Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Branchial cleft cyst

# Overview
A branchial cleft cyst is an oval, moderately movable cystic mass that develops under the skin in the neck between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the pharynx. It is a remnant of embryonic development and results from a failure of obliteration of the second branchial cleft. Most branchial cleft cysts are asymptomatic, but they may become infected. Treatment, when necessary, consists of surgical excision of the cyst. Recurrence is rare.

# Classification
- Branchial cleft cysts are most often classified based on the cleft or pouch of origin (ie, first through fourth).
- First branchial cleft cysts are rare, are located in the parotid gland or immediate periparotid region
Second branchial cleft cysts are common. Most often located adjacent to and may adhere to the great vessels at the mandibular angle.
Third and fourth branchial cleft cysts are extremely rare and are found adjacent to the laryngeal ventricle, posterior to the common carotid artery and jugular vein at the margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
- First branchial cleft cysts are rare, are located in the parotid gland or immediate periparotid region
- Second branchial cleft cysts are common. Most often located adjacent to and may adhere to the great vessels at the mandibular angle.
- Third and fourth branchial cleft cysts are extremely rare and are found adjacent to the laryngeal ventricle, posterior to the common carotid artery and jugular vein at the margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

# Pathophysiology
- At the 5th week of gestation, four paired branchial clefts and pouches are present along the pharyngeal wall.
The first cleft and pouch contribute to the formation of the external auditory canal, middle ear, and pharyngotympanic tube.
The second through fourth pouches give rise to the palatine tonsils, parathyroid glands, and thymus, whereas the clefts subsequently involute.
- The first cleft and pouch contribute to the formation of the external auditory canal, middle ear, and pharyngotympanic tube.
- The second through fourth pouches give rise to the palatine tonsils, parathyroid glands, and thymus, whereas the clefts subsequently involute.
- Failure of involution leads to branchial cleft cysts, fistulas, or sinus tracts.

# Diagnosis
Radiologically,
- At ultrasound, features typical of a cyst are seen.
- A well-defined, fluid-attenuation lesion with slight enhancement of the capsule is seen at contrast-enhanced CT
Infection within the cyst may cause thickening and enhancement of the wall.
- Infection within the cyst may cause thickening and enhancement of the wall.
- The cyst is hypointense with short-TR and hyperintense with long-TR MR imaging sequences, although some increased signal intensity may be present with short-TR sequences owing to internal particulate debris due to prior bleeding or infection.

# Treatment
- The treatment of choice is complete surgical excision of the cyst and of any associated fistula or sinus tract.
Breast Cancer Action

# Overview
Breast Cancer Action is a national grassroots education and advocacy organization dedicated to supporting breast cancer survivors and encouraging the support of breast cancer research and awareness.  Based in San Francisco, BCA is perhaps best known for its Think Before You Pink project, begun in 2002.
BCA's mission is "to carry the voices of people affected by breast cancer to inspire and compel the changes necessary to end the epidemic."
The organization undertakes three primary tasks: 
- Provides information via newsletter, web site and phone number. 
- Organizes activities 
- Advocates for policy changes directed at achieving prevention through understanding and eliminating the causes of breast cancer; working toward a cure with treatments with less debilitating side effects than chemotherapy; and providing universal access to quality health care.

