Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Notochord homeobox (NOTO) gene
Homeobox protein notochord (NOTO) is a transcription factor encoded by the gene notochord homeobox (NOTO) located on the short arm of chromosome 2 (2p13.2) in humans (Homo sapiens). An ortholog of NOTO is found in the house mouse (Mus musculus), among other species, as the gene notochord homeobox (Noto) located on chromosome 6, which encodes the homologous transcription factor homeobox protein notochord (Noto).
In the house mouse, Noto is expressed in cells comprising the primitive node (node) of the developing embryo and functions to define the shape of the primitive node, help develop the lateral (left-right) asymmetry of the embryo, and form cilia primarily on posterior nodal cells. Noto is also essential for the proper development of the caudal notochord. Noto acts downstream of the genes Foxa2 and T, and its expression is absent in embryos with mutant forms of Foxa2 and T. However, a direct relationship for the regulation of Noto expression by Foxa2 and T has not yet been confirmed. In contrast, Noto acts upstream of Foxj1 and Rfx3, which both function in the ciliogenesis of certain other mouse tissues.
Mouse embryos with mutant forms of Noto have been characterized by shortened nodal cilia, basal bodies deeply embedded in the cell cytoplasm, and/or an abnormally-developed caudal notochord (complete absence in some cases). In one experiment, replacing Noto with Foxj1 resulted in functional nodal cilia, but only with Noto expression were cilia localized on posterior nodal cells and the normal shape of the node established. Additionally, Noto mutant embryos are subject to randomization of lateral asymmetry and are therefore often characterized by isomerization of the lungs, malformation of the cardiac outflow tract, heterotaxia, and/or situs inversus.
Nuclear receptor coactivator 2
The nuclear receptor coactivator 2 also known as NCoA-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NCOA2 gene. NCoA-2 is also frequently called glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1), steroid receptor coactivator-2 (SRC-2), or transcriptional mediators/intermediary factor 2 (TIF2).

# Function
NCoA-2 is a transcriptional coregulatory protein that contains several nuclear receptor interacting domains and an intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity.  NCOA2 is recruited to DNA promotion sites by ligand-activated nuclear receptors.  NCOA2 in turn acetylates histones, which makes downstream DNA more accessible to transcription.  Hence, NCOA2 assists nuclear receptors in the upregulation of DNA expression.
GRIP1 is a transcriptional co-activator of the glucocorticoid receptor and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1).

# Interactions
Nuclear receptor coactivator 2 has been shown to interact with:
- AR,
- ARNT,
- BRCA1,
- DDX17,
- DDX5,
- ESR1,
- NR3C1,
- PPFIA4,
- PPARG,
- RXRA,
- SRA1, and
- VDR.
Nuclear receptor coactivator 3
The nuclear receptor coactivator 3 also known as NCOA3 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the NCOA3 gene. NCOA3 is also frequently called 'amplified in breast 1' (AIB1), steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3), or thyroid hormone receptor activator molecule 1 (TRAM-1).

# Function
NCOA3 is a transcriptional coactivator protein that contains several nuclear receptor interacting domains and an intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity.  NCOA3 is recruited to DNA promotion sites by ligand-activated nuclear receptors.  NCOA3, in turn, acylates histones, which makes downstream DNA more accessible to transcription.  Hence, NCOA3 assists nuclear receptors in the upregulation of gene expression.

# Clinical significance
The ratio of PAX2 to AIB-1 protein expression may be predictive of the effectiveness of tamoxifen in breast cancer treatment.

# Interactions
Nuclear receptor coactivator 3 has been shown to interact with:
- Androgen receptor,
- CHUK and
- CREB-binding protein,
- DDX17,
- DDX5,
- Estrogen receptor alpha,
- Estrogen receptor beta,
- Glucocorticoid receptor,
- IKBKG,
- IKK2,
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma,  and
- Retinoid X receptor alpha.
PCI Equipment: Stent Selection
- Drug eluting stent (DES) and bare metal stent (BMS are two main types of stents that are used during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
- Compared to the fist generation of DES, newer DES are optimized in drug, polymer, and stent design. This significant evolution in DES technology leads to lower rate of stent thrombosis and mortality rate.
- Currently available DES is superior to both first-generation DES and BMS due to higher efficacy and safety and lower restenosis rates.
- The following stents are listed from more safe to less safe based on several meta-analyses:
Durable-polymer DES
Biodegradable-polymer DES
BMS
- Durable-polymer DES
- Biodegradable-polymer DES
- BMS

# ACA 2021 Revascularization Guideline
T-cell lymphoma classification

# Overview
- T cell lymphoma may be classified according to The 2016 WHO update on mature T- and natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms that is is cearly updating the 2008 WHO (world health organization) classification. Based on the duration of symptoms and clinical practice Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma classification may be classified 3 common lymphoma types.

