Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Econazole warnings and precautions

# WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS

## Flammability
Ecoza topical foam is flammable. Avoid heat, flame, and smoking during and immediately following application. Contents under pressure. Do not puncture and/or incinerate the containers. Do not expose containers to heat and/or store at temperatures above 120F (49C) even when empty. Do not store in direct sunlight.

## DRUG INTERACTIONS
Warfarin
Concomitant administration of econazole and warfarin has resulted in enhancement of anticoagulant effect. Most cases reported product application with use under occlusion, genital application, or application to a large body surface area which may increase the systemic absorption of econazole nitrate. Monitoring of International Normalized Ratio (INR) and/or prothrombin time may be indicated especially for patients who apply econazole to large body surface areas, in the genital area, or under occlusion.

## Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis and Impairment of Fertility
Long-term animal studies to determine the carcinogenic potential of Ecoza topical foam have not been performed.
Oral administration of econazole nitrate in rats has been reported to produce prolonged gestation.

## USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category C
There are no adequate and well-controlled trials with Ecoza topical foam in pregnant women. Ecoza topical foam should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Econazole nitrate has not been shown to be teratogenic when administered orally to mice, rabbits or rats. Fetotoxic or embryotoxic effects were observed in Segment I oral studies with rats receiving 10 to 40 times the human dermal dose. Similar effects were observed in Segment II or Segment III studies with mice, rabbits and/or rats receiving oral doses 80 or 40 times the human dermal dose.
Nursing Mothers
It is not known whether econazole nitrate is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when econazole nitrate is administered to a nursing woman. Following oral administration of econazole nitrate to lactating rats, econazole and/or metabolites were excreted in milk and were found in nursing pups.
Pediatric Use
Of the 173 subjects treated with Ecoza topical foam, 1% in the clinical trials, 2 subjects were 12 to 17 years old.  In a pediatric maximal use trial, Ecoza topical foam, 1% was applied once daily to eighteen subjects aged 12 to 17 years with interdigital tinea pedis for 28 days . The safety findings for subjects 12 to 17 years were similar to those in adult population.
Geriatric Use
Of the 173 subjects treated with Ecoza topical foam, 1% in the adult clinical trials, 6 subjects were 65 years or older. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects.
Entecavir warnings and precautions

# Warnings And Precautions

## Severe Acute Exacerbations of Hepatitis B
Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who have discontinued anti-hepatitis B therapy, including entecavir . Hepatic function should be monitored closely with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months in patients who discontinue anti-hepatitis B therapy. If appropriate, initiation of anti-hepatitis B therapy may be warranted.

## Patients Co-infected with HIV and HBV
BARACLUDE has not been evaluated in HIV/HBV co-infected patients who were not simultaneously receiving effective HIV treatment. Limited clinical experience suggests there is a potential for the development of resistance to HIV nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors if BARACLUDE is used to treat chronic hepatitis B virus infection in patients with HIV infection that is not being treated . Therefore, therapy with BARACLUDE is not recommended for HIV/HBV co-infected patients who are not also receiving HAART. Before initiating BARACLUDE therapy, HIV antibody testing should be offered to all patients. BARACLUDE has not been studied as a treatment for HIV infection and is not recommended for this use.

## Lactic Acidosis and Severe Hepatomegaly with Steatosis
Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogues, including BARACLUDE, alone or in combination with antiretrovirals. A majority of these cases have been in women. Obesity and prolonged nucleoside exposure may be risk factors. Particular caution should be exercised when administering nucleoside analogues to any patient with known risk factors for liver disease; however, cases have also been reported in patients with no known risk factors.
Lactic acidosis with BARACLUDE use has been reported, often in association with hepatic decompensation, other serious medical conditions, or drug exposures. Patients with decompensated liver disease may be at higher risk for lactic acidosis. Treatment with BARACLUDE should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity (which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked transaminase elevations).
Experiments on Plant Hybridization
Written in 1865 by Gregor Mendel, Experiments on Plant Hybridization (German: Versuche uber Pflanzen-Hybriden) was the result after years spent studying genetic traits in pea plants. Mendel read his paper to the Natural History Society of Brunn in Bohemia at the meetings held on February 8 and March 8 of that year. The paper was later published in Proceedings of the Natural History Society in 1866.
In his paper, Mendel compared seven discrete characters:
- Color and smoothness of the seeds (grey and round or white and wrinkled)
- Color of the cotyledons (yellow or green)
- Color of the flowers (white or violet)
- Shape of the pods (full or constricted)
- Color of unripe pods (yellow or green)
- Position of flowers and pods on the stems
- Height of the plants (short or tall)
Through experimentation, Mendel discovered that one inheritable trait would invariably be dominant to its recessive alternative. This model, later known as Mendelian inheritance or Mendelian genetics, provided an alternative to blending inheritance, which was the prevailing theory at the time. Mendel's work received little attention from the scientific community and was largely forgotten. It was not until the early 20th century that Mendel's work was rediscovered and his ideas used to help form the modern synthesis.
In 1936, the statistician R.A. Fisher used a chi-square test to analyze Mendel's data and concluded that Mendel's results with the predicted ratios were far too perfect, indicating that adjustments (intentional or unconscious) had been made to the data to make the observations fit the hypothesis. Later authors have claimed Fisher's analysis was flawed, proposing various statistical and botanical explanations for Mendel's numbers. It is also possible that Mendel's results are "too good" merely because he reported the best subset of his data  Mendel mentioned in his paper that the data was from a subset of his experiments.
Fast protein liquid chromatography
Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography, usually referred to as FPLC, is a form of column chromatography used to separate or purify proteins from complex mixtures by using Ion Chromatography.  It is very commonly used in biochemistry and enzymology.  Columns used with an FPLC can separate macromolecules based on size, charge distribution, hydrophobicity, or biorecognition (as with affinity chromatography).

