Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Facial motor nucleus
The facial motor nucleus is a collection of neurons in the brainstem that belong to the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). These lower motor neurons innervate the muscles of facial expression and the stapedius.

# Anatomy
The nucleus is situated in the caudal portion of the ventrolateral pontine tegmentum. Its axons take an unusual course, traveling dorsally and looping around the abducens nucleus, then traveling ventrally to exit the ventral pons medial to the spinal trigeminal nucleus. These axons form the motor component of the facial nerve, with parasympathetic and sensory components forming the nervus intermedius.
The nucleus has a dorsal and ventral region, with neurons in the dorsal region innervating muscles of the upper face and neurons in the ventral region innervating muscles of the lower face.

# Classification
Because it innervates muscles derived from pharyngeal arches, the facial motor nucleus is considered part of the special visceral efferent (SVE) cell column, which also includes the trigeminal motor nucleus, nucleus ambiguus, and (arguably) the spinal accessory nucleus.

# Cortical input
Like all lower motor neurons, cells of the facial motor nucleus receive cortical input from the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe of the brain. Upper motor neurons of the cortex send axons that descend through the internal capsule and synapse on neurons in the facial motor nucleus. This pathway from the cortex to the brainstem is called the corticobulbar tract.
Interestingly, the neurons in the dorsal aspect of the facial motor nucleus receive inputs from both sides of the cortex, while those in the ventral aspect mainly receive contralateral inputs (i.e. from the opposite side of the cortex). The result is that both sides of the brain control the muscles of the upper face, while the right side of the brain controls the lower left side of the face, and the left side of the brain controls the lower right side of the face.

# Effects of lesions
As a result of the corticobulbar input to the facial motor nucleus, an upper motor neuron lesion to fibers innervating the facial motor nucleus results in central seven. The syndrome is characterized by flaccid paralysis of the contralateral lower face. For example, a left corticobulbar lesion results in paralysis of the muscles that control the lower right quadrant of the face.
By contrast, a lower motor neuron lesion to the facial motor nucleus results in paralysis of facial muscles on the same side of the injury. This condition is known as Bell's palsy.

# Additional images
- The cranial nerve nuclei schematically represented; dorsal view. Motor nuclei in red; sensory in blue.
- Nuclei of origin of cranial motor nerves schematically represented; lateral view.
- Primary terminal nuclei of the afferent (sensory) cranial nerves schematically represented; lateral view.
False discovery rate
False discovery rate (FDR)  control is a statistical method used in multiple hypothesis testing to correct for multiple comparisons. It controls the expected proportion of incorrectly rejected null hypotheses (type I errors) in a list of rejected hypotheses. It is a less conservative comparison procedure with greater power than familywise error rate  (FWER) control, at a cost of increasing the likelihood of obtaining type I errors.
The q value is defined to be the FDR analogue of the p-value. The q-value of an individual hypothesis test is the minimum FDR at which the test may be called significant. One approach is to directly estimate q-values rather than fixing a level at which to control the FDR.

# Classification of m hypothesis tests
The following table defines some random variables related to the m hypothesis tests.
- m_0 is the number of true null hypotheses
- m - m_0 is the number of false null hypotheses
- U is the number of true negatives
- V is the number of false positives
- T is the number of false negatives
- S is the number of true positives
- H_1 ... H_m the null hypotheses being tested
- In m hypothesis tests of which m0 are true null hypotheses, R is an observable random variable, and S, T, U, and V are unobservable random variables.
The false discovery rate is given by \mathrm{E}\!\left  = \mathrm{E}\!\left  and one wants to keep this value below a threshold \alpha.

# Controlling procedures

## Independent tests
The Simes procedure ensures that its expected value \mathrm{E}\!\left\, is less than a given \alpha (Benjamini and Hochberg 1995). This procedure is valid when the m tests are independent. Let H_1 \ldots H_m be the null hypotheses and P_1 \ldots P_m their corresponding p-values. Order these values in increasing order and denote them by P_{(1)} \ldots P_{(m)}. For a given \alpha, find the largest k such that
Then reject (i.e. declare positive) all H_{(i)} for i = 1, \ldots, k. ...Note, the mean \alpha for these m tests is \frac{\alpha(m+1)}{2m} which could be used as a rough FDR (RFDR) or "\alpha adjusted for m indep. tests."

