Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Intraspinal synovial cyst

# Overview
Intraspinal synovial cysts are extradural lesions that arise from the synovial lining of the facet joints. Most cysts are found at the L4-L5 facet joint, as this is the level where the most biomechanical spinal motion occurs. Synovial cysts may extend into the neural foramen or spinal canal and result in symptomatic radiculopathy, spinal stenosis, or both. Patients may also experience neurologic claudication if the cyst is large enough to cause substantial spinal cord compression. The differential diagnosis for synovial cysts includes arachnoid cysts, Tarlov cysts, schwannomas, and migrated herniated disk fragments.

# Diagnosis
The imaging findings are
- Intraspinal synovial cysts typically appear as a sharply marginated epidural mass in which the contents most commonly appear isointense to cerebrospinal fluid on T1-weighted images and hyperintense to cerebrospinal fluid on T2-weighted images.
- Attenuation of intraspinal synovial cysts on CT images correlates directly with viscosity of the cyst contents.
Lumbar spinal synovial cyst
Ion mobility spectrometer
An ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) is a spectrometer capable of detecting and identifying very low concentrations of chemicals based upon the differential migration of gas phase ions through a homogeneous electric field. IMS devices come in a wide range of sizes (often tailored for a specific application) and are capable of operating under a broad range of conditions.  Systems operated at higher pressure (i.e. atmospheric conditions, 1 atm or 760 Torr) are also accompanied by elevated temperature (above 100 C), while lower pressure systems (1-20 Torr) do not require heating.  Elevated temperature assists in removing ion clusters that may distort experimental measurements.

# Operation
In its simplest form an IMS system measures how fast a given ion moves in a uniform electric field through a given atmosphere. The molecules of the sample need to be ionized, usually by corona discharge, atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), electrospray ionization (ESI), or a radioactive source, eg. a small piece of 63Ni or 241Am, similar to the one used in ionization smoke detectors.
In specified intervals, a sample of the ions is let into the drift chamber; the gating mechanism is based on a charged electrode working in a similar way as the control grid in triodes works for electrons. For precise control of the ion pulse width admitted to the drift tube, more complex gating systems such as a Bradbury-Nielsen design are employed.  Once in the drift tube, ions are subjected to a homogeneous electric field ranging from a few volts per centimeter up to many hundreds of volts per centimeter.  This electric field then drives the ions through the drift tube where they interact with the neutral drift molecules contained within the system.  Separation of chemical species is achieved based upon the ion mobility (a parameter that is dependent of ion mass, size, and shape) where they arrive at the detector for measurement.  Ions are recorded at the detector in order from the fastest to the slowest, generating a response signal characteristic for the chemical composition of the measured sample. Often the detector is a simple Faraday plate, however, more advanced ion mobility instruments are coupled with mass spectrometers where both size and mass information may be obtained simutaneously.
Perhaps ion mobility spectrometry's greatest strength is the speed at which separations occur--typically on the order of 10's of milliseconds.  This feature combined with its ease of use, relatively high sensitivity, and highly compact design have allowed IMS as a commercial product to be used as a routine tool for the field detection of explosives, drugs, and chemical weapons. In the pharmaceutical industry IMS is used in cleaning validations, demonstrating that reaction vessels are sufficiently clean to proceed with the next batch of pharmaceutical product. As a research tool ion mobility has also shown great strides towards the analysis of biological materials, specifically, proteomics and metabolomics.
Jactatio capitas nocturna

# Overview
Jactatio capitis nocturna (commonly referred to as head-banging) is a parasomnia.

# Etiology and Incidence
Jactatio capitis nocturna is characterised by a swinging or banging of the head before or during sleep, or in the phase between these two states.
The condition is a disorder of the first year of childhood and occurs in 6% of children of usually 6-8 months of age. It occurs rarely in children older than 18 months.

# Diagnosis
The cause of the condition is unknown. Anecdotal evidence has suggested a familial component to the condition.
Evidence suggests the disorder is part of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum of psychiatric disorders.

