Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
GTPase activating protein

# Overview
GTPase Activating Proteins, or GAPs, or GTPase Accelerating Proteins is a family of regulatory proteins whose members can bind to activated G proteins and stimulate their GTPase activity with the result of terminating the signaling event.
GAPs mediate switching a G protein on and off. G proteins are switched from the active, GTP-bound form to the inactive, GDP-bound form by hydrolysis of the GTP through intrinsic GTPase-activity. It can be reverted (switching the G protein on again) by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Only the active state of the G protein can transduce a signal to a reaction chain.
The ability of GAPs to turn off G proteins depends on their local concentration in the cell, and on their own activity state.  Both of these are frequently under regulation of one or more signaling pathways, and modified by binding to other regulatory proteins or specific lipids, or by phosphorylation.
The GAPs that act on small GTP-binding proteins of the Ras superfamily have conserved structures and use similar mechanisms, whereas most of those that act on alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins belong to a distinct family, the RGS protein family.
An example of a GTPase is the monomer, Ran, which is found in the cytosol as well as the nucleus.  Hydrolysis of GTP by Ran is thought to provide the energy needed to transport nuclear proteins into the cell.  Ran is turned on or off by GEFs and GAPs, respectively.
Gastrin-releasing peptide
Gastrin-releasing peptide, also known as GRP, is a neuropeptide, a regulatory molecule that has been implicated in a number of physiological and pathophysiological processes.  Most notably, GRP stimulates the release of gastrin from the G cells of the stomach.
The gene from which GRP is derived encodes a number of bombesin-like peptides. Its 148-amino acid preproprotein, following cleavage of a signal peptide, is further processed to produce either the 27-amino acid gastrin-releasing peptide or the 10-amino acid neuromedin C. These smaller peptides regulate numerous functions of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including release of gastrointestinal hormones, smooth muscle cell contraction, and epithelial cell proliferation.

# Function
Gastrin-releasing peptide is a regulatory human peptide that elicits gastrin release and regulates gastric acid secretion and enteric motor function. The post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve that innervate the G cells of the stomach release GRP, which stimulates the G cells to release gastrin.
GRP is also involved in the biology of the circadian system, playing a role in the signaling of light to the master circadian oscillator in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Furthermore, GRP seems to mediate certain aspects of stress. This is the reason for the observed fact that atropine does not block the vagal effect on gastrin release.

# Gene
The human GRP gene is located on chromosome 18. PreproGRP (the unprocessed form of GRP) is encoded in three exons separated by two introns.   Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.

# Synthesis
PreproGRP begins with signal peptidase cleavage to generate the proGRP, which is then processed (by proteolytic cleavages), to form smaller GRP peptides.
These smaller peptides are released by the post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve, which innervate the G cells of the stomach and stimulate them to release gastrin.  GRP regulates numerous functions of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including release of gastrointestinal hormones, smooth muscle cell contraction, and epithelial cell proliferation.

# Clinical significance
Gastrin-releasing peptide and neuromedin C, it is postulated, play a role in human cancers of the lung, colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, and prostate.
Gatifloxacin microbiology
Gatifloxacin is an 8-methoxyfluoroquinolone with a 3-methylpiperazinyl substituent at C7. The antibacterial action of gatifloxacin results from inhibition of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. DNA gyrase is an essential enzyme that is involved in the replication, transcription, and repair of bacterial DNA. Topoisomerase IV is an enzyme known to play a key role in the partitioning of the chromosomal DNA during bacterial cell division. The mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones including gatifloxacin is different from that of aminoglycoside, macrolide, and tetracycline antibiotics. Therefore, gatifloxacin may be active against pathogens that are resistant to these antibiotics and these antibiotics may be active against pathogens that are resistant to gatifloxacin. There is no cross-resistance between gatifloxacin and the aforementioned classes of antibiotics. Cross resistance has been observed between systemic gatifloxacin and some other fluoroquinolones.
Resistance to gatifloxacin in vitro develops via multiple-step mutations. Resistance to gatifloxacin in vitro occurs at a general frequency of 1 x 10-7 to 10-10.
Gatifloxacin has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following organisms both microbiologically and clinically, in conjunctival infections as described in the , Section 1.
Aerobic Gram-Positive Bacteria:
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus mitis group- 
Streptococcus oralis- 
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Aerobic Gram-Negative Bacteria:
Haemophilus influenzae
- Efficacy for this organism was studied in fewer than 10 infections.
Gemifloxacin how supplied

