Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Holocarboxylase synthetase
HLCS (holocarboxylase synthetase (biotin-(propionyl-Coenzyme A-carboxylase (ATP-hydrolysing)) ligase)) is a human gene that provides instructions for making an enzyme called holocarboxylase synthetase (EC 6.3.4.10). This enzyme is important for the effective use of biotin, a B vitamin found in foods such as liver, egg yolks, and milk. In many of the body's tissues, holocarboxylase synthetase activates other specific enzymes (called biotin-dependent carboxylases) by attaching biotin to them. These carboxylases are involved in many critical cellular functions, including the production and breakdown of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
Holocarboxylase synthetase may also play a role in regulating the activity of genes. In the nucleus, the enzyme likely attaches biotin molecules to histones, which are structural proteins that bind to DNA and give chromosomes their shape. Changing the shape of histones may help determine whether certain genes are turned on or off; however, it is not known how adding biotin affects gene regulation.
The HLCS gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 21 at position 22.1, from base pair 37,045,059 to base pair 37,284,372.

# Related conditions
Holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency: About 30 mutations in the HLCS gene have been identified in people with holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency. Most of these mutations substitute one amino acid (a building block of proteins) for another amino acid in the holocarboxylase synthetase enzyme. Many of the known mutations occur in a region of the enzyme that binds to biotin. These mutations reduce the enzyme's ability to attach biotin to carboxylases and histones. Without biotin, carboxylases remain inactive and are unable to process proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. A lack of holocarboxylase synthetase activity may also alter the regulation of certain genes that are important for normal development. Researchers believe that these disruptions in important cellular functions lead to breathing problems, skin rashes, and the other characteristic signs and symptoms of holocarboxylase synthetase deficiency.
Homologous desensitization
Desensitisation of receptors is a process wherby after prolonged agonist exposure, the receptor is uncoupled from its signalling cascade, and thus the biological effect of receptor activation is attenuated. High ligand concentrations are required to produce homologous desensitisation. Homologous desensitisation should not be confused with heterologous desensitisation, which has some similarities, but is a different process.
The process of homologous desensitisation is as follows (using the 2 receptor as an example):
1. Agonist binds and activates receptor which changes to an active conformational state.
2. ARK, a cytoplasmic kinase is activated and phosphorylates the C-terminus of the 2 receptor.
3. Such phosphorylation increases the affinity of -arrestin for the receptor, resulting in uncoupling of the  subunit of the heterotrimeric G-protein from the receptor producing desensitisation.
Compare to heterologous desensitisation.
Horner's syndrome overview

# Overview
Horner's syndrome is a clinical syndrome caused by damage to the sympathetic nervous system.

# Historical Perspective
It is named after Johann Friedrich Horner, the Swiss ophthalmologist who first described the syndrome in 1869. Several others had previously described cases, but "Horner's syndrome" is most prevalent. In France, Claude Bernard is also eponymised with the condition being called "syndrome Bernard-Horner".

# Differentiating Horner's syndrome from other Diseases
It is important to distinguish the ptosis caused by Horner's syndrome from the ptosis caused by a lesion to the oculomotor nerve. In the former, the ptosis occurs with a constricted pupil (due to a loss of sympathetics to the eye), whereas in the latter, the ptosis occurs with a dilated pupil (due to a loss of innervation to the sphincter pupillae). In an actual clinical setting, however, these two different ptoses are fairly easy to distinguish. In addition to the blown pupil in a CN III (oculomotor nerve) lesion, this ptosis is much more severe, occasionally occluding the whole eye. The ptosis of Horner's syndrome can be quite mild or barely noticeable.

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
There are no direct complications of Horner's syndrome itself. However, there may be complications from the disease that caused Horner's syndrome or from its treatment. The outcome depends on whether treatment of the cause is successful.

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination
An eye examination may show changes in how the pupil opens or closes and eyelid drooping. A complete medical and nervous system (neurological) examination can show whether any other parts of the body are affected.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
Treatment depends on the cause of the problem. There is no treatment for Horner's syndrome itself.
How to create an algorithm

# Overview
An algorithm is a schematic drawing that helps organizing step by step approaches in a visually simplified way. An algorithm is formed by a set of boxes and lines that join them.
- Algorithms(Youtube)

# Create an Algorithm

## Introduction
- To begin an algorithm, you should start with the following code {{family tree/start}} and end it with {{family tree/end}}.
- You can name an algorithm by starting with following: {{family tree/summary= Name of the algorithm}}
- The algorithm consists of boxes that occupy virtual rows:
- Each row is represented by the following where each |  | represents a space.:
- Each box is represented by the content that fills the space in |  |, for example | A01 | will give:
- In order to link the boxes you need to use symbols.  The basic symbols that you will most commonly use are the following:
! will link two boxes placed vertically on top of each other
- will link two boxes placed horizontally next to each other
^ will link bifurcate a line arising from a box into two branches.
- ! will link two boxes placed vertically on top of each other
- - will link two boxes placed horizontally next to each other
- ^ will link bifurcate a line arising from a box into two branches.

