Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Squalene monooxygenase
Squalene monooxygenase (also called squalene epoxidase) is an enzyme that uses NADPH and molecular oxygen to oxidize squalene to 2,3-oxidosqualene (squalene epoxide).  Squalene epoxidase catalyzes the first oxygenation step in sterol biosynthesis and is thought to be one of the rate-limiting enzymes in this pathway.  In humans, squalene epoxidase is encoded by the SQLE gene.
Several eukaryote genomess lack a squalene monooxygenase encoding gene, but instead encode an alternative squalene epoxidase that catalyzes the oxidation of squalene.

# Mechanism
The canonical squalene monooxygenase is a flavoprotein monooxygenase. Flavoprotein monooxygenase form flavin hydroperoxides at the enzyme active site, which then transfer the terminal oxygen atom of the hydroperoxide to the substrate. Squalene monooxygenase differs from other flavin monooxygenases in that the oxygen is inserted as an epoxide rather than as a hydroxyl group. Squalene monooxygenase contains a loosely bound FAD flavin and obtains electrons from NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, rather than binding the nicotinamide cofactor NADPH directly. The alternative squalene epoxidase belongs to the fatty acid hydroxylase superfamily and obtains electrons from cytochrome b5.

# Inhibitors
Inhibitors of squalene epoxidase have found application mainly as antifungal drugs:
- butenafine
- naftifine
- terbinafine
Since squalene epoxidase is on the biosynthetic pathway leading to cholesterol, inhibitors of this enzyme may also find application in treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

# Localization
In yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, squalene epoxidase is localized to both the endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets. Only the ER localized protein is active.

# Additional products
Squalene epoxidase also catalyzes the formation of diepoxysqualene (DOS). DOS is converted to 24(S),25-epoxylanosterol by lanosterol synthase.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of SQLE function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Sqletm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed:  - In-depth immunological phenotyping
St Matthews University
St. Matthew's University (SMU) is a medical university in Cayman Islands  on the island of Grand Cayman in the British West Indies, and it includes the School of Medicine and the School of Veterinary Medicine. The School of Medicine was originally established in Belize in 1997, however moved to the Cayman Islands in 2002, while the School of Veterinary medicine welcomed its charter class in the Fall of 2005.

# Clerkships and licensing
St. Matthew's School of Medicine has been approved by the Education Department of New York, and the Florida Department of Education for the purpose of completing clinical clerkships in these states.
Graduates of St. Matthew's School of Medicine are currently not able to be licensed as physicians in the following states:
- California: As a result of a site visit done by the Medical Board of California, SMU was officially disapproved for both training and licensure on February 18, 2005. 
- Indiana: States SMU is disapproved as of December 5, 2002.
- Kansas: State regulations require "a graduate of a school which has been in operation for not less than 15 years and the graduates of which have been licensed in another state or states which has standards similar to Kansas." 
- Texas: similarly placed SMU on their list of "Substandard or Fraudulent Institutions," and notes that attempting to use the degree to obtain a medical license is a Class B Misdemeanor in that state.

# Medical school curriculum

## Basic sciences

## Pre-clinical sciences
Clinical Therapeutics, Advanced Introduction to Clinical Medicine, Fundamentals of Clinical Medicine 

## Clinical sciences
Core clerkships consist of Internal Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Family Practice, Psychiatry.
Standard molar entropy
In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under conditions of standard temperature and pressure (STP).
The standard molar entropy is usually given the symbol So, and the units J mol1 K1 (joules per mole kelvin). Unlike standard enthalpies of formation, the value of So is an absolute.  That is, an element in its standard state has a nonzero value of So at room temperature. The entropy of an element can be 0 J mol1 K1 only at 0 K, according to the third law of thermodynamics.

# Thermodynamics
If a mole of substance were at 0 K, then warmed by its surroundings to 298 K, its total molar entropy would be the addition of all N individual contributions:
Here, dqk/T represents a very small exchange of heat energy at temperature T. The total molar entropy is the sum of many small changes in molar entropy, where each small change can be considered a reversible process.

