Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Dacryoadenitis overview

# Overview
Dacryoadenitis is inflammation of the lacrimal glands (the tear-producing glands).

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination
Dacryoadenitis can be diagnosed by examination of the eyes and lids.

## CT
Special tests such as a CT scan may be required to search for the cause.

## Other Diagnostic Studies
Sometimes biopsy will be needed to be sure that a tumor of the lacrimal gland is not present.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
If the cause of dacryoadenitis is a viral condition such as mumps, simple rest and warm compresses may be all that is needed. For other causes, the treatment is specific to the causative disease.

## Primary Prevention
Mumps can be prevented by immunization. Gonococcus, the bacteria causing gonorrhea, can be avoided by the use of condoms. Most other causes cannot be prevented.
Profunda femoris artery
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The profunda femoris artery (also known as the deep femoral artery, or the deep artery of the thigh) is a branch of the femoral artery that, as its name suggests, travels more deeply (posteriorly) than the rest of the femoral artery.

# Structure
The profunda femoris branches off the femoral artery soon after its origin.  It travels down the thigh closer to the femur than the femoral artery, running between the pectineus and the adductor longus, and running on the posterior side of adductor longus.  The deep femoral artery does not leave the thigh.

## Branches
The profunda femoris gives off the following branches:
- Lateral femoral circumflex artery
- Medial femoral circumflex artery
- Perforating arteries - perforate the adductor magnus muscle to the posterior and lateral compartments of the thigh.

# Additional images
- Cross-section through the middle of the thigh.
Diaphragmatic breathing

# Overview
Diaphragmatic breathing, or deep breathing is the act of breathing deep into your lungs by flexing your diaphragm rather than breathing shallowly by flexing your rib cage.
This deep breathing is marked by expansion of the stomach (abdomen) rather than the chest when breathing. It is generally considered a healthier and fuller way to ingest oxygen, and is often used as a therapy for hyperventilation and anxiety disorders.
Performing diaphragmatic breathing can be therapeutic, and with enough practice, can become your standard way of breathing.
To breathe diaphragmatically, or with the diaphragm, one must draw air into the lungs in a way which will expand the stomach and not the chest. It is best to perform these breaths as long, slow intakes of air - allowing the body to absorb all of the inhaled oxygen while simultaneously relaxing the breather. To do this comfortably, it is often best to loosen tight-fitting pants/belts/skirts as these can interfere with the body's ability to intake air.
While at first one may not feel comfortable not expanding the chest during breathing, diaphragmatic breathing actually fills up the majority of the lungs with oxygen, much more than chest-breathing or shallow breathing.

# Exercises
A common diaphragmatic breathing exercise is as follows:
- Sit or lie comfortably, with loose garments.
- Put one hand on your chest and one on your stomach.
- Slowly inhale through your nose or through pursed lips (to slow down the intake of breath).
- As you inhale, feel your stomach expand with your hand. If your chest expands, focus on breathing with your diaphragm.
- Slowly exhale through pursed lips to regulate the release of air.
- Rest and repeat.

# Caveat
One thing to note is that for some, the diaphragm is dysfunctional or entirely non-functional, in which case one should focus on slow inhalation and exhalation (through the nose and pursed lips).
Degenerate energy level

# Overview
In physics two or more different physical states are said to be degenerate if they are all at the same energy level. Physical states differ if and only if they are linearly independent. An energy level is said to be degenerate if it contains two or more different  states.  The number of different states at a particular energy level is called the level's degeneracy.
In quantum theory this usually pertains to electronic configurations and the electron's energy levels, where different possible occupation states for particles may be related by symmetry.  The usage comes from the fact that degenerate eigenstates correspond to identical eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian. Since eigenvalues correspond to roots of the characteristic equation, degeneracy here has the same meaning as the common mathematical usage of the word.
If the symmetry is broken by a perturbation, such as applying an external electric field, this can change the energies of the states, causing energy level splitting.
In electromagnetics, degeneracy refers to modes of propagation which exist at the same frequency and longitudinal propagation constant.  As an example, for a rectangular waveguide, the TEmn mode is degenerate to the TMmn mode if m and n are the same for both of them.
Degenerate distribution
In mathematics, a degenerate distribution is the probability distribution of a discrete random variable whose support consists of only one value.  Examples include a two-headed coin and rolling a die whose sides all show the same number. While this distribution does not appear random in the everyday sense of the word, it does satisfy the definition of random variable.
The degenerate distribution is localized at a point k0 on the real line. The probability mass function is given by:
f(k;k_0)=\left\{\begin{matrix} 1, & \mbox{if }k=k_0 \\ 0, & \mbox{if }k \ne k_0 \end{matrix}\right.
The cumulative distribution function of the degenerate distribution is then:
F(k;k_0)=\left\{\begin{matrix} 1, & \mbox{if }k\ge k_0 \\ 0, & \mbox{if }k