## Algorithm Basics

# Advanced Algorithms
Please find below an image that summarizes the symbols used in creating algorithms.

# Samples
Hydroxychloroquine sulfate

# Overview
Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial drug, sold under the trade names Plaquenil, Axemal (in India), Dolquine and Quensyl, also used to reduce inflammation in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (see disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs) and lupus. Hydroxychloroquine differs from chloroquine by the presence of a hydroxyl group at the end of the side chain: The N-ethyl substituent is beta-hydroxylated.  It is available for
-ral administration as hydroxychloroquine sulfate (plaquenil) of which 200 mg contains 155 mg base
in chiral form. Hydroxychloroquine has similar pharmacokinetics to chloroquine, with quick gastrointestinal absorption and is eliminated by the kidney. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP 2D6, 2C8, 3A4 and 3A5) N-desethylated Hydroxychloroquine to Ndesethylhydroxychloroquine.

# Category
Antimalarial

# US Brand Names
Hydroxychloroquine sulfate

# FDA Package Insert
Description

# Mechanism of Action
Antimalarials are lipophilic weak bases and easily go through plasma membranes.  The free base form accumulates in lysosomes (acidic cytoplasmic vesicles) and is then protonated, resulting in concentrations within lysosomes up to 1000 times higher than in culture media.  This increases the pH of the lysosome from 4 to 6. Alteration in pH causes inhibition of lysosomal acidic proteases causing a diminished proteolysis effect.  Higher pH within lysosomes causes decreased intracellular processing, glycosylation, and secretion of proteins with many immunologic and nonimmunologic consequences. These effects are believed to be the cause of a decreased immune cell functioning such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis and superoxide production by neutrophils.HCQ is a weak diprotic base that can pass through the lipid cell membrane and preferentially concentrate in acidic cyto-plasmic vesicles. The higher pH of these vesicles in macrophages or other antigen-presenting cells limits the association of autoantigenic (any) peptides with class II MHC molecules in the compartment for peptide loading and/or the subsequent processing and transport of the peptide-MHC complex to the cell membrane.Recently a novel mechanism has been described wherein hydroxychloroquine inhibits stimulation of the toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 family receptors. TLRs are cellular receptors for microbial products that induce inflammatory responses through activation of the innate immune system.
As with other quinoline antimalarial drugs, the mechanism of action of quinine has not been fully resolved. The most accepted model is based on hydrochloroquinine, this model involves the inhibition of hemozoin biocrystallization, which facilitates the aggregation of cytotoxic heme. Free cytotoxic heme accumulates in the parasites, causing their deaths.
Hypolipoproteinemia causes

# Overview
Hypolipoproteinemia is due to genetic abnormalities or other diseases such as malnutrition and malabsorption, endocrine disorders, metabolic disorders, renal diseases or caused by drug side effects/toxicities.

# Causes

## Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
- Pyrethroid insecticides

## Common Causes

## Causes Based on Major Lipoprotein Detected in Blood Laboratory Test

### Low Cholesterol Causes

### Low Chylomicron Causes
- Abetalipoproteinemia
- Apolipoprotein B-48 deficiency
- Bassen-kornzweig syndrome
- Fish oil
- Ketogenic diet
- N-3 fatty acids

### Low Chylomicron remnant Causes
- Abetalipoproteinemia
- Chylomicron retention disease
- Hyperthyroidism 
- Intestinal lymphangiectasia
- Lomitapide
- Malabsorption

### Low Triglyceride Causes

### Low HDL Causes

### Low IDL Causes
- Estrogen plus simvastatin combination therapy
- Extended-release niacin/laropiprant and simvastatin
- Familial apolipoprotein AI and apolipoprotein CIII deficiency
- Lipoprotein lipase deficiency
- Lovastatin
- Pravastatin
- Statins

### Low LDL Causes

### Low VLDL Causes

## Combined List of Causes in Alphabetical Order
Hypothenar Hammer Syndrome

# Overview
Hypothenar hammer syndrome is a condition of the hand in which the blood flow to the fingers is reduced.

# Symptoms
- Pain
- Pins and needles and loss of sensation in the affected hand
- The fingers become sensitive to cold and they change color.
IMITREX tablet description

