Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Levomethadyl acetate
Levomethadyl acetate, also known as levo--acetylmethadol (LAAM) is a synthetic opioid similar in structure to methadone. It has a long duration of action due to its active metabolites. It was approved in 1993 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in the treatment of opioid dependence. In 2001, the product ORLAAM was removed from the European market due to reports of severe cardiac-related adverse events. In 2003, Roxane Laboratories, Inc. discontinued ORLAAM in the US.

# Indications
LAAM is indicated as a second-line treatment for the treatment and management of opioid dependence if patients fail to respond to drugs like methadone or buprenorphine. LAAM is not approved for use in Canada.

# Chemistry and Pharmacology
Levomethadyl acetate is the levo isomer of -methadyl acetate. The dextro isomer is more potent but shorter acting. The levo isomer is also less toxic with an LD50 in mice of 110mg/kg s.c. and 172.8mg/kg orally as opposed to LD50s of 61mg/kg s.c. and 118.3mg/kg orally for dl--methadyl acetate. It has a melting point of 215C and a molecular weight of 353.50. -methadyl acetate also exists, however it is more toxic and less active than -methadyl acetate and has no current medical use.
Levomethadyl acetate undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism to the active demethylated metabolite nor-LAAM, which is further demethylated to a second active metabolite, dinor-LAAM. These metabolites are more potent than the parent drug.

# Dosing
LAAM is used as an oral solution of levomethadyl acetate hydrochloride at a concentration of 10mg/mL in bottles of 120 and 500 mL under the brand name ORLAAM. The first dose of LAAM for patients who have not started treatment with methadone is 20-40mg. The first dose for patients who have been receiving methadone will be a little higher than the amount of methadone that was being taken every day, but not more than 120 mg. Afterwards, the dosage may be adjusted as needed. Unlike methadone, which requires daily administration, LAAM is administered three times a week.
Last Common Ancestor
Last Common Ancestor (LCA) is the most recent common ancestor of two populations that came to be separated by a species barrier.

# LCA of two species
The more distantly related two species are, the more ancient their LCA will be.  The LCA of elephant and earthworm, for example, lived an ancient two billion years ago.  The LCA of two more similar species, the elephant and the tyrannosaurus, lived three hundred million years ago, while the LCA of the elephant and mammoth, two closely related species, lived only seven million years ago.

# Other common ancestor titles
Last Universal Ancestor (LUA) or Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA), or either name without the "Last", are the names given to the hypothetical and controversial unicellular organism or single cell that gave rise to all life on Earth three to four billion years ago.
Mitochondrial Eve:  DNA studies show human mitochondria can trace their lineage to a mitochondrial Eve, the matrilineal most recent common ancestor for all humans alive today, who lived approximately 150,000 years ago.
Y-chromosomal Adam: DNA studies show that all Y chromosomes in currently living men are descended from a Y-chromosomal Adam, the patrilineal most recent common ancestor for all humans alive today, who lived approximately 60,000 years ago.
Concestor: Term coined by Richard Dawkins as a possible replacement for "Last Common Ancestor."
Common ancestor: Any two species have millions of plain common ancestors.  The ancestors of the elephant and mammoth, for example, were common to both animals for billions of years  up to their split seven million years ago, this being the date of their last common ancestor.
The term "common ancestor" is often used in a lineage sense, which is different from the species sense discussed here.  You and your cousin have three grandfathers between you, one of whom is a "common" grandfather. You share a great grandfather with your second cousins, and share a great great great great great grandfather with perhaps a thousand of your 6th cousins. It has been estimated that Genghis Khan is a common grandfather to some 16 million men.
Most Recent Common Ancestor:  Until 1999 the terms Last and Most recent common ancestor had been used more or less interchangeably.  In papers published since then, however (Rohde, Olson, and Chang; see reference, below), the term MRCA has come to mean a particular ancestor within a species  for example, a common grandfather  rather than the species founder. Computer simulations suggest that every person living today could share a common ancestor who lived as few as 2,000 to 3,000 years ago. This person (name lost to history) has been entitled the Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA) of All Mankind.
Latanoprost overdose

# Overdosage topics
General
Manifestations
Treatment

## General
Apart from ocular irritation and conjunctival or episcleral hyperemia, the ocular effects
-f latanoprost administered at high doses are not known. Return to top

