Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Radioactive iodine uptake

# Overview
The radioactive iodine uptake test, or RAIU test, is a type of scan used in the diagnosis of thyroid problems, particularly hyperthyroidism. It is entirely different from radioactive iodine therapy (RAI therapy), which uses much higher doses to destroy cancerous cells. The RAIU test is also used as a follow up to RAI therapy to verify that no thyroid cells survived, which could still be cancerous.

# Radioactive iodine uptake
The radioactive iodine uptake test, or RAIU test, is a type of scan used in the diagnosis of thyroid problems, particularly hyperthyroidism. It is entirely different from radioactive iodine therapy (RAI therapy), which uses much higher doses to destroy cancerous cells. The RAIU test is also used as a follow up to RAI therapy to verify that no thyroid cells survived, which could still be cancerous.
The patient swallows a radioisotope of iodine in the form of capsule or fluid, and the absorption (uptake) of this radiotracer by the thyroid is studied after 46 hours and after 24 hours with the aid of a scintillation counter. The dose is typically 0.150.37 MBq (410 Ci) of 131I sodium iodide, or 3.77.4 MBq (100200 Ci) of 123I sodium iodide.
The normal uptake is between 15 and 25 percent, but this may be forced down if, in the meantime, the patient has eaten foods high in iodine, such as dairy products and seafood. Low uptake suggests thyroiditis, high uptake suggests Graves' disease, and unevenness in uptake suggests the presence of a nodule.
123I has a shorter half-life than 131I (a half day vs. 8.1 days), so use of 123I exposes the body to less radiation, at the expense of less time to evaluate delayed scan images. Furthermore, 123I emits gamma radiation, while 131I emits gamma and beta radiation.

# Contraindications
The test is inappropriate for patients who are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Radiation injury overview

# Overview
Radiation poisoning, also called radiation sickness, is a form of damage to organ tissue due to excessive exposure to ionizing radiation. The term is generally used to refer to acute problems caused by a large dosage of radiation in a short period. Many of the symptoms of radiation poisoning occur as ionizing radiation interferes with cell division. This interference allows for treatment of cancer cells; such cells are among the fastest-dividing in the body, and may be destroyed by a radiation dose that adjacent normal cells are likely to survive.
The clinical name for "radiation sickness" is acute radiation syndrome as described by the CDC. A chronic radiation syndrome does exist but is very uncommon; this has been observed among workers in early radium source production sites and in the early days of the Soviet nuclear program. A short exposure can result in acute radiation syndrome; chronic radiation syndrome requires a prolonged high level of exposure.

## Measuring radiation dosage
The rad is a unit of absorbed radiation dose defined in terms of the energy actually deposited in the tissue. One rad is an absorbed dose of 0.01 joules of energy per kilogram of tissue. The more recent SI unit is the gray (Gy), which is defined as 1 joule of deposited energy per kilogram of tissue. Thus one gray is equal to 100 rad.
To accurately assess the risk of radiation, the absorbed dose energy in rad is multiplied by the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the radiation to get the biological dose equivalent in rems. Rem stands for "Rontgen equivalent in man (sic)." In SI units, the absorbed dose energy in grays is multiplied by the same RBE to get a biological dose equivalent in sieverts (Sv). The sievert is equal to 100 rem.
The RBE is a "quality factor," often denoted by the letter Q, which assesses the damage to tissue caused by a particular type and energy of radiation. For alpha particles Q may be as high as 20, so that one rad of alpha radiation is equivalent to 20 rem. The Q of neutron radiation depends on their energy. However, for beta particles, x-rays, and gamma rays, Q is taken as one, so that the rad and rem are equivalent for those radiation sources, as are the gray and sievert. See the sievert article for a more complete list of Q values.
Radiology Image Insertion

# Overview
It is important to have accurate insight when you are interpreting an imaging series such as CT scans, MRIs, or angiography. From a student's point of view, it may be needlessly complicated to look for a lesion in many frames. For this reason, creating an animated image with highlighted lesions is preferable to uploading many images, since it makes the image more accessible for all users.  Here we describe how to make an animated GIF file with highlighted lesions.

