Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Atrioventricular node
Synonyms and keywords: AVN; AV node; junctional node; AV junction; Aschoff-Tawara node

# Overview
The atrioventricular node is an area of specialized tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart, which conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles.

# Function
The AV node receives two inputs from the atria: posteriorly via the crista terminalis, and anteriorly via the interatrial septum.
An important property that is unique to the AV node is decremental conduction, in which the more frequently the node is stimulated, the slower it conducts.  This is the property of the AV node that prevents rapid conduction to the ventricle in cases of rapid atrial rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.
The atrioventricular node delays impulses for ~0.1 second before allowing impulses through to the His-Purkinje conduction system, which spreads impulses to the ventricular walls.  The reason it is important to delay the cardiac impulse is to ensure that the atria have ejected their blood into the ventricles before the ventricles contract.

# Blood supply
The blood supply of the AV node is from a branch of the right coronary artery in 85% to 90% of individuals (a branch off of the posterolateral artery, the AV nodal artery, and from a branch of the left circumflex artery in 10% to 15% of individuals. When the RCA supplies the AV node, the coronary system is said to be "right dominant," and when the AV node is supplied by the LCX, the system is "left dominant."
Abdominal wall defect

# Overview
An infant born with an abdominal wall defect has an abnormal opening on the abdomen.  This often causes the intestines and other organs to form outside of the body.
There are two types of abdominal wall defects - omphalocele and gastroschisis.

# Diagnosis
These types of openings in the abdomen can usually be detected by AFP screening or a detailed fetal ultrasound.  Genetic counseling and further genetic testing, such as amniocentesis, may be offered during the pregnancy as some abdominal wall defects are associated with genetic disorders.

# Treatment
If there are no additional genetic problems or birth defects, surgery soon after birth can often repair these birth defects.
Abdominal enlargement

# Overview
Sudden or progressive enlargement of the abdomen. Localized or generalized, intermittent or persistent.

# Differential Diagnosis of Causes of Abdominal Enlargement
Updated 10th of September 2008   
Abdominal mass (localized abdominal enlargement, swelling)
- Abdominal aortic aneurysm
- Bladder distension
- Bowel obstruction
- Cholecystitis
- Colon cancer
- Crohns disease
- Diverticulitis
- Gallbladder tumor
- Hepatomegaly
- Hydronephrosis
- Kidney cancer
- Liver cancer
- Neuroblastoma
- Ovarian cyst
- Pancreatic abscess
- Pancreatic pseudocyst
- Splenomegaly
- Stomach cancer
- Ureteropelvic junction obstruction
- Uterine leiomyoma (fibroids)
- Volvulus
- Normal child (the stomach of a child protrudes more than adults)
- Gas
- Swallowed air
- Pregnancy
- Obesity
- Constipation
- Chronic constipation
- Poor muscle tone (Muscle weakness)
- Poor muscle tone after childbirth
- Lactose intolerance
- Food allergies
- Food intolerances
- Pregnancy
- Hernia
- Malabsorption
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Colonic bacterial fermentation
- Intestinal motility disorders
- Gastroparesis
- Diabetic gastroparesis
- Gas entrapment syndromes
- Splenic flexure
- Hepatic flexure
- Premenstrual syndrome
- Pancreatic disease
- Acute pancreatitis
- Appendicitis
- Biliary disease
- Gallbladder disease
- Other gallbladder conditions
- Gallstones
- Short bowel syndrome
- Peptic ulcer
- Ascites
- Malignant ascites
- Intestinal obstruction - causing gas or fluid buildup
- Partial bowel obstructions
- Small bowel diverticulum
- Intestinal adhesions
- Intermittent bowel obstruction
- Volvulus
- Colon cancer
- Diverticulitis
- Diverticulosis
- Ulcerative colitis
- Pseudopsiesis
- Liver disease
- Certain heart conditions
- Heart failure
- Constrictive pericarditis
- Abdominal mass
- Certain types of tumors or cancers
- Abdominal tumor
- Gastrointestinal tumor
- Abdominal cancer
- Bowel cancer
- Ovarian cancer
- Lymphoma
- Fibroids
- Ovarian cystadenoma
- Perforated viscus
- Some causes of abdominal distention of infants or children include:
- Normal infant pot belly
- Premature delivery
- Starvation
- Constipation
- Cystic fibrosis
- Celiac disease
- Hirschsprung's disease
- Subcutaneous lipoma
- Dercum's disease
- Adiposa dolorosa
- Malignant fibrosarcoma
- Malignant melanoma
- Inflammation of abdominal wall
- Volvulus of the sigmoid colon
- Chronic large bowel obstruction
- Megacolon
- Dynamic ileus
- Advanced pyloric stenosis
- Acute gastric dilatation
- Congestive heart failure
- Cirrhosis
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Carcinomatosis peritonei
- Tuberculous peritonitis
- Severe chronic constipation
- Malignant peritoneal disease
- Pseudomyxoma peritonei
- Encysted ascites
- Hydatid cysts
- Subphrenic abscess
- Pus accumulation from a ruptured appendix
- Pus accumulation from a ruptured duodenal ulcer
- Perforation of inflamed diverticulum
- Carcinoma of sigmoid colon
- Pelvic abscess
- Gangrenous appendicitis
- Gynecological infection
- Pelvic surgery
- Peritonitis

