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All vaccines must be administered in accordance with the specifications of the product label or package insert. B. Vaccine Selection. Part III lists all vaccines licensed by USDA and marketed in the United States at the time of publication. New vaccine approvals or changes in label specifications made subsequent to publication should be considered as part of this list. Any of the listed vaccines can be used for revaccination, even if the product is not the same brand as previously administered vaccines. Vaccines used in state and local rabies control programs should have a 3-year duration of immunity. This constitutes the most effective method of increasing the proportion of immunized dogs and cats in any population (3). No laboratory or epidemiologic data exist to support the annual or biennial administration of 3-year vaccines following the initial series.
C. Adverse Events. Currently, no epidemiologic association exists between a particular licensed vaccine product and adverse events including vaccine failure (4,5). Adverse events should be reported to the vaccine manufacturer and to USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Center for Veterinary Biologics (Internet: . aphis.usda.gov/vs/cvb/ic/adverseeventreport.htm; telephone: 800-752-6255; or e-mail: CVB@usda.gov). D. Wildlife and Hybrid Animal Vaccination. The efficacy of parenteral rabies vaccination of wildlife and hybrids (the offspring of wild animals crossbred to domestic animals) has not been established, and no such vaccine is licensed for these animals. Zoos or research institutions may establish vaccination programs, which attempt to protect valuable animals, but these should not replace appropriate public health activities that protect humans. animals or by providing exposed persons with prompt local treatment of wounds combined with the administration of human rabies immune globulin and vaccine. The rationale for recommending preexposure and postexposure rabies prophylaxis and details of their administration can be found in the current recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) (7). These recommendations, with information concerning the current local and regional status of animal rabies and the availability of human rabies biologics, are available from state health departments. Rabies vaccinations may also be administered under the supervision of a veterinarian to animals held in animal control shelters before release. Any veterinarian signing a rabies certificate should ensure that the person administering vaccine is identified on the certificate and is appropriately trained in vaccine storage, handling, administration, management of adverse events, etc. This practice ensures that a qualified and responsible person can be held accountable to ensure that the animal has been properly vaccinated. Within 28 days after primary vaccination, a peak rabies antibody titer is reached, and the animal can be considered immunized. An animal is currently vaccinated and is considered immunized if the primary vaccination was administered at least 28 days previously and vaccinations have been administered in accordance with this compendium.

# E. Accidental Human
Regardless of the age of the animal at initial vaccination, a booster vaccination should be administered 1 year later (see Parts I and III for vaccines and procedures). No laboratory or epidemiologic data exist to support the annual or biennial administration of 3-year vaccines following the initial series. Because a rapid anamnestic response is expected, an animal is considered currently vaccinated immediately after a booster vaccination. Protocols for the postexposure vaccination of previously unvaccinated domestic animals have not been validated, and evidence exists that use of vaccine alone will not prevent the disease (19). Dogs, cats, and ferrets that are currently vaccinated should be revaccinated immediately, kept under the owner's control, and observed for 45 days. b. Livestock. All species of livestock are susceptible to rabies; cattle and horses are among the most frequently infected. Livestock exposed to a rabid animal and currently vaccinated with a vaccine approved by USDA for that species should be revaccinated immediately and observed for 45 days. Unvaccinated livestock should be slaughtered immediately. If the owner is unwilling to have this done, the animal should be kept under close observation for 6 months. The following are recommendations for owners of unvaccinated livestock exposed to rabid animals: 1) If the animal is slaughtered within 7 days of being bitten, its tissues may be eaten without risk of infection, provided that liberal portions of the exposed area are discarded. Federal guidelines for meat inspectors require that any animal known to have been exposed to rabies within 8 months be rejected for slaughter. 2) Neither tissues nor milk from a rabid animal should be used for human or animal consumption (20). Pasteurization temperatures will inactivate rabies virus; therefore, drinking pasteurized milk or eating cooked meat does not constitute a rabies exposure.
3) Having more than one rabid animal in a herd or having herbivore-to-herbivore transmission is uncommon; therefore, restricting the rest of the herd if a single animal has been exposed to or infected by rabies might not be necessary.  (24,25); therefore, the translocation of known terrestrial rabies reservoir species should be prohibited.
1. Terrestrial Mammals. The use of licensed oral vaccines for the mass vaccination of free-ranging wildlife should be considered in selected situations, with the approval of the state agency responsible for animal rabies control (9). The distribution of oral rabies vaccine should be based on scientific assessments of the target species and followed by timely and appropriate analysis of surveillance data; such results should be provided to all stakeholders. Continuous and persistent programs for trapping or poisoning wildlife are not effective in reducing wildlife rabies reservoirs on a statewide basis. However, limited control in high-contact areas (e.g., picnic grounds, camps, or suburban areas) may be indicated for the removal of selected high-risk species of wildlife (9). State agriculture, public health, and wildlife agencies should be consulted for planning, coordination, and evaluation of vaccination or populationreduction programs. 2. Bats. Indigenous rabid bats have been reported from every state except Hawaii, and have caused rabies in at least 40 humans in the United States (26)(27)(28)(29). Bats should be excluded from houses, public buildings, and adjacent structures to prevent direct association with humans (30,31). Such structures should then be made bat-proof by sealing entrances used by bats. Controlling rabies in bats through programs designed to reduce bat populations is neither feasible nor desirable.