Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
American Academy of Dermatology
The American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) is the largest organization of dermatologists in the world.
The Academy grants Fellowships and Associate Memberships, as well as Fellowships for Nonresidents (of the United States of America or Canada).
To become a Fellow of the American Academy of Dermatology (FAAD), a physician must be a resident of the United States of America or Canada and certifed by the American Board of Dermatology or in dermatology by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.
To become an Associate Member, a physician must have three years of experience in practice or as a teacher or graduate student of dermatology and must have had training that qualifies for examination by the American Board of Dermatology or the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.
Aminosalicylic acid description

# Description
PASER granules are a delayed release granule preparation of aminosalicylic acid (p-aminosalicylic acid; 4-aminosalicylic acid) for use with other anti-tuberculosis drugs for the treatment of all forms of active tuberculosis due to susceptible strains of tubercle bacilli. The granules are designed for gradual release to avoid high peak levels not useful (and perhaps toxic) with bacteriostatic drugs. Aminosalicylic acid is rapidly degraded in acid media; the protective acid-resistant outer coating is rapidly dissolved in neutral media so a mildly acidic food such as orange, apple or tomato juice, yogurt or apple sauce should be used.
Aminosalicylic acid (p-aminosalicylic acid) is 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid. PASER granules are the free base of aminosalicylic acid and do NOT contain sodium or a sugar. The molecular formula is C7H7NO3 with a molecular weight of 153.14. With heat p-aminosalicylic acid is decarboxylated to produce CO2 and m-aminophenol. If the airtight packets are swollen, storage has been improper. DO NOT USE if packets are swollen or the granules have lost their tan color and are dark brown or purple.
The structural formula is:
PASER granules are supplied as off-white tan colored granules with an average diameter of 1.5 mm and an average content of 60% aminosalicylic acid by weight. The acid resistant outer coating will be completely removed by a few minutes at a neutral pH. The inert ingredients are:
- Colloidal silicon dioxide
- Dibutyl sebacate
- Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
- Methacrylic acid copolymer
- Microcrystalline cellulose
- Talc
The packets contain 4 grams of aminosalicylic acid for oral administration three times a day by sprinkling on apple sauce or yogurt to be eaten without chewing. Suspension in an acidic fruit drink such as orange juice or tomato juice will protect the coating for at least 2 hours. Swirling the juice in the glass will help resuspend the granules if they sink.
Red eye resident survival guide
Synonyms and keywords: An approach to red eye, Red eye diagnostic approach, Red eye workup algorithm

# Overview
Red eye is an essential sign of eye inflammation. Although it is usually benign and can be managed by primary care physician, It is important to distinguish between benign and sight-threatening diagnoses. Its most common cause is conjunctivitis. However, the other common causes are subconjunctival hemorrhage, blepharitis, scleritis, corneal abrasion, glaucoma and foreign body. Red eye can be concomitant with photophobia, eye discharge, pain, itiching and visual changes.

# Causes

## Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
- Acute angle closure glaucoma (AACG)
- Endophthalmitis
- Anterior uveitis
- Neonatal conjunctivitis
- Bacterial keratitis
- Chemical burn
- Traumatic eye injury
- Scleritis
- Corneal ulcer
- Hyperacute conjunctivitis

## Common Causes
- Conjunctivitis
- foreign body
- blepharitis
- scleritis
- subconjunctival hemorrhage

# Diagnosis
In the assessment of a patient with red eye, taking a precise history and examination and identifying red flags is essential.
 Red flags include:
- Reduced visual acuity
- Deep pain within the eye
- Unilateral red eye
- Contact lens use
- Photophobia
Taking history includes:
- Onset and duration
- Unilateral or bilateral symptoms
- Visual changes
- Pain
- Eye discharge
- Photophobia
- Whether the person wears contact lenses
- Similar episodes in the past
- Medication
Examination includes:
- Check the person's visual acuity.
- Assess for evidence of facial trauma.
- Check for any discharge from the eyes.
- Examine the eyelids
- Examine the conjunctiva
- Check the pattern of redness
- Perform fluorescein eye stain test. If the cornea stains this can be an indication that a corneal abrasion or ulcer is present.
- Check pupillary reaction
- Check patient's blood pressure if subconjunctival hemorrhage is suspected.

