Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Quadrupole mass analyzer
The quadrupole mass analyzer is one type of mass analyzer used in mass spectrometry. In a quadrupole mass spectrometer the quadrupole mass analyzer is the component of the instrument responsible for filtering sample ions, based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). A quadrupole mass analyzer is essentially a mass filter that is capable of transmitting only the ion of choice. A mass spectrum is obtained by scanning through the mass range of interest over time.

# How it works
The quadrupole consists of four parallel metal rods. Each opposing rod pair is connected together electrically and a radio frequency voltage is applied between one pair of rods, and  the other. A direct current voltage is then superimposed on the R.F. voltage. Ions travel down the quadrupole in between the rods. Only ions of a certain m/z will reach the detector for a given ratio of voltages: other ions have unstable trajectories and will collide with the rods. This allows selection of a particular ion, or scanning by varying the voltages.

# Applications
These types of mass spectrometers excel at applications where particular ions of interest are being studied because they can stay tuned on a single ion for extended periods of time. One place where this is useful is in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry where they serve as exceptionally high specificity detectors. Quadrupole instruments are often reasonably priced and make good multi-purpose instruments.

# Triple quadrupoles
A linear series of three quadrupoles can be used; known as a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.  The first (Q1) and third (Q3) quadrupoles act as mass filters, and the middle (q2) quadrupole is employed as a collision cell.  This collision cell is an RF only quadrupole (non-mass filtering) using He or N gas (~10-3 Torr, ~30 eV) to induce collisional dissociation of selected parent ion(s) from Q1.  Subsequent fragments are passed through to Q3 where they may be filtered or scanned fully.
This process allows for the study of fragments (daughter ions) which are crucial in structural elucidation.  For example, the Q1 may be set to "filter" for a drug ion of a known mass, which is fragmented in q2. The third quadrupole (Q3) can then be set to scan the entire m/z range, giving information on the sizes of the fragments made.  Thus, the structure of the original ion can be deduced.
The arrangement of three quadrupoles was first developed by Jim Morrizon of LaTrobe University, Australia for the purpose of studying the photodissociation of gas-phase ions.  Yet, the first triple-quadrupole for mass analysis was developed at Michigan State University by Dr. Christie Enke and graduate student Richard Yost in the late 1970's.
Raltegravir how supplied

# How Supplied

## ISENTRESS tablets 400 mg
ISENTRESS tablets 400 mg are pink, oval-shaped, film-coated tablets with "227" on one side. They are supplied as follows:
NDC 0006-0227-61 unit-of-use bottles of 60.
No. 3894

## ISENTRESS tablets 100 mg
ISENTRESS tablets 100 mg are pale orange, oval-shaped, orange-banana flavored, chewable tablets scored on both sides and imprinted on one face with the Merck logo and "477" on opposite sides of the score. They are supplied as follows:
NDC 0006-0477-61 unit-of-use bottles of 60.
No. 3972

## ISENTRESS tablets 25 mg
ISENTRESS tablets 25 mg are pale yellow, round, orange-banana flavored, chewable tablets with the Merck logo on one side and "473" on the other side. They are supplied as follows:
NDC 0006-0473-61 unit-of-use bottles of 60.
No. 3965

## Storage and Handling
400 mg Film-coated Tablets and Chewable Tablets
Store at 20-25C (68-77F); excursions permitted to 15-30C (59-86F). See USP Controlled Room Temperature.
Chewable Tablets
Store in the original package with the bottle tightly closed. Keep the desiccant in the bottle to protect from moisture.
Rasmussen's encephalitis

# Overview
Rasmussen's encephalitis, also Chronic Focal Encephalitis (CFE), is a rare, progressive neurological disorder, characterized by frequent and severe seizures, loss of motor skills and speech, hemiparesis (paralysis on one side of the body), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), dementia, and mental deterioration. The disorder, which affects a single cerebral hemisphere, generally occurs in children under the age of 10.

# Treatment
When seizures have not spontaneously remitted by the time hemiplegia and aphasia are complete, the standard treatment for Rasmussen's encephalitis is surgery to remove or disconnect the affected part of the brain (hemispherectomy). Although anti-epileptic drugs may be prescribed initially, they are usually not effective in controlling the seizures. Alternative treatments may include plasmapheresis (the removal and reinfusion of blood plasma), intravenous immunoglobulin,ketogenic diet (high fat, low carbohydrate), and steroids.