## Dependent tests
The Benjamini and Yekutieli procedure controls the false discovery rate under dependence assumptions. This refinement modifies the threshold and finds the largest k such that:
- If the tests are independent: c(m) = 1 (same as above)
- If the tests are positively correlated: c(m) = 1
- If the tests are negatively correlated: c(m) = \sum _{i=1} ^m \frac{1}{i}
In the case of negative correlation, c(m) can be approximated by using the Euler-Mascheroni constant
Using RFDR above, an approximate FDR (AFDR) is the min(mean \alpha) for m dependent tests = RFDR / ( ln(m)+ 0.57721...).
Far-western blotting
Far-western blotting is a molecular biological method which is based on the technique of Western blotting. While usual western blotting uses an antibody to detect a protein of interest, far-western blotting uses a non-antibody protein, which can bind the protein of interest. Thus, whereas western blotting is used for the detection of certain proteins, far-western blotting is rather employed to detect protein:protein interactions.

# Method
In conventional western blotting, gel electrophoresis is used to separate proteins from a sample; these proteins are then transferred to a membrane in a 'blotting' step. In a western blot, specific proteins are then identified using an antibody probe.
Far-western blotting employs non-antibody proteins to probe the protein(s) of interest on the blot. In this way, binding partners of the probe (or the blotted) protein may be identified. The probe protein is often produced in E coli using an expression cloning vector.
The probe protein can then be visualized through the usual methods it may be radiolabelled; it may bear a specific affinity tag like His or FLAG for which antibodies exist; or there may be a protein specific antibody (to the probe protein).
Farnesoid X receptor
The bile acid receptor (BAR), also known as farnesoid X receptor (FXR) or NR1H4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4) is a nuclear receptor that is encoded by the NR1H4 gene  in humans.

# Function
FXR is expressed at high levels in the liver and intestine.  Chenodeoxycholic acid and other bile acids are natural ligands for FXR. Similar to other nuclear receptors, when activated, FXR translocates to the cell nucleus, forms a dimer (in this case a heterodimer with RXR) and binds to hormone response elements on DNA, which up- or down-regulates the expression of certain genes.
One of the primary functions of FXR activation is the suppression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis from cholesterol.  FXR does not directly bind to the CYP7A1 promoter.  Rather, FXR induces expression of small heterodimer partner (SHP), which then functions to inhibit transcription of the CYP7A1 gene. In this way, a negative feedback pathway is established in which synthesis of bile acids is inhibited when cellular levels are already high.
FXR has also been found to be important in regulation of hepatic triglyceride levels. Studies have also shown the FXR to regulate the expression and activity of epithelial transport proteins involved in fluid homeostasis in the intestine, such as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).

# Interactions
Farnesoid X receptor has been shown to interact with:
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha  and
- Retinoid X receptor alpha.

# Ligands
A number of ligands for FXR are known, of both natural and synthetic origin.
- Cafestol
- Chenodeoxycholic acid
- Obeticholic acid
- Fexaramine
- GW 4064
- Guggulsterone
Fat soluble vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins necessary to the human body as well as other mammals for daily repair and functioning of body organs.
These are vitamins that are stored in body fat and also dissolve in body fat as opposed to  water-soluble vitamins which dissolve in water and are not stored in the body.

