Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Answer of example 11

# The answer is
Infarct related artery in this case is the circumflex artery.
Videos provided below are courtesy of C. Michael Gibson MS. MD and copylefted.

## Video 1: Left coronary Artery
The left coronary artery injection shows a total occlusion of circumflex artery.

## Video 2: Right coronary Artery
RCA injection shows angiographically normal RCA.

## Video 3: Post PCI; Left Coronary Artery
Post Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Myocardial Perfusion Grade observation in left circumflex artery territory. A quite good example of TIMI MPG 1
Sternocostal surface

# Overview
The sternocostal surface of the heart (anterior surface of the heart) is directed forward, upward, and to the left.
Its lower part is convex, formed chiefly by the right ventricle, and traversed near its left margin by the anterior longitudinal sulcus.
Its upper part is separated from the lower by the coronary sulcus, and is formed by the atria; it presents a deep concavity, occupied by the ascending aorta and the pulmonary artery.
Anterior tibial vein

# Overview
In human anatomy, the anterior tibial vein of the lower limb carries blood from the anterior compartment of the leg to the popliteal vein which is forms when it joins with the posterior tibial vein.
Like most deep veins, the anterior tibial vein is accompanied by an artery of the same name, the anterior tibial artery, along its course.

# Additional images
- Anterior tibial artery and the muscles and bones of the leg - anterior view of right leg.
- Back of left lower extremity, showing surface markings for bones, vessels, and nerves.
Histamine antagonist
A histamine antagonist is an agent which serves to inhibit the release or action of histamine.
Although the term "antihistamine" could technically be used for any histamine antagonist, in practice the term is reserved for the classical antihistamines which act upon the H1 histamine receptor.

# Clinical: H1- and H2-receptor antagonists

## H1-receptor antagonists
In common use, the term antihistamine refers only to H1-receptor antagonists, also known as H1-antihistamines. It has been discovered that these H1-antihistamines are actually inverse agonists at the histamine H1-receptor, rather than antagonists per se. 

## H2-receptor antagonists
Clinically-relevant histamine H2-receptors are found principally in the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. H2-receptor "antagonists" are also inverse agonists, rather than true antagonists; and are used to reduce the secretion of gastric acid. Examples include cimetidine, ranitidine, and famotidine.

# Experimental: H3- and H4-receptor antagonists
These are experimental agents and do not yet have a defined clinical use.

## H3-receptor antagonists
- ABT-239
- Thioperamide
- Clobenpropit
- Impromidine
Similar in structure to burimamide
Imidazole ring
Polar moiety on the side chain - thiourea, isothiourea and guanidine
-ther substituents are highly variable
- Similar in structure to burimamide
Imidazole ring
Polar moiety on the side chain - thiourea, isothiourea and guanidine
-ther substituents are highly variable
- Similar in structure to burimamide
- Imidazole ring
- Polar moiety on the side chain - thiourea, isothiourea and guanidine
- other substituents are highly variable

## H4-receptor antagonists
- Thioperamide

# Others

## Inhibitors of histamine release
These agents (mast cell stabilizers) appear to stabilise the mast cells to prevent degranulation and mediator release.
- Cromoglicate (cromolyn)
- Nedocromil

## Other agents with antihistaminergic activity
Many drugs, used for other indications, possess unwanted antihistaminergic activity. These include tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics, etc.
Antimony trifluoride
Antimony trifluoride, SbF3, sometimes called Swart's reagent is a fluoride of antimony. It appears as a light grey crystalline material often used in dyeing and pottery.
AsF3 can be prepared by reacting antimony trioxide, Sb2O3, with HF or by direct reaction of the elements. In the solid state molecules of SbF3 are linked by fluorine bridges so that each Sb atom has a coordination number of 6.
The substance is highly corrosive and can burn skin and cause eye damage. It can also damage other organs such as the heart, liver and kidneys and cause ulcers.
It is used as a fluorination reagent in organic chemistry .
It was first used  as a fluorination reagent by the belgium chemist Frederic Jean Edmond Swarts in 1892.
Applicability Domain
The Applicability Domain (AD) of a QSAR is the physico-chemical, structural or biological space, knowledge or information on which the training set of the model has been developed, and for which it is applicable to make predictions for new compounds.
The purpose of AD is to state whether the model's assumptions are met. In general, this is the case for interpolation rather than for extrapolation. Although up to now there is no single generally accepted algorithm for determining the AD, there exists a rather systematic approach for defining interpolation regions. The process involves the removal of outliers and a probability density distribution method using kernel-weighted sampling.
To investigate the AD of a training set of chemicals one can directly analyse properties of the multivariate descriptor space of the training compounds or more indirectly via distance (or similarity) metrics. When using distance metrics care should be taken to use an orthogonal and significant vector space. This can be achieved by different means of feature selection and successive principle components analysis.

