Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Rosai Dorfman disease
Synonyms and keywords: Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, SHML, Destombes-Rosai-Dorfman syndrome, familial RosaiDorfman disease, familial SHML, sinus histiocytosis

# Overview
RosaiDorfman disease is a rare disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized by abundant histiocytes in the lymph nodes throughout the body.:747

# Historical Perspective
This condition has been named after Ronald F. Dorfman and Juan Rosai. The alternative eponym of this condition is known as Destombes-Rosai-Dorfman syndrome, part of which is named after Pierre-Paul Louis Lucien Destombes.

# Pathophysiology
Lymphadenopathy of the neck is the most common place of histiocyte accumulation, although accumulation outside of lymph nodes may occur, as well. The most common sites of accumulation outside of the lymph nodes are skin, upper respiratory tract, and the sinuses. In approximately 25% of the situations salivary glands, spleen, liver and eyelids can be involved in the disease process.

## Genetics
RosaiDorfman disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.

## Microscopic Pathology

# Differentiating from other diseases
The histological features of Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) resemble those of Faisalabad histiocytosis. Faisalabad histiocytosis can be differentiated from RDD by the presence of joint problems, sensorineural hearing loss and rubbery swellings over the eyelids.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
- The incidence of this disease is <10/100 000.
- It is a disease of the childhood.

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
The symptoms of this disease vary with the site of accumulation similar to other regional tumors. For instance, accumulation in closed spaces such as the cranium can lead to poor outcomes compared to growth in the dermis of an extremity where surgical excision is possible.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
- Fever

## Physical Examination

### Skin
- Rosai-dorfman disease. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rosai-dorfman disease. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rosai-dorfman disease. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rosai-dorfman disease. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rosai-dorfman disease. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rosai-dorfman disease. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rosai-dorfman disease. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rosai-dorfman disease. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rosai-dorfman disease. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Rosai-dorfman disease. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

### Head
- Massive cervical lymph node enlargement

### Ear
- Sensorineural hearing loss may be present in some patients.

### Abdomen
- Hepatosplenomegaly

## Laboratory Findings
- Leukocytosis
- Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia
Diacylglycerol lipase
Diacylglycerol lipase, also known as DAG lipase, DAGL or DGL, is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of diacylglycerol, releasing a free fatty acid and monoacylglycerol.
Two separate genes encoding DGL enzymes have been cloned, termed DGL (DAGLA) and DGL (DAGLB), that share 33% sequence identity.

# Inhibitors
The enzyme has been described to be inhibited selectively by two agents, RHC80267 and tetrahydrolipstatin.
Dielectric relaxation

# Overview
Dielectric relaxation is the momentary delay (or lag) in the dielectric constant of a material. This is usually caused by the delay in molecular polarization with respect to a changing electric field in a dielectric medium (e.g. inside capacitors or between two large conducting surfaces). Dielectric relaxation in changing electric fields could be considered analogous to hysteresis in changing magnetic fields (for inductors or transformers). Relaxation in general is a delay or lag in the response of a linear system, and therefore dielectric relaxation is measured relative to the expected linear steady state (equilibrium) dielectric values. The time lag between electrical field and polarization implies an irreversible degradation of free energy(G).
In physics, dielectric relaxation refers to the relaxation response of a dielectric medium to an external electric field of microwave frequencies. This relaxation is often described in terms of permittivity as a function of frequency, which can, for ideal systems, be described by the Debye equation. On the other hand, the distortion related to ionic and electronic polarization shows behavior of the resonance or oscillator type. The character of the distortion process depends on the structure, composition, and surroundings of the sample.
The number of possible wavelengths of emitted radiation due to dielectric relaxation can be equated using  Hemmings 1st Law
n: number of different possible wavelengths of emitted radiation
l: number of energy levels (inc. ground level)
Dimroth rearrangement

