Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Tentorium cerebelli

# Overview
The tentorium cerebelli or cerebellar tentorium (Latin: "tent of the cerebellum") is an extension of the dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes.
The tentorium cerebelli is an arched lamina, elevated in the middle, and inclining downward toward the circumference.
It covers the superior surface of the cerebellum, and supports the occipital lobes of the brain.
Its anterior border is free and concave, and bounds a large oval opening, the incisura tentorii, for the transmission of the cerebral peduncles.
It is attached, behind, by its convex border, to the transverse ridges upon the inner surface of the occipital bone, and there encloses the transverse sinuses; in front, to the superior angle of the petrous part of the temporal bone on either side, enclosing the superior petrosal sinuses.
At the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone the free and attached borders meet, and, crossing one another, are continued forward to be fixed to the anterior and posterior clinoid processes respectively.
To the middle line of its upper surface the posterior border of the falx cerebri is attached, the straight sinus being placed at their line of junction.
Clinically, the tentorium is important because brain tumors are often characterized as supratentorial (above the tentorium) and infratentorial (below the tentorium).  The location of the tumor can help in determining the type of tumor, as different tumors occur with different frequencies at each location.  Additionally, most childhood tumors are infratentorial, while most adult tumors are supratentorial.  The location of the tumor may have prognostic significance as well.

# Additional images
- Dura mater and its processes exposed by removing part of the right half of the skull, and the brain.
- Sagittal section of the skull, showing the sinuses of the dura.
Integrase inhibitor
Integrase inhibitors are a class of antiretroviral drug developed for the treatment of HIV infection. They block the action of integrase, an enzyme that integrates genetic material from the virus into its target cell. No integrase inhibitors have yet received governmental approval, although two are currently undergoing testing.

# Drugs under development
- MK-0518, developed by Merck & Co., has entered Phase III clinical trials.
- GS 9137 or JTK-303, licensed by Gilead Sciences from Japan Tobacco.
Intensity (physics)

# Overview
In physics, intensity is a measure of the time-averaged energy flux. The word "intensity" here is not synonymous with "strength", "amplitude", or "level", as it sometimes is in colloquial speech.  For example, "the intensity of pressure" is meaningless, since the parameters of those variables do not match.
To find the intensity, take the energy density (that is, the energy per unit volume) and multiply it by the velocity at which the energy is moving. The resulting vector has the units of power divided by area (i.e. watt/m2). It is possible to define the intensity of the water coming from a garden sprinkler, but intensity is used most frequently with waves (i.e. sound or light).

# Mathematical description
If a point source is radiating energy in three dimensions and there is no energy lost to the medium, then the intensity decreases in proportion to distance from the object squared.  This is due to physics and geometry.  Physically, conservation of energy applies.  The consequence of this is that the net power coming from the source must be constant, thus:
where P is the net power radiated, I is the intensity as a function of position, and dA is a differential element of a closed surface that contains the source. That P is a constant. If we integrate over a surface of uniform intensity I, for instance, over a sphere centered around a point source radiating equally in all directions, the equation becomes:
where I is the intensity at the surface of the sphere, and r is the radius of the sphere. (A_{surf} = 4\pi r^2  is the expression for the surface area of a sphere). Solving for I, we get:
If the medium is damped, then the intensity drops off more quickly than the above equation suggests.
Anything that can carry energy can have an intensity associated with it. For an electromagnetic wave, if E is the complex amplitude of the electric field, then the energy density of the wave is given by
and the intensity is obtained multiplying this expression by the velocity of the wave, c/n:
where n is the refractive index, c is the speed of light in vacuum and \epsilon_0 is the electric permittivity in vacuum.

# Intensity in photometry and radiometry
In photometry and radiometry, intensity has a different meaning: it is the luminous or radiant power per unit solid angle. This can cause confusion in optics, where intensity can mean any of radiant intensity, luminous intensity or irradiance, depending on the background of the person using the term. Radiance is also sometimes called intensity, especially by astronomers and astrophysicists.
Intervertebral disc
Intervertebral discs (or intervertebral fibrocartilage) lie between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. Each disc forms a cartilaginous joint to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together.

