Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Boudreaux's Butt Paste
Boudreaux's Butt Paste is a skin cream used to treat skin ailments such as diaper rash, minor burns, and insect bites, among many others. The product has gained notoriety mainly due to its unusual and humorous name.

# History
Boudreaux's Butt Paste was originally developed in the 1970s by Louisiana pediatrician "Pappy" Talbot, but the main formula was compounded by a local pharmacist, Dr. George Boudreaux, in the town of Covington.
The product became a local hit, and in 1994, Boudreaux sold his pharmacy to concentrate on marketing Butt Paste.
Upon selling the pharmacy, Boudreaux bought an RV, renamed it the "Butt Mobile" and traveled to regional trade shows and local pharmacies to market the product. At one of these shows, a regional manager at Wal-Mart took on the product for a trial. When the trial period was over, the manager found Doc Boudreaux's product outsold the leading brand by a large margin.
Since then, Butt Paste has appeared in many department stores, including Wal-Mart, Target, and Walgreens, as well as enjoying a strong cult following on the Internet.
In recent years, Boudreaux's Butt Paste has sponsored NASCAR Busch Series car #34, driven by numerous drivers for Frank Cicci Racing, increasing their national exposure.

# Ingredients
The combination of ingredients is:
- 16 percent zinc oxide
- a proprietary blend of Peruvian balsam
- boric acid
- castor oil
- mineral oil

# Sources
Brachiocephalic artery
The brachiocephalic artery (or brachiocephalic trunk or innominate artery) is an artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck.
It is the first branch of the aortic arch, and soon after it is emerges, the brachiocephalic artery divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery.
There is no brachiocephalic artery for the left side of the body. The left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery, come directly off the aortic arch. However, there are two brachiocephalic veins.

# Origin
It arises, on a level with the upper border of the second right costal cartilage, from the commencement of the arch of the aorta, on a plane anterior to the origin of the left carotid; it ascends obliquely upward, backward, and to the right to the level of the upper border of the right sternoclavicular articulation, where it divides into the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries.

# Relations
Anteriorly, it is separated from the manubrium sterni by the Sternohyoideus and Sternothyreoideus, the remains of the thymus, the left innominate and right inferior thyroid veins which cross its root, and sometimes the superior cardiac branches of the right vagus. Posterior to it is the trachea, which it crosses obliquely.
On the right side are the right innominate vein, the superior vena cava, the right phrenic nerve, and the pleura; and on the left side, the remains of the thymus, the origin of the left common carotid artery, the inferior thyroid veins, and the trachea.

# Branches
The innominate artery usually gives off no branches, but occasionally a small branch, the thyreoidea ima, arises from it. Other times, it gives off a thymic or bronchial branch.
The thyreoidea ima (a. thyreoidea ima) ascends in front of the trachea to the lower part of the thyroid gland, which it supplies.
It varies greatly in size, and appears to compensate for deficiency or absence of one of the other thyroid vessels. It occasionally arises from the aorta, the right common carotid, the subclavian or the internal mammary.

# Additional images
- Innominate artery labeled at upper right.
- The tracheobronchial lymph glands.
- Mediastinal surface of right lung.
- The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind.
Brachioradial pruritis
Brachioradial pruritis (sometimes abbreviated BRP) is an intense itching sensation of the arm usually between the shoulder and elbow of either or both arms.  The itch can be so intense that sufferers will scratch their own skin to a bleeding condition.  The cause is not known, although there are a few lines of thought on what causes it.  No cure has been found.  Many different medications and types of topical creams have been experimented with, but none seem to make any difference.  The only thing that seems to help most sufferers is the application of ice to the area until the itch is diminished.

