Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Comparison of dental practice management software

# Background information

# Front desk operations

# Clinical information
- 3D Charting - mainly an esthetic factor that shows teeth in a natural appearance
- Rx printing / alerts - print from program
- Images / Radiographs - indicate if program opens images or uses a bridge another program
- Progress notes -
- Patient education - videos, print educational panflits
- Messaging, paging system - an intra office communication
- Pocket PC, Palm -

# Manage information
- e-claims - freedom to choose clearinghouse if limited list clearinghouse
- Accounting module - the importance of finances is very important to any business and should follow GAAP
- OFX - allows for communication with financial institutions.
- Time Cards - Payroll - Human resource management systems
- Import, Export - please list supported formates
- Data base - the type of data base may affect the operations of the program
- Third party access to database - the use of ODBC driver to allow full access
- Credit Card Processing - Point of sale
- Inventory / place orders

# Other aspects
- Email - able to send email from program
- Lab case tracking - track progress
- Referral tracking in and out -
- languages supported -
- Patient payment plan - setup and tracking
- Medical claims processing - able to send to medical insurance claims
- Cost -
- Trial version available - download or CD
- Custom Report Writer -
Differentiating Diabetic foot from other diseases

# Overview
Diabetic foot must be differentiated from other diseases that cause foot ulceration, erythema, swelling and skin lesion, such as skin and soft-tissue infections, gas gangrene, cellulitis, deep venous thrombosis and inflammatory disorders.

# Differentiating Diabetic foot from other Diseases
- Diabetic foot must be differentiated from other diseases that cause foot ulceration, erythema, swelling and skin lesion, such as:
Skin and soft-tissue infections:
Gas gangrene
Cellulitis
Vibrio vulnificus infection
Aeromonas hydrophila infection
Trauma
Deep venous thrombosis
Inflammatory disorders:
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Necrobiosis lipoidica
- Skin and soft-tissue infections:
Gas gangrene
Cellulitis
Vibrio vulnificus infection
Aeromonas hydrophila infection
- Gas gangrene
- Cellulitis
- Vibrio vulnificus infection
- Aeromonas hydrophila infection
- Trauma
- Deep venous thrombosis
- Inflammatory disorders:
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Necrobiosis lipoidica
- Pyoderma gangrenosum
- Necrobiosis lipoidica
- Below, find a list of differential diagnosis for diabetic foot:
Differentiating Struma ovarii from other diseases

# Overview
Struma ovarii is a potentially malignant tumor, that should be differentiated from an ovarian mass with cystic, solid, or mixed cystic and solid structure. Struma ovarii must be differentiated from other diseases like benign and malignant ovarian neoplasm, ovarian cyst, endometrioma and tubo-ovarian abscess.

# Differentiating Struma ovarii from other Diseases
- Struma ovarii is a potentially malignant tumor, that should be differentiated from an ovarian mass with cystic, solid, or mixed cystic and solid structure such as:  
- Various benign and malignant ovarian neoplasms
- Endometrioma
- Ectopic Pregnancy
- Metastatic thyroid cancer to the ovary
- Ovarian cyst(Physiological)
- Tubo-ovarian abscess
- Hydrosalpinx
- Hyperthyroidism