# Structure
Discs consist of an outer annulus fibrosus, which surrounds the inner nucleus pulposus. The annulus fibrosus consists of several layers of fibrocartilage.  The strong annular fibers contain the nucleus pulposus and distribute pressure evenly across the disc.  The nucleus pulposus contains loose fibers suspended in a mucoprotein gel the consistency of jelly.  The nucleus of the disc acts as a shock absorber, absorbing the impact of the body's daily activities and keeping the two vertebrae separated. The disc can be likened to a doughnut: whereby the annulus fibrosis is similar to the dough and the nucleus pulposis is the jelly. If one presses down on the front of the doughnut the jelly moves posteriorly or to the back. When one develops a prolapsed disc the jelly/ nucleus pulposis is forced out of the doughnut/ disc and may put pressure on the nerve located near the disc. This will give one the symptoms of sciatica.
There is one disc between each pair of vertebrae, except for the first cervical segment, the atlas. The atlas is a ring around the roughly cone-shaped extension of the axis (second cervical segment).  The axis acts as a post around which the atlas can rotate, allowing the neck to swivel.  There are a total of twenty-three discs in the spine, which are identified by specifying the particular vertebrae they separate.  For example, the disc between the fifth and sixth cervical vertabrae is designated "C5-6".

# Medical conditions related to the intervertebral disc
As people age, the nucleus pulposus begins to dehydrate, which limits its ability to absorb shock.  The annulus fibrosus gets weaker with age and begins to tear.  While this may not cause pain in some people, in others one or both of these may cause chronic pain.
Pain due to the inability of the dehydrating nucleus pulposus to absorb shock is called axial pain or disc space pain.  One generally refers to the gradual dehydration of the nucleus pulposus as degenerative disc disease.
When the annulus fibrosus tears due to an injury or the aging process, the nucleus pulposus can begin to extrude through the tear.  This is called disc herniation. Near the posterior side of each disc, all along the spine, major spinal nerves extend out to different organs, tissues, extremities etc. It is very common for the herniated disc to press against these nerves (pinched nerve) causing radiating pain, numbness, tingling, and diminished strength and/or range of motion. In addition, the contact of the inner nuclear gel, which contains inflammatory proteins, with a nerve can also cause significant pain. Nerve-related pain is called radicular pain.
Herniated discs go by many names and these can mean different things to different medical professionals.  A slipped disc, ruptured disc, or a bulging disc can all refer to the same medical condition.
Protrusions of the disc into the adjacent vertebra are known as Schmorl's nodes.
Intestinal arteries
The intestinal arteries arise from the convex side of the superior mesenteric artery. They are usually from twelve to fifteen in number, and are distributed to the jejunum and ileum.

# Nomenclature
The term "intestinal arteries" can be confusing, because these arteries only serve a small portion of the intestines.
- They do not supply any of the large intestine. The large intestine is primarily supplied by the right colic artery, middle colic artery, and left colic artery.
- They do not supply the duodenum of the small intestine. The duodenum is primarily supplied by the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery and superior pancreaticoduodenal artery.
For clarity, some sources prefer instead using the more specific terms ileal arteries and jejunal arteries.

# Path
They run nearly parallel with one another between the layers of the mesentery, each vessel dividing into two branches, which unite with adjacent branches, forming a series of arches (arterial arcades), the convexities of which are directed toward the intestine.
From this first set of arches branches arise, which unite with similar branches from above and below and thus a second series of arches is formed; from the lower branches of the artery, a third, a fourth, or even a fifth series of arches may be formed, diminishing in size the nearer they approach the intestine.
In the short, upper part of the mesentery only one set of arches exists, but as the depth of the mesentery increases, second, third, fourth, or even fifth groups are developed.
The differences between the ileal arteries and the jejunal arteries can be summarized as follows:
From the terminal arches numerous small straight vessels (vasa recta) arise which encircle the intestine, upon which they are distributed, ramifying between its coats.
From the intestinal arteries small branches are given off to the lymph glands and other structures between the layers of the mesentery.
Intestinal parasite

# Overview
Intestinal parasites are parasites that populate the gastro-intestinal tract. In humans, they are often spread by poor hygiene related to feces, contact with animals, or poorly cooked food containing parasites.
The major groups of parasites include protozoans (organisms having only one cell) and parasitic worms (helminths). Of these, protozoans, including cryptosporidium, microsporidia, and isospora, are most common in HIV-infected persons. Each of these parasites can infect the digestive tract, and sometimes two or more can cause infection at the same time.

