Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Cefotetan adverse reactions

# ADVERSE REACTIONS
In clinical studies, the following adverse effects were considered related to CEFOTAN therapy. Those appearing in italics have been reported during postmarketing experience.

## Gastrointestinal:
Symptoms occurred in 1.5% of patients, the most frequent were diarrhea (1 in 80) and nausea (1 in 700); pseudomembranous colitis. Onset of pseudomembranous colitis symptoms may occur during or after antibiotic treatment or surgical prophylaxis. (See WARNINGS.)

## Hematologic:
Laboratory abnormalities occurred in 1.4% of patients and included eosinophilia (1 in 200), positive direct Coombs test (1 in 250), and thrombocytosis (1 in 300); agranulocytosis, hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and prolonged prothrombin time with or without bleeding.

## Hepatic:
Enzyme elevations occurred in 1.2% of patients and included a rise in ALT (SGPT) (1 in 150), AST (SGOT) (1 in 300), alkaline phosphatase (1 in 700), and LDH (1 in 700).

## Hypersensitivity:
Reactions were reported in 1.2% of patients and included rash (1 in 150) and itching (1 in 700); anaphylactic reactions and urticaria.
Local:
Effects were reported in less than 1% of patients and included phlebitis at the site of injection (1 in 300), and discomfort (1 in 500).

## Renal:
Elevations in BUN and serum creatinine have been reported.

## Urogenital:
Nephrotoxicity has rarely been reported.

## Miscellaneous:
Fever
In addition to the adverse reactions listed above which have been observed in patients treated with cefotetan, the following adverse reactions and altered laboratory tests have been reported for cephalosporin-class antibiotics: pruritus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis, vomiting, abdominal pain, colitis, superinfection, vaginitis including vaginal candidiasis, renal dysfunction, toxic nephropathy, hepatic dysfunction including cholestasis, aplastic anemia, hemorrhage, elevated bilirubin, pancytopenia, and neutropenia.
Several cephalosporins have been implicated in triggering seizures, particularly in patients with renal impairment, when the dosage was not reduced. (SeeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATIONand OVERDOSAGE.) If seizures associated with drug therapy occur, the drug should be discontinued. Anticonvulsant therapy can be given if clinically indicated.
Cefoxitin adverse reactions

# ADVERSE REACTIONS
Cefoxitin is generally well tolerated. The most common adverse reactions have been local reactions following intravenous injection. Other adverse reactions have been encountered infrequently.

## Local Reactions
Thrombophlebitis has occurred with intravenous administration.

## Allergic Reactions
Rash (including exfoliative dermatitis and toxic epidermal necrolysis), urticaria, flushing, pruritus, eosinophilia, fever, dyspnea, and other allergic reactions including anaphylaxis, interstitial nephritis and angioedema have been noted.

## Cardiovascular
Hypotension.

## Gastrointestinal
Diarrhea, including documented pseudomembranous colitis which can appear during or after antibiotic treatment. Nausea and vomiting have been reported rarely.

## Neuromuscular
Possible exacerbation of myasthenia gravis.

## Blood
Eosinophilia, leukopenia including granulocytopenia, neutropenia, anemia, including hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and bone marrow depression. A positive direct Coombs test may develop in some individuals, especially those with azotemia.

## Liver Function
Transient elevation in SGOT, SGPT, serum LDH, and serum alkaline phosphatase; and jaundice have been reported.

## Renal Function
Elevations in serum creatinine and/or blood urea nitrogen levels have been observed. As with the cephalosporins, acute renal failure has been reported rarely. The role of cefoxitin in changes in renal function tests is difficult to assess, since factors predisposing to prerenal azotemia or to impaired renal function usually have been present.
In addition to the adverse reactions listed above which have been observed in patients treated with cefoxitin, the following adverse reactions and altered laboratory test results have been reported for cephalosporin class antibiotics:
Urticaria, erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, serum sickness-like reactions, abdominal pain, colitis, renal dysfunction, toxic nephropathy, false-positive test for urinary glucose, hepatic dysfunction including cholestasis, elevated bilirubin, aplastic anemia, hemorrhage, prolonged prothrombin time, pancytopenia, agranulocytosis, superinfection, vaginitis including vaginal candidiasis.
Several cephalosporins have been implicated in triggering seizures, particularly in patients with renal impairment when the dosage was not reduced. (SeeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.) If seizures associated with drug therapy occur, the drug should be discontinued. Anticonvulsant therapy can be given if clinically indicated.
Cefpirome adverse reactions

