Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Logistic regression

# Overview
In statistics, logistic regression is a regression model for binomially distributed response/dependent variables. It is useful for modeling the probability of an event occurring as a function of other factors.   It is a generalized linear model that uses the logit as its link function.
Logistic regression is used extensively in the medical and social sciences.  Other names for logistic regression used in various other application areas include logistic model, logit model, and maximum-entropy classifier.
Logistic regression analyzes binomially distributed data of the form
where the numbers of Bernoulli trials ni are known and the probabilities of success pi are unknown. An example of this distribution is the fraction of seeds (pi) that germinate after ni are planted.
The model is then that for each trial (value of i) there is a set of explanatory/independent variables that might inform the final probability. These explanatory variables can be thought of as being in a k vector Xi and the model then takes the form
The logits of the unknown binomial probabilities (i.e., the logarithms of the odds) are modelled as a linear function of the Xi.
Note that a particular element of Xi can be set to 1 for all i to yield an intercept in the model.  The unknown parameters j are usually estimated by maximum likelihood.
The interpretation of the j parameter estimates is as the additive effect on the log odds ratio for a unit change in the jth explanatory variable.  In the case of a dichotomous explanatory variable, for instance gender, e^\beta is the estimate of the odds ratio of having the outcome for, say, males compared with females.
The model has an equivalent formulation as
This functional form is commonly identified as a single-layer "perceptron" or single-layer artificial neural network. A single-layer neural network computes a continuous output instead of a step function. The derivative of pi with respect to  X = x1...xk is computed from the general form:
where f(X) is an analytic function in X. With this choice, the single-layer network is identical to the logistic regression model. This function has a continuous derivative, which allows it to be used in backpropagation. This function is also preferred because its derivative is easily calculated:

# Extensions
Extensions of the model exist to cope with multi-category dependent variables and ordinal dependent variables, such as polytomous regression.  Multi-class classification by logistic regression is known as multinomial logit modeling. An extension of the logistic model to sets of interdependent variables is the conditional random field.

# Example
Let p(x) be the probability of success when the value of the predictor variable is x.  Then let
Algebraic manipulation shows that
where \frac{p(x)}{1-p(x)} is the odds in favor of success.
If we take a simple example, say p(50) = 2/3, then
So when x = 50, a success is twice as likely as a failure.  Or, it can be simply said that the odds are 2 to 1.
Long thoracic nerve
The long thoracic nerve (external respiratory nerve of Bell; posterior thoracic nerve) supplies the Serratus anterior.  This nerve characteristically arises by three roots from the fifth, sixth, and seventh cervical nerves (C5-C7) but the root from C7 may be absent. The roots from C5 and C6 pierce the Scalenus medius, while the C7 root passes in front of the muscle.
The nerve descends behind the brachial plexus and the axillary vessels, resting on the outer surface of the Serratus anterior. It extends along the side of the thorax to the lower border of that muscle, supplying filaments to each of its digitations.

# Damage
Due to its long, relatively superficial course, it is susceptible to injury either through direct trauma or stretch.  Injury has been reported in almost all sports, typically occurring from a blow to the ribs underneath an outstretched arm. Surgically the long thoracic nerve can also be damaged during surgery for breast cancer, specifically radical mastectomies that involve removal of axillary lymph nodes.
Injuries to the nerve can result from carrying heavy bags over the shoulder for a prolonged time. There are also reports of isolated damage to this nerve as a variant of Parsonage Turner Syndrome, an autoimmune disease.
Symptoms are often minimal  if symptomatic, a posterior shoulder or scapular burning type of pain may be reported.
A lesion of the nerve paralyses the serratus anterior to produce scapula winging, which is most prominent when the arm is lifted forward or when the patient pushes the outstretched arm against a wall. However, even winging may not be evident until the trapezius stretches enough to reveal an injury several weeks prior.

# Additional images
- The right brachial plexus (infraclavicular portion) in the axillary fossa; viewed from below and in front.
- Brachial plexus
Lopinavir ritonavir

# Overview
Lopinavir/ritonavir (INNs) is a fixed dose combination drug for the treatment of HIV infection. It combines lopinavir (not available as a single drug) with a sub-therapeutic dose of ritonavir (trade name Norvir) into a fixed-dose pill.
The combination is marketed by Abbott as Kaletra (high-income countries) and Aluvia (low-income countries), as a component of combination therapy to treat HIV/AIDS. The Kaletra formulation has also been used successfully as monotherapy in some studies.
As of 2006, lopinavir/ritonavir forms part of the preferred combination for first-line therapy recommended by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). It is available as capsules, tablets and oral solution.

