Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Cation-dependent mannose-6-phosphate receptor
In the fields of biochemistry and cell biology, the cation-dependent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CD-MPR) also known as the 46 kDa mannose 6-phosphate receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the M6PR gene.
The CD-MPR is one of two transmembrane proteins that bind mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) tags on acid hydrolase precursors in the Golgi apparatus that are destined for transport to the lysosome. Homologues of CD-MPR are found in all eukaryotes.

# Structure
The CD-MPR is a type I transmembrane protein (that is, it has a single transmembrane domain with its C-termini on the cytoplasmic side of lipid membranes) with a relatively short cytoplasmic tail. The extracytoplasmic/lumenal M6P binding-domain consists of 157 amino acid residues. The CD-MPR is approximately 46 kDa in size and it both exists and functions as a dimer.
The cell surface receptor for insulin-like growth factor 2 also functions as a cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor. It consists of fifteen repeats homologous to the 157-residue CD-M6PR domain, two of which are responsible for binding to M6P.

# Function
Both CD-MPRs and CI-MPRs are lectins that bind their M6P-tagged cargo in the lumen of the Golgi apparatus. The CD-MPR shows greatly enhanced binding to M6P in the presence of divalent cations, such as manganese. The MPRs (bound to their cargo) are recognized by the GGA family of clathrin adaptor proteins and accumulate in forming clathrin-coated vesicles. They are trafficked to the early endosome where, in the relatively low pH environment of the endosome, the MPRs release their cargo. The MPRs are recycled back to the Golgi, again by way of interaction with GGAs and vesicles. The cargo proteins are then trafficked to the lysosome via the late endosome independently of the MPRs.
Common synovial sheath for the flexor tendons
The common synovial sheath for the flexor tendons is a synovial sheath in the carpal tunnel.
It contains tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis and the flexor digitorum profundus, but not the flexor pollicis longus.
The sheath which surrounds the Flexores digitorum extends downward about half-way along the metacarpal bones, where it ends in blind diverticula around the tendons to the index, middle, and ring fingers. It is prolonged on the tendons to the little finger and usually communicates with the mucous sheath of these tendons.
Companies operating nursing homes in the U.S.
Following is a list of companies operating nursing homes in the U.S.:
- Benedictine Health System - based in Idaho, North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin, and Illinois.
- Emeritus assisted living - based in Seattle, Washington
- Eskaton based in Sacramento, CA.
- Home Quality Management - based in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida
- Kindred Healthcare - operates healthcare centers and skilled rehabilitation centers as well as LTAC hospitals.
- Nexion Healthcare, Inc. - Based in Maryland.
- Northern California Presbyterian Homes & Services based in San Francisco, CA.
- Pacific Retirement Services based in Medford, OR.
- Sava Senior Care - Based in Atlanta, GA
- Skilled Healthcare, LLC - provides management services for Assisted Living centers and Skilled Nursing facilities in Texas, Missouri, Kansas, Nevada and California.
- Senior Living Properties, Inc. - Manages 47 nursing facilities and 1 Assisted Living facility (all in Texas).
- Southern California Presbyterian Homes based in Glendale, CA.
- HCR Manor Care
- Genesis HealthCare Corporation - operates approximately 200 skilled nursing facilities; company headquarters in Kennett Square, PA
- Delta Health Group - operates 43 nursing facilities in three states, Florida, Mississippi and Alabama; based in Pensacola, FL

# Rankings
In June 2005, Provider magazine published a ranked list of the Top 50 Nursing Facility Chains in the U.S., listed below:
Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties

# Overview
The Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties, more commonly known by its abbreviation CPS, is a book published annually by the Canadian Pharmacists Association(CPhA).  It lists commonly used pharmaceuticals in Canada.  It is not a comprehensive list of all pharmaceuticals available in Canada.
Being Canadian, it is exists in a French and English version.  Recently, it has become available online; however, it is by registration only.

# Criticism
In the past, the CPS has been criticized for being heavily influenced by the pharmaceutical industry and for lacking important information, such as efficacy and price. 
Pharmaceuticals in the CPS are listed by their brand name,  as opposed to by the International Nonproprietary Name (INN) or United States Adopted Name (USAN).
Some have called for the creation of an independent, nonprofit organization to manage the CPS.
DAF-16-associated element gene transcriptions
"DAF-16 binding element (DBE), GTAAACA or TGTTTAC, and DAF-16-associated element (DAE), TGATAAG or CTTATCA, enriched in DAF-16 regulated genes . The DBE was recognized by DAF-16, and the DAE by transcription factor PQM-1 ." Note: GTAAACA is the inverse complement (ic) of TGTTTAC and TGATAAG is the ic of CTTATCA.

