Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Flavobacterium columnare
Flavobacterium columnare is a thin Gram-negative rod bacterium of the genus Flavobacterium. The name derives from the way in which the organism grows in rhizoid columnar formations.
The species was first described by Davis (1922), and the name was validated by Bernardet and Grimont (1989).
F. columnare can be identified in the laboratory by a five-step method that demonstrates:
- the ability to grow on a medium containing neomycin and polymyxin B;
- production of yellow pigmented rhizoid (root-like in appearance) colonies;
- production of a gelatin-degrading enzyme;
- binding of congo red dye to the colony; and
- production of a chondroitin sulfate-degrading enzyme.
The species has been known previously as Flexibacter columnaris, Bacillus columnaris, and Cytophaga columnaris.
F. columnare is one of the oldest known diseases among warm water fish, and manifests itself as an infection commonly known as Columnaris. Infections are the second leading cause of mortality in pond raised catfish in the southeastern United States.

# See Also
- Columnaris
Fleming Cottage Hospital
Fleming Cottage Hospital is a UK National Health Service  hospital in Aberlour, Morayshire, Scotland. It is administered by the NHS Grampian region.
Fleming Hospital was purpose built and is physically adjoined to the local health centre providing GP, community nursing and other primary care services. Fleming Hospital has 15 beds providing medical care, rehabilitation, assessment, palliative/terminal care, convalescence and respite care.  The hospital also has a minor injuries/casualty department.  General medical and surgical out patient clinics are held on site.
The hospital was opened in April 1900, the building being financed by a legacy from James Fleming (1830-1895), the distiller. The architect was James Leslie Findlay.
Fluticasone how supplied

# How supplied
FLOVENT 44 mcg
FLOVENT 110 mcg
FLOVENT 220 mcg
Disposal
Storage

## FLOVENT 44 mcg
FLOVENT 44 mcg Inhalation Aerosol is supplied in 7.9-g canisters containing 60 metered inhalations in institutional pack boxes of 1 (NDC 0173-0497-00) and in 13-g canisters containing 120 metered inhalations in boxes of 1 (NDC 0173-0491-00). Each canister is supplied with a dark orange oral actuator with a peach strapcap and patients instructions. Each actuation of the inhaler delivers 44 mcg of fluticasone propionate from the actuator. Return to top

## FLOVENT 110 mcg
FLOVENT 110 mcg Inhalation Aerosol is supplied in 7.9-g canisters containing 60 metered inhalations in institutional pack boxes of 1 (NDC 0173-0498-00) and in 13-g canisters containing 120 metered inhalations in boxes of 1 (NDC 0173-0494-00). Each canister is supplied with a dark orange oral actuator with a peach strapcap and patients instructions. Each actuation of the inhaler delivers 110 mcg of fluticasone propionate from the actuator. Return to top

## FLOVENT 220 mcg
FLOVENT 220 mcg Inhalation Aerosol is supplied in 7.9-g canisters containing 60 metered inhalations in institutional pack boxes of 1 (NDC 0173-0499-00) and in 13-g canisters containing 120 metered inhalations in boxes of 1 (NDC 0173-0495-00). Each canister is supplied with a dark orange oral actuator with a peach strapcap and patients instructions. Each actuation of the inhaler delivers 220 mcg of fluticasone propionate from the actuator. Return to top

## Disposal
The correct amount of medication in each inhalation cannot be assured after 60 inhalations from the 7.9-g canister or 120 inhalations from the 13-g canister even though the canister is not completely empty. The canister should be discarded when the labeled number of actuations has been used. Return to top

## Storage
Store between 2 and 30C (36 and 86F). Store canister with mouthpiece down. Protect from freezing temperatures and direct sunlight. Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Heterotrimeric G protein
"G protein" usually refers to the membrane-associated heterotrimeric G proteins, sometimes referred to as the "large" G proteins. These proteins are activated by G protein-coupled receptors and are made up of alpha (), beta () and gamma () subunits.

# Alpha subunits
G subunits consist of two domains, the GTPase domain, and the alpha-helical domain. There exist at least 20 different G subunits, which are separated into several main families:
- Gs or simply Gs (stimulatory) - activates adenylate cyclase to increase cAMP synthesis
GNAS
- GNAS
- Gi or simply Gi (inhibitory) - inhibits adenylate cyclase
GNAI1, GNAI2, GNAI3, GNAZ, GNAO1
- GNAI1, GNAI2, GNAI3, GNAZ, GNAO1
- Golf (olfactory) - couples to olfactory receptors
GNAL
- GNAL
- Gt (transducin) - transduces visual signals in conjunction with rhodopsin in the retina
GNAT1, GNAT2, GNAT3
- GNAT1, GNAT2, GNAT3
- Gq - stimulates phospholipase C
GNAQ, GNA11, GNA14, GNA15
- GNAQ, GNA11, GNA14, GNA15
- The G12/13 family - important for regulating (via guanine nucleotide exchange factors) the cytoskeleton, cell junctions, and other processes related to movements
GNA12, GNA13
- GNA12, GNA13

# Beta-gamma complex
The  and  subunits are closely bound to one another and are referred to as the beta-gamma complex.  The G complex is released from the G subunit after its GDP-GTP exchange.

