Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase
In enzymology, an acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, acetyl-CoA, and two products, CoA and acetoacetyl-CoA.
Acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase belongs to the thiolase family of enzymes.
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, beta-acetoacetyl coenzyme A thiolase, 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase , 3-oxothiolase, acetyl coenzyme A thiolase, acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, acetyl-CoA:N-acetyltransferase, and thiolase II.  This enzyme participates in 10 metabolic pathways: fatty acid metabolism, synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, lysine degradation, tryptophan metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, benzoate degradation via coa ligation, propanoate metabolism, butanoate metabolism, and two-component system - general.

# Isozymes
Human genes encoding acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferases include:
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

# Overview
An acetylcholinesterase inhibitor or anti-cholinesterase is a chemical that inhibits the cholinesterase enzyme from breaking down acetylcholine, so increasing both the level and duration of action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

# Uses
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors:
- occur naturally as venoms and poisons
- are used as weapons in the form of nerve agents
- are used medicinally:
to treat myasthenia gravis. In myasthenia gravis, they are used to increase neuromuscular transmission.
to treat Alzheimer's disease
as an antidote to anticholinergic poisoning
- to treat myasthenia gravis. In myasthenia gravis, they are used to increase neuromuscular transmission.
- to treat Alzheimer's disease
- as an antidote to anticholinergic poisoning

# Examples

## Reversible inhibitor
Compounds which function as reversible competitive or noncompetitive inhibitors of cholinesterase are those most likely to have therapeutic uses. These include:
- Organophosphates
metrifonate
- metrifonate
- Carbamates
physostigmine
neostigmine
pyridostigmine
ambenonium
demarcarium
rivastigmine
- physostigmine
- neostigmine
- pyridostigmine
- ambenonium
- demarcarium
- rivastigmine
- Phenanthrine derivatives
galantamine
- galantamine
- Piperidines
donepezil, also known as E2020
- donepezil, also known as E2020
- Tacrine, also known as tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA')
- Edrophonium
- Phenothiazines

## Quasi-irreversible inhibitor
Compounds which function as quasi-irreversible inhibitors of cholinesterase are those most likely to have use as chemical weapons or pesticides. These include:
- Organophosphates
echothiophate
diisopropyl fluorophosphate
cyclosarin
sarin
soman
tabun
VX
VE
VG
VM
diazinon
malathion
parathion
- echothiophate
- diisopropyl fluorophosphate
- cyclosarin
- sarin
- soman
- tabun
- VX
- VE
- VG
- VM
- diazinon
- malathion
- parathion
- Carbamates
aldicarb
bendiocarb
bufencarb
carbaryl
carbendazim
carbetamide
carbofuran
chlorbufam
chloropropham
ethiofencarb
formetanate
methiocarb
methomyl
-xamyl
phenmedipham
pinmicarb
pirimicarb
propamocarb
propham
propoxur
- aldicarb
- bendiocarb
- bufencarb
- carbaryl
- carbendazim
- carbetamide
- carbofuran
- chlorbufam
- chloropropham
- ethiofencarb
- formetanate
- methiocarb
- methomyl
- oxamyl
- phenmedipham
- pinmicarb
- pirimicarb
- propamocarb
- propham
- propoxur

## Natural Compounds (Supplements)
- Huperzine A

# Effects
Some major effects of anticholinesterases:
- Actions on the autonomic nervous system, that is parasympathetic nervous system will cause bradycardia, hypotension, hypersecretion, bronchoconstriction, GIT hypermotility, and decrease intraocular pressure.
- SLUD syndrome.
- Actions on the neuromuscular junction will result in prolonged muscle contraction.