# Notes
-  Jaworska J, Nikolova-Jeliazkova N, Aldenberg T: QSAR applicabilty domain estimation by projection of the training set descriptor space: a review. Altern Lab Anim 2005, 33(5):445-459
Costovertebral angle
Synonyms and keywords: arcus costovertebralis

# Overview
The costovertebral angle  is the acute angle formed on either side of the human back between the twelfth rib and the vertebral column.
The kidney lies directly below this area, so is the place where, with percussion, pain is elicited when the person has kidney stones or kidney inflamation. The presence of pain is marked as a positive Murphy's punch sign or as costovertebral angle tenderness.
- Transverse section, showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney.
- Picture depicting Costovertebral angle.
Asian blepharoplasty
Asian blepharoplasty, also known as "double eyelid surgery" and less frequently known as an Oriental blepharoplasty, is a type of cosmetic surgery where the skin around the eye is reshaped. The purpose of the procedure is to create an upper eyelid with a crease (i.e. "double eyelid") from an eyelid without a crease (i.e. "single eyelid").  Anatomically, there are a number of differences in the upper eyelids of East Asians compared with Caucasians.
Despite the obvious differences between a single and double lid, there is a large variation in the crease position (double eyelid size) of the Asian upper eyelid. The upper lid fold can range from 1 mm above the eyelash line to about 10 mm.  Several methods can be used to create the double eyelid--including the full-incisional, partial incision and no incision methods (e.g. the DST method). Each has it advantages depending on the patient's anatomy and desires.
Asian blepharoplasties have been reported to be the most common aesthetic procedure in Taiwan and Asia. This procedure has been reported to have some risk of complications, but is generally quite safe if done by an expert plastic surgeon.  Practitioners of Asian double eyelid surgery include plastic surgeons, otolaryngologists, and Oral and maxillofacial surgeon (facial cosmetic surgeons), and opthalmologists (oculoplastic surgeons). A procedure to remove the epicanthal fold (i.e. an epicanthoplasty) is often performed in conjunction with an Asian blepharoplasty.
Aspergillus nidulans
Aspergillus nidulans (also called Emericella nidulans) is one of many species of filamentous fungi in the phylum Ascomycota. It has been an important research organism for studying eukaryotic cell biology
for over 50 years,
being used to study a wide range of subjects including recombination, DNA repair, mutation, cell cycle control, pathogenesis, and metabolism.
It is one of the few species in its genus able to form sexual spores through meiosis, allowing crossing of strains in the laboratory. A. nidulans is a homothallic fungus, meaning it is able to self-fertilize and form fruiting bodies in the absence of a mating partner.

# Genome
The genome of A. nidulans, sequenced at the Broad Institute, was published in December 2005.  It is 30 million base pairs in size and is predicted to contain around 9,500 protein-coding genes on eight chromosomes.
Asymptomatic carrier