### Struma ovarii must be differentiated from other causes of hyperthyroidism such as Grave's disease and toxic nodular goiter:
Doxycycline monohydrate dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration
THE USUAL DOSAGE AND FREQUENCY OF ADMINISTRATION OF DOXYCYCLINE DIFFERS FROM THAT OF THE OTHER TETRACYCLINES. EXCEEDING THE RECOMMENDED DOSAGE MAY RESULT IN AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS.
Adults: The usual dose of oral doxycycline is 200 mg on the first day of treatment (administered 100 mg every 12 hours or 50 mg every 6 hours) followed by a maintenance dose of 100 mg/day. The maintenance dose may be administered as a single dose or as 50 mg every 12 hours. In the management of more severe infections (particularly chronic infections of the urinary tract), 100 mg every 12 hours is recommended.
For pediatric patients above eight years of age: The recommended dosage schedule for pediatric patients weighing 100 pounds or less is 2 mg/lb of body weight divided into two doses on the first day of treatment, followed by 1 mg/lb of body weight given as a single daily dose or divided into two doses, on subsequent days. For more severe infections up to 2 mg/lb of body weight may be used. For pediatric patients over 100 pounds the usual adult dose should be used.
Uncomplicated gonococcal infections in adults (except anorectal infections in men): 100 mg, by mouth, twice a day for 7 days. As an alternate single visit dose, administer 300 mg stat followed in one hour by a second 300 mg dose.
Acute epididymo-orchitis caused by N. gonorrhoeae: 100 mg, by mouth, twice a day for at least 10 days.
Primary and secondary syphilis: 300 mg a day in divided doses for at least 10 days.
Uncomplicated urethral, endocervical, or rectal infection in adults caused by Chlamydia trachomatis: 100 mg, by mouth, twice a day for at least 7 days.
Nongonococcal urethritis caused by C. trachomatis and U. urealyticum: 100 mg, by mouth, twice a day for at least 7 days.
Acute epididymo-orchitis caused by C. trachomatis: 100 mg, by mouth, twice a day for at least 10 days.
Inhalational anthrax (post-exposure): ADULTS: 100 mg of doxycycline, by mouth, twice a day for 60 days. CHILDREN: weighing less than 100 pounds (45 kg); 1 mg/lb (2.2 mg/kg) of body weight, by mouth, twice a day for 60 days. Children weighing 100 pounds or more should receive the adult dose.
When used in streptococcal infections, therapy should be continued for 10 days.
Administration of adequate amounts of fluid along with capsule and tablet forms of drugs in the tetracycline class is recommended to wash down the drugs and reduce the risk of esophageal irritation and ulceration. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS.) If gastric irritation occurs, doxycycline may be given with food. Ingestion of a high fat meal has been shown to delay the time to peak plasma concentrations by an average of one hour and 20 minutes. However, in the same study, food enhanced the average peak concentration by 7.5% and the area under the curve by 5.7%.
Ethambutol hydrochloride warnings and precautions

# Warnings
MYAMBUTOL may produce decreases in visual acuity which appear to be due to optic neuritis. This effect may be related to dose and duration of treatment. This effect is generally reversible when administration of the drug is discontinued promptly. However, irreversible blindness has been reported.
Liver toxicities including fatalities have been reported . Baseline and periodic assessment of hepatic function should be performed.

# Precautions
MYAMBUTOL ethambutol hydrochloride is not recommended for use in pediatric patients under thirteen years of age since safe conditions for use have not been established.
Patients with decreased renal function need the dosage reduced as determined by serum levels of MYAMBUTOL, since the main path of excretion of this drug is by the kidneys.
Because this drug may have adverse effects on vision, physical examination should include ophthalmoscopy, finger perimetry and testing of color discrimination. In patients with visual defects such as cataracts, recurrent inflammatory conditions of the eye, optic neuritis, and diabetic retinopathy, the evaluation of changes in visual acuity is more difficult, and care should be taken to be sure the variations in vision are not due to the underlying disease conditions. In such patients, consideration should be given to relationship between benefits expected and possible visual deterioration since evaluation of visual changes is difficult.
As with any potent drug, baseline and periodic assessment of organ system functions, including renal, hepatic, and hematopoietic, should be performed.
Familial Mediterranean fever history and symptoms

# Overview
The hallmark of familial Mediterranean fever is periodic fever and serositis. A positive history of periodic fever lasting 1 to 3 days and serositis is suggestive of FMF. Common symptoms of familial Mediterranean fever include abdominal pain, episodic fever, arthralgia, chest pain, myalgia, vomiting, and fatigue.

# History and Symptoms
- The hallmark of familial Mediterranean fever is periodic fever and serositis. A positive history of periodic fever lasting 1 to 3 days and serositis is suggestive of FMF.

## History
Patients with familial Mediterranean fever may have a positive history of:
- Periodic fever
- Recurrent attacks of abdominal pain
- Recurrent attacks of chest pain

## Common Symptoms
Common symptoms of familial Mediterranean fever include:
- Abdominal pain
- Episodic fever
- Arthralgia
- Chest pain
- Myalgia
- Vomiting
- Fatigue

## Less Common Symptoms
Less common symptoms of familial Mediterranean fever include:
- Sore throat
- Diarrhea
- Skin rash
- Headache
- Aphthous stomatitis
- Painful lymph node
Gastrointestinal bleeding resident survival guide

# Overview
Gastrointestinal bleeding refers to any bleeding that occurs in gastrointestinal tract from the pharynx to the rectum.