# History
Breast Cancer Action was founded in 1990 by Elenore Pred, Susan Claymon, and Linda Reyes.
Bromine monochloride
Bromine monochloride, also called bromine(I) chloride, bromochloride, and bromine chloride, is an interhalogen inorganic compound with chemical formula BrCl. It is an unstable red-brown gas with boiling point 5C and melting point -66 C. Its CAS number is 13863-41-7 and its EINECS number is 237-601-4.  It is a strong oxidizing agent.
Bromine monochloride is used in analytical chemistry in determining low levels of mercury, to quantitatively oxidize mercury in the sample to Hg(II) state.
Bromine monochloride is used as a biocide, specifically as an algaecide, fungicide, and disinfectant, namely in industrial recirculating cooling water systems. It is the active ingredient of eg. Stabrom 909 biocide. 
Addition of bromine monochloride is used in some types of Li-SO2 batteries to increase voltage and energy density.
Bromodifluoromethane
Bromodifluoromethane or Halon 1201 or FC-22B1 is a gaseous trihalomethane or a hydrobromofluorocarbon.
It can be prepared be reaction of hydrogen and dibromodifluoromethane at temperature in range 400 - 600 C.
Critical point data: Tc = 138.83 C (411.98 K); pc = 5.2 MPa (51.32 bar); Vc = 0.275 dm3.mol-1.
Bromodifluoromethane was used as a refrigerant and in fire extinguishers. It is a class I ozone depleting substance with ozone depletion potential ODP = 0.74. It was banned by Montreal Protocol in 2000.
Brown-headed Cowbird
The Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) is a small icterid.

# Appearance
Adults have a short finch-like bill and dark eyes. The adult male is mainly iridescent black with a brown head. The adult female is grey with a pale throat and fine streaking on the underparts.

# Breeding and Behavior
Breeding in open or semi-open country across most of North America, this bird is a brood parasite: it lays its eggs in the nests of other small passerines (perching birds), particularly those that build cup-like nests, such as the Yellow Warbler. The young cowbird is fed by the host parents at the expense of their own young.
Brown-headed Cowbirds are permanent residents in the southern parts of their range; northern birds migrate to the southern United States and Mexico. They often travel in flocks, sometimes mixed with Red-winged Blackbirds or European Starlings.
These birds forage on the ground, often following grazing animals such as horses and cows to catch insects stirred up by the larger animals. They mainly eat seeds and insects.
At one time, the Brown-headed Cowbird followed the bison herds across the prairies. Their parasitic nesting behaviour complemented this nomadic lifestyle. Their numbers expanded with the clearing of forested areas and the introduction of new grazing animals by settlers across North America. Brown-headed Cowbirds are now commonly seen at suburban birdfeeders.

## "Mafia Behavior"
Brown-headed Cowbird females can lay 36 eggs in a season. Over 140 different species of birds are known to have raised young cowbirds. Host parents may sometimes notice the cowbird egg. Different species react in different ways. Gray Catbirds destroy the egg by pecking it. Some species may simply build a new layer over the bottom of the original nest. Brown-headed cowbird nestlings are sometimes expelled from the nest. This rejection, however, may trigger a "mafia" reaction, according to a study by the Florida Museum of Natural History. When the parasitic egg was removed from the host nest, the cowbird returned to ransack the nest about 56% of the time. In addition, the cowbird also destroyed nests in a type of "farming behavior" to force the hosts to build new ones. The cowbirds then laid their eggs in the new nests 85% of the time.
- Courtship
Courtship
- Male Brown-headed Cowbird
Male Brown-headed Cowbird
Subacromial bursitis

# Overview
Subacromial bursitis is inflammation of the subacromial bursa, which lies between the acromion and the head of the humerus leading to extreme pain.

# Differentiating Subacromial bursitis from other Diseases
The cause of the condition is often unclear. It can in some cases be blamed either on repeated minor traumata or on a single more significant injury, but in a large percentage of sufferers there is no obvious or remembered cause.  Other conditions that will cause pain and limitation of movement at the shoulder joint, include adhesive capsulitis and supraspinatus tendinitis.
Subacromial bursitis must be differentiated from other causes of bursitis

# Diagnosis
The presenting symptom is of pain in the shoulder on abduction of the arm, either actively or passively. Typically, movement at the shoulder either backwards or forwards in the sagittal plane causes little or no pain; rotation in either direction, however, is usually painful. The pain can be felt locally in and around the deltoid muscle or it may seem as if it is spreading down the arm towards the elbow.