## Function
The free G complex can act as a signaling molecule itself, by activating other second messengers or by gating ion channels directly.
For example, the G complex, when bound to histamine receptors, can activate phospholipase A2. G complexes bound to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, on the other hand, directly open G-protein coupled inward rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs). They can also activate L-type calcium channels, as in H3 receptor pharmacology.

## Genes
- G genes: GNB1, GNB2, GNB3, GNB4, GNB5, GNB1L, GNB2L1
- G genes: GNGT1, GNGT2, GNG2, GNG3, GNG4, GNG5, GNG7, GNG8, GNG10, GNG11, GNG12, GNG13
Galactokinase deficiency
Synonyms and keywords: Galactosemia type 2, GALK deficiency

# Overview
Galactokinase deficiency is an autosomal recessive metabolic disease marked by an accumulation of galactose and galactitol secondary to the decreased conversion of galactose to galactose-1-phosphate by galactokinase.

# Causes
Galactokinase deficiency is an autosomal recessive metabolic disease caused by mutations in the GALK1 gene, located on chromosome 17q24.

# History and Symptoms
Unlike classic galactosemia, which is caused by deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase, galactokinase deficiency does not present with severe manifestations in early infancy. Its major clinical symptom is the development of cataracts during the first weeks or months of life, as a result of the accumulation, in the lens, of galactitol, a product of an alternative route of galactose utilization.  Other known  symptoms resulting from the cataract related visual deficit are failure to develop a social smile, and failure to visually track moving objects.

# Treatment
Galactokinase deficiency is treated with a diet low in galactose.
Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase
Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase is an enzyme that catalyses the following chemical reaction:
This lysosomal or secreted, thiol-dependent peptidase, most active at acidic pH.
In humans, gamma-glutamyl hydrolase is encoded by the GGH gene. This gene catalyzes the hydrolysis of folylpoly-gamma-glutamates and antifolylpoly-gamma-glutamates by the removal of gamma-linked polyglutamates and glutamate.

# Nomenclature
Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase is also known as conjugase, folate conjugase, lysosomal gamma-glutamyl carboxypeptidase, gamma-Glu-X carboxypeptidase, pteroyl-poly-gamma-glutamate hydrolase, carboxypeptidase G, folic acid conjugase, poly(gamma-glutamic acid) endohydrolase, polyglutamate hydrolase, poly(glutamic acid) hydrolase II, pteroylpoly-gamma-glutamyl hydrolase.

# Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.
-  The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "FluoropyrimidineActivity_WP1601"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
Ganciclovir microbiology

# Microbiology

## Virology
Ganciclovir is a synthetic nucleoside analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine that inhibits replication of herpes viruses both in vitro and in vivo. Sensitive human viruses include cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus-1 and -2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV). Clinical studies have been limited to assessment of efficacy in patients with CMV infection.
Median effective inhibitory doses (ED 50 ) of ganciclovir for human CMV isolates tested in vitro in several cell lines ranged from 0.2 to 3.0 g/mL. The relationship between in vitro sensitivity of CMV to ganciclovir and clinical response has not been established. Ganciclovir inhibits mammalian cell proliferation in vitro at higher concentrations (10 to 60 g/mL) with bone marrow colony forming cells being the most sensitive (ID 50 >/=10 g/mL) of those cell types tested.
Emergence of viral resistance has been reported based on in vitro sensitivity testing of CMV isolates from patients receiving intravenous ganciclovir treatment. The prevalence of resistant isolates is unknown, and there is a possibility that some patients may be infected with strains of CMV resistant to ganciclovir. Therefore, the possibility of viral resistance should be considered in patients who show poor clinical response.
Gastroenteritis overview

# Overview
Gastroenteritis refers to inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, involving both the stomach and the small intestine and resulting in acute diarrhea.  The inflammation is caused most often by infection with certain viruses, less often by bacteria or their toxins, parasites, or adverse reaction to something in the diet or medication.