# Classification
According to the the 2017 revision of the World Health Organization classification of T and natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms is:
- T cell prolymphocytic leukemia
- T cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia
- Aggressive NK cell leukemia
- Systemic EBV+ T cell lymphoma of childhood*
- Hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoproliferative disorder*
- Adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma
- Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type
- Enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma
- Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T cell lymphoma*
- Hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma
- Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T cell lymphoma
- Mycosis fungoides
- Sezary syndrome
- Primary cutaneous CD30+ T cell lymphoproliferative disorders
- Lymphomatoid papulosis
- Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma
- Primary cutaneous  T cell lymphoma
- Peripheral T cell lymphoma, NOS
- Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma
- Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK+
- Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK
Based on the duration of symptoms and clinical practice of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma may be classified 3 common lymphoma types  for T- and natural killer (NK) cell lymphomas:
- The indolent lymphomas:
T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia
Mycosis fungoides
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
Natural killer cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia
- T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia
- Mycosis fungoides
- T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
- Natural killer cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia
- The aggressive lymphomas:
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, T/null cell
- Peripheral T-cell lymphoma
- Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, T/null cell
- The highly aggressive lymphomas:
Adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia
Precursor T lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma
- Adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia
- Precursor T lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma
Parathyroid hormone receptor 1
Parathyroid hormone receptor 1 is a parathyroid hormone receptor It is encoded by the gene PTHR1. It is a receptor for parathyroid hormone (PTH) and for parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH).

# Function
It is the classical PTH receptor, is expressed in high levels in bone and kidney and regulates calcium ion homeostasis through activation of adenylate  cyclase and phospholipase C.

# Mechanism
It is a member of the secretin family of G protein-coupled receptors. The activity of this receptor is mediated by Gs G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase. Besides, they also activate phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.

# Pathology
Defects in this receptor are known to be the cause of Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (JMC), chondrodysplasia Blomstrand type (BOCD), as well as enchodromatosis.
Pancreatic pseudocyst overview
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# Overview
A pancreatic pseudocyst is a circumscribed collection of fluid rich in amylase and other pancreatic enzymes, blood and necrotic tissue typically located in the lesser sac. It has a non-epithelialised lining made of granulation tissue and hence the name pseudocyst (pseudo - false). By contrast, true cysts have an epithelial lining. This is typically a complication due to increased pressure in the pancreatic duct (e.g. stenosis, calculus, protein plugs) or pancreatic necrosis following an episode of acute pancreatitis, but may also occur following abdominal trauma.  Pancreatic pseudocyst generally complicates the course of chronic pancreatitis in around 30-40% of the patients.

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology
Pancreatic Pseudocyst, also known as "false cyst" as they do not have true epithelial lining. The pathophysiology of pancreatic pseudocyst involves trauma or episode of pancreatitis followed by extravasation of pancreatic secretions.

# Causes

# Differentiating Pancreatic pseudocyst overview from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

## Natural History

## Complications

## Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Prevention
Paragonimus infection overview

# Overview
Paragonimus is a parasitic lung fluke (flat worm). Cases of  infection occur after a person eats raw or undercooked infected crab or  crayfish. Paragonimus infection also can be very serious if the fluke  travels to the central nervous system, where it can cause symptoms that mimic meningitis.

# Causes
Paragonimus infection is caused by more than 30 species of trematodes (flukes) of the genus Paragonimus which infect animals and humans. Among the species reported to infect humans, the most common is P. westermani, the oriental lung fluke.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Paragonimus spp. are distributed throughout the Americas, Africa and southeast Asia. Paragonimus westermani is distributed in southeast Asia and Japan. Paragonimus kellicotti is endemic to North America.

# Differentiating Paragonimus infection from other Diseases
The clinical picture of chronic paragonimiasis resembles chronic bronchitis  or tuberculosis. Persons may cough up coffee-colored or blood-tinged sputum,  often accompanied by chest pain and/or shortness of breath.

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Paragonimiasis is an acute infection with cough, abdominal pain, discomfort, and low-grade fever that may occur 2 to15 days after infection. The infection usually resolves without treatment. Persons with light infections may have no symptoms. Symptoms of long-term infection may mimic bronchitis or tuberculosis, with coughing up of blood-tinged sputum. CNS involvement occurs in up to 25% of  hospitalized patients and may be associated with Paragonimus-induced meningitis.

# Diagnosis

## Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis is based on microscopic demonstration of eggs in stool or sputum, but these are not present until 2 to 3 months after infection.  (Eggs are also occasionally encountered in effusion fluid or biopsy material.)  Concentration techniques may be necessary in patients with light infections. Biopsy may allow diagnostic confirmation and species identification when an adult or developing fluke is recovered.

