Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
List of illnesses caused by poor nutrition

# Overview
Many diseases in humans are directly or indirectly caused by improper eating habits and malnutrition.  These include, but are not limited to, deficiency diseases, caused by a lack of essential nutrients.
Additionally, several diseases are directly or indirectly impacted by dietary habits, and require very close attention to the nutrient content of food.

# Overnutrition (eating too much)

## Food

### Calories
- Obesity, which in turn can lead to diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

## Vitamins
- Vitamin poisoning

## Microminerals and Macrominerals
- Iron overload disorder

# Deficiencies (eating too little)

## Proteins/fats/carbohydrates
- protein-energy malnutrition
kwashiorkor
marasmus
Mental retardation 
- kwashiorkor
- marasmus
- Mental retardation 

## Vitamin
- Pellagra -
- Poor immune system function, potentially leading to a wide range of other illnesses.
- Spina bifida
- Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency causes:
Beriberi -
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome -
- Beriberi -
- Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome -
- Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency leads to ariboflavinosis
- Vitamin C (ascorbate) deficiency causes scurvy, deterioration of tissues throughout the body due to reduced collagen synthesis.
- Vitamin D deficiency - is known to cause several bone diseases including:
Rickets - a childhood disease characterized by impeded growth, and deformity, of the long bones.
Osteomalacia- a bone-thinning disorder that occurs exclusively in adults and is characterised by proximal muscle weakness and bone fragility.
Osteoporosis - a condition characterized by reduced bone mineral density and increased bone fragility.
- Rickets - a childhood disease characterized by impeded growth, and deformity, of the long bones.
- Osteomalacia- a bone-thinning disorder that occurs exclusively in adults and is characterised by proximal muscle weakness and bone fragility.
- Osteoporosis - a condition characterized by reduced bone mineral density and increased bone fragility.

## Microminerals and Macrominerals
- Iodine deficiency
- Iron deficiency
Iron deficiency anemia
- Iron deficiency anemia
- Metabolic or nutritionally related disease such as diabetes mellitus or endemic goitre
- Osteoporosis - caused by calcium deficiency
- zinc deficiency (growth retardation)
Dental examination before cancer treatment

# Three Good Reasons to have a Dental Examination before any Cancer Treatment
- Feel better: Your cancer treatment may be easier if you work with your dentist and hygienist. Make sure you have a pretreatment dental checkup.
- Save teeth and bones: A dentist will help protect your mouth, teeth, and jaw bones from damage caused by radiation and chemotherapy. Children also need special protection for their growing teeth and facial bones.
- Fight cancer: Doctors may have to delay or stop your cancer treatment because of problems in your mouth. To fight cancer best, your cancer care team should include a dentist.

# Protect Your Mouth During Cancer Treatment
- Brush gently & brush often
- Brush your teeth--and your tongue--gently with an extra-soft toothbrush.
- If your mouth is very sore, soften the bristles in warm water.
- Brush after every meal and at bedtime
- Floss gently & do it daily
- Floss once a day to remove plaque.
- If your gums bleed and hurt, avoid the areas that are bleeding or sore, but keep flossing your other teeth.
- Keep your mouth moist
- Rinse often with water.
- Dont use mouthwashes with alcohol in them.
- Use a saliva substitute to help moisten your mouth.
- Eat and drink with care
- Choose soft, easy-to-chew foods.
- Protect your mouth from spicy, sour, or crunchy foods.
- Choose lukewarm foods and drinks instead of hot or icy-cold.
- Avoid alcoholic drinks.
- Keep trying (Quit using tobacco)
- Ask your cancer care team to help you stop smoking or chewing tobacco.
- People who quit smoking or chewing tobacco have fewer mouth problems.

# Source
- NIDCR: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
Differentiating Lipoma from other diseases

# Overview
Lipoma must be differentiated from liposarcoma, normal adipose tissue, adrenal myelolipoma, angiomyolipoma, and other lipomatous tumors.