# Differential Diagnosis of Underlying Etiology
Abelmoschus moschatus
Abelmoschus moschatus (Ambrette seeds, Annual hibiscus, Bamia Moschata, Galu Gasturi, Muskdana, Musk mallow, Musk okra, Musk seeds, Ornamental okra, Rose mallow seeds, Tropical jewel hibiscus, Yorka okra; syn. Hibiscus abelmoschus L.) is an aromatic and medicinal plant in the Malvaceae family, which is native to India. The seeds have a sweet, flowery, heavy fragrance similar to that of musk. Despite its tropical origin the plant is frost hardy.

# Uses of the plant
Musk mallow oil was once used as a substitute for animal musk; however this use is now mostly discontinued as it can cause photosensitivity.
It has many culinary uses. The seeds are added to coffee; unripe pods ("musk okra"), leaves and new shoots are eaten as vegetables.
Different parts of the plant have uses in traditional and complementary medicine, not all of which have been scientifically proven. It is used externally to relieve spasms of the digestive tract, cramp, poor circulation and aching joints. It is also considered an insecticide and an aphrodisiac.
In industry the root mucilage provides sizing for paper; tobacco is sometimes flavoured with the flowers.
Among the small farmers the popularity of medicinal crop Kasturi Bhindi (Abelmoschus moschatus) is increasing day by day. Due to susceptibility to insect infestation earlier the herb growers hesitated to try this crop but now they have learnt a lot from the past experiences. Like other medicinal crops its planting material business is over and now serious growers are engaged in quality production with an idea of extracting oil for international market.
Kasturi Bhindi is known for its aromatic seeds having peculiar smell of Musk. In trade it is known as Ambrette. Although its different plant parts are used as traditional medicine and the traditional healers use it in herbal formulations having odd smell but it is having demand at national and international markets. The farmers are not growing it for the traditional healers. The healers are fulfilling their demand from its wild population as well as from very small-scale cultivation.
Abrupt closure case 7

# Abrupt Closure

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid RCA.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion at the mid RCA depicting abrupt closure.
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with normal blood flow in the RCA after transient occlusion as seen above, which indicates transient abrupt closure.
Abrupt closure case 8

# Abrupt Closure

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the mid left circumflex artery.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion at the mid left circumflex artery involving obtuse marginal branch depicting abrupt closure.
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram without any occlusion in the left circumflex artery after transient occlusion as seen above, which indicates transient abrupt closure.
Abrupt closure case 9

# Abrupt Closure

## Pre-intervention
Shown below is a pre-intervention angiogram with significant lesion in the diagonal branch of the LAD.

