Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary regurgitation follow up

# Overview
Follow up of the patients with pulmonic regurgitation requires regular echocardiographic monitoring after PVR. Oral anticoagulation among patients with bioprosthetic valves is recommended only when other indications such as atrial arrhythmia or prior thromboembolic event are present. Upon surveillance among patients with PR monitoring right ventricular dilatation and its sequelae holds more significance than the regurgitation itself.

# Follow Up
Patients with PR (moderate-severe), especially post TOF repair should typically have an annual follow-up with a cardiologist with expertise in Adult CHD. The frequency may also be determined by the degree of residual abnormalities.

## Post pulmonic valve replacement
- All patients should undergo a baseline transthoracic echocardiogram after PVR.
- Anticoagulation is recommended for patients with mechanical valves and aspirin for patients with bioprosthetic valves.
- Oral anticoagulation among patients with bioprosthetic valves is recommended only when other indications such as atrial arrhythmia or prior thromboembolic event are present.
- All patients are advised for a lifelong follow up to assess the valvular morphology and RV systolic function.

## Surveillance
- Rapid right ventricular (RV) dilatation has been reported to be associated with restrictive right ventricle (RV) physiology on initial MRI assessment. Therefore among patients with restrictive right ventricle (RV) physiology, optimal time for pulmonary valve implantation may be determined by careful follow-up.
- Upon surveillance among patients with PR monitoring right ventricular dilatation and its sequelae holds more significance than the regurgitation itself. Simple features demonstrating RV dilatation can be observed on the physical exam or history. CXR, echocardiography and MRI may assess RV dilatation on patient visits. The gold standard for RV volume determination and quantification of PR is MRI.
Quantitative analysis (chemistry)
In chemistry, quantitative analysis is the determination of the absolute or relative abundance (often expressed as a concentration) of one, several or all particular substance(s) present in a sample.
Once the presence of certain substance(s) in a sample is known, the study of their absolute or relative abundance can help in determining specific properties.
For example, quantitative analysis performed by mass spectrometry on biological samples can determine, by the relative abundance ratio of specific proteins, indications of certain diseases, like cancer.

# Quantitative vs. Qualitative
The term "quantitative analysis" is often used in comparison (or contrast) with "qualitative analysis", which seeks information about the identity or form of substance present.  For instance, a chemist might be given an unknown solid sample.  He or she will use "qualitative" techniques (perhaps NMR or IR spectroscopy) to identify the compounds present, and then quantitative techniques to determine the amount of each compound in the sample.  Careful procedures for recognizing the presence of different metal ions have been developed, although they have largely been replaced by modern instruments; these are collectively known as qualitative inorganic analysis.  Similar tests for identifying organic compounds (by testing for different functional groups) are also known.
Many techniques can be used for either qualitative or quantitative measurements.  For instance, suppose an indicator solution changes color in the presence of a metal ion.  It could be used as a qualitative test: does the indicator solution change color when a drop of sample is added?  It could also be used as a quantitative test, by studying the colour of the indicator solution with different concentrations of the metal ion.  (This would probably be done using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy.)
de:Quantitative Analyse
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Quinine Sulfate adverse reactions

# Adverse Reactions

## Overall
Quinine can adversely affect almost every body system. The most common adverse events associated with quinine use are a cluster of symptoms called "cinchonism", which occurs to some degree in almost all patients taking quinine. Symptoms of mild cinchonism include headache, vasodilation and sweating, nausea, tinnitus, hearing impairment, vertigo or dizziness, blurred vision, and disturbance in color perception. More severe symptoms of cinchonism are vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, deafness, blindness, and disturbances in cardiac rhythm or conduction. Most symptoms of cinchonism are reversible and resolve with discontinuation of quinine.
The following adverse reactions have been reported with quinine sulfate. Most of these reactions are thought to be uncommon, but the actual incidence is unknown:

## General
Fever, Chills, Sweating, Flushing, Asthenia, Lupus-Like Syndrome, And Hypersensitivity Reactions.

## Hematologic
Agranulocytosis, Hypoprothrombinemia, Thrombocytopenia, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, Hemolytic Anemia; Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome , Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, Petechiae, Ecchymosis, Hemorrhage, Coagulopathy, Blackwater Fever, Leukopenia, Neutropenia, Pancytopenia, Aplastic Anemia, And Lupus Anticoagulant.

