Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Life-process model of addiction

# Background
The life-process model of addiction is the view that addiction is not a disease but rather a habitual response and a source of gratification and security that can be understood only in the context of social relationships and experiences.
This model of addiction is in direct opposition to the disease model of addiction. The proponents of the life-process model argue that the biological mechanisms that might account for addictive behavior have not been identified and thus do not support using the term disease, preferring to emphasize the individual's ability to overcome addiction by repairing relationships and personal strength of will. Critics of the life-process model emphasize that the lack of ability to identify specific disease mechanisms does not negate the characteristic disease course, morbidity, or mortality observed with addiction, thereby causing the condition to meet all the requirements for the term disease.

# Notable supporters
- Stanton Peele
- Chris Prentiss
- Thomas Szasz
- John Booth Davies

# Relevant Books
- The Myth of Addiction John Booth Davies (Routledge, 1997) ISBN 978-9057022463
- A Critique of Nicotine Addiction by Hanan Frenk and Reuven Dar (Springer, 2000) ISBN 0792372255
- Problem Drinking Nick Heather and Ian Robertson  (Oxford University Press, 1997) ISBN 0192628615
- The Alcoholism and Addiction Cure by Chris Prentiss (Power Press, 2007) ISBN 0943015448
- Addiction is a Choice by Jeffrey Schaler (Open Court, 1999) ISBN 0-8126-9404-X
Linezolid indications and usage

# Indications And Usage
ZYVOX is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms in the specific conditions listed below. ZYVOX is not indicated for the treatment of Gram-negative infections. It is critical that specific Gram-negative therapy be initiated immediately if a concomitant Gram-negative pathogen is documented or suspected .

## Pneumonia
Nosocomial pneumonia caused by Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates) orStreptococcus pneumoniae .
Community-acquired pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, including cases with concurrent bacteremia, or Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible isolates only) .

## Skin and Skin Structure Infections
Complicated skin and skin structure infections, including diabetic foot infections, without concomitant osteomyelitis, caused by Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates), Streptococcus pyogenes, or Streptococcus agalactiae. ZYVOX has not been studied in the treatment of decubitus ulcers .
Uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible isolates only) or Streptococcus pyogenes .

## Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium Infections
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infections, including cases with concurrent bacteremia .

# Usage
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of ZYVOX and other antibacterial drugs, ZYVOX should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
The safety and efficacy of ZYVOX formulations given for longer than 28 days have not been evaluated in controlled clinical trials.
List of blood donation agencies

# Australia
- Australian Red Cross Blood Service

# Canada
- Canadian Blood Services
Hema-Quebec, provincial, independent from the Canadian Blood Services.
- Hema-Quebec, provincial, independent from the Canadian Blood Services.

# India
- Indian Blood Services
Indian Blood Donors, Independent Online Blood Bank.
Friends2Support, Independent Online Blood Bank.
Marumalarchi Blood Donors Club, organized by Vaiko, a politician of Tamil Nadu, India
- Indian Blood Donors, Independent Online Blood Bank.
- Friends2Support, Independent Online Blood Bank.
- Marumalarchi Blood Donors Club, organized by Vaiko, a politician of Tamil Nadu, India

# New Zealand
- New Zealand Blood Service
New Zealand Blood Service external website 
- New Zealand Blood Service external website 

# Pakistan
- Hussaini Blood Bank, Karachi
- Fatmid Foundation, Karachi

# South Africa
- South African National Blood Service (SANBS)
Western Province Blood Transfusion Service
- Western Province Blood Transfusion Service

# United Kingdom
- United Kingdom National Blood Service
National Blood Service website for England & North Wales
The Welsh Blood Service Gwasanaeth Gwaed Cymru (South Wales)
- National Blood Service website for England & North Wales
- The Welsh Blood Service Gwasanaeth Gwaed Cymru (South Wales)
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service

# United States
- America's Blood Centers, North America's largest network of non-profit community blood centers.
Blood Centers of the Pacific
- Blood Centers of the Pacific
- American Red Cross
Give Life, a subsidiary of the ARC
- Give Life, a subsidiary of the ARC
- Blood Assurance, Chattanooga, TN
- Blood Bank of Hawaii,  Honolulu, HI
- BloodSource,  Sacramento, CA
- Carter BloodCare, Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas
- Community Blood Bank of NW PA & WNY
- Community Blood Center of the Ozarks, Springfield, MO
- Community Blood Services, New Jersey
- Dayton Community Blood Center, Dayton, OH
- Florida Blood Services, St. Petersburg, FL
- Florida's Blood Centers, Orlando, FL
- HemaCare
- Indiana Blood Center, Indianapolis, IN
- JMH Bood Bank, Abingdon, VA. Serving the blood needs of Southwest Virginia
- LifeShare Community Blood Services Serving Northeast Ohio
- Medic Regional Blood Center, East Tennessee and Southeast Kentucky
- Memorial Blood Centers, St Paul, MN
- New York Blood Center
- Piedmont Blood Center, Spartanburg, SC
- Puget Sound Blood Center (Greater Seattle area)
- Rhode Island Blood Center, Providence, RI
- South Texas Blood & Tissue Center, San Antonio, TX
- The Blood Center, New Orleans, LA
- The Blood Center of New Jersey, East Orange, NJ
- The Blood Connection, Piedmont, SC
- United Blood Services