## Mild to Severe

## Acute or Chronic

# Treatment
The management of the red eye will depend on the underlying cause.

## Life-threatening causes

## Other causes

# Do's
- Using artificial tears in patients with dry eye.
- Protection against ultraviolet rays.
- Observe hygiene protocols.

# Don'ts
- Avoid wearing contact lenses.
- Avoid using sharp equipment especially in children.
Anatomy of the Femoral Triangle
The femoral triangle (of Scarpa) is an anatomical region of the upper inner human thigh.

# Boundaries
It is bounded by:
- the inguinal ligament (superiorly)
- the sartorius muscle (laterally)
- the adductor longus muscle (medially)
Its floor is formed by the iliopsoas and pectineus. Its roof is formed by the fascia lata.

# Contents
It is important as a number of vital structures pass through it, right under the skin - most notably (from lateral to medial:
- the femoral nerve
- the femoral artery
- the femoral vein
it also contains the deep inguinal nodes.

# Clinical significance
Since the femoral triangle provides easy access to a major artery, coronary angioplasty is often performed by entering the femoral artery at the femoral triangle. In first aid, heavy bleeding in the leg can be stopped by applying pressure to points in the femoral triangle.

# Mnemonics
Several mnemonics have been created to remember the order of the nerve, artery, and vein in this triangle:
- lateral to medial - "NAVY": nerve, artery, vein, Y-fronts. (Y-fronts are a brand of underwear.)
- lateral to medial - "NAVEL" nerve, artery, vein, empty space, lymphatics.
- medial to lateral - "VAN": vein, artery, nerve. These three structures are found in the same order in the intercostal space, from top to bottom.
- medial to lateral - "vagina, artery, nerve"
- the phrase "venous near the penis" can be used to remember that the vein is more medial than the artery or nerve.
Angioedema physical examination

# Overview

# Physical Examination

## Appearance of the Patient
- Patients may have swollen periorbital area and lips, and may be in respiratory distress from edema of the epiglottis and subglottic tissue

## Skin

### Face
- The skin of the face, normally around the mouth, and the mucosa of the mouth and/or throat, as well as the tongue are swollen up.
- Urticaria (hives) may develop simultaneously.
- Rash may be present.
- Angioedema. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Angioedema. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Angioedema. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Angioedema. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Angioedema. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Angioedema. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Angioedema. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Angioedema. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

## Throat
- Swollen neck may be present.

## Lungs
- Stridor
- Wheeze

## Abdomen
- Swollen genitals may be seen.

## Extremities
- Swollen extremities may be present.

## Neurologic
- Slightly decreased sensations may be present in the affected areas due to compression of the nerves.
Anidulafungin drug interactions

# Drug Interactions
In vitro studies showed that anidulafungin is not metabolized by human cytochrome P450 or by isolated human hepatocytes, and does not significantly inhibit the activities of human CYP isoforms (1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A) in clinically relevant concentrations. No clinically relevant drug-drug interactions were observed with drugs likely to be co-administered with anidulafungin.

## Cyclosporine (CYP3A4 substrate)
In a study in which 12 healthy adult subjects received 100 mg/day maintenance dose of anidulafungin following a 200 mg loading dose (on Days 1 to 8) and in combination with 1.25 mg/kg oral cyclosporine twice daily (on Days 5 to 8), the steady state Cmax of anidulafungin was not significantly altered by cyclosporine; the steady state AUC of anidulafungin was increased by 22%. A separate in vitro study showed that anidulafungin has no effect on the metabolism of cyclosporine. No dosage adjustment of either drug is warranted when co-administered.