## Neuropsychiatric
Headache, Diplopia, Confusion, Altered Mental Status, Seizures, Coma, Disorientation, Tremors, Restlessness, Ataxia, Acute Dystonic Reaction, Aphasia, And Suicide.

## Dermatologic
Cutaneous Rashes, Including Urticarial, Papular, Or Scarlatinal Rashes, Pruritus, Bullous Dermatitis, Exfoliative Dermatitis, Erythema Multiforme, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Fixed Drug Eruption, Photosensitivity Reactions, Allergic Contact Dermatitis,Acral Necrosis, And Cutaneous Vasculitis.

## Respiratory
Asthma, Dyspnea, Pulmonary Edema.

## Cardiovascular
Chest Pain, Vasodilatation, Hypotension, Postural Hypotension, Tachycardia, Bradycardia, Palpitations, Syncope, Atrioventricular Block, Atrial Fibrillation, Irregular Rhythm, Unifocal Premature Ventricular Contractions, Nodal Escape Beats, U Waves, Qt Prolongation, Ventricular Fibrillation, Ventricular Tachycardia, Torsades De Pointes, And Cardiac Arrest.

## Gastrointestinal
Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Abdominal Pain, Gastric Irritation, And Esophagitis.

## Hepatobiliary
Granulomatous Hepatitis, Hepatitis, Jaundice, And Abnormal Liver Function Tests.

## Metabolic
Hypoglycemia And Anorexia.

## Musculoskeletal
Myalgias And Muscle Weakness.

## Renal
Hemoglobinuria, Renal Failure, Renal Impairment, And Acute Interstitial Nephritis.

## Special Senses
Visual Disturbances, Including Blurred Vision With Scotomata, Sudden Loss Of Vision, Photophobia, Diplopia, Night Blindness, Diminished Visual Fields, Fixed Pupillary Dilatation, Disturbed Color Vision, Optic Neuritis, Blindness, Vertigo, Tinnitus, Hearing Impairment, And Deafness.
Quinine Sulfate contraindications

# Contraindications
QUALAQUIN is contraindicated in patients with the following:
- Prolonged QT interval. One case of a fatal ventricular arrhythmia was reported in an elderly patient with a prolonged QT interval at baseline, who received quinine sulfate intravenously for P. falciparum malaria .
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency.
- Hemolysis can occur in patients with G6PD deficiency receiving quinine.
- Known hypersensitivity reactions to quinine.
These include, but are not limited to, the following [see Warnings and Precautions}
Thrombocytopenia
Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) and Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
Blackwater fever (acute intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, and hemoglobinemia)
- These include, but are not limited to, the following [see Warnings and Precautions}
- Thrombocytopenia
- Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) and Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
- Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)
- Blackwater fever (acute intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, and hemoglobinemia)
- Known hypersensitivity to mefloquine or quinidine: cross-sensitivity to quinine has been documented .
Myasthenia gravis. Quinine has neuromuscular blocking activity, and may exacerbate muscle weakness.
Optic neuritis. Quinine may exacerbate active optic neuritis .
- Myasthenia gravis. Quinine has neuromuscular blocking activity, and may exacerbate muscle weakness.
- Optic neuritis. Quinine may exacerbate active optic neuritis .
Return of spontaneous circulation
Synonyms and keywords: ROSC

# Overview
Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) is resumption of sustained perfusing cardiac activity associated with significant respiratory effort after cardiac arrest. Signs of ROSC include breathing, coughing, or movement and a palpable pulse or a measurable blood pressure. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation increase the chances of ROSC.  Lazarus phenomenon or autoresuscitation after failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation is the spontaneous return of circulation after resuscitation attempts have stopped in someone with cardiac arrest. Thus passive monitoring is recommended for 10 minutes after resuscitation attempts have stopped.

