Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Hirschberg's algorithm
Hirschberg's Algorithm, named after its inventor, Dan Hirschberg, is a dynamic programming algorithm that finds the least cost sequence alignment between two
strings, where cost is measured as Levenshtein edit distance, defined to be the sum
-f the costs of insertions, replacements, deletions, and null actions needed to change
-ne string to the other.  Hirschberg's algorithm is simply described as a divide and conquer version of the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm.  Hirschberg's algorithm is commonly used in computational biology to find maximal global alignments of DNA and protein sequences.

# Algorithm Information
Hirschberg's Algorithm is a generally applicable
algorithm for finding an optimal sequence alignment.  BLAST and FASTA are
suboptimal heuristics.  If x and y are strings, where |x| = n and |y| = m,
the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm finds an optimal alignment in O(nm) time,
using O(nm) space.  Hirschberg's Algorithm is a clever modification of
the Needleman-Wunsch Algorithm which takes O(nm) time, but needs only
O(min{m,n}) space.
One application of the algorithm is finding sequence alignments of
DNA or protein sequences.

# Computation of the Levenshtein Edit Distance in Linear Space
The edit distance Edit is the least cost of changing x into y by
using the operations Insert, Substitute, and Delete, where the cost
-f each kind of operation is given.  We write Ins(a) for the cost of
inserting a symbol a into a string, Sub(a,b) for the cost of substituting a
symbol b for a in a string, and Del(a) for the cost of deleting a symbol a
from a string.  The "standard" choice of those costs is Ins(a) = Del(a) = 1
for each symbol a, Sub(a,a) = 0, and Sub(a,b) = 1 if a is not equal to b.
The Needleman-Wunsch Algorithm computes Edit[x,y) by computing
Edit,Pref) for all i and j dynamically, where Pref
denotes the prefix of x of length i.  That algorithm requires O(nm) time
and O(nm) space, where n = |x| and m = |y|.

# Algorithm Organization
To understand Hirschberg's Algorithm, it is important to first understand
that edit distances can be computed using linear space.
What we call the "forward subprogram" computes the values of
Edit,Pref) for all i and j, just as the Needleman-Wunsch
and returns the array {Edit}_{0 \le j \le m}.  The
"backward subprogram" is similar, except that the dynamic program
is done in the opposite direction, i.e., starting from the right ends
-f the strings.  It returns the array {Edit}_{0 \le j \le m},
where Suff is the suffix of y of length j.
The forward and backward subprograms compute values in the matrix by using
previously computed values, but save space by erasing values that will no
longer be needed during that execution of the subprogram.  Unfortunately,
the erased values will need to be recomputed later; thus, Hirschberg's
algorithm takes roughly twice as much time as Needleman-Wunsch.

# Pseudocode

# See Also
- Needleman-Wunsch algorithm
- Smith Waterman algorithm
- Levenshtein distance
Historical Perspective

# Historical Perspective

## Discovery
- There is limited information about the historical perspective of .
OR
-  was first discovered by , a , in /during/following .
- The association between  and  was made in/during .
- In ,  was the first to discover the association between  and the development of .
- In ,  mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of .

## Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

## Impact on Cultural History

## Famous Cases
The following are a few famous cases of :
Homeobox protein TGIF1
Homeobox protein TGIF1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGIF1 gene. Alternative splicing has been observed at this locus and eight variants, encoding four distinct isoforms, are described.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the three-amino acid loop extension (TALE) superclass of atypical homeodomains. TALE homeobox proteins are highly conserved transcription regulators. This particular homeodomain binds to a previously characterized retinoid X receptor responsive element from the cellular retinol-binding protein II promoter. In addition to its role in inhibiting 9-cis-retinoic acid-dependent RXR alpha transcription activation of the retinoic acid responsive element, the protein is an active transcriptional co-repressor of SMAD2 and may participate in the transmission of nuclear signals during development and in the adult.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene are associated with holoprosencephaly type 4, which is a structural anomaly of the brain.  It has also been associated with risk of otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear)

# Interactions
Homeobox protein TGIF1 has been shown to interact with:
- C-jun,
- CTBP1,
- HDAC1,  and
- Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2.
Homonymous hemianopsia
Homonymous hemianopsia is a medical term for a type of partial blindness resulting in a loss of vision in the same visual field of both eyes.