# Consensus sequences
5'-TGATAAG-3'.

# Hypotheses
- A1BG has no DAF-16-associated elements in either promoter.
- A1BG is not transcribed by a DAF-16-associated element.
- DAF-16-associated element does not participate in the transcription of A1BG.

# Samplings
Copying the consensus sequence 5'-TGATAAG-3' into F has found no elements in either A1BG promoter.
For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence 5'-TGATAAG-3' (starting with SuccessablesAAA.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:
- negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-TGATAAG-3', 0.
- negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-TGATAAG-3', 0.
- positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-TGATAAG-3', 0.
- positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-TGATAAG-3', 0.
- complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-ACTATTC-3', 0.
- complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-ACTATTC-3', 0.
- complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-ACTATTC-3', 0.
- complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-ACTATTC-3', 0.
- inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-CTTATCA-3', 0.
- inverse complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-CTTATCA-3', 0.
- inverse complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-CTTATCA-3', 0.
- inverse complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-CTTATCA-3', 0.
- inverse negative strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-GAATAGT-3', 0.
- inverse negative strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-GAATAGT-3', 0.
- inverse positive strand, negative direction, looking for 5'-GAATAGT-3', 0.
- inverse positive strand, positive direction, looking for 5'-GAATAGT-3', 0.

# Acknowledgements
The content on this page was first contributed by: Henry A. Hoff.
Developmental dyspraxia (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here
Synonyms and Keywords: Developmental coordination disorder

# Overview
Developmental coordination disorder is a childhood disorder that leads to poor coordination and clumsiness.

# What are the symptoms of Developmental dyspraxia?
Children with developmental coordination disorder have difficulties with motor coordination compared to other children the same age. Some common symptoms include:
- Clumsiness
- Delays in sitting up, crawling, and walking
- Problems with sucking and swallowing during first year of life
- Problems with gross motor coordination (for example, jumping, hopping, or standing on one foot)
- Problems with fine motor coordination (for example, writing, using scissors, tying shoelaces, or tapping one finger to another)

# What causes Developmental dyspraxia?
- About 6% of school-age children have some kind of developmental coordination disorder.
- Children with this disorder may:
- Have trouble holding objects
- Have an unsteady walk
- Run into other children
- Trip over their own feet
- Developmental coordination disorder may occur alone or with other learning disorders, such as communication disorders or disorder of written expression.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call for an appointment with a health care provider if you are concerned about your child's development.

# Diagnosis
Physical causes and other types of learning disabilities must be ruled out before the diagnosis can be confirmed.

# Treatment options
- Physical education and perceptual motor training are the best ways to treat coordination disorder.
- Using a computer to take notes may help children who have trouble writing.
- Children with developmental coordination disorder are three times more likely to be overweight than other children their age. Encouraging physical activity is important to prevent obesity.

# Where to find medical care for Developmental dyspraxia?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Developmental dyspraxia

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
How well a child does depends on the severity of the disorder. The disorder does not get worse over time. It usually continues into adulthood.

# Possible complications
- Learning problems
- Low self-esteem resulting from poor ability at sports and teasing by other children
- Repeated injuries
- Weight gain as a result of not wanting to participate in physical activities (such as sports)

# Prevention
Families who are affected by this condition should try to recognize problems early and have them treated. Early treatment will lead to future success.

# Source
Diarrhea resident survival guide (pediatrics)
Synonyms and keywords: Approach to diarrhea in pediatric patients, Approach to infectious causes of diarrhea, Oral Rehydration therapy in children

# Overview
Diarrhea remains one of the leading causes of preventable death in developing countries, especially among children under 5 years of age. Diarrhea is defined as an increase in the number of stools such as more than three bowel movements each day or the presence of loose stools comparative to normal stool consistency. Acute diarrhea is when diarrhea occurs for less than 3 weeks in total and it is chronic when it lasts longer than three weeks. Hydration status plays an important role in the management of pediatric diarrheal illness. The risk of dehydration due to fluid and electrolyte losses is inversely proportional to the child's age hence, the younger the child, the greater is the risk of dehydration. The type of dehydration whether it is isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic is usually independent of the responsible agent. Fluid loss due to diarrhea and vomiting can be life-threatening if it is as high as three times the circulating blood volume (80125250 mL per kg body weight per day). To keep the blood volume constant, the body usually extracts fluid from the intracellular space which can predispose it to dehydration. Complications and hospitalization due to dehydration can usually be prevented by the early and adequate oral administration of a rehydration solution (glucose-electrolyte solution) and normal food for the childs age.