# Adverse Reactions
Hypersensitivity reactions: Allergic skin reactions (rash, urticaria), itching, drug fever and severe acute allergic (anaphylactic) reactions may occur.
Effects on the gastrointestinal tract: Nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea in very rare cases of pseudomembranous colitis.
Effects on liver function: Raise in serum liver enzymes (AST, ALT, LDH, alkaline phosphatase), increase in serum bilirubin.
Effects on renal function: Increases in serum creatinine (in rare cases necessitating discontinuation of treatment) and urea. In rare instances, interstitial nephritis may occur with cephalosporins.
Changes in blood constituents: Thrombocytopenia; eosinophilia; very rarely hemotytic anaemia. As with other beta laclam antibiotics (particularly if given over long periods), granulocytopenia and, more rarefy, agranulocytosis may develop.
Local reactions: Inflammatory irritation and pain at the injection site.
Other reactions: Disturbance of taste may be experienced immediately after injection. Headache may develop. In very few cases, convulsion.
Administration of antibiotics including Cefrom-especially if prolonged, may lead to the proliferation of resistant micro-organisms. The patient's condition must therefore be checked at regular intervals. Should a secondary infection occur, appropriate measures must be taken.
Cefprozil adverse reactions
The adverse reactions to cefprozil are similar to those observed with other orally administered cephalosporins. Cefprozil was usually well tolerated in controlled clinical trials. Approximately 2% of patients discontinued cefprozil therapy due to adverse events.
The most common adverse effects observed in patients treated with cefprozil are:
Gastrointestinal
Diarrhea (2.9%), nausea (3.5%), vomiting (1%), and abdominal pain (1%).
Hepatobiliary
Elevations of AST (SGOT) (2%), ALT (SGPT) (2%), alkaline phosphatase (0.2%), and bilirubin values (<0.1%). As with some penicillins and some other cephalosporin antibiotics, cholestatic jaundice has been reported rarely.
Hypersensitivity
Rash (0.9%), urticaria (0.1%). Such reactions have been reported more frequently in children than in adults. Signs and symptoms usually occur a few days after initiation of therapy and subside within a few days after cessation of therapy.
CNS
Dizziness (1%). Hyperactivity, headache, nervousness, insomnia, confusion, and somnolence have been reported rarely (<1%). All were reversible.
Hematopoietic
Decreased leukocyte count (0.2%), eosinophilia (2.3%).
Renal
Elevated BUN (0.1%), serum creatinine (0.1%).
Other
Diaper rash and superinfection (1.5%), genital pruritus and vaginitis (1.6%).
The following adverse events, regardless of established causal relationship to cefprozil, have been rarely reported during postmarketing surveillance: anaphylaxis, angioedema, colitis (including pseudomembranous colitis), erythema multiforme, fever, serum-sickness like reactions, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and thrombocytopenia.
Cephalosporin Class Paragraph
In addition to the adverse reactions listed above which have been observed in patients treated with cefprozil, the following adverse reactions and altered laboratory tests have been reported for cephalosporin-class antibiotics:
Aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, renal dysfunction, toxic epidermal necrolysis, toxic nephropathy, prolonged prothrombin time, positive Coombs test, elevated LDH, pancytopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis.
Several cephalosporins have been implicated in triggering seizures, particularly in patients with renal impairment, when the dosage was not reduced. (SeeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and OVERDOSAGE.) If seizures associated with drug therapy occur, the drug should be discontinued. Anticonvulsant therapy can be given if clinically indicated.
Certified diabetes educator
A Certified diabetes educator (CDE) is a health care professional who is specialized and certified to teach people with diabetes how to manage their condition.
Typically the CDE is also a nurse or dietitian who has further specialized in diabetes expertise.  Formal education and years of practical experience are required, in addition to formal examination, before a diabetes educator is certified.  In the US, certification is awarded by the National Certification Board for Diabetes Educators.  In Canada, certification is awarded by the Canadian Diabetes Association.
The CDE is an invaluable asset to those who need to learn the tools and skills necessary to control their blood sugar and avoid long-term complications due to hyperglycemia.  Unlike an endocrinologist, the CDE can spend as much time with a newly diagnosed person as is needed both for educational purposes and emotional support.
Chapman-Kolmogorov equation
In mathematics, specifically in probability theory, and yet more specifically in the theory of Markovian stochastic processes, the Chapman-Kolmogorov equations can be viewed as an identity relating the joint probability distributions of different sets of coordinates on a stochastic process.
These equations are pivotal in the study of this field, and they were worked out independently by the British mathematician Sydney Chapman and the Russian mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov. To give some idea of their importance, they are just as important, or more so, than the Cauchy-Riemann equations in the subject of complex variables.
Suppose that { fi } is an indexed collection of random variables, that is, a stochastic process. Let
be the joint probability density function of the values of the random variables f1 to fn. Then, the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation is
i.e. a straightforward marginalization over the nuisance variable.
(Note that we have not yet assumed anything about the temporal (or any other) ordering of the random variables -- the above equation applies equally to the marginalization of any of them).

