Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Porcine zona pellucida
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Porcine zona pellucida is a form of zona pellucida extracted from the ovaries of pigs. Often referred to by the initials PZP.
The zona pellucida is a thick membrane that surrounds the unfertilized eggs of mammals. In order for an egg to be fertilized, sperm must first bind to, and then penetrate the zona pellucida. When porcine (pig) zona pellucida is injected into other mammals, antibodies are produced which attach to that animal's zona pellucida, preventing the sperm from attaching to the egg, therefore preventing fertilization.
Porcine zona pellucida has been used in wildlife contraception since the late 1980s. Animals with which PZP has been employed in this context include elephants, feral horses, elk and whitetailed deer.
Portacaval anastomosis
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A portacaval anastomosis is a specific type of anastomosis that occurs between the veins of portal circulation and those of systemic circulation.
Specific types include:
It can be one of the conditions caused by portal hypertension.
Post travel depression

# Overview
Post travel depression, or PTD is an affective, or mood, disorder. Most PTD victims experience high levels of depression upon returning from a vacation or a place away from their ordinary lives. In most cases, PTD is short lived and sufferers return to normal stages in accordance to time spent away.

# Background
PTD comes on usually upon returning from a trip and settling back into a normal routine. Most of the time the trip is something positive and one suffers a depression from missing those good times. Symptoms include constantly looking at pictures of things/people missed, crying, no appetite, overeating, etc.

# Treatment
A number of treatments exist for PTD. The most common one is time. It usually takes 1.5 times the number of days away to be mostly/fully functional. So if you went one a trip for 8 days, it'd take about 12 days after returning to be fine again. PTD is at its lowest points when you are returning from somewhere while still on vacation, such as coming back from a trip to Europe in the middle of summer break. Other solutions for PTD is to be surrounded by positive people that include friends or family.
Posterior cecal artery
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The posterior cecal artery is a branch of the ileocolic artery.
Posterior spinal veins
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Posterior spinal veins are small veins which receive blood from the dorsal spinal cord.
Potassium ferrioxalate
Potassium ferrioxalate, is a chemical compound with the formula K3, where iron is in the +3 oxidation state.  It is an octahedral transition metal complex in which three bidentate oxalate ions are bound to an iron centre.  Potassium acts as a counterion, balancing the 3- charge of the complex.  Crystals of the trihydrated form of the complex, K3.3H2O, are emerald green in colour.  In solution the complex dissociates to give the ferrioxalate anion, 3-, which appears fluorescent green in colour.  Potassium ferrioxalate is often used in chemical actinometry.

# Preparation
The complex can be synthesised from the reaction between iron(III) sulphate, barium oxalate and potassium oxalate:
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3 Ba(C2O4) + 3 K2(C2O4)  2 K3 + 3 BaSO4
The reactants are dissolved in water and heated for around 1.5 hours.  BaSO4 precipitates out leaving behind the newly formed complex in solution.  The complex can then be obtained by filtering off the BaSO4 and cooling the solution so that it crystallises out.

# Isomerism
The ferrioxalate complex demonstrates optical activity since there are two non-superimposable stereoisomers of the complex.  In accordance with the IUPAC convention, the isomer with the left handed screw axis is assigned the Greek symbol  (lambda).  Its mirror image with the right handed screw axis is given the Greek symbol  (delta).
File:Ferrioxalate2.JPG

# Photoreduction
In solution the ferrioxalate complex is decomposed by light.  The complex reacts with a photon of light to form Fe(C2O4)2 and CO2.  Iron is reduced (gains an electron) from the +3 oxidation state to +2.  This process is called photoreduction:
3 K3 + hv  2 Fe(C2O4)2 + 4 K2(C2O4) + 2 CO2 + K
If a solution of green K3 is left in sunlight for a few hours it turns orange due to the formation of Fe(C2O4)2.
Prostaglandin analogue
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Synthetic prostaglandin analogues are molecules which are manufactured to bind to a prostaglandin receptor.
Wider use of prostaglandin analogues is limited by unwanted side effects and their abortive potential.