# Overview
The Dimroth rearrangement is a rearrangement reaction taking place with certain 1,2,3-triazoles where endocyclic and exocyclic nitrogen atoms switch place . This organic reaction was discovered in 1909 by Otto Dimroth    .
With R a phenyl group the reaction takes place in boiling pyridine for 24 hours 
This type of triazole has a amino group in the 5 position. After ring-opening to a diazo intermediate, C-N bond rotation is possible with 1,3-migration of a proton.
Certain 1-alkyl-2-iminopyrimidines also display this type of rearrangement.
In the first step is an addition reaction of water followed by ring-opening of the hemiaminal to the aminoaldehyde followed by ring closure.
Prostaglandin F2alpha

# Overview
Prostaglandin F2 (PGF2 in prostanoid nomenclature), pharmaceutically termed dinoprost (INN), is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used in medicine to induce labor and as an abortifacient.
In domestic mammals, it is produced by the uterus when stimulated by oxytocin, in the event that there has been no implantation during the follicular phase.  It acts on the corpus luteum to cause luteolysis, forming a corpus albicans and stopping the production of progesterone.  Action of PGF2 is dependent on the number of receptors on the corpus luteum membrane.
The PGF2 isoform 8-iso-PGF2 was found in significantly increased amounts in patients with endometriosis, thus being a potential causative link in endometriosis-associated oxidative stress.

# Mechanism of action
PGF2 acts by binding to the prostaglandin F2 receptor.

# Synthesis
In 2012 a concise and highly stereoselective total synthesis of PGF2 was described. The synthesis requires only seven steps, a huge improvement on the original 17-steps synthesis of Corey and Cheng, and uses 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran as a starting reagent, with S-proline as an asymmetric catalyst.

# Analogs
The following medications are analogs of prostaglandin F2:
- Latanoprost
- Bimatoprost
- Travoprost
- Carboprost
Diseases of affluence
Diseases of affluence are those diseases which are thought to be a result of increasing wealth in a society, in contrast to Diseases of poverty which result from impoverishment.

# Examples
They are thought to include Type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, obesity, certain forms of cancer, autoimmune diseases, asthma, alcoholism, depression and possibly a range or majority of other psychiatric illnesses.

# Communicable vs. non-communicable diseases
Some of these illnesses are inter-related, for example obesity is thought to be a partial cause of many other illnesses. They are characterised as being non-communicable diseases, whereas the diseases of poverty tend to be largely communicable either through infection, poor public or environmental health provision, or poor hygiene.
The trend is for these diseases to become more prevalent as starvation and diseases of poverty decline, and as longevity increases. Policy makers are sometimes criticised on sociological grounds for failing to deal with the fact that development could be seen as self-defeating if it means exchanging  one set of diseases for another.

# Possible causes of the diseases of affluence
Factors associated with the increase of these illnesses appear to be, paradoxically, things which many people would regard as improvements in their lives. They include:
- Increased use of the car
- Less strenuous physical exercise
- Easy accessibility in society to large amounts of low-cost food (relative to the much-lower caloric food availability in a subsistence economy)
More food generally, with much less physical exertion expended to obtain a moderate amount of food
More high fat and high sugar foods in the diet are common in the affluent developed economies of the late-twentieth century
More foods which are processed, cooked, and commercially provided (rather than seasonal, fresh foods prepared locally at time of eating)
- More food generally, with much less physical exertion expended to obtain a moderate amount of food
- More high fat and high sugar foods in the diet are common in the affluent developed economies of the late-twentieth century
- More foods which are processed, cooked, and commercially provided (rather than seasonal, fresh foods prepared locally at time of eating)
- Increased leisure time
- Prolonged periods of inactivity
- Greater use of alcohol and tobacco
- Longer life-spans
Reduced exposure to infectious agents throughout life
Greater use of antibiotics and vaccines
- Reduced exposure to infectious agents throughout life
- Greater use of antibiotics and vaccines
Diseases of the aorta

# Aortic Aneurysm
The term aneurysm is derived from the Greek word (aneurysmos) meaning dilatation. The most common site for true arterial aneurysms is the infra-renal aorta. A true aneurysm is a circumscribed dilatation of the three layers of vessel wall with a diameter increase of at least 50% compared to that of the proximal segment (i.e., the the dilated segment is 1.5 times that of the adjacent proximal segment). 
Ectasia, on the other hand, is a mild dilatation (luminal diameter increased by <50%) that is due to age-related degenerative changes in the vessel wall.
Pheotypically, aneurysms are further classified as fusiform (symmetric involvement of the entire aortic circumference) or saccular (focal outpouching of part of the vessel wall).
While most aneurysms are silent, a variety of symptoms and life-threatening complications can occur. Timely diagnosis and treatment of aortic aneurysms is critical.

# Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms
Thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) encompass all aneurysms the aorta between the aortic root and the crura of the diaphragm. The aortic root and the ascending vthoracic aorta are the most common sites of TAAs (60%), followed by the descending thoracic aorta (40%). Involvement of the aortic arch and/or extension of a TAA into the abdominal aorta (AA) (so called thoracoabdominal aneurysms) are relatively uncommon subsets (each encountered in 10% of cases or less).
TAAs are relatively uncommon with an estimated incidence between 6 and 10 new aneurysms per 100,000 person-years. TAAs are usually diagnosed after the sixth decade of life and they typically expand slowly (approximately 0.1-0.2 cm/year). The risk of rupture is closely related to aneurysm size (3% for TAAs 6 cm). These bioepidemiological characteristics 
support the current stand that screening for TAA is not recommended in the general population. Certain population substrates, such as those with history of Marfan syndrome, Turner syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos type IV syndrome, familial thoracic aortic disease syndromes, and patients with bicuspid aortic valve should have imaging study to screen for TAAs.

# Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Since the abdominal aorta tends to be about 2 cm in diameter, a true AAA measures >3.0 cm. However, studies showed that the normal diameter varies depending on the patients age, sex, height, weight, race, body surface area, and baseline blood pressure. Hence, using a diameter ratio (> 1.5 the proximal segment) may be more accurate, particularly in smaller people such as women and those of short stature.

# Aortic Dissection
Displacement (vector)
In physics, displacement is the vector that specifies the position of a point or a particle in reference to an origin or to a previous position. The vector directs from the reference point to the current position.
When the reference point is the origin of the chosen coordinate system, the displacement vector is better referred to as the position vector, which expresses position by the straight line directed from the previous position to the current position, as opposed to the scalar quantity distance which expresses only the length. This use of displacement vector can describe the complete motion as well as the path of the particle.
When the reference point is a previous position of the particle, the displacement vector indicates the sense of movement by a vector directing from the previous position to the current position. This use of displacement vector is useful for defining the velocity and acceleration vectors of the particle.
By plotting the displacement, relative to the starting point, against time on a position vs. time graph, the average velocity or the instantaneous velocity can be found by taking the slope of the graph or the derivative of the graph, respectively.
In dealing with the motion of a rigid/firm body, the term displacement may also include the rotations of the body.

# Distance Traveled
If the displacement of an object is described by a vector function
then the distance traveled as a function of t is described by the integral of one with respect to arc length.
where
The arc length differential is described by the following equation:
where

# Calculating displacement
To calculate displacement all vectors and scalars must be taken into consideration .  The following formula is used to calculate displacement , s.
s = {ut+{1\over 2}at^2} 
Where:

# Displacement and the equations of motion
The three main equations of motion can be used to calculate displacement 
They are:
- It should also emphasized that vector directions, negative and positive signs, are important when calculating displacement 

