Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Exploding head syndrome

# Overview
Exploding head syndrome is a condition that causes the sufferer to occasionally experience a tremendously loud noise as originating from within his or her own head, usually described as the sound of an explosion, roar, waves crashing against rocks, loud voices, or a ringing noise.
This noise usually occurs within an hour or two of falling asleep, but is not the result of a dream and can happen while awake as well. Perceived as extremely loud, the sound is usually not accompanied by pain. Attacks appear to change in frequency over time, with several attacks occurring in a space of days or weeks followed by months of remission. Sufferers often feel a sense of fear and anxiety after an attack, accompanied by elevated heart rate. Attacks are also often accompanied by perceived flashes of light (when perceived on their own, known as a "visual sleep start") or difficulty in breathing. The condition is also known as "auditory sleep starts." It is not thought to be dangerous, although it is sometimes distressing to experience.

# Etiology
The cause of exploding head syndrome is not known, though some physicians have reported a correlation with stress or extreme fatigue. The condition may develop at any time during life and women are slightly more likely to suffer from it than men. Attacks can be one-time events, or can recur.
The mechanism is also not known, though possibilities have been suggested; one is that it may be the result of a sudden movement of a middle ear component or of the eustachian tube, another is that it may be the result of a form of minor seizure in the temporal lobe where the nerve cells for hearing are located. Electroencephalograms recorded during actual attacks show unusual activity only in some sufferers, and have ruled out epileptic seizures as a cause.
Those who claim to be subject to Kundalini events occasionally report similar auditory phenomena.

# Treatment
Symptoms may be resolved spontaneously over time.  It may be helpful to reassure the patient that this symptom is harmless.  Clomipramine has been used in three patients, who experienced immediate relief from this condition.

# Other sleep phenomena
- Bruxism - grinding one's teeth while asleep
- Confusional arousals - appearing awake and confused or distressed while still asleep
- Hypnic jerk - a sudden limb movement while falling asleep
- Rhythmic-movement disorder - repetitive movement of head and/or limbs
- Sleep Apnea - stopping breathing during sleep
- Somnambulism - sleepwalking
- Somniloquy - talking in one's sleep
- Sleep paralysis - The inability to move or call out when waking up or falling asleep
Extensor indicis muscle
The extensor indicis proprius (Extensor indicis) is a narrow, elongated muscle, placed medial to, and parallel with, the extensor pollicis longus.

# Origin and insertion
It arises, from the dorsal surface of the body of the ulna below the origin of the Extensor pollicis longus, and from the interosseous membrane.
Its tendon passes under the dorsal carpal ligament in the same compartment as that which transmits the tendons of the Extensor digitorum communis, and opposite the head of the second metacarpal bone, joins the ulnar side of the tendon of the Extensor digitorum communis which belongs to the index finger.

# Action
The Extensor indicis proprius extends the index finger, and by its continued action assists in extending the wrist.

# Additional images
- Bones of left forearm. Posterior aspect.
- Posterior surface of the forearm. Deep muscles.
Posterior surface of the forearm. Deep muscles.
- Transverse section across the wrist and digits.
Lateral thoracic artery
In human anatomy, the lateral thoracic artery (or external mammary artery) is a blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lateral structures of the thorax and breast.
It originates from the axillary artery and follows the lower border of the Pectoralis minor muscle to the side of the chest, supplies the Serratus anterior muscle and the Pectoralis major muscle, and sends branches across the axilla to the axillary glands and Subscapularis muscle; it anastomoses with the internal thoracic artery, subscapular, and intercostal arteries, and with the pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial artery.
In the female it supplies an external mammary branch which turns round the free edge of the Pectoralis major and supplies the mamma.

# External link
- Template:EMedicineDictionary
Extractive distillation
Extractive distillation is defined as distillation in the presence of a miscible, high boiling, relatively non-volatile component, the solvent, that forms no azeotrope with the other components in the mixture.  The method is used for mixtures having a low value of relative volatility, nearing unity.  Such mixtures cannot be separated by simple distillation, because the volatility of the two components in the mixture is nearly the same, causing them to evaporate at nearly the same temperature at a similar rate, making normal distillation impractical.
The method of extractive distillation uses a separation solvent, which is generally nonvolatile, has a high boiling point and is miscible with the mixture, but doesn't form an azeotropic mixture.  The solvent interacts differently with the components of the mixture thereby causing their relative volatilities to change. This enables the new three-part mixture to be separated by normal distillation.  The original component with the greatest volatility separates out as the top product. The bottom product consists of a mixture of the solvent and the other component, which can again be separated easily because the solvent doesn't form an azeotrope with it. The bottom product can be separated by any of the methods available.
It is important to select a suitable separation solvent for this type of distillation.  The solvent must alter the relative volatility by a wide enough margin for a successful result. The quantity, cost and availability of the solvent should be considered.  The solvent should be easily separable from the bottom product, and should not react chemically with the components or the mixture, or cause corrosion in the equipment.  A classic example to be cited here is the separation of an azeotropic mixture of benzene and cyclohexane, where aniline is one suitable solvent.
Famciclovir description

# Description
The active ingredient in FAMVIR tablets is famciclovir, an orally administered prodrug of the antiviral agent penciclovir. Chemically, famciclovir is known as 2--1,3-propanediol diacetate. Its molecular formula is C14H19N5O4; its molecular weight is 321.3. It is a synthetic acyclic guanine derivative and has the following structure
Famciclovir is a white to pale yellow solid. It is freely soluble in acetone and methanol, and sparingly soluble in ethanol and isopropanol. At 25C famciclovir is freely soluble (>25% w/v) in water initially, but rapidly precipitates as the sparingly soluble (2%-3% w/v) monohydrate. Famciclovir is not hygroscopic below 85% relative humidity. Partition coefficients are: octanol/water (pH 4.8) P=1.09 and octanol/phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) P=2.08.
FAMVIR tablets contain 125 mg, 250 mg, or 500 mg of famciclovir, together with the following inactive ingredients: hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, lactose, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycols, sodium starch glycolate and titanium dioxide.
Feline sarcoma oncogene
Tyrosine-protein kinase Fes/Fps also known as proto-oncogene c-Fes/Fps is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FES gene. FES was originally cloned as a retroviral oncogene from feline (v-FES) and avian (v-FPS) sarcomas. This triggered the subsequent identification and cloning of the cellular FES (c-FES) genes (also referred to as FPS) in birds and mammals.

# Function
This gene encodes the human cellular counterpart of a feline sarcoma retrovirus protein with transforming capabilities. The gene product has tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity and that activity is required for maintenance of cellular transformation. Its chromosomal location has linked it to a specific translocation event identified in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia but it is also involved in normal hematopoiesis. A truncated transcript has been identified that is generated utilizing a start site in one of the far downstream exons but a protein product associated with this transcript has not been identified.

# Interactions
Feline sarcoma oncogene has been shown to interact with BCAR1 and BCR gene.
Fermented milk products
Fermented milk products, also known as cultured dairy foods, cultured dairy products, or cultured milk products, are dairy foods that have been fermented with lactic acid bacteria such as  Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Leuconostoc.  The fermentation process increases the shelf-life of the product, as well as adds to the taste and improves the digestibility of milk.  There is evidence that fermented milk products have been produced since around 10,000 BC.  A range of different Lactobacilli strains has been grown in laboratories allowing for a wide range of cultured milk products with different tastes.
Many different types of cultured milk products can be found around the world including:
- yoghurt
- Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon cultured buttermilk (sometimes called buttermilk)
- Template:FlagiconTemplate:Flagicon acidophilus milk
- Template:Flagicon kiselo mlyako
- Template:Flagicon sauermilch or dickmilch
- Template:Flagicon zure melk
- Template:Flagicon lapte batut
- Template:Flagicon filmjolk (fil is the short form of filmjolk)
- Template:Flagicon surmelk or kulturmelk
- Template:Flagicon piima and viili
- Template:Flagicon amasi ("maas" in Afrikaans)
- Template:Flagicon doogh
Many types of cultured milk may be used in the same way as yoghurt, that is, eaten from a bowl using a spoon (with cereals, muesli or corn flakes) or drunk from a glass.  Sugar and fruit flavors may be added to the marketed product.  Cultured milk can also be used as an ingredient in a recipe.
Some cultured milk variants contain live bacteria which has a stabilising effect on the intestinal flora.
Some cultured milk variants have been found to have health promoting effects.  For example, Seppo et al (2003) found that milk cultured with Lactobacillus helveticus LBK-16 H contains peptides (casokinins and lactokinins) that act as naturally occurring ACE inhibitors and hence have an antihypertensive effect.

# Comparison chart
- Streptococcus lactis has been renamed to Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis
Five year survival rate
The five year survival rate is a figure used in medicine for estimating the prognosis of a particular disease.
It is most commonly cited in cancer statistics. In this practice it describes the percentage of patients who are alive at least five years after their cancer is diagnosed. It can also be used to compare the effectiveness of treatments.
Use of 5-year survival statistics is more useful in aggressive diseases that have a shorter life expectancy following diagnosis (such as lung cancer) and less useful in cases with a long life expectancy such as prostate cancer.
Fluconazole description

# Description
DIFLUCAN (fluconazole), the first of a new subclass of synthetic triazole antifungal agents, is available as tablets for oral administration, as a powder for oral suspension.
Fluconazole is designated chemically as 2,4-difluoro-,1-bis(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl) benzyl alcohol with an empirical formula of C13H12F2N6O and molecular weight of 306.3. The structural formula is:
Fluconazole is a white crystalline solid which is slightly soluble in water and saline.
DIFLUCAN Tablets contain 50, 100, 150, or 200 mg of fluconazole and the following inactive ingredients: microcrystalline cellulose, dibasic calcium phosphate anhydrous, povidone, croscarmellose sodium, FD&C Red No. 40 aluminum lake dye, and magnesium stearate.
DIFLUCAN for Oral Suspension contains 350 mg or 1400 mg of fluconazole and the following inactive ingredients: sucrose, sodium citrate dihydrate, citric acid anhydrous, sodium benzoate, titanium dioxide, colloidal silicon dioxide, xanthan gum, and natural orange flavor. After reconstitution with 24 mL of distilled water or Purified Water (USP), each mL of reconstituted suspension contains 10 mg or 40 mg of fluconazole.
Thyroid epithelial cell

# Overview
Thyroid epithelial cells (also called follicular cells or principal cells) are cells in the thyroid gland which produce and secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
They are simple cuboidal epithelium and are arranged in spherical follicles surrounding colloid.
They have thyrotropin receptors on their surface, which respond to thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Embryologic origin is from endoderm (in contrast to parafollicular cells, below).

# Relationship to other cell types
Calcitonin-producing parafollicular cells (C cells) can be found scattered along the basement membrane of the thyroid epithelium.
Embryologic origin is from neural crest cells.
Foreign accent syndrome

# Overview
Foreign accent syndrome is a rare medical condition that usually occurs as a rare side effect of severe brain injury, such as a stroke or a head injury. As of 1996, there had been fewer than 15 reported cases of the syndrome.

# Description
The syndrome causes people to speak their native language as if they had a foreign accent; for example, an American native speaker might speak with a French-sounding accent. However, researchers at Oxford University have found that certain, specific parts of the brain were injured in some foreign accent syndrome cases, indicating that certain parts of the brain control various linguistic functions, and damage could result in altered pitch or mispronounced syllables, causing the speech to have a different sounding accent. The change in speech is not the result of people suffering from the syndrome adopting or imitating any accent; this is merely the perception of people who hear the sufferer speak.
The first recorded incidence of FAS was in a Czech studied in 1919. A well-known case of foreign accent syndrome occurred in Norway in 1941 after a young woman, Astrid L., suffered a head injury from shrapnel during an air-raid. After apparently recovering from the injury she was left with what sounded like a strong German accent and was shunned by her fellow Norwegians.
Another case of foreign accent syndrome occurred to Linda Walker, a 60 year old woman from the Newcastle area. After a stroke, her normal Geordie accent was transformed and has been variously described as resembling a Jamaican, as well as a French Canadian, and a Slovak accent. She was interviewed by BBC News 24  and appeared on the Richard and Judy show in the UK in July 2006 to speak of her ordeal.
Usually, it is very traumatic for stroke patients such as these to find that their accent has unexpectedly changed.
Fosfomycin how supplied

# HOW SUPPLIED
MONUROL is available as a single-dose sachet containing the equivalent of 3 grams of fosfomycin.
NDC # 0456-4300-08
Store at 25 C (77 F); excursions permitted to 15-30 C (59-86 F).
Keep this and all drugs out of the reach of children.
Manufactured by:
Zambon Switzerland Ltd.
Division of Zambon Group, SpA
Via Industria 13
6814 Cadempino, Switzerland
Made in Switzerland
Distributed by:
Forest Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Subsidiary of Forest Laboratories, Inc.
St. Louis, MO 63045
Foster Kennedy syndrome
Synonyms and keywords: Gowers-Paton-Kennedy syndrome, Kennedy's phenomenon or Kennedy's syndrome

# Overview
Foster Kennedy syndrome refers to a constellation of findings associated with brain tumors involving the frontal lobe.

# Historical Perspective
The syndrome was first extensively noted by Robert Foster Kennedy in 1911, a British neurologist, who spent most of his career working in the United States of America. However, the first mention of the syndrome came from a William Gowers in 1893. Schultz-Zehden described the symptoms again in 1905. A later description was written by Wilhelm Uhthoff in 1915.
Although "Foster Kennedy syndrome" is equated with "Kennedy syndrome", it should not be confused with Kennedy disease, which is named for W. R. Kennedy.
Pseudo-Foster Kennedy syndrome is defined as one-sided optic atrophy with papilledema in the other eye but with the absence of a mass.

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination

### Neurologic
- Optic atrophy in the ipsilateral eye
- Papilledema in the contralateral eye
- Central scotoma (loss of vision in the middle of the visual fields) in the ipsilateral eye
- anosmia (loss of smell) ipsilaterally
This syndrome is due to optic nerve compression, olfactory nerve compression, and increased intracranial pressure (ICP) secondary to a mass (such as meningioma or plasmacytoma, usually an olfactory groove meningioma). There are other symptoms present in some cases such as nausea and vomiting, memory loss and emotional lability (i.e. frontal lobe signs).

# Treatment and prognosis
The treatment, and therefore prognosis, varies depending upon the underlying tumour.
Friedrich Trendelenburg
Friedrich Trendelenburg (May 24 1844  December 15 1924) was a German surgeon and son of the philosopher Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg.  A number of medical treatments and terminologies have been named for him.
Trendelenburg was born in Berlin and studied medicine at the University of Glasgow and University of Edinburgh. He completed his studies in Berlin under Bernhard von Langenbeck, receiving his doctorate in 1866. He practiced medicine in Rostock and Bonn, and in 1895 he became surgeon-in-chief in Leipzig.
He is perhaps best remembered for the Trendelenburg position in which the patient is placed on a bed which is put into incline such that the patient's head is lower than his feet. Trendelenburg first used this technique in 1881 for an abdominal surgery.
He is also known for inventing Trendelenburg's cannula which is device used during surgery of the larynx to prevent the patient from swallowing blood during the operation.
Trendelenburg was interested in the surgical removal of pulmonary embolisms. His student, Martin Kirschner, performed the first successful pulmonary embolectomy in 1924, shortly before Trendelenburg's death.
Trendelenburg invented treatment of varicose veins which involved ligation of the saphenous vein. This became known as the Trendelenburg operation but this term may also apply to pulmonary embolectomy.  Trendelenburg's test describes a test for varicose veins as well as a test to assess hip mobility.
The Brodie-Trendelenburg percussion test (also accredited to Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie) is a test for incompetent valves in superficial veins. Trendelenburg's symptom is a sign of congenital dislocation of the hip.
Trendelenburg was interested in the history of surgery. He founded the German Surgical Society in 1872.
He died in 1924 of cancer of the mandible, aged 80.
Functional constipation

# Overview
Functional constipation is a form of constipation with a psychological or psychosomatic background. A person suffering from it is physiologically healthy, but still experiences trouble defecating. Functional constipation is medically defined by the Rome III criteria.

# Rome III Criteria for Functional Constipation
 Criteria fulfilled for the past 3 months and symptom onset at least 6 months before diagnosis.
American Gastroenterological Association, however have stopped using the term functional constipation because a subset these patients have slow colonic transit that has been associated with a marked reduction in colonic intrinsic nerves and interstitial cells of Cajal which is against the true definition of functional disorder.

# Causes
Functional constipation has many causes, some of which are:
- a bad diet
- an unwillingness to defecate
- nervous reactions, including prolonged and/or chronic stress and anxiety, that close the inner anal sphincter muscle, which isn't under voluntary control
- inability or unwillingness to control one's outer anal sphincter, which is normally under voluntary control
- deeper psychosomatic disorders which sometimes affect digestion and the absorption of water in the colon
Glucagon-like peptide-1
Synonyms and keywords: GLP-1

# Overview
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is derived from the transcription product of the proglucagon gene. The major source of GLP-1 in the body is the intestinal L cell that secretes GLP-1 as a gut hormone. The biologically active forms of GLP-1 are: GLP-1-(7-37) and GLP-1-(7-36)NH2.
GLP-1 secretion by L cells is dependent on the presence of nutrients in the lumen of the small intestine.  The secretagogues (agents that causes or stimulates secretion) of this hormone include major nutrients like carbohydrate, protein and lipid. Once in the circulation, GLP-1 has a half life of less than 2 minutes, due to rapid degradation by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4.

# Physiological functions
GLP-1 possesses several physiological properties that make it a subject of intensive investigation as a potential treatment of diabetes mellitus.. The known physiological functions of GLP-1 include:
- increases insulin secretion from the pancreas in a glucose-dependent manner.
- decreases glucagon secretion from the pancreas.
- increases beta cells mass and insulin gene expression.
- inhibits acid secretion and gastric emptying in the stomach.
- decreases food intake by increasing satiety.
Ganciclovir description

# Description
The Vitrasert Implant contains the antiviral drug ganciclovir. Each Vitrasert Implant contains a minimum of 4.5 mg ganciclovir.
Each Vitrasert Implant contains a ganciclovir tablet which contains the inactive ingredient, magnesium stearate (0.25%). Each tablet is coated with polyvinyl alcohol and ethylene vinyl acetate polymers.
The chemical name of ganciclovir is 9- methyl]guanine, and has the following structure:
Gastric mucosal barrier

# Overview
The gastric mucosal barrier is the property of the stomach that allows it to contain acid.
If the barrier is broken, as by acetylsalicylic acid (ASS, aspirin) in acid solution, acid diffuses back into the mucosa where it can cause damage to the stomach itself.
The barrier consists of three protective components. These provide the additional resistance for the mucosal surface of the stomach. The three components include:
- a compact  epithelial cell lining
Cells in the epithelium of the stomach are bound by tight junctions that repel harsh fluids that may injure the stomach lining.
- a special mucus covering
The mucus covering is derived from mucus secreted by surface epithelial cells and mucosal neck cells.  This insoluble mucus forms a protective gel-like coating over the entire  surface of the gastric mucosa. The mucus protects the gastric mucosa from autodigestion by e.g. pepsin and from  erosion by acids and other caustic materials that are ingested.
- bicarbonate ions
The bicarbonate ions are secreted by the surface epithelial cells.  The bicarbonate ions act to neutralize harsh acids.