# Causes
It is usually caused by injury to the brain itself such as stroke or trauma, rather than malfunctioning of the eye itself.
Vascular and neoplastic (malignant or benign tumours) lesions of the optic tract or visual cortex can cause a contralateral homonymous hemianopsia. For example, a person who has a lesion of the right optic tract will no longer see objects on their left side. Similarly, a person who has a stroke to the right occipital lobe will have the same visual field defect, but there will be macular sparing.
A stroke on the entire right side of the brain, in addition to producing a homonymous hemianopsia, will also lead to the syndrome of Hemispatial neglect.
However, the symptom of homonymous hemianopsia isn't necessarily of a lethal cause. For instance, it can constitute the aura phase of migraine.

# Etymology
Homonymous hemianopsia can be broken down as follows:
- Homonymous: same
- hemi: half of the visual field
- anopsia: blindness
Human Tissue Authority
The Human Tissue Authority is a UK Non-Departmental Public Body created by the Human Tissue Act 2004. It exists to regulate the removal, storage, use and disposal of human bodies, organs and tissue for a number of scheduled purposes such as research, transplantation, and education and training.
It came into being on April 1, 2005 and its statutory functions began on April 1, 2006. As of 2006, the authority was chaired by Baroness Hayman and since December 2006 has been chaired by Shirley Harrison.
Its objectives are to:
It also acts as the UK competent authority under the EU Tissue and Cells Directive.

# The Human Tissue Act
The Human Tissue Act 2004 repeals and replaces the Human Tissue Act 1961, the Anatomy Act 1984 and the Human Organ Transplants Act 1989 as they relate to England and Wales, and the corresponding Orders in Northern Ireland. The Unrelated Transplant Regulatory Authority (ULTRA) and the post of HM Inspector of Anatomy will be abolished and their functions transferred to the Authority.
The Act makes consent the fundamental principle underpinning the lawful storage and use of body parts, organs and tissue from the living or the deceased for specified health-related purposes and public display. It also covers the removal of such material from the deceased. It lists the purposes for which consent is required (the scheduled purposes).

# Code of Conduct, and Jurisdiction
According to the Human Tissue Act, the HTA and its authority are governed by a code of conduct for the handling of human tissue, and the bodies of the deceased, but does not give the HTA authority over exhumed remains from archaeological sites.
"The Human Tissue Act (HT Act) 2004 established the Human Tissue Authority (HTA) as the regulatory body in England, Wales and Northern Ireland for all matters concerning the removal, retention, use and disposal of human tissue (excluding gametes and embryos) for specified purposes. This includes responsibility for licensing the public display of whole bodies, body parts and human tissue from the deceased (if they died after 1 September 1906)." 
The Act governs England, Wales and Northern Ireland. There is separate legislation in Scotland, the Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006 and the Authority will perform certain tasks on behalf of the Scottish Executive (approval of living donation and licensing of establishments storing tissue for human application).

# The Authority
The Authority consists of a Chair and fourteen members who have been appointed by the Secretary of State for Health. They come from a variety of medical, scientific, legal, administrative and political backgrounds.
The Chair and six of the members are lay (i.e. without a professional interest in the area of human tissue). The remaining eight members are professionals drawn from some of the groups most directly affected by the Act. The Welsh Assembly and the Northern Ireland Office has each nominated one member.
- Ms Shirley Harrison (Chair)
- Professor James Ironside (Deputy Chair)
- Mr Adrian McNeil (Chief Executive)
You can read the biographies for each Authority member on the official website
Hydrocephalus overview

# Overview
Hydrocephalus is a term derived from the Greek words "hydro" meaning water, and "cephalus" meaning head, and this condition is sometimes known as "water on the brain".  People with this condition have abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles, or cavities, of the brain.  This may cause increased intracranial pressure inside the skull and progressive enlargement of the head, convulsion, and mental disability.

# Pathophysiology
Hydrocephalus mostly results due to CSF flow obstruction, hindering the free passage of cerebrospinal fluid through the ventricular system and it can also be caused by overproduction of cerebrospinal fluid (relative obstruction).

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Hydrocephalus affects one in every 500 live births, making it one of the most common birth defects, more common than Down syndrome or deafness. There are an estimated 700,000 children and adults living with hydrocephalus, and it is the leading cause of brain surgery for children in the United States.

# Risk Factors
Premature babies are often at higher risk.

# Causes
Hydrocephalus is caused by impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow, impaired CSF reabsorption, or excessive CSF production. Brain hemorrhage associated with premature birth is a common cause.

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Hydrocephalic children are at increased risk of various developmental disabilities such as learning disabilities, visual problems and problems with coordination.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
Symtoms of hydrocephalus are mainly due to increased intracranial pressure and depend on age, severity and cause.

## Physical Examination
Physical examination shows progressive enlargement of head in infants.  Depending upon the rate of development duration of hydrocephalus, signs of increased intracranial pressure may be seen.

## Laboratory Studies
CT and MRI are used to evaluate ventricular size.  MRI affords better imaging of the posterior fossa so can be used to evaluate posterior fossa lesion.

# Treatment
- Acetazolamide and furosemide may provide temporary relief but long term results are disappointing.
- Surgery is the preferred treatment of hydrocephalus.  Various shunt surgeries are done to bypass the cerebrospinal fluid flow obstruction and drain the excess fluid into other body cavities.
Tolypocladium inflatum
Tolypocladium inflatum is a fungus isolated from Norwegian soil that, in certain conditions, produces Ciclosporin (Cyclosporine).
The fungus from which ciclosporin was first isolated was originally misidentified as Trichoderma polysporum .  Gams later showed that the fungus belonged in a new genus of molds, Tolypocladium, and he coined the name Tolypocladium inflatum for the ciclosporin fungus . In 1983, Bissett found that T. inflatum was the same as Pachybasium niveum, and since the latter older name has priority under the rules of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, Bissett made the combination Tolypocladium niveum . However, because of the economic importance of the fungus in the pharmaceutical industry, the name T. inflatum was later formally conserved to avoid confusion, so today the correct name of the mold that produces ciclosporin is Tolypocladium inflatum.
In 1996 Kathie Hodge and colleagues determined that the mold T. inflatum is the asexual state of Cordyceps subsessilis.  Whereas the sexual C. subsessilis state is a pathogen of beetles, the asexual T. inflatum state is widely distributed in soils.
Hypothalamic hamartoma

# Overview
Hypothalamic hamartoma (abbreviated as HH) is a congenital condition consisting of a mass of disorganized neuronal or glial tissue on or near the hypothalamus. HH is generally not detected on CT scans, and on MRI it is isointense to gray matter. The size of HHs varies from less than 1 cm to more than 3 cm. It is estimated that HH occurs in about one out of a million or two million individuals. These lesions can be pedunculated or sessile, a distinction that carries with it some differences in presenting symptoms.
The classic HH presenting syndrome is that of gelastic, or laughing, epilepsy, often mixed with other kinds of seizures; precocious puberty; and behavioral disorders. The seizures often begin when the patient is very young, although studies have shown that the onset of epilepsy can occur in adulthood. In HH, the seizures are now known to originate in the hamartoma itself, and the lesion is considered to be intrinsically epileptogenic. In the past, these seizures have been localized to other parts of the brain, including the temporal lobe, and sometimes resections of other brain tissue have been carried out, to poor results. Current thinking is that as the hamartoma generates constant seizures in one part of the brain, the neocortex learns to generate seizures on its own, leading to many different kinds of seizures. These seizures can have an antagonistic relationship with the characteristic behavioral disorders, which include aggressive behavior, also known as hypothalamic rage. Cognitive decline is often present, as manifested by poor school performance and socialization.
HH may be associated with Pallister-Hall syndrome, which is a syndrome consisting of multiple malformations, including polydactyly and imperforate anus. HH in Pallister-Hall syndrome causes less severe neurological symptoms than isolated cases of HH. Patients with isolated hamartomas often find that standard anticonvulsant treatments do not stop their seizures, leading many patients to consider surgery.
Classically, surgical resection of HH has produced poor results, with no or little reduction in seizures or behavioral disorders, and some patients have developed panhypopituitarism, which can be fatal if untreated. More recently, surgical centers such as the Barrow Neurological Institute have begun treating patients with HH, and new surgical techniques, such as the endoscopic or transcallosal approaches, have produced much better results. When these surgical techniques are used, there is often a reduction of seizure activity and behavior problems, and fewer hormonal side effects. Surgery to remove the hamartoma can also help reverse precocious puberty and the cognitive problems that affect many of the children with this disorder.
Interleukin-6 receptor
Interleukin 6 receptor (IL6R) also known as CD126 (Cluster of Differentiation 126) is a type I cytokine receptor.

# Function
Interleukin 6 (IL6) is a potent pleiotropic cytokine that regulates cell growth and differentiation and plays an important role in immune response. Dysregulated production of IL6 and this receptor are implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as multiple myeloma, autoimmune diseases and prostate cancer.
In melanocytes IL6R gene expression may be regulated by MITF.

# Structure
The IL6 receptor is a protein complex consisting of an IL-6 receptor subunit (IL6R) and interleukin 6 signal transducer Glycoprotein 130. IL6R also denotes the human gene encoding this subunit. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported. IL6R subunit is also shared by many other cytokines.

# Interactions
Interleukin-6 receptor has been shown to interact with Interleukin 6 and Ciliary neurotrophic factor.
IMPROVE VTE risk score

# Overview
The IMPROVE score for venous thromboembolism assesses the risk of VTE among hospitalized medical patients.

# IMPROVE VTE Risk Score
The IMPROVE risk score for venous thromboembolism assesses the risk of VTE among hospitalized medical patients.

# IMPROVE VTE Risk Score Calculator
Shown below is the calculator for IMPROVE VTE risk score (check all the boxes that apply):
function calcScore(){
var score = 0;
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 3;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 2;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 2;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 2;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
document.forms.value = score;
if(score == 0){document.forms.value = "Predicted VTE risk through 3 months is 0.4%";}
if(score == 1){document.forms.value = "Predicted VTE risk through 3 months is 0.6%";}
if(score == 2){document.forms.value = "Predicted VTE risk through 3 months is 1%";}
if(score == 3){document.forms.value = "Predicted VTE risk through 3 months is 1.7%";}
if(score == 4){document.forms.value = "Predicted VTE risk through 3 months is 2.9%";}
if(score >= 5){document.forms.value = "Predicted VTE risk through 3 months is 7.2%";}

# Interpretation
The interpretation of the score is as follows:
- Score = 0: Predicted VTE risk through 3 months is 0.4%
- Score = 1: Predicted VTE risk through 3 months is 0.6%
- Score = 2: Predicted VTE risk through 3 months is 1%
- Score = 3: Predicted VTE risk through 3 months is 1.7%
- Score = 4: Predicted VTE risk through 3 months is 2.9%
- Score  5: Predicted VTE risk through 3 months is 7.2%
Idioventricular rhythm
Synonyms and keywords: IVR

# Overview
Normally, the SA node is responsible for triggering each heart beat that results in ventricular contraction.  However, if the ventricle does not receive triggering signals at a rate high enough, the ventricular myocardium itself becomes the pacemaker or produces escape beats.  This is called idioventricular rhythm.

# Pathophysiology
- Idioventricular rhythm originates in the ventricular area and the depolarization wave spreads either partially through the electrical conduction system or completely via direct cell-to-cell transmission.
- Idioventricular rhythm can occur as any of the following mechanisms :
an escape rhythm
an increased automaticity of a single ventricular ectopic pacemaker.  This increased automaticity may lead to rates that are faster than the intrinsic rate of the upper pacemakers.
- an escape rhythm
- an increased automaticity of a single ventricular ectopic pacemaker.  This increased automaticity may lead to rates that are faster than the intrinsic rate of the upper pacemakers.
- The intrinsic rate in idioventricular rhythm is most commonly between 30 and 50 BPM, but the rhythm can be anywhere from 20 to 50 BPM.
- The idioventricular complexes will have the morphological characteristics of the ventricular escape complex, two ventricular escape complexes, two ventricular escape complexes with associated AV dissociation or ectopic ventricular complexes.

# Causes

## Life Threatening Causes
Idioventricular rhythm is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the causes.  Life-threatening conditions  can result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

# Common Causes
- Acute rheumatic fever
- Amiodarone
- Beta-blockers
- Calcium channel blockers
- Cardiomyopathy
- Congestive heart failure
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Digoxin
- Hyperkalemia
- Hypermagnesemia
- Hypertensive heart disease
- Hypothermia
- NSTEMI
- Organophosphate poisoning
- Severe brain injury

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order

# Differentiating Idioventricular Rhythm from other Diseases
Below is a table to illustrate some of the similarities and disparities between different ventricular arrhythmias.
Pure autonomic failure
Synonyms and keywords: Bradbury-Eggleston syndrome; idiopathic orthostatic hypotension; idiopathic hypotension

# Overview
Pure autonomic failure is a form of dysautonomia

# Classification
It is one of three diseases classified as primary autonomic failure.

# Pathophysiology
The pathology of pure autonomic failure is not yet completely understood. However, a loss of cells in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord has been documented, as has a loss of catecholamine uptake and catecholamine fluorescence in sympathetic postganglionic neurons. In general, levels of catecholamines in these patients are very low while lying down, and do not increase much upon standing.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
First occurs in middle age or later in life; men are affected more often than women.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
A degenerative disease of the peripheral nervous system, symptoms include:

### Common
- Dizziness
- Fainting or syncope (caused by orthostatic hypotension)
- Neck pain
- Visual disturbances

### Less Common
Chest pain, fatigue and sexual dysfunction are less common symptoms that may also occur. Symptoms are worst when standing; sometimes one may relieve symptoms by laying down.

# Treatment
Pharmacological methods of treatment include fludrocortisone, midodrine, somatostatin, erythropoietin, and other vasopressor agents. However, often a patient with pure autonomic failure can mitigate his or her symptoms with far less costly means. Compressing the legs and lower body, through crossing the legs, squatting, or the use of compression stockings can help. Also, ingesting more water than usual can increase blood pressure and relieve some symptoms.

# Reference
Image description page
The description page consists of four parts:
- in the case of an image: the image itself
- description of the image/sound
- "Image history"
- "image links" or "File links"
For an image on Commons, subsequently the following is shown on the local image page:
- the image
- the message
- the local editable content
- the editable content on Commons, including content transcluded from other pages on Commons; sections are not numbered and not in the TOC
- the local pages that use the image
The description part has also an edit history; it is labelled, somewhat confusingly, Image:xxx Revision history. It should not be confused with the Image history.
What follows refers to the description part, and is in particular about images.

# Useful things to include on an image description page
In the description part of the page you can put text. Initially the description part automatically contains the upload summary supplied by the user when uploading the first version (this text also shows up in the Image history section at the first upload line).

## Description of the image
Eg: "Image of a goldfish in a small tank". This should not be an alternative text, but rather a description. This is useful for users who do not have direct access to the image, and is a temporary substitute for a proper longdesc tag.
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