# Causes
Brachioradial pruritus (BRP) is a localized pruritus of the dorsolateral aspect of the arm. BRP is an enigmatic condition with a controversial cause; some authors consider BRP to be a Photodermatosis whereas other authors attribute BRP to compression of cervical nerve roots.
BRP may be attributed to a neuropathy, such as chronic cervical radiculopathy. The possibility of an underlying neuropathy should be considered in the evaluation and treatment of all patients with BRP.
The main cause of BRP is not known but there is evidence to suggest that BRP may arise in the nervous system. Cervical spine disease may be an important contributing factor.
Patients with BRP may have underlying cervical spine pathology. Whether this association is causal or coincidental remains to be determined.
There has been a controversy regarding the cause of brachioradial pruritus: is it caused by a nerve compression in the cervical spine or is it caused by a prolonged exposure to sunlight?
In all but two of the patients, itching of the arms or shoulders was seasonal. Some patients reported neck pain. In the skin of the lower arm, the number of protein gene product 9.5 immunoreactive nerve fibers was reduced 23% as compared with controls (P = 0.03), the number of intraepithelial nerve fibers being reduced by 27% (P = 0.03). The number of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive nerve fibers in the dermis was reduced by 34% (P = 0.02) and the number of capsaicin-sensitive nerve fibers by 43% (P = 0.008). The innervation of the four patients who were their own controls became normalized during the symptom-free period.

# Treatments
The application of an ice pack, chilling the skin to numbness, is sometimes the only treatment that can provide relief. This finding is nearly pathognomonic for this condition.
Bradykinin receptor B1
Bradykinin receptor B1 (B1) is a G-protein coupled receptor encoded by the BDKRB1 gene in humans. Its principal ligand is bradykinin, a 9 amino acid peptide generated in pathophysiologic conditions such as inflammation, trauma, burns, shock, and allergy. The B1 receptor is one of two of G protein-coupled receptors that have been found which bind bradykinin and mediate responses to these pathophysiologic conditions.
B1 protein is synthesized de novo following tissue injury and receptor binding leads to an increase in the cytosolic calcium ion concentration, ultimately resulting in chronic and acute inflammatory responses.
Classical agonist of this receptor includes bradykinin1-8 (bradykinin with the first 8 amino acid) and antagonist includes -bradykinin1-8.

# Antagonists
- LF22-0542
Bradykinin receptor B2
Bradykinin receptor B2 is a G-protein coupled receptor for bradykinin, encoded by the BDKRB2 gene in humans.

# Mechanism
The B2 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor, probably coupled to Gq and Gi. Gq stimulates phospholipase C to increase intracellular free calcium and Gi inhibits adenylate cyclase. Furthermore, the receptor stimulates the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. It is ubiquitously and constitutively expressed in healthy tissues.
The B2 receptor forms a complex with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), and this is thought to play a role in cross-talk between the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the kinin-kallikrein system (KKS). The heptapeptide angiotensin (1-7) also potentiates bradykinin action on B2 receptors.
Kallidin also signals through the B2 receptor. An antagonist for the receptor is Hoe 140 (icatibant).

# Function
The 9 amino acid bradykinin peptide elicits many responses including vasodilation, edema, smooth muscle spasm and pain fiber stimulation.

# Gene
Alternate start codons result in two isoforms of the protein.
Brain Tumor Foundation

# Overview
The Brain Tumor Foundation (BTF) is a charity based based in New York City which helps patients who have a brain tumor and their families. It was founded in 1998.
It promotes early detection of brain tumors, as well as support groups, medical referrals, peer matching programs such as Phone-a-Friend, and events including its annual conference, Brain Tumor Awareness Day. It also promotes an early-detection screening program for brain tumors using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans.

# Governance and leadership
The foundation has a board of directors and a scientific advisory board.
Patrick J. Kelly, MD, FACS, is the founder and president. Michael Schreiber is chairman. Zeesy Schnur is the executive director.
Bronchial thermoplasty

# Overview
Bronchial thermoplasty is a new investigational outpatient procedure that is performed in the hospital bronchoscopy suite and is currently performed only in conjunction with the AIR2 Trial. The procedure uses controlled thermal energy to reduce the surface area of the smooth muscle in the bronchiole; thereby, helping to prevent future asthma attacks.