# Treatment
The definitive, and curative, treatment is by injection of a hydrocortisone-type medication, ideally one which will remain active for a significantly long period of time, (a so-called depot injection) into the bursa. Orally administered or topically applied non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) will provide some degree of symptom relief, but will not provide a cure. As a number of other conditions will cause pain and limitation of movement at the shoulder joint, such as adhesive capsulitis and supraspinatus tendinitis, it is important to make an exact diagnosis, as a steroid injection into the wrong place will be wholly ineffective.
Buttock augmentation

# Overview
There are two types of buttock augmentation:
- The lifting of the buttocks.
- The surgical enlargement of the buttocks through the insertion of a synthetic implant or through the use of substances like silicone.

# Brazilian Butt Lift or Butt injections
The most famous type of shape-modifying injections to the bottom is the Brazilian Butt Lift, although the procedure is also called fat injections, fat transfer, or fat grafting. It usually consists of a combination of liposuction around the buttocks and many injections of fat into the buttocks. The fat is your own fat that was harvested by liposuction from either around your buttocks or from your abdomen or elsewhere. This fat is then processed and purified before it is reinjected.  Depending on the amount of augmentation needed, you may need to undergo a great deal of injections, which are made at various sites and depths in the buttocks.

# Transgender
Surgical buttock augmentation is sometimes performed on transsexual and transgender women who wish to have more feminine buttocks. Genetically women's bodies typically have a more pronounced curve of the hips than transgendered women, so the goal is to create a more feminine body shape. This type of surgery is sometimes also referred to as hip augmentation or hip enlargement. This surgery may take the place of the usage of hip and buttock padding.
Carbonic anhydrase 9
Carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9/CAIX) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CA9 gene.

# Function
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide.  They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid.  They show extensive diversity in tissue distribution and in their subcellular localization.

# Clinical significance
CAIX is a transmembrane protein and is a tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme.  It is over-expressed in VHL mutated clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and hypoxic solid tumors, but is low-expressed in normal kidney and most other normal tissues.  It may be involved in cell proliferation and transformation.  This gene is mapped to 9p13-p12.
CAIX is a  cellular biomarkers of hypoxia. Furthermore, recent studies examining the association between CAIX levels and various clinicopathological outcomes suggest that CAIX expression may also be a valuable prognostic indicator for overall survival although this association has been questioned.

# As a drug target
Girentuximab, an antibody to carbonic anhydrase IX, is an investigational agent in clinical trials for renal cell carcinoma.
Central core disease
Synonyms and keywords: Central core myopathy

# Overview
Central core disease (CCD) is an autosomal dominant congenital myopathy (inborn muscle disorder). It was first described by Shy and Magee in 1956.

# Signs and symptoms
The symptoms of central core disease are variable, but usually involve hypotonia ("floppy infant") at birth, mild delay in child development (highly variable between cases), weakness of the face muscles, and skeletal malformations such as scoliosis and hip dislocation.

# Diagnosis
The diagnosis is made on the combination of typical symptoms and the appearance on biopsy (tissue sample) from muscle. The name derives from the typical appearance of the biopsy on light microscopy, where the muscle cells have cores that are devoid of mitochondria and specific enzymes.
Respiratory insufficiency develops in a small proportion of cases. Creatine kinase and electromyography (EMG) tend to be normal.

# Pathophysiology
Central core disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. More than half the cases have demonstrable mutations in the ryanodine receptor type 1 (RYR1) gene, which are often de novo (newly developed). People with CCD are at risk for malignant hyperthermia (MH) when receiving general anesthesia.

# Treatment
There is no specific treatment but triggering anesthetics are avoided and relatives are screened for RYR1 mutations as these may make them susceptible to MH.
The CHI SQUARE Trial

# Official Title
CHI SQUARE: Can HDL Infusions Significantly Quicken Atherosclerosis Regression? A phase II, multi-center, double-blind, ascending dose, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial of CER-001 or placebo in subjects with acute coronary syndrome.

# Objective
To determine the safety and efficacy of CER-001 on atherosclerotic plaque progression and regression in patients with acute coronary syndromes.

# Sponsor
Cerenis Therapeutics, SA

# Timeline
The previous information was derived from ClinicalTrials.gov on 09/15/2015 using the identification number NCT01201837.