# Treatment
Etiology is unknown and this disorder usually stops around 4 years of age, however the condition may persist into adulthood.
Most children do not require treatment, however reassurance and, in extreme cases, extra padding of bed is advised and recently behaviour modification regime like selective reinforcement or competing response have been used with success. If the disorder persists beyond the fifth year of age further investigation is needed. Benzodiazepine and tricyclic drugs have also shown beneficial response in minority of children.
Karel Frederik Wenckebach
Karel Frederik Wenckebach (March 24, 1864 - November 11, 1940) was a Dutch anatomist who was a native of the Hague. He studied medicine in Utrecht, and in 1901 become a professor of medicine at the University of Groningen. Later he was a professor at the Universities of Strasbourg (1911-14) and Vienna (1914-29).
Wenckebach is primarily remembered for his work in cardiology. In 1899 he provided a description of irregular pulses due to partial blockage of atrioventricular conduction which created a progressive lengthening of conduction time in cardiac tissue. This condition was referred to as a "second degree AV block" (Mobitz Type I), and later named the Wenckebach phenomenon.
Wenckebach is also credited for describing the median bundle of the heart's conductive system that leads to the atrioventricular node. This bundle was named Wenckebach's bundle, and is one of four internodal pathways, the others being; the posterior internodal tract (Thorel's pathway), and the two branches of the anterior internodal tract (Bachmann's bundle plus a descending branch). Wenckebach was also an early advocate regarding the use of quinine for treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.

# Selected writings
- Arythmie als Ausdruck bestimmter Funktionsstorungen des Herzens (1903, Engelse vertaling: (1904)
- Die unregelmassige Herztatigkeit und ihre klinische Bedeutung (1914)
- Herz- und Kreislaufinsufficienz (1931)
Kernel density estimation

# Overview
In statistics, kernel density estimation' (or Parzen window method, named after Emanuel Parzen) is a way of estimating the probability density function of a random variable. As an illustration, given some data about a sample of a population, kernel density estimation makes it possible to extrapolate the data to the entire population.

# Definition
If x1, x2, ..., xN ~ f is a IID sample of a random variable, then the kernel density approximation of its probability density function is
where K is some kernel and h is the bandwidth (smoothing parameter).  Quite often K is taken to be a standard Gaussian function with mean zero and variance 1:

# Intuition
Although less smooth density estimators such as the histogram density estimator can be made to be asymptotically consistent, others are often either discontinuous or converge at slower rates than the kernel density estimator. Rather than grouping observations together in bins, the kernel density estimator can be thought to place small "bumps" at each observation, determined by the kernel function. The estimator consists of a "sum of bumps" and is clearly smoother as a result (see below image).

# Properties
Let R(f,\hat f(x)) be the L2 risk function for f. Under weak assumptions on f and K,
By minimizing the theoretical risk function, it can be shown that the optimal bandwidth is
where
When the optimal choice of bandwidth is chosen, the risk function is R(f, \hat f(x)) \approx \frac{c_4}{n^{4/5}} for some constant c4 > 0. It can be shown that, under weak assumptions, there cannot exist a non-parametric estimator that converges at a faster rate than the kernel estimator. Note that the n-4/5 rate is slower than the typical n-1 convergence rate of parametric methods.

# Statistical implementation
- In Stata, it is implemented through kdensity; for example histogram x, kdensity.
- In R, it is implemented through the density function.
Kidneys, ureters, bladder
In medicine, KUB refers to a diagnostic medical imaging technique and stands for kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
A KUB is a plain frontal supine radiograph of the abdomen. It is often supplemented by an upright PA view of the chest (to rule out air under the diaphragm or thoracic etiologies presenting as abdominal complaints) and a standing view of the abdomen (to differentiate obstruction from ileus by examining gastrointestinal air/water levels).
Despite its name, a KUB is not typically used to investigate pathology of the kidneys, ureters, or bladder, since these structures are difficult to assess (for example, the kidneys may not be visible due to overlying bowel gas.)  In order to assess these structures with X-ray, a technique called an intravenous pyelogram is utilized.
KUB is typically used to investigate gastrointestinal conditions such as a bowel obstruction and gallstones, and can detect the presence of kidney stones. The KUB is often used to diagnose constipation as stool can be seen readily. The KUB is also used to assess positioning of indwelling devices such as ureteric stents and nasogastric tubes.  KUB is also a routine projection done as a scout film for other procedures such as barium enemas.
Actually, the KUB should be called a KUBU, the last U standing for "Urethra". Commonly, it is still referred to as KUB only.
It should include on the upright projections both right and left visualizations of the diaphragm.  In at least one projection, the symphysis pubis must be present as the lower end of the area of interest. If the patient is large, more than one film loaded in the Bucky in a "landscape" direction may be used for each projection. This is done to ensure that the majority of bowel can be reviewed.
Knorr quinoline synthesis
The Knorr pyrrole synthesis is a widely used chemical reaction that synthesizes substituted pyrroles (3).  The method involves the reaction of an -amino-ketone (1) and a compound containing a methylene group - to (bonded to the next carbon to) a carbonyl group (2).