# HOW SUPPLIED
FACTIVE (gemifloxacin mesylate) is available as white to off-white, oval, film-coated tablets with breaklines and GE 320 debossed on both faces. Each tablet contains gemifloxacin mesylate equivalent to 320 mg of gemifloxacin.
320 mg Unit of Use (CR*) 5's             NDC 67707-320-05
320 mg Unit of Use (CR*) 7's             NDC 67707-320-07
- Child Resistant

## Storage
Store at 25oC (77oF); excursions permitted to 15o-30oC (59o-86oF) . Protect from light.
Geometric Brownian motion
A geometric Brownian motion (GBM) (occasionally, exponential Brownian motion) is a continuous-time stochastic process in which the logarithm of the randomly varying quantity follows a Brownian motion, or a Wiener process. It is applicable to mathematical modelling of some phenomena in financial markets.  It is used particularly in the field of option pricing because a quantity that follows a GBM may take any value strictly greater than zero, and only the fractional changes of the random variate are significant. This is a reasonable approximation of stock price dynamics.
A stochastic process St is said to follow a GBM if it satisfies the following stochastic differential equation:
where  W_t  is a Wiener process or Brownian motion and  \mu  ('the percentage drift') and  \sigma  ('the percentage volatility') are constants.
The equation has an analytic solution:
for an arbitrary initial value S0. The correctness of the solution can be verified using Ito's lemma. The random variable log(St/S0) is normally distributed with mean  (\mu - \sigma^2/2)t  and variance  \sigma^2t , which reflects the fact that increments of a GBM are normal relative to the current price, which is why the process has the name 'geometric'.

# See Also
BlackScholes
Geriatric care management
Geriatric care management is a service that provides assistance to the elderly and their families when they are faced with problems they are unable to resolve on their own.  Most geriatric care managers have backgrounds in social work or nursing, or another human service such as counseling, gerontology, speech, physical or occupational therapy.
In the United States there is a National Association of Geriatric Care Managers (GCM).  There are almost 2000 individuals who are members of the association.  
In Germany, the care manager is a well-trained and professional nurse, who is working as an instructor for nurses and doctors or related persons. This care manager also works in acquisition, and has to show and explain products and to finish or start all lot of things to suppose the company. Most of care managers are giving advices for the therapy in cooperation with special doctors to other colleagues or related persons.
Most of the time the main topic of their working is parenteral care, wound care, cpap-technology, presenting wheelchairs and skills to move patients - for example, from the bed in the wheelchair or from the wheelchair in a car.
Some firms are also producing and/or selling vehicles for disabled persons.
Most of the care managers are educated in marketing, electronic working and primary nursing.
Giant multinucleated cell
Giant multinucleated cells are seen in the early stages of active infection with the acid-fast bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of the disease tuberculosis.

# Formation
Following inhalation of the M. tuberculosis bacterium and its attachment to the lumen of the alveolus, immune cells known as macrophages identify the bacterium as "foreign" and attempt to eliminate it by phagocytosis.  During this process, the entire bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored temporarily in a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome.  The phagosome then combines with a lysosome to create a phagolysosome.  In the phagolysosome, the cell attempts to use reactive oxygen species and acid to kill the bacterium.  However, M. tuberculosis has a thick, waxy mycolic acid capsule that protects it from these toxic substances.  M. tuberculosis actually reproduces inside the macrophage and will eventually kill the immune cell.  Other macrophages attack the infected macrophage, fusing together to form a giant multinucleated cell in the alveolar lumen.

# Transformation into tubercules
The giant multinucleated cell eventually becomes necrotic and dies.  However, the M. tuberculosis bacterium inside is still viable.  When the periphery of the giant multinucleated cell becomes calcified, a tubercule (also known as a granuloma) is formed, which remains in the lungs and may eventually need to be surgically excised.  The giant multinucleated cell can also liquefy and spread the bacterial infection to the blood or other tissues.
Glycine receptor, alpha 1
Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLRA1 gene.