## Height displacement
Height displacement is the distance an object peaks in height vertically  if for example a ball was thrown up in the air and back into the owners hand the displacement would be zero, since displacement is defined as the distance an object is from its starting point.
However using the equation s = {ut+{1\over 2}at^2} can be shortened to  h = {1\over2} gt^2 to calculate overall vertical height meaning time is an important factor in the calculation.  g is the acceleration caused by gravity which stays constant at approximately 9.8\ \text{m}/\text{s}^2, depending on the direction the object is travelling a negative sign or positive sign is required since it is an equation of motion and is a vector quantity.
Doege-potter syndrome
DoegePotter syndrome (DPS) is a paraneoplastic syndrome in which hypoglycemia is associated with solitary fibrous tumors.  The hypoglycemia is the result of the tumors producing insulin-like growth factor 2.  The syndrome was first described in 1930, by Doege and Potter working independently; the full term "DoegePotter syndrome" was infrequently used until the publication of a 2000 article using the eponym.
DPS is rare (as of 1976, less than one hundred cases were described), with a malignancy rate of 1215%.  Actual rates of hypoglycemia associated with a fibrous tumor are quite rare (a 1981 study of 360 solitary fibrous tumors of the lungs found that only 4% caused hypoglycemia), and are linked to large tumours with high rates of mitosis.  Removal of the tumor will normally resolve the symptoms.
Tumors causing DPS tend to be quite large; in one case a 3  (Expression error: Missing operand for *. ), 23  (Expression error: Unexpected round operator. ) mass was removed, sufficiently large to cause a collapsed lung.  In X-rays, they appear as a single mass with visible, defined borders, appearing at the edges of the lungs or a fissure dividing the lobes of the lungs.  Similar hypoglycemic effects have been related to mesenchymal tumors.
Drug (disambiguation)
Drug may refer to:
- Drug is defined as any chemical substance other than a food or device that affects the function of living things. Drugs can be used to treat illness, relieve a symptom or modify a chemical process in the body for a specific purpose.

# Links related to this meaning
- List of drugs
- Medication
- Approved drug, drug approval by the Food and Drugs Administration in the United States
- Legal drugs
- Antiviral drug
- Antiretroviral drug
- Psychoactive drug, chemical substance used to alter behavior and perception for many differing reasons.
- Recreational drug use
- Performance enhancing drug
- Drug abuse
- Hard and soft drugs
- Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, the United Kingdom act under which substances defined as drugs are listed and controlled
- Illegal drug trade
- Narcotic

# Other meanings
- A drug or demon in ancient Vedic Hinduism, from the Vedic Sanskrit root druh = "be hostile"
- The Drug or Druedain, a race of Men from Middle-earth in the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien
- "drug" is sometimes used as a non-standard past tense and past participle of the verb drag.
ca:Droga
de:Droge (Begriffsklarung)
eo:Narkotajo
simple:Drug
Drug project tutorial

# WikiDoc Drug Project  Tutorial
1.  Read before you proceed
1.1  Resources
1.1.1  DailyMed
1.1.2  Drugs@FDA
1.1.3  Pillbox
1.1.4  Drug Information Portal
1.1.5 MedlinePlus
1.2  Generic name, active ingredient, compound, combination, trade name, formulation, and label
1.2.1  What is the generic name?
1.2.2  What is the active ingredient? Is there more than one compound for the active ingredient?
1.2.3  Is the active ingredient provided as combinations with other active ingredients?
1.2.4  What is the trade name?
1.2.5  What is the formulation?
1.2.6  Which label should be used?
1.2.7  Example
2.  Creating or editing a drug page
2.1  Landing page
2.1.1  Go to the search page on WikiDoc.
2.1.2  Use the generic name or active ingredient as search terms.
2.1.3  The generic name page should be organized as a landing page if there is more than one compound, combination, or formulation.
2.1.4  At the top of the landing page, place the links (as  headings) of compounds, combinations, and formulations followed by trade names in parentheses (See Section 1.2 for instructions).
2.1.5  Redirect the trade name pages to its generic compound page.
2.2  Using the Drug Project Form
2.2.1  To create a drug page, Go to Form:DrugProjectForm.
2.2.2  Use the appropriate title for the drug page.
2.2.3  Enter the title for the drug page in the field and left-click on the "Create or edit a Drug Page" button.
2.2.4  Follow the instructions under each tab to create contents.
2.2.5  Pasted information MUST BE PLAIN TEXT rather than formatted text.
2.2.6  Left-click on the "Save page" button after completing each section to minimize the risk of losing progress.
2.2.7  Proofread and hyperlink after completing all sections.
2.2.8  Add ] and other applicable categories in alphabetical order at the end.
2.3  Contraindicated Medications in Specific Conditions
2.3.1  Harvest contraindications from the FDA drug label.
2.3.2  Go to the Medical Therapy chapter of each contraindication.
2.3.3  Place the following template before the References section.
2.4  Adding Medications to the Causes Chapter of Significant Adverse Reactions
2.4.1  Harvest severe adverse reactions from the Warnings section of FDA drug label.
2.4.2  For non-specific adverse reactions, compare the incidence in treatment and control groups from the Adverse Reactions section.
2.4.3  Perform Chi-square calculations to determine the significance of adverse reactions.  Outsource if necessary.
2.4.4  Add the medication to the Causes chapter of each significant adverse reaction.
Endoscopic ultrasound