# Historical Perspective
Before the 20th century, the term "gastroenteritis" was not commonly used. What would now be diagnosed as gastroenteritis may have instead been diagnosed more specifically as typhoid fever or "cholera morbus," among others, or less specifically as "griping of the guts," "surfeit," "flux," "colic," "bowel complaint," or any one of a number of other archaic names for acute diarrhea. Historians, genealogists, and other researchers should keep in mind that gastroenteritis was not considered a discrete diagnosis until fairly recently.

# Risk Factors
Risk factors include consumption of improperly prepared foods or contaminated water. Travel or residence in areas of poor sanitation may also heighten risks of gastroenteritis.
Gastrointestinal hormone

# Overview
The gastrointestinal hormones (or gut hormones) constitute a group of hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine that control various functions of the digestive organs.
The gastrointestinal hormones can be divided into three main groups based upon their chemical structure.
- Gastrin-cholecystokinin family: gastrin and cholecystokinin
- Secretin family: secretin, glucagon, vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastric inhibitory peptide
- Peptide family: somatostatin, motilin and substance P.
There is some disagreement over what is considered a gastrointestinal hormone. For example, MeSH doesn't include somatostatin or substance P in that category, though it does include them in several other categories.
New gastrointestinal hormones are still being discovered.
- Hormone
- Endocrine system
- Digestive system
- Gastrointestinal tract
- Peptide YY
Gatifloxacin description
ZYMAXID sterile ophthalmic solution is an 8-methoxyfluoroquinolone anti-infective for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. Its chemical name is ()-1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-8-methoxy-7-(3-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid, sesquihydrate. Its molecular formula is C19H22FN3O4  112H2O, and its molecular weight is 402.42. Its chemical structure is:
ZYMAXID is a clear, pale yellow, sterile, preserved aqueous solution with an osmolality of 260-330 mOsm/kg and a pH of 5.1-5.7.
ZYMAXID contains Active: gatifloxacin 0.5% (5 mg/mL); Inactives: benzalkonium chloride 0.005%; edetate disodium; purified water; and sodium chloride. May contain hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide to adjust pH.
Gauss' law for magnetism
In physics, Gauss' law for magnetism is one of the four Maxwell's equations which underlie classical electrodynamics. It states that the magnetic field B has divergence equal to zero, in other words, that it is a solenoidal vector field. It is equivalent to the statement that magnetic monopoles do not exist. Rather than "magnetic charges", the basic entity for magnetism is the magnetic dipole. (Of course, if monopoles were ever found, the law would have to be modified, as elaborated below.)
Gauss' law for magnetism can be written in two forms, a differential form and an integral form. These forms are equivalent due to the divergence theorem.
Note that the terminology "Gauss' law for magnetism" is widely used, but not universal. The law is also called "Absence of free magnetic poles". (or some variant); one reference even explicitly says the law has "no name".

# Differential form
The differential form for Gauss' law for magnetism is the following:
where

# Integral form
The integral form of Gauss' law for magnetism states:
where
The left-hand side of this equation is called the net flux of the magnetic field out of the surface, and Gauss' law for magnetism states that it is always zero.
The integral and differential forms of Gauss' law for magnetism are mathematically equivalent, due to the divergence theorem. That said, one or the other might be more convenient to use in a particular computation.

# In terms of vector potential
Due to the Helmholtz decomposition theorem, Gauss' law for magnetism is equivalent to the following statement:
This vector field is called the magnetic vector potential. Note that there is more than one possible A which satisfies this equation for a given B field (in fact, there are infinitely many). That is, to A can be added any field of the form \nabla because the curl of any gradient field is zero. Thus, adding \nabla to A does not change the resulting B. This arbitrariness in A is called gauge freedom.

# In terms of field lines
The magnetic field B, like any vector field, can be depicted via field lines (also called flux lines)-- that is, a set of curves whose direction corresponds to the direction of B, and whose areal density is proportional to the magnitude of B. Gauss' law for magnetism is equivalent to the statement that the field lines have neither a beginning nor an end: They either form a closed loop, or extend to infinity in both directions.

# Modification if magnetic monopoles exist
If magnetic monopoles were ever discovered to exist, then Gauss' law for magnetism would be disproved. Instead, the divergence of B would be given by
where \rho_m is the "magnetic charge density".
Gem-associated protein 6
Gem-associated protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GEMIN6 gene.The gem-associated proteins are those found in the gems of Cajal bodies.

# Function
GEMIN6 is part of a large macromolecular complex, the SMN localized to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, that plays a role in the cytoplasmic assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). Other members of this complex include SMN (MIM 600354), GEMIN2 (SIP1; MIM 602595), GEMIN3 (DDX20; MIM 606168), GEMIN4 (MIM 606969), and GEMIN5 (MIM 607005).