# Bronchial Thermoplasty

## Mechanisms of Benefit
- The objective of the procedure is to reduce the airway smooth muscle in all airways reachable by the bronchoscope in hopes of reducing the airways ability to constrict.
- A bronchial thermoplasty treatment session is expected to take less than an hour to complete; it is expected that three treatment sessions will be required to treat the entire lung system.
- Bronchial thermoplasty is an outpatient procedure. No general anesthesia is used, no incision is necessary, and there is no need to stay overnight. However, the patient will need to continue on their current asthma medications for the duration of the study.

## Supportive Trial Data
The AIR2 trial, involved 288 patients with severe asthma who remained symptomatic despite treatment with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting 2-agonists, who underwent bronchial thermoplasty (BT) to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of BT. The study demonstrated significant improvement from the baseline based on the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) in the BT group (BT, 1.35 +/- 1.10; sham, 1.16 +/- 1.23). Changes in the AQLQ score of 0.5 or greater was observed in 79% of BT group and 64% of sham group. Although the hospitalization rate was 6% higher among the BT group during the treatment period (up to 6 wk after BT), in the posttreatment period (6-52 wk after BT), the BT group experienced fewer severe exacerbations, emergency department visits, and days missed from work/school compared with the sham group (PPS, 95.5, 99.9, and 99.3%, respectively). Thus, the study concluded that in patients with severe asthma, bronchial thermoplasty significantly improved asthma-specific quality of life with a reduction in severe exacerbations and healthcare use noted in the posttreatment period.
Respiratory epithelium

# Overview
Respiratory epithelium is a type of epithelium found lining the upper and lower respiratory tracts, where it serves to moisten and protect the airways. It also functions as a barrier to potential pathogens and foreign objects, preventing infection by action of the ciliary escalator.

# Classification
Respiratory epithelium is more specifically known as ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium due to the arrangement of the columnar epithelial cells; the nuclei are not aligned in the same plane and make it appear as though several layers of cells are present. In actuality, all cells make contact with the basement membrane and are therefore a single layer of cells, hence the epithelium is called pseudostratified. Goblet cells are present amongst the columnar cells and secrete a mucus which keeps the epithelium moist and traps particulate material moving through the airway.
Certain parts of the respiratory tract, such as the oropharynx, are also subject to the abrasive swallowing of food. To prevent the destruction of the respiratory epithelium in these areas it changes  to stratified squamous epithelium which is better suited to the constant sloughing and abrasion.  The squamous layer of the oropharynx is continuous with the esophagus.

# Ciliary Escalator
The cilia of the respiratory epithelium beat in a concerted effort to move secreted mucus containing trapped foreign particles towards the oropharynx for either expectoration or swallowing to the stomach where the acidic pH helps to neutralize foreign material and micro-organisms. This system is collecively known as the ciliary escalator and serves two functions: to keep the lower respiratory tract sterile, and to prevent mucus accumulation in the lungs from drowning the organism.
Mammillothalamic tract
The mammillothalamic fasciculus (mammillothalamic tract, thalamomammillary fasciculus, bundle of Vicq dAzyr) arises from cells in both the medial and lateral nuclei of the mammillary body and by fibers that are directly continued from the fornix.
There axons divide within the gray matter; the coarser branches pass into the anterior nucleus of the thalamus as the bundle of Vicq dAzyr, the finer branches pass downward as the mammillo-tegmental bundle of Gudden.
The bundle of Vicq dAzyr spreads out fan-like as it terminates in the anterior or dorsal nucleus of the thalamus.
A few of the fibers pass through the dorsal nucleus to the angular nucleus of the thalamus.
The axons from these nuclei are supposed to form part of the thalamocortical system.
Chlamydophila psittaci
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Psittacosis is caused by the organism Chlamydia psittaci. Chlamydia is understood to be a Gram-negative bacterium belonging to the genus Chlamydia or Chlamydophila in the family of Chlamydiaceae  together with  Parachlamydiaceae, Waddliaceae and Simkaniaceae in the order Chlamydiales, class and phylum Chlamydiae. Chlamydiales are obligate intracellular infectious agents in eukaryotic cells characterized by a unique developmental replication cycle.