# Related Chapters
- Pesticide poisoning
Natural killer cell deficiency
Synonyms and keywords: Classical NK cell deficiency, CNKD, CKND subtype 1, CNKD1, CKND subtype 2, CNKD2, functional NK cell deficiency, FNKD, FKND subtype 1, FKND1, NKD, NK cells deficiency syndrome, NK cell immunosuppression, Isolated NK cell deficiency, acquired NK cell deficiency, NK cell deficiency in AIDS

# Overview
Natural killer (NK) cells deficiency is a rare condition characterized by either the deficiency, absence, or malfunction of NK cells, without the involvement of other types of immunological abnormalities and in the absence of secondary etiologies such as medications or viral infections. NK cell deficiency is considered a type of immunosuppression.  Acquired NK cells deficiency is not an uncommon finding among AIDS patients.

# Classification
- Classical NK cell deficiency (CNKD): Absence of NK cells in the peripheral blood
CKND subtype 1
CKND subtype 2
- CKND subtype 1
- CKND subtype 2
- Functional NK cell deficiency (FNKD): Presence of NK cells in the peripheral blood but with abnormal function
FKND subtype 1
- FKND subtype 1

# Causes

## Genes
- GATA2 (CNKD1)
- MCM4 (CNKD2)
- FCGR3A (FNKD1)
Adefovir indications and usage

# Indications And Usage
HEPSERA is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in patients 12 years of age and older with evidence of active viral replication and either evidence of persistent elevations in serum aminotransferases (ALT or AST) or histologically active disease.
This indication is based on histological, virological, biochemical, and serological responses in adult patients with HBeAg+ and HBeAg- chronic hepatitis B with compensated liver function, and with clinical evidence of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus with either compensated or decompensated liver function.
For patients 12 to less than 18 years of age, the indication is based on virological and biochemical responses in patients with HBeAg+ chronic hepatitis B virus infection with compensated liver function.
Entrance to the mastoid antrum

# Overview
The entrance to the antrum is a large irregular aperture, which leads backward from the epitympanic recess into a considerable air space, named the tympanic or mastoid antrum.
The antrum communicates behind and below with the mastoid air cells, which vary considerably in number, size, and form; the antrum and mastoid air cells are lined by mucous membrane, continuous with that lining the tympanic cavity.
On the medial wall of the entrance to the antrum is a rounded eminence, situated above and behind the prominence of the facial canal; it corresponds with the position of the ampullated ends of the superior and lateral semicircular canals.
Altered mental status overview

# Overview
An altered level of consciousness is any measure of arousal other than normal.  Level of consciousness (LOC) is a measurement of a person's arousability and responsiveness to stimuli from the environment. A mildly depressed level of consciousness or alertness may be classed as lethargy; someone in this state can be aroused with little difficulty.  People who are obtunded have a more depressed level of consciousness and cannot be fully aroused.  Those who are not able to be aroused from a sleep-like state are said to be stuporous.  Coma is the inability to make any purposeful response.   Scales such as the Glasgow coma scale have been designed to measure the level of stuporconsciousness.
An altered level of consciousness can result from a variety of factors, including alterations in the chemical environment of the brain (e.g. exposure to poisons or intoxicants), insufficient oxygen or blood flow in the brain, and excessive pressure within the skull.   Level of consciousness may decline abruptly or slowly, or it may increase and decrease intermittently. Prolonged unconsciousness is understood to be a sign of a medical emergency.  A deficit in the level of consciousness suggests that both of the cerebral hemispheres or the reticular activating system have been injured.  A decreased level of consciousness correlates to increased morbidity (disability) and mortality (death).  Thus it is a valuable measure of a patient's medical and neurological status.   In fact, some sources consider level of consciousness to be one of the vital sign.

## Core Concepts
- Altered mental status: Altered mental status is a collection of states with change in cognitive contain, vigilance, and attentiveness.
- Cognition: Cognition is a cortical function in which knowledge is gained by ones reasoning, or without the need for conscious reasoning (instincts) and  perceptions.
- Vigilance: Vigilance is a calibration of awakeness.  Vigilance is low in sleep and is higher person is awake.
- Mental content:Mental content is a capacity of a person to integrate past and present experiences to the stimuli to the external and internal world.
- Attention: Attention is an ability to choose and concentrate a stimuli from all mental content which is relevant to a given situation.