# Interactions
Gem-associated protein 6 has been shown to interact with gem-associated protein 7.
Gem-associated protein 7
Gem-associated protein 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GEMIN7 gene.The gem-associated proteins are those found in the gems of Cajal bodies.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a component of the core SMN complex, which is required for pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus. The encoded protein is found in the nucleoplasm, in nuclear "gems" (Gemini of Cajal bodies), and in the cytoplasm. Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.

# Interactions
Gem-associated protein 7 has been shown to interact with SMN1 and Gem-associated protein 6.
Gemifloxacin description
FACTIVE (gemifloxacin mesylate) is a synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial agent for oral administration. Gemifloxacin, a compound related to the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics, is available as the mesylate salt in the sesquihydrate form. Chemically, gemifloxacin is (R,S)-7--1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid.
The mesylate salt is a white to light brown solid with a molecular weight of 485.49. Gemifloxacin is considered freely soluble at neutral pH (350 g/mL at 37oC, pH 7.0). Its empirical formula is C18H20FN5O4CH4O3S and its chemical structure is:
Each white to off-white, oval, film-coated FACTIVE tablet has breaklines and GE 320 debossed on both faces and contains gemifloxacin mesylate equivalent to 320 mg gemifloxacin. The inactive ingredients are crospovidone, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, povidone, and titanium dioxide.
Genetic disorder project
List of genetic disordersSpreadsheet
Please help WikiDoc by adding content here.  It's easy!  Click  here  to learn about editing.
Synonyms and keywords:

# Overview

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

## Modes of Inheritance
Autosomal dominant inheritance
Autosomal recessive inheritance
X-linked dominant inheritance
X-linked recessive inheritance
Codominant inheritance
Mitochondrial inheritance
Multifactorial
Sporadic
Not inherited

## Phenotype-Gene Relationships

# Causes

# Differentiating PAGENAMEHERE From Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

# Diagnosis
History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | CT | Other Imaging Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment
Medical Therapy |  Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

# Case Studies
Case#1

# Related Chapters
Germ cell nuclear factor
The germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF), also known as RTR (retinoid receptor-related testis-associated receptor) or NR6A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 6, group A, member 1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR6A1 gene.  GCNF is a member of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors .
In adults, GCNH is expressed mainly in the germ cells of gonads and is involved in the regulation of embryogenesis and germ cell differentiation.
Its expression pattern suggests that it may be involved in neurogenesis and germ cell development. The protein can homodimerize and bind DNA, but in vivo targets have not been identified. The gene expresses three alternatively spliced transcript variants.
Glutaric acidemia type 2
Glutaric acidemia type 2 is an genetic disorder that is characterised by defects in the ability of the body to use proteins and fats for energy.  Incompletely processed proteins and fats can build up, leading to a dangerous chemical imbalance called acidosis. Glutaric acidemia type 2 often appears in infancy as a sudden metabolic crisis, in which acidosis and low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) cause weakness, behavior changes, and vomiting. There may also be enlargement of the liver, heart failure, and a characteristic odor resembling that of sweaty feet. Some infants with glutaric acidemia type 2 have birth defects, including multiple fluid-filled growths in the kidneys (polycystic kidneys). Glutaric acidemia type 2 is a very rare disorder. Its precise incidence is unknown. It has been reported in several different ethnic groups.

# Genetics
Mutations in the ETFA, ETFB, and ETFDH genes cause glutaric acidemia type II. Glutaric acidemia type 2 is caused by a deficiency in either of two enzymes, called electron transfer flavoprotein and electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase. These enzymes are normally active in the mitochondria, which are the energy-producing centers of cells. When one of these enzymes is defective or missing, partially broken-down nutrients accumulate in the cells and damage them, causing the signs and symptoms of glutaric acidemia type II.
This condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means that two copies of the gene in each cell are altered. Most often, the parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder are carriers of one copy of the altered gene but do not show signs and symptoms of the disorder themselves.
Halofantrine description

# Description
Halfan (halofantrine hydrochloride) is an antimalarial drug available as tablets containing 250 mg of halofantrine hydrochloride (equivalent to 233 mg of the free base) for oral administration.
The chemical name of halofantrine hydrochloride is 1,3-dichloro--- 6-(trifluoromethyl)-9-phenanthrene-methanol hydrochloride.
The drug, a white to off-white crystalline compound, is practically insoluble in water. Halofantrine hydrochloride has a calculated molecular weight of 536.89. The empirical formula is C26H30Cl2F3NOuHCl and the structural formula is:
Inactive ingredients are magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, pregelatinized starch, sodium starch glycolate and talc.