Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Adaptive recreation
Adaptive Recreation is a concept whereby people with disabilities are given the opportunity to participate in recreational activities. Through the use of activity modifications and assistive technology, athletes or participants in sports or other recreational pursuits are able to play alongside their non-disabled peers.  The Boy Scouts of America, for example, has about 100,000 physically or mentally disabled members throughout the United States.
Activity Modifications are changes made to a game or activity that allow all players to have an equal or more equal chance of doing well. One example of an activity modification is a wheelchair basketball game, where both disabled and non-disabled players use wheelchairs. The players' ability to walk is no longer a factor in how well they play.
Assistive Devices are any machines or equipment used to level the playing field in a mixed-ability competition, or to allow someone the opportunity to participate that could not do so without its benefit. Good examples of assistive devices are pool lifts that lower non-ambulatory swimmers into a pool, and standing frames that allow wheelchair users to stand up while playing ball. Many municipal governments in the U.S. use adaptive recreation as a way to meet the requirements of the Americans With Disabilities Act, specifically its section dealing with public services. Governments are required by ADA law to provide reasonable accommodation to people with disabilities in order to allow them participation in sports and recreation programs.
Adhesion (medicine)

# Overview
Adhesions are abnormal bands of tissue that grow in the human body.  They may be thought of as internal scar tissue.  In the case of frozen shoulder (also known as adhesive capsulitis) adhesions grow between the shoulder joint surfaces, restricting motion.
Abdominal adhesions are most commonly caused by abdominal surgical procedures.  Endometriosis is also another cause of abdominal adhesions.  These adhesions may grow over time and become attached to the walls of the abdomen, as well as to internal organs.  The adhesions may cause internal organs to attach to one another as well.
One common complication of abdominal adhesions is intestinal obstruction, in which an adhesion wraps around an intestine and prevents the flow of material through the digestive tract.  Depending on the severity of the obstruction, a partial obstruction may relieve itself without medical intervention.  However, many obstructions, if left untreated, may result in death.  It is important that in the event that an obstruction occurs, the affected individual seek medical treatment immediately.  For complete obstructions, or partial obstructions that do not relieve themselves within 24 hours, surgical intervention may be required to remove the adhesion(s) via adhesiolysis.  It may take months or years for adhesions to cause an obstruction post-surgery.

# Causes

## Common Causes
- Peritonitis

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Abdominal surgery
- Bowel obstruction
- Caesarean section
- Colorectal cancer
- Crohn's disease
- Desmoplasia
- Endometriosis
- Essential iris atrophy
- Fascioloides magna
- Helicobacter pylori
- Herniorrhaphy
- Infection
- Intrauterine pressure
- Laparotomy
- Organ xenotransplantation
- Pericarditis
- Peritonitis
- Pleurisy
- Shoulder pain
- Surgical recovery
- Uterine infection
Adjustment disorder

# Overview
Adjustment disorder refers to a psychological disturbance that develops in response to a stressor. Adjustment disorders are caused by specific sources of stress, such as severe personal crisis (divorce, death of loved one, recent abuse, recent job changes) or major unexpected negative events (tornado or fire destroys a person's home). The usual symptoms mimic depression, anxiety, or sleep disorder; however the disturbance disorder is short-term and can usually be treated with counseling or mild short-term medication. If the problem persists more than six months after removal of the stressor, the person may have a more permanent problem, such as a chronic mood or sleep disorder.

# Differential Diagnosis
- Acute stress disorder
- Major depressive disorder
- Normative stress reactions
- Personality disorders
- Post traumatic stress disorder

# Epidemiology and Demographics

## Prevalence
Adjustment disorder is a common condition. The prevalence of adjustment disorder is:
- 5,000-20,000 per 100,000 (5-20%) in the outpatient mental health treatment setting.
- Up to 50,000 per 100,000 in the hospital psychiatric consultation setting of the overall population.

