Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Eicosapentaenoic acid
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA or icosapent or icosapentaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid.  In physiological literature, it is given the name 20:5(n-3).  It also has the trivial name timnodonic acid.  In chemical structure, EPA is a carboxylic acid with a 20-carbon chain and five cis double bonds; the first double bond is located at the third carbon from the omega end.
EPA is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that acts as a precursor for prostaglandin-3 (which inhibits platelet aggregation), thromboxane-3, and leukotriene-5 groups (all eicosanoids).

# Sources
It is obtained in the human diet by eating oily fish or  fish oilcod liver, herring, mackerel, salmon, menhaden and sardine. It is also found in human breast milk.
It is available from some non-animal sourcesspirulina and microalgae.  Microalgae are being deveolped as a commercial source.  EPA is not usually found in higher plants, but it has been reported in trace amounts in purslane.

# Clinical significance
The US National Institute of Health's MedlinePlus lists a large number of conditions in which EPA (alone or in concert with other -3 sources) is known or thought to be effective. Most of these involve its ability to lower inflammation.
Eicosapentaenoic acid may reduce cardiac events.
Eicosapentaenoic acid is thought to possess beneficial potential in mental conditions, such as schizophrenia. 
Several studies report an additional reduction in scores on symptom scales used to assess the severity of symptoms, when additional EPA is taken.
EPA has inhibitory effect on  CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 hepatic enzymes. At high dose, it may also inhibit the activity of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, important enzymes involved in drug metabolism.
Electron spectrometer
In an Electron spectrometer, an incoming beam of electrons is bent with electric or magnetic fields. As higher energy electrons will be bent less by the beam, this produces a spatially distributed range of energies.
Electron spectrometers are used on a range of scientific equipment, including particle accelerators, transmission electron microscopes, and astronomical satellites.
An electrostatic electron spectrometer uses the electric field. Inspired by the bent path of the particles  round electrodes ares used. The effective potential in the solution of motion in a system with rotational symmetry leads to radial focusing onto a mean radius. By superposition of a quadrupole field axial focusing is possible while weakening the radial focusing, until the astigmatism vanishes. By breaking the rotational symmetry a bit and varying the electrostatic potential along the mean path of the spherical aberration is minimized. The spectrometer can use entrance and exit slits or use a small source, which only emits into specific angle and a small detector. Photoelectron spectra from single crystals exhibit a dependency on the emission angle, so that the entrance slit is needed. All the electrons from an isotopic source may be sucked off and focused into a directed beam (much like in an electron gun), which can then be analyzed. A position sensitive detector can detect the energy along one direction and depending on the additional optics lateral resolution or one angle along the other direction.
Electrostatic spectrometers preserve the spin, which can be resolved afterwards.
Electronystagmography

# Overview
Electronystagmography (ENG) is a diagnostic test to record involuntary movements of the eye caused by a condition known as nystagmus.  It can also be used to diagnose the cause of vertigo, dizziness or balance dysfunction by testing the vestibular system.

# Technique and Results
The test is performed by attaching electrodes around the eye and measuring the movements of the eye in relation to the ground electrode. The vestibular system monitors the position and movements of the head to stabilize retinal images. This information is integrated with the visual system and spinal afferents in the brain stem to produce the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). ENG provides an objective assessment of the oculomotor and vestibular systems. A newer standard for the recording is the use of infrared video systems which allow for a more detailed observation and analysis of these eye movements, called Video Nystagmography. A similar test is performed for testing vertigo by using caloric reflex test, which can be induced by air or water of specific temperatures, typically +/- 7 degrees Celsius from body temperature.
The standard ENG test battery consists of 3 parts:
- oculomotor evaluation
- positioning/positional testing
- caloric stimulation of the vestibular system
The comparison of results obtained from various subtests of ENG assists in determining whether a disorder is central or peripheral. In peripheral vestibular disorders, the side of lesion can be inferred from the results of caloric stimulation and, to some degree, from positional findings.
ENG or VNG can be used to record nystagmus during oculomotor tests such as saccades, pursuit and gaze testing, optokinetics and also calorics (bithermal or monothermal). Abnormal oculomotor test results may indicate either systemic or central pathology as opposed to peripheral (vestibular) pathology.
Optokinetics generally are used as a cross check on abnormal responses to oculomotor tests. Both of these tests use a "light bar" involving a moving light (usually red) which the patient will track with their eyes.
The caloric irrigation is the only vestibular test which allow the clinician to test the vestibular organs individually, however, it only tests one of the three semi circular canals - the horizontal canal.
While ENG is the most widely used clinical laboratory test to assess vestibular function, normal ENG test results do not necessarily mean that a patient has typical vestibular function. ENG abnormalities can be useful in the diagnosis and localization of site of lesion; however, many abnormalities are nonlocalizing; therefore, the clinical history and otologic examination of the patient are vital in formulating a diagnosis and treatment plan for a patient presenting with dizziness or vertigo.
Empathogen-entactogen
- REDIRECT Template:Nofootnotes
The terms empathogen and entactogen are different terms used to describe a class of psychoactive drugs that produce distinctive emotional and social effects similar to MDMA ("ecstasy"). Other members of this class are MDA, MDEA, MBDB, BDB and AET. When referring to MDMA and related analogs the term 'MDxx' is often used, the exception being MDPV which is purely a stimulant. Entactogens are often incorrectly referred to as hallucinogens or stimulants. The chemical structure of most entactogens contains a substituted amphetamine core.
The term "empathogen" was coined in 1983 by Ralph Metzner to denote chemical agents inducing feelings of empathy.
"Entactogen" was coined by David E. Nichols as an alternative to "empathogen", attempting to avoid the potential for improper association of the latter with negative concepts related to the Greek root "pathos" (sympathy); Nichols also thought the word was limiting, and did not cover other therapeutic uses for the drugs which go beyond instilling feelings of empathy.  The word "entactogen" is derived from the roots "en" (Greek: within), "tactus" (Latin: touch) and "gen" (Greek: produce).  Neither term is dominant in usage, and despite their difference in connotation are essentially interchangeable as they refer to precisely the same chemicals.
These drugs appear to produce a different spectrum of psychological effects from stimulants such as methamphetamine and amphetamine or from psychedelic drugs such as LSD or Psilocybin.  As implied by the category names, users of entactogens say the drugs often produce feelings of empathy, love, and emotional closeness to others.  However, there have been only very preliminary comparisons of these different drugs in humans in properly controlled laboratory studies.
If MDMA is taken as a representative entactogen, the pharmacological mechanisms of this class appear to resemble those of methamphetamine.  Extracellular dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine are all increased by both MDMA and methamphetamine.  However, MDMA tends to release greater amounts of serotonin proportionately compared to methamphetamine, which might account for its different effects.  It has also been noted anecdotally that the combination of IAP, a primarily serotonin releasing amphetamine, and amphetamine, a primarily norepinephrine and dopamine releasing amphetamine, is remarkably similar in psychopharmaceutical effect to MDA.  Entactogens other than MDMA have received relatively little scientific attention, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the mechanisms of entactogens in general.
Endothelial stem cell
Endothelial stem cells are multipotent stem cells.  They are one of the three types of stem cells to be found in bone marrow.
Endothelial stem cells' presence was demonstrated by Gerardo Rivera and Louis Gagne in 2005. Strong evidences for the presence of a heterogeneous population of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in the sanguine circulation and in the endothelial population suggested the existence of endothelial stem cells. EPCs participate not only in maintaining the integrity and function of vascular endothelium but also in forming new blood vessels and they might play an important role in maintenance and regeneration of every organ of living organisms. Endothelial tissue is a dynamic structure in close contact with every organs of the body. The discovery of EPCs in tandem with emerging concepts in stem cell biology has generated interest and excitement in many fields such as medicine and tissue engineering.
The presence of endothelial CD34+ cells was observed in the aortic endothelial population. Their presence on treated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE or Teflon) proved that these cells could be isolated and used in-vitro. Stem cells characteristic spheroid structures were observed on PTFE surfaces enhancing endothelialisation. The surface of the PTFE films was treated with radiofrequency glow discharge ammonia plasma, conjugated with sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(N-maleidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (S-SMCC), and micropatterned with peptides sequences CGRGDS and CWQPPRARI, with the purpose of promoting the adhesion of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). Patterns were introduced with an aerosol micropatterning apparatus. Our results demonstrate the adhesion of BAECs on patterned PTFE that is to say we can promote endothelialisation of a synthetic surface with the new micropatterning technique and demonstrated the importance of endothelial stem cells during endothelialisation.
Our findings provide evidence suggesting that endothelial stem cells are present in the endothelium population. We are convinced that determining the promoter signaling of these endogenous endothelial stem cells will allow us to manipulate them with the objective of using them as future treatment in synthetic arterial prostheses and organogenesis.
Endothelin B receptor
Endothelin receptor type B, also known as ETB is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EDNRB gene.

# Function
Endothelin receptor type B is a G protein-coupled receptor which activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Its ligand, endothelin, consists of a family of three potent vasoactive peptides: ET1, ET2, and ET3. A splice variant, named SVR, has been described; the sequence of the ETB-SVR receptor is identical to ETRB except for the intracellular C-terminal domain.  While both splice variants bind ET1, they exhibit different responses upon binding which suggests that they may be functionally distinct.

# Regulation
In melanocytic cells the EDNRB gene is regulated by the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor.  Mutations in either gene are links to Waardenburg syndrome.

# Clinical significance
The multigenic disorder, Hirschsprung disease type 2, is due to mutation in endothelin receptor type B gene.

# Animals
In horses,  a mutation in the middle of the EDNRB gene, Ile118Lys, when homozygous, causes Lethal White Syndrome. In this mutation, a mismatch in the DNA replication causes isoleucine to be made instead of lysine. The resulting EDNRB protein is unable to fulfill its role in the development of the embryo, limiting the migration of the melanocyte and enteric neuron precursors. A single copy of the EDNRB mutation, the heterozygous state, produces an identifiable and completely benign spotted coat color called frame overo.

# Interactions
Endothelin receptor type B has been shown to interact with Caveolin 1.

# Ligands
- IRL-1620
- A-192,621
- BQ-788
- Bosentan (unselective ETA / ETB  antagonist)
Entecavir description

# Description
BARACLUDE is the tradename for entecavir, a guanosine nucleoside analogue with selective activity against HBV. The chemical name for entecavir is 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-9--6H-purin-6-one, monohydrate. Its molecular formula is C12H15N5O3H2O, which corresponds to a molecular weight of 295.3. Entecavir has the following structural formula:
Entecavir is a white to off-white powder. It is slightly soluble in water (2.4 mg/mL), and the pH of the saturated solution in water is 7.9 at 25 C  0.5 C.
BARACLUDE film-coated tablets are available for oral administration in strengths of 0.5 mg and 1 mg of entecavir. BARACLUDE 0.5 mg and 1 mg film-coated tablets contain the following inactive ingredients: lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, crospovidone, povidone, and magnesium stearate. The tablet coating contains titanium dioxide, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol 400, polysorbate 80 (0.5 mg tablet only), and iron oxide red (1 mg tablet only). BARACLUDE Oral Solution is available for oral administration as a ready-to-use solution containing 0.05 mg of entecavir per milliliter. BARACLUDE Oral Solution contains the following inactive ingredients: maltitol, sodium citrate, citric acid, methylparaben, propylparaben, and orange flavor.
Epiploic appendagitis

# Overview
Epiploic appendagitis is a benign self-limiting inflammatory process of the colonic epiploic appendices.

# History
Epiploic appendagitis (EA) has also been called appendicitis epiploica or appendagitis.  To avoid further confusion with acute appendicitis the EA term is used more commonly now.  EA is usually diagnosed by CT scanning and has become more widely recognized given today's higher resolution scanners.  Epiploic appendages are small fat-filled sacs situated near the lining of the colon.  They may become acutely inflamed as a result of torsion (twisting) or venous thrombosis.

# Clinical Course
The average patient is about 40 years old and develops acute abdominal pain which may be left-sided, right, or central.  The pain is sharp and stabbing and may be associated with nausea or vomiting.  Fever is usually absent.  The symptoms from EA often mimic acute appendicitis, diverticulitis, or cholecystitis.  Initial lab studies are usually normal.  Typically, a CT scan is ordered to help exclude more serious or surgical problems (above) and the inflammatory changes of EA are seen coincidentally.  EA follows a benign, self-limiting course and may be treated with analgesics and expectant observation.  The usual time course is about one week.  A correct diagnosis is important to avoid unnecessary surgical or medical intervention.

# CT
- Most common CT feature in acute epiploic appendagitis is an oval lesion less than 5 cm in diameter (typical diameter range is 1.53.5 cm) that has attenuation equivalent to that of fat, abuts the anterior colonic wall, and is surrounded by inflammatory changes.
- The wall of the colon may be thickened but is most often normal in thickness.
- Although the presence of a central area of high attenuation due to venous thrombosis is useful for diagnosis, absence does not preclude a diagnosis of acute epiploic appendagitis.
Patient #1: CT demonstating epiploic appendagitis in a patient with right lower quadrant pain
Patient #2: CT demonstating epiploic appendagitis in a patient with right lower quadrant pain
Ertapenem description

# Description
INVANZ (Ertapenem for Injection) is a sterile, synthetic, parenteral, 1- methyl-carbapenem that is structurally related to beta-lactam antibiotics.
Chemically, INVANZ is described as ]-3-carbonyl]-3-pyrrolidinyl]thio]-6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-7-oxo-1-azabicyclohept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid monosodium salt. Its molecular weight is 497.50. The empirical formula is C22H24N3O7SNa, and its structural formula is:
Ertapenem sodium is a white to off-white hygroscopic, weakly crystalline powder. It is soluble in water and 0.9% sodium chloride solution, practically insoluble in ethanol, and insoluble in isopropyl acetate and tetrahydrofuran.
INVANZ is supplied as sterile lyophilized powder for intravenous infusion after reconstitution with appropriate diluent  and transfer to 50 mL 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection or for intramuscular injection following reconstitution with 1% lidocaine hydrochloride. Each vial contains 1.046 grams ertapenem sodium, equivalent to 1 gram ertapenem. The sodium content is approximately 137 mg (approximately 6.0 mEq).
Each vial of INVANZ contains the following inactive ingredients: 175 mg sodium bicarbonate and sodium hydroxide to adjust pH to 7.5.
Esophageal dilatation

# Overview
Esophageal dilatation is a therapeutic endoscopic procedure that enlarges the lumen of the esophagus.

# Indications
It can be used to treat a number of medical conditions that result in narrowing of the esophageal lumen, or decrease motility in the distal esophagus.  These include the following:
- peptic stricture
- Schatzki rings
- achalasia
- scleroderma esophagus
- rarely esophageal cancer

# Types of dilators
There are three major classes of dilators:
- Mercury weighted bougies are blindly inserted bougies placed into the esophagus by the treating physician.  They are passed in sequentially increasing sizes to dilate the obstructed area.  They must be used with precaution in patients with narrow strictures, as they may curl proximal to the obstruction.  The most commonly used mercury weighted bougies are the Maloney bougie dilators.
- Bougie over guidewire dilators are used at the time of gastroscopy or fluoroscopy.  An endoscopy is usually performed first to evaluate the anatomy, and a guidewire is passed into the stomach past the obstruction.  This may also be done fluoroscopically.  Bougies are again introduced -- this time over the guidewire -- in sequentially increasing sizes.  The most commonly used bougie over guidewire dilators are the Savary or Savary-Guillard dilators.
- Pneumatic dilatation or balloon dilatation is also typically done at the time of endoscopy or fluoroscopy.  A balloon is inserted in the deflated form into the area of narrowing.  It is then inflated with air to a certain pressure that is pre-set for a given circumference.

# Complications
Complications of esophageal dilatation include the following:
- odynophagia, or painful swallowing
- hematemesis, or bloody vomit
- esophageal perforation
- mediastinitis
Ethyl hydroxybenzoate

# Overview
Ethylparaben (ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate) is the ethyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Its formula is HO-C6H4-CO-O-CH2CH3. It is a member of the class of compounds known as parabens.
It is used as an antifungal preservative. As a food additive, it has E number E214.
Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate, the sodium salt of ethylparaben, has the same uses and is given the E number E215.
Evidence-based design

# Overview
Evidence-based design is a process used by architects, interior designers, facility managers, and others in the planning, design, and construction of commercial buildings.  An evidence-based designer, together with an informed client, makes decisions based on the best information available from research and project evaluations. Critical thinking is required to develop an appropriate solution to the design problem; the pool of information will rarely offer a precise fit with a client's unique situation. In the last analysis, though, an evidence-based design should result in demonstrated improvements in the organization's outcomes, economic performance, productivity, customer satisfaction, and cultural measures.
This is a method applicable to many types of commercial building projects, but is uniquely suited to healthcare because of the unusually high stakes and major issues of safety and improved clinical outcomes.  A natural parallel and analog to evidence-based medicine, it is currently being used in the healthcare industry to help convince decision-makers to invest the time and money to build better buildings - and realize strategic business advantages as a result.
Research relevant to healthcare design can come from many areas:
- Environmental psychologists focus on stress reduction, which includes:
social support (patients, family, staff);
control (privacy, choices, escape);
positive distractions (artwork, music, entertainment);
influence of nature (plants, flowers, water, wildlife, nature sounds).
- social support (patients, family, staff);
- control (privacy, choices, escape);
- positive distractions (artwork, music, entertainment);
- influence of nature (plants, flowers, water, wildlife, nature sounds).
- Clinicians focus on medical and scientific literature, which includes:
treatment modalities (models of care, technology);
quality & safety (infections, errors, falls);
exercise (exertion, rehabilitation).
- treatment modalities (models of care, technology);
- quality & safety (infections, errors, falls);
- exercise (exertion, rehabilitation).
- Administration refers to management literature:
financial performance (margin, cost per patient day, nursing hours);
-perational efficiency (transfers, utilization, resource conservation);
satisfaction (patient, staff, physician, turnover).
- financial performance (margin, cost per patient day, nursing hours);
- operational efficiency (transfers, utilization, resource conservation);
- satisfaction (patient, staff, physician, turnover).
Approximately 1200 credible studies with specific environmental relevance have been identified by The Center for Health Design in these areas, and many more applicable research citations are in other branches of the literature.
Evolutionary pressure

# Overview
Evolutionary pressure or selection pressure can be formalized as an external pressure applied to a process, thereby pushing that process in a distinct direction.
A process driven by evolutionary pressure is, for example, the natural selection for erythrocytes carrying the sickle cell hemoglobin gene mutation (Hb S)causing sickle cell anaemiain areas where malaria is a major health concern, which grants some resistance to this infectious disease. Therefore, the concept can be described as the application of Charles Darwin's principle of "survival of the fittest" (which actually should be understood as "extinction of the un-fittest") via some selection mechanism.
It is a quantitative description of the amount of change occurring in processes investigated by evolutionary biology, but the formal concept is often extended to other areas of research.
In population genetics, selection pressure is usually expressed as a selection coefficient.
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