Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm
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# Overview
Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms are aneurysms of the brain vasculature which occur in small blood vessels (less than 300 micrometers diameter). They should not be confused with saccular aneurysms (a.k.a. berry aneurysms), which occur in larger-sized blood vessels. Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms are most often located in the brainstem. They are associated with chronic hypertension.
As with any aneurysm, once formed they have a tendency to expand and eventually rupture, in keeping with the Law of Laplace. If a Charcot-Bouchard aneurysm ruptures, it will lead to an intracerebral hemorrhage, which can cause hemorrhagic stroke, typically experienced as a sudden focal paralysis or loss of sensation. In contrast, if a saccular aneurysm ruptures, it will lead to a subarachnoid hemorrhage, typically experienced as an extremely severe headache leading to loss of consciousness. Both situations are medical emergencies, but a subarachnoid hemorrhage is more dangerous, with mortality between 25 and 50%.
Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms are named for the French physicians Jean-Martin Charcot and Charles-Joseph Bouchard. It was Bouchard who discovered these aneurysms during his doctoral research under Charcot. These aneurysms do not exist, they are an artifact from the primitive staining techniques employed by Charcot and Bouchard. The vast majority of hemmorages into the brainstem and basal ganglia are caused by lipohyalinosis of perforating arterioles.
Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms are a common cause of stroke. They are aneurysms in the small penetrating blood vessels of the brainstem and midbrain.They are associated with hypertension. The common artery involved is lenticulostriate branch of middle cerebral artery. Other causes of intracranial hemorrhage include:
- Saccular aneurysm (aka berry aneurysm)
- Ateriovenous malformations
Children's Oncology Group

# Overview
The Children's Oncology Group (COG) is a worldwide clinical trial cooperative group supported by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and fashioned with the mission of studying childhood cancers. It was formed in 2000 with the merging of four independent cooperative groups; the Children's Cancer Study Group (CCG), Pediatric Oncology Group (POG), Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group (IRS), and the National Wilms Tumor Study Group (NWTS). This merger has seen its fair share of problems, especially with regard to integrating the various databases associated with each individual cooperative group. One such initiative to consolidate these databases involves caBIG or the cancer Biomedical Informatics Grid, which is guided and supported by the NCI in Bethesda, Maryland.

# Quality Assurance
The Children's Oncology Group has all of its protocol driven cases reviewed at the Quality Assurance Review Center (QARC). As mandated by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), every radiotherapy department participating in a COG study must submit their data to QARC for review. QARC is located in Providence, Rhode Island and reviews thousands of cases per year. The center was founded in 1977 as a not-for-profit healthcare organization designed to provide quality assurance for CALGB studies. Radiotherapy data from around one-thousand hospitals in both the United States and abroad is reviewed and archived at QARC.
Another center for quality assurance is the Radiological Physics Center (RPC) in Houston, Texas. The primary responsibility of the RPC is to assure the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and its cooperative groups like COG that all participating institutions are following the guidelines set-forth for the physics-related aspects of radiotherapy. Established in 1968, the RPC has consistently received funding from the NCI in order to perform the aforementioned mission.

# Resources
- Children's Oncology Group - website
- CureSearch - COG and National Childhood Cancer Foundation website with trial and educational information
- Quality Assurance Review Center
- Radiological Physics Center
- National Cancer Institute
- National Institutes of Health
- caBIG
- Stanford research on cancer related learning problems
Chorionic villus sampling

# Overview
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a form of prenatal diagnosis to determine genetic abnormalities in the fetus. It entails getting a sample of the chorionic villus (placental tissue) and testing it. It is generally carried out only on pregnant women over the age of 35 and those whose offspring have a higher risk of Down syndrome and other chromosomal conditions.
The advantage of CVS is that it can be carried out 10-12 weeks after the last period, earlier than amniocentesis (which is carried out at 15-18 weeks).