# Other countries
- Etablissement Francais du Sang (French National Blood Service)
- Irish Blood Transfusion Service
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service
- Singapore's Health Sciences Authority - Centre for Transfusion Medicine
- Suomen Punaisen Ristin Veripalvelu Blood Service of the Finnish Red Cross
- Taiwan Blood Services Foundation
- New Zealand Blood Service
List of countries by population
This is a list of countries ordered according to population. The list includes and ranks sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories. Figures are based on the most recent estimate or projection by the national census authority where available and generally rounded off. Other figures are based on the 2007 mid-year estimate by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs  Population Division. Because the figures are not collected at the same time in every country, or with the same level of accuracy, the resulting rankings may be misleading. For comparison purposes, some non-sovereign entities are included in this list, although only sovereign territories are ranked.

# Notes
-  Template:Cite paper
-  Mainland China only
-  Includes data from Jammu and Kashmir (India-administered), Azad Kashmir (Pakistan-administered) , and Aksai Chin (PRC-administered).
-  Consists of the island groups of Taiwan, the Pescadores, Kinmen, Matsu, etc.
-  Includes Christmas Island (1,508), Cocos (Keeling) Islands (628), and Norfolk Island (1,828)
-  Includes Kosovo
-  UN figure for mid-2007 is 6,967,000, which excludes Israeli population living in the West Bank.
-  Includes Aland Islands
-  Includes Svalbard (2,701) and Jan Mayen Island
-  Figure includes the Republic of Abkhazia (216,000) and South Ossetia (70,000)
-  Includes Transnistria (555,347)
-  Includes Agalega, Rodrigues and St. Brandon
-  Includes the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (264,172). The Statistical Institute of the Republic of Cyprus shows a population of 749,200 (2004 Census).
-  Jump up to: 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 Part of France.
-  Excludes the island of Mayotte. The UN estimate is 839,000 (including Mayotte)
-  Includes Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Long posterior ciliary arteries
The long posterior ciliary arteries, two in number, pierce the posterior part of the sclera at some little distance from the optic nerve, and run forward, along either side of the eyeball, between the sclera and choroid, to the ciliary muscle, where they divide into two branches.
These form an arterial circle, the circulus arteriosus major, around the circumference of the iris, from which numerous converging branches run, in the substance of the iris, to its pupillary margin, where they form a second arterial circle, the circulus arteriosus minor.
The long posterior ciliary arteries supply the iris, ciliary body and choroid.
Lopinavir ritonavir description

# Description
KALETRA (lopinavir/ritonavir) is a co-formulation of lopinavir and ritonavir. Lopinavir is an inhibitor of the HIV-1 protease. As co-formulated in KALETRA, ritonavir inhibits the CYP3A-mediated metabolism of lopinavir, thereby providing increased plasma levels of lopinavir.
Lopinavir is chemically designated as ]-N-amino]-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-1-(phenylmethyl)pentyl]tetrahydro-alpha-(1-methylethyl)-2-oxo-1(2H)-pyrimidineacetamide. Its molecular formula is C37H48N4O5, and its molecular weight is 628.80. Lopinavir is a white to light tan powder. It is freely soluble in methanol and ethanol, soluble in isopropanol and practically insoluble in water. Lopinavir has the following structural formula:
Ritonavir is chemically designated as 10-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-1- -3,6-dioxo-8,11-bis(phenylmethyl)-2,4,7,12-tetraazatridecan-13-oic acid, 5-thiazolylmethyl ester, . Its molecular formula is C37H48N6O5S2, and its molecular weight is 720.95. Ritonavir is a white to light tan powder. It is freely soluble in methanol and ethanol, soluble in isopropanol and practically insoluble in water. Ritonavir has the following structural formula:
KALETRA film-coated tablets are available for oral administration in two strengths:
- Yellow tablets containing 200 mg of lopinavir and 50 mg of ritonavir
- Pale yellow tablets containing 100 mg of lopinavir and 25 mg of ritonavir.
The yellow, 200 mg lopinavir/50 mg ritonavir, tablets contain the following inactive ingredients: copovidone, sorbitan monolaurate, colloidal silicon dioxide, and sodium stearyl fumarate. The following are the ingredients in the film coating: hypromellose, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol 400, hydroxypropyl cellulose, talc, colloidal silicon dioxide, polyethylene glycol 3350, yellow ferric oxide E172, and polysorbate 80.
The pale yellow, 100 mg lopinavir/25 mg ritonavir, tablets contain the following inactive ingredients: copovidone, sorbitan monolaurate, colloidal silicon dioxide, and sodium stearyl fumarate. The following are the ingredients in the film coating: polyvinyl alcohol, titanium dioxide, talc, polyethylene glycol 3350, and yellow ferric oxide E172.
KALETRA oral solution is available for oral administration as 80 mg lopinavir and 20 mg ritonavir per milliliter with the following inactive ingredients: acesulfame potassium, alcohol, artificial cotton candy flavor, citric acid, glycerin, high fructose corn syrup, Magnasweet-110 flavor, menthol, natural & artificial vanilla flavor, peppermint oil, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, povidone, propylene glycol, saccharin sodium, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, and water.
KALETRA oral solution contains 42.4% alcohol (v/v).
Madonna Rehabilitation Hospital
Madonna Rehabilitation Hospital is a Roman Catholic rehabilitation hospital in Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.A.