# Differentiating Lipoma from other Diseases
Lipoma must be differentiated from liposarcoma, normal adipose tissue, adrenal myelolipoma, angiomyolipoma, and other lipomatous tumors.
- Lipoma should be differentiated from other lipomatous tumors. Table below compares and describes the characteristics of different lipomatous tumors:
In general, there is little differential for a classic lipoma. The main differential is:
- Liposarcoma
- Normal adipose tissue
In certain locations then other fatty masses should be considered :
- Retroperitoneum
- Adrenal myelolipoma
- Angiomyolipoma (AML)
- Chest
- Thymolipoma
Differentiating goiter from other diseases

# Overview
As goiter manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype.

# Differentiating Goiter from other Diseases
- As goiter manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. The following are the various differential diagnoses: 
Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Lipomas
Fibroma
Thyroid lymphoma
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Riedel thyroiditis
Subacute thyroiditis
Infectious thyroiditis
Parathyroid adenoma
Parathyroid cyst
Thyroglossal duct cyst
Branchial cleft cyst
Pseudo-goiter
Thyroid abscess
Thyroid nodule
Granulomatous disease of the thyroid
Lymphadenopathy
Carotid artery aneurysm
Lymphatic malformation (cystic hygroma)
Tumors of other structures in the neck
- Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
- Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
- Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
- Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
- Sarcoma
- Lipomas
- Fibroma
- Thyroid lymphoma
- Hashimoto thyroiditis
- Riedel thyroiditis
- Subacute thyroiditis
- Infectious thyroiditis
- Parathyroid adenoma
- Parathyroid cyst
- Thyroglossal duct cyst
- Branchial cleft cyst
- Pseudo-goiter
- Thyroid abscess
- Thyroid nodule
- Granulomatous disease of the thyroid
- Lymphadenopathy
- Carotid artery aneurysm
- Lymphatic malformation (cystic hygroma)
- Tumors of other structures in the neck

## Differentials of thyroid gland enlargement
The table below outlines the differential diagnoses of neck swelling due to thyroid gland enlargement:

## Differentials of thyroid gland enlargement and thyrotoxicosis
The following table summarizes the various differential diagnoses of thyroid gland enlargement plus thyrotoxicosis and their major features:
Ectodermal dysplasia (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Ectodermal dysplasia is a group of conditions in which there is abnormal development of the skin, hair, nails, teeth, or sweat glands.

# What are the symptoms of Ectodermal dysplasia?
People with ectodermal dysplasia may not sweat or may have decreased sweating because of a lack of sweat glands.
Children with the disease may have difficulty controlling fevers. Mild illness can produce extremely high fevers, because the skin cannot sweat and control temperature properly.
Affected adults are unable to tolerate a warm environment and need special measures to keep a normal body temperature.
Other symptoms include:
- Abnormal nails
- Abnormal or missing teeth
- Absent or decreased tears
- Decreased skin color (pigment)
- Heat intolerance
- Inability to sweat
- Large forehead
- Lower than normal number of teeth
- Low nasal bridge
- Poor hearing
- Poor temperature regulation
- Poor vision
- Thin, sparse hair
- Thin skin

# What causes Ectodermal dysplasia?
There are many different types of ectodermal dysplasia.

# Who is at highest risk?
Many gene defects can cause ectodermal dysplasias. The most common form of ectodermal dysplasia usually affects men. Other forms of the disease affect men and women equally.

# Diagnosis
Tests that may be done include:
- Biopsy of the mucus membranes
- Biopsy of the skin
- Genetic testing (available for some types of this disorder)

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call for an appointment with your health care provider if your child shows symptoms of this disorder.

# Treatment options
There is no specific treatment for this disorder.
Some things you can do include:
- Wear a wig and dentures to improve appearance.
- Use artificial tears to replace normal tearing and prevent drying of the eyes.
- Spray the nostrils with saline nose spray often to remove debris and prevent infection.
- Live in a cooler climate and take cooling water baths or use water sprays to keep a normal body temperature (water evaporating from the skin replaces the cooling function of sweat evaporating from the skin).

# Where to find medical care for Ectodermal dysplasia?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Ectodermal dysplasia

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Having ectodermal dysplasia will not shorten your lifespan, but you must pay constant attention to temperature regulation and other problems associated with this condition.

# Possible complications
- Brain damage caused by increased body temperature
- Seizures caused by high fever (febrile seizures)

# Prevention of Ectodermal dysplasia
If you have a family history of ectodermal dysplasia and you are planning to have children, genetic counseling is recommended. In many cases it is possible to diagnose ectodermal dysplasia while the baby is still in the womb.

# Sources
Encephalitis Epidemiology and Demographics

# Overview

# Epidemiology and Demographics

## Prevalence
The incidence/prevalence of  is approximately  per 100,000 individuals worldwide.

## Incidence
The incidence of viral encephalitis is approximately 3.5-7.4 per 100,000 individuals in the United States.

## Age
Patients of all age groups may develop encephalitis. Incidence is higher in pediatric populations.

## Gender
Males are more commonly affected with encephalitis than females, though both genders are susceptible to the disease.

