Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Posterior communicating artery
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# Overview
In human anatomy, the posterior communicating artery is a one of a pair of right-sided and left-sided blood vessels in the circle of Willis.  It connects the three cerebral arteries of the same side.  Anteriorly, it is one portion of the terminal trifurcation of the internal carotid artery.  The anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery are the other two branches of the trifurcation.  Posteriorly, it communicates with the posterior cerebral artery.

# Pathology
Aneurysms of the posterior communicating artery are the second most common circle of Willis aneurysm (the most common are anterior communicating artery aneurysms) and can lead to oculomotor nerve palsy.
Posterior intercostal arteries
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The posterior intercostal arteries are arteries that supply blood to the intercostal spaces.
There are eleven posterior intercostal arteries on each side.
- The 1st and 2nd posterior intercostal arteries arise from the supreme intercostal artery, a branch of the costocervical trunk of the subclavian artery.
- The lower nine arteries are the aortic intercostals, so called because they arise from the back of the thoracic aorta.
The right aortic intercostals are longer than the left, on account of the position of the aorta on the left side of the vertebral column; they pass across the bodies of the vertebrae behind the esophagus, thoracic duct, and azygos vein, and are covered by the right lung and pleura.
The left aortic intercostals run backward on the sides of the vertebrae and are covered by the left lung and pleura; the upper two vessels are crossed by the left superior intercostal vein, the lower vessels by the hemiazygos vein.
Opposite the heads of the ribs, the sympathetic trunk passes downward in front of them, and the splanchnic nerves also descend in front by the lower arteries.
Each artery then divides into an anterior and a posterior ramus.
A given posterior intercostal artery travels along the bottom of the rib with its corresponding posterior intercostal vein, as well as the intercostal nerve of the given space.  The vein is superior to the artery, and the intercostal nerve is inferior to it.
Postpartum thyroid dysfunction
Synonyms and keywords: Postpartum thyroid dysfunction syndrome

# Overview
Postpartum thyroid dysfunction also known as postpartum thyroid dysfunction syndrome, is characterized by abnormal functioning of the thyroid gland after child birth. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction can either be a pre-existing thyroid disease became clinically significant after delivery or it may appear as a newly developed dysfunction. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction may present as Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, postpartum thyroiditis or silent thyroiditis. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction most commonly presents as hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism. In some cases the second phase may proceed to either normal thyroid status or remains hypothyroid. The hyperthyroidism phase may be asymptomatic or patients may experience neuroexcitatory symptoms like palpitations. The hypothyroidism phase is usually symptomatic and may need treatment. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction may also present as exclusive hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.

# Classification
Postpartum thyroid dysfunction can be classified on the base of presentation and the clinical course of the disease.
Classification of postpartum thyroid dysfunction based on thyroid diseases:
Classification of postpartum thyroid dysfunction based on clinical course:

## Differentiating various diseases on the basis of type of thyroid dysfunction
Praziquantel drug interactions

# Drug Interactions
Concomitant administration of rifampin, a strong P450 inducer, with praziquantel is contraindicated and must be avoided (see CONTRAINDICATIONS). In a crossover study with a 2-week washout period, 10 healthy subjects ingested a single 40 mg/kg dose of praziquantel following pre-treatment with oral rifampin (600 mg daily for 5 days). Plasma praziquantel concentrations were undetectable in 7 out of 10 subjects. When a single 40 mg/kg dose of praziquantel was administered to these healthy subjects two weeks after discontinuation of rifampin, the mean praziquantel AUC and Cmax were 23% and 35% lower, respectively, than when praziquantel was given alone. In patients receiving rifampin, for example, as part of a combination regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis, alternative agents for schistosomiasis should be considered. However, if treatment with praziquantel is necessary, treatment with rifampin should be discontinued 4 weeks before administration of praziquantel. Treatment with rifampin can then be restarted one day after completion of praziquantel treatment.
Concomitant administration of other drugs that increase the activity of drug metabolizing liver enzymes (P450 inducers), for example, antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin, phenobarbital and carbamazepine), and dexamethasone, may also reduce plasma levels of praziquantel. Concomitant administration of drugs that decrease the activity of drug metabolizing liver enzymes (P 450 inhibitors), for example, cimetidine, ketoconazole, itraconazole, erythromycin may increase plasma levels of praziquantel.
Chloroquine, when taken simultaneously, may lead to lower concentrations of praziquantel in blood. The mechanism of this drug-drug interaction is unclear.
Grapefruit juice was reported to produce a 1.6-fold increase in the Cmax and a 1.9-fold increase in the AUC of praziquantel. However, the effect of this exposure increase on the therapeutic effect and safety of praziquantel has not been systematically evaluated.
Priapism (patient information)
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# Overview
Priapism or penis pain is any pain or discomfort in the penis.