## Intervention
Shown below is an angiogram with ongoing intervention on the significant lesion described above.

## Post-intervention
Shown below is a post-intervention angiogram with occlusion of the diagonal branch of the LAD depicting abrupt closure.
Acid-base homeostasis

# Overview
Acid-base homeostasis is the part of human homeostasis concerning the proper balance between acids and bases, in other words the pH. The body is very sensitive to its pH level. Outside the range of pH that is compatible with life, proteins are denatured and digested, enzymes lose their ability to function, and the body is unable to sustain itself.

# Mechanism
The kidneys maintain acid-base homeostasis by regulating the pH of the blood plasma. Gains and losses of acid and base must be balanced. The study of the acid-base reactions in the body is acid base physiology.

## Buffering agents
Any substance that can reversibly bind hydrogen ions is called a buffering agent. They function to impede any change in pH. Hydrogen ions are buffered by extracellular (e.g., bicarbonate, ammonia) and intracellular buffering agents (including proteins and phosphate).

# Blood Gas Analysis

# Relationship between pH and H+
An inverse relationship between the H+ concentration (nmol/L) and the pH is given as follows:

# Compensation Mechanism
- There are compensation mechanisms in the body in order to normalizing the pH inside the blood.
- The amount of compensation depends on proper functioning of renal and respiratory systems. However, it is uncommon to compensate completely. Compensatory mechanisms might correct only 5075% of pH to normal.
- Acute respiratory compensation usually occurs within first day. However, chronic respiratory compensation takes 1 to 4 days to occur.
- Renal compensation might occur slower than respiratory compensation.

# Related Chapters
- Acidbase homeostasis
- Acidbase imbalance
- Acidosis
- Alkalosis
- Arterial blood gas
- Metabolic acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Anion gap
Aquagenic keratoderma
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Synonyms and keywords: Acquired aquagenic palmoplantar keratoderma, transient reactive papulotranslucent acrokeratoderma, aquagenic wrinkling of the palms

# Overview
Aquagenic keratoderma is a skin condition characterized by the development of white papules on the palms after water exposure. The condition causes irritation of the palms when touching certain materials after being wet, e.g., paper, cloth. An association with cystic fibrosis has been suggested.
Acquired brain injury

# Overview
A neurological condition, Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) is damage to the brain acquired after birth. It usually affects cognitive, physical, emotional, social or independent functioning and can result from traumatic brain injury (i.e. accidents, falls, assaults, etc.) and nontraumatic brain injury (i.e. stroke, brain tumours, infection, poisoning, hypoxia, ischemia or substance abuse). Most definitions of ABI exclude neurodegenerative disorders.
Acquired brain injury is not to be confused with intellectual disability. People with a brain injury may have difficulty controlling, coordinating and communicating their thoughts and actions but they usually retain their intellectual abilities.
Brain injury has dramatically varied effects and no two people can expect the same outcome or resulting difficulties. The brain controls every part of human life: physically, intellectually, behaviorally, socially and emotionally. When the brain is damaged, some other part of a person's life will also be adversely affected. Even a mild injury can sometimes result in a serious disability that will interfere with a persons daily functioning and personal activities for the rest of their life. While the outcome of the injury depends largely on the nature and severity of the injury itself, appropriate treatment will play a vital role in determining the level of recovery.
Acrofacial dysostosis
The term Acrofacial Dysostosis was coined in 1948 by Nager and DeReynier. It describes a syndrome involving the skull and upper limbs. The most common form is the Nager type (NAFD) or Pre-axial Acrofacial Dysostosis.
The most common effects of NAFD include micrognathia, down-slanting palpebral fissures, lower eyelid coloboma, and hypoplastic or absent radii/thumbs.
The disesase is usually sporadic, although it can be inherited. Some research has suggested that the gene for the disease may be located around 9q32, and possibly the gene ZFP-37 may be involved.
Acute lumbar syndrome
Acute lumbar syndrome is a condition of radicular leg pain, sometimes accompanied by low back pain which may be accompanied by a motor or sensory deficit.