# Glasgow Coma Scale
Altered state of consciousness

# Overview
An altered state of consciousness, also named altered state of mind is any condition which is significantly different from a normative waking beta wave state. The expression was coined by Charles Tart and describes induced changes in one's mental state, almost always temporary.  A synonymous phrase is "altered states of awareness".  An associated body of research has been conducted in trance and this is becoming the predominant auspice terminology.  Trance includes all "altered states of consciousness" as well as the various forms of waking trance states.

# Causes
An altered state of consciousness can come about accidentally through, for example, fever, sleep deprivation, fasting, oxygen deprivation, nitrogen narcosis (deep diving), or a traumatic accident.
It can sometimes be reached intentionally by the use of sensory deprivation, Isolation tank, sleep deprivation or mind-control techniques, hypnosis, meditation, prayer, or disciplines (e.g. Mantra Meditation, Yoga, Sufism or Surat Shabda Yoga).
It can also be attained through the ingestion of psychoactive drugs such as alcohol and opiates, or more commonly with entheogenic plants and their derivative chemicals such as LSD, DXM, 2C-I, peyote, marijuana, mescaline, Salvia divinorum, MDMA, psychedelic mushrooms, ayahuasca or datura (Jimson weed).
Another effective way to induce an altered state of consciousness is using a variety of Neurotechnology such as psychoacoustics, light and sound stimulation, cranial electrotherapy stimulation, and such; these methods attempt to induce specific brainwave patterns, and a particular altered state of consciousness.
Naturally occurring altered states of consciousness include dreams, lucid dreams, euphoria, ecstasy, psychosis as well as purported premonitions, out-of-body experiences, and channeling.
American Journal of Psychiatry
The American Journal of Psychiatry (AJP) is the most widely read psychiatric journal in the world.  It covers topics on biological psychiatry, treatment innovations, forensic, ethical, economic, and social issues.  Official American Psychiatric Association reports appear from time to time. The AJP is published monthly, using a peer-reviewed process.  In addition to articles, it publishes letters to the editor and book reviews.
Its original title was the American Journal of Insanity, changed to the current form in the July issue of 1921.

# Suicide Rate
On September 6, 2007, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported suicide rate in American adolescents (especially girls, 10 to 24 years old) increased 8% (2003 to 2004), the largest jump in 15 years. Specifically, in 2004 - 4,599 suicides in Americans ages 10 to 24, up from 4,232 in 2003, for a rate of 7.32  per 100,000 people that age. Before, the rate dropped to 6.78  per 100,000 in 2003 from 9.48 per 100,000 in 1990. The findings also reported that antidepressant drugs reduced suicide risk than increase it. Psychiatrists found that the increase is due to the decline in prescriptions of antidepressant drugs like Prozac to young people since 2003, leaving more cases of serious depression untreated. In a December 2006 study, The American Journal of Psychiatry said that a decrease in antidepressant prescriptions to minors of just a few percentage points coincided with a 14 percent increase in suicides in the United States; in the Netherlands, the suicide rate was 50% up, upon prescription drop.
American Polygraph Association
The American Polygraph Association (or APA) was established in 1966 and includes 2,500 members in the polygraph field.
The stated goals of the APA are:
- Serving the cause of truth with integrity, objectivity and fairness to all persons
- Encouraging and supporting research, training and education to benefit members of the Association as well as those who support its purpose and by providing a forum for the presentation and exchange of information derived from such research, training and education
- Establishing and enforcing standards for admission to membership and continued membership in the Association
- Governing the conduct of members of the Association by requiring adherence to a Code of Ethics and a set of Standards and Principles of Practice 
APA members are proponents of the control question technique of polygraph admission, which includes asking questions designed to gain a greater physiological response from innocent subjects being given a polygraph.