# Uses
- Prostaglandin analogues such as misoprostol are used in treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcers. They exert antisecretory and cytoprotective properties and are especially indicated for the elderly on continuous doses of NSAIDs.
- Prostaglandin analogues can also be used in the management of open-angle glaucoma. They reduce intra-ocular pressure by enhancing uveoscleral outflow and may also have some effect on the trabecular meshwork as well. Latanoprost, travoprost, unoprostone and bimatoprost are examples of prostaglandin analogues used in the management of open-angle glaucoma.
Proventil HFA overdose

# Overdose Information
Expected symptoms
Abuse and treatment of Proventil HFA
Abuse and treatment of Proventil HFA
Lethal dosing

## Expected symptoms
The expected symptoms with overdosage are those of excessive beta-adrenergic stimulation and/or occurrence or exaggeration of any of the symptoms listed under  ADVERSE REACTIONS, eg, seizures, angina, hypertension or hypotension, tachycardia with rates up to 200 beats per minute, arrhythmias, nervousness, headache, tremor, dry mouth, palpitation, nausea, dizziness, fatigue, malaise, and insomnia. Return to top

## Abuse and treatment of Proventil HFA
Hypokalemia may also occur. As with all sympathomimetic medications, cardiac arrest and even death may be associated with abuse of Proventil HFA Inhalation Aerosol. Treatment consists of discontinuation of Proventil HFA Inhalation Aerosol together with appropriate symptomatic therapy. The judicious use of a cardioselective bete-receptor blocker may be considered, bearing in mind that such medication can produce bronchospasm. There is insufficient evidence to determine if dialysis is beneficial for overdosage of Proventil HFA Inhalation Aerosol.  Return to top

## Lethal dosing
The oral median lethal dose of albuterol sulfate in mice is greater than 2000 mg/kg (approximately 6800 times the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose for adults on a mg/m2basis and approximately 3200 times the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose for children on a mg/m2basis). In mature rats, the subcutaneous median lethal dose of albuterol sulfate is approximately 450 mg/kg (approximately 3000 times the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose for adults on a mg/m2basis and approximately 1400 times the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose for children on a mg/m2basis). In young rats, the subcutaneous median lethal dose is approximately 2000 mg/kg (approximately 14,000 times the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose for adults on a mg/m2basis and approximately 64000 times the maximum recommended daily inhalation dose for children on a mg/m2basis). The inhalation median lethal dose has not been determined in animals. Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Psilocybe guilartensis
Psilocybe guilartensis is a psilocybin mushroom which has psilocybin and psilocin as main active compounds.  It is common in Puerto Rico.
Gaston Guzman placed P. guilartensis in Psilocybe section Brunneocystidiatae due to its blue staining reaction, small thick walled subrhomboid spores and pigmented cystidia.  

# Description
- Cap: 1-3 cm diameter, at first subconical to campanulate, expanding to plano-convex with an umbo.  Cap surface dark violet brown, translucent-striate near the margin, hygrophanous, fading to tan as it dries.   Staining blue-green to black where bruised.
- Gills: Cream color when young, violet brown or chocolate brown in age, with adnexed attachment.
- Spores: Dark violet brown, subrhomboid in face view, subellipsoid in side view, thick walled, 6 x 5 um.
- Stipe: Central, equal with subbulbous base, hollow and cylindric, 3 to 8 cm long, 1 to 2 mm thick.  Whitish to brown, ornamented with small flattened scales towards the base.  The base is covered in tiny yellow fibers which help distinguish this from similar species. Staining blue-green to black where bruised.
- Taste: Farinaceous, sometimes with a slight mustard taste.
- Odor: Farinaceous, sometimes with a slight mustard odor.
- Microscopic features: Pigmented cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia present.  Basidia four spored.  Clamp connections common.

# Distribution and habitat
Grows gregariously in groups, often on disturbed bare clay or moss.  Found along hiking trails, in coffee plantations, tropical and subtropical forests, especially in landslide areas.  Known only from Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic.
Psychedelic experience
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# Overview
A psychedelic experience, or trip, is characterized by the perception of aspects of one's mind previously unknown, or by the creative exuberance of the mind liberated from its ordinary fetters. Psychedelic states are one of the stations on the spectrum of experiences elicited by sensory deprivation as well as by psychedelic substances. On that same spectrum will be found hallucinations, changes of perception, synesthesia, altered states of awareness, mystical states, and occasionally states resembling psychosis. The word psychedelic comes from a combination of two Greek words: psyche () and delos (). Literally, it means "mind manifesting".
The psychedelic experience is an intimate experience, but there are many common themes, and ranges from a sense of connectedness to everything in the immediate vicinity, to a sense of oneness with everything in the universe. Potentially, the range of the drug-induced psychedelic experience goes far beyond other drugs, illicit in particular. Simply because "trip drugs", or hallucinogenic drugs have these effects, in contrast to say heroin, and its depressant effects.
Many who undertake such experiences come to see them as an ordeal, and mentally overbearing. For many, such experiences come to be seen as personal re-enactments of the hero's journey. Psychedelic drugs can be used as a means to achieve states of mind in which different perceptions unhindered by everyday mental filters and processes can arise. Hallucinations and the mental, emotional and long term impact of the experience are positive and enduring for many.
There has been research, largely during the 1960s, suggesting that psychedelic drugs may be able to lead to breakthrough experiences during psychotherapy and or have documented pharmaceutical advantages.
The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies or MAPS is a more current organization that studies the effects of psychedelics.  They have a number of books and other scientific journals that have documented psychedelic experiences and information.