# Associated conditions
Rasmussen's encephalitis has been recorded with a neurovisceral porphyria, acute intermittent porphyria. Drug resistant/drug refractory seizures, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome require deeper investigations for neurovisceral porphyrias including acute intermittent porphyria, hereditary coproporphyria and variegate porphyria. Multiple anti-seizure drugs are porphyrinogenic and should be avoided if these genetic disorders are present. Diagnosis may be difficult in children who require enzyme or DNA testing for these disorders.

# Prognosis
Prognosis for individuals with Rasmussen's encephalitis varies. Untreated, the disorder may lead to severe neurological deficits including mental retardation and paralysis. In some patients surgery decreases seizures. However, most patients are left with some paralysis and speech deficits.

# Eponym
It is named for Theodore Rasmussen.

# Genetics
In the 1990s, there was some evidence tying Rasmussen's encephalitis to GRIA3 (GluR3), but more recent studies have been inconclusive.
Regazzoni classification
Synonyms and Keywords:  Heel Bone Fracture

# Overview
The calcaneus bone known as the largest tarsal bone.

# Regazzoni classification for the Calcaneal fracture
The Regazzoni classification is used for the intraarticular calcaneal fractures evaluations affecting the posterior facet of the calcaneus.
This Regazzoni classification is based on the number and location of the intraarticular fractures using the semicoronal CT images as follow:
The  Regazzoni classification differs from other CT based classifications because it evaluates intra-articular fractures, extra-articular fractures and the calcaneocuboid joint. Therefore, it is more accurate in detecting the lesions.
Retinoid X receptor beta
Retinoid X receptor beta (RXR-beta), also known as NR2B2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group B, member 2) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RXRB gene.
This gene encodes a member of the retinoid X receptor (RXR) family of nuclear receptors which are involved in mediating the effects of retinoic acid (RA). This receptor forms heterodimers with the retinoic acid, thyroid hormone, and vitamin D receptors, increasing both DNA binding and transcriptional function on their respective response elements. The gene lies within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II region on chromosome 6. An alternatively spliced transcript variant has been described, but its full length sequence has not been determined.

# Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. 
-  The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "VitaminDSynthesis_WP1531"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
Rifapentine microbiology

# Microbiology

## Mechanism of Action
Rifapentine, a cyclopentyl rifamycin, inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in susceptible strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis but not in mammalian cells. At therapeutic levels, rifapentine exhibits bactericidal activity against both intracellular and extracellular M. tuberculosis organisms. Both rifapentine and the 25-desacetyl metabolite accumulate in human monocyte-derived macrophages with intracellular/extracellular ratios of approximately 24:1 and 7:1, respectively.

## In Vitro Activity
Rifapentine and its 25-desacetyl metabolite have demonstrated in vitro activity against rifamycin-susceptible strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis including cidal activity against phagocytized M. tuberculosis organisms grown in activated human macrophages.
The correlation between rifapentine MICs and clinical cure has not been established. Interpretive criteria/breakpoints to determine whether clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis are susceptible or resistant to rifapentine have not been established.

## In Vivo Activity
In mouse infection studies a therapeutic effect, in terms of enhanced survival time or reduction of organ bioburden, has been observed in M. tuberculosis-infected animals treated with various intermittent rifapentine containing regimens. Animal studies have shown that the activity of rifapentine is influenced by dose and frequency of administration.

## Drug Resistance
In the treatment of tuberculosis, a small number of resistant cells present within large populations of susceptible cells can rapidly become predominant. Rifapentine resistance development in M. tuberculosis strains is principally due to one of several single point mutations that occur in the rpoB portion of the gene coding for the beta subunit of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The incidence of rifapentine resistant mutants in an otherwise susceptible population of M. tuberculosis strains is approximately one in 107 to 108 bacilli.

## Cross Resistance
M. tuberculosis organisms resistant to other rifamycins are likely to be resistant to rifapentine. A high level of cross-resistance between rifampin and rifapentine has been demonstrated with M. tuberculosis strains. Cross-resistance does not appear between rifapentine and non-rifamycin antimycobacterial agents.
Right auricular appendix
The right auricular appendix (right auricula, right auricle) is a small conical muscular pouch attached to the right atrium of the heart. Its margins present a dentated edge. It projects from the upper and front part of the sinus forward and toward the left side, overlapping the root of the aorta.
The right auricle, along with the right atrial body, is lined with pectinate muscles that form a network of hills and furrows that give it a trabeculated surface.
In older texts, the term "right auricle" was often used to describe the structure now known as the right atrium.
Rilpivirine how supplied