# Risk Factors
- Stressors (divorce, death of loved one, recent abuse, recent job changes)
- Major unexpected negative events (tornado or fire destroys a person's home)

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Adjustment disorder is short-term and can usually be treated with counseling or mild short-term medication. If the problem persists more than six months after removal of the stressor, the person may have a more permanent problem, such as a chronic mood or sleep disorder.

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

### DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Adjustment Disorder

## Symptoms
The usual symptoms of adjustment disorder mimic depression, anxiety, or sleep disorder.
Afferent arterioles

# Overview
The afferent arterioles are a group of blood vessels that supply the nephrons in many excretory systems.
The afferent arterioles branch from the renal artery which supplies blood to the kidneys.
The afferent arterioles later diverge into the capillaries of the glomerulus.
Aframomum melegueta
Aframomum melegueta is a species in the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It is commonly known as Guinea pepper, Melegueta pepper, alligator pepper and Guinea grains. Grains of paradise, a West African spice that gives a pungent, peppery flavor, is obtained from this plant. It is a herbaceous perennial plant native to swampy habitats along the West African coast. Its trumpet-shaped, purple flowers develop into 5 to 7 cm long pods containing numerous small, reddish-brown seeds.
The seeds have a pungent, peppery taste due to aromatic ketones,
e.g., (6)-paradol (systematic name: 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-decan-3-one).
Essential oils, which are the dominating flavor components in the closely related cardamom, occur only in traces.
Grains of paradise are commonly employed in the cooking styles of West Africa and North Africa, where they have been traditionally imported via caravan routes through the Sahara desert. Grains of paradise became a very fashionable substitute for black pepper in the 14th and 15th century Europe, especially in northern France, one of the most populous regions in Europe at the time. In the early modern period, the craze for the spice waned and it became more common as a flavorer for sausages and beer. Today it is largely unknown outside of West and North Africa except as flavorers in some beers, gins and Norwegian aquavit.
In West African folk medicine, grains of paradise are valued for their warming and digestive properties.  A. melegueta has been introduced to the Caribbean Islands, where it is used as medicine and for religious (voodoo) rites.
Alpha-galactosidase
Alpha-galactosidase is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that hydrolyses the terminal alpha-galactosyl moieties from glycolipids and glycoproteins.  It is encoded by the GLA gene. Two recombinant forms of human alpha-galactosidase are called agalsidase alpha (INN) and agalsidase beta (INN). A mold-derived form is the primary ingredient in gas relief supplements.

# Function
This enzyme is a homodimeric glycoprotein that hydrolyses the terminal alpha-galactosyl moieties from glycolipids and glycoproteins. It predominantly hydrolyzes ceramide trihexoside, and it can catalyze the hydrolysis of melibiose into galactose and glucose.

# Pathology
A variety of mutations in this gene affect the synthesis, processing, and stability of this enzyme, which causes Fabry disease, a rare lysosomal storage disorder and sphingolipidosis that results from a failure to catabolize alpha-D-galactosyl glycolipid moieties.
Two enzyme replacement therapies are available to functionally compensate for alpha-galactosidase deficiency. Agalsidase alpha and beta are both recombinant forms of the human -galactosidase A enzyme and both have the same amino acid sequence as the native enzyme. Agalsidase alpha and beta differ in the structures of their oligosaccharide side chains.

## Agalsidase alpha
The pharmaceutical company Shire manufactures agalsidase alfa (INN) under the trade name Replagal as a treatment for Fabry disease, and was granted marketing approval in the EU in 2001.  FDA approval was applied for the United States.  However, in 2012, Shire withdrew their application for approval in the United States citing that the agency will require additional clinical trials before approval.

## Agalsidase beta
The pharmaceutical company Genzyme produces synthetic agalsidase beta (INN) under the trade name Fabrazyme for treatment of Fabry disease.  In 2009, contamination at Genzyme's Allston, Massachusetts plant caused a worldwide shortage of Fabrazyme, and supplies were rationed to patients at one-third the recommended dose.  Some patients have petitioned to break the company's patent on the drug under the "march-in" provisions of the BayhDole Act.