# List of fat soluble vitamins
- Vitamin A: The tolerable upper intake level for adults is 3,000 mcg RAE.
- Vitamin D: The tolerable upper intake level is set at 50 mcg for people 1 year of age and older.
- Vitamin E: The tolerable upper intake levels for vitamin E varies. Large doses of vitamin E pose a hazard to people who take blood-thinning medications.
- Vitamin K: The tolerable upper intake level has not been established for vitamin K, excessive amounts can cause the breakdown of red blood cells and liver damage. Large doses are not advised.
The fat soluble vitamins are absorbed from the terminal ileum, and so pathology at this location can lead to their deficiency (e.g. ileal resection, Crohn's disease). They can also become deficient in poor diets, malabsorption (e.g. cystic fibrosis) and obstructive jaundce (bile is required in the duodenum/ileum to facilitate fat absorption).
Fat soluble vitamins are mostly found in fatty foods and fish-liver oils and are particularly rich in vitamins A and D. A certain amount of fat is needed in the diet to help the body absorb these vitamins. Vitamins A and D are also found in human liver and if the diet contains more vitamin A or D than is immediately required the surplus is stored in the liver. Enough of these vitamins is stored in the liver of a well-nourished person to satisfy the body's needs for several months if they are absent from the diet. If the diet contains too much vitamin A or D, however, the surplus will accumulate in the liver and may be harmful. Such excessive intakes are less likely to result from over-eating than through over-enthusiastic use of vitamin pills or dietary supplements.
Ferritin light chain
Ferritin light chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FTL gene.
It is abnormally expressed in fetuses of both IVF and ICSI, which may contribute to the increase risk of birth defects in these ART.

# Function
This gene encodes the light subunit of the ferritin protein. Ferritin is the major intracellular iron storage protein in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It is composed of 24 subunits of the heavy and light ferritin chains. Variation in ferritin subunit composition may affect the rates of iron uptake and release in different tissues. A major function of ferritin is the storage of iron in a soluble and nontoxic state. This gene has multiple pseudogenes.
Although ferritin light chain has no ferroxidase activity, the light chain may be responsible for the electron transfer across the ferritin protein cage.

# Clinical significance
Defects in this light chain ferritin gene are associated with several neurodegenerative diseases and hyperferritinemia-cataract syndrome.
Mutations of the FTL gene cause the rare adult-onset basal ganglia disease also known as neuroferritinopathy).

# Interactions
Ferritin light chain has been shown to interact with FTH1.
Fertility medication

# Overview
Fertility medication may in a larger sense include any medication that enhances fertility, but in a specific sense consists of agents that stimulate follicle development of the ovary. It is a variant of assisted reproductive technology.
Agents that enhance ovarian activity can be classified as either Gonadotropin releasing hormone, Estrogen antagonists or Gonadotropins.

# Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Either Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) itself or any of its agonist may be used. GnRH releases gonadotropins from the hypothalamus in the body. GnRH agonists includes i.e. Lupron.

# Estrogen antagonists
Fertility medication inhibiting the effects of estrogen includes Clomiphene citrate and Aromatase inhibitors.

## Clomiphene citrate
Clomiphene citrate is a SERM. It inhibits the negative feedback of estrogen and therefore stimulates ovulation.

## Aromatase inhibitors
Although primarily a breast cancer treatment, aromatase inhibitors can also work as fertility medication, probably by a mechanism similar to clomiphene citrate.

# Gonadotropins
Gonadotropins are the hormones in the body that normally stimulate the gonads (testes and ovaries). For medication, they can be extracted from urine or by genetic modification.

## Menotropins
Menotropins are urinary gonadotropins, i.e. they are extracted from the urine.

## Recombinant gonadotropins
Recombinant gonadotropins are gonadotropins created by inserting the DNA coding it into bacteriae. The bacterial DNA is then called Recombinant DNA. Examples of recombinant FSH are Follistim and Gonal F, while Luveris is a recombinant LH.

# Human chorionic gonadotropin
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is normally produced during pregnancy. However, it can also replace LH as a fertility medication.