## Voriconazole (CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP3A4 inhibitor and substrate)
In a study in which 17 healthy subjects received 100 mg/day maintenance dose of anidulafungin following a 200 mg loading dose, 200 mg twice daily oral voriconazole (following two 400 mg loading doses) and both in combination, the steady state Cmax and AUC of anidulafungin and voriconazole were not significantly altered by co-administration. No dosage adjustment of either drug is warranted when co-administered.

## Tacrolimus (CYP3A4 substrate)
In a study in which 35 healthy subjects received a single oral dose of 5 mg tacrolimus (on Day 1), 100 mg/day maintenance dose of anidulafungin following a 200 mg loading dose (on Days 4 to 12) and both in combination (on Day 13), the steady state Cmax and AUC of anidulafungin and tacrolimus were not significantly altered by co-administration. No dosage adjustment of either drug is warranted when co-administered.

## Rifampin (potent CYP450 inducer)
The pharmacokinetics of anidulafungin were examined in 27 patients that were co-administered anidulafungin and rifampin. The population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that when compared to data from patients that did not receive rifampin, the pharmacokinetics of anidulafungin were not significantly altered by co-administration with rifampin. No dosage adjustment of anidulafungin is warranted.

## Amphotericin B liposome for injection
The pharmacokinetics of anidulafungin were examined in 27 patients that were co-administered liposomal amphotericin B. The population pharmacokinetic analysis showed that when compared to data from patients that did not receive amphotericin B, the pharmacokinetics of anidulafungin were not significantly altered by co-administration with amphotericin B. No dosage adjustment of anidulafungin is warranted.
Animal testing on invertebrates
Most animal testing involves invertebrates, especially Drosophila melanogaster, a fruit fly, and Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode. These animals offer scientists many advantages over vertebrates, including their short life cycle, simple anatomy and the ease with which large numbers of individuals may be studied. Invertebrates are often extremely cost-effective, as thousands of flies or nematodes can be housed in a single room.
With the exception of some cephalopods, invertebrate species are not protected under most animal research legislation, and therefore the total number of invertebrates used remains unknown.

# Main uses
Research on invertebrates is the foundation for current understanding of the genetics of animal development. C. elegans is especially valuable as the precise lineage of all the organism's 959 cells is known, giving a complete picture of how this organism goes from a single cell in a fertilized egg, to an adult animal. The genome of this nematode has also been fully sequenced and any one of these genes can easily be inactivated through RNA interference, by feeding the worms antisense RNA. A major success in the work on C. elegans was the discovery that particular cells are programed to die during development, leading to the discovery that programed cell death is an active process under genetic control. The simple nervous system of this nematode allows the effects of genetics on the development of nerves to be studied in detail. However, the lack of an adaptive immune system and its simple organs prevents C. elegans being used in medical research such as vaccine development.
The fly D. melanogaster is the most widely-used animal in genetic studies. This comes from the simplicity of breeding and housing the flies, which allows large numbers to be used in experiments. Molecular biology is relatively simple in these organisms and a huge variety of mutant and genetically-modified flies have been developed. Fly genetics has been vital in the study of development, the cell cycle, behavior, and neuroscience. The similarities in the basic biochemistry of all animals allows flies to be used as simple systems to investigate the genetics of conditions such as heart disease and neurodegenerative disease. However, like nematodes, D. melanogaster is not widely used in applied medical research, as the fly immune system differs greatly from that found in humans, and diseases in flies can be very different from diseases in humans.
Anterior spinal artery syndrome
Synonyms and keywords: Beck syndrome

# Overview
Anterior spinal artery syndrome is ischemia or infarction of the spinal cord in the distribution of the anterior spinal artery, which supplies the ventral two-thirds of the spinal cord and medulla.

# Causes
This condition is usually associated with atherosclerosis of the aorta and may result from dissection of an aortic aneurysm or rarely dissection of the anterior spinal artery.

