Sandbox:Corynebacterium diphtheriae

# Overview
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a pathogenic bacterium that causes diphtheria. It is a facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive organism, characterized by non-encapsulated, non-sporulated, immobile, straight or curved rods. The genome of C. diphtheriae contains 2,488,635 nucleotides, 2,389 genes, and  69 structural RNA genes. Gram-stain will result in a blue-purple coloration due to containing polymetaphosphate granules. Many strains of C. diphtheriae produce diphtheria toxin, a protein exotoxin, with a molecular weight of 62 kilodaltons which ADP-ribosylates host EF-2, resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis and producing signs of diphtheria. C. diptheriae is exclusively pathogenic in humans. C. diphtheriae can be classified into following four subspecies: mitis, intermedius, gravis, and belfanti. Diagnosis ofC. diphtheriae includes a Gram stain procedure; results will indicate gram-positive, pleomorphic bacteria that will dye violet-blue and resemble clubs. C.diphtheriae causes diphtheria disease in non-immunized human hosts via secreted toxins. Toxigenic strains of the bacterium will secrete toxins in nasopharyngeal or skin lesions; it is common for hosts to carry C. diphtheriae in the nasopharyngeal region without displaying symptoms. Lysogenic conversion of nontoxigenic-toxigenic phenotypes of the bacterium can occur following transmission, allowing non-human/affected hosts to transmit diphtheria to humans. C. diphtheriae is sensitive to antibiotic therapy.

# Morphology and Structure
- C. diphtheriae is a facultatively anaerobic, Gram positive organism, characterized by non-encapsulated, non-sporulated, immobile, straight or curved rods.
- The genome of C. diphtheriae contains 2,488,635 nucleotides, 2,389 genes, and  69 structural RNA genes.
As a gram-positive bacteria, C. diphtheriae contains a cell membrane and a lipid-rich murein layer outside.
- As a gram-positive bacteria, C. diphtheriae contains a cell membrane and a lipid-rich murein layer outside.
- Cell wall sugars of C. diphtheriae include arabinose, galactose, and mannose.
- Gram-stain will result in a blue-purple coloration due to containing polymetaphosphate granules.
- Many strains of C. diphtheriae produce diphtheria toxin, a protein exotoxin, with a molecular weight of 62 kilodaltons which ADP-ribosylates host EF-2, resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis and producing signs of diphtheria.
The inactivation of this toxin with an antitoxic serum (antitoxin) is the basis of the antidiphtheric vaccination.
Not all strains are toxigenic; the ability to produce the exotoxin is conferred on the bacterium when it is infected by a bacteriophage through a mechanism termed lysogenic activation.
A non-toxigenic strain can become toxigenic by the infection of such a bacteriophage.
- The inactivation of this toxin with an antitoxic serum (antitoxin) is the basis of the antidiphtheric vaccination.
Not all strains are toxigenic; the ability to produce the exotoxin is conferred on the bacterium when it is infected by a bacteriophage through a mechanism termed lysogenic activation.
A non-toxigenic strain can become toxigenic by the infection of such a bacteriophage.
- Not all strains are toxigenic; the ability to produce the exotoxin is conferred on the bacterium when it is infected by a bacteriophage through a mechanism termed lysogenic activation.
- A non-toxigenic strain can become toxigenic by the infection of such a bacteriophage.
- C. diptheriae is exclusively pathogenic in humans.

# Classification
C. diphtheriae can be classified into the following four subspecies:
- C. diphtheriae mitis
- C. diphtheriae intermedius
- C. diphtheriae gravis
- C. diphtheriea belfanti

# Diagnosis
- Diagnosis ofC. diphtheriae includes a Gram stain procedure.
Results will indicate gram-positive, pleomorphic bacteria that will dye violet-blue and resemble clubs.
- Results will indicate gram-positive, pleomorphic bacteria that will dye violet-blue and resemble clubs.
- Additional tests include Albert's stain and Loeffler's stain.
- C. diphtheriae should be cultured on an erichment medium, namely to allow it to overgrow any other organisms present in the specimen.
A selective plate tellurite agar which allows all Corynebacteria (including C. diphtheriae) to reduce tellurite to metallic tellurium and produce brown colonies
C. diphtheriae is the only corynebacterium that will produce a black halo around the colonies.
- A selective plate tellurite agar which allows all Corynebacteria (including C. diphtheriae) to reduce tellurite to metallic tellurium and produce brown colonies
C. diphtheriae is the only corynebacterium that will produce a black halo around the colonies.
- C. diphtheriae is the only corynebacterium that will produce a black halo around the colonies.

# Pathophysiology
- C.diphtheriae causes diphtheria disease in non-immunized human hosts via secreted toxins.
- C.diphtheriae is transmitted through respiratory droplets, secretions, or direct contact.
- Lysogenic conversion of nontoxigenic-toxigenic phenotypes of the bacterium can occur following transmission, allowing non-human/affected hosts to transmit diphtheria to humans.

# Sensitivity
C. diphtheriae is sensitive to the following antibiotics:
- Benzylpenicillin
- Ampicillin
- Oxytetracycline
- Erythromycin
- Cephaloradine
- Lincomycin
- Clindamycin
- Neomycin