# Constant random variable
In probability theory, a constant random variable is a discrete random variable that takes a constant value, regardless of any event that occurs.  This is technically different from an almost surely constant random variable, which may take other values, but only on events with probability zero.  Constant and almost surely constant random variables provide a way to deal with constant values in a probabilistic framework.
Let   X:   R  be a random variable defined on a probability space  (, P).  Then  X  is an almost surely constant random variable if
and is furthermore a constant random variable if
Note that a constant random variable is almost surely constant, but not necessarily vice versa, since if  X  is almost surely constant then there may exist      such that  X() = c  (but then necessarily Pr({}) = 0, in fact Pr(X = c) = 0).
For practical purposes, the distinction between  X  being constant or almost surely constant is unimportant, since the probability mass function  f(x)  and cumulative distribution function  F(x)  of  X  do not depend on whether  X  is constant or 'merely' almost surely constant.   In either case,
and
The function  F(x)  is a step function.
Delavirdine description

# Description
RESCRIPTOR Tablets contain delavirdine mesylate, a synthetic non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The chemical name of delavirdine mesylate is piperazine, 1--2- pyridinyl]-4--1H-indol-2-yl]carbonyl]-, monomethanesulfonate. Its molecular formula is C22H28N6O3SCH4O3S, and its molecular weight is 552.68. The structural formula is:
Delavirdine mesylate is an odorless white-to-tan crystalline powder. The aqueous solubility of delavirdine free base at 23C is 2,942 mcg/mL at pH 1.0, 295 mcg/mL at pH 2.0, and 0.81 mcg/mL at pH 7.4.
Each RESCRIPTOR Tablet, for oral administration, contains 100 or 200 mg of delavirdine mesylate (henceforth referred to as delavirdine). Inactive ingredients consist of carnauba wax, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, lactose, magnesium stearate, and microcrystalline cellulose. In addition, the 100-mg tablet contains Opadry White YS-1-7000-E and the 200-mg tablet contains hypromellose and Opadry White YS-1-18202-A.
Poor R Wave Progression
Synonyms and keywords: PRWP; poor R wave transition; delayed R wave transition; delayed transition; loss of R wave progression; loss of R waves

# Overview
Poor R wave progression across the precordium refers to an electrocardiographic finding where the normal increase in R wave amplitude as one progresses from V1 to V6 is lost.  Although non-specific, this finding is consistent with a prior anterior myocardial infarction.

# Definition
The definition of poor R wave progression (PRWP) varies in the literature, but a common one is when the R wave is less than 24 mm in leads V3 or V4 and/or there is presence of a reversed R wave progression, which is defined as R in V4 < R in V3 or R in V3 < R in V2 or R in V2 < R in V1, or any combination of these.

# Causes
Poor R wave progression can be observed in the following settings:
- Faulty ECG recording technique
- Left bundle branch block
- Myocardial infarction
- Right and left ventricular hypertrophy
- WolffParkinsonWhite syndrome

# EKG Examples
The EKG below shows sinus bradycardia at 47/min and poor R wave progression in the anterior chest leads with Q waves in leads V2 to V4 which are diagnostic of anterior myocardial infarction. Note that unlike the normal septal Q waves that start later in the progression of the chest leads and at the same time grow larger, the Q waves in this patient are abnormal because they are present in leads V2, V3, and V4 and are larger than those in V5 and V6. The cardiogram also shows abnormal T wave inversion and slight ST elevation in leads V1 to V3.
Desert hedgehog protein
Desert hedgehog protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DHH gene.