# Overview
An asymptomatic carrier (or just carrier), is a person who is infected with an infectious disease or carries the abnormal gene of a recessive genetic disorder, but displays no symptoms. Although unaffected by the disease or the disorder themselves, carriers can transmit it to others.
Mary Mallon, known as "Typhoid Mary", was an asymptomatic carrier of typhoid fever. She worked as a cook for several families in New York City at the beginning of the twentieth century. Several cases of typhoid fever in members of those families were traced to her by the Health Department. It appeared that she "carried" the infectious agent without becoming sick. There was no way of eradicating the disease and an attempt was made to restrict her from continuing to work as a cook to avoid spreading it to others.
The daughters of Queen Victoria, the princesses Alice and Beatrix, were asymptomatic carriers of the X-linked hemophilia gene (more precisely, an abnormal allele of a gene necessary to produce one of the blood clotting factors). Both had children who continued to pass the gene to succeeding generations of the royal houses of Spain and Russia, into which they married. Males who carried the gene had hemophilia, while females simply passed it to about half of their children. The genetic term for this type of "carrying" of a recessive trait is heterozygote.
fa: 
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it:Portatore sano
Atrial Switch Repair
Mustard and Senning Operations
- It was first described by Senning in 1959.
- In 1964, Mustard published his experience with the atrial switch.
- This operation became popular due to an increase in survival of over 90%.
- Both of these procedures "correct" the physiologic abnormality of the TGA by forming a baffle within the atria in order to switch the flow of blood at inflow level. As a consequence the heart and lungs will be in series.
- The Mustard Operation consist of an atrial septectomy and placement of a baffle that directs caval blood to the mitral valve, allowing the pulmonary veins to drain into the tricuspid valve. The baffle is created from pericardium or synthetic material.
- The Senning operation, utilized right atrial wall and atrial septal tissue (without the use of extrinsic materials), to create the baffle or wall of the caval tunnel in order to achieve the same goal as in Mustard.
- The early mortality rate for both procedures is low, between 1 and 10%
- The long-term outcome is affected by late complications such as atrial arrhythmia (with the highest incidence of more than 50% within 10 years), and a late right ventricular (systemic ventricular) dysfunction (approximately 10%).
- The Senning repair is becoming more promising than Mustard due to the better long term outcomes in terms of venous obstruction and atrial haemodynamics. However, the procedure of choice for treatment of patients with d-TGA is the Arterial Switch or Jatene Operation.
Brechenmacher fibers
Synonyms and keywords: Atrio-Hisian fibers

# Overview
Brechenmacher fibers are accessory pathway taking the form of atrio-Hisian fibers.  These are atrial fibers, normal in structure, which bypass the AV node and  penetrate into the upper margin of the left side of the bundle of His in its mid part.

# Historical Perspective
Brechenmacher first reported the anatomic finding of an atrio-Hisian bundle in 1974.

# Pathophysiology
Brechenmacher fibers lack the rate-slowing properties of the AV node and thus can rapidly conduct the cardiac impulses.  This conduction can lead to a reentrant supraventricular tachycardia, which usually occurs along with enhanced atrioventricular conduction.

# Conditions Involving Brechenmacher Fibers
They may be a possible cause for a short PR interval in Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome along with enhanced atrioventricular nodal conduction.  Bypassing the normal conduction system, these fibers lead to a normal QRS complex following the short PR interval in LGL syndrome.

# Treatment
When medical therapy fails while treating LGL syndrome, which is rare, radiofrequency ablation of AV node and its accessory fibers or bundle of His may be considered.
Autocrine signalling
Autocrine signaling is a form of signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone, or chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that binds to autocrine receptors on the same cell, leading to changes in the cell. This can be contrasted with paracrine signaling, intracrine signaling, or classical endocrine signalling.

# Examples
An example of an autocrine agent is the cytokine interleukin-1 in monocytes. When this is produced in response to external stimuli, it can bind to cell-surface receptors on the same cell that produced it.
Another example occurs in activated T cell lymphocytes, i.e. when a T cell is induced to mature by binding to a peptide:MHC complex on a professional antigen presenting cell and by the B7:CD28 costimulatory signal. Upon activation, "low affinity" IL-2 receptors are replaced by "high affinity" IL-2 receptors consisting of , , and  chains. The cell then releases IL-2 which binds to its own new IL-2 receptors, causing self-stimulation and ultimately a monoclonal population of T cells. These T cells can then go on to perform effector functions such as macrophage activation, B cell activation, and cell-mediated cytoxicity.
BRCA screening tools

# Overview
The presence of potentially harmful BRCA mutations can be detected by using genetic sequencing tests.  Several screening tools have been developed for primary care providers in order to identify women at high risk of breat cancer and who should be referred for in depth genetic counseling and genetic testing.  The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) evaluated few of the available screening tools which include the Ontario Family History Assessment Tool, Manchester Scoring System, Referral Screening Tool, Pedigree Assessment Tool and FHS-7.  Among the above mentioned tools, Referral Screening Tool and FHS-7 are the most convenient to use; however, the USPSTF did not find sufficient evidence to support one screening tool over another. The National Institute of Health's tool, / , is also easy to use but the USPSTF advises that this tool was not designed to direct BRCA screening.

