Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
List of autoimmune diseases

# Overview
Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body attacks its own cells. Today there are more than 40 human diseases classified as either definite or probable autoimmune diseases, and they affect 5% to 7% of the population. Almost all autoimmune diseases appear without warning or apparent cause, and most patients suffer from fatigue.
The causes of autoimmune diseases are still obscure: Some are thought to be either examples of or precipitated by diseases of affluence. For example, arthritis and obesity are acknowledged to be related, and the World Health Organisation states that arthritis is most common in developed countries. Most autoimmune diseases are probably the result of multiple circumstances, for example, a genetic predisposition triggered by an infection.
Women tend to be affected more often by autoimmune disorders; nearly 79% of autoimmune disease patients in the USA are women. Also they tend to appear during or shortly after puberty. It is not known why this is the case, although hormone levels have been shown to affect the severity of some autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis .  Other causes may include the presence of fetal cells in the maternal bloodstream. 

# Autoimmune diseases
Diseases with a complete or partial autoimmune etiology:

## Accepted
The "Mesh" column lists those conditions that are classified as autoimmune by the MeSH system.

## Suspected
Diseases suspected or theorized to be linked to autoimmunity are:
- Alopecia universalis
- Behcet's disease
- Chagas' disease 
- Chronic fatigue syndrome
- Dysautonomia
- Endometriosis 
- Hidradenitis suppurativa 
- Interstitial cystitis 
- Lyme disease
- Morphea
- Neuromyotonia 
- Narcolepsy 
- Psoriasis
- Sarcoidosis
- Schizophrenia.  
- Scleroderma
- Ulcerative colitis
- Vitiligo 
- Vulvodynia
List of biology disciplines
This is a list of biology disciplines.

# A
Aerobiology -- Anatomy -- Arachnology-- Astrobiology

# B
Biochemistry -- Bionics -- Biogeography -- Bioinformatics -- Biological psychiatry -- Biomechanics -- Biophysics-- Biotechnology -- Botany

# C
Cell biology -- Chorology -- Cladistics -- Carcinology -- Cryptozoology -- Cycles -- Cytology

# D
Developmental biology -- Disease (Genetic diseases, Infectious diseases)

# E
Ecology (Theoretical ecology, Symbiology, Autecology, Synecology)
Environmental Biology -- Epidemiology -- Ethology -- Entomology -- Evolutionary biology (Evolution) -- Evolutionary developmental biology -- Endocrinology

# F
Freshwater biology

# G
Genetics (Population genetics, Quantitative genetics, Genomics, Proteomics) --

# H
Herpetology -- Histology -- Human biology (Anthropology) -- Ichthyology --

# I
Immunology -- Infectious diseases

# J

# K

# L
Limnology

# M
Malacology -- Mammalogy -- Marine biology -- Matrix biology -- Microbiology (Bacteriology) -- Molecular biology -- Morphology -- Mycology (Lichenology) --  Myrmecology --

# N
Nematology -- Neuroscience (Neuroanatomy, Neurophysiology, Systems neuroscience, Biological psychology, Psychiatry, Psychopharmacology, Behavioral science, Neuroethology, Psychophysics, Computational neuroscience, Cognitive neuroscience, Cognitive science)

# O
Oncology -- Ontogeny -- Origin of life -- Ornithology

# P
Paleontology (Paleobotany, Paleozoology) -- Parasitology --  Pathology -- Photobiology -- Phycology (Algology) -- Phylogeny (Phylogenetics, Phylogeography) -- Physiology -- Phytopathology -- Population Biology

# Q

# R
Reproductive biology

# S
Scatology -- Structural biology -- Systems biology -- Sociobiology -- Symbiology

# T
Taxonomy -- Toxicology

# U

# V
Virology

# W

# X
Xenobiology

# Z
Zoology
Loss of side branch case 10

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid RCA.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the acute marginal branch after intervention on the mid RCA depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 11

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid LAD.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the septal branch after intervention on the mid LAD depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 12

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the proximal LAD.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the septal and diagonal branch after intervention on the proximal LAD depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 13

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid RCA.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the acute marginal branch after intervention on the mid RCA depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 14

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid left circumflex artery.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the marginal branch after intervention on the mid left circumflex artery depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 15