# Notes
-   APA Mission Retrieved 10 June 2007
-  Furedy, JJ (1988). "Validity of the Lie Detector". Criminal Justice and Behavior. American Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology. 15 (2): 219246. doi:10.1177/0093854888015002008. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help).mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  Bull, R (2004). "A review of the current scientific status and fields of application of Polygraphic Deception Detection". Final report (6 October 2004) from the BPS Working Party. British Psychological Society. Retrieved 2007-06-17. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (help)
Amlodipine/benazepril overdose

# List of indications
General information
Treatment

## General information
Only a few cases of human overdose with amlodipine have been reported.
One patient was asymptomatic after a 250-mg ingestion; another,
who combined 70 mg of amlodipine with an unknown large quantity of a
benzodiazepine, developed refractory shock and died.
Human overdoses with any combination of amlodipine and benazepril
have not been reported. In scattered reports of human overdoses with
benazepril and other ACE inhibitors, there are no reports of death.
When mice were given single oral doses of benazepril/amlodipine,
mortality was 20% at 50:25 mg/kg, 10% at 100:50 mg/kg, and 100% at
500:250 mg/kg. In rats, mortality was 25% (pooling two studies) at
500:250 mg/kg and 100% at 900:450 mg/kg.

## Treatment
To obtain up-to-date information about the treatment of overdose,
a good resource is your certified Regional Poison-Control Center.
Telephone numbers of certified poison-control centers are listed in the
Physicians Desk Reference (PDR). In managing overdose, consider
the possibilities of multiple-drug overdoses, drug-drug interactions, and
unusual drug kinetics in your patient.
The most likely effect of overdose with Lotrel is vasodilation, with consequent
hypotension and tachycardia. Simple repletion of central fluid
volume (Trendelenburg positioning, infusion of crystalloids) may be sufficient
therapy, but pressor agents (norepinephrine or high-dose dopamine)
may be required. Overdoses of other dihydropyridine calcium channel
blockers are reported to have been treated with calcium chloride and
glucagon, but evidence of a dose-response relation has not been seen,
and these interventions must be regarded as unproven. With abrupt
return of peripheral vascular tone, overdoses of other dihydropyridine calcium
channel blockers have sometimes progressed to pulmonary edema,
and patients must be monitored for this complication.
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Angiopoietin-related protein 1
Angiopoietin-related protein 1 also known as angiopoietin-3 (ANG-3) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANGPTL1 gene.

# Function
Angiopoietins are members of the vascular endothelial growth factor family and the only known growth factors largely specific for vascular endothelium. Angiopoietin-1, angiopoietin-2, and angiopoietin-4 participate in the formation of blood vessels.
The protein encoded by this gene is another member of the angiopoietin family that is widely expressed in adult tissues with mRNA levels highest in highly vascularized tissues. This protein was found to be a secretory protein that does not act as an endothelial cell mitogen in vitro.
Angiopoietin-related protein 2
Angiopoietin-related protein 2 also known as angiopoietin-like protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANGPTL2 gene.

# Function
Angiopoietin-like protein 2 maintains tissue homeostasis by promoting adaptive inflammation and subsequent tissue reconstruction, whereas an excess of ANGPTL2 activation induced by prolonged stress promotes the breakdown of tissue homeostasis due to chronic inflammation, promoting the development of metabolic diseases. ANGPTL2 has a role also in angiogenesis, in tissue repair, in obesity, in atherosclerotic diseases and finally in carcinogenesis. 
Angiopoietins are members of the vascular endothelial growth factor family and the only known growth factors largely specific for vascular endothelium. Angiopoietin-1, angiopoietin-2, and angiopoietin-4 participate in the formation of blood vessels. ANGPTL2 protein is a secreted glycoprotein with homology to the angiopoietins and may exert a function on endothelial cells through autocrine or paracrine action.
Angiotensin II receptor type 1
Angiotensin II receptor type 1 or AT1 receptor is the best characterized angiotensin receptor. It has vasopressor effects and regulates aldosterone secretion. It is an important effector controlling blood pressure and volume in the cardiovascular system. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists are drugs indicated for hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and congestive heart failure.