## Manifestations
Intravenous administration of large doses of latanoprost in monkeys has been associated with transient bronchoconstriction; however, in 11 patients with bronchial asthma treated with latanoprost,
bronchoconstriction was not induced. Intravenous infusion of up to 3 g/kg in healthy volunteers produced mean plasma concentrations 200 times higher than during clinical treatment and no adverse reactions were observed. Intravenous dosages of 5.5 to 10 g/kg caused abdominal pain, dizziness, fatigue, hot flushes, nausea and sweating. Return to top

## Treatment
If overdosage with XALATAN Sterile Ophthalmic Solution occurs, treatment should be
symptomatic.Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Leach's Storm-petrel
The Leach's Storm-petrel or  Leach's Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) is a small seabird of the tubenose family. It is named after the British zoologist William Elford Leach.
It breeds on inaccessible islands in the colder northern areas of the Atlantic and Pacific. It nests in colonies close to the sea in well concealed areas such as rock crevices, shallow burrows or even logs. It lays a single white egg which often has a faint ring of spots at the large end. This storm-petrel is strictly nocturnal at the breeding sites to avoid predation by gulls and skuas, and will even avoid coming to land on clear moonlit nights. The largest colony of Leach's Storm-petrels can be found on Baccalieu Island of eastern Canada, an ecological reserve with more than 3 million pairs of the bird.

# Description
The Leach's Petrel is a small bird at 18-21 cm in length with a 43-48 cm wingspan, but is distinctly larger than the European Storm-petrel,  which it superficially resembles with its dark plumage and white rump. It has a fluttering flight, and patters on the water surface as it picks planktonic food items from the ocean surface.  It can be distinguished from the European Storm-petrel and the Wilson's Storm-petrel by its larger size, forked tail, different rump pattern and flight behaviour. Some north-eastern Pacific Leach's Petrels show all-dark rumps. Like most petrels, its walking ability is limited to a short shuffle to the burrow.

# Distribution and habitat
It is strictly pelagic outside the breeding season, and this, together with its remote breeding sites, makes Leach's Petrel a difficult bird to see from land. Only in storms might this species be pushed into headlands.  Unlike Storm-petrel, it does not follow ships. In Europe, the best chance of seeing this species is in September in Liverpool Bay between north Wales and England. Strong north-westerlies funnel migrating Leach's Petrels into this bay. British ornithologists Robert Atkinson and John Ainslie observed the communities of Leach's Petrel on the remote Scottish islands of North Rona between the 16 July and 12 August 1936, and on Sula Sgeir between the 3 and 4 August 1939.

# Ecology
Lifespan for this bird is unusually long for a bird of such rather small size, with an average of 20 years and a maximum recorded lifespan of 36 years. In 2003, Haussmann et al.  found that the bird's telomeres lengthen with age, the only known example to date of such a phenomenon. It is rather likely, however, that this phenomenon also occurs in other members of the Procellariiformes, which all have a rather long lifespan compared to their size.
Ventricular pressure

# Overview

# Overview
Ventricular pressure is a measure of blood pressure within the ventricles of the heart.

# Left ventricular pressure
During most of the cardiac cycle, ventricular pressure is less than the pressure in the aorta, but during systole, the ventricular pressure rapidly increases, and the two pressures become equal to each other (represented by the junction of the blue and red lines on the diagram on this page), the aortic valve opens, and blood is pumped to the body.
Elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure has been described as a risk factor in cardiac surgery.
Noninvasive approximations have been described.
An elevated pressure difference between the aortic pressure and the left ventricular pressure may be indicative of aortic stenosis.

# Right ventricular pressure
Right ventricular pressure demonstrates a different pressure-volume loop than left ventricular pressure.
Leonotis nepetifolia
Leonotis nepetifolia, also known as Klip Dagga, is a species of plant in the Leonotis genus and the Lamiaceae (mint) family. While most other species in this genus are native to Southern Africa, L. nepetifolia is native to tropical Africa and southern India. It grows to a height of 3 metres and has whorls of striking lipped flowers, that are most commonly orange, but can vary to red, white, and purple. It has very soft serrated leaves that can grow up to 4 inches wide.