# Infection
Parasites can get into the intestine through the mouth from uncooked or unwashed food, contaminated water, or hands, or by skin contact with larva infected soil. People can also become infected with intestinal parasites if they have mouth contact with the genital or rectal area of a sexual partner who is infected (e.g. oral sex or anal-oral contact). When the organisms are swallowed, they move into the intestine, where they can reproduce and cause disease.

# Symptoms
In some people, intestinal parasites do not cause any symptoms, or the symptoms may come and go. Common signs and complaints include coughing, cramping abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence and diarrhea. In more serious infections, diminished sex drive, skin-itching, fever, nausea, vomiting, or bloody stools may occur. Some parasites also cause low red blood count (anemia), and some travel from the lungs to the intestine, or from the intestine to the lungs and other parts of the body. Many other conditions can result in these symptoms, so laboratory tests are necessary to determine their cause.
In children, irritability and restlessness are commonly reported by parents.
Intraosseous lipoma

# Overview
Intraosseous lipoma is the most frequent lipogenic lesion of bone. Patients range in age from 5 to 85 years, with the lesions being most frequently discovered in the 4th and 5th decades of life. Males are slightly more commonly affected than females. Although intraosseous lesions may be discovered incidentally, pain has been reported in up to 66% of cases. Pain may be mechanical due to expansile remodeling of bone or it may be related to the ischemic changes that frequently accompany these lesions. Frequent locations include Intertrochanteric region (34% of cases), Calcaneus (8%), Ilium (8%), tibia (13%), fibula (10%), humerus (5%), and ribs (5%). Long bone lesions typically occur in the metaphysis. Typically are solitary lesions. Treatment of intraosseous lipomas is often not indicated with asymptomatic lesions or those discovered incidentally. Symptomatic lipomas may be treated with curettage and bone graft placement.

# Diagnosis
The imaging findings are
- The radiologic appearance of intraosseous lipoma depends on the histologic composition of the lesion (contain varying amounts of fat, bone, fibrous tissue, and cystic degeneration)
- Intraosseous lipomas composed solely of fat are radiolucent, well-circumscribed lesions that frequently are associated with mild focal expansile remodeling of the affected bone. This is nonspecific appearance and shares the same features of unicameral bone cyst, fibrous dysplasia, and  plasmacytoma.
- Intraosseous lipoma containing only fat is easily differentiated from other primary osseous lesions at MR imaging or CT because both modalities offer the ability to document the intrinsic lesional adipose tissue.
- CT demonstrates the low attenuation of fat (<60 to 100 HU)
MRI shows T1 prolongation and T2 shortening similar to subcutaneous fat.
- CT demonstrates the low attenuation of fat (<60 to 100 HU)
- MRI shows T1 prolongation and T2 shortening similar to subcutaneous fat.
Patient #1: Calcaneal lipoma
- Sag PD
- Sag STIR
- Coronal PD
Iodine monochloride
Iodine monochloride is the compound with the formula ICl. This red brown compound melts just near room temperature.  Because of the difference in the electronegativity of iodine and chlorine, ICl is highly polar and behaves as a source of I+.
Preparation of iodine monochloride entails simply combining the halogens in a 1:1 molar ratio, according to this equation:
When chlorine gas is passed through iodine crystals, one observes the brown vapor of iodine monochloride. Dark brown iodine monochloride liquid is collected. Excess chlorine converts iodine monochloride into iodine trichloride in a reversible reaction:

# Polymorphs
Polymorphy is the phenomenon where a solid exists in two or more different crystalline forms.  ICl has two polymorphs, -ICl which are black needles (red by transmitted light) with a melting point of 27.2 C and -ICl which are black platelets (red-brown by transmitted light) with a melting point 13.9 C.