# Study Description
The previous information was derived from ClinicalTrials.gov on 09/15/2015 using the identification number NCT01201837.

# Eligibility Criteria

## Inclusion Criteria
- Age < 75 years
- Patients with ACS
- Angiographic evidence of CAD with suitable target coronary artery for IVUS evaluation

## Exclusion Criteria
- Female of child bearing potential
- Weight > 120 kg
- Angiographic evidence of left main artery stenosis > 50%
- Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, defined as HbA1c>10%
- Triglyceride levels > 500 mg/dL
- Symptomatic congestive heart failure with NYHA class III or IV or EF<35%
- Uncontrolled hypertension defined as SBP>180 mmHg
- Past medical history of renal disease, liver disease, metabolic disease, GI disease, or endocrine dysfunction

# Outcomes

## Primary Outcomes
The absolute change in total plaque volume as assessed by IVUS and QCA. The change is measured from baseline to follow-up at 3 weeks (2-5 weeks) following the final infusion of CER-001 (approximately 9 weeks following baseline measure).

## Secondary Outcomes
The percent change in total plaque volume as assessed by IVUS and QCA. The change is measured from baseline to follow-up at 3 weeks (2-5 weeks) following the final infusion of CER-001 (approximately 9 weeks following baseline measure).

# Publications
- Primary Results Publication:

## Results
- A total of 507 patients were randomized, of which 417 had IVUS and 461 had QCA measurements.
- Compared with placebo, there was no statistically significant difference in either the nominal or the percent total atheroma volume with any dose of CER-001.
- The incidence of major cardiovascular events (MACE) was statistically similar across all treatment groups (8.3% (10), 13.3% (16), and 13.7% (17) in the 3 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, and 12 mg/kg CER-001 groups respectively vs. 9.8% (12) in placebo).

## Conclusion
Infusion with CER-001 is not associated with a significant reduction in coronary atherosclerosis as evaluated by IVUS and QCA.
Zunich-Kaye syndrome

# Overview
Zunich-Kaye syndrome, also known as Zunich neuroectodermal syndrome, is a rare congenital ichthyosis first described in 1983. It is also referred to as CHIME syndrome, after its main symptoms (colobomas, heart defects, ichthyosiform dermatosis, mental retardation, and either ear defects or epilepsy). It is a congenital syndrome with only a few cases studied and published.

# Symptoms
Associated symptoms range from things such as colobomas of the eyes, heart defects, ichthyosiform dermatosis, mental retardation, and ear abnormalities. Further symptoms that may be suggested include characteristic facies, hearing loss, and cleft palate.

# Genetics
File:Autorecessive.svg
Zunich-Kay syndrome is considered to have an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. This means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and two copies of the gene, one from each parent, are required to inherit the disorder. The parents of an individual with autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene, but usually do not have the disorder.

# Treatment
Treatment with isotretinoin may induce substantial resolution of skin lesions, but the risk of secondary infection remains.
Calcium hypochlorite
Calcium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with formula Template:Calcium(Template:Hypochlorite)2.  It is widely used for water treatment and as a bleaching agent (bleaching powder).  This chemical is considered to be relatively stable and has greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach).

# Preparation
It is manufactured using the calcium process or the sodium process.
Calcium Process
Sodium Process
Bleaching powder is actually a mixture of calcium hypochlorite Ca(OCl)2 and the basic chloride CaCl2, Ca(OH)2, H2O with some slaked lime, Ca(OH)2.

# Properties
It is a yellow white solid which has a strong smell of chlorine.  Calcium hypochlorite is not highly soluble in water. For that reason it should preferably be used in soft to middle hard water. There are two types of calcium hypochlorite - a dry form and a hydrated form. The hydrated form is safer to handle.
Calcium hypochlorite reacts with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate and release chlorine:
Calcium hypochlorite reacts with hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride:
Extreme care should be used in handling this product. Always keep in a cool dry place away from any organic material. When mixing it with water, it is safest to add the calcium hypochlorite to water.  This material has been known to undergo self heating and rapid decomposition accompanied by the release of toxic chlorine gas.

# Uses
Calcium hypochlorite is used for the disinfection of drinking water or swimming pool water.  For use in outdoor swimming pools, calcium hypochlorite can be used as a sanitizer in combination with a cyanuric acid stabilizer. The stabilizer will reduce the loss of chlorine because of UV radiation. Calcium does make the tea'hard' and tends to clog up some filters. However, some types of Calcium hypochlorite do contain anti-scaling agentsp in order to prevent clogging up of pipes/filters. This grade of Calcium hypochlorite can also be used in hard waters. The main advantage of Calciumhypochlorite is that it is unstabilised unlike chlorinated isocyanurates such as sodiumdichloroisocyanurate or trichloroisocyanuric acid. Latter products do contain cyanuric acid. If the level of Cyanuric acid becomes too high it will influence the preformance of the chlorine. Pools running on chlorinated isocyanurates should maintain a free chlorine level between 2 and 5 ppm (mg/l), whereas pools running on Calcium hypochlorite should have a chlorine level of 1-2 ppm (mg/l).
Calcium hypochlorite (known as 'bleaching powder') is also used for bleaching cotton and linen and used in the manufacture of chloroform.
Capillary hemangioma

# Overview
A capillary hemangioma (also known as an "Infantile hemangioma," and "Strawberry hemangioma":593) appears as a raised, red, lumpy area of flesh anywhere on the body, though 83% occur on the head or neck area. The mark usually appears between one and four weeks after birth. It may grow rapidly, before stopping and slowly fading. Some are gone by the age of 2 , about 60% by 5 years, and 9095% by 9 years.
Capillary hemangiomas occur 5 times more often in female infants than in males, and mostly in Caucasian populations. Additionally, low birthweight infants have a 26% chance of developing a hemangioma.
While this birthmark may be alarming in appearance, physicians generally counsel that it be left to disappear on its own, unless it is in the way of vision or blocking the nostrils.
Capsular contracture

# Overview
Capsular contracture is an abnormal response of the immune system to foreign biomaterials and alloplastic materials. It is most discussed in the context of complications from breast implants and artificial joint prosthetics.
Capsules of tightly-woven collagen fibers normally form as an immune response around a foreign body (eg. breast implants, pacemakers, orthopedic joint prosthetics), tending to wall it off.  Capsular contracture occurs when the capsule tightens and squeezes the implant. This contracture is a complication that can be very painful and distort the appearance of the implanted breast or limit the range of motion of a artificial joint.  The exact cause of contracture is not known.  However, some factors include bacterial contamination, silicone breast implant rupture or leakage, and hematoma. Capsular contracture may happen again after additional surgery.
Methods which have reduced capsular contracture include submuscular breast implant placement, using textured or polyurethane-coated implants, limiting handling of the implants and skin contact prior to insertion and irrigation with triple-antibiotic solutions.
Correction of capsular contracture may require surgical removal or release of the capsule, or removal and possible replacement of the implant itself.  Closed capsulotomy (disrupting the capsule via external manipulation), a once common maneuver for treating hard capsules, has been discouraged as it can cause implant rupture.  Nonsurgical methods of treating capsules include massage, external ultrasound, treatment with leukotriene pathway inhibitors (Accolate, Singulair), and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy.
There are four grades of breast capsular contracture - Baker grades I through IV. The Baker grading is as follows:
- Grade I 	the breast is normally soft and looks natural
- Grade II 	the breast is a little firm but looks normal
- Grade III 	the breast is firm and looks abnormal
- Grade IV 	the breast is hard, painful, and looks abnormal.

# Sources
- Section on Complications from the FDA Breast Implant Consumer Handbook - 2004. Most of the above text was copied verbatim from this public domain source.
- Safety of Silicone Breast Implants. Institute of Medicine National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 2000.
- Breast Augmentation and Breast Implants Information Website - ImplantInfo by Nicole