# How to insert an imaging series for CT scan or MRI
If you want to present a series of images (e.g., CT scans, MRIs) instead of uploading many discrete images, you can highlight the pathologic part of the image by encircling it in yellow and then combine the images to create a GIF file by following the steps listed below:
- The raw image
- 1st highlighted image
- 2nd highlighted image
- 3rd highlighted image
- 4th highlighted image
- 5th highlighted image
- 6th highlighted image
- 7th highlighted image
- 8th highlighted image
- 9th highlighted image
- 10th highlighted image
- 11th highlighted image
Here are 2 examples for imaging series:
Rapid maxillary expansion
Rapid maxillary expansion is a treatment method for malocclusions. This treatment requires a spesific device called palatal expander. A rapid palatal expander is used for stretching a patient's upper jaw bone sideward horizontally and forward to accommodate front teeth.
The rapid palatal expander has a dual-joint jack screw with two rocker arms having respectively one end pivotally engaged with two spaced fulcrums and another end engageable with a screw bar. Turning the screw bar will move the rocker arm moving outward to push upper barrel bands mounted on the molar and premolar horizontal outward to expand the upper jaw bone.
There is an elastic means with two ends engaged with the upper and lower barrel bands mounted respectively on the upper and lower molar and premolar.
When patient's mouth is closed, the elastic means will be compressed to produce a horizontal force to push the upper barrel band forward. Thus the upper jaw bone and the teeth may also receive a constant forward pushing force for expanding purpose.

# Educational Videos

## Introduction

## Measurement & Preparation

## Placing a Palatal Expander

## Management: RME turns instructions

## Removing a Palatal Expander
Recurrent laryngeal nerve

# Overview
The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve (tenth cranial nerve) that supplies motor function and sensation to the larynx (voice box). It travels within the endoneurial sheath.

# Path
It is referred to as "recurrent" because the branches of the nerve innervate the laryngeal muscles in the neck through a rather circuitous route: they descend down into the thorax before rising up between the trachea and esophagus to reach the neck.
The left branch loops under and around the arch of the aorta (ligamentum arteriosum) before ascending, whereas the right branch loops around the right subclavian artery.
The nerve splits into anterior and posterior rami before supplying muscles in the voice box  it supplies all laryngeal muscles except for the cricothyroid, which is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.

# Clinical significance
The nerve is best known for its importance in thyroid surgery, as it runs immediately posterior to this gland. If it is damaged during surgery, the patient will have a hoarse voice. Nerve damage can be assessed by laryngoscopy, during which a stroboscopic light confirms the absence of movement in the affected side of the vocal cords.
Similar problems may also be due to invasion of the nerve by a tumor or after trauma to the neck.
- If the damage is unilateral, the patient may present with voice changes including hoarseness.
- Bilateral nerve damage can result in breathing difficulties and aphonia, the inability to speak.
- The right recurrent laryngeal nerve is more susceptible to damage during thyroid surgery due to its relatively medial location.

# History
Galen is said to have first described the clinical syndrome of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis.

# Veterinary medicine
In Veterinary medicine, 'roars' refers to a deficit in the left recurrent laryngeal nerve causing characteristic stenuous sounds upon inspiration.
It is treatable by specialists in equine medicine.

# Additional images
- The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses.
- The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind.
Reissert indole synthesis
The Reissert indole synthesis is a series of chemical reactions designed to synthesize indole or substituted-indoles (4 and 5) from ortho-nitrotoluene 1 and diethyl oxalate 2.
Potassium ethoxide has been shown to give better results than sodium ethoxide.

# Reaction mechanism
The first step of the Reissert indole synthesis is the condensation of o-nitrotoluene 1 with a diethyl oxalate 2 to give ethyl o-nitrophenylpyruvate 3.  The reductive cyclization of 3 with zinc in acetic acid gives indole-2-carboxylic acid 4.  If desired, 4 can be decarboxylated with heat to give indole 5.
Remote sensing technology
In telemetry, Remote sensing technology is defined as the "observation and acquisition of physical data from a distance by viewing and making measurements from a distance or receiving transmitted data from observations made at distant location."

# Medical imaging
Transdermal optical imaging, using machine learning and video from a smartphone camera and using advanced machine learning may or may not be able to determine a subject's blood pressure.
Imaging may also be able to detect:
- Heart rate
- Atrial fibrillation
- Blood pressure. The goal for accuracy is the ISO standard of "a device is considered acceptable if its estimated probability of a tolerable error (10 mmHg) is at least 85%" or "average difference no greater than 5 mmHg and SD no greater than 8 mmHg".
- Respiratory rate
- Jaundice
- Ethanol intoxication.
- Cushing's syndrome
- Acromegaly

# Retina
Imaging of the retina, using deep-learning trained on data from 284,335 patients, may predict:
- age (mean absolute error within 3.26 years)
- gender (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.97)
- smoking status (AUC = 0.71)
- systolic blood pressure (mean absolute error within 11.23 mmHg)
- major adverse cardiac events (AUC = 0.70)
Retina imaging with deep learning can detect papilledema.

