Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Signal-regulatory protein alpha
Signal regulatory protein  (SIRP) is a regulatory membrane glycoprotein from SIRP family expressed mainly by myeloid cells and also by stem cells or neurons.
SIRP acts as inhibitory receptor and interacts with a broadly expressed transmembrane protein CD47 also called the "don t eat me" signal. This interaction negatively controls effector function of innate immune cells such as host cell phagocytosis. SIRP diffuses laterally on the macrophage membrane and accumulates at a phagocytic synapse to bind CD47 and signal 'self', which inhibits the cytoskeleton-intensive process of phagocytosis by the macrophage. This is analogous to the self signals provided by MHC class I molecules to NK cells via Ig-like or Ly49 receptors. NB. Protein shown to the right is CD47 not SIRP .

# Structure
The cytoplasmic region of SIRP is highly conserved between rats, mice and humans. Cytoplasmic region contains a number of tyrosine residues, which likely act as ITIMs.  Upon CD47 ligation, SIRP is phosphorylated and recruits phosphatases like SHP1 and SHP2. The extracellular region contains three Immunoglobulin superfamily domains  single V-set and two C1-set IgSF domains. SIRP  and  have the similar extracellular structure but different cytoplasmic regions giving contrasting types of signals. SIRP  polymorphisms are found in ligand-binding IgSF V-set domain but it does not affect ligand binding. One idea is that the polymorphism is important to protect the receptor of pathogens binding.

# Ligands
SIRP recognizes CD47, an anti-phagocytic signal that distinguishes live cells from dying cells. CD47 has a single Ig-like extracellular domain and five membrane spanning regions.  The interaction between SIRP and CD47 can be modified by endocytosis or cleavage of the receptor, or interaction with surfactant proteins. Surfactant protein A and D are soluble ligands, highly expressed in the lungs, that bind to the same region of SIRP as CD47 and can therefore competitively block binding.

# Signalization
The extracellular domain of SIRP  binds to CD47 and transmits intracellular signals through its cytoplasmic domain. CD47-binding is mediated through the NH2-terminal V-like domain of SIRP . The cytoplasmic region contains four ITIMs that become phosphorylated after binding of ligand. The phosphorylation mediates activation of tyrosine kinase SHP2. SIRP  has been shown to bind also phosphatase SHP1, adaptor protein SCAP2 and FYN-binding protein. Recruitment of SHP phosphatases to the membrane leads to the inhibition of myosin accumulation at the cell surface and results in the inhibition of phagocytosis.

# Cancer
Cancer cells highly expressed CD47 that activate SIRP  and inhibit macrophage-mediated destruction. In one study, they engineered high-affinity variants of SIRP  that antagonized CD47 on cancer cells and caused increase phagocytosis of cancer cells. Another study (in mice) found anti-SIRP antibodies helped macrophages to reduce cancer growth and metastasis, alone and in synergy with other cancer treatments.
Silver sulfadiazine description

# Descrpition
Silver Sulfadiazine Cream is a topical antibacterial preparation which has its active antimicrobial ingredient silver sulfadiazine. The active moiety is contained within an opaque, white, water miscible cream base.
Each 1000 grams of Silver Sulfadiazine Cream contains 10 grams of silver sulfadiazine.
Inactive Ingrediants: cetyl alcohol, isopropyl myristate, polyoxyl 40 stearate, propylene glycol, purified water, stearyl alcohol, sodium hydroxide, sorbitan monooleate, white petrolatum; with 0.3% methyl paraben, as a preservative.
Silver sulfadiazine has an emprical formula of C10H9AgN4O2S, molecular weight of 357.14 and structural formula as shown:
Sister Frances Dominica Ritchie
Sister Frances Dominica Ritchie, FRC is a British nurse, specializing in palliative care.

# Early life
Though religion was a large part of her upbringing in Edinburgh, where her grandfather was an elder of the Church of Scotland, from the age of three she wanted to be a nurse..
As a child she nursed her brother, David Ritchie, who was five-and-a-half years younger than her and was born with one lung. She had to go and visit her brother at Great Ormond Street lots of times. She went on to attend the Cheltenham Ladies' College.