# Return of Spontaneous Circulation

## Fever After Cardiac Arrest
Hyperthermia following cardiac arrest is reported in 42% of the cases and is associated with worse neurological status and poor prognosis.  In fact, induced therapeutic hypothermia is part of the management of patients following cardiac arrest.
The pathophysiology of fever following cardiac arrest is thought to be explained by an early systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Cardiac arrest causes ischemia and reperfusion injury of the whole body leading to an activated inflammatory response.  Post cardiac arrest patients are reported to have elevated cytokines, dysregulated cytokine production, and increased plasma endotoxins, which mimic the immunological abnormalities in sepsis.
Radial Catheterization Advantages

# Overview

# Advantages of the Radial Approach to Cardiac Catheterization

### Reduced Bleeding
Bleeding is a common complication of the available therapies for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes.  There are increasing evidences showing that major bleeding is independently associated with increased risk for mortality and ischemic events among patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.  The development of ischemic events (i.e., myocardial infarction and stroke) may be explained by the activation of coagulation cascade by major bleeding, cessation or inadequate antiplatelet and antithrombotic therapies, and depletion of coagulation factors as a complication of blood transfusion.  According to a meta-analysis study, radial access was associated with a 73% reduction in major bleeding compared with femoral access; a similar trend was also observed with the risk of ischemic events.

### Reduced Time to Mobilization, Length of Hospital Stay and Cost
Transradial PCI has also been shown to be associated with a reduced time to mobilization (i.e., early mobilization), cost and length of stay among patients with ACS.  In a meta-analysis study, there was a reduction in the length of hospital stay by 0.4 days in the radial group when compared with the femoral group.  Consequently, there was reduced expenditure per patient and increased patient turnover at the hospitals.

### Patients' Preference and Increased Satisfaction
Among patients who had undergone both radial and femoral access procedures, there was a strong patient preference for transradial catheterization as well as improved quality of life measured by reduced body pain, back pain, and ease of walking.
Other potential advantages of radial over femoral access include:
- Provides an opportunity for same day/outpatient PCI
- Absence of retroperitoneal hematomas, femoral pseudo aneurysms, and arteriovenous fistulas
- Improved access in the obese patient
- Reduced incidence of limb threatening ischemia due to the dual blood supply of the hand (ulnar and radial arteries)
- Advantageous for patients with severe occlusive aortoiliac disease
- Advantageous for patients with back pain, obesity, congestive heart failure who have difficulty laying flat on their back.
- Less likelihood of local nerve injury
- Radial artery is easily compressible due to its superficial course
Raltegravir indications and usage

# Indications And Usage

## Adults
ISENTRESS is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection.
This indication is based on analyses of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in three double-blind controlled studies of ISENTRESS. Two of these studies were conducted in clinically advanced, 3-class antiretroviral (NNRTI, NRTI, PI) treatment-experienced adults through 96 weeks and one was conducted in treatment-naive adults through 240 weeks.
The use of other active agents with ISENTRESS is associated with a greater likelihood of treatment response .

## Pediatrics
ISENTRESS is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral agents for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in children and adolescents 2 years of age and older and weighing at least 10 kg .
This indication is based on the evaluation of safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic parameters and efficacy of ISENTRESS through at least 24-weeks in a multi-center, open-label, noncomparative study in HIV-1 infected children and adolescents 2 to 18 years of age .
The safety and efficacy of ISENTRESS have not been established in children less than 2 years of age.
Receptor for activated C kinase 1
Receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), also known as guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-2-like 1 (GNB2L1), is a 35 kDa protein that in humans is encoded by the RACK1 gene.

# Function
RACK1 was originally isolated and identified as an intracellular protein receptor for protein kinase C, noting the significant homology to the beta subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins. Later studies established RACK1, and its yeast homolog Asc1, as a core ribosomal protein of the eukaryotic small (40S) ribosomal subunit. Much of the function of Asc1/RACK1 appears to result from its position on the 'head' of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Asc1/RACK1 participates in several aspects of eukaryotic translation and ribosome quality control, including IRES-mediated translation, non-stop decay, non-functional 18S ribosomal RNA decay, and frameshifting.