# Other
Pain sensitivity has been measured.
Thermal image sensors may be helpful.

# Legal issues
Legal issues have been debated about the role of transparency and human oversight in interpreting information derived from deep learning.

# Limitations
The ability to generalize the accuracy of image analyses to images different that those that trained the system may be limited.
Renal sodium reabsorption
Renal reabsorption of sodium (Na+) is a part of renal physiology. It uses Na-H antiport, Na-glucose symport, sodium ion channels (minor). It is stimulated by angiotensin II and aldosterone, and inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide.
It is very efficient, since more than 25.000 mmoles/day of sodium is filtered into the nephron, but only ~100 mmoles/day, or less than 0.4% remains in the final urine.

# Proximal tubule
Most of the reabsorption (65%) occurs in the proximal tubule. In the latter part it is favoured by an electrochemical driving force, but initially it needs the cotransporter SGLT and the Na-H antiporter. Water is absorbed to the same degree, resulting in the concentration in the end of the proximal tubule being the same as in the beginning. In other words, the absorption in the proximal tubule is isosmotic.

# Loop of Henle
Sodium is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle, by Na-K-2Cl symporter and
Na-H antiporter. It goes against its chemical driving force, but the high electrical driving force renders the overall electrochemical driving force positive anyway, availing some sodium to diffuse passively either the transcellular or paracellular way.

# Distal tubule
In the distal convoluted tubule sodium is transported against an electrochemical gradient by sodium-chloride symporters.

# Collecting duct
The principal cells are the sodium-transporting cells in the collecting duct system.

## Regulation
Although  only a fragment of total reabsorption happens here, it is the main part of intervention. This is e.g. done by endogenous production of aldosterone, increasing reabsorption. Since the normal excretion rate of sodium is ~100mmoles/day, then a regulation of the absorption of still more than 1000 mmoles/day entering the collecting duct system has a substantial influence of the total sodium excreted.

# Overview table
Ventral respiratory group

# Overview
The ventral respiratory group (VRG) is a column of neurons located in the ventrolateral region of the medulla, extending from the caudal facial nucleus to -400m obex. The four cell groups of the VRG are the rostral nucleus retrofacialis, caudal nucleus retroambiguus, nucleus para-ambiguus, and the pre-Botzinger complex.

# Respiratory effects
The VRG contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons.  The VRG is secondarily responsible for initiation of inspiratory activity, after the dorsal respiratory group.  The nucleus para-ambiguus is active during inspiration, while the nucleus retrofacialis and the nucleus retroambiguus are active during exhalation.
The VRG is responsible for motor control of inspiratory and expiratory muscles during exercise.
The pre-Botzinger complex is the hypothesized location of central respiratory rhythm pattern generation circuitry. It is currently unclear how this system regulates its output to effect motoneuron bursting, which in turn is responsible for inspiratory muscle innervation.  Research into the function of the pre-Botzinger complex is currently being studied by making use of the in vitro slice preparation.
Retinoid X receptor alpha
Retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR-alpha), also known as NR2B1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group B, member 1) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RXRA gene.

# Function
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and retinoic acid receptors (RARs), are nuclear receptors that mediate the biological effects of retinoids by their involvement in retinoic acid-mediated gene activation. These receptors exert their action by binding, as homodimers or heterodimers, to specific sequences in the promoters of target genes and regulating their transcription. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors. In the absence of ligand, the RXR-RAR heterodimers associate with a multiprotein complex containing transcription corepressors that induce histone deacetylation, chromatin condensation and transcriptional suppression. On ligand binding, the corepressors dissociate from the receptors and associate with the coactivators leading to transcriptional activation. The RXRA/PPARA heterodimer is required for PPARA transcriptional activity on fatty acid oxidation genes such as ACOX1 and the cytochrome P450 system genes.

# Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. 
-  The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "VitaminDSynthesis_WP1531"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}

# Interactions
Retinoid X receptor alpha has been shown to interact with:
- BCL3,
- BRD8,
- CLOCK,
- FXR
- IGFBP3,
- ITGB3BP,
- LXR-,
- MyoD,
- NCOA6,
- NFKBIB,
- NPAS2,
- NRIP1,
- NR4A1,
- NCOA2,
- NCOA3,
- POU2F1,
- PPARGC1A,
- PPAR-,
- RNF8,
- RAR-,
- SHP,
- TADA3L,
- TBP,
- TRIM24,
- TR-, and
- VDR.
Ribosome Recycling Factor
Ribosome Recycling Factor (RRF) is a protein found in bacterial cells as well as eukaryotic organelles, specifically mitochondria and chloroplasts. It functions to recycle ribosomes after completion of protein synthesis.

