Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Magnolia grandiflora
Magnolia grandiflora, commonly known as the Southern magnolia or bull bay, is a magnolia native to the southeastern United States, from coastal North Carolina south to central Florida, and west to East Texas. It is a medium to large tree 20-30 m tall with a striking appearance, both in leaf and in bloom.
The leaves are evergreen, simple and broadly ovate, 12-20 cm long and 6-12 cm broad, with smooth margins. They are dark green, stiff and leathery, and often scurfy underneath with yellow-brown pubescence. They will bronze, blotch, and burn in severe winters at the northern limits of cultivation, but most still cling until they are replaced by new foliage in the spring. In climates where the ground freezes, winter sun appears to do more damage than the cold itself. In the northern hemisphere the south side of the tree will experience more leaf damage than the north side of the tree.  Two extremes are known, with leaves white underneath and with leaves brown underneath. The brown varieties are claimed to be more cold-hardy than the white varieties, but this does not appear to be proven as yet.
The large, showy, citronella-scented flowers are white, up to 30 cm across and fragrant, with 6-12 petals with a waxy texture, emerging from the tips of twigs on mature trees in late spring.

# Cultivation and uses
Southern magnolia is a very popular ornamental tree throughout the southeastern United States, grown for its attractive foliage and flowers. On the east coast of the United States, cold-hardy cultivars have been seen planted up to and even north of the Ohio River, where large tree specimens become increasingly more rare and eventually are only found as shrubs before disappearing altogether from the landscape; for example, large mature trees are common in the Cincinnati, Ohio area but begin to taper off in size and occurrence until they are generally absent altogether in Columbus, Ohio. This "subtropical indicator" tree is seen in some gardens as far north as Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; farther north it is extremely difficult to cultivate. Towards the northern limit of its cultivation, it may suffer dieback from very hard freezes, but weathers normal freezes well. On the west coast it is commonplace as far north as Vancouver, British Columbia.
As newer cultivars have been found to be more cold hardy, the cultivated range has continued to spread farther north with some being planted around Chicago.  'Bracken's Brown Beauty' 'Edith Bogue' and '24 Below' are some of the most cold hardy varieties.
A dwarf cultivar called Magnolia 'Little Gem' is available in Australian nurseries.
Southern magnolia is the state tree of Mississippi.

# Gallery
- Magnolia grandiflora (Southern magnolia) - a large tree at Hemingway, South Carolina
Magnolia grandiflora (Southern magnolia) - a large tree at Hemingway, South Carolina
- Flower of Magnolia grandiflora (Southern magnolia)
Flower of Magnolia grandiflora (Southern magnolia)
- A cluster of leaves
A cluster of leaves
- Seed cluster of Magnolia grandiflora
Seed cluster of Magnolia grandiflora
- Individual seeds of Magnolia grandiflora
Individual seeds of Magnolia grandiflora
Maisonneuve fracture
Contributors:  Cafer Zorkun M.D., PhD.

# Overview
The Maisonneuve fracture is a spiral fracture of the upper third of the fibula associated with a tear of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis and the interosseous membrane.
There is an associated fracture of the medial malleolus or rupture of the deep deltoid ligament. This type of injury can be difficult to detect.
The Maisonneuve fracture is similar to the Galeazzi and Monteggia fractures.

# Etymology
The fracture is named after the surgeon, Jules Germain Francois Maisonneuve.
Images courtesy of RadsWiki
- Maisonneuve fracture
- Maisonneuve fracture
Malignant narcissism