# History
In 1958, the Benedictine Sisters of Yankton, South Dakota founded Madonna. The facility began early to earn its reputation for excellence, first as a geriatric facility and later as a physical medicine and rehabilitation center. In 1966, Madonna received the nation's first Medicare certification and began to offer rehabilitation services.Fulwider, John (August 23, 2000). "Nebraska Hospital Caught in Madonna Trademark Spat - The players: Madonna the singer, Madonna the hospital". Nebraska StatePaper.com. Retrieved 2007-06-26..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
The hospital was first accredited by the Rehabilitation Accreditation Commission in 1982 and has received three-year accreditations continuously since then. The most recent was given with "no recommendations" for improvement in all six certified programs, which is virtually unheard of in the industry.
Malignant hypertension overview

# Overview
Malignant hypertension is a complication of hypertension characterized by very elevated blood pressure, and organ damage in the eyes, brain, lung and/or kidneys. It differs from other complications of hypertension in that it is accompanied by papilledema. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures are usually greater than 200 and 140, respectively.

# Diagnosis

## Electrocardiogram
The ECG is necessary to screen for ischemia, infarct, or evidence of electrolyte abnormalities or drug overdose.

## X Ray
The chest radiograph is useful for assessment of cardiac enlargement, pulmonary edema, or involvement of other thoracic structures, such as rib notching with aortic coarctation or a widened mediastinum with aortic dissection. Other tests, such as head CT scan, transesophageal echocardiogram, and renal angiography, are indicated only as directed by the initial workup.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
The most commonly used intravenous drug is nitroprusside. An alternative for patients with renal insufficiency is intravenous fenoldopam. Labetalol is another common alternative, providing easy transition from IV to oral (PO) dosing. Beta-blockade can be accomplished intravenously with esmolol or metoprolol. Hydralazine is reserved for use in pregnant patients, while phentolamine is the drug of choice for a pheochromocytoma crisis. iv sodium nitroprusside should be used with caution as it can cause a rapid uncontrollable drop in blood pressure.
Manganese deficiency (medicine)

# Overview
Manganese is a vital element of nutrition in very small quantities (adult male daily intake 2.3 milligrams).  However, in greater amounts Manganese, like most metals, is poisonous when eaten or inhaled.

# The Drug
Manganese is a component of some enzymes and stimulates the development and activity of other enzymes.  Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant in mitochondria.  Several enzymes activated my manganese contribute to the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and cholesterol.
A deficiency in manganese causes skeletal deformation in animals and inhibits the production of collagen in wound healing.
Relatively high dietary intake of other minerals such as iron, magnesium, and calcium may inhibit the proper intake of manganese.
Manganese is found in leafy green vegetables, fruits, nuts and whole grains.  The nutritious kernel (wheat germ) of most processed grains (white bread), which contains the most minerals and vitamins of the grain, has been removed because it is dark and "impure".  The wheat germ is sold as livestock feed.
Many common vitamin and mineral supplement products fail to include manganese in their compositions.

# Health
Many nutritionists attribute joint pain, inflammation, arthritis, bursitis, dermatitis, and many diseases including Parkinson's disease, osteoporosis, schizophrenia, diabetes, and epilepsy to manganese deficiency.
Maraviroc indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
SELZENTRY, in combination with other antiretroviral agents, is indicated for adult patients infected with only CCR5-tropic HIV-1.
This indication is based on analyses of plasma HIV-1 RNA levels in two controlled studies of SELZENTRY in treatment-experienced subjects and one study in treatment-naive subjects. Both studies in treatment-experienced subjects were conducted in clinically advanced, 3-class antiretroviral-experienced (NRTI, NNRTI, PI, or enfuvirtide) adults with evidence of HIV-1 replication despite ongoing antiretroviral therapy.
The following points should be considered when initiating therapy with SELZENTRY:
Adult patients infected with only CCR5-tropic HIV-1 should use SELZENTRY.
Tropism testing must be conducted with a highly sensitive tropism assay that has demonstrated the ability to identify patients appropriate for SELZENTRY use. Outgrowth of pre-existing low-level CXCR4- or dual/mixed-tropic HIV-1 not detected by tropism testing at screening has been associated with virologic failure on SELZENTRY. 
Use of SELZENTRY is not recommended in subjects with dual/mixed or CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 as efficacy was not demonstrated in a phase 2 study of this patient group.
The safety and efficacy of SELZENTRY have not been established in pediatric patients.
In treatment-naive subjects, more subjects treated with SELZENTRY experienced virologic failure and developed lamivudine resistance compared to efavirenz.
Meropenem indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of MERREM I.V. and other antibacterial drugs, MERREM I.V. should only be used to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
MERREM I.V. is useful as presumptive therapy in the indicated condition (e.g., intra-abdominal infections) prior to the identification of the causative organisms because of its broad spectrum of bactericidal activity.

## Skin and Skin Structure Infections (Adult Patients and Pediatric Patients  3 Months only)
MERREM I.V. is indicated as a single agent therapy for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections due to Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible isolates only), Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, viridans group streptococci, Enterococcus faecalis (vancomycin-resistant isolates), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Bacteroides fragilis, and Peptostreptococcus species.

## Intra-abdominal Infections (Adult Patients and Pediatric Patients  3 Months only)
MERREM I.V. is indicated as a single agent therapy for the treatment of complicated appendicitis and peritonitis caused by viridans group streptococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, and Peptostreptococcus species.

## Bacterial Meningitis (Pediatric patients 3 months only)
MERREM I.V. is indicated as a single agent therapy for the treatment of bacterial meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis.
The efficacy of meropenem as monotherapy in the treatment of meningitis caused by penicillin nonsusceptible isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae has not been established.
MERREM I.V. has been found to be effective in eliminating concurrent bacteremia in association with bacterial meningitis.
Metoprolol detailed information

# Overview
Metoprolol is a selective beta1 receptor blocker used in treatment of several diseases of the
cardiovascular system, especially hypertension. It is marketed under the brand name Lopressor or Lopresor, respectively, by Novartis, and Toprol-XL (in the USA); Seleken or Selokeen (elsewhere); as Minax by Alphapharm (in Australia), Metrol by Arrow Pharmaceuticals (in Australia), as Betaloc by AstraZeneca, as Neobloc by Unipharm (in Israel) and as Corvitol by Berlin-Chemie AG.  A number of generic products is available, too. The active substance metoprolol is employed either as metoprolol succinate or metoprolol tartrate (whereas 100 mg metoprolol tartrate corresponds to 95 mg metoprolol succinate), as conventional release- or prolonged-release formulation.

# Physical properties
Metoprolol is very low melting. Its melting point is around 45 degrees Celsius (as determined by Differential scanning calorimetry). For this reason metoprolol is always manufactured in salt form, as drugs with melting points below 100 degrees Celsius are difficult to work with in a manufacturing environment. The free base exists as a waxy white solid, where the tartrate salt is finer crystalline material.
- Toprol XL 50mg

# Pharmacology
- Cardioselective
- Moderately Lipophilic
- Without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA)
- With weak membrane stabilizing activity
- Short half-life must be taken at least twice daily or as an Slow-release preparation.

# Indications
- Essential hypertension
- Coronary heart disease (prevention of angina attacks)
- Secondary prevention after a myocardial infarction
- Treatment of heart failure.
- Migraine prophylaxis
- Adjunct in treatment of hyperthyroidism

# Side effects
Side effects are usually mild. Transient effects include dizziness, lightheadedness, drowsiness, tiredness, diarrhea, unusual dreams, ataxia, trouble sleeping, and vision problems. It may also reduce blood flow to the hands and feet, causing them to feel numb and cold; smoking may worsen this effect.
Serious side effects that are not to be tolerated for any length of time include symptoms of a very slow heartbeat (e.g. persistent dizziness, fainting, unusual fatigue), bluish discoloration of the fingers and toes, numbness/tingling/swelling of the hands or feet, sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction (impotence), hair loss, mental/mood changes, trouble breathing, cough, unexplained or sudden weight gain, and increased thirst.  Other highly unlikely symptoms include easy bruising or bleeding, persistent sore throat or fever, yellowing skin or eyes, stomach pain, dark urine, and persistent nausea.  Symptoms of an allergic reaction include: rash, itching, swelling, severe dizziness.