# Chemistry
The standard molar entropy of a gas at STP includes contributions from:
- The heat capacity of one mole of the solid from 0 K to the melting point (including heat absorbed in any changes between different crystal structures)
- The latent heat of fusion of the solid.
- The heat capacity of the liquid from the melting point to the boiling point.
- The latent heat of vaporization of the liquid.
- The heat capacity of the gas from the boiling point to room temperature.
Changes in entropy are associated with phase transitions and chemical reactions. Chemical equations make use of the standard molar entropy of reactants and products to find the standard entropy of reaction:
The standard entropy of reaction helps determine whether the reaction will take place spontaneously. According to the second law of thermodynamics, a spontaneous reaction always results in an increase in total entropy of the system and its surroundings:
Statens Serum Institut
Statens Serum Institut (English: the State Serum Institute), or SSI for short, is a Danish sector research institute located on the island of Amager in Copenhagen. Its purpose is to combat and prevent infectious diseases, congenital disorders, and threats from ABC weapons. Founded in 1902 in the barracks of the Artillerivej road, it has now expanded to much more than its original size.
Administratively, the National Serum Institute sorts under the Danish Ministry of the Interior and Health under minister Lars Lkke Rasmussen. The president and CEO of the institute has since 1998 been Niels Strandberg Pedersen. Apart from research into epidemiology and disease prevention, the institute also develops and produces vaccines, and is an integral part of the Danish ABC-preparedness operation.
Apart from work in Denmark, Statens Serum Institut is also involved in health promotion and monitoring in the West African country of Guinea-Bissau, as maintained by the Bandim Health Project.
Statistics New Zealand
Statistics New Zealand (In Maori, Tatauranga Aotearoa) is the  state sector organisation of New Zealand which is responsible for the country's official statistics, under the authority of the 1975 Statistics Act. Until 1994 it was known as the Department of Statistics. New Zealand's Minister of Statistics is the Hon. Clayton Cosgrove.

# Responsibilities
Besides its overall leadership role, the department conducts many statistical programmes including the five-yearly census. Many of the resulting statistics are available free of charge on its website. In addition, the department develops statistical classifications and standards for New Zealand, and conducts ongoing research and development into relevant statistical methods. It also provides technical assistance to developing countries in the Pacific rim, with a special focus on Pacific Island nations.  Statistics New Zealand is entrusted with leading the development and promotion of all government statistics that make up New Zealand's Official Statistics System, a role that will see it co-ordinating New Zealand's first integrated programme of Official Social Statistics.

# Government Statistician
The chief executive officer of Statistics New Zealand is called the Government Statistician.
- 1980 - 1984: John Darwin
- 1984 - 1992: Steve Kuzmicich
- 1992 - 1999: Len Cook
- 1999 - 2007: Brian Pink
- 2007 -     : Geoff Bascand

# graduate Leadership Development Programme (gLDP)
In 2005 Statistics New Zealand was the 18th most desirable employer for graduates in Australasia. For the most part, this is attributed to their graduate Leadership Development Programme (gLDP).
The gLDP is designed to increase and develop the future leadership capability of Statistics New Zealand and the wider New Zealand Public Service. It encourages graduates to develop their leadership skills through a structured, well supported and innovative programme.
Analysts on the gLDP are given social and technical support networks, monthly workshops, peer-mentoring, action learning groups and team corporate projects. In year one on the programme graduates complete three rotations to learn more about the organisation and as they progress are given more opportunities of responsibility and project management.
As a learning organisation, Statistics New Zealand is well known for its people development and the gLDP is no exception.