# Method
The mechanism requires zinc and acetic acid as catalysts. It will proceed at room temperature.
Because -amino-ketones self-condense very easily, they must be prepared in situ. The usual way of doing this is from the relevant oxime.
Lymphotoxin beta receptor
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Lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTBR), also known as tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 3 (TNFRSF3), is a cell surface receptor for lymphotoxin involved in apoptosis and cytokine release. It is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of receptors. It is expressed on the surface of most cell types, including cells of epithelial and myeloid lineages, but not on T and B lymphocytes. The protein specifically binds the lymphotoxin membrane form (a complex of lymphotoxin-alpha and lymphtoxin-beta). The encoded protein and its ligand play a role in the development and organization of lymphoid tissue and transformed cells. Activation of the encoded protein can trigger apoptosis.
Not only does the LTBR help trigger apoptosis, it can lead to the release of the cytokine interleukin 8.  Overexpression of LTBR in HEK293 cells increases IL-8 promoter activity and leads to IL-8 release.  LTBR is also essential for development and organization of the secondary lymphoid organs and chemokine release.

# Structure
The Ramachandran plots show that 64.6% of all residues were in a favored region.
This structure was found using X-ray diffraction.  The resolution is 3.50 angstroms.
The alpha and beta angles are 90 degrees while the gamma angle is 120 degrees.

# Interactions
Lymphotoxin beta receptor has been shown to interact with Diablo homolog and TRAF3.
Left ventricular thrombus

# Overview
Left ventricular thrombus is a complication of systolic heart failure and myocardial infarction. Thrombus develops in the presence of Virchow's triad; blood stagnation due to akinesis/hypokinesis, hypercoagulability and endocardial injury. The thrombus may cause strokes and systemic thromboembolism.

# Incidence
Left ventricular thrombus occurs less frequently now, with higher rates of performance of primary PCI in the treatment of ST elevation myocardial infarction. The reported incidence is approximately 4-15%. In the absence of revascularization the incidence can be much higher, 20-60%. In heart failure patients the incidence is approximately 11-40%. The annual risk of thromboembolism in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy is 1.4-12%.

# Pathophysiology
Left ventricular thrombus occurs most importantly due to blood stasis around the akinetic segment in the left ventricle. Mobile and protruding thrombi carry the highest risk of embolization.

# Diagnosis
Echocardiography is the most common modality used to identify left ventricular thrombus. A transthoracic echo has a sensitivity of about 60% which increases with the use of contrast. Cardiac MRI with gadolinium contrast is the most sensitive and specific diagnostic test, which makes it the gold standard test.

# Treatment
Anticoagulation is the main stay of treatment. AHA/ACC guidelines recommend at least 3 months of warfarin therapy and indefinitely if the bleeding risk is low.
L box gene transcriptions
"Sequence comparison of the tomato RbcS-3A and RbcS-1 upstream regions shows three regions of strong homology, named the L , I, and G boxes , contained within the fragment showing affinity for GBF. These homologies are highly significant, since these two genes diverged a long time ago (3) and do not share, in their upstream sequences, extensive regions of homology. All three boxes are found in tobacco (24) (Nicotiana tabacum) and Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (25) RBCS upstream sequences , while soybean upstream sequences lack a bona fide L box sequence (26)."
"In the tomato RbcS-3A promoter, a near-perfect box II homology (CATTTTCACT) is found just downstream of the L box ."

# Consensus sequences
"The sequence targeted by substitution P4 overlaps a sequence showing homology to the 'L' box (consensus 5'-AAATTAACCAA-3'), which is conserved in RBCS upstream sequences of both tomato and tobacco (Giuliano et al., 1988)."