# Overview
Otto Kernberg described malignant narcissism (also known as Narcissistic supply) as a syndrome characterized by a narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), antisocial features, paranoid traits, and ego-syntonic aggression. An absence of conscience, a psychological need for power, and a sense of importance (grandiosity) are often symptomatic of Malignant Narcissism. Pollock wrote: "The malignant narcissist is presented as pathologically grandiose, lacking in conscience and behavioral regulation with characteristic demonstrations of joyful cruelty and sadism." Kernberg claimed that malignant narcissism should be considered part of a spectrum of pathological narcissism, which he saw as ranging from the Cleckley's antisocial character (today's psychopath) at the high end of severity, to malignant narcissism, to NPD at the low end.
Kernberg wrote that malignant narcissism can be differentiated from psychopathy because of the malignant narcissists' capacity to internalize "both aggressive and idealized superego precursors, leading to the idealization of the aggressive, sadistic features of the pathological grandiose self of these patients." According to Kernberg, the psychopaths' paranoid stance against external influences makes them unwilling to internalize even the values of the "aggressor," while malignant narcissists "have the capacity to admire powerful people, and can depend on sadistic and powerful but reliable parental images." Malignant narcissists, in contrast to psychopaths, are also said to be capable of developing "some identification with other powerful idealized figures as part of a cohesive 'gang' ... which permits at least some loyalty and good object relations to be internalized."
Malignant narcissism is highlighted as a key area when it comes to the study of mass, sexual, and serial murder.
Barbara Oakley's Evil Genes describes the lack of scientific foundation or research involving the concept of malignant narcissism.  A Medline survey conducted in 2007 showed no imaging, genetics, or other types of scientific research studies extant on the subject.  This contrasts with tens of thousands of studies on personality disorders and traits such as schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, bipolar disorder, and the like.
Maraviroc overdosage

# Overdosage
The highest dose administered in clinical studies was 1200 mg. The dose-limiting adverse event was postural hypotension, which was observed at 600 mg. While the recommended dose for SELZENTRY in patients receiving a CYP3A inducer without a CYP3A inhibitor is 600 mg twice daily, this dose is appropriate due to enhanced metabolism.
Prolongation of the QT interval was seen in dogs and monkeys at plasma concentrations 6 and 12 times, respectively, those expected in humans at the intended exposure of 300 mg equivalents twice daily. However, no significant QT prolongation was seen in the studies in treatment-experienced subjects with HIV using the recommended doses of maraviroc or in a specific pharmacokinetic study to evaluate the potential of maraviroc to prolong the QT interval.
There is no specific antidote for overdose with maraviroc. Treatment of overdose should consist of general supportive measures including keeping the patient in a supine position, careful assessment of patient vital signs, blood pressure and ECG.
If indicated, elimination of unabsorbed active maraviroc should be achieved by emesis or gastric lavage. Administration of activated charcoal may also be used to aid in removal of unabsorbed drug. Since maraviroc is moderately protein-bound, dialysis may be beneficial in removal of this medicine.
Mature messenger RNA

# Overview
Mature messenger RNA, often abbreviated as mature mRNA is a eukaryotic RNA transcript that has been spliced and processed and is ready for translation in the course of protein synthesis. Unlike the eukaryotic RNA immediately after transcription  known as precursor messenger RNA, it consists exclusively of exons, with all introns removed.
Mature mRNA is also called "mature transcript", "mature RNA" or "mRNA".
The production of a mature mRNA molecule occurs in 3 steps:
- During capping, a 7-methyguanosine residue is attached to the 5'-terminal end of the primary transcripts.
- In polyadenylation , a poly-adenosine tail of about 200 adenylate residues is added by a nuclear polymerase post-transcriptionally.
- RNA splicing removes the non-coding RNA introns leaving behind the coding sequences exons, which are then spliced and joined together to form the final mRNA.
Maxillary prominence
Continuous with the dorsal end of the mandibular arch, and growing forward from its cephalic border, is a triangular process, the maxillary process (or maxillary prominence), the ventral extremity of which is separated from the mandibular arch by a ">"-shaped notch.
The maxillary process forms the lateral wall and floor of the orbit, and in it are ossified the zygomatic bone and the greater part of the maxilla; it meets with the lateral nasal process, from which, however, it is separated for a time by a groove, the naso-optic furrow, that extends from the furrow encircling the eyeball to the olfactory pit.
The maxillary processes ultimately fuse with the lateral nasal and globular processes, and form the lateral parts of the upper lip and the posterior boundaries of the nares.

