Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1
The glutamate receptor, metabotropic 1, also known as GRM1, is a human gene which encodes the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) protein.

# Function
L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors.  Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties.  Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C.  Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8.   Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. Alternative splice variants of the GRM1 gene have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined.
A possible connection has been suggested between mGluRs and neuromodulators, as mGluR1 antagonists block adrenergic receptor activation in neurons.

# Studies with knockout mice
Mice lacking functional glutamate receptor 1 were reported in 1994. By homologous recombination mediated gene targeting those mice became deficient in mGlu receptor 1 protein. The mice did not show any basic anatomical changes in the brain but had impaired cerebellar long-term depression and hippocampal long-term potentiation. In addition they had impaired motor functions, characterized by impaired balance. In the Morris watermaze test, an assay for learning abilities, those mice needed significantly more time to successfully complete the task.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in the GRM1 gene may contribute to melanoma susceptibility.

# Ligands
In addition to the orthosteric  site (the site where the endogenous ligand glutamate binds) at least two distinct allosteric binding sites exist on the mGluR1. A respectable number of potent and specific allosteric ligands  predominantly antagonists/inhibitors  has been developed in recent years, although no orthosteric subtype-selective ligands have yet been discovered (2008).
- JNJ-16259685: highly potent, selective non-competitive antagonist
- R-214,127 and -analog: high-affinity,  selective allosteric inhibitor
- YM-202,074: high-affinity, selective allosteric antagonist
- YM-230,888: high-affinity, selective allosteric antagonist
- YM-298,198 and -analog: selective non-competitive antagonist
- FTIDC:  highly potent and selective allosteric antagonist/inverse agonist
- A-841,720: potent non-competitive antagonist; minor hmGluR5 binding
- VU-71: potentiator
- Fluorinated 9H-xanthene-9-carboxylic acid oxazol-2-yl-amides: orally available PAMs
- Cyclothiazide: non-selective non-competitive antagonist
Mafenide warnings and precautions

# Warnings
Fatal hemolytic anemia with disseminated intravascular coagulation, presumably related to a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, has been reported following therapy with Mafenide Acetate.

# Precautions

## General
Mafenide Acetate and its metabolite, p-carboxybenzenesulfonamide, inhibit carbonic anhydrase, which may result in metabolic acidosis, usually compensated by hyperventilation. In the presence of impaired renal function, high blood levels of Mafenide Acetate and its metabolite may exaggerate the carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Therefore, close monitoring of acid-base balance is necessary, particularly in patients with extensive second-degree or partial thickness burns and in those with pulmonary or renal dysfunction. Some burn patients treated with Mafenide Acetate have also been reported to manifest an unexplained syndrome of masked hyperventilation with resulting respiratory alkalosis (slightly alkaline blood pH, low arterial pCO2, and decreased total CO2); change in arterial pO2 is variable. The etiology and significance of these findings are unknown.
Mafenide Acetate should be used with caution in burn patients with acute renal failure.
Fungal colonization may occur concomitantly with reduction of bacterial growth in the burn wound. However, systemic fungal infection through the infected burn wound is rare.

## Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
No long-term animal studies have been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of Mafenide Acetate; however, the drug did not induce mutations in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells at the TK locus.
Animal studies have not been performed to evaluate the potential effects of Mafenide Acetate on fertility.

## Pregnancy

### Teratogenic Effects. Pregnancy Category C
A teratology study performed in rats using oral doses of up to 600 mg/kg/day revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to Mafenide Acetate. There are no adequate data regarding the potential reproductive toxicity of Mafenide Acetate in a non-rodent species, nor are there adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Mafenide Acetate should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

## Nursing Mothers
It is not known whether Mafenide Acetate is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from Mafenide Acetate, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

## Pediatric Use
The safety and effectiveness of Mafenide Acetate,USP For 5% Topical Solution have been established in the age groups 3 months to 16 years.

## Geriatric Use
No studies have been conducted to specifically examine the effects of Mafenide Acetate on burn wounds in geriatric patients.
Martingale representation theorem
In probability theory, the martingale representation theorem states that a random variable which is measurable with respect to the filtration generated by a Brownian motion can be written in terms of an Ito integral with respect to this Brownian motion.
The theorem only asserts the existence of the representation and does not help to find it explicitly; it is possible in many cases to determine the form of the representation using Malliavin calculus.
Similar theorems also exist for martingales on filtrations induced by jump processes, for example, by markov chains.