# Trademark
FPLC is a trademark of GE Healthcare, formerly Amersham-Pharmacia Biotech and Pharmacia Biotech.

# Typical columns
Typical columns used for protein purification include:
- Ion exchange chromatography, cation or anion  separate proteins based on surface-charges
- Size exclusion chromatography, also known as Gel filtration chromatography, Gel permeation chromatography or desalting  separate proteins based on size.
- Reversed phase or hydrophobic interaction  separates based on hydrophobicity which depends heavily on surface area
- Affinity chromatography  columns which purify based on ligand affinity (e.g. a His6-tagged protein purified on a nickel column).
Flank pain resident survival guide
Synonyms and keywords: Flank pain work-up, Approach to flank pain, Flank pain management

# Overview
Flank pain refers to the discomfort in the upper abdomen or back and sides. It develops in the area above the pelvis and below the ribs. This is a common symptom and usually, pain is worse on one side of the body. Most frequently, the cause is benign and/or self-limiting, but more serious causes may require urgent intervention. Treatment of the flank pain depends on the cause, urgent surgical intervention may be required if the pain is caused by ruptured aortic aneurysm and some conditions can be treated with NSAIDS.

# Causes

## Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Listed below are the life threatening causes:
- Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
- Renal abscess
- Perforated gastric ulcer
- Renal artery dissection
- Traumatic splenic rupture
- Acute pancreatitis
- Adrenal hemorrhage
- Pulmonary embolism
- Cholecystitis

## Common Causes
Common causes of flank pian include:
- Abdominal muscle strain
- Acute kidney injury
- Cholecystitis
- Ureteric calculi
- Pyelonephritis
- Renal abscess
- Renal tumor
- Nephrolithiasis
- Post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
- Renal papillary necrosis
- Shingles
- Ureteric blood clot
- Pneumonia
- Acute renal infarction
- APDKD

# Diagnosis
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the diagnosis of flank pain.

# Treatment
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of flank pain.

# Do's
- The symptomatic patients of the abdominal aortic aneurysm with hemodynamic stability should be evaluated with abdominal CT as an initial diagnostic test. Abdominal CT provides additional details such as aruptured aneurysm, infected aneurysm, and anatomical details that are important for subsequent management.
- Urgent urologic consultation is warranted in patients with urosepsis, acute kidney injury, anuria, and/or unyielding pain, nausea, or vomiting.
- Patients with stones larger than 10 mm in diameter, patients with significant discomfort, those with significant obstruction, or who have not passed the stone after four to six weeks, should be referred to urology for potential intervention.
- Patients should be advised to strain their urine for several days and bring in stone that passes for analysis. This will help the physician to take effective measures for preventive therapy.
- The patients of APDKD with new-onset flank pain should be suspected for cyst hemorrhage or infection or nephrolithiasis.

# Don'ts
- Do not fail to evaluate elder patients in the presence of overt clinical signs.
- Do not delay treatment with antibiotics for pyelonephritis while waiting for blood cultures.
- Do not delay the intervention for life-threatening conditions of flank pain.
- Do not delay resuscitation or surgical consultation for the ill patient while waiting for imaging.
Folliculitis (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Folliculitis is inflammation of one or more hair follicles. It can occur anywhere on the skin.

# What are the symptoms of Folliculitis?
Common symptoms include a rash, itching, and pimples or pustules near a hair follicle in the neck, groin, or genital area. The pimples may crust over.

