Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Levator palpebrae superioris muscle

# Overview
The levator palpebrae superioris (or levator muscle of upper eyelid) is the muscle in the orbit that elevates the superior (upper) eyelid.

# Structure
The levator palpebrae superioris originates on the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone, just above the optic foramen.  It inserts on the skin of the upper eyelid, as well as the superior tarsal plate. It is a skeletal muscle.  The superior tarsal muscle, a smooth muscle, is attached to the levator palpebrae superioris, and inserts on the superior tarsal plate as well.

# Innervation
As with most of the muscles of the orbit, it is innervated by the superior division of the oculomotor nerve (Cranial Nerve III).  An adjoining smooth muscle, the superior tarsal muscle, is sympathetically innervated and is occasionally considered to be part of the levator palpebrae superioris.

# Actions
The levator palpebrae superioris muscle elevates and retracts the upper eyelid.

# Pathology
Damage to this muscle, or its innervation, can cause ptosis, the drooping of the eyelid.  Ptosis can also be caused by damage to the adjoining superior tarsal muscle, or its sympathetic innervation. Such damage to the sympathetic supply occurs in Horner's syndrome, and presents as a partial ptosis.

# Additional images
- The sinuses at the base of the skull.
- Nerves of the orbit. Seen from above.
- Dissection showing origins of right ocular muscles, and nerves entering by the superior orbital fissure.
- The right eye in sagittal section, showing the fascia bulbi (semidiagrammatic).
- Sagittal section through the upper eyelid.
Lidocaine dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration

## Adults

### Single Direct Intravenous Injection (bolus)
The usual dose is 50 to 100 mg of lidocaine hydrochloride (0.70 to 1.4 mg/kg; 0.32 to 0.63 mg/lb) administered intravenously under ECG monitoring. This dose may be administered at the rate of approximately 25 to 50 mg/min (0.35 to 0.70 mg/kg/min; 0.16 to 0.32 mg/lb/min). Sufficient time should be allowed to enable a slow circulation to carry the drug to the site of action. If the initial injection of 50 to 100 mg does not produce a desired response, a second dose may be injected after 5 minutes. NO MORE THAN 200 TO 300 mg OF LIDOCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE SHOULD BE ADMINISTERED DURING A ONE HOUR PERIOD.

### Continuous Intravenous Infusion
Following bolus administration, intravenous infusions of Xylocaine may be initiated at the rate of 1 to 4 mg/min of lidocaine hydrochloride (0.014 to 0.057 mg/kg/min; 0.006 to 0.026 mg/lb/min). The rate of intravenous infusions should be reassessed as soon as the patients basic cardiac rhythm appears to be stable or at the earliest signs of toxicity. It should rarely be necessary to continue intravenous infusions for lidocaine for prolonged periods.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever the solution and container permit. Do not use if solution is discolored or cloudy.

## Pediatric
Controlled clinical studies in the pediatric population to establish dosing schedules have not been conducted.
Linezolid dosage and administration

# DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

## General Dosage and Administration
The recommended dosage for ZYVOX formulations for the treatment of infections is described in Table 1.
No dose adjustment is necessary when switching from intravenous to oral administration.

## Intravenous Administration
ZYVOX I.V. Injection is supplied in single-use, ready-to-use infusion bags. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter prior to administration. Check for minute leaks by firmly squeezing the bag. If leaks are detected, discard the solution, as sterility may be impaired. Keep the infusion bags in the overwrap until ready to use. Store at room temperature. Protect from freezing. ZYVOX I.V. Injection may exhibit a yellow color that can intensify over time without adversely affecting potency.
ZYVOX I.V. Injection should be administered by intravenous infusion over a period of 30 to 120 minutes. Do not use this intravenous infusion bag in series connections. Additives should not be introduced into this solution. If ZYVOX I.V. Injection is to be given concomitantly with another drug, each drug should be given separately in accordance with the recommended dosage and route of administration for each product.
If the same intravenous line is used for sequential infusion of several drugs, the line should be flushed before and after infusion of ZYVOX I.V. Injection with an infusion solution compatible with ZYVOX I.V. Injection and with any other drug(s) administered via this common line.

## Compatibilities
Compatible intravenous solutions include 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, and Lactated Ringer's Injection, USP.