# Initial Diagnosis and Management
- The initial diagnosis is clinical with the acute or subacute development of low back pain usually with sciatic pain following minimal low back trauma.
- In patients under the age of 50, no x-ray or lab studies are necessary.
- Over the age of 50, disc abnormalities are possible, but initial lumbar sacral spine series should be considered which might exclude bony structural abnormalities such as severe degenerative changes, osteoporosis with compression or metastatic involvement.
- MRI and/or CT scan are not necessary to confirm the initial diagnosis of acute lumbar syndrome except when there is failure to respond to conservative therapy or there is development of neurologic deficit.
- The initial objective of management is to reduce lumbar nerve root tension. Depending upon the severity, bed-rest or reduction of activity level for one to two weeks is indicated. Analgesics and muscle relaxants are usually helpful.
Acute aortic syndrome

# Overview
Acute aortic syndrome (AAS) describes a constellation of emergency conditions with a similar clinical feature that involves the aorta. These include aortic dissection, intramural thrombus, and penetrating atherosclerotic aortic ulcer. It is possible for AAS to get complicated by acute coronary syndrome. The term was introduced in 2001.

# Classification
Acute aortic syndrome is classified into 5 entities as follows:
- Type I: classic aortic dissection involving an intimal layer between the true and false lumen (with no communication between the two lumen)
- Type II: aortic dissection with medial rupture and the subsequent intramural hematoma formation
- Type III: subtle aortic dissection with bulging of the aortic wall
- Type IV: aortic dissection due to plaque rupture and subsequent ulceration
- Type V: iatrogenic/traumatic dissection

# Differentiating Acute Aortic Syndrome from other Diseases
- Acute aortic syndrome should be differentiated from other conditions causing signs and symptoms such as chest pain, dyspnea, back pain and etc.
- For more information on the differential diagnosis of the acute aortic syndrome click here.

# Causes
- Causes include aortic dissection, intramural hematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer or a thoracic aneurysm that has become unstable.
- Basically, AAS can be caused by a breakdown on the wall of the aorta that involves the tunica intima and/or media.
- For more information on aortic dissection causes click here.
- For more information on aortic intramural hematoma causes click here.
- For more information on penetrating atherosclerotic aortic ulcer causes click here.

# Guidelines

## 2014 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases (DO NOT EDIT)
Abbreviations: AAS: acute aortic syndrome; AD: aortic dissection; CT: computed tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; TOE: transoesophageal echocardiography; TTE: transthoracic echocardiography.
Acute muscle soreness

# Overview
Acute muscle soreness (AMS) is a term used to describe muscle soreness felt during the muscle's use in an activity or shortly after its use (generally no longer than an hour). It is not connected to its longer counterpart, delayed onset muscle soreness, which can last up to 72 hours after muscle activity.

# Pathophysiology
- It is generally known to be caused by tears in the muscle fibers or fascia. Soreness can occur after trying a new muscle activity or exercise, exercising during or after a prolonged period of being sedentary (little or no exercise or movement) or a large change in your current exercise routine.
- Exercise causes acute muscle soreness through various mechanisms that include decreased  muscle oxygen, increased lactic acid, free  radical productionexercise induced  rhabdomyolysis, and tissue swelling within the  muscle.
- A new theory has emerged as to the cause of AMS which states that AMS is caused by ATP-derived hydrogen ions in the muscles. This deprivation lead to a pH and acidosis levels within the muscles. This decrease of levels within the muscles is what causes the soreness which is perceived by the patient.
- Though AMS is now believed to be caused by ATP-derived hydrogen ions they may not be solely responsible. For instance, if other substances can drop the pH and increase acidosis in the muscles, then theoretically they can also contribute to AMS.

# Causes

## Common Causes
- Exercise
- Muscle tears

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Exercise
- Influenza vaccine
- Muscle tears
- Repetitive strain injury
- Shin splints
- Strength training
- Stretch shortening  exercise

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
AMS, in general, disappears quickly (hence the term acute). To speed the recovery period would be to stop the exercise or movement causing it. However, the soreness can last even after the muscle/s cease activity and can remain for up to an hour.