# Uses
ICl is a useful reagent in organic synthesis.  It is used as a source of electrophilic iodine to synthesise certain aromatic iodides.  It also cleaves C-Si bonds.
ICl, will also add to the double bond in alkenes to give chloro-iodo alkanes.
When such reactions are conducted in the presence of sodium azide, one obtains the iodo-azide, RCH(I)-CH(N3)R.
Ishihara color test
The Ishihara Color Test is a test for red-green color deficiencies. It was named after its designer, Dr. Shinobu Ishihara, a professor at the University of Tokyo, who first published his tests in 1917. 
The test consists of a number of colored plates containing a circle of dots randomized in color and size. Within the randomized pattern are dots which form a number visible to those with normal color vision and invisible, or difficult to see, for those with a red-green color vision defect.  The full test consists of thirty-eight plates, but the existence of a deficiency is usually clear after  a few plates.  Testing the first 24 plates gives a more accurate diagnosis of the level of severity one's color vision defect may be.
Common plates include a circle of dots in shades of green and light blues with a figure differentiated in shades of brown or a circle of dots in shades of red, orange and yellow with a figure in shades of green; the first testing for protanopia and the second for deuteranopia.

# Gallery
- Ishihara Plate No. 1
Ishihara Plate No. 1
- Ishihara Plate No. 11
Ishihara Plate No. 11
- Ishihara Plate No. 19
Ishihara Plate No. 19
- Ishihara Plate No. 23
Ishihara Plate No. 23
Isochore (genetics)
A large region of DNA (greater than 3 KB) with a high degree uniformity in G-C and C-G (collectively GC) which tends to have more genes, higher local melting or denaturation temperatures, and different flexibility. Overall, Isochores are largely homogeneous in GC content in contrast to the heterogeneity of the entire genome.
There are five families of isochores ranging in overall GC content:
- The L1 and L2 have a low GC-content of < 40% and have few genes
- The H1 has a GC content of ~47%
- The H2 has a GC content of ~52%
- The H3 has the highest GC content of > 52% and has the highest density of genes.
Isochores have been described using CsCl ultracentrifugation .
Isotopes of bismuth
Standard atomic mass: 208.98040(1) u
Isotopes of bismuth (Bi) occurring within the radioactive disintegration chains of actinium, radium and thorium were known as:
- radium E : 210Bi
- actinium C : 211Bi
- thorium C : 212Bi
- radium C : 214Bi

# Table

## Notes
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
Ivory vertebra sign

# Overview
Increase in opacity of a vertebral body that retains its size and contours, with no change in the opacity and size of adjacent intervertebral disks. 
Increased opacity may be diffuse and homogeneous and involve most or all of the vertebral body, giving it a white appearance.

# Differential diagnosis for an ivory vertebra
- Osteoblastic metastases
- Lymphoma
- Paget's disease
- Fluorosis
- Osteopetrosis

# Diagnostic Findings
Increase in opacity of a vertebral body that retains its size and contours, with no change in the opacity and size of adjacent intervertebral disks.

# Images
Image courtesy of RadsWiki
Jakarta Declaration
The Jakarta Declaration is a declaration signed at the World Health Organisation's 1997 Jakarta Conference. The declaration reiterated the importance of the agreements made in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, and added emphasis to certain aspects of public health promotion in the 21st century.
The declaration voiced an intention to:
- Promote social responsibility for health
- Increase investment in health development
- Expand partnerships for health promotion
- Increase community capacity to empower the individual
- Secure an infrastructure for health promotion
The declaration recognizes that:
- participation is necessary for change
- health literacy is essential for participation - emphasizes the need for access to education and information and hence, the empowerment of individuals and communities
- five action areas are more effective than a single approach
In the United Kingdom, the central message of the Jakarta declaration is similar to the government's current health policy. That is the emphasis on infrastructure and investment, with the hope of empowering the service user with choice.
Jeffrey M. Friedman
Jeffrey Friedman, MD, PhD, (born July 20, 1954) is a molecular geneticist at New York City's Rockefeller University.  His discovery of the hormone leptin and its role in regulating body weight has had a major role in the area of human obesity.