# Adverse effects
Estrogen antagonists and gonadotropins may stimulate multiple follicles and other ovarian hormones leading to multiple birth and possible ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
Filter binding assay
In biochemistry, one of the ways to learn about an interaction between two molecules is to determine the binding constant, which is a number that describes the ratio of unbound and bound molecules. This information reveals the affinity between the two molecules and allows prediction of the amount bound given any set of initial conditions.
In order to measure a binding constant, one must find a way to measure the amount of complex formed over a range of starting concentrations. This can be achieved by "labeling" one of the species with a florescent, or in this case, a radioactive tag. The DNA is "labeled" by the addition of radioactive Phosphate derived from Adenosine triphosphate.
A filter binding assay is a simple way to quickly study many samples. It measures affinities between two molecules (often protein and DNA) using a filter. The filter is constructed of nitrocellulose paper, which is negatively charged. Since most proteins have a net positive charge, nitrocellulose paper is ideal for immobilizing proteins. DNA is negatively charged due to the phosphate backbone and will not "stick" to the nitrocellulose on its own, however, any DNA that has been bound by protein will stick. The exact amount of DNA "stuck" to the nitrocellulose is quantified by measuring the amount of radioactivity on the filter using a scintillation counter
Protein and DNA are mixed in a series of microfuge tubes in which the amount of DNA is kept constant, but the amount of protein is incrementally increased. These samples are allowed to equilibrate. After equliibration, an equal volume from each tube is squirted onto small, round, nitrocellulose filters which are arranged on a vacuum plate (a flat surface that has a vacuum applied from below to suck fluid downward). All of the protein will stick, but only the protein that has bound DNA will register in the scintillation counter.
Now, you will have a number that describes the amount of DNA bound for each concentration of protein used, this information can be plotted on a binding curve to determine the binding constant.
This assay is no longer used widely, but it is rapid and simple, and can give a lot of information. It would be used for relatively detailed analysis of a particular protein-DNA interaction, for example.
Measure the equilibrium constant:
- Incubate labeled DNA with protein.
- Allow enough time to allow the system to reach equilibrium.
- Filter the mixture through a filter disk made of nitrocellulose. Proteins bind to nitrocellulose, but DNA does not.
- Any DNA that is retained on the filter is there because it is interacting with the protein.
- Dry the filters and count.
Measure the off-rate:
- Take the filter with DNA-protein complex bound on it
- Wash the filter with buffer
- Quantify the amount of DNA remained on filter after it has been washed for a certain amount of time.
Another way of measuring off-rate:
- Radioactive labeled DNA and protein were pre-incubated together in high concentrations
- At time 0, the mixture was dilluted
- Aliquotes were assayed at various times using nitrocellulose filters
First-line treatment
A first-line treatment or first-line therapy is a medical therapy recommended for the initial treatment of a disease, sign or symptom, usually on the basis of empirical evidence for its efficacy.

# Overview
This evidence, often based on scientific research studies, of which the randomized controlled trial is the gold standard, typically suggests the recommended therapy is most likely to have an effect for the given condition.
Alternative treatment options, including switching to another treatment, or augmenting the first-line treatment with another treatment, may be recommended if the first-line therapy does not ease the symptoms, or produces intolerable side effects.
Perforating arteries
The perforating arteries, usually three in number, are so named because they perforate the tendon of the Adductor magnus to reach the back of the thigh.
They pass backward close to the linea aspera of the femur under cover of small tendinous arches in the muscle.
The first is given off above the Adductor brevis, the second in front of that muscle, and the third immediately below it.

# First
The first perforating artery (a. perforans prima) passes backward between the Pectineus and Adductor brevis (sometimes it perforates the latter); it then pierces the Adductor magnus close to the linea aspera.
It gives branches to the Adductores brevis and magnus, Biceps femoris, and Gluteus maximus, and anastomoses with the inferior gluteal, medial and lateral femoral circumflex and second perforating arteries.

# Second
The second perforating artery (a. perforans secunda), larger than the first, pierces the tendons of the Adductores brevis and magnus, and divides into ascending and descending branches, which supply the posterior femoral muscles, anastomosing with the first and third perforating.
The second artery frequently arises in common with the first.
The nutrient artery of the femur is usually given off from the second perforating artery; when two nutrient arteries exist, they usually spring from the first and third perforating vessels.