# Risks
CVS is similar to amniocentesis in terms of fetal mortality (0.2 to 0.3%). Apart from a risk of miscarriage, there is a risk of infection and amniotic fluid leakage. The resulting amniotic fluid leak can develop into a condition known as oligohydramnios which is low amniotic fluid Level. If the resulting olighydramnios is not treated and the amniotic fluid continues to leak it can result in the baby developing what is called hypoplastic lungs (underdeveloped lungs). If the baby develops hypoplastic lungs the lungs do not have a chance to mature, and the baby can die shortly after birth.
It is extremely important after having a CVS that the OB/GYN follow the patient closely to ensure the patient does not develop infection. The OB/GYN should also measure the patient's fundal height with a tape measure (this should be done on every prenatal visit) and routinely ultrasound the patient to ensure the baby has sufficient amniotic fluid.
Cognitive neuropsychiatry

# Overview
Cognitive neuropsychiatry is a sub-discipline of psychology and psychiatry that aims to understand mental illness and psychopathology in terms of models of normal psychological function. It is also a way of uncovering normal psychological processes by studying the effects of their change or impairment. It is derived from the fields of  psychiatry, cognitive neuroscience, and cognitive neuropsychology.
It is a relatively new discipline and only started in earnest in the 1990s but has been influential, not least because of its early successes in explaining some previously mysterious psychiatric disorders, most notably the Capgras delusion and other delusional misidentification syndromes.

# Further reading
- Halligan, P.W. Marshall, J.C. (1996) Method in Madness: Case Studies in Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. Psychology Press. ISBN 0-86377-442-3
- Halligan, P.W., and David, A.S. (2001). Cognitive Neuropsychiatry: towards a scientific psychopathology. Nature Neuroscience Review, 2, 209-215.
Collagen, type X, alpha 1
Collagen alpha-1(X) chain is a protein that in humans is a member of the collagen family encoded by the COL10A1 gene.
This gene encodes the alpha chain of type X collagen, a short chain collagen expressed by hypertrophic chondrocytes during endochondral ossification. Unlike type VIII collagen, the other short chain collagen, type X collagen is a homotrimer. Type X collagen has a short triple helical collagen domain flanked by the N-terminal NC2 and the C-terminal NC1 domains. The C-terminal NC1 domain has complement C1q-like structure.  Collagen X forms hexamer complexes through the association of NC1 regions. Mutations in this gene are associated with Schmid type metaphyseal chondrodysplasia (SMCD) and Japanese type spondylometaphyseal dysplasia (SMD).
DDR2 is a collagen receptor for it.
Recent studies into the early detection of colon cancer have identified COL10A1 protein levels in serum as a potential diagnostic biomarker candidate to detect both adenoma lesions and tumor.
Collagen alpha-1(X) undergoes degradation in the active growth plate releasing an intact NC1 region with a small amount of collagenous region attached. This degradation byproduct has been deemed CXM and has potential to be a useful biomarker to assess real time growth velocity in children and fracture healing in adults .
Collecting duct carcinoma

# NOTOC
Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) (also known as Bellini duct carcinoma), is a type of kidney cancer that originates in the papillary duct of the kidney.  It is rare, accounting for 1-3% of all kidney cancers.  It is also recently described;  a 2002 review found just 40 case reports worldwide. Previously, due to its location, CDC was commonly diagnosed as renal cell carcinoma or a subtype of renal cell carcinoma.  However, CDC does not respond well to chemotherapy drugs used for renal cell carcinoma, and progresses and spreads more quickly.

# Histology
Histologic examination of collecting duct carcinoma demonstrates an infiltrative lesion with tubulopapillary, irregular channels lined by high grade hobnail cells with marked desmoplastic response and brisk neutrophilic infiltrate.

# Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms are as for kidney cancer.