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid LAD.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the diagonal branch after intervention on the mid LAD depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 16

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid RCA.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the acute marginal branch after intervention on the mid RCA depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 17

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid RCA.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the acute marginal branch after intervention on the mid RCA depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 18

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid RCA.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the acute marginal branch after intervention on the mid RCA depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 19

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid left circumflex artery.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the marginal branch after intervention on the mid left circumflex artery depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 20

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the proximal LAD.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the septal branch after intervention on the proximal LAD depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 21

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid left circumflex artery.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the marginal branch after intervention on the mid left circumflex artery depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 22

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the obtuse marginal branch of left circumflex artery.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the obtuse anterior branch after intervention on the obtuse marginal branch of left circumflex artery depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 23

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid LAD.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the septal branch after intervention on the mid LAD depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 24

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid LAD.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the diagonal branch after intervention on the mid LAD depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 25

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid left circumflex artery.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the marginal branch after intervention on the left circumflex artery depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 26

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid left circumflex artery which is continuous in the proximal part of obtuse marginal branch.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the left circumflex artery after intervention on the significant continuous lesion described above depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 28

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid RCA which is continuous in the right posterior descending artery.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the distal RCA after intervention on the significant continuous lesion described above depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 29

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid RCA.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the acute marginal branch after intervention on the RCA depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 30

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid left circumflex artery.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the obtuse marginal branch after intervention on the left circumflex artery depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 31

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid LCX which is continuous in the obtuse marginal branch.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the distal LCX after intervention on the significant continuous lesion described above depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 32

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid LAD.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the diagonal branch after intervention on the LAD depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 33

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid LCX which is continuous in the obtuse marginal branch.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the distal LCX after intervention on the significant continuous lesion described above depicting loss of side branch.
Loss of side branch case 34

# Loss of Side Branch

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid obtuse marginal branch of the LCX.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the obtuse anterior branch after intervention on the obtuse marginal branch of the LCX depicting loss of side branch.
Multiple Sleep Latency Test

# Overview
The Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) is a sleep disorder diagnostic tool.  It used to measure the time it takes from the start of a daytime nap period to the first signs of sleep, called sleep latency.  The test is based on the idea that the sleepier people are, the faster they will fall asleep.
It can be used to test for narcolepsy, to distinguish between physical tiredness and true excessive daytime sleepiness, or to see if breathing disorder treatments are working.  Its main purpose is to serve as an objective measure of sleepiness.
The test consists of four or five, twenty minute naps that are scheduled about two hours apart.  The test is often done following an overnight sleep study.  During the test things such as the patient's brain waves, EEG, muscle activity and eye movements are monitored and recorded. The entire test normally takes about 7 hours.
The MSLT may also be used more extensively to test sleepiness in a number of other research and diagnostic protocols.

# History
The Multiple Sleep Latency Test was created in 1977 by sleep pioneer William C. Dement and Mary Carskadon. ,,,  It developed out of repeating a project done in 1970 by Dr. Dement called the 90-minute day.  They informally called the 0-5 score range the twilight zone due to its indication of extreme physical and mental impairment.

# Typical procedure
Preparation:  On the day of the test the patient is asked to not take any stimulants such as tea, coffee, colas and chocolate.
- Often a formal sleep study is done the night before.
- Sometimes urine screening is done to make sure no substances exist in the subjects body that might interfere with sleep.
- Patient may be asked to fill out a pre-test questionnaire
- Electrodes are attached to the patient's head to record brain waves
- Electrodes are attached by the eyes to record eye movement
- Electrodes are attached to the chin to detect muscle tone
- Heart beat may also be monitored
- Patients are asked to perform simple tasks to test that the equipment is working properly
- The patient is asked to nap for 20 minutes after which they are awoken
- Nap process is repeated every two hours 4 or 5 times.
- Patient may be asked to fill out a post test questionnaire
A neurologist or sleep specialist will review the results and inform the patient of the outcome.
Mean of circular quantities
In mathematics, a mean of circular quantities is a mean which is suited for quantities like angles, daytimes, and fractional parts of real numbers. This is necessary since most of the usual means fail on circular quantities. For example, the arithmetic mean of 0 and 360 is 180, although 0 would be clearly the better choice.