# Levels of psychedelic experience
The Psychedelic Experience FAQ describes five different levels of psychedelic experience:

## Level 1

## Level 2

## Level 3

## Level 4

## Level 5

# Psychedelic drugs
- 2C-B
- 2C-E
- AMT
- Ayahuasca
- Cannabis (THC)
- DOM
- DMT
- DPT
- DXM
- Ketamine
- PCP
- Ergine/LSA
- Ibogaine
- LSD
- Mescaline
- MDA
- MDEA
- MDMA
- Nutmeg, in high doses.
- Psychedelic Mushrooms (Psilocybin)
- Salvia Divinorum
- Yopo
Pulmonary blood vessel
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The pulmonary blood vessels are those blood vessels which carry blood to and from the lungs.
The pulmonary arteries, which carry blood from the heart to the lungs, are the only arteries which carry deoxygenated blood. Conversely, the pulmonary veins, carrying blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart, are the only veins carrying oxygenated blood.
Quasi-empirical method
Quasi-empirical methods are applied in science and in mathematics.  The term "empirical methods" refers to experiment, disclosure of apparatus for reproduction of experiments, and other ways in which science is validated by scientists.  Empirical methods are studied extensively in the philosophy of science but cannot be used directly in fields whose hypotheses are not invalidated by real experiment (mathematics, theology, ideology).  In these fields, the prefix 'quasi' came to denote methods that are "almost" or "socially approximate" an ideal of truly empirical methods.
It is unnecessary to find all counterexamples to a theory; all that is required to disprove a theory logically is one counterexample. The converse does not prove a theory; Bayesian inference simply makes a theory more likely, by weight of evidence.
One can argue that no science is capable of finding all counter-examples to a theory, therefore, no science is strictly empirical, it's all quasi-empirical. But usually, the term "quasi-empirical" refers to the means of choosing problems to focus on (or ignore), selecting prior work on which to build an argument or proof, notations for informal claims, peer review and acceptance, and incentives to discover, ignore, or correct errors.  These are common to both science and mathematics, and do not include experimental method.
Albert Einstein's discovery of the general relativity theory relied upon thought experiments and mathematics. Empirical methods only became relevant when confirmation was sought. Furthermore, some empirical confirmation was found only some time after the general acceptance of the theory.
Thought experiments are almost standard procedure in philosophy, where a conjecture is tested out in the imagination for possible effects on experience; when these are thought to be implausible,  unlikely to occur, or not actually occurring, then the conjecture may be either rejected or amended.  Logical positivism was a perhaps extreme version of this practice, though this claim is open to debate.
Post-20th-century philosophy of mathematics is mostly concerned with quasi-empirical methods especially as reflected in actual mathematical practice of working mathematicians.
Reaction rate constant

# Overview
In chemical kinetics a reaction rate constant k or \lambda quantifies the speed of a chemical reaction.
For a chemical reaction where substance A and B are reacting to produce C, the reaction rate has the form:
k(T) is the reaction rate constant that depends on temperature.
 is the concentration of substance X in moles per volume of solution assuming the reaction is taking place throughout the volume of the solution. (for a reaction taking place at a boundary it would denote something like moles of X per area.)
The exponents m and n are called orders and depend on the reaction mechanism. They can be determined experimentally.
In a  single-step reaction can also be written as
Ea is the activation energy and R is the Gas constant.  Since at temperature T the molecules have energies according to a Boltzmann distribution, one can expect the proportion of collisions with energy greater than Ea to vary with e-Ea/RT.  A is the pre-exponential factor or frequency factor.
The Arrhenius equation gives the quantitative basis of the relationship between the activation energy and the reaction rate at which a reaction proceeds.
The units of the rate coefficient depend on the global order of reaction:
- For order zero, the rate coefficient has units of mol L-1 s-1 or mol dm-3 s-1
- For order one, the rate coefficient has units of s-1
- For order two, the rate coefficient has units of L mol-1   s-1 or mol-1 dm3 s-1
- For order n, the rate coefficient has units of mol1-n Ln-1 s-1 or mol1-n dm3n-3 s-1
Reconstructive surgery