## Over-the-counter brand names
Alpha-galactosidase derived from aspergillus niger (a common mold) is an active ingredient in products marketed to reduce stomach gas production after eating foods known to cause gas. It is optimally active at 55 degrees C, after which its half-life is 120 minutes.
There are scores of supplements containing the enzyme over the counter in the United States and many more world wide. Products with Alpha-galactosidase include:
- Beano
- CVS BeanAid
- Enzymedica's BeanAssist
- Gasfix
Agrimonia eupatoria
Agrimonia eupatoria is a species of agrimony that is often referred to as common agrimony, church steeples or sticklewort.  The whole plant is dark green with numerous soft hairs. The soft hairs aid in the plant's seed pods sticking to any animal or person coming in contact with the plant. The flower spikes have a spicy odor like apricots.

# In folklore
Agrimony has been stated as have medical and magical properties since the time of Pliny the elder. It is ruled astrologically by Cancer, according to Nicholas Culpeper. Common folklore held that it could cure musket wounds, and ward off witchcraft.

# In herbal medicine
In traditional herbal medicine it was recommended as a cure for insomnia, often being incorporated in herbal pillows. It was also believed to be able to draw out splinters.
Modern herbalists prescribe it for disorders of the kidneys, liver and bladder. It has diuretic and exporant properties, and can be used for mild skin complaints such as acne. Not all of these uses have been supported by scientific evidence. Template:Weasel-inline

# References and external link
- Howard, Michael. Traditional Folk remedies (Century, 1987, pp 96-97)
- Agrimony, Agrimonia eupatoria - Information on seed germination, medicinal uses of plant, common names of the plant
ar:
cs:Repik lekarsky
de:Gemeiner Odermennig
hsb:May zian
lt:Vaistine dirvuole
nl:Gewone agrimonie
sv:Smaborre
uk: 
sr: ()
Alcohol equivalence
Alcohol equivalence refers to the fact that United States standard drinks of alcoholic beverages contain equivalent amounts of alcohol, which is 0.6 U.S. fluid ounce (18 ml) each.
A standard drink consists of (a) a 12-ounce bottle or can of regular beer (b), a 5-ounce glass of regular (dinner) wine, and (c) a one and 12 ounce  drink of 80 proof (40%) distilled spirits  or liquor (either straight or in a mixed drink).
The facts of alcohol beverage equivalence are emphasized as important to drinking in moderation and avoiding excessive alcohol consumption by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), United States Department of Transportation (DOT), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), American Dietetic Association, National Consumers League, National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NCADD), and Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), among others.

# Source
- Alcohol Equivalence
Aluminium hydroxide

# Overview
Aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3, is the most stable form of aluminium in normal conditions. It is found in nature as the mineral gibbsite (also known as hydrargillite). Closely related are aluminium oxide hydroxide, AlO(OH), and aluminium oxide, Al2O3, differing only by loss of water. These compounds together are the major components of the aluminium ore bauxite.

# Chemistry
Gibbsite has a typical metal hydroxide structure with hydrogen bonds. It is built up of double layers of hydroxyl groups with aluminum ions occupying two-thirds of the octahedral holes between the two layers.
Aluminum hydroxide is amphoteric. It dissolves in acid, forming Al(H2O)63+ or its hydrolysis products. It also dissolves in strong alkali, forming Al(OH)4-.
Aluminum hydroxide is produced in the Bayer process as an intermediate in the production of aluminum metal.