# What causes Folliculitis?
Folliculitis starts when hair follicles are damaged by friction from clothing, blockage of the follicle, or shaving. In most cases of folliculitis, the damaged follicles are then infected with the bacteria Staphylococcus (staph).
Barber's itch is a staph infection of the hair follicles in the beard area of the face, usually the upper lip. Shaving makes it worse. Tinea barbae is similar to barber's itch, but the infection is caused by a fungus.

# Who is at highest risk?
Pseudofolliculitis barbae is a disorder that occurs mainly in black men. If curly beard hairs are cut too short, they may curve back into the skin and cause inflammation.

# Diagnosis
A diagnosis is primarily based on how the skin looks. Lab tests may show which bacteria or fungus is causing the infection.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Apply home treatment and call your health care provider if symptoms come back frequently, if they last longer than 2 or 3 days, or if the infection spreads.

# Treatment options
Hot, moist compresses may promote drainage of the affected follicles. Treatment may include antibiotics applied to the skin (mupirocin) or taken by mouth (dicloxacillin), or antifungal medications to control the infection.

# Where to find medical care for Folliculitis?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Folliculitis

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Folliculitis usually responds well to treatment, but may come back.

# Possible complications
- Folliculitis may return
- Infection may spread to other body areas

# Prevention of Folliculitis
To prevent further damage to the hair follicles and infection:
- Reduce friction from clothing
- Avoid shaving the area if possible (if shaving is necessary, use a clean, new razor blade or an electric razor each time)
- Keep the area clean
- Avoid contaminated clothing and washcloths

# Sources
Foundation for Biomedical Research
The Foundation for Biomedical Research (FBR) is an American lobby group that promotes or defends animal testing. They are the nation's oldest and largest organization dedicated to improving human and veterinary health by promoting public understanding and support for humane and responsible animal research. Its current executive director is Frankie Trull.

# Board of governors
FBR's board of governors is chaired by Dr. Michael E. DeBakey. Other governors on FBR's board include six Nobel laureates, 13 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 13 fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, a former Surgeon General and a former Cabinet Secretary.

# Activities
FBR monitors and analyzes the activities of animal activists. Its illegal incidents report is a record of all known criminal activities committed in the name of animal rights.
Another recent campaign by FBR is the Survivors campaign, which argues that animal testing helps save animal lives. In one example, the spokeswoman for the campaign, Dr. Theresa W. Fossum performed open heart surgery on the dog Bowie to save its life. Fossum explained that the techniques used to save Bowie were developed in animals, refined in human surgery, and now human surgeons are transferring techniques to veterinarians like Fossum to allow them to save animal lives.
Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency

# Overview
In Fructose bisphosphatase deficiency, there is not enough fructose bisphosphatase for gluconeogenesis to occur correctly. Glycolysis (the break-down of glucose) will still work, as it does not use this enzyme.

# Presentation
Without effective gluconeogenesis (GNG), hypoglycaemia will set in after about 12 hours. This is the time when liver glycogen stores have been exhausted, and the body has to rely on GNG. When given a dose of glucagon (which would normally increase blood glucose) nothing will happen, as stores are depleted and GNG doesn't work. (In fact, the patient would already have high glucagon levels.)
There is no problem with the metabolism of glucose or galactose, but fructose and glycerol cannot be used as fuels. If fructose or glycerol are given, there will be a build up of phosphorylated three-carbon sugars. This leads to phosphate depletion within the cells, and also in the blood. Without phosphate, ATP cannot be made, and many cell processes cannot occur.
High levels of glucagon will tend to release fatty acids from adipose tissue, and this will combine with glycerol that cannot be used in the liver, to make triacylglycerides causing a fatty liver.
As three carbon molecules cannot be used to make glucose, the will instead be made into pyruvate and lactate. These acids cause a drop in the pH of the blood (a metabolic acidosis). Acetyl CoA (acetyl co-enzyme A) will also build up, leading to the creation of ketone bodies.

# Treatment
To treat people with a deficiency of this enzyme, they must avoid needing gluconeogenesis to make glucose. This can be accomplished by not fasting for long periods, and eating high-carbohydrate food. They should avoid fructose containing foods (as well as sucrose which breaks down to fructose).
As with all single-gene metabolic disorders, there is always hope for genetic therapy, inserting a healthy copy of the gene into existing liver cells.
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor

# Overview
Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (or guanine exchange protein) (GEFs) is implicated in addressing system of vesicular transport. For example, Rab is GDP-bound and inactive in the cytosol before contact with GEF. The membrane-bound GEF catalyses the removal of GDP and GDI (GDP dissociation inhibitor) and their replacement with GTP. This allows the Rab protein to bind budding vesicles (e.g., clathrin-coated vesicles). Un-coating of the vesicle allows an interaction between Rab and Rab effector (at the target site), which aids SNARE protein interactions.