# Statement of the theorem
Let B_t be a Brownian motion on a standard filtered probability space (\Omega, \mathcal{F},\mathcal{F}_t, P ) and let \mathcal{G}_t be the augmentation of the filtration generated by B. If X is a square integrable random variable measurable with respect to \mathcal{G}_\infty. Then there exists a previsible process C which is adapted with respect to \mathcal{G}_t, such that
Consequently

# Application in finance
The martingale representation theorem can be used to establish the existence
-f a hedging strategy.
Suppose that \left ( M_t \right )_{0 \le t  is a Q-martingale process, whose volatility \sigma_t is always non-zero.
Then, if \left ( N_t \right )_{0 \le t  is any other Q-martingale, there exists an F-previsible process \phi, unique up to sets of measure 0, such that \int_0^T \phi_t^2 \sigma_t^2 \, dt  with probability one, and N can be written as:
The replicating strategy is defined to be:
- hold \phi_t units of the stock at the time t, and
- hold \psi_t =  C_t - \phi_t Z_t units of the bond.
At the expiration day T, the value of the portofolio is:
and it's easy to check that the strategy is self-financing: the change in the value of the portfolio only depends in the change of the asset prices \left ( dV_t = \phi_t d S_t + \psi_t\, d B_t \right ) .
Mebendazole (patient information)

# Why this medication is prescribed
Mebendazole, an antiworm medication, kills parasites. It is used to treat roundworm, hookworm, pinworm, whipworm, and other worm infections.
This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.

# How this medication should be used
Mebendazole comes as a chewable tablet. It usually is taken twice a day, in the morning and evening, for 3 days or as a single (one-time) dose. You may chew the tablets, swallow them whole, or crush and mix them with food. Treatment may have to be repeated in 2-3 weeks. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take mebendazole exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor.

# Special precautions
Before taking mebendazole:
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to mebendazole or any other drugs.
- tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, especially carbamazepine (Tegretol), phenytoin (Dilantin), and vitamins.
- tell your doctor if you have or have ever had stomach or liver disease.
- tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while taking mebendazole, call your doctor.

# What to do if you forget a dose
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one.

# Side effects
Mebendazole may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away:
- diarrhea
- stomach pain

# Storage conditions needed for this medication
Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom). Throw away any medication that is outdated or no longer needed. Talk to your pharmacist about the proper disposal of your medication.

# In case of emergency/overdose
In case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911.

# Other information
Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. Your doctor will order certain lab tests to check your response to mebendazole.
Do not let anyone else take your medication. Your prescription is probably not refillable. If you still have symptoms of infection after you finish the mebendazole, call your doctor.

# Brand names
- Vermox
Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm

# Overview
The Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve (internal cutaneous nerve, medial cutaneous nerve of forearm, also sometimes misspelled "antibrachial") arises from the medial cord of the brachial plexus.
It derives its fibers from the eighth cervical and first thoracic nerves, and at its commencement is placed medial to the axillary artery.
It gives off, near the axilla, a filament, which pierces the fascia and supplies the integument covering the Biceps brachii, nearly as far as the elbow.
The nerve then runs down the ulnar side of the arm medial to the brachial artery, pierces the deep fascia with the basilic vein, about the middle of the arm, and divides into a volar and an ulnar branch.

# Volar branch
The volar branch (ramus volaris; anterior branch), the larger, passes usually in front of, but occasionally behind, the vena mediana cubiti (median basilic vein).
It then descends on the front of the ulnar side of the forearm, distributing filaments to the skin as far as the wrist, and communicating with the palmar cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve.

# Ulnar branch
The ulnar branch (ramus ulnaris; posterior branch) passes obliquely downward on the medial side of the basilic vein, in front of the medial epicondyle of the humerus, to the back of the forearm, and descends on its ulnar side as far as the wrist, distributing filaments to the skin.
It communicates with the medial brachial cutaneous, the dorsal antibrachial cutaneous branch of the radial, and the dorsal branch of the ulnar.
Medicinal properties of dandelion
Dandelions may have medicinal properties.