# Ontario Family History Assessment Tool
Patients having a total score of equal to or more than ten should be referred to genetic testing for presence of potentially harmful BRCA mutations.  Lifetime risk for breast cancer doubles with a score of more than ten.

# Manchester Scoring System
A score of 10 in any of the columns or a total score of 15 in both the columns is equal to a 10% chance of BRCA 1 or BRCA 2 mutation.

# Referral Screening Tool
A patient is required to complete the checklist only if she has any family history of breast or ovarian cancer.  Patient is positive for screening and is referred for genetic counseling if 2 or more items in the above list are checked.

# Pedigree Assessment Tool
Score is given for every family member including second or third degree relative with a history of breast or ovarian cancer.
Referral to genetic counseling is done with a score equal to or more than 8.

# FHS-7
Following questions should be asked in order to screen patients for presence of potentially harmful BRCA mutations:
- Did any of your first degree relatives have breast or ovarian cancer?
- Did any of your relatives have bilateral breast cancer?
- Did any man in your family have breast cancer?
- Did any woman in your family have breast and ovarian cancer?
- Did any woman in your family have breast cancer before age of 50 years?
- Do you have 2 or more relatives with breast and/or ovarian cancer?
- Do you have 2 or more relatives with breast and/or bowel cancer?
Refer to genetic counseling with one or more positive response.
Bacitracin (topical)
- in case of deep or puncture wounds
- animal bites
- serious burns
- First aid to help prevent infection in:
- Minor cuts
- scrapes
- burns

# Dosing Information
- clean the affected areas
- apply a small amount of product (an amount equal to the surface area of the tip of the finger) on the area 1 to 3 times daily
- may be covered with a sterile bandage
- The condition persists or gets worse, or if a rash or other allergic reaction develops.
- If you are allergic to any of the ingredients
- in the eyes
- over large areas of the body
- longer than 1 week unless directed by a doctor
- if swallowed, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away
Bacteriostatic agent

# Overview
Bacteriostatic antibiotics hamper the growth of bacteria by interfering with bacterial:
- Protein production,
- DNA replication,
- Cellular metabolism.
Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit growth and reproduction of bacteria without killing them; killing is done by bactericidal agents.  Bacteriostatic agents must work with the immune system to remove the microorganisms from the body.  However, there is not always a precise distinction between them and bactericides; high concentrations of most bacteriostatic agents are also bactericidal, whereas low concentrations of bacteriocidal agents are only bacteriostatic.
This group includes the tetracyclines, sulphonamides, spectinomycin, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, macrolides and lincosamides.
bg:
da:Bakteriostatisk
de:Bakteriostatikum
lt:Bakteriostatikas
hu:Bakteriosztatikus hatas
nl:Bacteriostatisch en bactericide
no:Bakteriostatika
Baeyer strain theory
Baeyer strain theory or strain theory explains specific behaviour of chemical compounds in terms of bond angle strain.
It was proposed by Adolf von Baeyer in 1885 to account for the unusual chemical reactivity in ring opening reactions of cyclopropanes and cyclobutanes where this angle strain is relieved.
On ring strain he noted in 1885: .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}
The four valences of the carbon atom act in the directions that connect the center of a sphere with the corners of a tetrahedron and that form an angle of 109 28 with each other. The direction of the attraction can experience a deviation that will, however, cause an increase in strain correlating with the degree of this deviation.
William Henry Perkin, Jr. was the first chemist to synthesize a cyclopropane ring as a doctoral student in the group of Baeyer. A few years earlier another student of Baeyer, Viktor Meyer, had doubted whether a three-membered ring could exist at all. For a long time Baeyer held the belief that even 6- and 7-membered rings were planar and subjected to ring strain.
Stratum germinativum
Stratum germinativum (also stratum basale or basal cell layer) is the layer of keratinocytes that lies at the base of the epidermis immediately above the dermis. It consists of a single layer of tall, simple columnar epithelial cells lying on a basement membrane. These cells undergo rapid cell division, mitosis to replenish the regular loss of skin by shedding from the surface. About 25% of the cells are melanocytes, which produce melanin which provides pigmentation for skin and hair.