# Causes
- The causes of diarrhea can range from life-threatening to mild and self-resolving causes:

# FIRE: Focused Initial Rapid Evaluation
- A Focused Initial Rapid Evaluation (FIRE) should be performed to identify the patients in need of immediate intervention:

# Complete Diagnostic Approach
- Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of acute diarrhea in children according to the WHO guidelines:

# Treatment
- Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of acute diarrhea in pediatric patients according to the WHO guidelines:

# Do's
- Hydrate the child well.  Hydration plays a vital role in early recovery and reversal of symptoms of diarrhea.
- Eating properly: Make the child eat properly such as eating a diet consisting of bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast.
- The use of probiotics can help shorten the duration of illness.
- Use antibiotics only when indicated in the case of pediatric diarrheal illness.

# Don'ts
- Don't try to make special salt and fluid combinations at home unless your pediatrician instructs you and you have the proper instruments.
- Don't prevent the child from eating if the child is hungry.
- Don't use antibiotics unless prescribed by your pediatrician.
- Don't ignore the symptoms and record temperature and hydration status.
Differentiating confusion from other symptoms

# Overview
Various conditions such as dementia, depression and amnesia involve confusion as part of their presentation. Obtaining a clear history about the onset of symptoms, and the onset of confusion in association with other symptoms, helps in differentiating confusion from other conditions.

# Differentiating Confusion from other Symptoms
Confusion : Is the inability to maintain a coherent stream of thought or action. It can be caused by various conditions. An altered level of consciousness is seen in confusion. Confusion can be a predecessor for successive stupor or coma.
Delirium : Acute impairment in attention with fluctuating course and altered level of consciousness caused by a medical condition. This is also called an acute confusional state and encephalopathy.
Dementia : Chronic degenerative condition affecting memory, behavior and cognition.
Depression : A clinical term for a state of intense sadness, melancholia or despair that has advanced to the point of being disruptive to an individual's social functioning and/or activities of daily living.
Amnesia : A condition in which memory is disturbed or lost. It can be due to organic or functional.
Seizures : Certain seizures such as absence seizure may appear to be similar to confusion.
A few symptoms which help in differentiating confusion
- Worsening of symptoms at night time --> Sundowning
- Rapid improvement over seconds  --> Post-syncope
- Rapid improvement over minutes to hours --> Post-ictal state
- Worsening of symptoms on standing --> Hypoperfusion
Taking a careful history from the people that are with the patient will be important, as the patient themselves are not always able to give a good history due to their confused state. Key features include the onset of symptoms, what might have caused them, the speed of progression of symptoms, and whether this has occurred before. Chronic problems with memory point more towards conditions such as dementia and amnesia. The presence of psychiatric symptoms will warrant further detailed history from the patient or family members. In children, absence seizures may appear to be confusion, as it is accompanied by vague spells of staring and loss of attention. Finding a history of drugs, poisons or chemicals in concordance with the symptoms can provide definitive clues for the diagnosis of confusion.
Some assessment tools, such as the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), can be used to differentiate confusion from dementia. This tool is handy for physicians who are not quick in psychiatric assessment.
Differentiating psoriasis from other diseases

# Overview
Psoriasis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause an erythematous, scaly rash such as cutaneous T cell lymphoma/mycosis fungoides, pityriasis rosea, pityriasis rubra pilaris, pityriasis lichenoides chronica, nummular dermatitis, secondary syphilis, Bowens disease, exanthematous pustulosis, hypertrophic lichen planus, SneddonWilkinson disease, small plaque parapsoriasis, intertrigo, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, dyshidrotic dermatitis, tinea manuum/pedum/capitis, and seborrheic dermatitis.

# Differentiating psoriasis from other diseases

## Differential diagnosis of psoriasis
- Psoriasis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause papulosquamous or erythematosquamous rash, especially when the psoriatic lesions are localized in such sites as the palms, soles, scalp, body folds, penis, and nails. The differential diagnosis of psoriasis includes:

## Differential diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis must be differentiated from other diseases causing oligo/polyarthritis or arthritis of the axial skeleton, including:
Key:+ : Infrequently present, ++ : Frequently present, +++ : Always present, - : Absent
Differentiating urticaria from other diseases

# Overview
It is critical to differentiate urticaria from other similar disorders to utilize the best approach for the treatment. Hereditary or acquired deficiency of complement factor C1, cutaneous mastocytosis such as urticaria pigmentosa, certain malignancies, connective tissue diseases, angioedema and exerciseinduced anaphylaxis are some of the differential diagnosis of urticaria.