# History
CDC was thought to be renal cell carcinoma, until "recently developed techniques of lectin histochemistry" helped forward knowledge of kidney duct cancers.
Colony-stimulating factor
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are secreted glycoproteins which bind to receptor proteins on the surfaces of hemopoietic stem cells and thereby activate intracellular signaling pathways which can cause the cells to proliferate and differentiate into a specific kind of blood cell (usually white blood cells, for red blood cell formation see erythropoietin).

# Etymology
The name "colony-stimulating factors" comes from the method by which they were discovered.
Hemopoietic stem cells were cultured (see cell culture) on a so-called semi solid matrix which prevents cells from moving around, so that if a single cell starts proliferating, all of the cells derived from it will remain clustered around the spot in the matrix where the first cell was originally located, and these are referred to as "colonies."  It was therefore possible to add various substances to cultures of hemopoietic stem cells and then examine which kinds of colonies (if any) were "stimulated" by them.
The substance which was found to stimulate formation of colonies of macrophages, for instance, was called macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and so on.

# Examples
Colony-stimulating factors include:
- CSF1 - macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- CSF2 - Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factors (also called GM-CSF and sargramostim)
- CSF3 - Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (also called G-CSF and filgrastim)
- Synthetic - Promegapoietin
Common Technical Document
The 'Common Technical Document' or 'CTD' is a set of specification for application dossier for the registration of Medicines and designed to be used across Europe, Japan and the United States.  It was developed by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA, Europe), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, USA) and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan). The CTD is maintained by the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH).
The Common Technical Document is divided into 5 Modules :
- Administrative and prescribing information
- Overview and summary of modules 3 to 5
- Quality (pharmaceutical documentation)
- Safety  (toxicology studies)
- Efficacy (clinical studies)
Detailed subheadings for each Module are specified for all jurisdictions.  The contents of Module 1 and certain subheadings of other Modules will differ, based on national requirements.
After USA, European Union and Japan, the CTD has been adopted by several other countries including Canada and Switzerland.
The Paper CTD is destined to be replaced by its electronic counterpart, the eCTD.
Community first responder
A Community First Responder (CFR), is a person available to be dispatched by an ambulance control centre to attend medical emergencies in their local area.  These are normally, although not exclusively lay people and are used in the emergency healthcare systems of the United Kingdom, the USA, and Australia.

# Role
The general term "First Responder" refers to a person, trained, as a minimum, in basic life support and the use of a defibrillator, who attends a potentially life-threatening emergency. They may be a part of the statutory NHS ambulance service or complementary to it.  Examples of first responders include "co-responders" (police or fire service), members of staff of a shopping mall or other public place, members of a first aid organisation, lifeguards, community first responders, and others who have been trained to act in this capacity. Employees of the statutory ambulance services may also act as first responders whilst off-duty.
First Responders are there to start and maintain the Chain of survival until an Ambulance arrives. They do not replace the Ambulance service but do augment and assist.
UK Community First Responders have a dedicated online forum which allows them to discuss different practices throughout the UK.

# Reputation
Community First Responders are often ridiculed by employees of the statutory ambulance services and sometimes referred to as the "dodgy guy with a limp and a wonky eye."  In reality the majority of First Responders are between 20 and 40yrs old and in good health, and some of them hold positions such as directors of companies, ship's skippers, IT Technicians, Teachers and Nurses.

# Training
Training in many NHS Trusts consists of the Institute of Healthcare Development's (IHCD) First Person on Scene (FPOS) Basic or Intermediate courses  which includes CPR, basic first aid, Use of Oxygen and an AED or Automatic External Defibrillator. The training is often carried out over several weekends. The term is not to be confused with a Certified First Responder who has a much higher level of training.
Conduction system disease

# Overview
Conduction system disease is defined as an abnormality of either electrical impulse generation or conduction in the heart.