# Function
Desert hedgehog protein is a member of the Hedgehog family. The hedgehog gene family encodes signaling molecules that play an important role in regulating morphogenesis. This protein is predicted to be made as a precursor that is autocatalytically cleaved; the N-terminal portion is soluble and contains the signalling activity while the C-terminal portion is involved in precursor processing. More importantly, the C-terminal product covalently attaches a cholesterol moiety to the N-terminal product, restricting the N-terminal product to the cell surface and preventing it from freely diffusing throughout the organism.

# Clinical significance
Defects in this protein have been associated with partial gonadal dysgenesis (PGD) accompanied by minifascicular polyneuropathy. This protein may be involved in both male gonadal differentiation and perineurial development.
Dess-Martin periodinane

# Overview
Dess-Martin periodinane is a chemical reagent used to oxidize primary alcohols to aldehydes and secondary alcohols to ketones.  This periodinane has several advantages over chromium- and DMSO-based oxidants that include milder conditions, shorter reaction times, higher yields, and simplified workups. It is named after the American chemists Daniel Benjamin Dess and James Cullen Martin.

# Preparation
2-Iodobenzoic acid is oxidized preferably by Oxone, or by KBrO3 to 2-iodoxybenzoic acid.  (Caution:  2-Iodoxybenzoic acid has been found to be impact and heat sensitive, decomposing explosively.)   The 2-Iodoxybenzoic acid is then treated with a mixture of acetic anhydride, acetic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid at 80-100 C for 40 min.  The resulted solids can be obtained via filtration and washing with ether.
To avoid the explosive nature of 2-iodoxybenzoic acid, other methods of preparation as well as other periodinanes have been described.

# Properties and uses
Dess-Martin periodinane is mainly used as an oxidant for complex, sensitive and multifunctional alcohols.  One of the reasons for its effectiveness is its high selectivity towards complexation of the hydroxylic group, which allows alcohols to rapidly perform ligand exchange; the first step in the oxidation reaction.
Its effectiveness as an oxidant is also due to its versatility; having a broad scope of being able to convert alcohols to carbonyl derivatives.  Its reactions and yield are also known to be clean and high respectively.  Work up is also clean and simple.  Byproducts from the reaction can be removed easily by precipitation, filtration or chromatography.
Didanosine how supplied

# How Supplied/Storage and Handling
VIDEX (didanosine, USP) Pediatric Powder for Oral Solution is supplied as shown in Table 15:
Prior to dispensing, the pharmacist must reconstitute dry powder with Purified Water, USP, to an initial concentration of 20 mg/mL and immediately mix the resulting solution with antacid to a final concentration of 10 mg/mL as follows:
20 mg/mL Initial Solution
Reconstitute the product to 20 mg/mL by adding 100 mL or 200 mL of Purified Water, USP, to the 2 g or 4 g of VIDEX powder, respectively, in the product bottle.
10 mg/mL Final Admixture
Immediately mix one part of the 20 mg/mL initial solution with one part of Maximum Strength Mylanta Liquid for a final dispensing concentration of 10 mg VIDEX per mL. For patient home use, the admixture should be dispensed in appropriately sized, flint-glass or plastic (HDPE, PET, or PETG) bottles with child-resistant closures.
Instruct the patient to shake the admixture thoroughly prior to use and to store the tightly closed container in the refrigerator.

## Storage
The bottles of powder should be stored at 59 F to 86 F (15 C to 30 C). The VIDEX admixture may be stored up to 30 days in a refrigerator, 36 F to 46 F (2 C to 8 C). Discard any unused portion after 30 days.
Didanosine microbiology

# Microbiology

## Mechanism of Action
Didanosine is a synthetic nucleoside analogue of the naturally occurring nucleoside deoxyadenosine in which the 3-hydroxyl group is replaced by hydrogen. Intracellularly, didanosine is converted by cellular enzymes to the active metabolite, dideoxyadenosine 5-triphosphate. Dideoxyadenosine 5-triphosphate inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase both by competing with the natural substrate, deoxyadenosine 5-triphosphate, and by its incorporation into viral DNA causing termination of viral DNA chain elongation.