# Function
The inhibitory glycine receptor mediates postsynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord and other regions of the central nervous system. It is a pentameric receptor composed of alpha and beta subunits. The GLRB gene encodes the beta subunit of the receptor.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in the gene have been associated with hyperekplexia, a neurologic syndrome associated with an exaggerated startle reaction.
Griseofulvin how supplied

# How Supplied
GRIFULVIN V (griseofulvin tablets) microsize 250 mg Tablets in bottles of 100 (NDC 0062-0211-60) (white, scored, imprinted "ORTHO 211").
GRIFULVIN V (griseofulvin tablets) microsize 500 mg Tablets in bottles of 100 (NDC 0062-0214-60) and 500 (NDC 0062-0214-70) (white, scored, imprinted "ORTHO 214").
Dispense GRIFULVIN V (griseofulvin tablets) microsize Tablets in a tight container as defined in the USP.
STORE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
Griseofulvin microbiology

# Microbiology
GRIFULVIN V (griseofulvin tablets) microsize inhibits the growth of those genera of fungi that commonly cause ringworm infections of the hair, skin, and nails, such as:
- Trichophyton rubrum
- Trichophyton tonsurans
- Trichophyton mentagrophytes
- Trichophyton interdigitalis
- Trichophyton verrucosum
- Trichophyton sulphureum
- Trichophyton schoenleini
- Microsporum audouini
- Microsporum canis
- Microsporum gypseum
- Epidermophyton floccosum
- Trichophyton megnini
- Trichophyton gallinae
- Trichophyton crateriform
Note: Prior to therapy, the type of fungi responsible for the infection should be identified. The use of the drug is not justified in minor or trivial infections which will respond to topical antifungal agents alone.
GRIS-PEG ultramicrosize is fungistatic with in vitro activity against various species of Microsporum, Epidermophyton and Trichophyton. It has no effect on bacteria or other genera of fungi
Pentose phosphate pathway
The pentose phosphate pathway (also called Phosphogluconate Pathway, or Hexose
Monophosphate Shunt ) is a process that serves to generate NADPH and the synthesis of pentose (5-carbon) sugars. There are two distinct phases in the pathway. The first is the oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non-oxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars. This pathway is an alternative to glycolysis. While it does involve oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. For most organisms it takes place in the cytosol; in plants most steps take place in plastids.

# Uses
The primary functions of the pathway are:
- To generate reducing equivalents, in the form of NADPH, for reductive biosynthesis reactions within cells.
- To provide the cell with ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) for the synthesis of the nucleotides and nucleic acids.
- Although not a significant function of the PPP, it can operate to metabolize dietary pentose sugars derived from the digestion of nucleic acids as well as to rearrange the carbon skeletons of dietary carbohydrates into glycolytic/gluconeogenic intermediates.
Located exclusively in the cytoplasm, the pathway is one of the three main ways the body creates molecules with reducing power, accounting for approximately 60% of NADPH production in humans.
One of the uses of NADPH in the cell is to prevent oxidative stress. It reduces the coenzyme glutathione, which converts reactive H2O2 into H2O. If absent, the H2O2 would be converted to hydroxyl free radicals, which can attack the cell.
Significantly, erythrocytes utilize the reactions of the PPP to generate large amounts of NADPH used in the reduction of glutathione
It is also used to generate hydrogen peroxide for phagocytes.

# Phases

## Oxidative phase
In this phase, two molecules of NADP+ are reduced to NADPH, utilizing the energy from the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate into ribulose 5-phosphate.
The entire set of reactions can be summarized as follows:
The overall reaction for this process is:

## Non-oxidative phase

## Regulation
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the rate-controlling enzyme of this pathway. It is allosterically stimulated by NADP+. The ratio of NADPH:NADP+ is normally about 100:1 in liver cytosol. This makes the cytosol a highly-reducing environment. Formation of NADP+ by a NADPH-utilizing pathway, thus, stimulates production of more NADPH.
Halofantrine microbiology

# Microbiology
Halofantrine is a blood schizonticidal antimalarial agent with no apparent action on the sporozoite, gametocyte or hepatic stages of the infection. The exact mechanism of its action is unknown. The primary metabolite, n-desbutyl halofantrine, and the parent compound are equally active in vitro.
While in vitro studies indicate that there may be cross-resistance between halofantrine and mefloquine, the clinical data do not support this view. No significant correlation between halofantrine and mefloquine resistance was observed in clinical trials.