# Particularization to Markov chains
When the stochastic process under consideration is Markovian, the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation is equivalent to an identity on transition densities. In the Markov chain setting, one assumes that i_1. Then, because of the Markov property,
f_{n-1}), 
where the conditional probability p_{i;j}(f_i\mid f_j) is the transition probability between the times i>j. So, the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation takes the form
When the probability distribution on the state space of a Markov chain is discrete and the Markov chain is homogeneous,
the Chapman-Kolmogorov equations can be expressed in terms of (possibly infinite-dimensional) matrix multiplication, thus:
where P(t) is the transition matrix, i.e., if Xt is the state of the process at time t, then for any two points i and j in the state space, we have
Chelmsford royal commission
The Chelmsford Royal Commission (1988-1990, chaired by Justice John Patrick Slattery, was established by the New South Wales state government to investigate "Mental Health Services" in NSW.  It came about only after prominent Sydney radio and TV shows, along with the Church of Scientology's advocacy group Citizens Commission on Human Rights, pressured the newly-elected Health Minister to make good his promises for a Royal Commission.  Its prime focus had originally been promised as psychosurgery at the NSW Neuropsychiatric Institute.  Following media pressure it focused more on the "Deep sleep therapy" of Dr. Harry R. Bailey, who was director from 1963 to 1979 of the Neuropsychiatric Institute and later the Chelmsford Private Hospital, a private psychiatric institution in Sydney.
Such was the shift of public attention that the Royal Commission changed its title from "Royal Commission into Mental Health Services" to "Royal Commission into Deep Sleep Therapy".
Dr Bailey committed suicide in September 1985, in response to the ongoing investigations into his practices. In his suicide note, he said: "Let it be known that the Scientologists and the forces of madness have won".
Cholesteryl oleyl carbonate
Cholesteryl oleyl carbonate is an organic chemical, an carbonate ester of cholesterol and oleyl alcohol with carbonic acid. It is a liquid crystal material forming cholesteric liquid crystals with helical structure. It is a transparent liquid, or a soft crystalline material with melting point around 20 C. Its chemical formula is C46H80O3. 
It can be used with cholesteryl nonanoate and cholesteryl benzoate in some thermochromic liquid crystals.
It is used in some hair colors , make-ups, and some other cosmetic preparations.
It can be also used as a component of the liquid crystals used for liquid crystal displays.
Regurgitation (circulation)
Regurgitation is blood flow in the opposite direction from normal, as the backward flowing of blood into the heart or between heart chambers.  Can be categorized by:
- aortic: Aortic regurgitation is the the backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle, owing to insufficiency of the aortic semilunar valve; it may be chronic or acute.
- mitral: Mitral regurgitation is the backflow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium, owing to insufficiency of the mitral valve; it may be acute or chronic, and is usually due to mitral valve prolapse, rheumatic heart disease, or a complication of cardiac dilatation. See also Mitral regurgitation.
- pulmonic: Pulmonic regurgitation the backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle, owing to insufficiency of the pulmonic semilunar valve.
- tricuspid: Tricuspid regurgitation is the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium, owing to imperfect functioning (insufficiency) of the tricuspid valve.
- valvular: Valvular regurgitation of the blood through the orifices of the heart valves owing to imperfect closing of the valves; see aortic, mitral, pulmonic, and tricuspid.
Cidofovir contraindications