## Antiviral Activity in Cell Culture
The anti-HIV-1 activity of didanosine was evaluated in a variety of HIV-1 infected lymphoblastic cell lines and monocyte/macrophage cell cultures. The concentration of drug necessary to inhibit viral replication by 50% (EC50) ranged from 2.5 to 10 M (1 M = 0.24 g/mL) in lymphoblastic cell lines and 0.01 to 0.1 M in monocyte/macrophage cell cultures.

## Resistance
HIV-1 isolates with reduced sensitivity to didanosine have been selected in cell culture and were also obtained from patients treated with didanosine. Genetic analysis of isolates from didanosine-treated patients showed mutations in the reverse transcriptase gene that resulted in the amino acid substitutions K65R, L74V, and M184V. The L74V substitution was most frequently observed in clinical isolates. Phenotypic analysis of HIV-1 isolates from 60 patients (some with prior zidovudine treatment) receiving 6 to 24 months of didanosine monotherapy showed that isolates from 10 of 60 patients exhibited an average of a 10-fold decrease in susceptibility to didanosine in cell culture compared to baseline isolates. Clinical isolates that exhibited a decrease in didanosine susceptibility harbored one or more didanosine resistance-associated substitutions.

## Cross-Resistance
HIV-1 isolates from 2 of 39 patients receiving combination therapy for up to 2 years with didanosine and zidovudine exhibited decreased susceptibility to didanosine, lamivudine, stavudine, zalcitabine, and zidovudine in cell culture. These isolates harbored five substitutions (A62V, V75I, F77L, F116Y, and Q151M) in the reverse transcriptase gene. In data from clinical studies, the presence of thymidine analogue mutations (M41L, D67N, L210W, T215Y, K219Q) has been shown to decrease the response to didanosine.
Diphtheritic stomatitis
Diphtheritic stomatitis is a recently discovered disease and has thus far been reported only in Yellow-eyed penguins (Megadyptes antipodes). Its symptoms are similar to human diphtheria and is characterized by infecteous lesions in the mouth area that impede swallowing and cause respiratory troubles. The infection is caused by Corynebacterium amycolatum, an aerobic Gram-positive bacterium and mainly affects very young chicks. However, it seems likely that a triggering agent (e.g. a virus) might be involved in which renders the corynebacterium a secondary pathogen.
The disease has been a serious cause of mortality in the 2002 and 2004 Yellow-eyed penguin breeding seasons. It seems that only the New Zealand South Island and Stewart Island/Rakiura were affected.

# Signs and symptoms
- Almost exclusively seen in Yellow-eyed penguin chicks
- Heavy breathing and signs of weakness
- Yellow caesous exudate within the beak and at the commisures of the mouth
- Yellow diphtheritic membrane covers the hard palate, tongue and buccal mucosa
- Mouth can often not be closed due to lesions, in serious cases tongue exposed

# Diagnosis
- Isolation of Corynebacterium amycolatum from a clinical specimen, or
- Histopathologic diagnosis of diphtheria

# Treatment
During the latest outbreak of the disease (2004), several treatment methods were tested. Main treatment involved the administration of antibiotics, in some cases glucose solution or dietary mixtures were additionally supplemented. Outcome of the different treatment methods varied greatly. Especially the success of antibiotic treatment and a wide-spread use on wild animals remains a matter of debate.

# Source
- Summarized from Minutes of "Yellow-eyed Penguin Corynebacterium Workshop" held in Dunedin, Tuesday 05th April 2005
Dissolved air flotation
Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a water treatment process that clarifies wastewaters (or other waters) by the removal of suspended matter such as oil or solids. The removal is achieved by dissolving air in the water or wastewater under pressure and then releasing the air at atmospheric pressure in a flotation tank or basin. The released air forms tiny bubbles which adhere to the suspended matter causing the suspended matter to float to the suface of the water where it may then be removed by a skimming device.
Dissolved air flotation is very widely used in treating the industrial wastewater effluents from oil refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, natural gas processing plants and similar industrial facilities. A very similar process known as froth flotation is commonly used in the processing of mineral ores.