# Mean of angles
Since the arithmetic mean is not effective for angles, the following method can be used to obtain both a mean value and measure for the variance of the angles:
Convert all angles to corresponding points on the unit circle, e.g. \alpha to (\cos\alpha,\sin\alpha). That is convert polar coordinates to Cartesian coordinates. Then compute the arithmetic mean of these points. The resulting point will lie in the unit circle. Convert that point back to polar coordinates. The angle is a reasonable mean of the input angles. The resulting radius will be 1 if all angles are equal. If the angles are uniformly distributed on the circle, then the resulting radius will be 0. In other words, the radius measures the concentration of the angles.
Given the angles \alpha_1,\dots,\alpha_n the mean is computed by
using the atan2 variant of the arctangent function, or
using complex numbers.

# Properties
The mean M\alpha
- maximizes the likelihood of the mean parameter of the circular normal distribution and
- minimizes the sum of a certain distance on the circle, more precisely M\alpha = \underset{\beta}{\operatorname{argmin}} \sum_{j=1}^n d(\alpha_j,\beta), where d(\varphi,\beta) = 1-\cos(\varphi-\beta). The distance d(\varphi,\beta) measures the length of the projection of the segment between the two points on the unit circle associated with \varphi and \beta onto the line through the origin and the point associated with \beta.
Mechanical hemolytic anemia

# Overview
Mechanical hemolytic anemia is a form of hemolytic anemia due to mechanically induced damage to red blood cells. Red blood cells, while flexible, may in some circumstances succumb to physical shear and compression. This may result in hemoglobinuria. The damage is induced through repetitive mechanical motions such as prolonged marching (march hemoglobinuria), marathon running, and bongo drumming. Mechanical damage can also be induced through the chronic condition microangiopathic hemolytic anemia or due to prosthetic heart valves.

# Cause
Repetitive impacts to the body may cause mechanical trauma and bursting (hemolysis) of red blood cells. This has been documented to have occurred in the feet during running  and hands from Conga or Candombe drumming.  Defects in red blood cell membrane proteins have been identified in some of these patients. Free haemoglobin is released from lysed red blood cells and filtered into the urine.

# Hemolytic phenomena

## March haematuria
March hematuria, occurs when blood is seen in the urine after repetitive impacts on the body, particularly affecting the feet. The word "march" is in reference to the condition arising in soldiers who have been marching for long periods; the condition was first documented in 1881.

## Runners macrocytosis
Runners macrocytosis is a phenomenon of increased red blood cell size as a compensatory mechanism for increased red blood cell turnover.  The impact forces from running can lead to red blood cell hemolysis and accelerate red blood cell production.  This can shift the ratio of red blood cells towards younger, larger cells. This shift may be reflected in higher than normal mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values, an indicator of red blood cell size.
This is not a pathological condition but may indicate a propensity toward iron deficiency anemia due to high red blood cell turnover.
Mesna (patient information)

# About your treatment
Your doctor has ordered the drug mesna to help treat your illness. Mesna can be injected into a vein or the liquid can be mixed in juice and taken by mouth. Depending on your treatment schedule, mesna will be given prior to and after each dose of chemotherapy or mixed in the same bag with your chemotherapy.
This medication is used to protect the bladder wall from the harmful effects of some cancer-fighting drugs.

# Precautions
Before taking mesna:
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to mesna or any other drugs.
- tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, including vitamins.
- tell your doctor if you have or have ever had liver or kidney disease.
- tell your doctor if you are pregnant or breast-feeding. You should not plan to have children while receiving chemotherapy or for a while after treatments. (Talk to your doctor for further details.) Use a reliable method of birth control to prevent pregnancy.
- do not have any vaccinations (e.g., measles or flu shots) without talking to your doctor.

# Side effects

## Minor side effects
Side effects from mesna are common and include:
- bad taste in the mouth
- diarrhea or soft stools
- headache
- nausea
- vomiting
Tell your doctor if the following symptom is severe or lasts for several hours:
- fatigue

## Severe side effects
If you experience the following symptom, call your doctor immediately:
- blood in urine
If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online  or by phone .

# In case of emergency/overdose
In case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911.

# Brand names
- Mesnex