# Category
Antiretroviral

# US Brand Names
KALETRA

# FDA Package Insert
Description

# Mechanism of Action
Lopinavir is an antiviral drug. As co-formulated in KALETRA, ritonavir inhibits the CYP3A-mediated metabolism of lopinavir, thereby providing increased plasma levels of lopinavir.
Lycopodium clavatum
Lycopodium clavatum (Stag's-horn Clubmoss or Ground Pine) is the most widespread species in the genus Lycopodium of the clubmoss family Lycopodiaceae.
It is a spore-bearing vascular plant, growing mainly prostrate along the ground with stems up to 1 m long; the stems are much branched, and densely clothed with small spirally-arranged leaves. The leaves are 3-5 mm long and 0.7-1 mm broad, tapered to a fine hair-like white point. The branches bearing spore cones turn erect, reaching 5-15 cm above ground, and have fewer leaves than the horizontal branches. The spore cones are yellow-green, 2-3 cm long and 5 mm broad. The horizontal stems produce roots at frequent intervals along their length, allowing the stem to grow indefinitely along the ground. The stems superficially resemble small seedlings of coniferous trees, though it is not related to these.
It has a subcosmopolitan distribution, with distinct subspecies and varieties in different parts of its range:
- Lycopodium clavatum subsp. clavatum
Lycopodium clavatum subsp. clavatum var. clavatum (Europe, Asia, North America)
Lycopodium clavatum subsp. clavatum var. aristatum (Mexico, Caribbean, Central America, northern South America south to northern Argentina)
Lycopodium clavatum subsp. clavatum var. asiaticum (Japan, northeast China)
Lycopodium clavatum subsp. clavatum var. borbonicum (central and southern Africa)
Lycopodium clavatum subsp. clavatum var. kiboanum (mountains of tropical Africa)
- Lycopodium clavatum subsp. clavatum var. clavatum (Europe, Asia, North America)
- Lycopodium clavatum subsp. clavatum var. aristatum (Mexico, Caribbean, Central America, northern South America south to northern Argentina)
- Lycopodium clavatum subsp. clavatum var. asiaticum (Japan, northeast China)
- Lycopodium clavatum subsp. clavatum var. borbonicum (central and southern Africa)
- Lycopodium clavatum subsp. clavatum var. kiboanum (mountains of tropical Africa)
- Lycopodium clavatum subsp. contiguum (southern Central America, northern South America; syn. Lycopodium contiguum)
Although globally widespread, like many clubmosses, it is confined to undisturbed sites, disappearing from farmed areas and sites with regular burning. As a result, it is endangered in many areas.
- L. clavatum ssp. clavatum var. clavatum, vegetative shoot
L. clavatum ssp. clavatum var. clavatum, vegetative shoot
- L. clavatum ssp. clavatum var. clavatum, with sporophyll
L. clavatum ssp. clavatum var. clavatum, with sporophyll
- L. clavatum with sporophylls
L. clavatum with sporophylls
Common clubmoss, Stagshorn clubmoss, Wolfpaw clubmoss, Foxtail clubmoss, Running clubmoss, Running ground-pine, Running pine, Running moss, and others.
The spores of this moss, "Lycopodium powder", are explosive if present in the air in high enough densities. They were used as flash powder in early photography.
Lymphocytic colitis

# Overview
Lymphocytic colitis, a subtype of microscopic colitis, is a rare condition characterized by chronic non-bloody watery diarrhea. The colonoscopy is normal but the mucosal biopsy reveals an accumulation of lymphocytes in the colonic epithelium and connective tissue (lamina propria). Collagenous colitis shares this feature but additionally shows a distinctive thickening of the subepithelial collagen table. The peak incidence of lymphocytic colitis is in persons over age 50; the disease affects women more than men.

# Causes
No definite etiology has been determined. Some reports have implicated long-term usage of NSAIDs, antidepressants, and other drugs; and overactive immune responses are also suspected.

# Differential Diagnosis of Lymphocytic colitis

# Treatment
Over-the-counter antidiarrheal drugs are effective for many people with lymphocytic colitis. Anti-inflammatory drugs, such as  salicylates may also help. Corticosteroids or Mesalazines may be prescribed for people who do not respond to other drug treatment. The long-term prognosis for this disease is not clear.
Small cleaved cells
Small cleaved cells are a distinctive type of cell that appears in certain types of lymphoma.
When used to uniquely identify a type of lymphoma, they are usually categorized as follicular (C82.0) or diffuse (C83.1) .
The "small cleaved cells" are usually centrocytes that express B-cell markers such as CD20.  The disease is strongly correlated with the genetic translocation t(14;18), which results in juxtaposition of the bcl-2 proto-oncogene with the heavy chain JH locus, and thus in overexpression of bcl-2.  Bcl-2 is a well known anti-apoptotic gene, and thus its overexpression results in the "failure to die" motif of cancer seen in follicular lymphoma.
Follicular lymphoma must be carefully monitored, as it often progresses into a more aggressive "Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma."
Sentinel lymph node

# Overview
The sentinel lymph node is the hypothetical first lymph node or group of nodes reached by metastasizing cancer cells from a tumor.

# Physiology
The spread of some forms of cancer usually follows an orderly progression, spreading first to regional lymph nodes, then the next echelon of lymph nodes, and so on, since the flow of lymph is unidirectional.

# Uses
The concept of the sentinel lymph node is important because of the advent of the sentinel lymph node biopsy technique, also known as a sentinel node procedure.  This technique is used in the staging of certain types of cancer to see if they have spread to any lymph nodes, since lymph node metastasis is one of the most important prognostic signs.
To perform a sentinel lymph node biopsy, the physician performs a lymphoscintigraphy, wherein he first injects blue dye and a harmless radioactive substance near the tumor.  This is usually done several hours before the actual biopsy.  Then, during the biopsy, the physician visually inspects the lymph nodes for staining and uses a Geiger counter to assess which lymph nodes have taken up the radionuclide.  One or several nodes may take up the dye and radioactive tracer, and these nodes are designated the sentinel lymph nodes.  The physician then removes these lymph nodes and sends them to a pathologist for rapid examination under a microscope to look for the presence of cancer. A frozen section procedure is commonly employed (which lasts 20-30 minutes), so if neoplasia is detected in the lymph node a further lymph node dissection may be performed. With malignant melanoma, many pathologists eschew frozen sections for more accurate "permanent" specimen preparation due to the increased instances of false-negative with melanocytic staining.
There are various advantages to the sentinel node procedure. First and foremost, it decreases unnecessary lymph node dissections where this is not necessary, thereby reducing the risk of lymphedema, a common complication of this procedure. Increased attention on the node(s) identified to most likely contain metastasis is also more likely to detect micro-metastasis and result in staging and treatment changes. The main uses are in breast cancer and malignant melanoma surgery, although it has been used in other tumor types (colon cancer) with a degree of success (Tanis et al 2001a).
The sentinel node procedure in breast cancer was pioneered by surgical oncologist, Armando Giuliano, MD at the John Wayne Cancer Institute in the 1990s, and confirmative trials followed soon after (Tanis et al 2001b).
Magnesium gluconate

# Overview
Magnesium gluconate is a compound with formula MgC12H22O14. It is the magnesium salt of gluconic acid.
According to scientific research, Magnesium gluconate shows the highest level of bioavailability of any magnesium salt and is recommended as the optimal salt for human supplementation although of the 10 salts studied, all increased Magnesium levels significantly.
It has E number "E580".

# Use in Medicine
There are data on the pharmacological properties of magnesium gluconate. Gluconic acid is the initial substrate for the reactions of pentose phosphate path of oxidation of glucose, so it was suggested that it may affect the energy metabolism of mitochondria. In Ukraine, magnesium gluconate, together with potassium gluconate in the drug Rhythmocor is used to treat heart disease. Pilot studies have shown efficacy in various cardiac arrhythmia. Whether these effects are from the influence of gluconic acid on the metabolism of the heart or from the influence of magnesium and potassium on osmotic pressure is unknown.
Magnetocardiography
Magnetocardiography (MCG) is a technique to measure the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the heart using extremely sensitive devices such as the Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUIDs). If the magnetic field is measured using a multichannel device, a map of the magnetic field is obtained over the chest; from such a map, using mathematical algorithms that take into account the conductivity structure of the torso, it is possible to locate the source of the activity. For example, sources of abnormal rhythms or arrhythmia, may be located using MCG.
The first MCG measurements were made by Baule and McFee using two large coils placed over the chest, connected in opposition to cancel out the relatively large magnetic background. Heart signals were indeed seen, but were very noisy. The next deveopment was by David Cohen, who used a magnetically-shielded room to reduce the background, and a smaller coil with better electronics; the heart signals were now less noisy, allowing a magnetic map to be made, verifying the magnetic properties and source of the signal. However, the use of an inherently noisy coil detector discouraged widespread interest in the MCG. The turning point came with the development of the sensitive detector called the SQUID (superconducting quantum interference device) by James Zimmerman. The combination of this detector and Cohen's new shielded room at MIT allowed the MCG signal to be seen as clearly as the conventional electrocardiogram, and the publication of this result marked the real beginning of magnetocardiography (as well as Biomagnetism generally).
Magnetocardiography is now used in various laboratories and clinics around the world, both for research on the normal human heart, and for clinical diagnosis.
Major basic protein
Eosinophil Major basic protein, often shortened to Major basic protein (MBP) (also called Proteoglycan 2(PRG2)) in humans is encoded by the PRG2 gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is the predominant constituent of the crystalline core of the eosinophil granule. High levels of the proform of this protein are also present in placenta and pregnancy serum, where it exists as a complex with several other proteins including pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPPA), angiotensinogen (AGT), and C3dg. This protein may be involved in antiparasitic defense mechanisms as a cytotoxin and helminthotoxin, and in immune hypersensitivity reactions. It is directly implicated in epithelial cell damage, exfoliation, and bronchospasm in allergic diseases.
PRG2 is a 117-residue protein that predominates in eosinophil granules.  It is a potent enzyme against helminths and is toxic towards bacteria and mammalian cells in vitro. The eosinophil major basic protein also causes the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils, and activates neutrophils and alveolar macrophages.

# Structure
Structurally the major basic protein (MBP) is similar to lectins (sugar-binding proteins), and has a fold similar to that seen in C-type lectins. However, unlike other C-type lectins (those that bind various carbohydrates in the presence of calcium), MBP does not bind either calcium or any of the other carbohydrates that this family recognize.
Instead, MBP recognises heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Two crystallographic structures of MBP have been determined.

# Interactions
Major basic protein has been shown to interact with Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A.
Major vault protein
Major vault protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MVP gene. 78 copies of the protein assemble into the large compartments called vaults, illustrated and discussed in the article on Vault (organelle).

# Function
This gene encodes the major vault protein which is a lung infection resistance-related protein. Vaults are multi-subunit structures that may be involved in nucleo-cytoplasmic transport. This protein mediates drug resistance, perhaps via a transport process. It is widely distributed in normal tissues, and overexpressed in multidrug-resistant cancer cells. The protein overexpression is a potentially useful marker of clinical drug resistance. This gene produces two transcripts by using two alternative exon 2 sequences; however, the open reading frames are the same in both transcripts.

# Interactions
Major vault protein has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha, PTEN and PARP4.
Marginal likelihood
In Bayesian probability theory, a marginal likelihood function is a likelihood function integrated over some variables, typically model parameters. Integrated likelihood is a synonym for marginal likelihood. Evidence is also sometimes used as a synonym, but this usage is somewhat idiosyncratic. "Marginal likelihood" is the most commonly-used of these three terms.
For any likelihood function of two or more variables, marginal likelihoods with respect to any subset of the variables can be defined. Let a denote the subset of variables marginalized (i.e., integrated). Let b denote the other variables. Let x denote observed data. Given the likelihood function p(x|a, b), the marginal likelihood of b is
where p(a|b) is the distribution of a conditional on b. The marginal likelihood of a is computed in an analogous way, by exchanging the roles of a and b.
In a widely-used application, the marginalized variables are parameters for a particular type of model, and the remaining variable is the identity of the model itself. In this case, the marginalized likelihood is the probability of the data given the model type, not assuming any particular model parameters. Writing  for the model parameters, the marginal likelihood for the model M is
This quantity is important because the posterior odds ratio for a model M1 against another model M2 involves a ratio of marginal likelihoods, the so-called Bayes factor:
which can be stated schematically as
The Bayes factor is an object of central importance in Bayesian model comparison.
Unfortunately, marginal likelihoods are generally difficult to compute. Exact solutions are known for a small class of distributions. In general, some kind of numerical integration method is needed, either a general method such as Gaussian integration or a Monte Carlo method, or a method specialized to statistical problems such as the Laplace approximation or Gibbs sampling.
May Hegglin anomaly
May Hegglin's anomaly, as it is also known, is a rare genetic disorder of the blood platelets that causes them to be abnormally large. Also, this anomaly causes abnormalities in the white blood cells known as leukocytes.

# Presentation
In the leukocytes, the presence of very small rods (around 3 micrometers), or Dohle bodies can be seen in the cytoplasm.

# Treatment
In many cases, May Hegglin's requires no treatment. However, in extreme cases, blood platelet transfusions may be necessary

# Causes
An association with MYH9 has been described.
Methylphenobarbital

# Overview
Methylphenobarbital, also known as mephobarbital, (marketed in the US under the brand name Mebaral by Ovation) is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative.
Methylphenobarbital is used as a sedative, anxiolytic and anticonvulsant. It is the N-methylated analogue of phenobarbital, and has similar indications, therapeutic value, and tolerability.

# Approval History
- 1935 Mebaral was introduced by Winthrop Pharmaceuticals.
- 2001 Methylphenobarbital discontinued in the UK.
- 2003 Mebaral acquired by Ovation Pharmaceuticals (specialty pharmaceutical company who acquire underpromoted branded pharmaceutical products).

# Overdose symptoms
Symptoms of overdose of metharbital include confusion, decrease in or loss of reflexes, somnolence, pyrexia, irritability, hypothermia, poor judgment, shortness of breath or slow/troubled breathing, slow heartbeat, slurred speech, staggering, trouble in sleeping, unusual movements of the eyes, weakness