## Incompatibilities
Physical incompatibilities resulted when ZYVOX I.V. Injection was combined with the following drugs during simulated Y-site administration: amphotericin B, chlorpromazine HCl,diazepam, pentamidine isothionate, erythromycin lactobionate,phenytoin sodium, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Additionally, chemical incompatibility resulted when ZYVOX I.V. Injection was combined with ceftriaxone sodium.

## Constitution of Oral Suspension
ZYVOX for Oral Suspension is supplied as a powder/granule for constitution. Gently tap bottle to loosen powder. Add a total of 123 mL distilled water in two portions. After adding the first half, shake vigorously to wet all of the powder. Then add the second half of the water and shake vigorously to obtain a uniform suspension. After constitution, each 5 mL of the suspension contains 100 mg of linezolid. Before using, gently mix by inverting the bottle 3 to 5 times. Do not shake. Store constituted suspension at room temperature. Use within 21 days after constitution.
Lysergic acid diethylamide overdose

# List of Side Effects
General
Systemic Effects

## General
Amounts greater than 45 g/week of LOTRISONE Cream or 45 mL/week of
LOTRISONE Lotion should not be used. Acute overdosage with topical
application of LOTRISONE Cream or Lotion is unlikely and would not be
expected to lead to a life-threatening situation. LOTRISONE Cream or Lotion
should not be used for longer than the prescribed time period.

## Systemic Effects
Topically applied corticosteroids, such as the one contained in LOTRISONE
Cream or Lotion can be absorbed in sufficient amounts to produce systemic
effects.
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, known locally as Mass. Eye & Ear, is a specialty hospital providing patient care for disorders of the eye, ear, nose, throat, head and neck. Founded in 1824, MEEI is an international leader in Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology research and a teaching partner of Harvard Medical School.
Located in Boston, Massachusetts, the Infirmary is a 42-bed independent specialty hospital founded in 1824. The Infirmary has earned an international reputation for its successful treatment of the most difficult diseases and conditions of the eye, ear, nose, throat, head and neck, and for its outstanding contributions to medical research and education.  As of 2007, MEEI has been ranked by U.S. News & World Report as the 4th best hospital in the United States for Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology.
The primary teaching hospital for Harvard Medical School in ophthalmology and otolaryngology, the Infirmary trains more than 110 residents and fellows each year in its various sub-specialties, including cornea, neuro-ophthalmology, retina, eye pathology, pediatrics, glaucoma, ocular oncology, immunology, head and neck surgery and oncology, pediatric otolaryngology, facial plastics, otology and oto-neurology.

# External link
Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary
Meropenem dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration

## Adults
The recommended dose of Meropenem is 500 mg given every 8 hours for skin and skin structure infections and 1 g given every 8 hours for intra-abdominal infections.  Meropenem should be administered by intravenous infusion over approximately 15 to 30 minutes.   Doses of 1 g may also be administered as an intravenous bolus injection (5 to 20 mL) over approximately 3-5 minutes.

## Use in Adults With Renal Impairment
Dosage should be reduced in patients with creatinine clearance less than 51 mL/min. (see dosing table below).
Recommended Meropenem Dosage Schedule for Adults With Impaired Renal Function
When only serum creatinine is available, the following formula (Cockcroft and Gault equation) may be used to estimate creatinine clearance.
Males: Creatinine Clearance (mL/min)= Weight (kg) x (140 - age) / 72 x serum creatinine (mg/dL)
Females: 0.85 x above value
There is inadequate information regarding the use of Meropenemin patients on hemodialysis.
There is no experience with peritoneal dialysis.

## Use in Adults With Hepatic Insufficiency
No dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with impaired hepatic function.
Use in Elderly Patients:
No dosage adjustment is required for elderly patients with creatinine clearance values above 50
mL/min.

## Use in Pediatric Patients
For pediatric patients from 3 months of age and older, the Meropenemdose is 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg every 8 hours (maximum dose is 2 g every 8 hours), depending on the type of infection (complicated skin and skin structure, intra-abdominal or meningitis). (See dosing  table below.)  Pediatric patients weighing over 50 kg should be administered Meropenemat a dose of 500 mg every 8 hours for complicated skin and skin structure infections, 1 g every 8 hours for intra-abdominal infections and 2 g every 8 hours for meningitis. Meropenemshould be given as intravenous infusion over approximately 15 to 30 minutes or as an intravenous bolus injection (5 to 20 mL) over approximately 3-5 minutes.
Recommended MeropenemDosage Schedule for Pediatrics With Normal Renal Function
There is no experience in pediatric patients with renal impairment.