# Presentation
Clinical features include weakness and loss of pain and temperature sensation below the level of injury, with relative sparing of position and vibratory sensation.
Anti-Mullerian hormone receptor
Anti-Mullerian hormone receptor is a receptor for anti-Mullerian hormone.

# Pathology
The anti-Mullerian hormone receptor (Mullerian Inhibiting Substance Type II Receptor) can be responsible for persistent Mullerian duct syndrome.
Mullerian inhibiting substance type II receptor (MISIIR), also known as the Anti-Mullerian Hormone Receptor, is expressed by ovarian, breast, and prostate cancers and these cancer cells have been reported to apoptose in response to exposure to the Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS).
Antibodies have been developed that specifically target MISIIR and may be useful as vehicles for drugs and toxins for targeted cancer therapy.
Arginine vasopressin receptor 2
Arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (AVPR2, also called V2 receptor) is a protein that acts as receptor for arginine vasopressin.  AVPR2 belongs to the subfamily of G-protein coupled receptors. Its activity is mediated by the Gs type of G proteins, which stimulate adenylate cyclase.
AVPR2 is expressed in the kidney tubule, predominantly in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts, in fetal lung tissue and lung cancer, the last two being associated with alternative splicing. AVPR2 is also expressed outside the kidney and when stimulated a variety of clotting factors are released into the bloodstream.
In kidney AVPR2's primary property is to respond to arginine vasopressin by stimulating mechanisms that concentrate the urine and maintain water homeostasis in the organism. When the function of AVPR2 is lost, the disease Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI) results.
Aseptic meningitis risk factors

# Overview
The viruses that cause viral meningitis are contagious. Enteroviruses, for example, are very common during the summer and early fall, and many people are exposed to them. However, most infected persons either have no symptoms or develop only a cold or rash with low-grade fever. Only a small proportion of infected persons actually develop meningitis. Therefore, if you are around someone who has viral meningitis, you have a moderate chance of becoming infected, but a very small chance of developing meningitis.

# Risk Factors
Viral meningitis can affect anyone. But infants younger than 1 month old and people whose immune systems are weak are at higher risk for severe infection. People who are around someone with viral meningitis have a chance of becoming infected with the virus that made that person sick, but they are not likely to develop meningitis as a complication of the illness.
Factors that can increase your risk of viral meningitis include:
- Age
Viral meningitis occurs mostly in children younger than age 5.
- Viral meningitis occurs mostly in children younger than age 5.
- Weakened immune system.
There are certain diseases, medications and surgical procedures that may weaken the immune system and increase risk of meningitis.
- There are certain diseases, medications and surgical procedures that may weaken the immune system and increase risk of meningitis.
Associate of Science in Nursing
Assistant Editor-In-Chief: Michelle Lew

# Overview
An Associate of Science in Nursing (ASN) is an entry-level tertiary educatio] nursing Academic degree.  In the United States, this type of degree is usually awarded by community colleges or similar nursing schools.  Students awarded an Associate of Science in Nursing are qualified to sit for the NCLEX-RN and apply for licensure as a Registered Nurse.
Some hospital-based nursing schools that granted diplomas altered their curriculum to offer associate degrees.
Many nursing schools offering a bachelor's degree have "fast-track" programs to enable practicing nurses with an associate's degree to earn a bachelor's degree in approximately two years.