# How Supplied/Storage And Handling
- EDURANT (rilpivirine) tablets are supplied as white to off-white, film-coated, round, biconvex, 6.4 mm tablets. Each tablet contains 27.5 mg of rilpivirine hydrochloride, which is equivalent to 25 mg of rilpivirine. Each tablet is debossed with "TMC" on one side and "25" on the other side.
- EDURANT tablets are packaged in bottles in the following configuration: 25 mg tablets-bottles of 30 (NDC 59676-278-01).
- Store EDURANT tablets in the original bottle in order to protect from light. Store EDURANT tablets at 25C (77F); with excursions permitted to 1530C (5986F) .
Rimantadine how supplied

# How Supplied
Flumadine tablets (rimantadine hydrochloride tablets) are supplied as 100 mg tablets (orange, oval-shaped, film-coated) in bottles of 100 (NDC 0456-0521-01). Imprint on tablets: (Front) FLUMADINE 100; (Back) FOREST.
Flumadine syrup (rimantadine hydrochloride syrup) containing 50 mg of rimantadine hydrochloride per teaspoonful (5 mL) (purplish-red, raspberry-flavored) is supplied in bottles of 8 oz (NDC 0456-0527-08).
Tablets and syrup should be stored at 15 - 30C (59 -86F).
Rimantadine microbiology

# Microbiology
Rimantadine is inhibitory to the in vitro replication of influenza A virus isolates from each of the three antigenic subtypes, i.e., H1N1, H2N2 and H3N2, that have been isolated from man. Rimantadine has little or no activity against influenza B virus (Ref. 1,2). Rimantadine does not appear to interfere with the immunogenicity of inactivated influenza A vaccine.
A quantitative relationship between the in vitro susceptibility of influenza A virus to rimantadine and clinical response to therapy has not been established.
Susceptibility test results, expressed as the concentration of the drug required to inhibit virus replication by 50% or more in a cell culture system, vary greatly (from 4 ng/mL to 20 g/mL) depending upon the assay protocol used, size of the virus inoculum, isolates of the influenza A virus strains tested, and the cell types used (Ref. 2).
Rimantadine-resistant strains of influenza A virus have emerged among freshly isolated epidemic strains in closed settings where rimantadine has been used. Resistant viruses have been shown to be transmissible and to cause typical influenza illness. (Ref. 3)
Rotylenchulus reniformis
Rotylenchulus reniformis is a nematode, a type of roundworm, in the  Family Hoplolaimidae.  It is called the reniform (kidney-shaped)  nematode because the female curls her exposed posterior as she feeds.  It is an important parasite that attacks a wide variety of crops and other plants.  It is classified in parasitology as a cyst-forming  nematode that prefers to attack the roots of its host plant. R. reniformis favors sandy loamy soils.

# Life cycle
R. reniformis is both an ectoparasite (on the surface of the plant) and a semiendoparasite (partially inside the plant).  The males are ectoparasitic and do not seem to affect the plant very much, texts classify them as nonpathogenic. The females borrow into the roots and form a cysts, but leave part of their body (the posterior) outside the root, for copulation and egg-laying.  After mating, the female lays  some 30 to 75 eggs outside the root in a gelatinous mass containing.  The matrix keeps the eggs moist and inhibits other animals from consuming the eggs. The eggs hatch in 8-10 days and the larvae molt three or four times and then develop into male and females; however, only females have been observed feeding. The life cycle is completed in 17 to 23 days.

# Disease symptoms
R. reniformis causes hypertrophy in the pericycle cells of root seedlings and in the periderm cells of the roots of 4-5 week old plants.  Generally root growth is reduced and there are few large roots, instead  numerous coarse and stubby lateral roots are present.  Diseased plants can become severely stunted and chlorotic (yellow), and may wilt. Wilting is often caused by opportunistic parasites such as the Fusarium  wilt on cotton.  Root decay is usually caused by secondary fungi infection.

# Control
Chemical control prior to planting is effective.  Crop  rotation is relatively ineffective since R. reniformis lives on most crop roots.  In irrigated areas, drying out the field for a year will significantly reduce the presence of R. reniformis and other nematodes. Paecilomyces lilacinus, a fungal egg parasite, has been used as a biological control.

# Distribution
R. reniformis  has worldwide distribution in tropical and subtropical areas, including Texas and the southeastern United States.  It has numerous hosts, including fruit trees, lentil, cotton, cowpea, pigeonpea, tea, tobacco, soybean, pineapple, bananas, sweet potato, alfalfa, corn, asparagus, palm, cucumber, squash, melon and ginger.

# Notes
-  Nyvall, Robert F. (1999) Field Crop Diseases  Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, p. 164, ISBN 0-585-16534-3
-  Nyvall, Robert F. (1999) Field Crop Diseases  Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, p.216, ISBN 0-585-16534-3
-  Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 Oteifa, Bakir A. (Aug., 1970) "The reniform nematode problem of Egyptian cotton production" The Journal of Parasitology 56(4): Section 2, Part 1: Supplement: Second International Congress of Parasitology, Resumes Nos. 1-702., pp. 1-389, p.255
-  Whitehead, A. G. (1998) Plant Nematode Control  CAB International, New York, ISBN 0-85199-188-2
-  Gapasin, Ruben "Reniform nematode" Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research
SARE gene transcriptions
"Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signal in plant defence  and a SA-response element (SARE) has been identified in the tobacco PR2-d gene. A 76bp fragment conferred a 20-fold induction by SA in transgenic tobacco plants and protein binding studies indicated that the core sequence of this SARE is TTCGACCTCC ."

# Synaptic Activity-Responsive Elements
"A unique synaptic activity-responsive element (SARE) sequence, composed of the consensus binding sites for SRF, MEF2 and CREB, is necessary for control of transcriptional upregulation of the Arc gene in response to synaptic activity."

# CREBs
"The Ca2+/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) was initially identified as the main interlocutor in the dialogue between the synapse and the nucleus ."

# MEF2s
"MEF2  necessary for long-term memory consolidation and storage."
Myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) proteins are a family of transcription factors which through control of gene expression are important regulators of cellular differentiation and consequently play a critical role in embryonic development.  In adult organisms, Mef2 proteins mediate the stress response in some tissues.

# SRFs
The "serum response factor SRF  necessary for long-term memory consolidation and storage."
The serum response factor (SRF) is a transcription factor protein that binds to the c-fos serum response element (SRE).
The serum response factor is a member of the MADS-box (MCM1, Agamous, Deficiens, and SRF) box superfamily of transcription factors, binding to the serum response element (SRE) in the promoter region of target genes. This protein regulates the activity of many immediate early genes, for example c-fos, and thereby participates in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell growth, and cell differentiation, is the downstream target of many pathways; for example, the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK) that acts through the ternary complex factors (TCFs).
SRF is important during the development of the embryo, as it has been linked to the formation of mesoderm. In the fully developed mammal, SRF is crucial for the growth of skeletal muscle. Interaction of SRF with other proteins, such as steroid hormone receptors, may contribute to regulation of muscle growth by steroids.

# Interactions
Serum response factor has been shown to interact with:
- ASCC3,
- ATF6,
- CEBPB,
- CREB-binding protein,
- ELK4,
- GATA4,
- GTF2F1,
- GTF2I,
- Myogenin,
- NFYA,
- Nuclear receptor co-repressor 2,
- Promyelocytic leukemia protein and
- Src,  and
- TEAD1.
Sandbox: DDx Kidney mass
- Fever, chills, night sweats, and abdominal pain
- Hematuria, pallor, and weight loss
- Costovertebral tenderness
- Elevated WBC count
- Elevated ESR and CRP
- Well defined hypoechoic area within the corticomedullary parenchyma on U/S
- Well defined mass of low attenuation with a thick, irregular wall or pseudocapsule on CT
- Not applicable
Angiosarcoma

# Nonmalignant causes
anaplastic sarcoma clear cell sarcoma mesoblastic nephroma metanephric stromal tumor nephroblastomatosis / nephrogenic rests neuroblastoma oncocytoid carcinoma after neuroblastoma ossifying
Sandbox:classification 1
- Hairy cell leukemia may be classified  into two subtypes: Hairy cell leukemia (classic) and hairy cell leukemia variant.
- Hairy cell leukemia variant is still considered a provisional entity at this time, as the WHO is unable to recognize it as distinct diseases  due to insufficient evidence.
- The algorithm below illustrates characteristic findings associated with each subtypes:
The median age at diagnosis is 55 years.
-  Hairy cell leukemia. Wikipedia (2015) #Classification Accessed on October, 17 2015
-  Campo E, Swerdlow SH, Harris NL, Pileri S, Stein H, Jaffe ES (2011). "The 2008 WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms and beyond: evolving concepts and practical applications". Blood. 117 (19): 501932. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-01-293050. PMC 3109529. PMID 21300984.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: PMC format (link) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  Matutes E (2006). "Immunophenotyping and differential diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia". Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 20 (5): 105163. doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2006.06.012. PMID 16990106.