## Preparation of Solution

### For Intravenous Bolus Administration
Constitute injection vials (500 mg and 1g) with sterile Water for Injection.  (See table below.)  Shake to dissolve and let stand until clear.

### For Infusion
Infusion vials (500 mg and 1g) may be directly  constituted with a compatible infusion fluid (See COMPATIBILITY AND STABILITY.)  Alternatively, an injection vial may be constituted, then the resulting solution added to an I.V. container and further diluted with an appropriate infusion fluid. (See COMPATIBILITY AND STABILITY.)
WARNING:  Do not use flexible container in series connections.
Micafungin warnings and precautions

# Warnings and Precautions

### Hypersensitivity Reactions
Isolated cases of serious hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid) reactions (including shock) have been reported in patients receiving Mycamine. If these reactions occur, Mycamine infusion should be discontinued and appropriate treatment administered.

### Hematological Effects
Acute intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria was seen in a healthy volunteer during infusion of Mycamine (200 mg) and oral prednisolone (20 mg). This reaction was transient, and the subject did not develop significant anemia. Isolated cases of significant hemolysis and hemolytic anemia have also been reported in patients treated with Mycamine. Patients who develop clinical or laboratory evidence of hemolysis or hemolytic anemia during Mycamine therapy should be monitored closely for evidence of worsening of these conditions and evaluated for the risk/benefit of continuing Mycamine therapy.

### Hepatic Effects
Laboratory abnormalities in liver function tests have been seen in healthy volunteers and patients treated with Mycamine. In some patients with serious underlying conditions who were receiving Mycamine along with multiple concomitant medications, clinical hepatic abnormalities have occurred, and isolated cases of significant hepatic impairment, hepatitis, and hepatic failure have been reported. Patients who develop abnormal liver function tests during Mycamine therapy should be monitored for evidence of worsening hepatic function and evaluated for the risk/benefit of continuing Mycamine therapy.

### Renal Effects
Elevations in BUN and creatinine, and isolated cases of significant renal impairment or acute renal failure have been reported in patients who received Mycamine. In fluconazole-controlled trials, the incidence of drug-related renal adverse reactions was 0.4% for Mycamine treated patients and 0.5% for fluconazole treated patients. Patients who develop abnormal renal function tests during Mycamine therapy should be monitored for evidence of worsening renal function.
Minimum-variance unbiased estimator
In statistics a uniformly minimum-variance unbiased estimator (often abbreviated as UMVU or MVUE) is an unbiased estimator that has lower variance than any other unbiased estimator for all possible values of the parameter. Consider estimation of \scriptstyle g(\theta)  based on data data  \scriptstyle X_{1}, X_{2}, ..., X_{n}  i.i.d. from some family of densities \scriptstyle p_{\theta}, \theta \in \Omega , where \scriptstyle \Omega  is the parameter space. An unbiased estimator \scriptstyle \delta(X_{1}, X_{2}, ..., X_{n})  of \scriptstyle g(\theta)  is UMVU if \scriptstyle \forall \theta \in \Omega 
for any other unbiased estimator \scriptstyle \tilde{\delta} . If an unbiased estimator of \scriptstyle g(\theta)  exists, then one can prove there is an essentially unique UMVU estimator. Using the Rao-Blackwell Theorem one can also prove that determining the UMVU estimator is simply a matter of finding a complete sufficient statistic for the family \scriptstyle p_{\theta}, \theta \in \Omega  and conditioning any unbiased estimator on it. Put formally, suppose \scriptstyle \delta(X_{1}, X_{2}, ..., X_{n})  is unbiased for \scriptstyle g(\theta) , and that \scriptstyle T  is a complete sufficient statistic for the family of densities. Then
is the UMVU estimator for \scriptstyle g(\theta) .