### Clinical Trials
In controlled clinical trials involving 90 non-immune patients with malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum, treatment with Halfan (500 mg every 6 hours for three doses on days 0 and 7) had a cure rate of 99%. Patients were followed for 28 days or more after initiation of treatment.
In trials involving 583 acute malaria patients, the majority of whom were semi-immune, treatment with Halfan (500 mg every 6 hours for three doses) produced a cure rate of 90% against Plasmodium falciparum infection (n=512), and a cure rate of 99% against Plasmodium vivax (n=71).
Helium dilution technique
The helium dilution technique is the way of measuring the functional residual capacity of the lungs (the volume left in the lungs after normal expiration).
This technique is a closed-circuit system where a spirometer is filled with a mixture of Helium and Oxygen. The amount of He in the spirometer is known at the beginning of the test ( Concentration x Volume = Amount). The patient is then asked to breath in the mixture starting from FRC (Functional Residual Capacity), also known as end expiration. Because there is no leak of substances in the system, the amount of He remains constant during the test, and the final concentration of He in the spirometer is measured.
By using the folllowing equation:
C1V1 = C2V2
V2= Total Gas volume ( volume of lung + volume of spirometer).
V1= Volume of gas in spirometer.
Hereditary stomatocytosis

# Overview
Hereditary stomatocytosis describes a number of inherited autosomal dominant human conditions which affect the red blood cell, in which the membrane or outer coating of the cell 'leaks' sodium and potassium ions.

# Pathophysiology
- Osmosis leads to the red blood cell having a constant tendency to swell and burst. This tendency is countered by manipulating the flow of sodium and potassium ions.
- A 'pump' forces sodium out of the cell and potassium in, and this action is balanced by a process called 'the passive leak'. In the hereditary stomatocytoses, the passive leak is increased and the cell becomes swamped with salt and water.
- The cell lyses and a haemolytic anaemia results. For as yet unknown reasons, the cells take on an abnormal shape, resembling a mouth or 'stoma'.

# Causes
The cause for these hereditary conditions is now understood to be various mutations in the erythrocyte membrane protein, band 3. It is this protein which mediates the cation leaks which are characteristic of this disease.

# Classification
Haematologists have identified a number of variants. These can be classified as below.
- Overhydrated hereditary stomatocytosis
- Dehydrated HSt (hereditary xerocytosis; hereditary hyperphosphatidylcholine haemolytic anaemia)
- Dehydrated with perinatal ascites
- Cryohydrocytosis
- 'Blackburn' variant.
- Familial pseudohyperkalaemia
There are other families that do not fall neatly into any of these classifications (Oski et al, 1969).

# Treatment
At present there is no specific treatment. Many patients with haemolytic anaemia take folic acid (vitamin B9) since the greater turnover of cells consumes this vitamin. During crises transfusion may be required. Clotting problems can occur for which anticoagulation may needed.
Heterochromatin Protein 1
The family of Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1)  ("Chromobox Homolog", CBX) are highly conserved adapter molecules, which have important functions in the cell nucleus. These functions include gene repression by heterochromatin formation, transcriptional activation, regulation of binding of cohesin complexes to centromere, sequesteration of genes to nuclear periphery, transcriptional arrest,  maintenance of heterochromatin integrity, gene repression at single nucleosome level and gene repression by heterochromatization of euchromatin. HP1 proteins are fundamental units of heterochromatin packaging that are enriched at the centromeres and telomeres of nearly all Eukaryotic chromosomes with the notable exception of budding yeast, in which a yeast-specific silencing complex of SIR (silent information regulatory) proteins are in action. Members of the HP1 family are characterized by two conserved domains: an N-terminal chromodomain and a C-terminal chromoshadow domain, which are separated by an Hinge Region in between. HP1 is also found at euchromatic sites, where its binding correlates with the repression of an increasing number of genes. HP1 was originally discovered in 1986 as an important factor in the phenomenon known as position effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster.

