
Moneywort is used in herbalism for healing wounds.
It is native to Europe, but has been introduced to North America, where it is considered an invasive species in some areas.  It is available for planting in North America as a horticultural item, but must be used with care because it can spread rapidly and crowd out other plants.  It makes a nice ground cover where the range of its growth can be limited, producing yellow flowers in early summer.
The cultivar 'aurea' (golden creeping Jenny) has yellow leaves, and is somewhat less aggressive than the species. hfa
da:Pengebladet Fredls
de:Pfennigkraut
lt:Sliauziancioji silinge
hu:Penzlevelu lizinka
nl:Penningkruid
fi:Suikeroalpi
sv:Penningblad
MT-TV (mitochondrial)
Mitochondrially encoded tRNA valine also known as MT-TV is a transfer RNA which in humans is encoded by the mitochondrial MT-TV gene.

# Structure
The MT-TV gene is located on the p arm of the non-nuclear mitochondrial DNA at position 12 and it spans 69 base pairs. The structure of a tRNA molecule is a distinctive folded structure which contains three hairpin loops and resembles a three-leafed clover.

# Function
MT-TV is a small 69 nucleotide RNA (human mitochondrial map position 1602-1670) that transfers the amino acid valine to a growing polypeptide chain at the ribosome site of protein synthesis during translation.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in MT-TV which impair oxidate phosphorylation result in mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS).  MELAS is a rare mitochondrial disorder known to affect many parts of the body, especially the nervous system and the brain. Symptoms of MELAS include recurrent severe headaches, muscle weakness (myopathy), hearing loss, stroke-like episodes with a loss of consciousness, seizures, and other problems affecting the nervous system. Two specific mutations of 1642G>A and 1644G>A have been found to result in the disease.
Changes in the gene have also been associated with Leigh's syndrome, a progressive brain disorder characterized by vomiting, seizures, delayed development, muscle weakness, problems with movement, heart disease, kidney problems, and difficulty breathing. Symptoms typically appear in infancy or early childhood. A 1624C>T mutation has been linked to this disease.
Other clinical manifestations associated with MT-TV mutations have included recurrent migraine headaches, muscle weakness and poor coordination, hearing loss, learning disabilities, dementia, and more. It has not been found why such mutations cause symptoms of these diseases. A 1606A>G mutation resulted in ataxia accompanied by progressive seizures, mental deterioration, and hearing loss. Cardiomyopathy, which weakens and enlarges the heart muscle, has also been reported in a small number of affected individuals.
Macrobiotic lifestyle
A macrobiotic lifestyle (Gr. for "big life," or "long life") can be defined as "the art of living while being conscious of the polar principles that govern the universe." This is in reference to the ancient Chinese and East Asian concept that the world can be understood in terms of the two opposite, yet complementary, forces, Yin and Yang.
People who choose the macrobiotic lifestyle generally strive to observe these forces in their everyday lives and use this as a key for obtaining balance, harmony and happiness, both physically and mentally.  This lifestyle entails careful selection and preparation of food, and attention to one's physical activity and social contact.
Foods in the macrobiotic diet are associated with yin and yang properties.  The goal of the diet is to maintain a balance between yin and yang.  Yin foods include milk, cream, fruit juice, alcohol, and sugar.  Meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and hard cheeses are examples of yang food.  The ideal foods in the macrobiotic diet are those which balance yin and yang.  Brown rice, whole grains, beans, vegetables, fruits, and nuts are examples.
Many are attracted to the macrobiotic lifestyle because testimonials claim that it can cure cancer.  Others claim that a macrobiotic diet has cured diabetes, hypertension, arterioslerosis, and forms of heart disease.  Followers of the macrobiotic diet believe that degenerative diseases result from a yin and yang imbalance in the body and that the macrobiotic diet can cure this imbalance.
Macrovascular disease
Macrovascular disease is a disease of any large (macro) blood vessels in the body.
This sometimes occurs when a person has had diabetes for a long time. Fat and blood clots build up in the large blood vessels and stick to the vessel walls.
Three common macrovascular diseases are coronary disease (in the heart), cerebrovascular disease (in the brain), and peripheral vascular disease (in the limbs)
Mafenide how supplied

# How Supplied
Mafenide Acetate , USP for 5% Topical Solution is available in packets containing 50 g of sterile Mafenide Acetate to be prepared using 1000 mL Sterile Water for Irrigation, USP or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation, USP. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: MAFENIDE ACETATE USP for 5% Topical Solution: Directions for Preparation of the Solution.) The packets are supplied as follows:
Carton of five 50 g packets (NDC # 49884-902-78).

## Recommended Storage

### Packets
Store PACKETS in a dry place at room temperature 15 to 30C (59 to 86F).

### Prepared Solution
Store SOLUTION at 20 to 25C (68 to 77F) with excursions permitted to 15 to 30C (59 to 86F). 
The solution may be held for up to 28 days if stored in unopened containers.
ONCE A CONTAINER IS OPENED, ANY UNUSED SOLUTION MUST BE DISCARDED WITHIN 48 HOURS.
Ramus of the mandible

# Overview
The ramus of the mandible (perpendicular portion) is quadrilateral in shape, and has two surfaces, four borders, and two processes.

# Surfaces
The lateral surface is flat and marked by oblique ridges at its lower part; it gives attachment throughout nearly the whole of its extent to the masseter.
The medial surface presents about its center the oblique mandibular foramen, for the entrance of the inferior alveolar vessels and nerve.
The margin of this opening is irregular; it presents in front a prominent ridge, surmounted by a sharp spine, the lingula mandibulae, which gives attachment to the sphenomandibular ligament; at its lower and back part is a notch from which the mylohyoid groove runs obliquely downward and forward, and lodges the mylohyoid vessels and nerve.
Behind this groove is a rough surface, for the insertion of the internal pterygoid muscle (Pterygoideus internus). The mandibular canal runs obliquely downward and forward in the ramus, and then horizontally forward in the body, where it is placed under the alveoli and communicates with them by small openings.
On arriving at the incisor teeth, it turns back to communicate with the mental foramen, giving off two small canals which run to the cavities containing the incisor teeth.
In the posterior two-thirds of the bone the canal is situated nearer the internal surface of the mandible; and in the anterior third, nearer its external surface.
It contains the inferior alveolar vessels and nerve, from which branches are distributed to the teeth.

# Borders
The lower border of the ramus is thick, straight, and continuous with the inferior border of the body of the bone. At its junction with the posterior border is the angle of the mandible, which may be either inverted or everted and is marked by rough, oblique ridges on each side, for the attachment of the Masseter laterally, and the Pterygoideus internus medially; the stylomandibular ligament is attached to the angle between these muscles. The anterior border is thin above, thicker below, and continuous with the oblique line.
The posterior border is thick, smooth, rounded, and covered by the parotid gland. The upper border is thin, and is surmounted by two processes, the coronoid in front and the condyloid behind, separated by a deep concavity, the mandibular notch.

# Processes
The coronoid process is a thin, triangular eminence, which is flattened from side to side and varies in shape and size.
The condyloid process is thicker than the coronoid, and consists of two portions: the condyle, and the constricted portion which supports it, the neck.
The mandibular notch, separating the two processes, is a deep semilunar depression, and is crossed by the masseteric vessels and nerve.

# Additional images
- The skull from the front.
- The Temporalis; the zygomatic arch and Masseter have been removed.
- The Pterygoidei; the zygomatic arch and a portion of the ramus of the mandible have been removed.