# Examples of GEFs
- SOS - Son of Sevenless is a GEF that is important in the cell growth-regulatory MAPK/ERK pathway.
- eIF-2b - The eukaryotic initiation factor 2b regenerates eIF-2a for an additional cycle in protein synthesis initiation, i.e., its binding to the Met-t-RNA.
- Ras-GRF1
- G protein-coupled receptors function as GEFs for their cognate G proteins.
- Kalirin
GRADE system classification scheme

# Overview
Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system was developed to determine the strength of recommendations as strong (1) or weak (2) and to guide assessment of quality of evidence from high (A) to very low (D).

# Strength of Recommendations
The GRADE system classifies recommendations as strong (grade 1) or weak (grade 2). Factors influencing this determination are as follows:

# Quality of Evidence
The GRADE system classifies quality of evidence as high (grade A), moderate (grade B), low (grade C), or very low (grade D). Determinants of the quality of evidence are as follows:
Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor
The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), now properly known as BB2  is a G protein-coupled receptor whose endogenous ligand is gastrin releasing peptide. In humans it is highly expressed in the pancreas and is also expressed in the stomach, adrenal cortex and brain.
Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) regulates numerous functions of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including release of gastrointestinal hormones, smooth muscle cell contraction, and epithelial cell proliferation and is a potent mitogen for neoplastic tissues. The effects of GRP are mediated through the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor. This receptor is a glycosylated, 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor that activates the phospholipase C signaling pathway. The receptor is aberrantly expressed in numerous cancers such as those of the lung, colon, and prostate. An individual with autism and multiple exostoses was found to have a balanced translocation between chromosome 8 and a chromosome X breakpoint located within the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor gene.
The transcription factor CREB is a regulator of human GRP-R expression in colon cancer.
Gemifloxacin indications and usage
FACTIVE is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms in the conditions listed below. (SeeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and CLINICAL STUDIES.)
Acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, orMoraxella catarrhalis.
Community-acquired pneumonia (of mild to moderate severity) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (including multi-drug resistant strains )*,Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, or Klebsiella pneumoniae.
- MDRSP: multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, includes isolates previously known as PRSP (penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae), and are strains resistant to two or more of the following antibiotics: penicillin (MIC 2 g/mL), 2nd generation cephalosporins (e.g., cefuroxime), macrolides, tetracyclines and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of FACTIVE and other antibacterial drugs, FACTIVE should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
General factor gene transcriptions
General transcription factors (GTFs), also known as basal transcriptional factors, are a class of protein transcription factors that bind to specific sites on DNA to activate transcription. GTFs, RNA polymerase, and the mediator multiple protein complex constitute the basic transcriptional apparatus.

# Genetics
Genetics involves the expression, transmission, and variation of inherited characteristics.
Def. 
a "branch of biology that deals with the transmission and variation of inherited characteristics, in particular chromosomes and DNA" is called genetics.

# Gene transcriptions
DNA is a double helix of interlinked nucleotides surrounded by an epigenome. On the basis of biochemical signals, an enzyme, specifically a ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase, is chemically bonded to one of the strands (the template strand) of this double helix. The polymerase, once phosphorylated, begins to catalyze the formation of RNA using the template strand. Although the catalysis may have more than one beginning nucleotide (a start site) and more than one ending nucleotide (a stop site) along the DNA, each nucleotide sequence catalyzed that ultimately produces approximately the same RNA is part of a gene. The catalysis of each RNA representation from the template DNA is a transcription, specifically a gene transcription. The overall process is also referred to as gene transcription.

# General factors
Def. "something that actively contributes to the production of a result" is called a factor.
Here's a theoretical definition:
Def. a factor that actively or passively contributes to the production of any result is called a general factor.
Gene ID: 2959 GTF2B general transcription factor IIB "encodes the general transcription factor IIB, one of the ubiquitous factors required for transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II. The protein localizes to the nucleus where it forms a complex (the DAB complex) with transcription factors IID and IIA. Transcription factor IIB serves as a bridge between IID, the factor which initially recognizes the promoter sequence, and RNA polymerase II."

# Theoretical general transcription factors
Here's a theoretical definition:
Def. a transcription factor that binds to any site or to a specific site on DNA to activate, moderate, regulate, or modulate transcription is called a general transcription factor (GTF).

# Hypotheses
- GTFs contribute to the transcription of A1BG.

# Acknowledgements
The content on this page was first contributed by: Henry A. Hoff.
Initial content for this page in some instances came from Wikiversity.