# Hypotheses
- A1BG promoters do not contain an L box.

# Samplings
Copying a responsive elements consensus sequence AAATTAACCAA and putting the sequence in "F" finds none between ZNF497 and A1BG or none between ZSCAN22 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.
For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence AAATTAACCAA (starting with SuccessablesLbox.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:
- negative strand, negative direction, looking for AAATTAACCAA, 0.
- positive strand, negative direction, looking for AAATTAACCAA, 0.
- positive strand, positive direction, looking for AAATTAACCAA, 0.
- negative strand, positive direction, looking for AAATTAACCAA, 0.
- complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for TTTAATTGGTT, 0.
- complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for TTTAATTGGTT, 0.
- complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for TTTAATTGGTT, 0.
- complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for TTTAATTGGTT, 0.
- inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for TTGGTTAATTT, 0.
- inverse complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for TTGGTTAATTT, 0.
- inverse complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for TTGGTTAATTT, 0.
- inverse complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for TTGGTTAATTT, 0.
- inverse negative strand, negative direction, looking for AACCAATTAAA, 0.
- inverse positive strand, negative direction, looking for AACCAATTAAA, 0.
- inverse positive strand, positive direction, looking for AACCAATTAAA, 0.
- inverse negative strand, positive direction, looking for AACCAATTAAA, 0.
Zimmerman-Laband syndrome

# Overview
Zimmerman-Laband syndrome (ZLS), also known as Laband's Syndrome, is an extremely rare autosomal dominant congenital disorder.

# Symptoms
Symptoms include gingival fibromatosis, associated with hypoplasia of the distal phalanges, nail dysplasia, joint hypermobility, and sometimes hepatosplenomegaly. The nose and pinnae are usually large and poorly developed, which gives the individuals with the syndrome abnormal facial characteristics. Mental retardation may also occur. Both males and females are equally affected. Gingival fibromatosis is usually present at birth or appears short after. The term Zimmermann-Laband was coined by Carl Jacob Witkop in 1971.

# Inheritance
Zimmerman-Laband syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. This means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and only one copy of the gene is sufficient to cause the disorder, when inherited from a parent who has the disorder.
Large for gestational age

# Overview
Large for gestational age (LGA) babies are those whose birth weight lies above the 90th percentile for that gestational age.  Macrosomia, also known as big baby syndrome, is sometimes used synonymously with LGA, or is otherwise defined as a fetus that weighs above 4000 grams (8 lb 13 oz) or 4500 grams (9 lb 15 oz) regardless of gestational age.

# Diagnosis
LGA is generally not diagnosed until after the birth, as the size and weight of the child is rarely checked during the latter stages of pregnancy. Babies that are large for gestational age throughout the pregnancy can sometimes be seen during a routine ultrasound, although fetal weight estimations late in pregnancy are quite imprecise.
There are believed to be links with polyhydramnios (excessive amniotic sac fluid).

# Predetermining factors
One of the primary risk factors is poorly-controlled diabetes, particularly gestational diabetes (GD), as well as preexistent diabetes mellitus (DM).  This increases maternal plasma glucose levels as well as insulin, stimulating fetal growth. The LGA newborn exposed to maternal DM usually has an increase only in weight. LGA newborns that have complications other than exposure to maternal DM present with universal measurements >90th percentile.
Other indicating factors include:
- Gestational age; pregnancies that go beyond 40 weeks increase incidence
- Fetal sex; male infants tend to weigh more than female infants
- Genetic factors; taller, heavier parents tend to have larger babies, with an obese mother greatly increasing the chances
- Excessive maternal weight gain
- Multiparity (have 2-3x the number of LGA infants vs. primaparas)
- Congenital anomalies (transposition of great vessels)
- Erythroblastosis fetalis
- Use of some antibiotics (amoxicillin, pivampicillin) during pregnancy
The condition is most common in mothers of African origin, partly due to the higher incidence of diabetes.

# Treatment
Depending upon the relative size of the head of the baby and the pelvic diameter of the mother vaginal birth may become complicated.  One of the most common complications is shoulder dystocia.  Such pregnancies often end in caesarean sections in order to safely deliver the baby and to avoid birth canal lacerations. Upon birth, early feeding is essential to prevent fetal hypoglycemia. Early diagnosis of individual problems is required.
Superior intercostal vein
The superior intercostal veins are two veins that drain the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th intercostal spaces, one vein for each side of the body.