# Treatment
- There are ways to quicken the recovery period and relieve the patient of the pain. This is achieved by the removal of all the ATP-derived hydrogen ions and so techniques to speed up the removal of these ions will shorten recovery time.
- Techniques include:
Light aerobic exercise
Stretching
Massaging the affected area's or muscles.
- Light aerobic exercise
- Stretching
- Massaging the affected area's or muscles.
Acyclovir description

# Description
ZOVIRAX is the brand name for acyclovir, a synthetic nucleoside analogue active against herpesviruses. ZOVIRAX Capsules, Tablets, and Suspension are formulations for oral administration. Each capsule of ZOVIRAX contains 200 mg of acyclovir and the inactive ingredients corn starch, lactose, magnesium stearate, and sodium lauryl sulfate. The capsule shell consists of gelatin, FD&C Blue No. 2, and titanium dioxide. May contain one or more parabens. Printed with edible black ink.
Each 800-mg tablet of ZOVIRAX contains 800 mg of acyclovir and the inactive ingredients FD&C Blue No. 2, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, and sodium starch glycolate.
Each 400-mg tablet of ZOVIRAX contains 400 mg of acyclovir and the inactive ingredients magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, and sodium starch glycolate.
Each teaspoonful (5 mL) of ZOVIRAX Suspension contains 200 mg of acyclovir and the inactive ingredients methylparaben 0.1% and propylparaben 0.02% (added as preservatives), carboxymethylcellulose sodium, flavor, glycerin, microcrystalline cellulose, and sorbitol.
Acyclovir is a white, crystalline powder with the molecular formula C8H11N5O3 and a molecular weight of 225. The maximum solubility in water at 37C is 2.5 mg/mL. The pkas of acyclovir are 2.27 and 9.25.
The chemical name of acyclovir is 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-9--6H-purin-6-one; it has the following structural formula:
Adefovir how supplied

# How Supplied
HEPSERA is available as tablets. Each tablet contains 10 mg of adefovir dipivoxil. The tablets are white and debossed with "10" and "GILEAD" on one side and the stylized figure of a liver on the other side. They are packaged as follows: Bottles of 30 tablets (NDC 61958-0501-1) containing desiccant (silica gel) and closed with a child-resistant closure.
Store in original container at 25 C (77 F), excursions permitted to 1530 C (5986 F) (See USP Controlled Room Temperature).
Do not use if seal over bottle opening is broken or missing.
Adenosine A3 receptor
The adenosine A3 receptor, also known as ADORA3, is an adenosine receptor, but also denotes the human gene encoding it.

# Function
Adenosine A3 receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that couple to Gi/Gq and are involved in a variety of intracellular signaling pathways and physiological functions. It mediates a sustained cardioprotective function during cardiac ischemia, it is involved in the inhibition of neutrophil degranulation in neutrophil-mediated tissue injury, it has been implicated in both neuroprotective and neurodegenerative effects, and it may also mediate both cell proliferation and cell death.
Recent publications demonstrate that adenosine A3 receptor antagonists (SSR161421) could have therapeutic potential in bronchial asthma (17,18).

# Gene
Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

# Therapeutic implications
An adenosine A3 receptor agonist (CF-101) is in clinical trials for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
In a mouse model of infarction the A3 selective agonist CP-532,903 protected against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury.

# Selective Ligands
A number of selective A3 ligands are available.

## Agonists/Positive Allosteric Modulators
- 2-(1-Hexynyl)-N-methyladenosine
- CF-101 (IB-MECA)
- CF-102
- 2-Cl-IB-MECA
- CP-532,903
- Inosine
- LUF-6000
- MRS-3558

## Antagonists/Negative Allosteric Modulators
- KF-26777
- MRS-545
- MRS-1191
- MRS-1220
- MRS-1334
- MRS-1523
- MRS-3777
- MRE-3005-F20
- MRE-3008-F20
- PSB-11
- OT-7999
- VUF-5574
- SSR161421

## Inverse Agonists
- PSB-10