## Race
There is no racial predilection to the development of encephalitis. However, Native Americans are predisposed to the development of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, which increases the risk of developing encephalitis.

## Developed Countries

## Developing Countries
Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor
Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor or EDHF refers to an unknown compound, secreted by endothelial cells, which leads to nitric oxide- and prostacyclin-independent vasodilation by relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells.

# Discovery of EDHF
Secretion of nitric oxide (NO) or prostacyclin by endothelial cells causes vascular smooth muscle cell relaxation.  In experiments in which both NO and prostacyclin production are inhibited,  arterioles still continue to dilate if they are stimulated (e.g. by acetylcholine or bradykinin), causing vasodilation which causes blood flow to increase.  This observed increase in blood vessel dilation is inhibited by potassium channels blockers; therefore this method of vessel dilation relies on an endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of the smooth muscle cells.  This unknown factor(s) secreted by endothelial cells has been termed endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor.

# Chemical Identity
Although the phenomonenon of EDHF has been observed and reported in scientific literature, to date the chemical identity of the factor(s) has not been determined.  Although some researchers believe the EDHF is potassium ions, other researchers have shown evidence that  an endocannabinoid (anandamide) might be involved by activating the CB1 receptor; although the role of anandamide in EDHF has been discounted, as its action has now been shown to occur via a non-endothelium-dependent mechanism. In some cases, members of a class of arachidonic acid derivatives, the epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), have been found to mediate the vasodilation.  These compounds are formed by epoxidation of any one of four double bonds of the arachidonic acid carbon backbone by cytochrome P450 epoxygenase enzymes.  In addition, in some cases hydrogen peroxide has been suggested to function as an EDHF in some vascular beds; although the validity of this observation is debated by several groups. Gap junctional coupling between the endothelium and smooth muscle, has also been implicated in EDHF activity in many arteries, whereby 'EDHF' activity may simply be due to the transfer of an EDH, and not to the activity of a Factor per se.
it:EDHF
Enhanced Permeability and Retention effect
The Enhanced Permeability and Retention (EPR) effect is the property by which certain sizes of molecules, typically liposomes or macromolecular drugs, tend to accumulate in tumor tissue much more than they do in normal tissues1,2,3. The general explanation that is given for this phenomenon is that, in order for tumor cells to grow quickly, they must stimulate the production of blood vessels (VEGF).Tumor cell aggregates of size as small as 150-200 um, start to become dependent on blood supply carried out by neovasculature for their nutritional and oxygen supply . This newly formed tumor vessels are usually abnormal in form and architecture. They are poorly aligned defective endothelial cells with wide fenestration, lacking smooth muscle layer, or inervation with wider lumen, and impaired functional receptors for angiotensin II. Furthermore, tumor tissues usually lack effective lymphatic drainage .  All these factors will lead to abnormal molecular and fluid transport dynamics especially for macromolecular drugs.  Namely, this phenomenon was coined enhanced permeability and retention (EPR)-effect of macromolecules and lipids in solid tumors . The EPR-effect is even more enhanced by great many pathophysiological factors involved in enhancement of extravasation of macromolecules in solid tumor tissues. For instance, bradykinin, nitric oxide / peroxynitrite, prostaglandins, vascular permeability factor (also known as vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF), tumor necrosis factor and others .
1. Matsamura Y., Maeda H. A new concept for macromolecular therapeutics in cancer chemotherapy: mechanisms of tumoritropic accumulation of protein and the antitumor agent SMANCS. Cancer Res., 46: 6387-6392, 1986.
2. Duncan R., Sat Y-N. Tumour targeting by enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Ann. Oncol., 9 (Suppl.2): 39 1998
3. Vasey P. A., Kaye S. B., Morrison R., Twelves C., Wilson P., Duncan R., Thomson A. H., Murray L. S., Hilditch T. E., Murray T., Burtles S., Fraier D., Frigerio E., Cassidy J. Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of PK1 (HPMA copolymer doxorubicin): first member of a new class of chemotherapeutic agents-drug-polymer conjugates. Clin. Cancer Res., 5: 83-94, 1999
Category; Molecules
Granulocytic sarcoma (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page on this topic, click here

# Overview
Symptoms of granulocytic sarcoma may include violaceous, raised, nontender plaques or nodules on skin and painful gums which bleed easily with tooth brushing and other minor trauma. Granulocytic sarcoma is diagnosed by histochemical staining. Systemic chemotherapy against the leukemia is typically utilized as the first-line treatment. Prognosis of granulocytic sarcoma is poor.

