Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Placenta cord banking
Placenta cord banking refers to the collection and storage of stem cells from the placenta, in addition to those found in cord blood, after the birth of a human baby.  Placental stem cells are those stem cells that are found only in the placenta and are collected after the blood from the umbilical cord is drawn.  They are non-embryonic stem cells, as are those obtained from umbilical cord blood.
Both the placenta and umbilical cord are also rich sources of stem cells.  Banking stem cells from the placenta in addition to those found in cord blood significantly increases the number of prenatal stem cells that are collected and preserved.

# Properties
The placenta is a rich source of CD34+ stem cells.  By banking both placental and cord blood stem cells, the total number of CD34+ stem cells is doubled, on average.   CD34+ cell dose is a factor that is consistently identified as significantly associated with rate of stem cell engraftment, treatment-related mortality, and survival.1

# Collection, storage and costs
While cord blood is collected by a health care provider at the hospital, the placenta must be sent back to the laboratory for processing before the stem cells can be recovered.  As such, placental stem cell collection and processing is more intensive than cord blood stem cell processing.
Both placental and cord blood stem cell units are processed and depleted of red blood cells and then cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen tanks at -196 degrees Celsius.  Placental and cord blood stem cells units are stored in two separate cryopreservation bags, yielding two separate stem cell units.
Placenta cord banking costs $2,950 to collect and process the two stem cell units (both the placenta and cord blood) and then $225 per year for annual storage fees.2

# Usage
Cord blood stem cells have been used to treat over 80 diseases to date, including leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and sickle cell anemia.  Over 8,000 cord blood stem cell transplants have been performed to date.3  Placental stem cells may be used in conjunction with cord blood stem cells to improve engraftment potential via an increased number of stem cells and CD34+ stem cells.
Plantar digital veins
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The plantar digital veins arise from plexuses on the plantar surfaces of the digits, and, after sending intercapitular veins to join the dorsal digital veins, unite to form four metatarsal veins.
Pneumoencephalography
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Pneumoencephalography (sometimes abbreviated PEG) is a medical procedure in which cerebrospinal fluid is drained to a small amount from around the brain and replaced with air, oxygen, or helium to allow the structure of the brain to show up more clearly on an X-ray picture. It is derived from ventriculography, an earlier and more primitive one where the air is injected through holes drilled in the skull.
The procedure was introduced in 1919 by the American neurosurgeon Walter Dandy.
Pneumoencephalography was performed extensively throughout the late 20th century, but it was extremely painful and, as researchers would later discover, very dangerous. 
The test was generally not well tolerated by patients. Headaches and severe vomiting were common side effects. Replacement of the spinal fluid was by natural generation and therefore recovery required as long as 2-3 months before full movement was restored.   Modern imaging techniques such as MRI and Computed tomography
By the late 1980s the procedure was largely abandoned by the medical community, having been supplanted by the CT scan and metrizamide cisternography. Today, pneumoencephalography is limited to the research field and is used under rare circumstances. A related procedure is pneumomyelography, where gas is used similarly to investigate the spinal canal.
Pneumoencephalography appears in popular culture in the movie The Exorcist (1973), when Linda Blair's Regan McNeil character undergoes the procedure.
Pocket protein family
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Pocket protein family consists of three proteins:
- RB- Retinoblastoma protein
- p107
- p130
They play crucial roles in the metazoan cell cycle through interaction with members of the E2F transcription factors family.
Polycythemia overview

# Overview
Polycythemia is a condition in which there is a net increase in the total number of red blood cells in the body. The overproduction of red blood cells may be due to a primary process in the bone marrow (a so-called myeloproliferative syndrome), or it may be a reaction to chronically low oxygen levels or, rarely, a malignancy.

# Historical Perspective
In 2005, a mutation in the JAK2 kinase (V617F) was found in multiple patients with myeloprolifrative neoplasm (including polycythemia vera) by different researchers.

# Classification
Based on the reasons, polycythemia is classified into two types; primary and secondary.

# Pathophysiology
Polycythemia is a number of symptoms that are caused by the increase of the total number of red blood cells in the body. This makes blood thicker in our blood vessels which may cause some problems. People with polycythemia will have an increase in their hemoglobin and hematocrit levels.

# Causes
Polycythemia is caused by the increase of the total number of red blood cells in the body.

# Differentiating Polycythemia from Other Diseases
Polycythemia vera must be differentiated from chronic myelogenous leukemia, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
The incidence of polycythemia is approximately 0.7 to 2.6 per 100,000 individuals in the US.