# Copyright
The Statistics New Zealand website states that "Information obtained from Statistics New Zealand may be freely used, reproduced, or quoted unless otherwise specified. In all cases Statistics New Zealand must be acknowledged as the source."
Stavudine how supplied

# How Supplied/Storage and Handling

# Capsules
ZERIT (stavudine) Capsules are available in the following strengths and configurations of plastic bottles with child-resistant closures:

## Oral Solution
ZERIT (stavudine) for Oral Solution is a dye-free, fruit-flavored powder that provides 1 mg of stavudine per mL of solution upon constitution with water. Directions for solution preparation are included on the product label and in the Dosage and Administration (2) section of this insert. ZERIT for Oral Solution (NDC No. 0003-1968-01) is available in child-resistant containers that provide 200 mL of solution after constitution with water.

## Storage
ZERIT Capsules should be stored in tightly closed containers at 25C (77F). Excursions between 15C and 30C (59F and 86F) are permitted (see USP Controlled Room Temperature).
ZERIT for Oral Solution should be protected from excessive moisture and stored in tightly closed containers at 25C (77F). Excursions between 15C and 30C (59F and 86F) are permitted (see USP Controlled Room Temperature). After constitution, store tightly closed containers of ZERIT for Oral Solution in a refrigerator, 2C to 8C (36F to 46F). Discard any unused portion after 30 days.
Stavudine microbiology

# Microbiology

## Mechanism of Action
Stavudine, a nucleoside analogue of thymidine, is phosphorylated by cellular kinases to the active metabolite stavudine triphosphate. Stavudine triphosphate inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) by competing with the natural substrate thymidine triphosphate (Ki=0.0083 to 0.032 M) and by causing DNA chain termination following its incorporation into viral DNA. Stavudine triphosphate inhibits cellular DNA polymerases  and  and markedly reduces the synthesis of mitochondrial DNA.

## Antiviral Activity in Cell Culture
The cell culture antiviral activity of stavudine was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocytic cells, and lymphoblastoid cell lines. The concentration of drug necessary to inhibit HIV-1 replication by 50% (EC50) ranged from 0.009 to 4 M against laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1. In cell culture, stavudine exhibited additive to antagonistic activity in combination with zidovudine. Stavudine in combination with either abacavir, didanosine, tenofovir, or zalcitabine exhibited additive to synergistic anti-HIV-1 activity. Ribavirin, at the 945 M concentrations tested, reduced the anti-HIV-1 activity of stavudine by 2.5- to 5-fold. The relationship between cell culture susceptibility of HIV-1 to stavudine and the inhibition of HIV-1 replication in humans has not been established.

## Resistance
HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to stavudine have been selected in cell culture (strain-specific) and were also obtained from patients treated with stavudine. Phenotypic analysis of HIV-1 isolates from 61 patients receiving prolonged (629 months) stavudine monotherapy showed that post-therapy isolates from four patients exhibited EC50 values more than 4-fold (range 7- to 16-fold) higher than the average pretreatment susceptibility of baseline isolates. Of these, HIV-1 isolates from one patient contained the zidovudine-resistance-associated substitutions T215Y and K219E, and isolates from another patient contained the multiple-nucleoside-resistance-associated substitution Q151M. Mutations in the RT gene of HIV-1 isolates from the other two patients were not detected. The genetic basis for stavudine susceptibility changes has not been identified.

## Cross-Resistance
Cross-resistance among HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors has been observed. Several studies have demonstrated that prolonged stavudine treatment can select and/or maintain thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs; M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, K219Q/E) associated with zidovudine resistance. HIV-1 isolates with one or more TAMs exhibited reduced susceptibility to stavudine in cell culture. These TAMs are seen at a similar frequency with stavudine and zidovudine in virological treatment. The clinical relevance of these findings suggests that stavudine should be avoided in the presence of thymidine analogue mutations.
Stochastic programming
Stochastic programming is a framework for modeling optimization problems that involve uncertainty. Whereas deterministic optimization problems are formulated with known parameters, real world problems almost invariably include some unknown parameters. When the parameters are known only within certain bounds, one approach to tackling such problems is called robust optimization. Here the goal is to find a solution which is feasible for all such data and optimal in some sense. Stochastic programming models are similar in style but take advantage of the fact that probability distributions governing the data are known or can be estimated. The goal here is to find some policy that is feasible for all (or almost all) the possible data instances and maximizes the expectation of some function of the decisions and the random variables. More generally, such models are formulated, solved analytically or numerically, and analyzed in order to provide useful information to a decision-maker.
The most widely applied and studied stochastic programming models are two-stage linear programs. Here the decision maker takes some action in the first stage, after which a random event occurs affecting the outcome of the first-stage decision. A recourse decision can then be made in the second stage that compensates for any bad effects that might have been experienced as a result of the first-stage decision. The optimal policy from such a model is a single first-stage policy and a collection of recourse decisions (a decision rule) defining which second-stage action should be taken in response to each random outcome.

