The WikiDoc Living Textbook of Cardiology

# ANATOMY

# Cardiovascular Anatomy
Arteries | Coronary arteries |  Head and Neck | Upper Limbs | Torso-Chest | Torso-Abdomen | Lower Limbs | All
Veins | Head and Neck | Upper Extremity | Torso |  Lower Extremity
Atria | Atria | Left atrium | Right atrium | Interatrial septum | Musculi pectinati
Ventricles | Ventricles | Left ventricle | Right ventricle | Interventricular septum | Trabeculae carneae | Chordae tendinae | Papillary muscle
Valves | Valves | Aortic valve | Mitral valve | Pulmonic valve | Tricuspid valve | Cusps
Regions | Base | Apex
Grooves | Coronary/atrioventricular | Interatrial | Anterior interventricular | Posterior interventricular
Surfaces | Sternocostal | Diaphragmatic
Borders | Right | Left
Right heart | Vena cavae | Coronary sinus | Right atrium | Right auricle | Fossa ovalis | Limbus of fossa ovalis | Crista terminalis |  Valve of the inferior vena cava | Valve of the coronary sinus | Tricuspid valve | Right ventricle | Conus arteriosus | Moderator band/septomarginal trabecula | Pulmonary valve | Pulmonary artery |  Pulmonary circulation
Left heart | Pulmonary veins | Left atrium | Left Auricle | Mitral valve | Left ventricle | Aortic valve | Aortic sinus | Aorta |  Systemic circulation
Pericardium | Pericardium | Fibrous pericardium | Serous pericardium | Pericardial cavity | Epicardium/visceral layer | Pericardial sinus
Myocardium | Myocardium | Endocardium | Cardiac skeleton | Fibrous trigone | Fibrous rings
Conduction system | Conduction system | Cardiac pacemaker | SA node | AV node | Bundle of His | Purkinje fibers

# PHYSIOLOGY

# Cardiovascular Physiology
Volumes | Preload | Afterload | End-systolic volume | End-diastolic volume | Frank-Starling law of the heart | Cardiac output
Interactions | Wiggers diagram | Pressure volume diagram
Tropism | Chronotropy | Dromotropy | Inotropy
Hemodynamics | Hemodynamics | Baroreflexes | Kinin-kallikrein system | Renin-angiotensin system | Vasoconstrictors | Vasodilators | Compliance | Vascular resistance
Conduction | Electrical conduction system of the heart | Cardiac action potential
Cardiopulmonary | Respiratory physiology | Blood | Pulmonary circulation | Perfusion (Q) | Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction | Pulmonary shunt | Ventilation/perfusion scan | ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q) |  Zones of the lung | Gas exchange | Pulmonary gas pressures | Alveolar gas equation | Hemoglobin | Oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve | 2,3-DPG | Bohr effect | Haldane effect | Carbonic anhydrase | Chloride shift | Oxyhemoglobin | Respiratory quotient | Arterial blood gas | Diffusion capacity | Dlco

# DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

# Cardiovascular Development
Arteries | Dorsal aorta | Aortic arches | Vitelline arteries | Ductus arteriosus | Umbilical artery
Veins | Cardinal veins | Ducts of Cuvier | Vitelline veins | Ductus venosus | Umbilical vein
Heart Development 	| Primitive heart tube | Truncus arteriosus | Bulbus cordis | Primitive ventricle | Primitive atrium | Sinus venosus | Septum primum | Ostium primum | Ostium secundum | Septum secundum | Foramen ovale | Endocardial cushions | Septum intermedium | Aorticopulmonary septum | Atrial canal

# BASIC SCIENCE

# Cardiovascular Biochemistry
Molecular Biology   |   Biochemistry   |   Organic Chemistry   |   Enzymes |   Immunology

# DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES IN CARDIOLOGY

# The Patient History in Cardiovascular Disease
Chest Pain | Claudication | Cough | Dyspnea | Orthopnea | Palpitations | Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea | Pedal Edema

# The Physical Examination in Cardiovascular Disease
The Pulse | The Neck | The Heart | Lungs |
The Extremities

# The Electrocardiogram
Intervals | PR Interval | QRS Interval | QT Interval | T Wave | U Wave
Hypertrophy | Electrocardiographic Findings in LVH | Electrocardiographic Findings in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH) | Biventricular Hypertrophy
Bundle Branch Block | LBBB | LAHB | RBBB | Trifascicular block
Atrial Arrhythmias | Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs) | Ectopic Atrial Rhythm | Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) | Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia (PAT) with Block | Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT) | Atrial Flutter | Atrial Fibrillation
Ventricular Arrhythmias | Differential Diagnosis of Tachycardia with a Wide QRS Complex
Conduction Abnormalities | First Degree AV Block | Second Degree AV Block | Complete or Third-Degree AV Block | Concealed conduction | AV Junctional Rhythms | Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Different Disease States | The EKG in the Patient with an Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) | EKG Changes of Hypothermia | EKG Abnormalities in CNS Disease | The EKG of Cardiac Transplantation | The EKG in a Patient with a Pacemaker | Electrocardiography of Traumatic Heart Disease
Drug Effects on the EKG | Digitalis | Quinidine | Procainamide | Disopyramide | Lidocaine | Tocainide and Mexiletine | Phenytoin | Encainide, Flecainide and Propafenone | -blockers | Amiodarone | Bretylium | Ca Channel Blockers | Adenosine | Phenothiazines | Tricyclic Antidepressants | Lithium
EKG in Electrolyte Disturbances | The EKG in Hyperkalemia | The EKG in Hypokalemia | The EKG in Hypercalcemia | The EKG in Hypocalcemia | Nonspecific ST-Segment and T-Wave Changes