# Biography
Friedman was born in Orlando, Florida in 1954, and grew up in North Woodmere, New York. He graduated from Hewlett High School (Class of 1971), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and, in 1977, received his medical degree from Albany Medical College of Union University in Albany, NY (through a combined six year program).  His postgraduate life includes completing two residencies at Albany Medical Center Hospital, a postgraduate fellowship at Rockefeller as well as one at Cornell University Medical College. In 1986, he received a Ph.D. and became an assistant investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). He was recently awarded Kovalenko Award.

# Awards
His work in the area of obesity led to him receiving two prestigious awards in 2005: the Gairdner Foundation International Award and the Passano Foundation Award.  His work on leptin garnered him much television time, including an appearance on the PBS show Scientific American Frontiers in a long interview with host Alan Alda. In July 1997 he was awarded the Danone International Prize for Nutrition.
Jendrassik maneuver
Jendrassik maneuver is a medical maneuver wherein the patient flexes both sets of fingers into a hook-like form and interlocks those sets of fingers together. The tendon below the patient's knee is then hit with a reflex hammer.  The elicited response is compared with the reflex result of the same action when the maneuver is not in use. Often a larger reflex response will be observed when the patient is occupied with the maneuver, as the maneuver may prevent the patient from consciously inhibiting or influencing his or her response to the hammer. This effect was first observed in the late 19th century by Hungarian physician Erno Jendrassik, whom it was named after.
This maneuver is particularly useful in that even if the patient is aware that the interlocking of fingers is just a distraction in order to elicit a larger reflex response, it still functions properly.
The March 23, 2005, episode of the online comic, Dinosaur Comics revolved around the Jendrassik maneuver.
John Freeman Loutit
John Freeman Loutit CBE FRS Also known as 'Ian'. (19 February 1910 - 11 June 1992).
John Loutit contributed significantly to the development of improved techniques for the storage and transfusion of blood during the Second World War.
After the war he became a leading researcher in the then novel field of radiobiology.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1963.
John Peter Mettauer

# Overview
John Peter Mettauer (1787-1875) was an American surgeon and gynecologist. He studied medicine at Hampden-Sydney College and later in Philadelphia. In 1837 he founded a private medical school located between Prince Edward Court House and Kingsville. In 1847 he allied his school with Randolph-Macon College, which became the first medical department at Randolph-Macon.
Mettauer is remembered for his development of innovative surgical practices. Along with his two sons, he trained many physicians at his private medical school. In the 1830s and 1840s, he did pioneer work involving closure of vesicovaginal fistulae (VVF). He is also credited with performing the first cleft palate operation in the Americas (1827).
Mettauer also designed and developed his own surgical instruments, some of which are on display at the Esther Thomas Atkinson Museum at Hampden-Sydney College. Also, The John Peter Mettauer Award for Excellence in Research is a prestiguous award issued by Hampden-Sydney College.
Journal of Virology
The Journal of Virology is an academic journal that covers research concerning viruses, using cross-disciplinary approaches including biochemistry, biophysics, cell and molecular biology, genetics, immunology, morphology, physiology and pathogenesis. Established in 1967, it is published twice monthly by the American Society for Microbiology (ASM).
Like other primary journals from the ASM, research papers are currently available free online four months after print publication.
Its 2006 impact factor was 5.341, with a ranking of third of 23 journals in virology. The journal is indexed in Agricola, BIOSIS, Chemical Abstracts, Current Contents, EMBASE, Medline/Index Medicus and Science Citation Index.
As of 2007, the Editor-in-Chief is Lynn W. Enquist (Princeton University, New Jersey, USA).

# Reference
-  About the Journal of Virology (accessed 23 October 2007)

# External link
- Journal of Virology home page
de:Journal of Virology