# Pharmacology
Pharmacologically, this compound is used as an antacid under names such as Alu-Cap, Aludrox or Pepsamar. The hydroxide reacts with excess acid in the stomach, reducing its acidity. This decrease of acidity of the contents of the stomach may in turn help to relieve the symptoms of ulcers, heartburn or dyspepsia. It can also cause constipation and is therefore often used with magnesium carbonate, which has counterbalancing laxative effects.  This compound is also used to control phosphate levels in the blood of people suffering from kidney failure.
Aluminium hydroxide is included as an adjuvant in some vaccines (e.g., Alhydrogel), since it contributes to induction of a good antibody (Th2) response.  However, it has little capacity to stimulate cellular (Th1) immune responses, important for protection against many pathogens (Petrovsky and Aguilar, 2004).
Because the brain lesions found in Alzheimer's disease contain aluminium, there is concern that consumption of excess aluminium compounds may cause or contribute to the development of this and other neurodegenerative diseases (Perl, 2006, Kawahara, 2005).  In addition, elevated aluminium levels in blood, resulting from kidney dialysis with well water containing high aluminium, result in dementia that is similar to but probably different from that of Alzheimer's disease (Carpenter, 2001).  However, this hypothesis is controversial.

## Pill Images
Allegheny Chinkapin
The Allegheny Chinkapin (American Chinkapin, Dwarf chestnut, Castanea pumila) is a species of chestnut native to the eastern United States from southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania south to central Florida, west to eastern Texas, and north to southern Missouri and Kentucky. The plant's habitat is dry sandy and rocky uplands and ridges mixed with oak and hickory to 1000 m elevation. It grows best on well-drained soils in full sun or partial shade.
It is a spreading shrub or small tree, reaching 2-8 m in height at maturity. The bark is red- or gray-brown and slightly furrowed into scaly plates. The leaves are simple, narrowly elliptical or lanceolate, yellow-green above and paler and finely hairy on the underside. Each leaf is 7.5-15 cm long by 3-5 cm wide with parallel side veins ending in short pointed teeth. The flowers are monoecious and appear in early summer. Male flowers are small and pale yellow to white, borne on erect catkins 10-15 cm long attached to the base of each leaf. Female flowers are 3 mm long and are located at the base of some catkins. The fruit is a golden-colored cupule 2-3 cm in diameter with many sharp spines, maturing in autumn. Each cupule contains one ovoid shiny dark brown nut that is edible.
The Allegheny Chinkapin is closely related to the American Chestnut Castanea dentata, and both trees can be found in the same habitat. Allegheny Chinkapin can be distinguished by its smaller nut (half the size of a chestnut) that is not flattened (chestnuts are flattened on one side). The leaves of the Allegheny Chinkapin are smaller than the American Chestnut and have less distinct teeth. Allegheny Chinkapin, however, is less susceptible the chestnut blight fungus that devastated the American Chestnut. While the chinkapin does blight to some degree, it continues to send out suckers that will produce fruit. Chinkapins are quite vulnerable nevertheless, and there are many reports of heavily diseased and cankered trees.
John Smith of Jamestown made the first record of the tree and its nuts in 1612, observing its use by the Native Americans. Native Americans made an infusion of chinkapin leaves to relieve headaches and fevers. The bark, leaves, wood, and seed husks of the plant contain tannin. The wood is hard and durable and is sometimes used in fences and fuel, but the plant is too small for the wood to be of commercial importance.
Allotransplantation

# Overview
Allotransplantation (allo- from the Greek meaning "other") is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs, sourced from a genetically non-identical member of the same species as the recipient.. The transplant is called an allograft or allogeneic transplant or homograft. Most human tissue and organ transplants are allografts.
In contrast, a transplant from another species is called a xenograft. A transplanted organ or tissue from a genetically identical donor, i.e., an identical twin, is termed an isograft.  Finally, when a tissue is transplanted from one site to another on the same patient, it is termed an autograft.
When a host mounts an immune response against an allograft or xenograft, the process is termed rejection. An allogenic bone marrow transplant can result in an immune attack against recipient, termed Graft-versus-host disease.