# Overview
Endoscopic ultrasound is a medical procedure in which an endoscopically directed ultrasound is used to image thoracic and abdominal viscera.
A probe is inserted into the stomach and duodenum via esophagogastroduodenoscopy.  Among other uses, it allows for screening for pancreatic cancer.  It also allows for biopsing of any focal lesions found in the pancreas.  This is done by inserting a needle through the stomach lining into the target.
Endoscopic ultrasound is performed with the patient sedated. The endoscope is passed through the mouth and advanced to the level of the duodenum. From various positions between the esophagus and duodenum organs outside the gastrointestinal tract can be imaged to see if they are abnormal and they can be biopsied by a process called "fine needle aspiration." Organs such as the liver, pancreas and adrenal glands are easily biopsied as are any abnormal lymph nodes. In addition the gastrointestinal wall itself can be imaged to see if it is abnormaly thick suggesting inflammation or  malignancy. The quality of the image produced is directly proportional to the frequency used. Therefore a high frequency produces a better image. However, high frequency ultrasound does not penetrate as well as lower frequency ultrasound so that the examination of the nearby organs is not possible. The procedure is performed by gastroenterologists who have had extensive advanced training.
Ectopic atrial rhythm

# Overview
Ectopic atrial rhythms occur when the impulses for the atria to beat are generated in the wrong area. This results in p waves on the electrocardiogram which differ from the normal appearance of p waves. The rate usually remains at less than 100 beats per minute.

# Electrocardiogram
- There is a different P wave morphology than in normal sinus rhythm (NSR)
- The sinus rate is < 100 beats per minute
- The rhythm is called an accelerated atrial rhythm when the rate is faster than the patient's own NSR but < 100 beats per minute.

## EKG Examples
Shown below is an EKG showing ectopic atrial rhythm. In this example, the sinus node stopped pacing due to ischemia during an atrial infarction. The P wave is positive in lead I, and negative in III, and aVF. The atrial pacemaker is thus situated at the bottom of the right atrium, close to the AV node.
Copyleft images obtained courtesy of ECGpedia,
Efavirenz description

# Description
SUSTIVA (efavirenz) is an HIV-1 specific, non-nucleoside, reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). Efavirenz is chemically described as (S)-6-chloro-4-(cyclopropylethynyl)-1,4-dihydro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one. Its empirical formula is C14H9ClF3NO2 and its structural formula is:
Efavirenz is a white to slightly pink crystalline powder with a molecular mass of 315.68. It is practically insoluble in water (<10 microgram/mL).
Capsules: SUSTIVA is available as capsules for oral administration containing either 50 mg or 200 mg of efavirenz and the following inactive ingredients: lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and sodium starch glycolate. The capsule shell contains the following inactive ingredients and dyes: gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, titanium dioxide, and/or yellow iron oxide. The capsule shells may also contain silicon dioxide. The capsules are printed with ink containing carmine 40 blue, FD&C Blue No. 2, and titanium dioxide.
Tablets: SUSTIVA is available as film-coated tablets for oral administration containing 600 mg of efavirenz and the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium lauryl sulfate. The film coating contains Opadry Yellow and Opadry Clear. The tablets are polished with carnauba wax and printed with purple ink, Opacode WB.