# Interactions
RACK1 is positioned at the solvent-exposed surface of the 40S ribosomal subunit, where it is held in place through contacts with both the 18S rRNA and other ribosomal proteins, including uS3, uS9, and eS17. Additionally, RACK1 has been shown to interact with:
- AGTRAP
- Androgen receptor,
- CD18,
- CD29
- Cyclin A1
- EIF6,
- FYN,
- IFNAR2,
- Janus kinase 1
- OTUB1,
- P73,
- PDE4D,
- PRKCB1,
- PRKCE,
- PTPRM,
- RAS p21 protein activator 1,
- ST7,
- STAT1,
- Src, and
- Tyrosine kinase 2.
Recurrence period density entropy

# Overview
Recurrence period density entropy (RPDE) is a method, in the fields of dynamical systems, stochastic processes, and time series analysis, for determining the periodicity, or repetitiveness of a signal.
Recurrence period density entropy is useful for characterizing the extent to which a time series repeats the same sequence, and is therefore similar to linear autocorrelation and time delayed mutual information, except that it measures repetitiveness in the phase space of the system, and is thus a more reliable measure based upon the dynamics of the underlying system that generated the signal. It has the advantage that it does not require the assumptions of linearity, Gaussianity or dynamical determinism. It has been successfully used to detect abnormalities in biomedical contexts such as speech and ECG signals (Little et al. 2006, 2007).
The RPDE value \scriptstyle H_\mathrm{norm} is a scalar in the range zero to one. For purely periodic signals, \scriptstyle H_\mathrm{norm}=0, whereas for purely i.i.d., uniform white noise, \scriptstyle H_\mathrm{norm} \approx 1 (Little et al. 2007).

# Method description
The RPDE method first requires the embedding of a time series in phase space, which, according to stochastic extensions to Taken's embedding theorems, can be carried out by forming time-delayed vectors:
for each value xn in the time series, where m is the embedding dimension, and  is the embedding delay. These parameters are obtained by systematic search for the optimal set (due to lack of practical embedding parameter techniques for stochastic systems) (Stark et al. 2003). Next, around each point \scriptstyle \mathbf{X}_n in the phase space, an \varepsilon-neighbourhood (an m-dimensional ball with this radius) is formed, and every time the time series returns to this ball, the time difference T between successive returns is recorded in a histogram.  This histogram is normalised to sum to unity, to form an estimate of the recurrence period density function P(T). The normalised entropy of this density:
is the RPDE value, where \scriptstyle T_\max is the largest recurrence value (typically on the order of 1000 samples) (Little et al. 2007).

# RPDE in practice
RPDE has the ability to detect subtle changes in natural biological time series such as the breakdown of regular periodic oscillation in abnormal cardiac function which are hard to detect using classical signal processing tools such as the Fourier transform or linear prediction. The recurrence period density is a sparse representation for nonlinear, non-Gaussian and nondeterministic signals, whereas the Fourier transform is only sparse for purely periodic signals.
Regulator of G protein signalling
Regulators of G protein signaling (or RGS) are protein structural domains that activate GTPases for heterotrimeric G-protein alpha-subunits.
RGS are multi-functional, GTPase-accelerating proteins that promot
e GTP hydrolysis by the alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins, thereby inactivating the G protein and rapidly switching off G protein-coupled receptor signalling pathways. Upon activation by GPCRs, heterotrimeric G proteins exchange GDP for GTP, are released from the receptor, and dissociate into free, active GTP-bound alpha subunit and beta-gamma dimer, both of which activate downstream effectors. The response is terminated upon GTP hydrolysis by the alpha subunit (InterPro: IPR001019), which can then bind the beta-gamma dimer (InterPro: IPR001632 InterPro: IPR001770) and the receptor. RGS proteins markedly reduce the lifespan of GTP-bound alpha subunits by stabilising the G protein transition state.
All RGS proteins contain an RGS-box (or RGS domain), which is required for activity. Some small RGS proteins such as RGS1 and RGS4 are comprised of little more than an RGS domain, while others also contain additional domai
ns that confer further functionality.
RGS domains can be found within the same protein in combination with a variety of other domains, including: DEP for membrane targeting (InterPro: IPR000591), PDZ for binding to GPCRs (InterPro: IPR001478), PTB for phosphotyrosine-binding (InterPro: IPR006020), RBD for Ras-binding (InterPro: IPR003116), GoLoco for guanine nucleotide inhibitor activity (InterPro: IPR003109), PX for phosphatidylinositol-binding (InterPro: IPR001683), PXA that is associated with PX (InterPro: IPR003114), PH for stimulating guanine nucleotide exchange (InterPro: IPR001849), and  GGL (G protein gamma subunit-like) for binding G protein beta subunits (InterPro: IPR001770). Those RGS proteins that contain GGL domains can interact with G protein beta subunits to form novel dimers that prevent G protein gamma subunit binding and G protein alpha subunit association, thereby preventing heterotrimer formation.