# Biological Applications
Stochastic dynamic programming is frequently used to model animal behaviour in such fields as behavioural ecology.  Empirical tests of models of optimal foraging, life-history transitions such as fledging in birds and egg laying in parasitoid wasps have shown the value of this modelling technique in explaining the evolution of behavioural decision making.  These models are typically many staged, rather than two-staged.

# Economic Applications
Stochastic dynamic programming is a useful tool in understanding decision making under uncertainty. The accumulation of capital stock under uncertainty is one example, often it is used by resource economists to analyze bioeconomic problemswhere the uncertainty enters in such as weather, etc.
Stomatognathic disease
Stomatognathic disease refers to the diseases of the mouth ("stoma") and teeth ("gnath"). The etymology is similar to that of the term Gnathostomata. It is the term used by MeSH (along with the synonym dental diseases), but other organizations use different terms.
The American Dental Association uses the term "oral and maxillofacial pathology", and describes it as "the specialty of dentistry and pathology which deals with the nature, identification, and management of diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial regions. It is a science that investigates the causes, processes and effects of these diseases."
The World Health Organization uses the term "Diseases of oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws."
Straight, Incorporated

# Background
Straight, Incorporated was a nationally recognized non-profit drug rehabilitation program that produced hundreds of reports of abuse of adolescents and their families during its 15 years of existence. Despite allegations of abuse from escaped members and pending lawsuits, during its existence Straight won laudatory praise in Republican circles.
Straight, Inc. was founded on April 22, 1976 by Mel Sembler and started its treatment program on September 1, 1976.
This program was highly controversial due to the style of therapy it used, called "tough love" that has been likened to brainwashing. Various allegations of abuse and lawsuits led to the end of Straight, Inc. in July 1993.
Many former patients of Straight have formed 'survivor groups' assembling themselves in small numbers seeking a means to understand the trauma suffered and supporting one another in grasping the reality of what happened in their lives.
Straight back syndrome
Synonyms and keywords: SBS

# Overview
The straight back syndrome, consisting of loss of normal upper thoracic spinal curvature associated with heart murmurs and radiographic cardiomegaly is considered a form of pseudoheart disease which has been attributed to squashing of the heart in the reduced AP diameter of the chest. In another words the straight back syndrome is loss of the normal concavity of the thoracolumbar spine with a narrowed anteroposterior chest dimension, resulting compression of the heart between spine and sternum, and consequent prominent precordial pulsations, an ejection murmur, and radiologic evidence of a widened cardiac silhouette (pancaked heart).
Straight back syndrome (SBS) patients who have valvular heart disease should receive infective endocarditis prophylaxis.

# Historical Perspective
Straight back syndrome first diagnosed and reported by Rawlings in 1960. 

# Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Straight back syndrome is simple, which only requires AP and lateral chest x-rays.
- Right lateral view of normal columna vertebralis
- Left lateral view of normal columna vertebralis
Streptococcus viridans

# Overview
Streptococcus viridans is a pseudo-taxonomic term for a large group of generally non-pathogenic, commensal streptococcal bacteria that are either -hemolytic and produce a green (hence the name viridans) coloration on blood agar plates, or non-hemolytic.