# Related Species
L. nepetifolia (Klip Dagga) is very similar to L. leonurus (Wild Dagga or Lion's Tail.) Both species are often smoked for their entheogenic properties. The main difference is that L. nepetifolia's flowers sprout from a round prickly ball. It is also said that the leaves of L. nepetifolia are more potent and much less harsh when smoked than those of L. leonurus.
While there are about thirty other plants in the genus Leonotis, L. nepetifolia and L. leonurus are the only two with entheogenic or psychoactive properties.

# Smoking
L. nepetifolia is often smoked for its entheogenic, or psychoactive, properties. Some say the effects are similar to those of cannabis. However, some who expect the full effects of cannabis are disappointed with smoking L. nepetifolia. One common effect that many users report is a relaxing of the muscles and a higher appreciation of soft things.

# Medicinal Use
L. nepetifolia is known in Trinidad as shandilay and the leaves are brewed as a tea for fever, coughs, womb prolapse and malaria.
Small saphenous vein
The small saphenous vein (also lesser saphenous vein), is a relatively large vein of the superficial posterior leg.

# Path
Its origin is where the dorsal vein from the fifth digit (smallest toe) merges with the dorsal venous arch of the foot, which attaches to the great saphenous vein.  It is a considered a superficial vein and is subcutaneous (just under the skin).
From its origin, it courses around the lateral aspect of the foot (inferior and posterior to the lateral malleolus) and runs along the posterior aspect of the leg (with the sural nerve), passes between the heads of the gastrocnemius muscle, and drains into the popliteal vein, approximately at or above the level of the knee joint.
Levomethadyl Acetate

# Overview
Levomethadyl acetate, also known as levo--acetylmethadol (LAAM) is a synthetic opioid similar in structure to methadone. It has a long duration of action due to its active metabolites. It was approved in 1993 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in the treatment of opioid dependence. In 2001, the product ORLAAM was removed from the European market due to reports of severe cardiac-related adverse events. In 2003, Roxane Laboratories, Inc. discontinued ORLAAM in the US.

# Indications
LAAM is indicated as a second-line treatment for the treatment and management of opioid dependence if patients fail to respond to drugs like methadone or buprenorphine. LAAM is not approved for use in Canada.

# Chemistry and Pharmacology
Levomethadyl acetate is the levo isomer of -methadyl acetate. The dextro isomer is more potent but shorter acting. The levo isomer is also less toxic with an LD50 in mice of 110mg/kg s.c. and 172.8mg/kg orally as opposed to LD50s of 61mg/kg s.c. and 118.3mg/kg orally for dl--methadyl acetate. It has a melting point of 215C and a molecular weight of 353.50. -methadyl acetate also exists, however it is more toxic and less active than -methadyl acetate and has no current medical use.
Levomethadyl acetate undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism to the active demethylated metabolite nor-LAAM, which is further demethylated to a second active metabolite, dinor-LAAM. These metabolites are more potent than the parent drug.

# Dosing
LAAM is used as an oral solution of levomethadyl acetate hydrochloride at a concentration of 10mg/mL in bottles of 120 and 500 mL under the brand name ORLAAM. The first dose of LAAM for patients who have not started treatment with methadone is 20-40mg. The first dose for patients who have been receiving methadone will be a little higher than the amount of methadone that was being taken every day, but not more than 120 mg. Afterwards, the dosage may be adjusted as needed. Unlike methadone, which requires daily administration, LAAM is administered three times a week.
Lidocaine overdosage

# Overdosage
Overdosage of Xylocaine ( lidocaine HCl Injection, USP ) usually results in signs of central nervous system or cardiovascular toxicity. See ADVERSE REACTIONS.
Should convulsions or signs of respiratory depression and arrest develop, the patency of the airway and adequacy of ventilation must be assured immediately. Should convulsions persist despite ventilatory therapy with oxygen, small increments of anticonvulsive agents may be given intravenously. Examples of such agents include a benzodiazepine (eg, diazepam), an ultrashort-acting barbiturate (eg, thiopental or thiamylal), or a short-acting barbiturate (eg, pentobarbital or secobarbital). If the patient is under general anesthesia, a short-acting muscle relaxant (eg, succinylcholine) may be administered.
Should circulatory depression occur, vasopressors may be used. Should cardiac arrest occur, standard CPR procedures should be instituted.
Dialysis is of negligible value in the treatment of acute overdosage from Xylocaine.
Lingula of left lung
According to most sources, there is no middle lobe in the left lung as there is in the right lung. However, the term lingula is used to denote a projection of the upper lobe of the left lung that serves as the homologue, and some sources define this as a distinct lobe.
There are two bronchopulmonary segments of the lingula: Superior and inferior.
It is thought that the lingula of the left lobe is the remnant of the right lobe of the lung, which has been lost from the left through evolution