# Additional images
- Human embryo from thirty-one to thirty-four days
- Under surface of the head of a human embryo about twenty-nine days old.
- The head and neck of a human embryo thirty-two days old, seen from the ventral surface.
Meconium peritonitis

# Overview
Meconium peritonitis refers to rupture of the bowel prior to birth, resulting in fetal stool (meconium) escaping into the surrounding space (peritoneum) leading to inflammation (peritonitis). Despite the bowel rupture, many infants born after meconium peritonitis in utero have normal bowels and have no further issues. Twenty percent of infants born with meconium peritonitis will have vomiting and dilated bowels on x-rays which necessitates surgery. Meconium peritonitis is often diagnosed on prenatal ultrasound where it appears as calcifications within the peritoneum. Infants with cystic fibrosis are at increased risk for meconium peritonitis. Meconium peritonitis was first described in 1838 by Carl von Rokitansky.

## Imaging Findings
- Amorphous and irregular or curvilinear abdominal calcifications, with the latter suggesting cystic loculation or coating of the peritoneum (i.e. pseudocyst)
- Negative is mecomium does not calcify.
- Eventually, most of the calcification in meconium peritonitis slowly disappears.
Patient #1: Abdominal calcifications seen on prenatal ultrasound
Patient #2
Medial rectus muscle
The medial rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit.
As with most of the muscles of the orbit, it is innervated by the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (Cranial Nerve III).
This muscle shares an origin with several other extrinsic eye muscles, the anulus tendineus, or common tendon.
It is the largest of the extraocular muscles and its only action is adduction of the eyeball.

# Additional images
- Horizontal section of the eyeball.
- Dissection showing origins of right ocular muscles, and nerves entering by the superior orbital fissure.
- Vestibulo-ocular reflex
Meropenem overdosage

# Overdosage
In mice and rats, large intravenous doses of meropenem (2200-4000 mg/kg) have been associated with ataxia, dyspnea, convulsions, and mortalities.
Intentional overdosing of Meropenem is unlikely, although accidental overdosing might occur if large doses are given to patients with reduced  renal function.  The largest dose of meropenem administered in clinical trials has been 2 g given intravenously every 8 hours.  At this dosage, no adverse pharmacological effects or increased safety risks have been observed.
Limited post-marketing experience indicates that if adverse events occur following overdosage, they are consistent with the adverse event profile described in the Adverse Reactions section and are generally mild in severity and resolve on withdrawal or dose reduction.  Symptomatic treatments should be considered.  In individuals with normal renal function, rapid renal elimination takes place.
Meropenem and its metabolite are readily dialyzable and effectively removed by hemodialysis; however, no information is available on the use of hemodialysis to treat overdosage.
Metabolic equivalent
A unit of metabolic equivalent, or MET, is defined as the ratio of a person's working metabolic rate relative to the resting metabolic rate.  One MET is defined as 1 kilocalorie per kilogram per hour and is the caloric consumption of a person while at complete rest.  For example, one might consider the restful state following a quiet night's sleep as a good example of a single MET. This is a base-line unit for that one individual, and since each individual has a varying BMR, a MET is, therefore, variable from one person to the next. One might consider a single unit the energy required to just stay alive without doing anything more.
The unit is commonly used in the context of aerobic exercise to gauge the intensity of the workout.  A workout of 2-4 METs is considered light, while intensive running (8 minutes/mile, or 12 km/h) or climbing can yield workouts of 12 or more METs.
Since METs are variable units, they can only be used in calculating relative energy expenditures in "context;" meaning within the parameters per individual, unlike caloric expenditures which are unitary standards not variable from one person to another.  While exercising at 6 METs, a 200-pound (90 kg) man would burn considerably more calories than his 120-pound (55 kg) son doing the same exercise.
METs are particularly relevant to those who intend to lose weight, because they are a simple approximation of the rate at which exercise causes calories to be burned.  Many modern exercise machines can indicate METs, although the numbers given are estimates since, as mentioned above, the rate at which calories are burned while at rest (the Basal Metabolic Rate or, more strictly, the Resting metabolic rate: RMR) varies from person to person.
Some exercise machines estimate METs based on the formula: cpm/kg.
This convenient non-individualized approximation is often used, including in scientific literature.
"No work requires only basal metabolism, or about 3.5 mL O2/kg/minute, also known as 1 MET."
"One MET is defined as the energy it takes to sit quietly. For the average adult, this is about one calorie per every 2.2 pounds of body weight per hour someone who weighs 160 pounds would burn approximately 70 calories an hour while sitting or sleeping."
Metenolone enanthate