# Causes

## Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
- Esophageal varices
- Gastric ulcer
- Gastric varices
- Aorto-enteric fistula
- Hemosuccus pancreaticus
- Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

## Common Causes
- Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Duodenal ulcer
Esophageal ulcer
Esophageal varices
Gastric ulcer
Gastritis
Mallory-Weiss tear
- Duodenal ulcer
- Esophageal ulcer
- Esophageal varices
- Gastric ulcer
- Gastritis
- Mallory-Weiss tear
- Lower gastrointestinal bleeding
Angiodysplasia
Anal fissure
Colonic polyps
Diverticulitis
Diverticulosis
Hemorrhoids
Infectious colitis
Infectious diarrhea
Inflammatory bowel disease
Ischemic colitis
- Angiodysplasia
- Anal fissure
- Colonic polyps
- Diverticulitis
- Diverticulosis
- Hemorrhoids
- Infectious colitis
- Infectious diarrhea
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Ischemic colitis

# Management

## Initial Work Up for GI bleed
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the approach to ].

## Approach to Upper GI Bleed
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the approach to ]

## Approach to Lower GI Bleed
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the approach to ]

# Do's
- Assess haemodynamic status immediately and begin resuscitative measures if required.
- Blood transfusion required to maintain Hb>7mg/dl.
- Early endoscopy is strongly recommended, however patients with blood urea nitrogen13.0 mg/dl in men, Hb> 12.0 mg/dl in women, systolic blood pressure> 110 mmHg, pulse< 100beats per minute, absence of melena, syncope, cardiac failure and liver disease can be discharged without endoscopy.
- In patients with UGIB endoscopy should be considered with in 24 hours of presentation, however in patients with tachycardia, hypotension, bloody emesis should be done with in 12 hrs after presentation.
- Endoscopic therapy considered in patients with adherent clot which is resistant to vigorous irrigation.
- For actively bleeding patents, thermal therapy or epinephrin therapy plus a second modality endoscopic therapy are recommended over clips and sclerosant therapy alone. (Conditional recommendation)
- After endoscopic therapy, patients with actively bleeding ulcer, non bleeding visible vessel and adherent clot should be given IV PPI therapy (80 mg bolus infusion followed by 8 mg/h infusion) for 72 hours. 

# Dont's
- Nasogastric lavage is not required in patients with UGIB.  (Conditional recommendation)
- Epinephrin therapy should not be used alone.
Glandular branches of the superior thyroid artery
The glandular branches of the superior thyroid artery are generally two in number;
- one, the larger, supplies principally the anterior surface; on the isthmus of the gland it anastomoses with the corresponding artery of the opposite side
- a second branch descends on the posterior surface of the gland and anastomoses with the inferior thyroid artery
Haemophilus b conjugate vaccine drug interactions

# DRUG INTERACTIONS

## Interference With Laboratory Tests
Haemophilus b capsular polysaccharide derived from Haemophilus b Conjugate Vaccines has been detected in the urine of some vaccinees.1 Urine antigen detection may not have a diagnostic value in suspected disease due to H. influenzaetype b within 1 to 2 weeks after receipt of a H. influenzae type b-containing vaccine, including HIBERIX .

## Concomitant Vaccine Administration
In clinical studies, a booster dose of HIBERIX was administered concomitantly with 1 of the following vaccines: DTaP, DTaP-IPV, DTaP-HBV-IPV, or DTaP-HBV (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, not licensed in the US). The formulations of DTaP, DTaP-IPV, and DTaP-HBV-IPV were non-US formulations (containing 2.5 mg 2-phenoxyethanol per dose as preservative) of the following US-licensed vaccines: INFANRIX, KINRIX, and PEDIARIX, respectively. In these studies, DTaP-IPV and DTaP-HBV-IPV were administered in dosing regimens that are not approved in the US. 
Sufficient data are not available to confirm lack of interference in immune responses to other vaccines administered concomitantly with HIBERIX.
If HIBERIX is administered concomitantly with other injectable vaccines, they should be given with separate syringes and at different injection sites. HIBERIX should not be mixed with any other vaccine in the same syringe or vial.