# Additional images
- Anatomy of lungs.
Lipinski's Rule of 5
Lipinski's Rule of Five is a rule of thumb to evaluate druglikeness, or determine if a chemical compound with a certain pharmacological or biological activity has properties that would make it a likely orally active drug in humans. The rule was formulated by Christopher A. Lipinski in 1997, based on the observation that most medication drugs are relatively small and lipophilic molecules.
The rule describes molecular properties important for a drug's pharmacokinetics in the human body, including their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion ("ADME"). However, the rule does not predict if a compound is pharmacologically active.
The rule is important for drug development where a pharmacologically active lead structure is optimized step-wise for increased activity and selectivity, as well as drug-like properties as described by Lipinski's rule. The modification of the molecular structure often leads to drugs with higher molecular weight, more rings, more rotatable bonds, and a higher lipophilicity.

# The rule
Lipinski's Rule of Five states that, in general, an orally active drug has no more than one violation of the following criteria:
- Not more than 5 hydrogen bond donors (nitrogen or oxygen atoms with one or more hydrogen atoms)
- Not more than 10 hydrogen bond acceptors (nitrogen or oxygen atoms)
- A molecular weight under 500 g/mol
- A partition coefficient log P less than 5
Note that all numbers are multiples of five, which is the origin of the rule's name.

# Improvements
To evaluate druglikeness better, the rules have spawned many extensions, for example one from a 1999 paper by Ghose et al.:
- Partition coefficient log P in -0.4 to +5.6 range
- Molar refractivity from 40 to 130
- Molecular weight from 160 to 480
- Number of heavy atoms from 20 to 70
Over the past decade Lipinski's profiling tool for druglikeness has led to further investigations by scientists to extend profiling tools to lead-like properties of compounds in the hope that a better starting point in early discovery can save time and cost.
Lithium hypochlorite
Lithium hypochlorite: LiClO,  is a colorless crystalline solid. It is used as a disinfectant for pools and a reagent for some chemical reactions.

# Safety
Doses of 500 mg/kg cause clinical signs and significant mortality in rats. 
The use of chlorine-based disinfectants in domestic water, although widespread, has led to some controversy due to the formation of small quantities of harmful byproducts such as chloroform. 
Studies showed no uptake of lithium if pools with lithium hypochlorite have been used.
Longitudinal studies

# Overview
A longitudinal study is a correlational research study that involves repeated observations of the same items over long periods of time  often many decades.  It is a type of observational study. Longitudinal studies are often used in psychology to study developmental trends across the life span, and in sociology to study life events throughout lifetimes or generations. The reason for this is that unlike cross-sectional studies, longitudinal studies track the same people, and therefore the differences observed in those people are less likely to be the result of cultural differences across generations. Because of this benefit, longitudinal studies make observing changes more accurate and they are applied in various other fields.  In medicine, the design is used to uncover predictors of certain diseases.  In advertising, the Communicus System, the design is used to identify the changes that advertising has produced in the attitudes and behaviors of those within the target audience who have seen the advertising campaign.
Because longitudinal studies are observational, in the sense that they observe the state of the world without manipulating it, it has been argued that they may have less power to detect causal relationships than do experiments. But because of the repeated observation at the individual level, they have more power than cross-sectional observational studies, by virtue of being able to exclude time-invariant unobserved individual differences, and by virtue of observing the temporal order of events.
Longitudinal studies allow social scientists to distinguish short from long-term phenomena, such as poverty. If the poverty rate is 10% at a point in time, this may mean that 10% of the population are always poor, or that the whole population experiences poverty for 10% of the time. It is not possible to conclude which of these possibilities is the case using one-off cross-sectional studies.
Types of longitudinal studies include cohort studies and panel studies. Cohort studies sample a cohort, defined as a group experiencing some event (typically birth) in a selected time period, and studying them at intervals through time. Panel studies sample a cross-section, and survey it at (usually regular) intervals.
A retrospective study is a longitudinal study that looks back in time. For instance a researcher may look up the medical records of previous years to look for a trend.