# Contraindications
Initiation of therapy with VISTIDE is contraindicated in patients with a serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL, a calculated creatinine clearance  55 mL/min, or a urine protein  100 mg/dL (equivalent to  2+ proteinuria).
VISTIDE is contraindicated in patients receiving agents with nephrotoxic potential. Such agents must be discontinued at least seven days prior to starting therapy with VISTIDE.
VISTIDE is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to cidofovir.
VISTIDE is contraindicated in patients with a history of clinically severe hypersensitivity to probenecid or other sulfa-containing medications.
Direct intraocular injection of VISTIDE is contraindicated; direct injection of cidofovir has been associated with iritis, ocular hypotony, and permanent impairment of vision.
Clearing the cervical spine

# Overview
Clearing the cervical spine is the process by which medical professionals determine that cervical spine injuries do not exist. This process can take place in the emergency department or take place in the field by appropriately trained EMS personnel. It is based on the NEXUS (National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study) criteria.
Excluding a cervical spinal injury requires clinical judgement and training.
When a significant mechanism of injury is present, a cervical spine is determined to be stable if:
- There is no posterior midline cervical tenderness
- There is no evidence of intoxication
- The patient is alert and oriented to person, place, time, and event
- There is no focal neurological deficit
- There are no painful distracting injuries (e.g., long bone fracture)
If the patient does not meet all the above criteria then they require a three view cervical x-ray series, and thoracolumbar AP and lateral plain films.
If the patient has a head injury with altered sensorium, is intoxicated, or has been given potent analgesics, then the cervical spine must remain immobilised until the clinical examination becomes possible.
If the patient is not expected to be clinically evaluable within 48-72 hours because of severe head or multiple injuries, they should remain immobilized until a time when such an examination is possible. A high resolution CT (1.5-2 mm slices) with sagittal reconstructions is not a viable alternative, since it does not rule out ligamentous injury leading to instability.
Neurological deficit referable to the spine may require an urgent MRI scan.
Senior neurosurgeons or orthopaedic surgeons manage any detected injury. Today, most large centers have Spine Surgery specialists, that have trained in this field after their Orthopedic or Neurosurgical residency.
Clinic for Special Children
The Clinic for Special Children is a gene research clinic in the USA and often considered a model for rural health care. The facility, established by world-renowned physician Dr. D. Holmes Morton in Strasburg, Pennsylvania, specializes in genetic problems of the Amish plain sects.
The clinic treats about 600 children for 80 different genetic disorders or syndromes such as glutaric aciduria (GA1), maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), Crigler-Najjar syndrome (CNS), and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD). Not all the children are Amish; about 15% of the caseload come from elsewhere, including Africa and Asia.  About 75% of the children are treatableand a third of those are highly treatable, many through techniques developed at the center. The center is responsible for nearly two dozen scientific papers.

# The Amish and genetics
The quarter million Amish in the USA all derive from about 200 families that moved from the lower Rhine valley in the 18th century, without intermarriage. Gene pools tend to improve themselves over time, when undesirable recessive genes reinforce each other, resulting in an individual who does not breed. This happens more quickly in a small gene pool as the undesirable recessive genes are more likely to appear, but what is good for the gene pool is tragic for the families involved.
In the 1980s, Dr. Morton took a special interest in Amish children with rare metabolic diseases. Holmes was a pediatrician at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia when he first became aware of their special problems.