# Examples
A variety of tissue and organs types can be used for allografts. These include:
- skin transplants
- corneal transplants
- heart transplants
- lung transplantation
- liver transplants
- kidney transplants
- bone marrow transplants
- bone allograft
- ligament or tendon allograft

## Pregnancy
The fetus inside a mother may be viewed as an unusually successful allograft, since it genetically differs from the mother.. In the same way, many cases of spontaneous abortion may be described in the same way as  maternal transplant rejection.
For this purpose, the placenta functions as a barrier, and uses several mechanisms:
- It secretes Neurokinin B containing phosphocholine molecules. This is the same mechanism used by parasitic nematodes to avoid detection by the immune system of their host.
- Also, there is presence of small lymphocytic suppressor cells in the fetus that inhibit maternal cytotoxic T cells by inhibiting the response to interleukin 2.
However, the placental barrier is not the sole means to evade the immune system, as foreign fetal cells also persist in the maternal circulation, on the other side of the placental barrier.
If the mechanisms of rejection-immunity of the fetus could be elucidated, it could avail for xenopregnancy, having, for example pigs carry human fetuses to term as an alternative to a human surrogate mother, providing a sober, drug-free and nonsmoking carrier.
Alphamethylfentanyl
-methylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl.
-methylfentanyl was invented in 1979 and appeared on the black market under the name "China White". It was first identified in the bodies of two drug overdose victims in Orange County, California, in December 1979, who appeared to have died from opiate overdose but tested negative for any known drugs of this type.  Over the next year there were 13 more deaths and eventually the responsible agent was identified as -methylfentanyl.  
-methylfentanyl was significant as the first example of a "designer drug" which had been developed entirely by clandestine chemists for sale as an illicit recreational drug rather than as a product of legitimate scientific research; while new synthetic drugs such as DOB and ALD-52 had previously appeared on the black market, they had been reported in scientific research papers prior to their appearance as recreational drugs.
-methylfentanyl was placed on the Schedule I list in September 1981, only two years after its appearance on the street, but already other analogues were being developed. Following the appearance of -methylfentanyl on the market, over 10 new analogues of fentanyl have been reported, starting with para-fluorofentanyl, followed by -methylacetylfentanyl, then by the highly potent 3-methylfentanyl, and subsequently many others such as -hydroxyfentanyl, ohmefentanyl, -hydroxythiofentanyl and -hydroxy-4-methylfentanyl.  The development of such a wide structural family of novel narcotic drugs was a major factor responsible for the implementation of the Federal Analog Act which for the first time attempted to control entire families of drugs based on their structural similarity rather than scheduling each drug individually as they appeared. Whether this has been a successful strategy is debatable, it could be argued that specifying restrictions on new drugs which have never yet been made only encourages clandestine chemists to become more creative to attempt to circumvent the legal restrictions.
-methylfentanyl has similar effects to fentanyl. It is less potent by weight due to reduced binding affinity to its target site, yet longer acting as the -methyl group interferes with binding to metabolic enzymes which break the drug down. Since fentanyl itself is highly potent and notorious for causing fatal overdoses when abused, and also very short lasting with addicts often administering doses every hour, -methylfentanyl could have several advantages over the parent compound as a recreational drug. Side effects of fentanyl analogues are similar to those of fentanyl itself, which include itching, nausea and potentially serious respiratory depression which can be life-threatening.
Alpha 2-antiplasmin
Alpha 2-antiplasmin (or 2-antiplasmin or plasmin inhibitor) is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) responsible for inactivating plasmin. Plasmin is an important enzyme that participates in fibrinolysis and degradation of various other proteins.  This protein is encoded by the SERPINF2 gene.

# Role in disease
Very few cases (<20) of A2AP deficiency have been described. As plasmin degrades blood clots, impaired inhibition of plasmin leads to a bleeding tendency, which was severe in the cases reported.
In liver cirrhosis, there is decreased production of alpha 2-antiplasmin, leading to decreased inactivation of plasmin and an increase in fibrinolysis.  This is associated with an increase risk of bleeding in liver disease.

# Interactions
Alpha 2-antiplasmin has been shown to interact with:
- Neutrophil elastase and
- Plasmin.