# Overview
Methenolone enanthate, or methenolone enanthate, is a dihydrotestosterone (DHT) based anabolic steroid.  It is an ester derivative of methenolone sold commonly under the brand names Primobolan (tablet form) or Primobolan Depot (injectable).
When it interacts with the aromatase enzyme it does not form any estrogens.  It is used by people who are very susceptible to estrogenic side effects, having lower estrogenic properties than nandrolone.
Methenolone, in form of enanthate and acetate, is available as an injection or as an oral respectively. The injection is naturally regarded as having a higher bioavailability. It is an enanthate ester which is quite long-acting. Because it by-passes hepatic breakdown on the first pass, it also has a higher survival rate. The tablets are in a short-lived acetate form. Methenolone is not 17-alpha-alkylated, but 1-methylated for oral bioavailability. This reduces the stress on the liver, but also the availability. It is considered one of the safer steroids, meaning it has few side effects. Methenolone has no estrogenic side effects, and  its effects on cholesterol levels are minimal. In doses of 200 mg or less (intramuscular) blood pressure is rarely altered.
It is possibly one of the safer anabolic steroids for females due to very low virilization effects in short-term usage. Of course, this is not a blanket-statement and individual results (dependent on doses and tolereance) will vary.
Methenolone is also not overly suppressive of the HPTA axis, although how suppressive is debatable. For this reason, many bodybuilders use it in between steroid cycles during their "off-time" to help maintain their gains and strength. The long term safety of such a practice possibly dangerous and can lead to permanent suppression of the HPTA.
Methyl phenylacetate
Methyl phenylacetate is an organic compound that is the ester formed from methanol and phenylacetic acid.  It is a clear colorless liquid that is only slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in most organic solvents.
Methyl phenylacetate has a strong odor similar to honey.  The odor is so strong that recommended smelling is of a solution with 10% or less methyl phenyacetate. This compound also naturally occurs in brandy, capsicum, coffee, honey, pepper and some wine.
Methyl phenylacetate is used in the flavor industry and in perfumes to impart honey scents.
N-Methylethanolamine
N-Methylethanolamine is a toxic flammable corrosive colorless viscous liquid with structural formula Template:MethylTemplate:NitrogenTemplate:Hydrogen(Template:CarbonTemplate:Hydrogen2)2Template:Hydroxyl.  It is the biochemical precursor of choline.
With both amine and alcohol functional groups, it is a useful intermediate in the chemical synthesis of various products including polymers and pharmaceuticals.
N-Methylethanolamine can be prepared by the reaction of ethylene oxide with methylamine.
Metro West Ambulance
Metro West Ambulance is a privately-owned company based in the U.S. state of Oregon with ambulances throughout Washington County and along the Oregon Coast (under the names Pacific West and Medix). Metro West also manages the Vernonia Volunteer Ambulance Association. In addition to daily emergency ambulance services, Metro West also serves customers through a comprehensive wheelchair van service, special event medical support for Portland's Rose Garden Arena, the Oregon State Fair, and many other events throughout the year. Metro West also offers community medical and preparedness training with Education for Life through the American Heart Association.

# Accreditation
Metro West Ambulance is accredited through the Commission on Accreditation of Ambulance Services.

# Honors
- Oregon DHS Commitment to Quality medal, Special Events Division, 2002 
- Oregon DHS Commitment to Quality Medal, 2004  
- Oregon DHS EMS Unit Citation, Medix Ambulance, 2006 

# Competitive bidding
In 1996, Metro West Ambulance competed for the Washington County medical transport contract.
In 1997 Metro West won the Washington County, Oregon contract for 9-1-1 dispatch.
In 2006, Clackamas County, Oregon accepted a no-bid contract from Metro West competitor AMR over objections. Metro West was not present during the final discussions.
In 2007, unionized medics for area ambulance companies approved a strike. Their chief complaint centered around pay and benefits, with their company being compared to Metro West.