# Description
IMITREX Tablets contain sumatriptan succinate, a selective 5HT1B/1D receptor agonist. Sumatriptan succinate is chemically designated as 3--N-methyl-indole-5-methanesulfonamide succinate (1:1), and it has the following structure:
The empirical formula is C14H21N3O2SC4H6O4, representing a molecular weight of 413.5. Sumatriptan succinate is a white to offwhite powder that is readily soluble in water and in saline.
Each IMITREX Tablet for oral administration contains 35, 70, or 140 mg of sumatriptan succinate equivalent to 25, 50, or 100 mg of sumatriptan, respectively. Each tablet also contains the inactive ingredients croscarmellose sodium, dibasic calcium phosphate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium bicarbonate. Each 100-mg tablet also contains hypromellose, iron oxide, titanium dioxide, and triacetin.
Inferior cervical ganglion
The inferior cervical ganglion is situated between the base of the transverse process of the last cervical vertebra and the neck of the first rib, on the medial side of the costocervical artery.
Its form is irregular; it is larger in size than the middle cervical ganglion, and is frequently fused with the first thoracic ganglion.

# Path
It is probably formed by the coalescence of two ganglia which correspond to the seventh and eighth cervical nerves.
It is connected to the middle cervical ganglion by two or more cords, one of which forms a loop around the subclavian artery and supplies offsets to it. This loop is named the ansa subclavia (Vieussenii).
The ganglion sends gray rami communicantes to the seventh and eighth cervical nerves.

# Branches
It gives off the inferior cardiac nerve, and offsets to bloodvessels.

## Inferior cardiac nerve

## Offsets to bloodvessels
The offsets to bloodvessels form plexuses on the subclavian artery and its branches.
The plexus on thevertebral artery is continued on to the basilar, posterior cerebral, and cerebellar arteries.
The plexus on the inferior thyroid artery accompanies the artery to the thyroid gland, and communicates with the recurrent and external laryngeal nerves, with the superior cardiac nerve, and with the plexus on the common carotid artery.

# Additional images
- The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses.
Inferior epigastric artery
In human anatomy, inferior epigastric artery refers to the artery that arises from the external iliac artery and anastomoses with the superior epigastric artery.  Along its course, it is accompanied by a similarly named vein, the inferior epigastric vein.

# Course
It arises from the external iliac, immediately above the inguinal ligament.
It curves forward in the subperitoneal tissue, and then ascends obliquely along the medial margin of the abdominal inguinal ring; continuing its course upward, it pierces the transversalis fascia, and, passing in front of the linea semicircularis, ascends between the Rectus abdominis and the posterior lamella of its sheath.
It finally divides into numerous branches, which anastomose, above the umbilicus, with the superior epigastric branch of the internal mammary (internal thoracic artery) and with the lower intercostal arteries.
As the inferior epigastric artery passes obliquely upward from its origin it lies along the lower and medial margins of the abdominal inguinal ring, and behind the commencement of the spermatic cord.
The vas deferens, as it leaves the spermatic cord in the male, and the round ligament of the uterus in the female, winds around the lateral and posterior aspects of the artery.

# Additional images
- The interfoveolar ligament, seen from in front.
- The internal mammary artery and its branches.
- The arteries of the pelvis.
- The iliac veins.
- Dissection of side wall of pelvis showing sacral and pudendal plexuses.
- Posterior view of the anterior abdominal wall in its lower half. The peritoneum is in place, and the various cords are shining through.
- Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for arteries and inguinal canal.
Inferior mesenteric artery
In human anatomy, the inferior mesenteric artery, often abbreviated as IMA, supplies the large intestine from the left colic (or splenic) flexure to the upper part of the rectum, which includes the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and part of the rectum. Proximally, its territory of distribution overlaps (forms a watershed) with the middle colic artery, and therefore the superior mesenteric artery. The SMA and IMA anastomose via the marginal artery (artery of Drummond). The territory of distribution of the IMA is more or less equivalent to the embryonic hindgut.

# Branching
The IMA branches off the anterior surface of the abdominal aorta below the renal artery branch points, and approximately midway between these and the aortic bifurcation (into the common iliac arteries).
The IMA has the following  branches:
All these arterial branches further divide into arcades which then supply the colon at regular intervals.

# Associated veins
The IMA is accompanied along its course by a similarly named vein, the inferior mesenteric vein, which drains into the splenic vein.
The IMV therefore drains to the portal vein and does not fully mirror the course of the IMA.

# Surgery and pathology
The IMA and/or its branches must be resected for a left hemicolectomy.
A horseshoe kidney, a rare (1 in 600) anomaly of the kidneys, will be positioned below the IMA.