# Classification
A heart block can be a blockage at any level of the electrical conduction system of the heart:
- SA Nodal Block: Blocks that occur within the sinoatrial node (SA node) are described as SA nodal blocks.
- AV Nodal Block: Blocks that occur within the atrioventricular node (AV node) are described as AV nodal blocks.
- Infra-Hisian Block: Blocks that occur below the AV node are known as Infra-Hisian blocks (named after the bundle of His).
- Bundle Branch Block: Blocks that occur within the left or right bundle branches are known as bundle branch blocks.
- Hemiblock: Blocks that occur within the fascicles of the left bundle branch are known as hemiblocks.
Clinically speaking, most of the important heart blocks are AV nodal blocks and infrahisian blocks.

# See Also
Heart block
Configuration interaction
Configuration interaction (CI) is a post Hartree-Fock linear variational method for solving the nonrelativistic Schrodinger equation within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation for a quantum chemical multi-electron system. Two meanings are connected to the term configuration interaction in this context. Mathematically, configuration simply describes the linear combination of Slater determinants used for the wave function. In terms of a specification of orbital occupation (for instance, (1s)2(2s)2(2p)1...), interaction means the mixing (interaction) of different electronic configurations (states). Due to the long CPU time and immense hardware required for CI calculations, the method is limited to relatively small systems.
In contrast to the Hartree-Fock method, in order to account for electron correlation, CI uses a variational wave function that is a linear combination of configuration state functions (CSFs) built from spin orbitals (denoted by the superscript SO),
where  is usually the electronic ground state of the system. If the expansion includes all possible CSFs of the appropriate symmetry, then this is a full configuration interaction procedure which exactly solves the electronic Schrodinger equation within the space spanned by the one-particle basis set. The first term in the above expansion is normally the Hartree-Fock determinant. The other CSFs can be characterised by the number of spin orbitals that are swapped with virtual orbitals from the Hartree-Fock determinant. If only one spin orbital differs, we describe this as a single excitation determinant. If two spin orbitals differ it is a double excitation determinant and so on. This is used to limit the number of determinants in the expansion. For example, the method CID is limited to double excitations only. The method CISD is limited to single and double excitations. Single excitations on their own do not mix with the Hartree-Fock determinant. These methods, CID and CISD, are in many standard programs. The Davidson correction can be used to estimate a correction to the CISD energy to account for higher excitations. When solving the CI equations, approximations to excited states are also obtained, which differ in the values of their coefficients cI.
The CI procedure leads to a general matrix eigenvalue equation:
where c is the coefficient vector, e is the eigenvalue matrix, and the elements of the hamiltonian and overlap matrices are, respectively,
Slater determinants are constructed from sets of orthonormal spin orbitals, so that \left\langle \Phi_i^{SO} | \Phi_j^{SO} \right\rangle = \delta_{ij}, making \mathbb{S} the identity matrix and simplifying the above matrix equation.
Weill-Marchesani syndrome

# Overview
Weill-Marchesani syndrome (also known as Spherophakia-brachymorphia syndrome, congenital mesodermal dystrophy, and GEMSS syndrome) is a rare, genetic disorder characterized by short stature; an unusually short, broad head (brachycephaly) and other facial abnormalities; hand defects, including unusually short fingers (brachydactyly); and distinctive eye (ocular) abnormalities. These typically include unusually small, round lenses of the eyes (spherophakia) that may be prone to dislocating ectopia lentis as well as other ocular defects. Due to such abnormalities, affected individuals may have varying degrees of visual impairment, ranging from nearsightedness myopia to blindness. Researchers suggest that Weill-Marchesani syndrome may have autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant inheritance.

# Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made when several characteristic clinical signs are observed. There is no single test to confirm the presence of Weill-Marchesani syndrome. Exploring family history or examining other family members may prove helpful in confirming this diagnosis.

# Treatment and Prognosis
Eye surgery has been documented to help those with ocular diseases, such as some forms of glaucoma.
However, long term medical management of glaucoma has not proven to be successful for patients with Weill-Marchesani syndrome. Physical therapy and orthopedic treatments are generally prescribed for problems stemming from mobility from this connective tissue disorder. However, this disorder has no cure, and generally, treatments are given to improve quality of life.
Convergence insufficiency

# Overview
Convergence insufficiency is a sensory and neuromuscular anomaly of the binocular vision system, characterized by an inability to converge the eyes or sustain convergence.