# What causes Priapism?
- Bladder stone
- Bites, either human or insect
- Cancer of the penis
- Erection that does not go away (priapism)
- Genital herpes
- Infected prosthesis of the penis
- Infection under the foreskin of uncircumcised men (balanitis)
- Inflammation of the prostate gland (prostatitis)
- Injury
- Peyronie's disease
- Pimples
- Reiter syndrome
- Sickle cell anemia
- Syphilis
- Urethritis caused by chlamydia or gonorrhea
- Recreational drugs. For Eg. Ectasy

# Who is at highest risk?
The patient falling in any of the condition mentioned above has the risk for Priapism.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call your health care provider if you notice any of the following:
- An erection that does not go away (priapism) -- seek immediate medical attention
- Pain that lasts for more than 4 hours
- Pain with other unexplained symptoms

# Diagnosis
Your health care provider will do a physical examination and take a medical history, which may include the following questions:
- When did the pain start?
- Is it always present?
- Is it a painful erection (priapism)?
- Do you feel pain when the penis is not erect?
- Is the pain in all of the penis or just one part of it?
- Have you had any open sores?
- Has there been any injury to the area?
- Are you at risk for any sexually transmitted disease?
- Have you been exposed to a sexually transmitted disease?
- What other symptoms do you have?
The physical exam will probably include a detailed examination of the penis, testicles, scrotum, and groin.

# Treatment options
The pain can be treated once its cause has been found. Treatments may include:
- Infection -- antibiotics, antiviral medications, or other medications (in rare cases, circumcision is advised for long-term (chronic) infection under the foreskin)
- Priapism -- the erection needs to diminish, a urinary catheter is inserted to relieve urinary retention, and medications or surgery may be given if needed
Home Care
How you treat penis pain at home depends on its cause. Talk to your health care provider about treatment. Ice packs may help ease the pain.
If penis pain is caused by a sexually transmitted disease, it is important for your sexual partner to also be treated.

# Where to find medical care for Priapism?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Priapism

# Possible complications
An erection that does not go away (priapism) is a medical emergency. Get to the hospital emergency room immediately. Ask your health care provider about getting treatment for the condition causing priapism. Untreated priapism may cause:
- Erectile dysfunction, the inability of the penis to become or stay erect with sexual arousal
- Disfiguring of the penis

# Prevention
It depends on the underlying cause of the priapism:
- Treating the cause
- If a prescription medication was the probable cause, then change medication.
- Avoiding triggers, such as alcohol or illegal drugs
- Self-injection of phenylephrine to stop prolonged erections
Pronunciation of English words

# Overview
Pronunciation of English words in Wikipedia is most often given in the International Phonetic Alphabet, or IPA. The goal is that interpretation should not depend on the reader's dialect, and therefore a broad transcription is generally used.
For a more complete key to the IPA, which covers sounds that do not occur in English, see Help:IPA.
Since this key covers standard American, British, and Australian pronunciations, not all of the distinctions shown here will be relevant to your dialect. If, for example, you pronounce cot and caught the same, you can ignore the difference between the symbols Template:IPA and Template:IPA. Again, in many dialects Template:IPA only occurs before a vowel; if you do this, simply ignore Template:IPA in the pronunciation guides where you would not pronounce it. It is not necessary to give multiple transcriptions for such variation.
For a more precise use of the IPA to illustrate differences between English dialects, to transcribe languages other than English, or if the IPA symbols are not displayed on your browser, see the links at the bottom of this page.

# Key

# Notes
-  Although the IPA symbol Template:IPA represents a trill, Template:IPA is widely used instead of Template:IPA in broad transcriptions of English.
-  Template:IPA is found in some dialects, such as Scottish and Southern American English; elsewhere it's pronounced the same as Template:IPA.
-  In most dialects, Template:IPA is pronounced as Template:IPA and Template:IPA, respectively, in these two words.
-  Most people pronounce Hawaii without the Template:IPA sound.
-  It is arguable that English does not distinguish primary from secondary stress, but it is conventional to notate them as here. Likewise, it is debatable whether a word like Glennallen is Template:IPA or Template:IPA; for clarity, the former is used.
-  Jump up to: 6.0 6.1 American convention is to write Template:IPA when unstressed, as in wiki Template:IPA and serious Template:IPA; British convention is Template:IPA and Template:IPA, though the OED recently converted to Template:IPA.
-  Commonly transcribed as Template:IPA or Template:IPA.
-  In many dialects, dew Template:IPA is pronounced the same as do Template:IPA. This is automatic, and therefore only Template:IPA need be shown in a pronunciation guide.
-  In many dialects, Template:IPA only occur before vowels. Note that due to American influence, the schwas have been left out in many Wikipedia articles. That is, Template:IPA etc. are not always distinguished from Template:IPA etc. When they are, the distinction may be transcribed Template:IPA etc. by analogy with vowels not followed by Template:IPA.
-  Few British dictionaries distinguish this from Template:IPA, though the OED uses pseudo-IPA symbol Template:IPA.
-  Similarly Template:IPA for bottle, button, rhythm,
Proper palmar digital arteries
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The proper palmar digital arteries (or volar) travel along the sides of the phalanges, just posterior to the corresponding digital nerve.
The proper palmar digital artery for the medial side of the little finger arises directly from the ulnar artery deep to the palmaris brevis muscle, but the rest arise from the common palmar digital arteries.
They anastomose freely in the subcutaneous tissue of the finger tips and by smaller branches near the interphalangeal joints.
Each gives off a couple of dorsal branches which anastomose with the dorsal digital arteries, and supply the soft parts on the back of the second and third phalanges, including the matrix of the fingernail.
Prosthetic valve regurgitation

# Prosthetic valve regurgitation
- Bioprosthetic valve degeneration can result in regurgitation due to leaflet calcification and noncoaptation or leaflet degeneration with a tear or
perforation.
- Even in asymptomatic patients with severe bioprosthetic regurgitation, valve replacement is reasonable because of the risk of sudden
clinical deterioration if further leaflet tearing occurs. The increased risk of a repeat operation must always be taken into consideration.
- The type of valve prosthesis and method of replacement selected for a patient undergoing reoperation depend on the same factors as those for patients
undergoing a first valve replacement.
Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism

# Overview
Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters) (pseudoPHP) is an inherited disorder that closely simulates the symptoms, but not the consequences of pseudohypoparathyroidism, thus it has mild or no manifestations of hypoparathyroidism or tetanic convulsions. The term pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism is used to describe a condition where the individual has the phenotypic appearance of pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a, but is biochemically normal.
As such, a haploinsufficiency results similar to pseudohypoparathyroidism 1A, which is caused by a similar defect on the corresponding maternal chromosome. However, unlike pseudohypoparathyroidism 1A, which presents with all the symptoms of hypoparathyroidism except the low parathyroid hormone levels, pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism presents only with the skeletal defects and none of the defects in calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Patients generally have normal calcium and phosphate levels and normal parathyroid hormone levels. As such, it is sometimes considered a variant of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy.

# Pathophysiology

## Genetics
A mother who has inherited pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism from her father may in turn pass along pseudohypoparathyroidism 1A to her children as the imprinting pattern on the inherited paternal chromosome will be changed to the maternal pattern in the mother's ovum during meiosis.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
Short stature may be present.
Hormone resistance is not present.
Obesity is less common in pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism  than in pseudohypoparathyroidism.
Pyrantel (patient information)

# Why is this medication prescribed?
Pyrantel, an antiworm medication, is used to treat roundworm, hookworm, pinworm, and other worm infections.
This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.

# How should this medicine be used
Pyrantel comes as a capsule and a liquid to take by mouth. It usually is taken as a single dose for pinworm and roundworm infections. The dose usually is repeated after 2 weeks for pinworm infections. For hookworm infections, pyrantel usually is taken once a day for 3 days. Pyrantel may be taken with food, juice, or milk or on an empty stomach.
Shake the liquid well to mix the medication evenly. Pyrantel may be mixed with milk or fruit juice. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take pyrantel exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor.

# What special precautions should I follow
Before taking pyrantel:
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to pyrantel or any other drugs.
- tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, especially piperazine (another antiworm medication), and vitamins.
- tell your doctor if you have or have ever had anemia or liver disease.
- tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while taking pyrantel, call your doctor.

# What should I do if I forget a dose
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one.

# Side effects
Pyrantel may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away:
- upset stomach
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- loss of appetite
- stomach cramps
- stomach pain
- straining and pain during bowel movements

# What storage conditions are needed for this medicine
Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom). Throw away any medication that is outdated or no longer needed. Talk to your pharmacist about the proper disposal of your medication.

# What other information should I know
Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. Your doctor will order certain lab tests to check your response to pyrantel.
Do not let anyone else take your medication. Your prescription is probably not refillable. If you still have symptoms of infection after you finish the pyrantel, call your doctor.

# Brand names
- Ascarel
- Pin-X
- Reese's Pinworm Medicine
- Reese's Pinworm Medicine Caplets
Pyrazinamide adverse reactions

# Adverse Reactions

## General
Fever, porphyria and dysuria have rarely been reported. Gout (see Precautions).

## Gastrointestinal
The principal adverse effect is a hepatic reaction (see Warnings:). Hepatotoxicity appears to be dose related, and may appear at any time during therapy. GI disturbances including nausea, vomiting and anorexia have also been reported.

## Hematologic and Lymphatic
Thrombocytopenia and sideroblastic anemia with erythroid hyperplasia, vacuolation of erythrocytes and increased serum iron concentration have occurred rarely with this drug. Adverse effects on blood clotting mechanisms have also been rarely reported.

## Other
Mild arthralgia and myalgia have been reported frequently. Hypersensitivity reactions including rashes, urticaria, and pruritis have been reported. Fever, acne, photosensitivity, porphyria, dysuria and interstitial nephritis have been reported rarely.
Pyridoxine deficiency overview
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# Overview
The classic clinical syndrome for Pyridoxine deficiency (or B6 deficiency) is a seborrheic dermatitis-like eruption, atrophic glossitis with ulceration, angular cheilitis, conjunctivitis, intertrigo, and neurologic symptoms of somnolence, confusion, and neuropathy.
Vitamin B6 is a co-factor for glutamic acid decarboxylase, an enzyme that converts Glutamate to GABA.  Therefore, the concurrent increase in the excitatory neurotransmitter, Glutamate, and decrease in inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, resultant from B6 deficiency, may manifest itself in the form of seizures.

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

# Causes

# Differentiating Pyridoxine deficiency from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Prevention
Quinidine detailed information
Quinidine is a pharmaceutical agent that acts as a class I antiarrhythmic agent in the heart.  It is a stereoisomer of quinine, originally derived from the bark of the cinchona tree.

# Mechanism
Like all other class I antiarrhythmic agents, quinidine primarily works by blocking the fast inward sodium current (INa).  Quinidine's effect on INa is known as a use dependent block.  This means that at higher heart rates, the block increases, while at lower heart rates the block decreases.  The effect of blocking the fast inward sodium current causes the phase 0 depolarization of the cardiac action potential to decrease (decreased Vmax).
Quinidine also blocks the slowly inactivating tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na current, the slow inward calcium current (ICa), the rapid (IKr) and slow (IKs) components of the delayed potassium rectifier current, the inward potassium rectifier current (IKI), the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (IKATP) and Ito.
The effect of quinidine on the ion channels is to prolong the cardiac action potential, thereby prolonging the QT interval on the surface ECG.

# Elimination
The half life of oral quinidine is 6 to 8 hours, and it is eliminated by the cytochrome P450 system in the liver.  About 20 percent is excreted unchanged via the kidneys.

# Side effects and other uses
Quinidine is also an inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 enzyme 2D6, and can lead to increased blood levels of lidocaine, Beta blockers, opioids, and some anti-depressants.
Quinidine also inhibits the transport protein P-glycoprotein and so can cause some peripherally acting drugs such as loperamide to have CNS side effects such as respiratory depression if the two drugs are co-administered.
Intravenous quinidine is also indicated for treatment of P. falciparum malaria.
Quinidine-induced thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) is mediated by the immune system, and may lead to thrombocytic purpura.
Quinidine intoxication can lead to a collection of symptoms collectively known as cinchonism with tinnitus (ringing in the ears) being among the most characteristic and common symptoms of this toxicity syndrome.
Quinidine-based ligands are used in AD-mix- for Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation.