Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
TGF beta receptor 1
Transforming growth factor beta receptor I (activin A receptor type II-like kinase, 53kDa) is a membrane-bound receptor protein for the TGF beta superfamily of signaling ligands. TGFBR1 is its human gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene forms a heteromeric complex with type II TGF- receptors when bound to TGF-, transducing the TGF- signal from the cell surface to the cytoplasm. The encoded protein is a serine/threonine protein kinase. Mutations in this gene have been associated with LoeysDietz aortic aneurysm syndrome (LDS, LDAS).

# Interactions
TGF beta receptor 1 has been shown to interact with:
- Caveolin 1,
- Endoglin,
- FKBP1A,
- FNTA,
- Heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), member A1
- Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7,
- PPP2R2A,
- STRAP,
- TGF beta 1,  and
- TGF beta receptor 2.

# Inhibitors
- GW-788,388
- LY-2109761
- Galunisertib (LY-2157299)
- SB-431,542
- SB-525,334

# Animal studies
Defects are observed when the TGFBR-1 gene is either knocked-out or when a constitutively active TGFBR-1 mutant (that is active in the presence or absence of ligand) is knocked-in.
In mouse TGFBR-1 knock-out models, the female mice were sterile. They developed oviductal diverticula and defective uterine smooth muscle, meaning that uterine smooth muscle layers were poorly formed. Oviductal diverticula are small, bulging pouches located on the oviduct, which is the tube that transports the ovum from the ovary to the uterus. This deformity of the oviduct occurred bilaterally and resulted in impaired embryo development and impaired transit of the embryos to the uterus. Ovulation and fertilization still occurred in the knock-outs, however remnants of embryos were found in these oviductal diverticula.
In mouse TGFBR-1 knock-in models where a constitutively active TGFBR-1 gene is conditionally induced, the over-activation of the TGFBR-1 receptors lead to infertility, a reduction in the number of uterine glands, and hypermuscled uteri (an increased amount of smooth muscle in the uteri).
These experiments show that the TGFB-1 receptor plays a critical role in the function of the female reproductive tract. They also show that genetic mutations in the TGFBR-1 gene may lead to fertility issues in women.
TGF beta receptor 2
Transforming growth factor, beta receptor II (70/80kDa) is a TGF beta receptor. TGFBR2 is its human gene.
It is a tumor suppressor gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family and the TGFB receptor subfamily. The encoded protein is a transmembrane protein that has a protein kinase domain, forms a heterodimeric complex with another receptor protein, and binds TGF-beta. This receptor/ligand complex phosphorylates proteins, which then enter the nucleus and regulate the transcription of a subset of genes related to cell proliferation. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Deitz aortic aneurysm syndrome, Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, and the development of various types of tumors. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been characterized.

# Interactions
TGF beta receptor 2 has been shown to interact with:
- AP2B1,
- Cyclin B2,
- Endoglin,
- Heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), member A1
- STRAP,
- TGF beta receptor 1,  and
- Transforming growth factor, beta 3.

# Domain architecture
TGF beta receptor 2 consists of a C-terminal protein kinase domain and an N-terminal ectodomain. The ectodomain consists of a compact fold containing nine beta-strands and a single helix stabilised by a network of six intra strand disulphide bonds. The folding topology includes a central five-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet, eight-residues long at its centre, covered by a second layer consisting of two segments of two-stranded antiparallel beta-sheets (beta1-beta4, beta3-beta9).
Tamsulosin overdose

# Overdose information
Should overdosage of Tamsulosin capsules lead to hypotension , support of the cardiovascular system is of first importance. Restoration of blood pressure and normalization of heart rate may be accomplished by keeping the patient in the supine position. If this measure is inadequate,
then administration of intravenous fluids should be considered. If necessary, vasopressors
should then be used and renal function should be monitored and supported as needed.
Laboratory data indicate that tamsulosin HCl is 94% to 99% protein bound; therefore,
dialysis is unlikely to be of benefit.
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Testis expressed 15
Testis expressed 15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TEX15 gene.
The TEX15 gene displays testis-specific expression, maps to chromosome 8, contains four exons and encodes a 2789-amino acid protein.  The TEX15 gene encodes a DNA damage response factor important in meiosis.

# Animal studies
In mice, disruption of an ortholog of the TEX15 gene caused a drastic reduction in testis size and meiotic arrest in males.  TEX15, in mice, is required for chromosome synapsis, meiotic recombination and DNA double-strand break repair.  Furthermore, TEX15 regulates the loading of recombination proteins (RAD51 and DMC1) onto sites of DNA double-strand breaks, and its absence causes a failure of meiotic recombination.

# Clinical significance
A mutation in the TEX15 gene was found to be associated with male infertility and meiotic maturation arrest.
Truncation variants of TEX15 are also potential breast cancer risk factors.
Thallium(I) sulfate
Thallium(I) sulfate (Tl2SO4), archaically known as thallous sulfate, is the sulfate salt of thallium. It is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, but highly toxic.

# Uses
During the last two centuries, Tl2SO4 had been used for various medical treatments but was abandoned.  In the later 1900s it found use mainly for rodenticides.  These applications were prohibited in 1975 in the US due to the nonselective nature of its toxicity.  Thallium(I) sulfate inhibits the growth of plants by preventing germination.  Tl2SO4 is mostly used today as a source of Tl+ in the research laboratory.  It is a precursor to thallium sulfide (Tl2S), which exhibits high electrical conductivity when exposed to infrared light.

# Structure
Tl2SO4 adopts the same structure as K2SO4.  In aqueous solution, the thallium(I) cations and the sulfate anions are separated and highly solvated. Thallium(I) sulfate crystals have a C2 symmetry.

# Toxicity
Thallium(I) sulfate is soluble in water and its toxic effects are derived from the thallium(I) cation.  Since thallium sulfate is a simple powder with indistinctive properties, it can easily be mistaken for more innocuous chemicals.  It can enter the body by ingestion, inhalation, or through contact with the skin.  The thallium(I) cation is very similar to potassium and sodium cations, which are essential for life.  After the thallium ion enters  the cell, many of the processes that transport potassium and sodium are disrupted.  Due to its poisonous nature, many western countries have banned the use of thallium sulfate in products for home use and many companies have also stopped using this compound.
A dosage in excess of 500 mg is reported as fatal.  Thallium sulfate, after entering the body, concentrates itself in the kidneys, liver, brain, and other tissues in the body.
Thallium sulfate was used in Israel to control the rodent population; it is suspected that in the 1950s, this resulted in the disappearance of the Brown Fish Owl.

# Sources
- Saha A. Thallium toxicity: A growing concern. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2005;9:53-56
The Toledo Hospital
The Toledo Hospital is a public hospital in Toledo, Ohio that is part of the ProMedica Health System. This level I trauma center is the biggest acute care location in the area, with at least 4,000 health care professionals, 1,100 of which being specialty and primary care physicians, caring for patients in any of the 774 beds.

# Accreditations
According to HealthGrades, Inc, The Toledo Hospital is among the nations top 5% of hospitals. In 2007, HealthGrades presented TTH with tree awards: the Distinguished Hospital Award for Clinical Excellence, the Cardiac Care Excellence Award, and the Cardiac Surgery Excellence Award.

# Amenities
The hospital has a cafeteria, a gift shop, internet access, a library, and pastoral services.
There is also a renovation project currently taking place, which will result in the hospital containing a specific heart hospital.
The Toledo Hospital also contains the Toledo Children's Hospital.
Therapeutic inertia
Therapeutic inertia is a measurement of the resistance to therapeutic treatment for an existing medical condition.  It is commonly measured as percentage of the number of encounters in which a patient with a condition received new or increased therapeutic treatment out of the total number of visits in which a patient had a condition.
\frac{h}{v} - \frac{c}{v}
...where h is the number of visits with an uncontrolled condition, c is the number of visits in which a change was made, and v is the total number of visits.
A high percentage indicates that the health care provider is slow to treat a medical condition.  A low percentage indicates that a provider is extremely quick in prescribing new treatment at the onset of any medical condition.

# Examples
- Diabetes mellitus
- Hypercholesterolemia: two-thirds of patients with statin indications had not been offered statins in one registry study
- Hypertension. Therapeutic inertia may contribute to the finding that in the US 62%, and in Europe 85%, of office visits with a high blood pressure the health care provider does not increase medications. The magnitude of inertia may change over time in response to emerging research on hypertension.

# Causes
One cause may be health disparities.
Thermal diffusivity
In heat transfer analysis, thermal diffusivity (symbol: \alpha\,, but note that the symbols \kappa, D, and k are all commonly used) is the ratio of thermal conductivity to volumetric heat capacity.
where:
- k\, : thermal conductivity (SI units : W/(m K) )
- \rho c_p\, : volumetric heat capacity (SI units : J/(m3K) )
- \rho\, : density (SI units : kg/(m3) )
- c_p\, : specific heat capacity (SI units : J/(kg K) )
The SI units for thermal diffusivity is m2/s.
Substances with high thermal diffusivity rapidly adjust their temperature to that of their surroundings, because they conduct heat quickly in comparison to their thermal 'bulk'.
For common rock material, \alpha\, ~ 10-6 m2/s.
Thermal diffusivity of air at 300 K is 0.000024 m2/s.
For a plot of thermal diffusivity of air as a function of absolute temperature see James Ierardi's Fire Protection Engineering Site
Thromboelastography
Thromboelastography (TEG) is a method of testing the efficiency of coagulation in the blood. It was first developed by Dr. Hellmut Hartert in 1948.  It is especially important in surgery and  anesthesiology.

# The original method
In classical thromboelastography, a small sample of blood (typically 0.36 ml) is placed into a cuvette (cup) which is rotated gently through 4o 45  (cycle time 6/min) to imitate sluggish venous flow and activate coagulation.  When a sensor shaft is inserted into the sample a clot forms between the cup and the sensor.  The speed and strength of clot formation is measured in various ways (now usually by computer), and depends on the activity of the plasmatic coagulation system, platelet function, fibrinolysis and other factors which can be affected by illness, environment and medications.
The patterns of changes in strength and elasticity in the clot provides information about how well the blood can perform hemostasis (the halting of blood flow), and how well or poorly different factors are contributing clot formation.

# Other methods
Rotation thromboelastography or ROTEM (the name is a trademark of Pentapharm) is another version in which it is the sensor shaft rather than the cup which rotates.  The shaft typically rotates back and forth 4o 45  (cycle time 10/min). It is connected with a spring to measure elasticity.  As the blood in the cuvette begins to clot there is a loss of elasticity in the spring causing changes in the rotation of the shaft. These changes are detected by the light reflected by the small mirror on the shaft and are converted by a transducer to electrical signals which are then measured by a computer.
Pentapharm claims this opto-mechanical detection method makes this method more precise and less vulnerable to vibration and mechanical shocks than the classical method making the transportation and installation of the instrument very simple.
Thrombosis overview

# Overview
Thrombosis is the formation of a thrombus (medical term for a clot) inside a blood vessel.  This can dislodge from the site it was formed and can move along the flow of blood to distant places in the body.  A piece of thrombus that is transported in this way is called an embolus (plural emboli). This process of formation an emboli, from a thrombus  is called thromboembolism. The term was coined in 1848 by Rudolph Carl Virchow.
The most important sites of thrombosis formation, based on their frequency and clinical effect are coronary arteries and deep veins of the legs. Former, the most important site of arterial thrombosis and latter the most important site of venous thrombosis.

# Classification

## Arterial
Thrombosis is the formation of a clot or thrombus inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. Thromboembolism is a general term describing both thrombosis and its main complication which is embolisation. The term was coined in 1848 by Rudolph Carl Virchow.
Arterial thrombosis most commonly occurs on the basis of atherosclerosis and most importantly occur in the forms of myocardial infarction and stroke. Besides there are many other rare sites for the formation of arterial thrombosis and due to the low occurrence frequency many of their clinical aspects are not clearly known up to date.
The main etiology contributing to the arterial thrombosis formation is considered to be changes in the vessels wall.

## Venous
Thrombus is term given to a blood clot that remains in the place where it formed. A venous thrombosis is a condition in which a thrombus (blood clot) forms within a vein. Superficial venous thrombosis, as the name suggest is the formation of a thrombus in superficial veins. It can cause discomfort but generally do not cause serious consequences, unlike the deep venous thrombosis (DVTs) that form in the deep veins of the legs or in the pelvic veins.
The annual incidence of DVT measure have a steep increase across lower to higher age groups, it is 1: 100000 in childhood, 1:10000 in reproductive age, 1:1000 in later middle age and 1:100 in the very old individuals.
There are many etiologies addressed for venous thrombosis formation which can generally be treated affecting the three pathways of Virchow triad ,blood stasis, hypercoagulable state and changes in vessel wall.
Tonsilitis overview

# Overview
Tonsillitis is an infection of the tonsils and will often, but not necessarily, cause a sore throat and fever.

# Classification
There are 3 main types of tonsillitis: acute, subacute and chronic. Acute tonsillitis can either be bacterial or viral (75%) in origin. Subacute tonsillitis (which can last between 3 weeks and 3 months) is caused by the bacterium Actinomyces. Chronic tonsillitis, which can last for long periods if not treated, is almost always bacterial.

# Pathophysiology
Tonsillitis is associated with infection, it is currently unknown if the swelling and other symptoms are caused by the infectious agents themselves, or by the host immune response to these agents. Tonsillitis may be a result of aberrant immune responses to the normal bacterial flora of the nasopharynx.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
Symptoms of tonsillitis include a severe sore throat (which may be experienced as referred pain to the ears), painful/ difficult swallowing, headache, fever and chills, and change in voice causing a "hot potato" voice.

## Physical Examination
Tonsillitis is characterized by signs of red, swollen tonsils which may have a purulent exudative coating of white patches (i.e. pus). In addition, there may be enlarged and tender neck cervical lymph nodes.

# Treatment

## Surgery
Chronic cases may indicate tonsillectomy (surgical removal of tonsils) as a choice for treatment
Total parotidectomy
The accompanying video demonstrates the steps in performing a total parotidectomy for a squamous cell carcinoma of
the parotid gland.
This patient is a 72-year-old gentleman who presented with a hard, fixed lesion of the pre-auricular area.
There was no noted VII nerve weakness or ulceration. The patient did complain of pain in the area along with a recent growth spurt, which prompted him to seek medical attention. A CT scan of the neck with contrast showed a large mass emanating from the deep lobe of the parotid gland with attachment to the dermis.
A PET/CT scan demonstrated increased uptake of the lesion without any metastatic lesion. A FNAB showed a high grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The patient was taken to the operating room and a total parotidectomy with VII nerve preservation was performed. The postoperative course was significant for a mild marginal mandibular nerve weakness that resolved spontaneously.
The final pathology was metastatic SCCA of the parotid gland. The patient was brought back to the operating room for formal endoscopy with multiple biopsies & right tonsillectomy.
All biopsies were negative as was the earlier whole body PET/CT scan. This patient was then sent for postoperative radiation therapy.
A follow-up whole body PET/CT scan will be performed within the next 3 months.
Trabecular arteries
When the splenic artery passes into the trabecula of the spleen and branches, they become known as the trabecular arteries. When these arteries then reach the white pulp, and become covered with Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths, the name changes again to central arteries (or central arterioles). Branches of the central arteries are given to the red pulp, and these are called penicillar arteries).

# Details
The lienal artery is remarkable for its large size in proportion to the size of the organ, and also for its tortuous course. It divides into six or more branches, which enter the hilum of the spleen and ramify throughout its substance, receiving sheaths from an involution of the external fibrous tissue.
Similar sheaths also invest the nerves and veins.
Each branch runs in the transverse axis of the organ, from within outward, diminishing in size during its transit, and giving off in its passage smaller branches, some of which pass to the anterior, others to the posterior part.
These ultimately leave the trabecular sheaths, and terminate in the proper substance of the spleen in small tufts or pencils of minute arterioles, which open into the interstices of the reticulum formed by the branched sustentacular cells.
Each of the larger branches of the artery supplies chiefly that region of the organ in which the branch ramifies, having no anastomosis with the majority of the other branches.
The arterioles, supported by the minute trabecul, traverse the pulp in all directions in bundles (pencilli) of straight vessels.
Their trabecular sheaths gradually undergo a transformation, become much thickened, and converted into adenoid tissue; the bundles of connective tissue becoming looser and their fibrils more delicate, and containing in their interstices an abundance of lymph corpuscles.
The altered coat of the arterioles, consisting of adenoid tissue, presents here and there thickenings of a spheroidal shape, the white pulp.
The arterioles end by opening freely into the splenic pulp; their walls become much attenuated, they lose their tubular character, and the endothelial cells become altered, presenting a branched appearance, and acquiring processes which are directly connected with the processes of the reticular cells of the pulp.
In this manner the vessels end, and the blood flowing through them finds its way into the interstices of the reticulated tissue of the splenic pulp.
Thus the blood passing through the spleen is brought into intimate relation with the elements of the pulp, and no doubt undergoes important changes.
Trabecular meshwork
The trabecular meshwork is an area of tissue in the eye located around the base of the cornea, near the ciliary body, and is responsible for draining the aqueous humor from the eye via the anterior chamber (the chamber on the front of the eye covered by the cornea).
The tissue is spongy and lined by trabeculocytes; it allows fluid to drain into a set of tubes called Schlemm's canal flowing into the blood system.

# Parts
The meshwork is divided up into three parts, with characteristically different ultrastructures:
- Inner uveal meshwork - Closest to the anterior chamber angle, contains thin cord-like trabeculae, orientated predominantly in a radial fashion, enclosing trabeculae spaces larger than the corneoscleral meshwork.
- Corneoscleral meshwork - Contains a large amount of elastin, arranged as a series of thin, flat, perforated sheets arranged in a laminar pattern.
- Juxtacanalicular tissue (also known as the cribriform meshwork) - Lies immediately adjacent to Schlemm's canal, composed of connective tissue ground substance full of glycoaminoglycans and glycoproteins. This thin strip of tissue is covered by a monolayer of endothelial cells.
Transcellular fluid
Transcellular fluid is the portion of total body water contained within epithelial lined spaces..  It is the smallest component of extracellular fluid, which also includes interstitial fluid and plasma.  It is often not calculated as a fraction of the extracellular fluid, but it is about 2.5% of the total body water.  Examples of this fluid are gastrointestinal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, and ocular fluid, joint fluid, and bladder urine.

# Composition
Due to the varying locations of transcellular fluid, the composition changes dramatically. Some of the electrolytes present in the transcellular fluid are sodium ions, chloride ions, and bicarbonate ions.

# Physiological Function
There are also varied functions for the transcellular fluid.  In the joints, it serves a lubrication function, while the urine allows for the removal of electrolytes and molecules from the body.
Treponema denticola

# Overview
Treponema denticola is a motile and highly proteolytic bacterium. The Gram-negative oral spirochete  is associated with the incidence and severity of human periodontal disease. Treponema denticola  levels in the mouth are elevated in patients with periodontal diseases and the species  is considered one of the main etiological agents of periodontitis.  
T. denticola dwells in a complex and diverse microbial community in the oral cavity and  is highly specialized to survive in this environment.
T. denticola is related to the syphilis-causing obligate human pathogen, Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum.

# Periodontal disease
Periodontal disease is an infection and inflammation of the gingiva and occurs in 100% of the adults at some time in their lives. Severe forms include refractory periodontitis and acute necrotizing gingivitis which can cause bone resorption and tooth loss. Treatment involves extensive antibiotic treatment and complex surgery.