## Immunosuppressive Therapies
Immunosuppressive therapies, including irradiation, antimetabolites, alkylating agents,cytotoxic drugs, and corticosteroids (used in greater than physiologic doses), may reduce the immune response to HIBERIX.
Levo-transposition of the great arteries overview

# Overview
- levo-Transposition of the great arteries, also commonly referred to as congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries
- It is an acyanotic heart defect congenital heart defect in which the primary arteries, the aorta and the pulmonary artery are transposed, with the aorta anterior and to the left of the pulmonary artery; and the morphological left and right ventricles are also transposed. Use of the term "corrected" has been disputed by many due to the frequent occurrence of other abnormalities and or acquired disorders in l-TGA patients.
- In segmental analysis, this condition is described as atrioventricular discordance ventricular inversion with ventriculoarterial discordance.
- l-TGA is often referred to simply as transposition of the great arteries(TGA); however, TGA is a more general term which may also refer to dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA).
- Another term commonly used to refer to both l-TGA and d-TGA is transposition of the great vessels(TGV), although this term can have an even broader meaning than TGA.
- The letter L in the terms l-TGA or L-TGA refers to the a leftward or Levo aorta, versus the normal dextro or rightward aorta.
Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Diagnosis

# Laboratory Findings

## Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies
If there is an elevation of a marker of myocardial necrosis (CK-MB or troponin), then the patient does not have unstable angina, but instead has a syndrome of either ST elevation MI or Non ST elevation MI depending upon the EKG changes.

## Electrocardiogram
The resting electrocardiogram may show either
- No changes
- Flipped T waves
- ST Depression as shown to the right. ST depression carries the poorest prognosis.

## Chest X Ray
A Chest X Ray is critical to aid in the exclusion of aortic dissection.
A mediastinal mass consistent with a cancer may be present, but it is unlikely to present with a syndrome of accelerating chest pain.

## Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain

### Cardiovascular
- Acute Aortic Dissection
- Acute Coronary Syndrome
- Angina
- Aortic Aneurysm
- Aortic Stenosis
- Arryhthmias
- Bland-White-Garland Syndrome
- Cardiac tamponade
- Cor pulmonale
- Coronary Heart Disease
- Dressler's syndrome (postpericardiotomy)
- Functional cardiac problems
- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- Mitral valve prolapse
- Myocarditis
- Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
- Pericardial tamponade
- Pericarditis
- ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
PCI Complications: Arrhythmias and Cardiac Arrest
- VPB most common, Ventricular Tachycardia and Ventricular Fibrillation
Secondary to catheters, wires and pacing catheters in the chambers
Contrast injections into the right coronary artery (prolonged, damped, prolonged QT interval)
Prolonged ischemia due to guiding catheter dampening
- Secondary to catheters, wires and pacing catheters in the chambers
- Contrast injections into the right coronary artery (prolonged, damped, prolonged QT interval)
- Prolonged ischemia due to guiding catheter dampening
- Bradyarrhythmias
Most often secondary to injections (cough, cough, cough...)
Vasovagal  treat with fluids and atropine
- Most often secondary to injections (cough, cough, cough...)
- Vasovagal  treat with fluids and atropine
Paroxysmal AV Block Classification Based on Cause
- Paroxysmal AV Block may be classified according to the cause into three types :
- Intrinsic AV Block (I-AVB)
- Extrinsic Vagal AV Block (EV- AVB)
- Extrinsic Idiopathic AV Block (EI- AVB) "Syncope and paroxysmal atrioventricular block - Aste - 2017 - Journal of Arrhythmia - Wiley Online Library"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  Aste M, Brignole M (December 2017). "Syncope and paroxysmal atrioventricular block". J Arrhythm. 33 (6): 562567. doi:10.1016/j.joa.2017.03.008. PMID 29255501.
Paroxysmal AV Block Extrinsic Idiopathic AV Block

# Overview
Individuals with low levels of adenosine are susceptible to sudden surges in adenosine levels which act on the AV node and cause episodes of presyncope or syncope. This would be seen on an ECG as a sudden increase in sinus rate with narrow QRS complexes just prior to the period of asystole.