# Identification
Viridans streptococci can be differentiated from Streptococcus pneumoniae using an optochin test, as Viridans streptococci are optochin resistant; they also lack either the polysaccharide-based capsule typical of S. pneumoniae or the Lancefield antigens of the pyogenic members of the genus.

# Pathology
The organisms are most abundant in the mouth and one member of the group, S. mutans, is the etiologic agent of dental caries. Others may be involved in other mouth or gingival infections.
If they are introduced into the bloodstream they have the potential of causing endocarditis, particularly in individuals with damaged heart valves.
- Blood culture specimen, depicts numbers of Gram-positive, a-hemolytic viridans streptococci group bacteria. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).
Submandibular ganglion
The submandibular ganglion (or submaxillary ganglion in older texts) is part of the human autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck. (The others are the otic ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion, and ciliary ganglion).

# Function
The submandibular ganglion is responsible for innervation of two salivary glands: the submandibular gland and sublingual gland.

# Location and relations
The submandibular ganglion is small and fusiform in shape. It is situated above the deep portion of the submandibular gland, on the hyoglossus muscle, near the posterior border of the mylohyoid muscle.
The ganglion 'hangs' by two nerve filaments from the lower border of the lingual nerve (itself a branch of the mandibular nerve, CN V3). It is suspended from the lingual nerve by two filaments, one anterior and one posterior. Through the posterior of these it receives a branch from the chorda tympani nerve which runs in the sheath of the lingual nerve.

# Fibers
Like other parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck, the submandibular ganglion is the site of synapse for parasympathetic fibers and carries other types of nerve fiber that do not synapse in the ganglion. In summary, the fibers carried in the ganglion are:
- Sympathetic fibers from the internal carotid plexus, via the facial artery and its branches. These do not synapse in this ganglion.
- Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the superior salivatory nucleus of the medulla oblongata, via the chorda tympani and lingual nerve, which synapse at the origin of:
- Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the oral mucosa and the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

# Additional images
- Mandibular division of trifacial nerve, seen from the middle line.
- Diagram of efferent sympathetic nervous system.
Superior cardiac nerve
The superior cardiac nerve arises by two or more branches from the superior cervical ganglion, and occasionally receives a filament from the trunk between the first and second cervical ganglia.
It runs down the neck behind the common carotid artery, and in front of the Longus colli muscle; and crosses in front of the inferior thyroid artery, and recurrent nerve.
The course of the nerves on the two sides then differ.

# Right nerve
The right nerve, at the root of the neck, passes either in front of or behind the subclavian artery, and along the innominate artery to the back of the arch of the aorta, where it joins the deep part of the cardiac plexus.
It is connected with other branches of the sympathetic; about the middle of the neck it receives filaments from the external laryngeal nerve; lower down, one or two twigs from the vagus; and as it enters the thorax it is joined by a filament from the recurrent nerve.
Filaments from the nerve communicate with the thyroid branches from the middle cervical ganglion.

# Left nerve
The left nerve, in the thorax, runs in front of the left common carotid artery and across the left side of the arch of the aorta, to the superficial part of the cardiac plexus.
Superior rectal artery
The superior rectal artery (superior hemorrhoidal artery) is an artery that descends into the pelvis to supply blood to the rectum.

# Structure
The superior rectal artery is the continuation of the inferior mesenteric artery.  It descends into the pelvis between the layers of the mesentery of the sigmoid colon, crossing the left common iliac artery and vein.
It divides, opposite the third sacral vertebra into two branches, which descend one on either side of the rectum.  About 10 or 12 cm from the anus, these branches break up into several small branches.
These pierce the muscular coat of the bowel and run downward, as straight vessels, placed at regular intervals from each other in the wall of the gut between its muscular and mucous coats, to the level of the internal anal sphincter; here they form a series of loops around the lower end of the rectum, and communicate with the middle rectal artery (from the internal iliac artery) and with the inferior rectal artery (from the internal pudendal artery).

# Additional images
- The posterior aspect of the rectum exposed by removing the lower part of the sacrum and the coccyx.