# Definition
The common dandelion, taraxacum officinale, is a weed that is often considered a nuisance and to give lawns an unkempt look, but it is a versatile item in both the kitchen and as a medicinal herb.

# History
The medicinal and nutritional uses for the dandelion are the main reasons there are so many dandelions today.  Dandelions have been purposely cultivated and widely used throughout history.  The Celts introduced it to the Roman legions when Caesar invaded the north.  The Anglo-Saxons and the Normans used it to prevent scurvy (vitamin C deficiency) and monastery gardens used it for both food and medicine in the middle ages.  The Puritans used it only as a vegetable.  As different crops became more popular, dandelions were no longer considered a staple, primarily because of the bitter taste.

# Medicinal uses
The dandelion is approved by the Commission E for dyspeptic, liver and gallbladder complaints, infections of the urinary tract, and loss of appetite. Other unproven uses include treatment of disturbances in bile flow, inflammation of the efferent urinary tract, dyspepsia, hemorrhoids, congestion in the portal system, gout, rheumatic disorders, eczema and other skin disorders.
The dandelion is considered to be very safe and sometimes carries the slang term, pee in the bed, referring to its diuretic ability in increasing water and waste products in the urine. Dandelion has a high potassium content and replaces potassium lost in normal urine secretion, leading to a net gain in potassium levels; this fact is worthy of note because that is not the case with the use of over-the-counter diuretics.
Dandelions are also thought to be effective in helping to ease the ailments of many other conditions including herpes, genital warts, and even obesity. Studies on both rats and humans that involved injecting them with dandelion have resulted in them losing up to 30% of their body weight. 

# Dosage and side effects
The dandelion is readily available in health and supplement stores in many different forms. To name a few, there are pills, teas, tablets and liquids.
Use of dandelions medicinally is not recommended when there is closure of the biliary ducts, gallbladder empyema, and ileus. There is a possibility of superacid gastric complaints upon use and a small possibility of sensitization reactions. 
It has been shown, according to some, that Dandelion root is carcinogenic in rats.

# Notes
-  Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 p. 245, PDR for herbal medicines. 2nd ed. Montvale, N.J.: Medical Economics Co., 2000. ISSN 1099-9566
-  p. 141. Chevallier, Andrew. Encyclopedia of herbal medicine. New York: DK Pub., 2000.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRM4 gene.
Together with GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8 it belongs to group III of the metabotropic glutamate receptor family. Group III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade.
Activation of GRM4 has potential therapeutic benefits in the treatment of parkinson's disease. Splice variant "taste-GRM4" is involved in the perception of umami taste.

# Ligands

## Orthosteric
- Cinnabarinic acid, a tryptophan metabolite
- LSP1-2111: agonist
- LSP4-2022: agonist

## Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs)
- Foliglurax (PXT-002331, DT-1687)
- Tricyclic thiazolopyrazole derivative 22a: EC50 = 9 nM, Emax = 120%
- ML-128: EC50 = 240 nM, Emax = 182%
- VU-0418506
- VU-001171: EC50 = 650 nM, Emax = 141%, 36-fold shift
- VU-0155041: subtype-selective PAM, intrinsic allosteric agonist activity, robust in-vivo activity
- PHCCC: PAM of mGluR4, negative allosteric modulator of mGluR1, direct agonist at mGluR6
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6
Glutamate receptor, metabotropic 6, also known as GRM6 or mGluR6, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GRM6 gene.

# Function
L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3, while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities.
mGluR6 is specifically expressed in the retina, in a subtype of  bipolar cells that  depolarize in response to light. These cells form  synapses with  photoreceptor cells, and detect the neurotransmitter glutamate via a GPCR signal transduction cascade. The glutamate receptor mGluR6 is located post-synaptically at the tips of the bipolar cell  dendrites, and is responsible for initiating the signaling cascade. In human patients, mutations in the GRM6 gene are associated with congenital stationary night blindness.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRM7 gene.

# Function
L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors.  Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties.  Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate phospholipase C.  Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8.  Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities.  Alternative splice variants of GRM8 have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined.