# Symptoms
The symptoms and signs associated with convergence insufficiency are related to prolonged, visually-demanding, near-centered tasks. They may include, but are not limited to, diplopia (double vision), asthenopia (eye strain), transient blurred vision, 
difficulty sustaining near-visual function, abnormal fatigue, 
headache, and abnormal postural adaptation, among others.
Note that some Internet resources confuse convergence and divergence vergence dysfunction, reversing them.

# Diagnosis
Diagnosis of convergence insufficiency is made by an eye care professional skilled in binocular vision dysfunctions to rule out any organic disease. Convergence insufficiency characterized by one or more of the following diagnostic findings: High exophoria at near, reduced accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio, receded near-point of convergence, low fusional vergence ranges and/or facility.

# Treatment
Convergence insufficiency may be treated with convergence exercises prescribed by an orthoptist or vision therapist. Some cases of convergence insufficency are successfully managed by prescription of eyeglasses with therapeutic Prism (optics) and/or lenses.
In 2005, the Convergence Insufficency Treatment Trial (CITT) published two large, randomized clinical studies. The first demonstrated that in-office based vision therapy was more effective than home based treatment for convergency insufficiency in 9 to 18 year old children. The second found similar results for adults 19 to 30 years of age.

# Prevalence
A British survey found that less than 1 in 300 patients receiving optometric eye examinations had convergence insufficiency and a Spanish study found that nearly 1 in 100 (0.8%) of symptomatic patients in an optometric clinic had CI. In contrast, studies conducted by the Southern California College of Optometry found that approximately 1 in 8 (13%) of fifth and six grade children examined during visual screenings had the disorder as did nearly 1 in 5 (17.6%) of 8 to 12 year olds receiving examinations at optometry clinics. A recent Romanian study revealed that roughly 3 in 5 (60.4%) of young adult patients complaining of blurred vision at near work suffered from convergence insufficiency.
Critical pathways project

# Overview
Critical pathways are multidisciplinary management tools based on evidence-based practice for a specific group of patients with a predictable clinical course, in which the different tasks (interventions) by the professionals involved in the patient care are defined, optimized and sequenced.  The use of critical pathways in hospitals have been proven to improve the quality of care to patients, reduce the cost of care and reduce the length of hospital stay.  WikiDoc is proud to engage in such a project.

# Statement of Need
Health care has undergone rapid changes over the years.  The world of medicine is rapidly evolving and there is the need of a tool to improve the quality of health care administered to patients with the aim of reducing the cost of health care, standardizing health care processes, reducing the occurrence of medical errors and optimizing the treatment outcomes both in the acute and home care settings.

# How Can WikiDoc Meet These Needs?
The WikiDoc team has come up with the 'critical pathways project' intended to solve these problems.  The critical pathways project is focused on creating standardized treatment protocols for the management of medical conditions by applying evidence-based medical approaches to patient care.  With the use of critical pathways, a health care provider can rapidly determine the treatment goals of a specific medical condition and institute appropriate actions in a chronological sequence with optimal efficiency.  This project is intended for interns, residents, attending physicians, hospitalists, specialists, nurses, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants to contribute their knowledge and clinical experience.  This project aims at improving the quality of making diagnoses and treating medical conditions, reducing the variability in treatment, and to improve the overall quality of patient care.  WikiDoc welcomes your involvement in contributing to this project.

# How Can You Help WikiDoc Meet These Needs?
Your participation as an Assistant Editor-in-Chief in this project is very important to us at WikiDoc.  You are welcome to apply if you are an intern, resident, attending physician, specialist, nurse or a nurse practitioner.  It is required of you to have a strong grasp of medical knowledge, and preferably, a prior residency training and experience in order to apply.