# History of the clinic
In 1989, Morton bought untillable land from an Amish farmer and held a barn-raising. The result was a community hospital providing care, counseling, and genetic testing for disorders unique to the Amish and Mennonite populations.
He initially did most of his own genetic testing and lab work, but now outsources DNA testing for over 30 genetic disorders in addition to the 25 extremely rare disorders he and his team screen for.
Amish and Mennonites near Middlefield, Ohio, have raised US$700,000 towards the US$1.8 million needed to open the nonprofit Deutsch Center for Special Needs Children there, with Dr. Heng Wang, who studied and worked with Morton.
The community holds several benefit auctions for the clinic each year, raising sufficient funds to cover about a third of the clinic's operating costs. Amish and Mennonite families donate quilts, furniture, baked goods, and other items 
to the sale. The clinic is a registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit charity.
Collagen, type VII, alpha 1
Collagen alpha-1(VII) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL7A1 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes the alpha chain of type VII collagen. The type VII collagen fibril, composed of three identical alpha collagen chains, is restricted to the basement zone beneath stratified squamous epithelia. It functions as an anchoring fibril between the external epithelia and the underlying stroma. Mutations in this gene are associated with all forms of dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. In the absence of mutations, however, an autoimmune response against type VII collagen can result in an acquired form of this disease called epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.
Type VII collagen is also found in the retina; its function in this organ is unknown.
COL7A1 is located on the short arm of human chromosome 3, in the chromosomal region denoted 3p21.31. The gene is approximately 31,000 base pairs in size and is remarkable for the extreme fragmentation of its coding sequence into 118 exons. COL7A1 is transcribed into an mRNA of 9,287 base pairs. In the skin, the type VII collagen protein is synthesized by keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts.
The symbol for the orthologous gene in the mouse is Col7a1.

# Clinical significance
The inherited disease, dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, is caused by recessive or dominant mutations in COL7A1.
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita involves an autoimmune reaction to this form of collagen.

# Interactions
Collagen, type VII, alpha 1 has been shown to interact with Laminin 5 and Fibronectin.
Collagen, type XXV, alpha 1
Collagen alpha-1(XXV) chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL25A1 gene.
COL25A1 is a brain-specific membrane-bound collagen. Proteolytic processing releases CLAC, a soluble form of COL25A1 containing the extracellular collagen domains that associates with senile plaques in Alzheimer disease (AD; MIM 104300) brains (Osada et al., 2005).

# Interactions
Collagen, type XXV, alpha 1 has been shown to interact with Amyloid precursor protein.
Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum
Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum (or Friern Hospital) was a hospital located in Colney Hatch in what is now the London Borough of Barnet. It was in operation from 1851 to 1993. At its height the asylum was home to 3,500 mental patients and had the longest corridor in Britain, and hence, its name was synonymous among Londoners with any mental institution.
The Lunatic Asylum was located on Friern Barnet Road at Template:Gbmapping. It is shown on Template:GBvosi of 1876-1881 which marks Colney Hatch Park in the area centered on Springfield Road in New Southgate, in the London Borough of Enfield. The asylum itself was further west in what is now generally called Friern Barnet, in the London Borough of Barnet.

# History
Originally plans were made and land purchased for this asylum to built close to the existing 1st Middlesex County Asylum at Hanwell on ground that lays just on the other side of the Grand Union Canal. Perhaps the number of other asylums already in the area lead to the decision to have it built elsewhere.
It opened on the 17th of July 1851 and was officially referred to as the 2nd Middlesex County Asylum with William Charles Hood (1824-1870) being its first medical superintendent.
In 1889 its control was transferred to the London County Council. 
It became known as the Colney Hatch Mental Hospital in 1918 until it was renamed Friern Mental Hospital in 1937, the name later changing simply to Friern Hospital in 1959. After a long period of decline the hospital closed in 1993 and the building was converted into luxury flats under the name Princess Park Manor. While much of the hospital's grounds were also sold off for building, much also remains in public hands and is accessible to anyone.

# Notable residents
- Aaron Kosminski, a Jack the Ripper suspect.
- Dorothy Lawrence, a woman who dressed as a man to fight on the front lines of WWI.