# Ligands

## Agonists
- AMN082: allosteric agonist; induces rapid internalization; non-glutamatergic binding component

## Antagonists
- MMPIP: allosteric antagonist/inverse agonist

## Negative allosteric modulator
- ADX-71743

# Interactions
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 has been shown to interact with PICK1.
Metatarsalphalangeal joint sprain
A metatarsalphalangeal joint sprain is an injury to the joint and connective tissue between the foot and one of the toes. When the big toe is involved, it is known as "turf toe".

# Causes
Turf toe is named from the injury being associated with playing sports on rigid surfaces such as artificial turf and is a fairly common injury among professional American football players.  This can also happen when the nail bed is forced into the cuticle and swelling with isolated pain may occur.
Often, the injury occurs when someone or something falls on the back of the calf while that leg's knee and tips of the toes are touching the ground. The toe is hyperextended and thus the joint is injured.  Additionally, athletic shoes that tend to have very flexible soles combined with cleats that "grab" the turf will cause overextension of the big toe. It should be noted that this can occur on the lesser toes as well. (See Deion Sanders)

# Treatment and prognosis
The injury can be debilitating for athletes who need to accelerate, 'cut' quickly, or jump. Use of the toes is not possible during the healing process. Since the toes are necessary for proper push-off when accelerating, those sorts of athletic activities can be almost completely curtailed. A healing period of one or more months is often required.
Because of the anatomy of the distal foot and the unique use of the foot, it is often impossible to properly tape or brace the joint. Although difficult, it is not impossible to tape the toe to limit dorsiflexion (upward bend of toe). Additionally, wearing a shoe with a rigid sole and cushioned innersole will help. Anti-inflammatory medication as well as physical therapy is recommended.
Turf toe can often progress into a chronic problem, in which the joint(s) never really heals or heals too slowly to return to usual physical activities.
Turf toe can become more serious if left untreated.

# Notable cases
Deion Sanders was plagued with this injury throughout his career, with serious reductions in playing time near the end of his football career.
A bad case of Turf Toe ended former Pittsburgh Steeler Jack Lambert's career in 1984.
Metatarsophalangeal articulations

# Overview
The metatarsophalangeal articulations are of the condyloid kind, formed by the reception of the rounded heads of the metatarsal bones in shallow cavities on the ends of the first phalanges.
The ligaments are the plantar and two collateral.

# Plantar Ligaments
The Plantar Ligaments (ligamenta accessoria plantaria; glenoid ligaments of Cruveilhier).The plantar ligaments are thick, dense, fibrous structures.
They are placed on the plantar surfaces of the joints in the intervals between the collateral ligaments, to which they are connected; they are loosely united to the metatarsal bones, but very firmly to the bases of the first phalanges.
Their plantar surfaces are intimately blended with the transverse metatarsal ligament, and grooved for the passage of the Flexor tendons, the sheaths surrounding which are connected to the sides of the grooves.
Their deep surfaces form part of the articular facets for the heads of the metatarsal bones, and are lined by synovial membrane.

# Collateral Ligaments
The Collateral Ligaments (ligamenta collateralia; lateral ligaments).The collateral ligaments are strong, rounded cords, placed one on either side of each joint, and attached, by one end, to the posterior tubercle on the side of the head of the metatarsal bone, and, by the other, to the contiguous extremity of the phalanx.
The place of dorsal ligaments is supplied by the Extensor tendons on the dorsal surfaces of the joints.

# Movements
The movements permitted in the metatarsophalangeal articulations are flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
Misuse of Drugs Act (New Zealand)
New Zealand's Misuse of Drugs Act is a national drug control law that classifies drugs into three classes, or Schedules, based on their risk of harm:
- Class A, or First Schedule: Very high risk of harm;
- Class B, or Second Schedule: High risk of harm; and
- Class C, or Third Schedule: Moderate risk of harm.
- Fourth Schedule: Precursor substances.
The Expert Advisory Committee on Drugs (EACD) makes Scheduling decisions, based on scientific and medical evidence and/or international treaty obligations. New Zealand is a party to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. National Drug Policy New Zealand notes, "The Conventions place certain obligations on signatory countries.  When the UN classifies (or re-classifies) a substance under one of the above Conventions, it requires signatory countries to amend their domestic legislation to ensure consistency with the UNs amendment. Accordingly, the impetus for some of the drugs to be considered by the EACD will originate from decisions made at the UN".