## Chest X Ray
Many patients have a spectrum of abnormalities  on chest radiographs: lobar infiltrates, coin lesions, cavities, calcified  nodules, hilar enlargement, pleural thickening and effusions. Ring-shaped opacities of contiguous cavities giving the characteristic appearance of a  bunch of grapes are highly suggestive of pulmonary paragonimiasis.

## CT
Central  nervous system disease may provide similar "grapebunch" findings,  characteristically seen in the temporal and occipital lobes on computed  tomography of the brain.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
Praziquantel is the drug of choice to treat paragonimiasis. Bithionol is an alternative drug for treatment of this disease.

## Primary Prevention
Never eat raw freshwater crabs or crayfish. Cook crabs and crayfish for to at least 145F (~63C). Travelers should be advised to avoid traditional meals containing undercooked freshwater crustaceans.

# Videos
Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor
Parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor, also known as parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTH1R gene. PTH1R functions as a receptor for parathyroid hormone (PTH) and for parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), also called parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH).

# Function
This "classical" PTH receptor is expressed in high levels in bone and kidney and regulates calcium ion homeostasis through activation of adenylate cyclase and phospholipase C. In bone, it is expressed on the surface of osteoblasts. When the receptor is activated through PTH binding, osteoblasts express RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor kB Ligand), which binds to RANK (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor kB) on osteoclasts. This turns on osteoclasts to ultimately increase the resorption rate.

# Mechanism
It is a member of the secretin family of G protein-coupled receptors. The activity of this receptor is mediated by Gs G proteins, which activate adenylyl cyclase. Besides this, they also activate the phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system.

# Pathology
Defects in this receptor are known to be the cause of Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (JMC) and chondrodysplasia Blomstrand type (BOCD) as well as enchondromatosis and primary failure of tooth eruption.

# Interactions
Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor has been shown to interact with Sodium-hydrogen exchange regulatory cofactor 2 and Sodium-hydrogen antiporter 3 regulator 1.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of PTH1R function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Pth1rtm1a(EUCOMM)Hmgu was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed:  - In-depth immunological phenotyping
Parathyroid hormone 2 receptor
Parathyroid hormone 2 receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTH2R gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family 2. This protein is a receptor for parathyroid hormone (PTH). This receptor is more selective in ligand recognition and has a more specific tissue distribution compared to parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R). It is activated by PTH but not by parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH) and is particularly abundant in the brain and pancreas.
The molecular interaction of the PTH2 receptor with the peptide TIP39 has been characterized in full 3D molecular detail, identifying among other residues Tyr-318 in transmembrane helix 5 as a key residue for high affinity binding.
Pellucid Marginal Degeneration
Pellucid Marginal Degeneration (PMD), is a degenerative corneal condition, often confused with keratoconus. It is typically characterized by a bilateral thinning (ectasia) in the peripehry of the cornea, that is non-inflammatory, but unilateral cases have been reported. The term was first coined in 1957 by the ophthalmologist Schalaeppi.

# Incidence
Incidence of PMD is rare, but it is unknown how many cases occur each year, due in part to the confusion of the condition with keratoconus.

# Features

## Symptoms
Unlike keratoconus, pain is not normally present, and aside from the visual deterioration, no symptoms accompany the condition. Normally, PMD does not present with vascularization of the cornea, scarring, or any deposits of lipid.

## Signs and diagnosis
Upon examination by an ophthalmologist, the patient exhibits normal corneal thickness in the center, with an intact central epithelium, but the inferior cornea exhibits a peripheral band of thinning.

## Epidemiology
No identifiable factors have been found to link to race, sex, or age, but most cases present early in life, in the age group of 20-40. No known cause for the disease has been found. 

## Prognosis
Visual function declines as a result of the irregular corneal shape, resulting in astigmatism, and causing a distortion in vision. Deterioration can become severe over time.
Like keratoconus, PMD rules a patient out for refractive surgery. Due to the thinning of the cornea, procedures such as LASIK and PRK would make the patient a poor candidate.

# Treatment

## Contact lenses
Visual acuity can not usually be corrected with the use of corrected lenses, but success has been shown with the use of rigid contact lenses combined with over-refraction. Patients wearing contacts report increased problems with glare and contrast sensitivity, but it is not clear if this is due to the corneal disease, or the contact lenses themselves.