# Function
The AT1 receptor mediates the major cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II. Effects include vasoconstriction, aldosterone synthesis and secretion, increased vasopressin secretion, cardiac hypertrophy, augmentation of peripheral noradrenergic activity, vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation, decreased renal blood flow, renal renin inhibition, renal tubular sodium reuptake, modulation of central sympathetic nervous system activity, cardiac contractility, central osmocontrol and extracellular matrix formation.

# Mechanism
The angiotensin receptor is activated by the vasoconstricting peptide angiotensin II. The activated receptor in turn couples to Gq/11 and thus activates phospholipase C and increases the cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations, which in turn triggers cellular responses such as stimulation of protein kinase C. Activated receptor also inhibits adenylate cyclase and activates various tyrosine kinases.

# Clinical significance
The AT1 receptor may play role in the generation of reperfusion arrhythmias following restoration of blood flow to ischemic or infarcted myocardium.
The AT1 receptor has also been implicated in post-traumatic stress disorder,

# Animal studies
AT1 receptor antagonists have been shown to reduce fear memory recall in mice.

# Gene
It was previously thought that a related gene, denoted as AGTR1B, existed; however, it is now believed that there is only one type 1 receptor gene in humans. At least four transcript variants have been described for this gene. Additional variants have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined. The entire coding sequence is contained in the terminal exon and is present in all transcript variants.

# Interactions
Angiotensin II receptor type 1 has been shown to interact with Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16. The protein's mRNA has been reported to interact with Mir-132 microRNA as part of an RNA silencing mechanism that reduces receptor expression.
Angiotensin II receptor type 2
Angiotensin II receptor type 2, also known as the AT2 receptor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AGTR2 gene.

# Function
Angiotensin II is a potent pressor hormone and a primary regulator of aldosterone secretion. It is an important effector controlling blood pressure and volume in the cardiovascular system. It acts through at least two types of receptors termed AT1 and AT2. AGTR2 belongs to a family 1 of G protein-coupled receptors. It is an integral membrane protein. It plays a role in the central nervous system and cardiovascular functions that are mediated by the reninangiotensin system. This receptor mediates programmed cell death (apoptosis). In adults, it is highly expressed in myometrium with lower levels in adrenal gland and fallopian tube. It is highly expressed in fetal kidney and intestine. The human AGTR2 gene is composed of three exons and spans at least 5 kb. Exons 1 and 2 encode for 5' untranslated mRNA sequence and exon 3 harbors the entire uninterrupted open reading frame.
Stimulation of AT2 by the selective agonist CGP 42112A increases mucosal nitric oxide production.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of AGTR2 function. A conditional knockout mouse line, called Agtr2tm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated as part of the International Knockout Mouse Consortium program  a high-throughput mutagenesis project to generate and distribute animal models of disease to interested scientists  at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Twenty one tests were carried out on mutant mice, but no significant abnormalities were observed.

# Interactions
Angiotensin II receptor type 2 has been shown to interact with MTUS1.
Anterolateral central arteries
The anterolateral central arteries (or antero-lateral ganglionic branches), a group of small arteries which arise at the commencement of the middle cerebral artery, are arranged in two sets:
- one, the internal striate, passes upward through the inner segments of the lentiform nucleus, and supplies it, the caudate nucleus, and the internal capsule;
- the other, the external striate, ascends through the outer segment of the lentiform nucleus, and supplies the caudate nucleus and the thalamus.
More modern texts divide the anterolateral central arteries into "lateral striate arteries" and "medial striate arteries".