# Right superior intercostal vein
The right superior intercostal vein drains the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th posterior intercostal veins on the right side of the body.  It flows into the azygos vein.

# Left superior intercostal vein
The left superior intercostal vein drains the 2nd and 3rd posterior intercostal veins on the left side of the body.  It drains into the left brachiocephalic vein.  It may also communicate with the accessory hemiazygos vein.
Ventricular outflow tract
Synonyms and keywords: LVOT, RVOT

# Overview
A ventricular outflow tract is a portion of either the left or right ventricle of the human heart through which blood passes in order to enter the great arteries.

# Right Ventricular Outflow Tract
The right ventricular outflow tract is an infundibular extension of the ventricular cavity, which connects to the pulmonary artery.  Causes of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction can be found here.

# Left Ventricular Outflow Tract
The left ventricular outflow tract connects the left ventricle to the aorta and is nearly indistinguishable from the rest of the left ventricle.  Causes of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction can be found here.
Levofloxacin how supplied

# How supplied
LEVAQUIN Tablets
- 250 mg tablets
- 500 mg tablets
- 750 mg tablets
- Storage of tablets
LEVAQUIN Oral solution
- LEVAQUIN Oral Solution
- Storage of Oral solution
LEVAQUIN Injection
- Single-Use Vials
- Single injectable dose storage
- Premix in Flexible Containers
- Storage of Premix

## 250 mg tablets
250 mg tablets are terra cotta pink and are imprinted: "LEVAQUIN" on one side and "250" on
the other side.
- bottles of 50 (NDC 0045-1520-50)
- unit-dose/100 tablets (NDC 0045-1520-10)
Return to top

## 500 mg tablets
500 mg tablets are peach and are imprinted: "LEVAQUIN" on one side and "500" on the other side
- bottles of 50 (NDC 0045-1525-50)
- unit-dose/100 tablets (NDC 0045-1525-10)
Return to top

## 750 mg tablets
750 mg tablets are white and are imprinted LEVAQUIN on one side and "750" on the other side
- bottles of 20 (NDC 0045-1530-20)
- unit-dose/100 tablets (NDC 0045-1530-10)
- LEVA-pak 5 tablets (NDC 0045-1530-05)
Return to top

## Storage of tablets
Stored at 15 to 30C (59 to 86F) in well-closed containers. Return to top

## LEVAQUIN Oral Solution
LEVAQUIN Oral Solution is supplied in a 16 oz. multi-use bottle (NDC 0045-1515-01). Each
bottle contains 480 mL of the 25-mg/mL-levofloxacin oral solution. Return to top

## Storage of Oral solution
LEVAQUIN Oral Solution should be stored at 25C (77F); excursions permitted to 15 - 30C
(59 to 86F). Return to top
LEVAQUIN Injection

## Single-Use Vials
LEVAQUIN (levofloxacin) Injection is supplied in single-use vials. Each vial contains a
concentrated solution with the equivalent of 500 mg of levofloxacin in 20 mL vials and 750 mg
-f levofloxacin in 30 mL vials.
- 25 mg/mL, 20 mL vials (NDC 0045-0069-51)
- 25 mg/mL, 30 mL vials (NDC 0045-0065-55)
Return to top

## Single injectable dose storage
LEVAQUIN Injection in Single-Use Vials should be stored at controlled room temperature and
protected from light. Return to top

## Premix in Flexible Containers
LEVAQUIN (levofloxacin in 5% dextrose) Injection is supplied as a single-use, premixed
solution in flexible containers. Each bag contains a dilute solution with the equivalent of 250,
500, or 750 mg of levofloxacin, respectively, in 5% Dextrose (D5W).
- 5 mg/mL (250 mg), 100 mL flexible container, 50 mL fill (NDC 0045-0067-01)
- 5 mg/mL (500 mg), 100 mL flexible container, 100 mL fill (NDC 0045-0068-01)
- 5 mg/mL (750 mg), 150 mL flexible container, 150 mL fill (NDC 0045-0066-01)
Return to top

## Storage of Premix
LEVAQUIN Injection Premix in Flexible Containers should be stored at or below 25C (77F);
however, brief exposure up to 40C (104F) does not adversely affect the product. Avoid
excessive heat and protect from freezing and light. Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.