# Examples
- Born in Bradford
- British Household Panel Survey
- Busselton Health Study
- Dunedin Longitudinal Study
- Framingham Heart Study
- German Socio-economic Panel Study
- Health and Retirement Study
- Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey
- Luxembourg Income Study (LIS)
- Minnesota Twin Family Study
- National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
- Panel Study of Belgian Households
- Panel Study on Income Dynamics
- Seven Up!
- Wisconsin Longitudinal Study

## Repeated cross-sectional surveys
- General Social Survey
- World Values Survey
Lytico-Bodig disease
Lytico-Bodig disease, sometimes spelt Lytigo-bodig is a neurological disease that exists on the Island of Guam.
It resembles both Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (more commonly known as Lou Gehrig's disease) and Parkinson's Disease. First reports of the disease surfaced in 3 death certificates on  in 1904. These death certificates made some mention of paralysis. The frequency of cases grew amongst the Chamorro people on Guam until it was the leading cause of death between 1940 and 1956. The symptoms range from strongly resembling ALS to those resembling Parkinson's Dementia Complex (PDC). The symptoms tend to show themselves between the ages of 25 and 40. Many victims aren't able to speak off their own accord but they can speak coherently and fluidly when spoken to. It is commonly thought that the disease is caused by toxins in the Cycad trees which are prevalent on Guam.
The eminent neurologist Oliver Sacks detailed this mysterious condition in his book Island of the Colourblind. Oliver Sacks has since discovered that a local species of fruit bat which is now largely extinct due to overhunting had been feeding on Cycads and concentrating the poison in its bodyfat. It's believed that consumption of the fruit bat transferred a low level, but high enough level of the poison to lead to long term toxicity.
Mycobacterium xenopi

# Overview
Mycobacterium xenopi is a slow-growing scotochromogenic species of Mycobacterium. It was first reported by Schwabacher in 1959, having been isolated in lesions found on a Xenopus laevis, but the possibility of human infection was not confirmed until 1965. It has low pathogenicity in humans, and where infections have been found they are closely associated with immunocompromised individuals.
Type strain: strain ATCC 19250 = CCUG 28011 = CCUG 31306 = CIP 104035 = DSM 43995 = NCTC 10042.

# Treatment

## Antimicrobial regimen
- Mycobacterium xenopi 
- 1. The cornerstone of therapy for M. xenopi
- Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin AND Rifampin AND Ethambutol
- Note: Therapy should be continued until the patient has maintained negative sputum cultures while on therapy for 12 months
- 2. Pulmonary disease
- Preferred regimen: INH AND Rifabutin OR Rifampin AND Ethambutol AND Clarithromycin  Streptomycin
- Note: A quinolone, preferably Moxifloxacin, could be substituted for one of the antituberculous drugs
- 3. Extrapulmonary disease
- Note: Therapy for extrapulmonary disease would include the same agents as for pulmonary disease
Mafenide description
Mafenide Acetate, USP is a synthetic antimicrobial agent designated chemically as -amino-p-toluenesulfonamide monoacetate. It has the following structural formula:
Mafenide Acetate, USP is a white, crystalline powder which is freely soluble in water.
Mafenide Acetate,USP For 5% Topical Solution is provided in packets containing 50 g of sterile Mafenide Acetate to be reconstituted in 1000 mL of Sterile Water for Irrigation, USP or 0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation, USP. After mixing, the solution contains 5% w/v of mafenide acetate. The solution is an antimicrobial preparation suitable for topical administration. The solution is not for injection.The reconstituted solution may be held up to 28 days after preparation if stored in unopened containers. ONCE A CONTAINER IS OPENED, ANY UNUSED PORTION SHOULD BE DISCARDED AFTER 48 HOURS. Store the reconstituted solution at 20 to 25C (68 to 77F). Limited storage periods at 15 to 30C (59 to 86F) are acceptable.