# Third/fourth
The third perforating artery (a. perforans tertia) is given off below the Adductor brevis; it pierces the Adductor magnus, and divides into branches which supply the posterior femoral muscles; anastomosing above with the higher perforating arteries, and below with the terminal branches of the profunda and the muscular branches of the popliteal.
The nutrient artery of the femur may arise from this branch.
The termination of the profunda artery, already described, is sometimes termed the fourth perforating artery.

# Additional images
- Cross-section through the middle of the thigh.
Rectovaginal fistula

# Overview
A rectovaginal fistula is a medical condition where there is a fistula or abnormal connection between the rectum and the vagina. 
Rectovaginal fistula may be extremely debilitating. If the opening between the rectum and vagina is wide it will allow both flatulence and feces to escape through the vagina, leading to fecal incontinence. There is an association with recurrent urinary and vaginal infections.

# Causes
Rectovaginal fistulae are often the result of trauma during childbirth (in which case it is known as obstetric fistula) in situations where there is inadequate health care, such as in some poor third world countries. Rates in Eritrea are estimated as high as 350 per 100,000 vaginal births. Fistulas can also develop in women and children who are raped; women with rectovaginal fistulae are often stigmatized in third world countries, and become outcasts.
Women in the West suffer similarly, mainly due to the fact that most people do not take the condition seriously. As such, discussing the disorder publicly is not something that many women feel they can do.
Rectovaginal fistulae can also be symptoms of various diseases, including infection by Lymphogranuloma venereum, or the unintended result of surgery, such as episiotomy or sexual reassignment surgery.   They may present as a complication of vaginal surgery, including vaginal hysterectomy. They are a recognized presentation of rectal carcinoma or rarely diverticular disease of the bowel or Crohn's disease.  They are seen rarely after radiotherapy treatment for cervical cancer.

# Theories about pregnancy
There has apparently been discussion in pop-medical circles at some time in the past of there being a possibility of semen travelling through a rectovaginal fistula during anal sex and potentially resulting in a pregnancy. While this is possible in theorya rectovaginal fistula is, after all, a passageway between the two related cavities through which other (semi)liquids are known to passthe obvious symptoms of the condition, including the severe, readily-apparent pain that may be associated with it, makes an unwitting instance of this phenomenon functionally impossible.
Volumetric flow rate

# Overview
In fluid dynamics and hydrometry, the volumetric flow rate, also volume flow rate and rate of fluid flow, is the volume of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time (for example cubic meters per second  in SI units, or cubic feet per second ). It is usually represented by the symbol Q. Volumetric flow rate should not be confused with volumetric flux, represented by the symbol q, with units of m3/(m2 s), that is, m s-1.  The integration of a flux over an area gives the volumetric flow rate.  Volumetric flow rate is also linked to viscosity.
Given an area A, and a fluid flowing through it with uniform velocity v with an angle  away from the perpendicular to A, the flow rate is:
In the special case where the flow is perpendicular to the area A, that is,  = 0, the volumetric flow rate is:
If the velocity of the fluid through the area is non-uniform (or if the area is non-planar) then the rate of fluid flow can be calculated by means of a surface integral:
where dS is a differential surface described by:
with n the unit surface normal and dA the differential magnitude of the area.
If a surface S encloses a volume V, the divergence theorem states that the rate of fluid flow through the surface is the integral of the divergence of the velocity vector field v on that volume:
Fluconazole overdose

# Overdosage topics
Human experience
Treatment
Animal data

## Human experience
There have been reports of overdosage with Fluconazole. A 42-year-old patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus developed hallucinations and exhibited paranoid behavior after reportedly ingesting 8200 mg of Fluconazole. The patient was admitted to the hospital, and his condition resolved within 48 hours. Return to top

## Treatment
In the event of overdose, symptomatic treatment (with supportive measures and gastric lavage if clinically indicated) should be instituted.
Fluconazole is largely excreted in urine. A three-hour hemodialysis session decreases plasma levels by approximately 50%. Return to top

## Animal data
In mice and rats receiving very high doses of Fluconazole, clinical effects in both species included decreased motility and respiration, ptosis, lacrimation, salivation, urinary incontinence, loss of righting reflex and cyanosis; death was sometimes preceded by clonic convulsions. Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.