# Human proteins containing this domain
ADRBK1;    ADRBK2;    AXIN1;     AXIN2;     GRK1;      GRK4;      GRK5;      GRK6;
GRK7;      RGS1;      RGS10;     RGS11;     RGS12;     RGS13;     RGS14;     RGS16;
RGS17;     RGS18;     RGS19;     RGS2;      RGS20;     RGS21;     RGS3;      RGS4;
RGS5;      RGS6;      RGS7;      RGS8;      RGS9;      RK;        SNX13;
Release of Information department

# Overview
Release of Information (ROI) is a department or division that is found in virtually every hospital. In the United States, HIPAA and State guidelines strongly direct the rules and regulations of patient information.  ROI performs such tasks as obtaining patient consent, certifying medical records, and deciding what information can be released.
Release of Information is often found within the Health Information Management Services (HIMS) department of a hospital.  The oversight of the HIMS department is usually overseen by a Director.  The Director of Health Information may have credentials such as an RHIT (Registered Health Information Technician) or an RHIA (Registered Health Information Administrator).
Special federal regualtions protect the release of information in the areas of Mental Health, Drug Treatment, and Alcohol Treatment.  Records of this nature often require either a patient's consent or a court order for their release.  ROI staff must possess a strong acumen for the legal rights of the patient.
Retapamulin indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
ALTABAX is indicated for use in adults and pediatric patients aged 9 months and older for the topical treatment of impetigo (up to 100 cm2 in total area in adults or 2% total body surface area in pediatric patients aged 9 months or older) due to Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible isolates only) or Streptococcus pyogenes .
Safety in patients younger than 9 months has not been established.
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of ALTABAX and other antibacterial drugs, ALTABAX should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria.
Rifapentine indications and usage

# Indications And Usage
Rifapentine is indicated for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rifapentine must always be used in combination with one or more antituberculosis drugs to which the isolate is susceptible depending on the phase of treatment [see Dosage and Administration and Clinical Studies .

## Limitations of Use
Rifapentine should not be used as a once weekly Continuation Phase regimen in combination with isoniazid in HIV seropositive patients with pulmonary tuberculosis because of a higher rate of failure and/or relapse documented with the presence of rifampin-resistant organisms .
Rifapentine has not been studied as part of the Initial Phase treatment regimen in HIV seropositive patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Rifapentine should not be used as monotherapy in either the initial or the continuation phases of antituberculous treatment.
Rilpivirine indications and usage

# Indications And Usage
EDURANT, in combination with other antiretroviral agents, is indicated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in antiretroviral treatment-naive adult patients with HIV-1 RNA less than or equal to 100,000 copies/mL at the start of therapy.
This indication is based on safety and efficacy analyses through 96 weeks from 2 randomized, double-blind, active controlled, Phase 3 trials in treatment-naive subjects .
The following points should be considered when initiating therapy with EDURANT:
- More EDURANT treated subjects with HIV-1 RNA greater than 100,000 copies/mL at the start of therapy experienced virologic failure (HIV-1 RNA  50 copies/mL) compared to EDURANT treated subjects with HIV-1 RNA less than or equal to 100,000 copies/mL .
- Regardless of HIV-1 RNA at the start of therapy, more EDURANT treated subjects with CD4+ cell count less than 200 cells/mm3 experienced virologic failure compared to EDURANT treated subjects with CD4+ cell count greater than or equal to 200 cells/mm3 .
- Te observed virologic failure rate in EDURANT treated subjects conferred a higher rate of overall treatment resistance and cross-resistance to the NNRTI class compared to efavirenz .
- More subjects treated with EDURANT developed tenofovir and lamivudine/emtricitabine associated resistance compared to efavirenz .
EDURANT is not recommended for patients less than 18 years of age .