# What are the symptoms of Granulocytic sarcoma?
Symptoms of granulocytic sarcoma may include violaceous, raised, nontender plaques or nodules on skin and painful gums which bleed easily with tooth brushing and other minor trauma.

# Diagnosis
Granulocytic sarcoma is diagnosed by histochemical staining.

# Treatment options
Systemic chemotherapy against the leukemia is typically utilized as the first-line treatment.

# Where to find medical care for Granulocytic sarcoma?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Granulocytic sarcoma

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Prognosis of granulocytic sarcoma is poor.

# Source
HIV coinfection with tuberculosis overview

# Overview
HIV is considered a main cause of inability to control tuberculosis (TB) in high HIV settings. In spite of fewer people in USA suffering with TB, it remains a serious threat, especially for HIV-infected persons. In general, TB is one of the leading causes of death among HIV-infected patients. It is estimated that about 4.2% of Americans, with or without HIV infection, are infected with TB bacteria.
IRIS refers to a group of clinical syndromes associated with immune reconstitution which have been commonly linked to mycobacterial infections (TB and disseminated MAC disease).
Tuberculosis infection in HIV patients also affect the initiation of treatment. 

# Pathophysiology
The likelihood of getting sick with other infections and diseases is much more in HIV-infected individuals. Tuberculosis (TB) is one of these diseases. TB commonly affects the lungs; however, It can sometimes affects other organs and body parts, such as the brain, heart, kidneys, or spine.

# Medical Therapy
There are no differences between tuberculosis treatment in HIV-infected adults and adults TB patients without HIV infection. However, TB management in HIV-infected patients is complex and patients with both HIV and TB infections have to seek the medical care from a health care provider or providers with experience in the management of both HIV disease and TB. Because patients with HIV infection are often taking several drugs, some of which interact with anti-TB drugs, experts in the treatment of HIV-related TB should be consulted.

# Prevention
A new epidemiological model, developed by WHO, UNAIDS and the Stop TB Partnership, has reported that HIV/AIDS deaths can be reduced obviously through tuberculosis (TB) prevention and treatment. In 2009, almost one in four deaths among HIV-infected  patients were as a result of TB, which is both curable and preventable nowadays.
Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin
Synonyms and keywords: Hereditary persistence of foetal hemoglobin; HPFH

# Overview
Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin is a benign condition in which significant fetal hemoglobin (hemoglobin F) production continues well into adulthood, disregarding the normal shutoff point after which only adult-type hemoglobin should be produced.

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

## Genetics
This is usually caused by mutations in the -globin gene cluster. The percentage of incorrect expression might be as low as 10-15% or as high as 100% of the total hemoglobin, usually higher in homozygotes than in heterozygotes.

# Causes

# Differentiating Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics
HPFH may alleviate the severity of certain hemaglobinopathies and thalassemias, and is selected for in populations with a high prevalence of these conditions (which in turn are often selected for in areas where malaria is endemic). Thus, it has been found to affect black people, as well as Greeks.

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

## Natural History

## Complications

## Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms
The condition is usually asymptomatic, and is only noticed when screening for other hemoglobin disorders.

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Prevention
Norovirus outbreak resident survival guide

# Overview
Norovirus is one of the extremely contagious viruses leading to 50% of the gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide.  An outbreak of norovirus is defined as an occurrence of 2 or more similar illnesses resulting from a common exposure that is either suspected or laboratory-confirmed to be caused by norovirus.

# Prevention of Norovirus Outbreak
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the approach to prevention and control of a norovirus infection outbreak according to recommendations by CDC.

### Before Cruising

### On the Cruise
PPM: Parts Per Million

# Management
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the approach to norovirus infection outbreak according to recommendations by CDC.
RT-PCR: Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction

# Initial Management of Acute Gastroenteritis
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the approach to initial management of acute gastroenteritis.
CBC: Complete Blood Count; ORT: Oral replacement therapy

# Do's
- Consider an outbreak of norovirus when norovirus is positive in stool or vomitus specimens from 2 or more patients are found to be positive for norovirus by RT-PCR, EIA or electron microcopy.

# Dont's
- Do not obtain serum samples for routine norovirus detection.
- Do not use hand sanitizers as a substitute for washing hands with soap and water.
Human respiratory syncytial virus overview

# Overview
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, which includes common respiratory viruses such as those causing measles and mumps.  RSV is a member of the paramyxovirus subfamily Pneumovirinae.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
For most people, RSV produces only mild symptoms, often indistinguishable from common colds and minor illnesses.

# Treatment

## Primary Prevention
As the virus is ubiquitous in all parts of the world, avoidance of infection is not possible.