# Process description
The feed water is to the DAF float tank is often (but not always) dosed with a coagulant (such as ferric chloride or aluminum sulfate) to flocculate the suspended matter.
A portion of the clarified effluent water leaving the DAF tank is pumped into a small pressure vessel (called the air drum) into which compressed air is also introduced. This results in saturating the pressurized effluent water with air. The air-saturated water stream is recycled to the front of the float tank and flows through a pressure reduction valve just as it enters the front of the float tank, which results in the air being released in the form of tiny bubbles. The bubbles adhere to the suspended matter, causing the suspended mater to float to the surface and form a froth layer which is then removed by a skimmer. The froth-free water exits the float tank as the clarified effluent from the DAF unit.
Some DAF unit designs utilize parallel plate packing material to provide more separation surface and therefore to enhance the separation efficiency of the unit.
Mammalian diving reflex
Synonyms and keywords: Dive reflex

# Overview
Submerging the face into water causes the mammalian diving reflex, which is found in all known mammals (including humans, although it is less pronounced), but especially in marine mammals (as, for example, whales and seals.)

# Effects
This reflex puts the body into "oxygen saving" mode to maximize the time that can be spent under water, and includes three factors:
- Bradycardia, a reduction in the heart rate (of about 20% in humans).
- Peripheral vasoconstriction, a decrease in blood flow to the extremities, in order to increase the supply of blood and oxygen to the vital organs, especially the brain.
- Blood shift, the shifting of blood plasma to the thoracic cavity, i.e. the chest between the diaphragm and the neck to avoid the collapse of the lungs under higher pressure during deeper dives.
Thus, both a conscious and an unconscious person can survive longer without oxygen under water than in a comparable situation on dry land. Children tend to survive longer than adults when deprived of oxygen underwater.
When the face is submerged, receptors that are sensitive to water within the nasal cavity and other areas of the face supplied by cranial nerve V (trigeminal) relay the information to the brain and then innervate cranial nerve X, which is part of the autonomic nervous system. This causes bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction of blood vessels. Blood is removed from the limbs and all organs but the heart and the brain, creating a heart-brain circuit and allowing the mammal to conserve oxygen.
In humans, the mammalian diving reflex is not induced when limbs are introduced to cold water. Mild bradycardia is caused by the subject holding his breath without submerging the face within water. When breathing with face submerged this causes a diving reflex which increases proportionally to decreasing water temperature. However the greatest bradycardia effect is induced when the subject is holding breath with face submerged.
Dorothy Reed Mendenhall
Dorothy Reed Mendenhall (1874-196]) was a well known American pediatrician and discoverer of the Reed-Sternberg cell.

# Biography
She did her undergraduate work at Smith College and became one of the first women to graduate from Johns Hopkins Medical School. She graduated "fourth in her class in 1900, she was awarded a prestigious internship at Johns Hopkins Hospital, serving under Dr. William Osler. The next year she became a Pathology fellow there under the direction of Dr. William Welch. During this period Mendenhall taught bacteriology, assisted at autopsies and undertook research on Hodgkin's disease. She made her best recognized contribution to medical science when she discovered the cell that is a primary characteristic of Hodgkins disease and effectively disproved the common belief that the disease was a form of tuberculosis. Mendenhall's findings, published in 1902, brought her international acclaim and the cell became known as the Reed cell (also called the Sternberg-Reed and Reed-Sternberg cell)."
Next she accepted the first internship in pediatrics at the Babies Hospital in New York (now the Babies & Children's Hospital - part of the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center). She worked under the direction or L.E. Holt, MD. He was a pioneer of pediatrics, author of the first major textbook on the subject and author of "The care and feeding of children".
She left to marry Charles Mendenhall who had been hired as a member of the faculty of the department of Physics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
They had four children, the first of which (a daughter) died one day after birth, the second (a son) died at age one year old in an accident. Her son John "Blackjack" Mendenhall became a renowned surgeon and taught at UW Medical school. The youngest son Thomas C. Mendenhall, became a professor of History at Yale and served as the sixth President of Smith College.
Dorothy Reed Mendenhall died of heart disease July 31, 1964, age eighty-nine.