# Legal
In 2004 Metro West Ambulance successfully defended against a wrongful termination lawsuit by a former employee.
In 2007 Metro West Ambulance was fined by the FCC for transmitting on licensed frequencies with an expired license.
Michael Stuart Brown

# Overview
Dr. Michael Stuart Brown (b. April 13, 1941 in Brooklyn, New York) is a Nobel Prize winning American geneticist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Joseph L. Goldstein in 1985 for describing the regulation of cholesterol metabolism.

# Biography
Dr. Brown graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1962 and received his M.D. from Penn medical school in 1966.  Moving to the University of Texas Health Science Center in Dallas (now called UT Southwestern Medical Center) Brown and colleague Joseph L. Goldstein researched cholesterol metabolism and discovered that human cells have low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors that extract cholesterol from the bloodstream. The lack of sufficient LDL receptors is implicated in familial hypercholesterolemia, which predisposes heavily for cholesterol-related diseases.  In addition to explaining the underlying pathology of this disease, their work uncovered a fundamental aspect of cell biology - Receptor-mediated endocytosis.
Their findings led to the development of statin drugs, the cholesterol-lowering compounds that today are used by 16 million Americans and are the most widely prescribed medications in the United States. Their discoveries are improving more lives every year, both in the United States and around the world. New federal cholesterol guidelines will triple the number of Americans taking statin drugs to lower their cholesterol, reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke for countless people.  Following these important advances, their team of dedicated researchers elucidated the role of lipid modification of proteins (protein prenylation) in cancer. In 1984 he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Joseph L. Goldstein (Co-recipient of 1985 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine).In 1988, Brown received National Medal of Science for his contributions to the world of Medicine.
In 1993, their trainees Xiaodong Wang and Michael Briggs purified the Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs).  Since 1993, Drs. Brown, Goldstein, and their colleagues have described the unexpectedly complex machinery by which cells maintain the necessary levels of fats and cholesterol in the face of varying environmental circumstances.  Dr. Brown holds The W. A. (Monty) Moncrief Distinguished Chair in Cholesterol and Arteriosclerosis Research; is a Regental Professor of the University of Texas; and holds the Paul J. Thomas Chair in Medicine.  Frequently mentioned as a candidate for nationally-prominent positions in scientific administration, Dr. Brown, like his colleague Joseph L. Goldstein,  elects to continue hands-on involvement with research, leading a research team that typically includes a dozen doctoral and postdoctoral trainees.  He and his colleague are among the most highly-cited scientists in the world.
Middle cardiac nerve
The middle cardiac nerve (great cardiac nerve), the largest of the three cardiac nerves, arises from the middle cervical ganglion, or from the trunk between the middle and inferior ganglia.
On the right side it descends behind the common carotid artery, and at the root of the neck runs either in front of or behind the subclavian artery; it then descends on the trachea, receives a few filaments from the recurrent nerve, and joins the right half of the deep part of the cardiac plexus.
In the neck, it communicates with the superior cardiac and recurrent nerves.
On the left side, the middle cardiac nerve enters the chest between the left carotid and subclavian arteries, and joins the left half of the deep part of the cardiac plexus.
Middle cerebral vein
The middle cerebral vein (superficial Sylvian vein) begins on the lateral surface of the hemisphere, and, running along the lateral cerebral fissure, ends in the cavernous or the sphenoparietal sinus.
It is connected:
- (a) with the superior sagittal sinus by the great anastomotic vein of Trolard, which opens into one of the superior cerebral veins;
- (b) with the transverse sinus by the posterior anastomotic vein of Labbe, which courses over the temporal lobe.
Middle rectal artery
The middle rectal artery is an artery in the pelvis that supplies blood to the rectum.

# Structure
The middle rectal artery usually arises with the inferior vesical artery, a branch of the internal iliac artery.  It is distributed to the rectum, anastomosing with the inferior vesical artery, superior rectal artery, and inferior rectal artery.
In males, the middle rectal artery may give off branches to the prostate and the seminal vesicles, while in females it gives off branches to the vagina.

# Additional images
- Sigmoid colon and rectum, showing distribution of branches of inferior mesenteric artery and their anastomoses.