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

## Natural History

## Complications

## Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Study of Choice

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Electrocardiogram

## X-ray

## Echocardiography and Ultrasound

## CT scan

## MRI

## Other Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Interventions

## Surgery

## Primary Prevention

## Secondary Prevention
Polygonum multiflorum
Polygonum multiflorum, better known as Chinese knotweed or Flowery knotweed, is a widely used Chinese herb. It is said to rejuvenate the body, and is also commonly known as fo-ti, fo-ti-teng, ho shou wu, or he shou wu (). He Shouwu, a Chinese man who is reputed to have lived until the age of 132, is the first consumer of this herb to be reported.
The Chinese patent medicine called Shou Wu Chih has Polygonum multiflorum as one of its primary ingredients.
The roots contain considerable amounts of lecithin.
As a herb specimen, it is a quickly spreading vine that will cover anything rapidly.  There are delicate flowers that appear in the fall.

# Medicinal use
In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), P. multiflorum is believed to:
- Tonify the kidneys
- Balance a fragile yin.
- Treat weak bones and premature graying of hair
- Protection of skin against UVB damage
When taken internally, P. multiflorum also has a laxative effect.
P. multiflorum contains stilbene glycosides similar sex to resveratrol and with superior antioxidant activity.  Resveratrol is extracted from P. multiflorum's close relative, Japanese knotweed (P.Cuspidatum) Resveratrol has been suggested to extend lifespan by a variety of mechanisms.
Portmanteau inhibitor
A portmanteau inhibitor is a drug which is a combination of two drug molecules, each of which is itself a type of inhibitor.  The term was coined in 2007 by University of Minnesota researchers who designed and synthesized a combination HIV Reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an Integrase inhibitor.

# Footnotes
-  "U of M researchers announce advance in treatment of HIV". 25 July 2007. Unknown parameter |accessed-date= ignored (help).mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  "Researchers Discover New Method To Combat HIV". 25 July 2007. Unknown parameter |accessed-date= ignored (help)
-  Zhengqiang Wang, Eric M. Bennett, Daniel J. Wilson, Christine Salomon, and Robert Vince (2007). "Rationally Designed Dual Inhibitors of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 50 (15): 3416-3419. PMID 17608468.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Position (Obstetrics)

# Overview
Position of the fetus in Obstetrics refers to the orientation of the  presenting part with the pelvis of the mother. Conventionally, it is the position assumed by the fetus before the process of birth as during the course of childbirth, the fetus assumes various positions and postures.

# Positions
Depending upon which part of the fetus is expected to be delivered first (fetal presentation), there are many possible positions:
- Vertex presentation with longitudinal lie:
- Left occipitoanterior (LOA)the occiput Occiput is the prominence of the back of the head, as against the buttocks, is close to the vagina (hence known as vertex presentation) faces anteriorly (forward with mother standing) and towards left. This is the most common position and lie.
- Right occipitoanterior (ROA)the occiput faces anteriorly and towards right. Less common than LOA, but not associated with labor complications.
- Left occipitoposterior (LOP)the occiput faces posteriorly (behind) and towards left.
- Right occipitoposterior (ROP)the occiput faces posteriorly and towards right.
- Occipitoanteriorthe occiput faces anteriorly (absolutely straight without any turning to any of the sides)
- Occipitoanterior
- Breech presentation with longitudinal lie:
- Left sacrum anterior (LSA)the buttocks, as against the occiput of the vertex presentation, like close to the vagina (hence known as breech presentation), which like anteriorly and towards the left.
- Right sacrum anterior (RSA)the buttocks face anteriorly and towards the right.
- Left sacrum posterior (LSP)the buttocks face posteriorly and towards the left.
- Right sacrum posterior (RSP)the buttocks face posteriorly and towards right.
- Sacrum anterior (SA)the buttocks face anteriorly.
- Sacrum posterior (SP)the buttocks face posteriorly.
Post-lingual deafness
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Post-lingual deafness means to contract deafness after the age in which spoken language is usually learned, or about age 3.
Post-zygotic mutation
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A post-zygotic mutation is a mutation that an organism acquires during its lifespan, rather than inheriting from its parent(s).
Posterior drawer test
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# Overview
Posterior drawer test is the most appropiate test to evaluate the patient for a posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tear.

## How to Perform Posterior Drawer Test?
With the patient lying flat and relaxed, the examiner bends the knee to a right angle (90 degrees). The examiner then places his fingers on the knee joint, and attempts to shift the tibia backwards.
The test places stress on the PCL. Both the amount of movement (shifting) of the shin bone, as well as the feel of the endpoint of movement (how solid the ligament feels), offer information about the PCL. Knees with a damaged PCL may demonstrate more movement and a less firm endpoint during a posterior drawer test.

## Video 1

## Video 2

# See Also
- Drawer test
- Anterior drawer test
- Knee examination
Posterior tibial vein
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# Overview
In anatomy, the posterior tibial vein of the lower limb carries blood from the posterior compartment and plantar surface of the foot to the popliteal vein which it forms when it joins with the anterior tibial vein.
Like most deep veins, the posterior tibial vein is accompanied by an artery of the same name, the posterior tibial artery, along its course.