# Pathology
All melanocytes have the capacity to migrate widely in the embryo, and therefore a cancer of a melanocyte, a melanoma, will spread (metastasize) very easily. For this reason, melanomas are often fatal, and when surgically removed, a lot of surrounding tissue must be taken as well.
Albinism is a recessive hereditary condition in which the melanocytes do not produce melanin. People appear very pale and, depending on the type of albinism, will also have lack of pigment in the iris of the eye causing them to appear pink or violet due to visability of the underlying blood vessels. In the most commonly inherited form of albinism the eyes are blue.
Basal cell carcinoma is a relatively benign form of skin cancer which arises from this layer of cells.

# Additional images
- Cross-section of all skin layers.
Basolateral membrane

# Overview
The basolateral membrane of a polarized cell is the part of the plasma membrane that forms its basal and lateral surfaces, distinct from the apical (or lumenal) surface. This is particularly evident in epithelial cells, but also describes other polarized cells, such as neurons.
"Basolateral membrane" is a compound phrase referring to the terms basal (base) membrane and lateral (side) membrane, which, especially in epithelial cells, are essentially functionally identical in composition and activity. Proteins (such as ion channels and pumps) are free to move from the basal to the lateral surface of the cell or vice versa in accordance with the fluid mosaic model.
Tight junctions that join epithelial cells near their apical surface prevent the migration of proteins to the apical membrane. The basal and lateral surfaces thus remain roughly equivalent to one another, yet distinct from the apical surface.
Basidiobolus ranarum
Basidiobolus ranarum is a microscopic fungus in the order Entomophthorales.

# Life history
It produces large, spherical, asexual spores that are forcibly discharged. Those spores can germinate directly to produce hyphae.  When they land in an unfavorable location, they can alternately germinate to produce a long, slender capilliconidiophore that bears a single, falcate capilliconidium.  At the distal tip of the capilliconidium is a sticky mucous drop that is presumed to aid in dispersal.  B. ranarum can also produce thick-walled resting spores that are presumably the sites of meiosis.
B. ranarum can be isolated from decaying leaf litter and the excrement of frogs and terrestrial, insect-eating reptiles.  It has been considered a commensal of frogs, although there is no evidence that it multiplies or persists in a frog's gut.  It can be a human pathogen, causing a disease called basidiobolomycosis (formerly entomophthoromycosis).

# Basidiobolomycosis
Basidiobolomycosis is a rare disease caused by the fungus Basidiobolus ranarum, member of the class Zygomycetes, order Entomophthorales, found worldwide. Usually basidiobolomycosis is a subcutaneous infection but it has been associated with gastrointestinal disease.

## Clinical features
Basidiobolomycosis is usually a superficial infection of skin, but may very rarely cause lesions of the bowel or liver, mimicking bowel cancer, or Crohn's disease. In patients with deep involvement, the eosinophil count may be raised, falsely suggesting a parasitic infection.

## Diagnosis
Diagnosis is by laboratory culture of the organism, usually from pieces of tissue taken from the patient.  It grows easily on most media, but risks being discarded as irrelevant or being reported as a contaminant because laboratory staff are unfamiliar with it.
Diagnosis is often difficult because it is a rare disease and therefore often not recognised.  The lesions often look like tumours rather than infection, so often no sample is sent for microbiology, however, the histopathology is characteristic:  the Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon describes the presence of fungal hyphae (which may exist only as ghosts on the slide) surrounded by eosinophilic material.

## Treatment
Treatment for skin lesions is traditionally with potassium iodide, but itraconazole has also been used successfully.