# Additional images
- The abdominal aorta and its branches.
- Abdominal portion of the sympathetic trunk, with the celiac plexus and hypogastric plexus.
- Duodenojejunal fossa.
- Posterior abdominal wall, after removal of the peritoneum, showing kidneys, suprarenal capsules, and great vessels.
- Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for arteries and inguinal canal.
Inflammatory breast cancer

# Overview
Inflammatory breast cancer is an especially aggressive type of breast cancer that can occur in women of any age (and, although extremely rarely, in men). It is unique because it often does not present with a lump and therefore often is not detected by mammography or ultrasound. It presents with the signs and symptoms of a breast infection such as mastitis.
IBC or Inflammatory Breast Cancer causes breast changes in the nipple and surrounding areas.  Other symptoms include rapid increase in breast size, redness, persistent itching, skin hot to the touch. IBC often initially resembles mastitis, and is sometimes misdiagnosed as an insect bite.
Inflammatory breast cancer is defined histologically by the presence of cancer cells in the subdermal lymphatics on skin biopsy.  Diagnosis is done with an MRI or biopsy.

# Differentiating Inflammatory Breast cancer from other Diseases
Inflammatory breast cancer  must be differentiated from other diseases that cause breast pain and swelling as shown below:
Inositol monophosphatase 1
Inositol monophosphatase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the IMPA1 gene.

# Interacting partners
IMPA1 has been shown to interact with Bergmann glial S100B and calbindin.

# Chemical inhibitors
L-690,330 is a competitive inhibitor of IMPase activity with very good activity in vitro however with limited bioavailability in vivo. Due to its increased specificity compared to Lithium, L-690,330 has been used extensively in characterizing the results of IMPase inhibition in various cell culture models. L-690,488, a prodrug or L-690,330, has also been developed which has greater cell permeability. Treatment of cortical slices with L-690,488 resulted in accumulation of inositol demonstrating the activity of this inhibitor in tissue.
Inhibition of IMPA1 activity can have pleiotropic effects on cellular function, including altering phosphoinositide signalling, autophagy, apoptosis, and other effects.

# Bipolar disorder
Initially it was noticed that several drugs useful in treatment of bipolar disorder such as lithium, carbamazepine and valproic acid had a common mechanism of action on enzymes in the phosphatidylinositol signalling pathway and the inositol depletion hypothesis for the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder was suggested. Intensive research has so far not confirmed this hypothesis, partly because lithium can also act on a number of other enzymes in this pathway, complicating results from in vitro studies.
Inositol monophosphatase 3
Inositol monophosphatase 3 also known as inositol monophosphatase domain-containing protein 1 (IMPAD1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the IMPAD1 gene.
This gene encodes a member of the inositol monophosphatase family. The encoded protein is localized to the Golgi apparatus and catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphoadenosine phosphate (PAP) to adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene are a cause of GRAPP type chondrodysplasia with joint dislocations, and a pseudogene of this gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 1.
Intermittent hydrarthrosis
Synonyms and keywords:

# Overview
Intermittent hydrarthrosis is an rare syndrome affecting women that is characterized by symmetric joint effusions, predominantly involving the knees, without joint destruction. These effusions occur periodically, with recurrent self-remitting episodes of acute arthritis often monthly at or around the menses.

# Pathophysiology
The pathogenesis of Intermittent hydrarthrosis is unknown. An involvement of mastocytes has been reported.

## Genetics
Recently, heterozygous disease-associated mutations of the Mediterranean fever gene MEFV gene, which encodes the pyrin/marenostrin protein, were identified in patients with intermittent hydrarthrosis but without other features of familial Mediterranean fever.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
Intermittent hydrarthrosis is charecterized by mild to moderate joint pain and stiffness when the disease is active. Aspirated synovial fluid is either bland or reflects mild inflammation.

# Treatment

## Pharmacotherapy
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids and colchicine are used, generally with good results, but some patients persist with recurrent episodes of arthritis.
International Drug Control
International Drug Control refers to efforts to stem the production, distribution and use of illegal drugs internationally.

# Treaties

## Treaties no longer in force
Five major treaties no longer in force are the:
- International Opium Convention, signed at The Hague on 23 January 1912;
- Agreement concerning the Manufacture of, Internal Trade in and Use of Prepared Opium, signed at Geneva on 11 February 1925;
- International Opium Convention, signed at Geneva on 19 February 1925;
- Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs, signed at Geneva on 13 July 1931; and
- Agreement for the Control of Opium Smoking in the Far East, signed at Bangkok on 27 November 1931.

## Treaties currently in force
The three major anti-drug treaties currently in force are the:
- 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.
- 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.
- 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.

# Drug control organizations
The major international drug control organizations are the:
- Commission on Narcotic Drugs.
- International Narcotics Control Board.
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.

# Reference
- UN International Drug Control Conventions, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Regional Center for East Asia and the Pacific.