# Overview
Reconstructive surgery is in its broadest sense the use of surgery to restore the form and function of the body.
Although plastic surgery and plastic surgeons are involved in many aspects of reconstructive surgery, there are other branches of surgery that also perform reconstructive procedures. For example, orthopedic surgeons, reconstruct the hip and other joints, repair tendons such as those in the rotator cuff and perform osteotomies to straighten angulated bones. Oral and Maxillofacial surgeons and Otolaryngologists do reconstructive surgery on faces after trauma and to reconstruct the head and neck after cancer.
Other branches of surgery (e.g. General surgery, gynecological surgery, pediatric surgery) also perform some reconstructive procedures. The common feature is that the operation attempts to restore the anatomy or the function of the body part to normal.
Reconstructive plastic surgeons use the concept of a reconstructive ladder to manage increasingly complex wounds. This ranges from very simple techniques such as primary closure and dressings to more complex skin grafts, tissue expansion and free flaps.
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Red blood cell indices
Red blood cell indices are blood tests that provide information about the hemoglobin content and size of red blood cells.  Abnormal values indicate the presence of anemia and which type of anemia it is.

# Mean corpuscular volume
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is the average size of a red blood cell and is calculated by dividing the hematocrit (Hct) by the red blood cell count.
- MCV = \frac{Hct}{RBC}
- Normal range: 80-100 m3

# Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is the average amount of hemoglobin (Hb) per red blood cell and is calculated by dividing the hemoglobin by the red blood cell count.
- MCH = \frac{Hb}{RBC}
- Normal range: 27-31 pg/cell

# Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is the average concentration of hemoglobin per red blood cell and is calculated by dividing the hemoglobin by the hematocrit.
- MCHC = \frac{Hb}{Hct}
- Normal range: 32-36 g/dL
Respiratory physiology
Respiratory physiology is the branch of human physiology focusing upon respiration.
Topics include:

# Volumes
- lung volumes
- vital capacity
- functional residual capacity
- dead space
- spirometry
- body plethysmography
- peak flow meter

# Mechanics
Breathing in, or inhaling, is usually an active movement. The contraction of the diaphragm muscles cause a pressure variation, which is equal to the pressures caused by elastic, resistive and inertial components of the respiratory system.
\begin{align}
P &= P_{el} + P_{re} + P_{in} \\
P &= EV + R\dot{V} + I\ddot{V} 
\end{align}
Where Pel equals the product of elastance E (inverse of compliance) and volume of the system V, Pre equals the product of flow resistance R and time derivate of volume V (which is equivalent to the flow), Pin equals the product of inertance I and second time derivate of V. R and I are sometimes referred to as Rohrer's constants.
- Anatomy: pleural cavity, thoracic diaphragm, Intercostales externi muscles, Intercostales interni muscles
- inhalation and exhalation
- lung, pulmonary alveolus
- With insufficient pulmonary surfactant, the pulmonary alveoli collapse, causing atelectasis (in infants, infant respiratory distress syndrome)
- the law of Laplace,
- compliance (physiology) - decreased with fibrosis, increased with emphysema
- Poiseuille's law
- asthma and COPD
- hysteresivity

# Circulation, ventilation, and perfusion
- pulmonary circulation
- positive pressure ventilation
- hypoxic vasoconstriction
- ventilation (physiology), perfusion, ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q), and ventilation/perfusion scan
- shunts: right-to-left (tetralogy of fallot), left-to-right (patent ductus arteriosus)
- respiratory rate and respirometer

# Gas exchange/transport (primarily oxygen and carbon dioxide)
- gas exchange
- Dalton's law
- hemoglobin
- oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve, Bohr effect, Haldane effect
- carbonic anhydrase
- oxyhemoglobin
- respiratory quotient
- arterial blood gas

# Control and response
- control of respiration
- reticular formation
- pons (apneuistic and pneumotaxic)
- chemoreceptors (medulla, carotid body, aortic body)
- Hering-Breuer reflex
- involuntary control of respiration
- exercise
- hyperoxia
- hypoxemia (hypoxic hypoxia)

# Disorders
- altitude sickness
- asthma
- carbon monoxide poisoning
- COPD
- emphysema
- infant respiratory distress syndrome
- pulmonary edema
Rhinoscleroma overview

# Overview
Rhinoscleroma is a chronic granulomatous bacterial disease of the nose that can sometimes infect the upper respiratory tract. It most commonly affects the nasal cavitythe nose is involved in 95-100 per cent of caseshowever, it can also affect the nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Slightly more females than males are affected and patients are usually 10 to 30 years of age. Rhinoscleroma is considered a tropical disease and is mostly endemic to Africa and Central America, less common in the United States.

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Rhinoscleroma is not lethal in nature and is responsive to Tetracycline or Ciprofloxacin. However, if left untreated the disease can lead to sepsis, hemorrhage or other chronic conditions that can be fatal.

# Medical Therapy
Rhinoscleroma is not lethal in nature and is responsive to Tetracycline or Ciprofloxacin.