# Causes
- Birds are the major zoonotic reservoir. Despite its name, C. psittaci infection has been documented in 467 species from 30 bird orders, from psittaformes to ostriches to penguins have all been found to be associated with the development of psittacosis.
- Bird handlers and those who keep birds as pets have a higher prevalence of the disease.
- C. psittaci may be classified into eight serovars according to variation in the major outer membrane protein (MOMP): serovar A to F, WC and M56.
Table 1: Classification of Chlamydophila psittaci into 8 serovars
Complement component 5
Complement component 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C5 gene.
Complement component 5 is involved in the complement system. It is cleaved into C5a and C5b:
- C5a plays an important role in chemotaxis.
- C5b forms the first part of the complement membrane attack complex.
Deficiency is thought to cause Leiner's disease.

# Function
Complement component 5 is the fifth component of complement, which plays an important role in inflammatory and cell killing processes. This protein is composed of alpha and beta polypeptide chains that are linked by a disulfide bridge. An activation peptide, C5a, which is an anaphylatoxin that possesses potent spasmogenic and chemotactic activity, is derived from the alpha polypeptide via cleavage with a C5-convertase. The C5b macromolecular cleavage product can form a complex with the C6 complement component, and this complex is the basis for formation of the membrane attack complex, which includes additional complement components.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene cause complement component 5 deficiency, a disease where patients show a propensity for severe recurrent infections. Defects in this gene have also been linked to a susceptibility to liver fibrosis and to rheumatoid arthritis.

# Therapeutic applications
The drug eculizumab (trade name Soliris) prevents cleavage of C5 into C5a and C5b.

# Complement system pathway
Craniofacial anomalies
Synonyms and keywords: facial anomalies, CFA, facial dysmorphism

# Overview
Craniofacial anomalies are a group of deformities of the head and face that are present at birth.

# Classification
- Cleft lip and palate a separation in the lip and the palate
- Craniosynostosis - premature closure of the soft spots in an infants skull
- Hemifacial microsomia - a condition in which the tissues on one side of the face are underdeveloped
- Vascular malformation - an abnormal growth composed of blood vessels
- Hemangioma - a benign tumor that causes a red birthmark
- Deformational (or positional) plagiocephaly - a misshapen (asymmetrical) shape of the head (cranium) from repeated pressure to the same area of the head. Plagiocephaly literally means "oblique head" (from the Greek "plagio" for oblique and "cephale" for head).

# Pathophysiology

## Associated Disorders
- Coffin Lowry Syndrome
- Craniosynostosis
- Crouzon Syndrome (Craniofacial Dysostosis)
- Apert Syndrome
- Fibrous Dysplasia
- Hemifacial Microsomia
- Microtia
- Pfeiffer Syndrome
- Holoprosencephaly
- Holoprosencephaly (HPE)
- Noonan Syndrome
- Pierre Robin Sequence
- Positional Plagiocephaly
- Flattened Head
- Sotos Syndrome
- Treacher Collins Syndrome
1q terminal deletion 
Aarskog-Scott syndrome
Al Gazali Aziz Salem syndrome 
Barber-Say syndrome 
Brachyphalangy, polydactyly, and tibial aplasia/hypoplasia 
Chromosome 22 Ring 
Chromosome 5, monosomy 5q35 
Congenital rubella syndrome
Congenital syphilis
Cri du chat syndrome
DiGeorge syndrome
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Frints -- De Smet -- Fabry -- Fryns syndrome 
Gloomy face syndrome 
Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome
Microphthalmia syndromic, type 9 
Multiple joint dislocations -- metaphyseal dysplasia 
Noonan syndrome
Pfeiffer syndrome Type 2 
Polysyndactyly -- cardiac malformation 
Riddle syndrome 
Turner syndrome
Valproic acid antenatal infection 
Vitiligo mental retardation facial dysmorphism uremia 
Williams Syndrome 
Young-Simpson syndrome

# Causes
- Congenital
- Folate deficiency

# Epdidemiology and Demographics
In the United States, craniosynostosis occurs in about 1 in every 2000 births.

## Gender
The disorder is more common in boys than in girls.

# Treatment
Surgery.
CMR in Hemochromotosis
There are multiple iron overload states:
- hemochromatosis
- thalassemia major
- sideroblastic anemia
- chronic hemolytic anemia
- chronic liver disease.