# Isoforms
Three different isoforms of HP1 are found in Drosophila melanogaster, HP1a, HP1b and HP1c. Subsequently homologues of HP1 were also discovered in S. pombe (Swi6), Xenopus (Xhp1 and Xhp1) and Chicken (CHCB1, CHCB2 and CHCB3). In mammals, there are three isoforms termed HP1, HP1 and HP1 each encoded by different genes.

## HP1
HP1 interacts with the Histone-Methyltransferase (HMTase) Suv(3-9)h1 and is a component of both pericentric and telomeric heterochromatin. HP1 is a dosage-dependent modifier of pericentric heterochromatin-induced silencing and silencing is thought to involve a dynamic association of the HP1 chromodomain with the tri-methylated Histone H3 Me(3)K9H3.

# HP1 Interacting Proteins
HP1 seems to interact with numerous other proteins/molecules with different cellular functions in different organisms. Some of these HP1 interacting partners are: Histone H1, Histone H3, Methylated K9 Histone H3, Histone H4, Histone methyltransferase, DNA methyltransferase, Methyl CpG binding protein MeCP2
Heterophile antibody test

# Overview
The mononuclear spot test or monospot test, a form of the heterophile antibody test, is a rapid test for infectious mononucleosis due to EpsteinBarr virus (EBV). It is an improvement on the Paul-Bunnell test. The test is specific for heterophile antibodies produced by the human immune system in response to EBV infection.  Commercially available test kits are 70-92% sensitive and 96-100% specific, with a lower sensitivity in the first two weeks after clinical symptoms begin. It will generally not be positive during the 4-6 week incubation period before the onset of symptoms.  It will also not generally be positive after active infection has subsided, even though the virus persists in the same cells in the body for the rest of the carrier's life.

# Process
The test relies on the agglutination of the horse RBCs by heterophile antibodies in patient's serum. Heterophile means it reacts with proteins across species lines. Heterophile also can mean that it is an antibody that reacts with antigens other than the antigen that stimulated it (an antibody that crossreacts).
A 20% suspension of horse red cells is used in an isotonic 3-8% sodium citrate formulation.
One drop of the patients serum to be tested is mixed on an opal glass slide with one drop of a particulate suspension of guinea-pig kidney stroma, and a suspension of beef red cell stroma; sera and suspensions are mixed with a wooden applicator 10 times. 
Ten micro liters of the horse red cell suspension are then added and mixed with each drop of adsorbed serum. 
The mixture is left undisturbed for one minute (not rocked or shaken).
Examine for the presence or absence of red cell agglutination.
If stronger with the sera adsorbed with guinea-pig kidney, the test is positive.
If stronger with the sera adsorbed with beef red cell stroma, the test is negative. 
If agglutination is absent in both mixtures, the test is negative.
A known 'positive' and 'negative' control serum is tested with each batch of test sera.

# Indications
It is indicated as a confirmatory test when a physician suspects EBV, typically in the presence of clinical features such as fever, malaise, pharyngitis, tender lymphadenopathy (especially posterior cervical; often called "tender glands") and splenomegaly.

# Usefulness of the test
The specificity of the test is high, virtually 100%, so a positive test is useful in confirming EBV. Rarely, however, a false positive heterophile antibody test may result from toxoplasmosis, rubella, lymphoma and leukemia.
However, the sensitivity is only moderate, so a negative test does not exclude EBV. This lack of sensitivity is especially the case in young children, many of whom will not produce the heterophile antibody at any stage and thus have a false negative test result.
In the case of delayed or absent seroconversion, an immunofluorescence test could be used if the diagnosis is in doubt. It has the following characteristics: VCAs (Viral Capsid Antigen) of the IgM class, antibodies to EBV early antigen (anti-EA), absent antibodies to EBV nuclear antigen (anti-EBNA)