## Intacs
The use of intacs implants has been tested as a treatment for PMD, with slight improvement in visual acuity noted after eleven months, and intacs have been used with keratoconus with success.
Periodic table (large version)
This is a large version of the periodic table and contains the symbol, atomic number, and standard atomic weight of each element.  The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the chemical elements. Although precursors to this table exist, its invention is generally credited to Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. Mendeleev intended the table to illustrate recurring ("periodic") trends in the properties of the elements. The layout of the table has been refined and extended over time, as new elements have been discovered, and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behavior.
The periodic table is now ubiquitous within the academic discipline of chemistry, providing an extremely useful framework to classify, systematize and compare all the many different forms of chemical behavior. The table has also found wide application in physics, biology, engineering, and industry. The current standard table contains 117 confirmed elements as of January 27, 2008 (while element 118 has been synthesized, element 117 has not).

# Table
 A value in brackets, such as , is the atomic mass of the most stable isotope unless it is an integer, in which case it is the mass number of the most stable isotope. In all other cases, the value is the relative atomic mass of common terrestrial composition, according to Atomic Weights of the Elements 2001, and includes its uncertainty in parenthesis. For example, the value of 1.00794(7) for hydrogen means that a normal terrestrial isotopic composition of hydrogen has a relative atomic mass of 1.00794 atomic mass units (u) with an uncertainty of 0.00007u, reflecting primarily local variability around the earth. 
 This atomic mass is only an estimate, as this element has not yet been discovered.
Phosphate nephropathy overview

# Overview
Phosphate nephropathy consists of damage to the kidneys caused by the formation of phosphate crystals within the renal tubules, damaging the nephron, and can cause acute renal insufficiency or acute renal failure.
It frequently occurs following the ingestion of oral sodium phosphate solution (Visicol) for bowel cleansing prior to a colonoscopy. The risk of this complication is increased with age, underhydration, or in the presence of hypertension or if the patient is taking an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker.  Other agents used for bowel preparation (e.g. magnesium citrate or PEG-3350 & electrolyte-based purgatives such as Colyte or Golytely) do not carry this risk.
When a kidney damaged by phosphate nephropathy is biopsied, the pathological findings are typical of nephrocalcinosis: diffuse tubular injury with calcium phosphate crystal deposition.
Pineocytoma primary prevention

# Overview
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of .
OR
There are no available vaccines against .
OR
Effective measures for the primary prevention of  include , , and .
OR
 vaccine is recommended for  to prevent . Other primary prevention strategies include , , and .

# Primary Prevention
There are no established measures for the primary prevention of .
OR
There are no available vaccines against .
OR
Effective measures for the primary prevention of  include:
OR
 vaccine is recommended for  to prevent . Other primary prevention strategies include:
Placental alkaline phosphatase
Alkaline phosphatase, placental type also known as placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) is an allosteric enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALPP gene.

# Gene
There are at least four distinct but related alkaline phosphatases: intestinal (ALPI), placental (this enzyme), placental-like (ALPPL2), and liver/bone/kidney (ALPL) (tissue-nonspecific). The first three are located together on chromosome 2, whereas the tissue-nonspecific form is located on chromosome 1.  The coding sequence for this form of alkaline phosphatase is unique in that the 3' untranslated region contains multiple copies of an Alu family repeat. In addition, this gene is polymorphic and three common alleles (type 1, type 2, and type 3) for this form of alkaline phosphatase have been well-characterized.

# Function
Alkaline phosphatase, placental type is a membrane-bound glycosylated dimeric enzyme, also referred to as the heat-stable form, that is expressed primarily in the placenta, although it is closely related to the intestinal form of the enzyme as well as to the placental-like form.

# Clinical significance
PLAP is a tumor marker, especially in seminoma and ovarian cancer. PLAP is reliable only in non-smokers, as smoking interferes with measurement of PLAP, since serum concentrations of PLAP are increased up to 10-fold in smokers and its measurement is therefore of little value in this group.
Posaconazole contraindications

# Contraindications

## Hypersensitivity
Noxafil is contraindicated in persons with known hypersensitivity to posaconazole, any component of Noxafil, or other azole antifungal agents.

## Use with Sirolimus
Noxafil is contraindicated with sirolimus. Concomitant administration of Noxafil with sirolimus increases the sirolimus blood concentrations by approximately 9-fold and can result in sirolimus toxicity .

## QT Prolongation with Concomitant Use with CYP3A4 Substrates
Noxafil is contraindicated with CYP3A4 substrates that prolong the QT interval. Concomitant administration of Noxafil with the CYP3A4 substrates, pimozide and quinidine may result in increased plasma concentrations of these drugs, leading to QTc prolongation and cases of torsades de pointes .

## HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Primarily Metabolized Through CYP3A4
Coadministration with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that are primarily metabolized through CYP3A4 (e.g., atorvastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin) is contraindicated since increased plasma concentration of these drugs can lead to rhabdomyolysis.

## Use with Ergot Alkaloids
Posaconazole may increase the plasma concentrations of ergot alkaloids (ergotamine and dihydroergotamine) which may lead to ergotism].