# Hemochromatosis

## ACC/AHA Guidelines- ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SCMR 2010 Expert Consensus Document on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (DO NOT EDIT)
On cardiac MR, patients with hemochromatosis have very low signal intensity in the myocardium due to the effects of iron deposits.
T2 imaging can be highly sensitive in detecting myocardial iron deposition based on study by Anderson and colleagues.
- T2- values are substantially reduced, from normal values of 50msec or greater to less than 20msec.  Lower T2- can indicate worsening LV function.
Late signs of iron toxicity include left ventricular systolic dysfunction.
The importance of this is that early identification of iron-deposition cardiomyopathy enables early intensification of iron chelation therapy which could potentially improve a patient's chance of survivial.
Cadmium zinc telluride
Cadmium zinc telluride, (CdZnTe) or CZT, is (as the name indicates) a compound of cadmium, zinc and tellurium or more strictly speaking, an alloy of cadmium telluride and zinc telluride. A wide, direct bandgap semiconductor, it is used in a variety of applications, including radiation detectors, photorefractive gratings, electro-optic modulators and terahertz generation and detection.
Radiation detectors using CZT can operate at room temperature, unlike some other materials (particularly germanium) which require liquid nitrogen cooling. CZT can be formed into different shapes for different radiation-detecting applications. It has a high electro-optic coefficient and transparency in the mid-infrared region, making it a good modulator material for infrared lasers. The same properties make it useful for detection of terahertz waves.
An additional use is as a substrate material for the epitaxial growth of mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe), an infrared detector material. Cd0.96Zn0.04Te is almost perfectly lattice matched to LWIR HgCdTe (80% Hg, 20% Cd). However, it is difficult to grow large crystals of fixed composition.
Cadmium zinc telluride is highly toxic to humans. It should not be ingested, nor its dust inhaled, and it should not be handled without appropriate gloves. Please refer to materials safety data sheets for details.
Valvular heart disease
Synonyms and keywords: VHD, Valve disease, Heart valve disease, Valvular dysfunction

# Overview
Valvular heart disease (VHD) is the pathological defect affecting one of the four valves of the heart: aortic valve, mitral valve, pulmonic valve, or tricuspid valve. VHD may be congenital or acquired. Congenital causes of VHD include tetralogy of Fallot, Ebstein's anomaly, Noonan syndrome, congenital rubella syndrome, and bicuspid valve among others. Acquired causes of VHD include rheumatic heart disease, infective endocarditis, senile calcification of valves, or valve deformities secondary to structural changes of the myocardium (e.g. dilated cardiomyopathy). Regardless of the underlying cause, VHD may result in valve stenosis, valve regurgitation or , in some cases, valve prolapse. Valvular heart disease can often be asymptomatic and may go undiagnosed. In patients who develop symptoms suggestive of valvular heart disease, cardiac auscultation for heart murmurs is often the first step of a focused physical examination to rule out valvular heart disease. Echocardiography is the gold standard diagnostic modality for valvular heart disease.  In addition to a thorough and focused physical examination, a well-performed echocardiogram aids the clinician in determining the severity of the disease, the prognosis, and the need for surgical intervention.

# Classification
Valvular heart diseases are typically classified according to the valve that is affected as well as the nature of the pathological defect as follows:
- Aortic Valve
Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation
- Aortic stenosis
- Aortic regurgitation
- Mitral Valve
Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation
Mitral valve prolapse
- Mitral stenosis
- Mitral regurgitation
- Mitral valve prolapse
- Tricuspid valve
Tricuspid stenosis
Tricuspid regurgitation
- Tricuspid stenosis
- Tricuspid regurgitation
- Pulmonary valve
Pulmonic stenosis
Pulmonic regurgitation
- Pulmonic stenosis
- Pulmonic regurgitation

# Differential Diagnosis
Clinicians may differentiate among different valvular heart diseases on the basis of the characteristics of the murmur and collecting a thorough patient history, as shown in the following table:

# 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines

## Recommendations for Acute Chest Pain With Valvular Heart Disease