# Similar degrees
- Associate of Nursing (AN)
- Associate of Applied Science in Nursing (AASN)
- Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN)
Atovaquone proguanil overdosage

# Overdosage
There is no information on overdoses of MALARONE substantially higher than the doses recommended for treatment.
There is no known antidote for atovaquone, and it is currently unknown if atovaquone is dialyzable. Overdoses up to 31,500 mg of atovaquone have been reported. In one such patient who also took an unspecified dose of dapsone, methemoglobinemia occurred. Rash has also been reported after overdose.
Overdoses of proguanil hydrochloride as large as 1,500 mg have been followed by complete recovery, and doses as high as 700 mg twice daily have been taken for over 2 weeks without serious toxicity. Adverse experiences occasionally associated with proguanil hydrochloride doses of 100 to 200 mg/day, such as epigastric discomfort and vomiting, would be likely to occur with overdose. There are also reports of reversible hair loss and scaling of the skin on the palms and/or soles, reversible aphthous ulceration, and hematologic side effects.
Bacterial artificial chromosome

# Overview
A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is a DNA construct, based on a fertility plasmid (or F-plasmid), used for transforming and cloning in bacteria, usually E. coli. F-plasmids play a crucial role because they contain partition genes that promote the even distribution of plasmids after bacterial cell division. The bacterial artificial chromosome's usual insert size is 150 kbp, with a range from 100 to 300 kbp. A similar cloning vector, called a PAC has also been produced from the bacterial P1-plasmid.
BACs are often used to sequence the genetic code of organisms in genome projects, for example the Human Genome Project. A short piece of the organism's DNA is amplified as an insert in BACs, and then sequenced. Finally, the sequenced parts are rearranged in silico, resulting in the genomic sequence of the organism.

# Contribution to models of disease
BACs are now being utilised to a greater extent in modeling genetic diseases, often alongside transgenic mice. BACs have been useful in this field as complex genes may have several regulatory sequences upstream of the encoding sequence, including various promoter sequences that will govern a gene's expression level. BACs have been used to some degree of success with mice when studying neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease or as in the case of aneuploidy associated with Down syndrome. There have also been instances when they have been used to study specific oncogenes associated with cancers. They are transferred over to these genetic disease models by electroporation/transformation, transfection with a suitable virus or microinjection. BACs can also be utilised to detect genes or large sequences of interest and then used to map them onto the human chromosome using BAC arrays. BACs are preferred for these kind of genetic studies because they accommodate much larger sequences without the risk of rearrangement, and are therefore more stable than other types of cloning vectors.
Balanitis (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Balanitis is swelling (inflammation) of the foreskin and head of the penis.

# What are the symptoms of Balanitis?
- Redness of foreskin or penis
- Other rashes on the head of the penis
- Foul-smelling discharge
- Painful penis and foreskin

# What causes Balanitis?
Balanitis is usually caused by poor hygiene in uncircumcised men. Other possible causes include:
- Diseases such as reactive arthritis and lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
- Infection
- Harsh soaps
- Not rinsing soap off properly while bathing
- Uncontrolled diabetes

# Diagnosis
Your health care provider may be able to diagnose your balanitis by examination alone. However, you may need skin tests for viruses, fungi, or bacteria. Sometimes, a skin biopsy is needed.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Tell your health care provider if you have any signs of balanitis, including swelling of the foreskin or pain.

# Treatment options
Treatment depends on the cause of the balanitis. For example, balanitis that is caused by bacteria may be treated with antibiotic pills or creams. Balanitis that occurs with skin diseases may respond to steroid creams. Anti-fungal creams will be prescribed if it is due to a fungus.
In severe cases, circumcision may be the best option. If you cannot pull back (retract) the foreskin to clean it, you may need to be circumcised

# Where to find medical care for Balanitis?
to Hospitals Treating Balanitis

# Prevention
Good hygiene can prevent most cases of balanitis. When you bathe, pull back (retract) the foreskin to clean and dry the area under it.

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Most cases of balanitis can be controlled with medicated creams and good hygiene. Surgery is not usually needed.

# Possible complications
Long-term inflammation or infection can:
- Scar and narrow the opening of the penis (meatal stricture)
- Make it difficult and painful to retract the foreskin to expose the tip of the penis (a condition called phimosis)
- Make it difficult to move the foreskin over the head of the penis (a condition called paraphimosis)
- Affect the blood supply to the tip of the penis

# Sources