# Example
Consider the data to be a single observation from an absolutely continuous distribution on  \scriptstyle \mathbb{R}  
with density
and we wish to find the UMVU estimator of
First we recognize that the density can be written as
Which is an exponential family with sufficient statistic \scriptstyle T = \mathrm{log}(1 + e^{-x}). In 
fact this is a full rank exponential family, and therefore  T  is complete sufficient. See exponential family 
for a derivation which shows
 \mathrm{E}(T) = \frac{1}{\theta}, \mathrm{var}(T) = \frac{1}{\theta^{2}} 
Therefore
Apparently \scriptstyle \delta(X) = \frac{T^2}{2}  is unbiased, thus the UMVU estimator is
This example illustrates that an unbiased function of the complete sufficient statistic will be UMVU.
Mitral Regurgitation Primary Causes
Primary mitral regurgitation is due to any disease process that affects the mitral valve apparatus itself.
The causes of primary mitral regurgitation include:
- Myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve
- Ischemic heart disease / Coronary artery disease
- Infective endocarditis
- Collagen vascular diseases (ie: SLE, Marfan's syndrome)
- Rheumatic heart disease
- Trauma
- Balloon valvulotomy of the mitral valve
- Certain forms of medication (e.g. fenfluramine)
The most common cause of primary mitral regurgitation in the United States (causing about 50% of primary mitral regurgitation) is myxomatous degeneration of the valve.  Myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve is more common in males, and is more common in advancing age.  It is due to a genetic abnormality that results in a defect in the collagen that makes up the mitral valve.  This causes a stretching out of the leaflets of the valve and the chordae tendineae.  The elongation of the valve leaflets and the chordae tendineae prevent the valve leaflets from fully coapting when the valve is closed, causing the valve leaflets to prolapse into the left atrium, thereby causing mitral regurgitation.
Ischemic heart disease causes mitral regurgitation by the combination of ischemic dysfunction of the papillary muscles, and the dilatation of the left ventricle that is present in ischemic heart disease, with the subsequent displacement of the papillary muscles and the dilatation of the mitral valve annulus.
Mittelschmerz (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here
Synonyms and Keywords: Ovulation pain; Midcycle pain

# Overview
Mittelschmerz is one-sided, lower abdominal pain that occurs in women at or around the time of an egg is released from the ovaries (ovulation).

# What are the symptoms of Mittelschmerz?
- Mittelschmerz may be felt on one side one month, then switch to the opposite side the next month, or it may be felt on the same side for several months in succession.
- Symptoms include lower-abdominal pain that is:
- One-sided
- Typically lasting minutes to a few hours, possibly as long as 24-48 hours
- Usually sharp, cramping, distinctive pain
- Severe (rare)
- May switch sides from month to month or from one episode to another
- Begins midway through the menstrual cycle

# What causes Mittelschmerz?
- About 1 in 5 women have mittelschmerz, or pain associated with ovulation. The pain may occur just before, during, or after ovulation.
- There are several explanations for the cause of this pain.
- Just prior to ovulation: follicle growth may stretch the surface of the ovary, causing pain.
- At the time of ovulation: fluid or blood is released from the ruptured egg follicle and may cause irritation of the abdominal lining.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call for an appointment with your health care provider if ovulation pain seems to change, lasts longer than usual, or occurs with vaginal bleeding.

# Diagnosis
- A pelvic examination shows no problems.
- Other tests (such as an abdominal ultrasound or transvaginal pelvic ultrasound) may be done to look for other causes of ovarian or pelvic pain, if the pain lasts a while.

# Treatment options
- No treatment is usually necessary.
- Pain relievers (analgesics) may be needed in cases of prolonged or intense pain.

# Where to find medical care for Mittelschmerz?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Mittelschmerz

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
- Mittelschmerz can be painful, but it is not harmful.
- It is not a sign of disease.
- In fact, women who feel this pain may be at an advantage when planning or trying to avoid pregnancy.
- Mittelscmerz pain is felt around the time of ovulation. A woman is most likely to become pregnant just before ovulation, on the day of ovulation, or immediately after ovulation.