# Helen House Hospice
She chose palliative care "because of an encounter with two-year-old Helen, who had surgery for a cerebral tumour and was cared for at home in a comatose state". Sister Frances took the little girl into her own home from time to time to give her parents a break from caring. From this she went on to found Helen House in Oxford, the worlds first hospice for children, where she is still a trustee.
In January 2007, the documentary series, The Children of Helen House, began airing on BBC2.

# Douglas House
She went on to found Douglas House, a "respice" for people between 16 and 40 with life-shortening conditions, which was opened by HM The Queen in 2004 and which is built in the same grounds as Helen House. Both houses offer respite care, accompanied by members of the family if they so choose, end-of-life care, and family support from the time of referral for as many years after the death of the young person as the family may wish.

# Trivia
She was a guest on the BBC radio 4 programme Desert Island Discs.

# Links
- Timesonline.co.uk
Small Cajal body specific RNA 6
Small Cajal body specific RNA 6 (also known as SCARNA6  or U88) is a small nucleolar RNA found in Cajal bodies and believed to be involved in the pseudouridylation (isomerisation of uridine to pseudouridine) of U5 spliceosomal RNA.
scaRNAs are a specific class of small nucleolar RNAs that localise to the Cajal bodies and guide the modification of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12
U88 is found associated with both fibrillarin and Gar1p and co-localises with coilin in Cajal bodies . It is an unusual guide RNA in that it its composed of both H/ACA box and a C/D box conserved domains domains. Its is predicted to guide 2'-O-methylation of residue U41 of the U5 snRNA .
U88 is also closely related to other human snoRNAs scaRNA U87 and a mouse homologue MBI-46 described in . In the human genome both U88 and U87 scaRNAs share the same host gene .
Small Cajal body specific RNA 8
Small Cajal body specific RNA 8 (also known as SCARNA8  or U92) is a small nucleolar RNA found in Cajal bodies and believed to be involved in the pseudouridylation (isomerisation of uridine to pseudouridine) of U2 spliceosomal RNA.
scaRNAs are a specific class of small nucleolar RNAs that localise to the Cajal bodies and guide the modification of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12
U92 belong to the H/ACA box class of guide RNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 . Its is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of residues U44 in U2 snRNA . This snoRNA is related to the mouse H/ACA box snoRNA MBI-57.
Solitary pulmonary nodule x ray

# Overview
On conventional radiography, characteristic findings of solitary pulmonary nodule include well-defined, small, and rounded opacities within the pulmonary interstitium, usually 8 mm in diameter and normally surrounded by normal aerated lung.

# X Ray
- Conventional chest x-ray may be helpful in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodule.
- The majority of pulmonary nodules require further evaluation with CT scan and MRI.
- On conventional radiography, characteristic findings of pulmonary nodule include:
- Soft-tissue density mass
- Round or oval in shape
- Smooth margin
- Diameter of 8 mm and irregular margins
- Surrounded by areas of ground glass change

# Gallery
- Malignant pulmonary nodule: The patient is a 67 year old woman with a solitary pulmonary nodule on a recent chest x-ray. A retrospective review of prior chest x-rays suggests that this nodule is of recent origin. Images shown above are courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission  PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology
- Arteriovenous malformations: Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation consistent with the finding of pulmonary nodule is seen in this image. There is breathing artifact on several of the images and other tiny AVMs cannot be excluded. Images shown above are courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission  PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology
Soluble cell adhesion molecules
Soluble cell adhesion molecules (sCAMs) are a class of 
cell adhesion molecule (CAMs - cell surface binding proteins) that may represent important biomarkers for inflammatory processes involving activation or damage to cells such as platelets and the endothelium.
They include soluble forms of the cell adhesion molecules ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin and P-selectin (distinguished as sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin and sP-selectin). The cellular expression of CAMs is difficult to assess clinically, but these soluble forms are present in the circulation and may serve as markers for CAMs.
Research has focused on their role in cardiovascular (particularly atherosclerosis), connective tissue and neoplastic diseases, where blood plasma levels may be a marker of the disease severity or prognosis, and they may be useful in evaluating progress of some treatments.
Many studies have postulated that increased production of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) on the vascular endothelium (blood vessel lining) plays a role in the development of arterial plaque, with the suggestion from both in vitro and in vivo studies that the CAM production is increased by dyslipidemia (abnormal lipid levels in the blood).

# Reference links
-  Abe Y, El-Masri B, Kimball KT, Pownall H, Reilly CF, Osmundsen K, Smith CW, Ballantyne CM. Soluble cell adhesion molecules in hypertriglyceridemia and potential significance on monocyte adhesion.  Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998 May;18(5):723-31.
-  Inflammation, Cell Adhesion Molecules, and Stroke: Tools in Pathophysiology and Epidemiology?, Andrew D. Blann, Paul M. Ridker, Gregory Y.H. Lip, Stroke, 2002;33:2141
-  Hackman A, Abe Y, Insull W Jr, Pownall H, Smith L, Dunn K, Gotto AM Jr, Ballantyne CM. Levels of soluble cell adhesion molecules in patients with dyslipidemia. Circulation. 1996 Apr 1;93(7):1334-8.
Specific developmental disorder

# Overview
Specific developmental disorders categorizes specific learning disabilities and developmental disorders affecting coordination.

# ICD-10 taxonomy
The tenth revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) has four categories of specific developmental disorder: specific developmental disorders of speech and language, specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills, specific developmental disorder of motor function, and mixed specific developmental disorder.

## Specific developmental disorders of speech and language
- Specific speech articulation disorder (F80.0)
- Expressive language disorder (F80.1)
- Receptive language disorder (F80.2)
- Acquired aphasia with epilepsy Landau-Kleffner syndrome (F80.3)
- Other developmental disorders of speech and language (F80.8)
Lisping
- Lisping
- Developmental disorder of speech and language, unspecified (F80.9)

## Specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills (SDDSS)
- Specific reading disorder (F81.0)
- Specific spelling disorder (F81.1)
- Specific disorder of arithmetical skills (F81.2)
- Mixed disorder of scholastic skills (F81.3)
- Other disorders of scholastic skills (F81.8)
- Developmental disorder of scholastic skills, unspecified (F81.9)

## Specific developmental disorder of motor function
- Specific developmental disorder of motor function (F82)

## Mixed specific developmental disorder
- Mixed specific developmental disorder (F83)

# DSM-IV-TR taxonomy
The text revision of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) categorizes specific developmental disorders as communication disorders, learning disorders, and motor skills disorders. They are all "Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence," which also includes pervasive developmental disorders (i.e., the autistic spectrum), attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders, feeding and eating disorders, tic disorders, elimination disorders, and other disorders like selective mutism, separation anxiety disorder, and reactive attachment disorder.

## Learning Disorders
- Mathematics Disorder (315.1)
- Reading Disorder (315.0)
- Disorder of Written Expression (315.2)
- Learning Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (315.9)

## Motor Skills Disorders
- Developmental Coordination Disorder (315.4)

## Communication Disorders
- Expressive Language Disorder (315.31)
- Phonological Disorder(315.39)
- Mixed Receptive-Expressive Language Disorder (315.32)
- Stuttering (307.0)
- Communication Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (307.9)
Spectinomycin adverse reactions

# Adverse Reactions
The following reactions were observed during the single dose clinical trials: soreness at the injection site, urticaria, dizziness, nausea, chills, fever, and insomnia.
During multiple dose subchronic tolerance studies in normal human volunteers, the following were noted: a decrease in hemoglobin, hematocrit and creatinine clearance; elevation of alkaline phosphatase, BUN and SGPT. In single and multiple dose studies in normal volunteers, a reduction in urine output was noted. Extensive renal function studies demonstrated no consistent changes indicative of renal toxicity.
A few cases of anaphylaxis or anaphylactoid reactions have been reported. If serious allergic reactions occur, the usual agents (epinephrine, corticosteroids, and/or antihistamines) should be available for emergency use. In cases of severe anaphylaxis, airway support and oxygen may also be required.
Stavudine indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
ZERIT (stavudine), in combination with other antiretroviral agents, is indicated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection .

## Dosage and Administration
The interval between doses of ZERIT (stavudine) should be 12 hours. ZERIT may be taken with or without food.
Recommended Adult Dosage
The recommended adult dosage is based on body weight as follows:
For patients weighing less than 60 kg: 30 mg every 12 hours.
For patients weighing at least 60 kg: 40 mg every 12 hours.
Recommended Pediatric Dosage
For newborns from birth to 13 days old: 0.5 mg/kg given every 12 hours.
For pediatric patients at least 14 days old and weighing less than 30 kg: 1 mg/kg given every 12 hours.
For pediatric patients weighing at least 30 kg: use the recommended adult dosage.

# Dosage Adjustment

## Renal Impairment
'Adult Patients: ZERIT may be administered to adult patients with impaired renal function with an adjustment in dosage as shown in Table 1.
Pediatric Patients: Since urinary excretion is also a major route of elimination of stavudine in pediatric patients, the clearance of stavudine may be altered in children with renal impairment. There are insufficient data to recommend a specific dose adjustment of ZERIT in this patient population.

## Method of Preparation for Oral Solution
Prior to dispensing, the pharmacist must constitute the dry powder with purified water to a concentration of 1 mg stavudine per mL of solution, as follows:
Add 202 mL of purified water to the container.
Shake container vigorously until the powder dissolves completely. Constitution in this way produces 200 mL (deliverable volume) of 1 mg/mL stavudine solution. The solution may appear slightly hazy.
Dispense solution in original container with measuring cup provided. Instruct patient to shake the container vigorously prior to measuring each dose and to store the tightly closed container in a refrigerator, 2C to 8C (36F to 46F). Discard any unused portion after 30 days.

## Dosage Forms and Strengths
ZERIT 15 mg capsules with dark red cap and light yellow body, printed with black ink BMS 1964 on the cap and with black ink 15 on the body.
ZERIT 20 mg capsules with light brown cap and light brown body, printed with black ink BMS 1965 on the cap and with black ink 20 on the body.
ZERIT 30 mg capsules with dark orange cap and light orange body, printed with black ink BMS 1966 on the cap and with black ink 30 on the body.
ZERIT 40 mg capsules with dark orange cap and dark orange body, printed with black ink BMS 1967 on the cap and with black ink 40 on the body.
ZERIT for oral solution is a dye-free, fruit-flavored powder that provides 1 mg of stavudine per milliliter solution after constitution.
Substrate-level phosphorylation

# Overview
Substrate-level phosphorylation is a type of chemical reaction that results in the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the direct transfer of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from a reactive intermediate. In cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm (in glycolysis) under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Unlike oxidative phosphorylation, here the oxidation & phosphorylation is not coupled
In the pay-off phase of glycolysis, four ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation: two 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate are converted to 3-phosphoglycerate by transferring a phosphate group to ADP; two phosphoenolpyruvate are converted to pyruvate by the transfer of their phosphate groups to ADP.
In the citric acid cycle, one guanosine triphosphate (GTP) (which can donate a phosphate group to ADP or UDP, forming the respective triphosphates (a near equilibrium reaction catalyzed by nucleoside diphosphate kinase)) is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation (per cycle, with 2 cycles per glucose molecule) when succinyl-CoA synthetase converts succinyl-CoA to succinate.
Substrate-level phosphorylation is also seen in working skeletal muscles and the brain.  Phosphocreatine is stored as a readily available high-energy phosphate supply, and the enzyme creatine phosphokinase transfers a phosphate from phosphocreatine to ADP to produce ATP.  Then the ATP releases giving chemical energy.
An alternative way to create ATP is through oxidative phosphorylation, which takes place during the process of aerobic cellular respiration, in addition to the substrate-level phosphorylation that occurs during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. During oxidative phosphorylation NADH is oxidized to NAD+ yielding 2.5 ATPs, and FADH2 yields 1.5 ATPs when it is oxidized.
de:Substratkettenphosphorylierung
lt:Substratinis fosforilinimas
Sucrose gradient centrifugation

# Overview
Sucrose gradient centrifugation is a type of centrifugation often used to purify enveloped viruses (with densities 1.1-1.2 g/cm3) and ribosomes, and also to separate cell organelles from crude cellular extracts. This method is also used to purify exosomes.

# Equilibrium centrifugation
Typically, a sucrose density gradient is created by gently overlaying lower concentrations of sucrose on higher concentrations in a centrifuge tube. For example, a sucrose gradient may consist of layers extending from 70% sucrose to 20% sucrose in 10% increments (though this is highly variable depending on sample to be purified). The sample containing the particles of interest is placed on top of the gradient and centrifuged at forces in excess of 150,000 x g. The particles travel through the gradient until they reach the point in the gradient at which their density matches that of the surrounding sucrose. This fraction can then be removed and subjected to further analysis.
A similar technique is sucrose cushion centrifugation, in which a particle mixture is pelleted through a 20% sucrose layer, coming to rest at the interface with a 70% solution. This allows concentration of particles from a sample. Unlike standard centrifugation, which in effect crushes the particles against the bottom of the centrifuge tube, the sucrose cushion method causes no mechanical stress and allows the collection of morphologically intact particles.

# Non-equilibrium centrifugation
This is very similar to the equilibrium form, but the experiment is only run until a particular point. Then the sucrose is eluted from the bottom of the tube.
Superficial parotid lymph nodes
The superficial parotid lymph nodes are a group of lymph nodes anterior to the ear.
Their afferent vessels drain the root of the nose, the eyelids, the frontotemporal region, the external acoustic meatus and the tympanic cavity, possibly also the posterior parts of the palate and the floor of the nasal cavity.
The efferents of these glands pass to the superior deep cervical glands.
Toxic anterior segment syndrome
Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome (TASS) is an acute, sterile anterior segment inflammation following generally uneventful cataract and anterior segment surgery.
One of the main factors in differentiating TASS from an infectious endophthalmitis is the rapid onset. Most patients with TASS will develop symptoms within 12 to 24 hours of the surgery. Common findings on anterior segment slit lamp examination include increased cell and flare with associated fibrin and possible hypopyon formation. Patients may show signs of diffuse corneal edema, and they may also show signs of iris atrophy with pupillary abnormalities and eventual increased intraocular pressure.
It is important to differentiate sterile postoperative inflammation from infectious endophthalmitis as the evaluation and treatment of these patients are markedly different. Patients with TASS will often respond quite rapidly to treatment with intense topical corticosteroids. It is important that the patients be evaluated often to ensure that the inflammation is clearing and that the patients intraocular pressure is under control. The clearing of the inflammation and eventual patient outcome is related to the severity of the toxic insult at the time of surgery. Fortunately, most patients reported to date are in the category of a moderate toxic inflammation.
TASS may be related to problems with any irrigating solution or other solution placed in the patients eye during surgery including BSS or anything added to the BSS. Material placed in the eye during surgery such as anesthetics, OVDs, antibiotics, or other medications has been found to be related to TASS. Problems related to the cleaning and sterilization of instruments for cataract surgery have been found to be a common source of TASS.
Tamsulosin detailed information

# Overview
Tamsulosin (rINN) (Template:PronEng) is an 1a-selective alpha blocker used in the symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Tamsulosin was developed by Yamanouchi Pharmaceuticals (now part of Astellas Pharma) and is marketed by various companies under licence, including Boehringer-Ingelheim and CSL. As of 2006, tamsulosin hydrochloride extended-release tablets are marketed under the trade name Flomaxtra. It was formerly marketed as modified-release capsules under the trade name Flomax.

# Clinical use

# Adverse effects
Two ADRs (Adverse Drug Reactions) have been reported:
- Immunologic: It contains a sulfa moiety, thus causing typical reactions to sulfa drugs.
- Ophthalmologic: Patients taking tamsulosin are prone to a complication known as floppy iris syndrome during cataract surgery. Adverse outcomes of the surgery are greatly reduced by the surgeon's prior knowledge of the patient's history with this drug, and thus having the option of alternative techniques. 
Tamsulosin has also affected the sexual function in men. Tamsulosin can cause males to experience retrograde ejaculation.

# Clinical comparison
Although prostate specific, it does not have the prostate apoptotic effects of other alpha-blockers such as doxazosin and terazosin.