# Pathophysiology
- The pathogenesis of extrinsic idiopathic paroxysmal AV block (EI-AVB) can be correlated to  adenosine plasma levels (APL) and increased affinity of adenosine A1 receptors.
- There is a recurrent history of unexplained syncope, absence of ECG and cardiac abnormalities and a good prognosis.
- Due to innately low APL values seen in these patients, there is an upregulation of A1 receptors, such that even during a mild transient surge in endogenous adenosine levels, AV block occurs.
- A1 receptors, which are present more in the AV node than the SA node, impose an antiadrenergic action by antagonizing 1 receptors, the sympathetic nervous system, hyperpolarizing the SA and AV nodes through potassium channels and lowering intracellular cAMP levels. 
- Therefore, in such patients an injection of adenosine or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) may reproduce the attack and adenosine antagonists such as theophylline may be an efficacious treatment option.
- On an ECG, there is an absence of signs of vagal stimulation, atrial/ventricular premature beats and there may be a presence of narrow QRS complexes prior to the period of complete AV Block/ asystole
- Certain studies have also noticed genetic polymorphisms in A2A receptors in a population of people experiencing recurrent unexplained syncope. .
Penicillin G benzathine dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration

## Dosage
- Streptococcal (Group A) Upper Respiratory Infections (for example, pharyngitis)
Adultsa single injection of 1,200,000 units; older pediatric patientsa single injection of 900,000 units; infants and pediatric patients under 60 lbs.300,000 to 600,000 units.
- Syphilis
Primary, secondary, and latent2,400,000 units (1 dose). Late (tertiary and neurosyphilis)2,400,000 units at 7-day intervals for three doses.
Congenitalunder 2 years of age: 50,000 units/kg/body weight; ages 2 to 12 years: adjust dosage based on adult dosage schedule.
- Yaws, Bejel, and Pinta1,200,000 units (1 injection).
- Prophylaxisfor rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis.
Following an acute attack, penicillin G benzathine (parenteral) may be given in doses of 1,200,000 units once a month or 600,000 units every 2 weeks.

## Method of Administration
BICILLIN L-A IS INTENDED FOR INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION ONLY. DO NOT INJECT INTO OR NEAR AN ARTERY OR NERVE, OR INTRAVENOUSLY OR ADMIX WITH OTHER INTRAVENOUS SOLUTIONS.  (SEE WARNINGS SECTION.)
Administer by DEEP INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION in the buttock. In neonates, infants and small children, the midlateral aspect of the thigh may be preferable. When doses are repeated, vary the injection site.
Because of the high concentration of suspended material in this product, the needle may be blocked if the injection is not made at a slow, steady rate.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit.
Pentamidine Isethionate dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration
CAUTION: DO NOT USE SODIUM CHLORIDE INJECTION, USP FOR INITIAL RECONSTITUTION BECAUSE PRECIPITATION WILL OCCUR.  Pentamidine isethionate should be administered IM or IV only.  The recommended regimen for adults and pediatric patients beyond 4 months of age is 4 mg/kg once a day for 14 to 21 days.  Therapy for longer than 21 days with pentamidine isethionate has also been used but may be associated with increased toxicity.
Intramuscular Injection
The contents of one vial (300 mg) should be dissolved in 3 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP at 22 - 30C (72 - 86F).  The calculated daily dose should then be withdrawn and administered by deep IM injection.
Intravenous Injection
The contents of one vial (300 mg) should first be dissolved in 3 to 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, or 5% Dextrose Injection, USP at 22- 30C (72 - 86F).  The calculated dose of pentamidine isethionate should then be withdrawn and diluted further in 50 to 250 mL of 5% Dextrose Injection, USP.
The diluted IV solutions containing pentamidine isethionate should be infused over a period of 60 to 120 minutes.
Aseptic technique should be employed in preparation of all solutions.  Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit.
Stability
After reconstitution with sterile water, the Pentam solution is stable for 48 hours in the original vial at room temperature if protected from light.  To avoid crystallization,store at 22 - 30C (72 - 86F).  Intravenous infusion solutions of pentamidine isethionate at 1 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL prepared in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP are stable at room temperature for up to 24 hours.
Intravenous (IV) solutions of pentamidine isethionate have been shown to be incompatible with fluconazole and foscarnet sodium.  IV solutions of pentamidine isethionate have been shown to be compatible with IV solutions of zidovudine (AZT) and diltiazem hydrochloride.