# Possible complications
There are usually no complications.

# Prevention
Birth control pills can be taken to prevent ovulation and help reduce ovulation-related pain.

# Source
Mixed disorder of acid-base balance
In a mixed disorder of acid-base balance more than one of the following four primary acid base disorders is occurring in the patient at the same time:
(Exception: A person cannot have both a respiratory acidosis and a respiratory alkalosis at the same time.)
In contrast, with a simple acid base disorder, there is only one of the four primary acid base disorders present.
The patient can have an acidosis and alkosis at the same time that partially counteract each other, or there can be two different conditions effecting the pH in the same direction. The phrase "mixed acidosis", for example, refers to metabolic acidosis in conjunction with respiratory acidosis.
There is actually an easy way to identify if the Acid-Base balance disorder is Metabolic or Respiratory in origin.
- If the pH and Carbon dioxide levels are either both increased or decreased, then it is Metabolic.
- If the pH level is opposite to that of the Carbon dioxide level or vice versa, then it is Respiratory.
Determining if it is acidosis or alkalosis depends upon the pH of the blood which is normally regulated between pH 7.35 and 7.45.
- If pH is above 7.45, then an alkalemia is present - this indicates the presence of an alkalosis.
- If pH is below 7.35, then an acidemia is present - this indicates the presence of an acidosis.
Monolysocardiolipin acyltransferase
Monolysocardiolipin acyltransferase (MLCL AT-1) is a mitochondrial acyltransferase that facilitates the remodeling of monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) into cardiolipin.

# History
In 1990, biologists Michael Schlame and Bernd Rustow observed the deacylation of cardiolipin into MLCL, which was then converted back into cardiolipin by a protein using linoleoyl coenzyme A, derived from phosphatidylcholine. However, acyltransferase activities involved in the reacylation of MLCL had not been identified or characterized in any mammalian tissue until 1999, by the Hatch lab at the University of Manitoba, in rat heart mitochondria. In 2003, the same lab purified and characterized an MLCL acyltransferase in pig liver mitochondria, and by comparing this protein against a human protein database, they identified a sequenced but uncharacterized human protein as the enzyme responsible in 2009.

# Function
MLCL AT-1 catalyzes the transfer of the fatty acid chain attached to a coenzyme A molecule to an available hydroxyl group on MLCL, producing cardiolipin. This lipid remodeling is separate from the cardiolipin synthesis pathway, and is essential to maintain its unique unsaturated fatty acyl composition. MLCL AT-1 typically utilizes linoleoyl coenzyme A, preferred to oleoyl coenzyme A, which is preferred to palmitoyl coenzyme A.

# Activity during apoptosis
MLCL AT-1 activity increases in cells cardiac myoblast cells exposed to 2-deoxyglucose-induced apoptosis. MLCL AT-1 activity also increass in a rat model of spontaneously hypertensive heart failure. Since cardiolipin content is significantly diminished in the inner mitochondrial membrane during apoptosis, the increase of lipid remodeling by MLCL AT-1 may be an effort of the cell to maintain normal cardiolipin levels.

# Similarity to mitochondrial trifunctional protein
MLCL AT-1 is completely identical to the 59-kDa C-terminal end of mitochondrial trifunctional protein HADHA, suggesting the possibility that the two proteins may be the product of alternative splicing of the same gene. MLCL AT-1 is likely a splice variant of the alpha subunit of MTP.

# Hormone interaction
Treatment with thyroxine, a thyroid hormone, can produce an almost two-fold increase in MLCL AT-1 activity.
Nafcillin sodium directions for use

# Directions for Use
The container closure may be penetrated only one time after reconstitution using a suitable sterile transfer device or dispensing set which allows measured dispensing of the contents. Use of a syringe and needle is not recommended as it may cause leakage. Use of this product is restricted to a suitable work area, such as a laminar flow hood. The withdrawal of container contents should be accomplished without delay. However, should this not be possible, a maximum of 4 HOURS from initial closure entry is permitted to complete fluid transfer operations. This time limit should begin with the introduction of solvent or diluent into the Pharmacy Bulk Package bottle.
For Administration by Intravenous Drip: Reconstitute as directed above (For Intravenous Use) prior to diluting with intravenous solution.
Only those solutions listed above should be used for the intravenous infusion of nafcillin sodium. The concentration of the antibiotic should fall within the range specified. The drug concentration and the rate and volume of the infusion should be adjusted so that the total dose of nafcillin is administered before the drug loses its stability in the solution in use.
There is no clinical experience available on the use of this agent in neonates or infants for this route of administration.
This route of administration should be used for relatively short-term therapy (24 to 48 hours) because of the occasional occurrence of thrombophlebitis particularly in elderly patients.
If another agent is used in conjunction with nafcillin therapy, it should not be physically mixed with nafcillin but should be administered separately.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit.