Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Abandoned child syndrome

# Overview
Abandoned child syndrome is a behavioral or psychological condition that results from the loss of one or both parents. Abandonment may be physical (the parent is not present in the child's life) or emotional (the parent withholds affection, nurturing, or stimulation).  Many countries, like Russia and China, have an alarmingly high rate of physically abandoned children. A 1998 Human Rights Watch committee report found that more than 100,000 children per year were abandoned in Russia. Parents leave their children for many reasons, including trouble with the law, financial insecurity, the child is mentally or physically challenged, and sometimes population control policies. Involuntary loss of a parent, such as through divorce or death, can also create abandonment issues.
Parents who leave their children, whether with or without good reason, can cause irreversible psychological damage to the child.  Abandoned children may also often suffer physical damage from neglect, malnutrition, starvation, and abuse.  Substantial research indicates that contact with adults of both sexes encourages a child's balanced development.
Abandoned Child Syndrome is not listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition). 

# Symptoms
Symptoms may be physical and/or mental, and may extend into adulthood and perhaps throughout a person's life.
- Alienation from the environment - withdrawal from social activities, resistance towards others 
- Guilt - the child believes that he did something wrong that caused the abandonment (often associated with depression) 
- Fear and uncertainty - clinginess, insecurities 
- Sleep and eating disorders - malnutrition, starvation, disturbed sleep, nightmares 
- Physical ailments - fatigue, depression, lack of energy and creativity, anger, grief 

# Recovery
For children, creative play is a non-threatening way to work through stressful and traumatic situations.  Creative play gives children an outlet to make something "better" and helps them overcome feelings of powerlessness. 
For adults, writing about the experience (journaling, unsent letters, putting their feelings into words) can often be helpful.

# Notes
-  "Orphans and Abandoned Children". Human Rights Watch.
-  Ward, Peggie. "Family Wars: The Alienation of Children". DivorceSource.
-  "DSM-IV Diagnoses and Codes". PSYweb Mental Health Site.
-  Wilder, Mary. "Parenting Alienated Children: Dealing with Parental Alienation Syndrome".
-  Jump up to: 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Myers, Linda Joy (2005). "Connecting the Past and the Present: Healing Abandonment and Abuse through Awareness".
-  Spaide, Deborah (2001). "Stress and Fear in Children".  Soulrise.
Abdominal CSF pseudocyst

# Overview
Peritoneal pseudocyst is a rare complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheter placement. The time from the last shunting procedure to the development of an abdominal pseudocyst ranges from 3 weeks to 5 years. Cerebrospinal fluid pseudocysts are seen as a thin-walled cystic mass around the shunt tip. The wall is composed of fibrous tissue without an epithelial lining and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Debris is identified in the majority of the fluid collections. The pseudocyst can either move freely within the peritoneal cavity or adhere to small-bowel loops, the serosal surface of solid organs, the parietal peritoneum, or small-bowel loops. The latter would explain why some bowel loops may become engulfed when the pseudocyst increases in size or why the pseudocyst may be prone to torsion. Pediatric patients commonly present with symptoms of elevated intracranial pressure and abdominal pain, whereas adults predominantly present with abdominal signs only.

# Differntiating Abdominal CSF pseudocyst from Other Diseases
- Differential considerations include:
Mesenteric abscess
Lymphocele
Seroma
Cystic lymphangioma
Cystic mesothelioma
Mesenteric cyst
Benign cystic teratoma
Cystic spindle cell tumor
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Duplication cyst
- Mesenteric abscess
- Lymphocele
- Seroma
- Cystic lymphangioma
- Cystic mesothelioma
- Mesenteric cyst
- Benign cystic teratoma
- Cystic spindle cell tumor
- Pancreatic pseudocyst
- Duplication cyst
- It may be difficult to differentiate seroma, , abscess, lymphocele, and cerebrospinal fluid on the basis of imaging findings alone. Fine-needle aspiration with US or CT guidance has a high diagnostic yield.
- Excision or repositioning of the shunt tip with minimally invasive laparoscopic techniques is usually performed. This technique in the setting of a noninfected pseudocyst has proved to be safe, with results comparable to those of a conventional open surgical technique.
- If infection is present, the pseudocyst wall should be excised and the peritoneal shunt tube removed. Percutaneous drainage of the pseudocyst can be both diagnostic and therapeutic.

# Diagnosis
- Ultrasonography or CT can indicate the definitive diagnosis.
- Ultrasound is the method of choice in the evaluation of the pseudocyst and other complications at the distal end of the ventriculoperitoneal shunt.
- Measurement of attenuation values with CT characterizes the contents as water attenuation and demonstrates the relationships of portions of the shunt catheter with the pseudocyst.
Patient #1
Patient #2
Patient #3
Accessory navicular bone

# Overview
An accessory navicular bone is a bone of the foot that occasionally develops abnormally in front of the ankle towards the inside of the foot. This bone is present in approximately 10% of the general population and is usually asymptomatic. When it is symptomatic, surgery may be necessary.
An accessory navicular bone is located posterior to the posteromedial tuberosity of the tarsal navicular bone. An accessory navicular bone is present in 4%-21% of the population. It first appears in adolescence. It is more common in female patients. Reported prevalence of bilaterality varies from 50% to 90%.

# Classification
- Three types of accessory navicular bone have been described.
- Type 1 accessory navicular bone
- AKA os tibiale externum
2-3-mm sesmoid bone embedded within the distal portion of the posterior tibial tendon.
It does not have a cartilaginous connection to the naviculam tuberosity and may be separated from it by up to 5 mm.
Accounts for 30% of accessory navicular bones
Usually asymptomatic
- AKA os tibiale externum
- 2-3-mm sesmoid bone embedded within the distal portion of the posterior tibial tendon.
- It does not have a cartilaginous connection to the naviculam tuberosity and may be separated from it by up to 5 mm.
- Accounts for 30% of accessory navicular bones
- Usually asymptomatic
- Type 2 accessory navicular bone
- Triangular or heart-shaped
Measures up to 12 mm
Accounts for 50%-60% of all ossicles.
Connected to the naviculam tuberosity by a 1-2-mm thick layer of either fibrocartilage on hyaline cartilage.
Eventual osseous fusion to the navicular tuberosity may take place
- Triangular or heart-shaped
- Measures up to 12 mm
- Accounts for 50%-60% of all ossicles.
- Connected to the naviculam tuberosity by a 1-2-mm thick layer of either fibrocartilage on hyaline cartilage.
- Eventual osseous fusion to the navicular tuberosity may take place
- Type 3 accessory navicular bone
- An especially prominent navicular tuberosity called a cornuate navicular
Thought to represent a fused type 2 and is occasionally symptomatic as a result of painful bunion formation over the bony protuberance.
- An especially prominent navicular tuberosity called a cornuate navicular
- Thought to represent a fused type 2 and is occasionally symptomatic as a result of painful bunion formation over the bony protuberance.

# Diagnosis
Patient #1: MR images demonstrate bilateral type II accessory navicular bones
Patient #2: MR images demonstrate a type III accessory navicular
Activin type 2 receptors
The activin type 2 receptors belong to a larger TGF-beta receptor family and modulate signals for transforming growth factor beta ligands. These receptors are involved in a host of physiological processes including, growth, cell differentiation, homeostasis, osteogenesis, apoptosis and many other functions. There are two activin type two receptors: ACVR2A and ACVR2B.
Despite the large amount of processes that these ligands  regulate, they all operate through essentially the same pathway: A ligand binds to a type 2 receptor, which recruits and trans-phosphorylates a type I receptor. The type I receptor recruits a receptor regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) which it phosphorylates. The RSMAD then translocates to the nucleus where it functions as a transcription factor.

# Function
Several ligands that signal through the activin type 2 receptors regulate muscle growth. Myostatin, a TGF-beta superfamily member, is a negative regulator of muscle growth. Myostatin binds to ACVR2B and to a lesser extent ACVR2A. In mice that were ACVR2A / (null) mutants there was an increase in all four muscle groups studied (pectoralis, triceps, quadriceps, and gastrocnemious/plantaris muscles). Two of these muscle groups (pectoralis and triceps) were increased in ACVR2B / (null) mutants.
Activin plays a significant role in reproduction. ACVR2 receptors are present in the testis during testicular development. ACR2A and ACVR2B was found to be localized primarily in the gonocytes as well as in sertoli cells. These cells are responsive to both autocrine and paracrine activin B signaling, which controls their proliferation. Cells of the epididymis also have ACVR2A receptors present. ACVR2B receptors were found to be localized in the rete testis.

# Clinical significance
The ACVR2 gene is often found inactivated in prostate cancer and tumors with microsatellite instability.
In a lab, it has been shown that truncated mutations in the ACVR2 gene causes a significant reduction in activin mediated cell signaling. In 58.1% of microsatellite unstable (MSI-H) colorectal cancers the ACVR2A gene has been found mutated. It also plays a role in non-MSI-H colorectal cancers.

# Inhibitors
- Stamulumab (MYO-029) myostatin Inhibitor
Brief psychotic disorder
Synonyms and keywords: Brief reactive psychosis; hysterical psychosis; reactive schizophrenia; transient psychosis; acute and transient psychotic disorders; stress psychosis; good prognosis schizophrenia; thought disturbances

# Overview
Brief psychotic disorder is a period of psychosis whose duration is less than a month.  The disorder is characterized by a sudden onset of psychotic symptoms, which may include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior, or catatonic behavior. The symptoms must not be caused by schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder or mania in bipolar disorder. They must also not be caused by a drug (such as amphetamines) or medical condition (such as a brain tumor).

# Differential Diagnosis
- Depressive and bipolar disorders
- Medical conditions
- Cushing's syndrome
- Brain tumor
- Malingering and factitious disorders
- Other psychotic disorders
- Schizophrenia
- Schizophreniform disorder
- Delusional disorder
- Depressive disorder with psychotic features
- Bipolar disorder with psychotic features
- Personality disorders
- Substance-related disorders

# Epidemiology and Demographics
The prevalence of psychosis is 9,000 per 100,000 (9%) of the overall population.

# Risk Factors
- Preexisting personality disorders
- Schizotypal personality disorder
- Borderline personality disorder
- Traits in the psychoticism domain
- Perceptual dysregulation
- Suspiciousness

# Diagnostic Criteria

## DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Brief Psychotic Disorder
Note: Diagnosis of brief psychotic disorder can be made without using this severity specifier.

# History and Symptoms
- Delusions
- Hallucinations
- Disorganized speech
- Disorganized motor function
- Negative symptoms
Flat affect
Anhedonia
Monotonic speech
- Flat affect
- Anhedonia
- Monotonic speech
Adrenal fatigue overview

# Overview
Adrenal Fatigue is a condition of the body in which the adrenal glands are exhausted and unable to produce adequate hormones, notably cortisol, the stress hormone of the body.
This condition is currently widely unrecognized by the medical community. However, this fact accompanied by many people suffering gave rise to an industry of supplements and treatments for this syndrome. General practitioners and psychologists routinely mistake symptoms of adrenal fatigue for other illnesses, especially mental. Therefore the patients must be very careful in locating a helpful practitioner to help them in their recovery, before spending their time and money on various supplements and treatments.
There is large confusion regarding the relation of this syndrome to another very misunderstood syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome. The two may have common symptoms and it is difficult to distinguish.
Advanced Cell Technology
Advanced Cell Technology (ACT), a biotechnology company formed in 1994, is involved with therapeutic cloning and the cloning of animals.  Among the animals it has cloned are transgenic cows. 
ACT's Chief Scientific Officer is Dr. Michael D. West, who also serves as the Chairman of the Board. He is also a former CEO of the firm.
At 7:30 PM on Monday, 8 January 2001, with the birth of a gaur named Noah at the Henry Doorly Zoo in Omaha, Nebraska, ACT became the first biotechnology company to succeed at cloning an animal from an endangered species. Noah was carried and brought successfully by a surrogate mother from another, more common, species, in this case a domestic cow named Bessie. While healthy at birth, Noah died within 48 hours of a common dysentery, likely unrelated to cloning. 
In 2001, scientists at ACT cloned the first early (four- to six-cell stage) human embryos for the purpose of generating embryonic stem cells.
ACT received the 2004 Corporate World Technology Award for biotechnology.
On August 23, 2006, the online edition of Nature scientific journal published a letter by Dr. Robert Lanza (ACT's medical director) stating that his team had found a way to extract embryonic stem cells without destroying the actual embryo, deriving a stem cell line using a process similar to preimplantation genetic diagnosis, in which a single blastomere is extracted from a blastocyst. This technical achievement would potentially enable scientists to work with new lines of embryonic stem cells derived using public funding. Federal funding is currently limited to research using embryonic stem cell lines derived prior to August 2001.
Albendazole how supplied

# How Supplied
ALBENZA is supplied as 200 mg, white to off-white, circular, biconvex, bevel-edged, film coated TILTAB tablet embossed "ap" and "550". They are supplied as follows:
Bottles of 2        NDC 52054-550-22
Bottles of 28      NDC 52054-550-28
Store at 20 to 25C (68 to 77F) .
ALBENZA and TILTAB are registered trademarks of GlaxoSmithKline, used with permission.
Alendronate how supplied

# How supplied
Tablets FOSAMAX, 5 mg
Tablets FOSAMAX, 10 mg
Tablets FOSAMAX, 35 mg
Tablets FOSAMAX, 40 mg
Tablets FOSAMAX, 70 mg
Storage

## Tablets FOSAMAX, 5 mg
Tablets FOSAMAX, 5 mg, are white, round, uncoated tablets with an
-utline of a bone image on one side and code MRK 925 on the other. They are
supplied as follows:
NDC 0006-0925-31 unit-of-use bottles of 30
NDC 0006-0925-58 unit-of-use bottles of 100.
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## Tablets FOSAMAX, 10 mg
Tablets FOSAMAX, 10 mg are white, oval, wax-polished tablets with
code MRK on one side and 936 on the other. They are supplied as follows:
- NDC 0006-0936-31 unit-of-use bottles of 30
- NDC 0006-0936-58 unit-of-use bottles of 100
- NDC 0006-0936-28 unit dose packages of 100
- NDC 0006-0936-82 bottles of 1,000
- NDC 0006-0936-72 carton of 25 UNIBLISTERcards of 31 tablets each.
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## Tablets FOSAMAX, 35 mg
Tablets FOSAMAX, 35 mg, are white, oval, uncoated tablets with
code 77 on one side and a bone image on the other. They are supplied as follows:
- NDC 0006-0077-44 unit-of-use blister package of 4
- NDC 0006-0077-21 unit dose packages of 20.
Return to top

## Tablets FOSAMAX, 40 mg
Tablets FOSAMAX, 40 mg, are white, triangular-shaped, uncoated
tablets with code MRK 212 on one side and FOSAMAX on the other. They are supplied
as follows:
- NDC 0006-0212-31 unit-of-use bottles of 30.
Return to top

## Tablets FOSAMAX, 70 mg
Tablets FOSAMAX, 70 mg, are white, oval, uncoated tablets with
code 31 on one side and an outline of a bone image on the other. They are supplied
as follows:
- NDC 0006-0031-44 unit-of-use blister package of 4
- NDC 0006-0031-21 unit dose packages of 20.
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## Storage
Store in a well-closed container at room temperature, 15-30C (59-86F). Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Alisma plantago-aquatica
The Common Water-plantain (Alisma plantago-aquatica), also known as Mad-dog weed, is a flowering plant native to most of the Northern Hemisphere, in Europe, northern Asia, and North America. It grows in shallow water, and consists of a fibrous root, several basal leaves 15-30 cm long, and a triangular stem up to 1 m tall, with a branched inflorescence bearing numerous small flowers with three round or slightly jagged, white or pale purple, petals.
The word alisma is said to be a word of Celtic origin meaning "water", a reference to the habitat in which it grows.  Early botanists named it after the plantago because of the similarity of their leaves.

# Medicinal uses
The dried leaves of the water plantain can be used as both a diuretic and a diaphoretic. They have been used to help treat renal calculus, cystitis, dysentery and epilepsy.
The roots have formerly been used to cure hydrophobia, and have a reputation in America of curing rattlesnake bites.
Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin
Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (symbol 1AC, A1AC, or a1ACT) is an alpha globulin glycoprotein that is a member of the serpin superfamily.  In humans, it is encoded by the SERPINA3 gene.

# Function
Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin inhibits the activity of certain enzymes called proteases, such as cathepsin G that is found in neutrophils, and chymases found in mast cells, by cleaving them into a different shape or conformation.  This activity protects some tissues, such as the lower respiratory tract, from damage caused by proteolytic enzymes.
This protein is produced in the liver, and is an acute phase protein that is induced during inflammation.

# Clinical significance
Deficiency of this protein has been associated with liver disease. Mutations have been identified in patients with Parkinson disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin is also associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease as it enhances the formation of amyloid-fibrils in this disease.

# Interactions
Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin has been shown to interact with DNAJC1.
Ventilation (physiology)
One of the primary roles of the lungs is to facilitate gas exchange between the circulatory system and the external environment. The lungs are constitute of branching airways that terminate in respiratory bronchioles and alveoli, which participate in gas exchange. The conducting zone of the lung which delivers gas to sites of gas exchange in alveoli is Mostly bronchioles and large airways. Gas exchange happens in the lungs between alveolar air and the blood of the pulmonary capillaries. For sufficient gas exchange to occur, alveoli must be ventilated and perfused. Ventilation (V) refers to the flow of air in and out of the alveoli, compared to perfusion (Q), which refers to the flow of blood to alveolar capillaries. every Individual alveoli have variable degrees of ventilation and perfusion in different regions of the lungs. The ratio of ventilation to perfusion (V/Q) is the Collective changes in ventilation and perfusion in the lungs, for which are measured clinically as V/Q ratio . Changes in the V/Q ratio can affect gas exchange and can contribute to hypoxemia .
In respiratory physiology, ventilation (or ventilation rate) is the rate at which gas enters or leaves the lung.  It is categorised under the following definitions:
Lung volumes and lung capacities refer to the volume of air in the lungs at different phases of the respiratory cycle. The average total lung capacity of an adult human male is about 6 litres of air
Amphotericin B liposomal
Synonyms and keywords: Liposomal AmB; L-AmB

# Overview
Amphotericin B (AmBisome) is a polyene antifungal drug, often used intravenously for systemic fungal infections.
It was originally extracted from Streptomyces, a filamentous bacterium, in 1955 at the Squibb Institute for Medical Research from cultures of an undescribed streptomycete isolated from the soil collected in the Orinoco River region of Venezuela. Its name originates from the chemical's amphoteric properties.  Two amphotericins, amphotericin A and amphotericin B are known, but only B is used clinically, because it is significantly more active in vivo.  Amphotericin A is almost identical to amphotericin B (having a double C=C bond between the 27th and 28th carbons), but has little antifungal activity.
Currently, the drug is available as plain amphotericin B, as a cholesteryl sulfate complex (ABCD), as a lipid complex (ABLC), and as a liposomal formulation (LAmB). The latter formulations have been developed to improve tolerability for the patient, but may show considerably different pharmacokinetic characteristics compared to plain amphotericin B.

# Category
Antifungal

# US Brand Names
AMBISOME

# FDA Package Insert
Description

# Mechanism of Action
As with other polyene antifungals, amphotericin B binds with ergosterol, a component of fungal cell membranes, forming a transmembrane channel that leads to monovalent ion (K+, Na+, H+ and Cl) leakage, which is the primary effect leading to fungal cell death. Recently, however, researchers found evidence that pore formation is not necessarily linked to cell death. The actual mechanism of action may be more complex and multifaceted.
Androgen-binding protein
Androgen-binding protein (ABP) is a glycoprotein (beta-globulin) produced by the Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis that binds specifically to testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and 17-beta-estradiol.
Because ABP binds to T and DHT, these hormones are made less lipophilic and become concentrated within the luminal fluid of the seminiferous tubules. The higher levels of these hormones enable spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules and sperm maturation in the epididymis.
ABP has the same amino acid sequence as sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG); the difference is the site of production and the addition of different sugar moieties. ABP contains 403 amino acids, resulting in a molecular weight of 44,533. Its gene is located on chromosome 17.
ABPs production is regulated under influence of FSH on Sertoli cell, enhanced by insulin, retinol, and testosterone.
ABP may also be secreted in other organs; for instance, mice produce a salivary ABP.
Annual ryegrass toxicity
Annual ryegrass toxicity (ARGT) is the poisoning of livestock from toxin contained in bacterially-infected annual ryegrass. The toxin is produced by the bacterium Rathayibacter toxicus (formerly Clavibacter toxicus), which is carried into the ryegrass by a nematode, Anguina funesta.
ARGT was first recorded in the Black Springs, South Australia area in the 1950s and then in the Gnowangerup, Western Australia area in the 1960s. The disease has spread rapidly and approximately 40,000 to 60,000 square kilometres of farmland in Western Australia and similar areas in SA are now infested by ARGT causal organisms.  Most ARGT related livestock losses occur during October to January, but losses have been recorded as late as April.
Herbicide applications aimed to reduce ryegrass population have been successful in reducing the risk of ARGT but have undesirable effects such as rapid reduction in pasture productivity and increase in ryegrass herbicide resistance.
A recently released Biological control agent, the twist fungus, has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing the risk ARGT without the need of controlling ryegrass.  The first use of the twist fungus inoculum was in 1997.