# Differentiating Urticaria from other Diseases
- Hereditary or acquired deficiency of complement factor C1
- Cutaneous mastocytosis/urticaria pigmentosa
- Malignancy
- Exerciseinduced anaphylaxis
- Connective tissue diseases
- Photosensitive diseases
- Poison ivy contact dermatitis: The rash that develops from poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac contact are commonly mistaken for urticaria. This rash is caused by contact with urushiol and results in a form of contact dermatitis called urushiol-induced contact dermatitis.
- Angioedema:
Although it might be related to urticaria, angioedema occurs due to swelling of the lower layers of dermis.
Edema can occur around the mouth, in the throat, in the abdomen, or in other locations. Urticaria and angioedema sometimes occur together in response to an allergen and should be a concern in severe cases because angioedema of the throat can be fatal.
- Although it might be related to urticaria, angioedema occurs due to swelling of the lower layers of dermis.
- Edema can occur around the mouth, in the throat, in the abdomen, or in other locations. Urticaria and angioedema sometimes occur together in response to an allergen and should be a concern in severe cases because angioedema of the throat can be fatal.
- A possible differential diagnosis for diseases that cause urticaria, and rash include:
Schnitzler syndrome
Deficiency in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Adult-onset Still's disease
Viral rashes
- Schnitzler syndrome
- Deficiency in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist
- Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
- Adult-onset Still's disease
- Viral rashes
- Table below differentiates some of the aforementioned conditions:
Doxycycline monohydrate clinical pharmacology

# Clinical Pharmacology
Tetracyclines are readily absorbed and are bound to plasma proteins in varying degrees. They are concentrated by the liver in the bile and excreted in the urine and feces at high concentrations in a biologically active form. Doxycycline is virtually completely absorbed after oral administration.
Following a 200 mg dose of doxycycline monohydrate, 24 normal adult volunteers averaged the following serum concentration values:
Excretion of doxycycline by the kidney is about 40%/72 hours in individuals with normal function (creatinine clearance about 75 mL/min). This percentage excretion may fall as low as 1-5%/72 hours in individuals with severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance below 10 mL/min). Studies have shown no significant difference in serum half-life of doxycycline (range 18-22 hours) in individuals with normal and severely impaired renal function.
Hemodialysis does not alter serum half-life.
Dupuytren's contracture (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Dupuytren's contracture is a painless thickening and contracture of tissue beneath the skin on the palm of the hand and fingers.

# What are the symptoms of Dupuytren's contracture?
- Difficulty extending the fingers -- the fourth and fifth fingers curl up and are unable to be easily straightened
- Painless nodule in the palm, developing into a cord-like band
- Thickening of the lines in the palms of the hands

# What causes Dupuytren's contracture?
The cause is unknown, but minor injury and your genes may make you more likely to develop this condition.
One or both hands may be affected. The ring finger is affected most often, followed by the little, middle, and index fingers.
A small, painless nodule develops in the connective tissue on the palm side of the hand and eventually develops into a cord-like band. In severe cases, it's difficult or even impossible to extend the fingers.

# Who is at highest risk?
The condition becomes more common after the age of 40. Men are affected more often than women. Risk factors are alcoholism, epilepsy, pulmonary tuberculosis, diabetes, and liver disease.

# Diagnosis
A physical examination of the palm by touch (palpation) confirms the presence of thickened scar tissue (fibrosis) and contracture. Restriction of motion is common.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of this disorder.

# Treatment options
Exercises, warm water baths, or splints may be helpful.
Surgery may be performed to release the contracture, depending on the severity of the condition. Normal movement of the fingers is usually restored by surgery followed by physical therapy exercises for the hand.

# Where to find medical care for Dupuytren's contracture?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Dupuytren's contracture

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
The disorder progresses at an unpredictable rate. Surgical treatment can usually restore normal movement to the fingers. The disease can recur following surgery in some cases.

# Possible complications
Worsening of the contracture may result in deformity and loss of function of the hand.
There is a risk of injury to blood vessels and nerves during surgery.

# Prevention of Dupuytren's contracture
Awareness of risk factors may allow early detection and treatment.

# Sources
Eisenmenger's syndrome historical perspective

# Overview
Eisenmenger's syndrome was so named by Dr. Paul Wood after Dr. Victor Eisenmenger, who first described the condition in 1897.
-  Wood, P. Pulmonary hypertension with special reference to the vasoconstrictive factor. Br Heart J 1958;20:557-570. PMID 13584643
-  Eisenmenger V. Die angeborenen Defekte der Kammerscheidewande des Herzens. 
Zeitschr Klin Med 1897;32(Supplement):1-28.
Electrolyte disturbance (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Electrolytes are minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge.
It is important to keep a balance of electrolytes in your body, because they affect the amount of water in your body, blood acidity (pH), muscle action, and other important processes. You lose electrolytes when you sweat, and you must replace them by drinking fluids.
Electrolytes exist in the blood as acids, bases, and salts (such as sodium, calcium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, and bicarbonate). They can be measured by laboratory studies of the blood.