# Discovery
The ribosome recycling factor was discovered in the early 1970s by the work of Akira Kaji and Akikazu Hiroshima at the University of Pennsylvania.  Their work described the requirement for two protein factors to release ribosomes from mRNA. These two factors were identified as RRF, an unknown protein until then, and Elongation Factor G (EF-G), a protein already identified and known to function in protein synthesis. RRF was originally called Ribosome Releasing Factor but is now called Ribosome Recycling Factor.

# Function
Recent evidence suggests RRF may accomplish the recycling of ribosomes by splitting ribosomes into subunits, thereby releasing the bound mRNA.

## Loss of RRF function
- In Bacteria (specifically Escherichia coli), loss of the gene encoding RRF is deleterious. This makes RRF a possible target for new antibacterial drugs.
- Yeast mitochondrial RRF (mtRRF) is encoded by a gene in the cell nucleus. Loss of function of this gene leads to mitochondrial genome instability and respiratory incompetence.

# Structure and binding to ribosomes
The crystal structure of RRF was first determined by X-ray diffraction in 1999. The most striking revelation was that RRF is a near-perfect structural mimic of tRNA, in both size and dimensions. One view of RRF can be seen here.
Despite the tRNA-mimicry, RRF binds to ribosomes quite differently from the way tRNA does. It has been suggested that ribosomes bind proteins (or protein domain) of similar shape and size to tRNA, and this, rather than function, explains the observed structural mimicry.
Rlm1p gene transcriptions

# Human genes

# Consensus sequences
The upstream activating sequence (UAS) for Rlm1p is 5'-CTA(T/A)(T/A)(T/A)(T/A)TAG-3' regarding maintenance of cell integrity .

# RLM samplings
Copying the apparent consensus sequence for Rlm1p (CTATATATAG) and putting it in "F" finds none located between ZSCAN22 and none between ZNF497 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.
For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence CTA(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)TAG (starting with SuccessablesRLM.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:
- negative strand, negative direction, looking for CTA(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)TAG, 0.
- positive strand, negative direction, looking for CTA(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)TAG, 0.
- positive strand, positive direction, looking for CTA(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)TAG, 0.
- negative strand, positive direction, looking for CTA(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)TAG, 0.
- complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for GAT(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)ATC, 0.
- complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for GAT(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)ATC, 0.
- complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for GAT(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)ATC, 0.
- complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for GAT(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)ATC, 0.
- inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for CTA(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)TAG, 0.
- inverse complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for CTA(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)TAG, 0.
- inverse complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for CTA(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)TAG, 0.
- inverse complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for CTA(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)TAG, 0.
- inverse negative strand, negative direction, looking for GAT(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)ATC, 0.
- inverse positive strand, negative direction, looking for GAT(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)ATC, 0.
- inverse positive strand, positive direction, looking for GAT(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)ATC, 0.
- inverse negative strand, positive direction, looking for GAT(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)(A/T)ATC, 0.
Roque Saenz Pena Hospital
The Roque Saenz Pena Hospital (in Spanish, Hospital Dr. Roque Saenz Pena) is a public municipal hospital in Rosario, province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It serves as a secondary referral hospital for the South and Southwest Districts of the city. 
The hospital is structured around three main areas:
- Children's health area: pediatrics, neonatology, pediatric ER
- Adults' area: several specialties, general ER
- Women's area: birthing center, gynaecology, tocogynaecologic ER
The hospital's labor ward serves an average of 1,800 annual births. This area has a programme for the promotion of breastfeeding, for which it received the award of Mother and Child-Friendly Hospital (Hospital Amigo de la Madre y el Nino) from UNICEF Argentina. 

# History
The creation of a sanitary and first aid facility in the south of Rosario was first decided in 1921. This healthcare center was opened on 20 August 1923 in its current location. It received the name of former president Roque Saenz Pena in 1933. A labor ward located in a different building was transferred to the hospital in 1961.
Rosiglitazone indications

# Indications
AVANDIA is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
- AVANDIA is indicated as monotherapy.
- AVANDIA is also indicated for use in combination with a sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin when diet, exercise, and a single agent do not result in adequate glycemic control. For patients inadequately controlled with a maximum dose of a sulfonylurea or metformin, AVANDIA should be added to, rather than substituted for, a sulfonylurea or metformin.
- AVANDIA is also indicated for use in combination with a sulfonylurea plus metformin when diet, exercise, and both agents do not result in adequate glycemic control.
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.