# Additional images
- Cross-section through middle of leg.
- Major arteries of the leg (posterior view)
- Back of left lower extremity, showing surface markings for bones, vessels, and nerves.
Postganglionic fibers
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# Overview
In the autonomic nervous system, fibers from the ganglion to the effector organ are called postganglionic fibers.

# Neurotransmitters
The neurotransmitters used for postganglionic fibers differ:
- In the parasympathetic division, they are cholinergic (that is, they use acetylcholine as their neurotransmitters.)
- In the sympathetic division, most are adrenergic (that is, they use norepinephrine as their neurotransmitters.)  One exception of this is the sympathetic innervation of sweat glands, which uses acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter at both pre and post ganglionic synapses.
Potassium clavulanate
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Potassium clavulanate or clavulanate potassium is an enhanced property chemical based on the tertiary butylamine salt of clavulanic acid.
It is usually supplied mixed with Avicel (Microcrystalline cellulose), Syloid 244 (Colloidal Silicon dioxide) or Amoxicillin (to form Co-amoxiclav) or Ticarcillin (to form Timentin).
Potassium thiocyanate
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Potassium thiocyanate is the chemical compound with the molecular formula KSCN.  It is an important salt of the thiocyanate anion, one of the pseudohalides.  The compound has a low melting point relative to most other inorganic salts.

# Use in chemical synthesis
Aqueous KSCN reacts almost quantitatively with Pb(NO3)2 to give Pb(SCN)2.  The lead compound has been used to convert acyl chlorides to the thiocyanates.
KSCN converts ethylene carbonate to ethylenesulfide.  For this purpose, the KSCN is first melted under vacuum to remove water.  In a related reaction, KSCN converts cyclohexene oxide to the corresponding episulfide.
Its the starting product for the synthesis of carbonyl sulfide.

# Other uses
Dilute aqueous KSCN is occasionally used for moderately realistic blood effects in film and theater. It can be painted onto a surface or kept as a colourless solution. When in contact with ferric chloride solution, the product of the reaction is a blood red solution.
Probability amplitude
In quantum mechanics, a probability amplitude is a complex-valued function that describes an uncertain or unknown quantity. For example, each particle has a probability amplitude describing its position.  This amplitude is the wave function, expressed as a function of position.  The wave function is a complex-valued function of a continuous variable.
For a state , the associated probability density function is *, which is equal to ||2. This is sometimes called just probability density, and may be found and used without normalization.
Probability amplitude: \psi (x) \,
Probability density: |\psi (x)|^2 = \psi (x)^- \psi (x) \,
If ||2 has a finite integral over the whole of three-dimensional space, then it is possible to choose a normalising constant, c, so that by replacing  by c the integral becomes 1. Then the probability that a particle is within a particular region V is the integral over V of ||2.  Which means, according to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, that, if some observer tries to measure the quantity associated with this probability amplitude, the result of the measurement will lie within  with a probability P() given by
Probability amplitudes which are not square integrable are usually interpreted as the limit of a series of functions which are square integrable.  For instance the probability amplitude corresponding to a plane wave corresponds to the 'non physical' limit of a monochromatic source of particles.  Another example: The Siegert wave functions describing a resonance are the limit for t\to\infty of a time-dependent wave packet scattered at an energy close to a resonance.  In these cases, the definition of P() given above is still valid.
The change over time of this probability (in our example, this corresponds to a description of how the particle moves) is expressed in terms of  itself, not just the probability function ||2. See Schrodinger equation.
In order to describe the change over time of the probability density it is  acceptable to define the probability flux (also called probability current). The probability flux j is defined as
and measured in units of (probability)/(area  time) = r2t1.
The probability flux satisfies a quantum continuity equation, i.e.:
where P(x, t) is the probability density and measured in units of (probability)/(volume) = r3.
This equation is the mathematical equivalent of probability conservation law.
It is easy to show that for a plane wave function,
the probability flux is given by
The bi-linear form of the axiom has interesting consequences as well.

# Notes
-  Max Born was awarded part of the 1954  Nobel Prize in Physics for this work.
cs:Amplituda pravdepodobnosti
hu:Valoszinusegi amplitudo
it:Ampiezza di probabilita
sk:Amplituda pravdepodobnosti
uk:
Professional courtesy
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Professional courtesy is the tradition among physicians to not charge for treatment of each others family.   The purpose was to discourage physicians from having members of their own family as patients, as well as to foster bonds among physicians. The custom dates back to Hippocrates. 
The term may also be applied to specific behaviors in non-medical professions, such as police officers not ticketing each other. The phrase may also be applied in a literal form, such as required ethical behavior of lawyers towards each other. 
In medical profession, this tradition is respected in the US, Egypt. Certain high profile physicians tend to disregard it to encourage fellow patients to use services of other less costly physicians.