# Exercise Stress Testing

# Cardiac Electrophysiology

# Cardiac Biomarkers
Creatine Kinase | Cytokines and their receptors | Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) | Metalloproteinases (MMPs) | Natriuretic peptides | Prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F1.2) | Prothrombin time (PT) | Soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) | Thrombus precursor protein (TpP) | Von Willebrand factor (vWF) | White blood cell (WBC) count

# An Overview of Cardiac Imaging

# The Chest X Ray in Cardiovascular Disease

# Echocardiography

# Nuclear Cardiology

# Coronary Angiography

# Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR)

# CT Angiography

# Positron Emission Tomography

# CARDIAC DISEASE STATES

# The Genetic Basis of Heart Disease

# Congenital Heart Disease
Click on Show on the right to expand:

# Cardiac Disease in Pregnancy

# Cardiac Diseases in AIDS

# Diseases of the Pericardium

# Trauma and the Heart
Commotio cordis

# Diseases of the Valvular Structures
Aortic Stenosis | Aortic Regurgitation | Mitral Stenosis | Mitral Regurgitation | Mitral Valve Prolapse | Pulmonic Regurgitation | Pulmonic Stenosis | Tricuspid Valve Prolapse | Tricuspid Regurgitation | Tricuspid Stenosis | Infective Endocarditis

# Diseases of the Myocardium
Cardiomegaly | Cardiomyopathy | Congestive Heart Failure | Left Ventricular Hypertrophy | Myocarditis

# Cardiac Arrhythmias

# VASCULAR MEDICINE

# Vascular Medicine

# Diseases of the Aorta

# Peripheral Arterial Disease

# Sytemic Arterial Hypertension

# Hypotension

# Primary Cardiac Tumors

# The Heart in Oncologic Disease

# Endocrine Disease and the Heart
Hyperthyroidism | Hypothyroidism | Hypoparathyroidism | Acromegaly

# Renal Disease and the Heart

# Infectious Disease and the Heart
AIDS | Chagas'

# Autoimmune/Rheumatologic Disease and the Heart
Ankylosing Spondylitis | Antiphospholipid Syndrome | Behcet | Chagas | Crohn | Essential Mixed Cryoglobulinemia | Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis | Kawasaki | Lupus | Mixed Connective Tissue Disorder | Polyarteritis Nodosa | Polychondritis | Polymyositis & Dermatomyositis | Psoriasis | Rheumatoid Arthritis | Scleroderma | Sarcoidosis | Takayasu | Temporal Arteritis | Ulcerative Colitis |  Wegener's Granulomatosis | Wilson

# Pulmonary Embolism

# Pulmonary Hypertension

# Cor Pulmonale

# Pre-Operative Clearance

# HEMOCARDIOLOGY

# The Role of the Coagulation System in Heart Disease

# CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

# Atherosclerosis Prevention and Risk Factor Modification

# Chronic Stable Angina
Introduction  |  Definition  |  Historical Perspective  |  Epidemiology  |  Pathophysiology  |  Presentation  |  Recognition of Clinical Subsets  |  Risk Factors  |  Diagnosis  |  Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain  |  Treatment  |  Prognosis  |  Rehabilitation  |  Prevention

# Unstable Angina

# Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction

# ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Overview  |   Epidemiology and Demographics  |  Pathophysiology of Reperfusion  |  Risk Factors  |  Pathophysiology  |  Triggers  |  Classification
Diagnosis  |  Symptoms  |  Physical Examination  |  Electrocardiogram  |  Cardiac Markers  |  Coronary Angiography  |  Histopathology
Treatment  |  Pre-Hospital Care  |  Initial Care  |  Thrombolytic Therapy  |  Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention  | Rescue Percutaneous Coronary Intervention  | Facilitated Percutaneous Coronary Intervention  | Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery  |  Barriers to Implementing Clinical Guidelines
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Arrhythmia Monitoring  |  Secondary Prevention  |  Complications  |  Prognosis  |  
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction  |  Cardiac Rehabilitation

# The Living Guidelines

# PHARMACOTHERAPY

# Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy

## Adrenergic Agonists
Adrenergic Agonists Overview
Direct Acting | Dobutamine | Dopamine | Epinephrine | Formoterol | Isoproterenol | Metaproterenol | Methoxamine | Norepinephrine | Phenylephrine | Salmeterol | Tamsulosin | Terbutaline
Indirect Acting | Amphetamine | Tyramine
Mixed Action | Ephedrine

## Angiotensin-Renin Inhibitors (C09)
ACE Inhibitor Overview | Benazepril | Captopril | Enalapril | Fosinopril | Lisinopril | Perindopril | Quinapril | Ramipril | Spirapril | Trandolapril
Angiotensin II receptor antagonist Overview | Candesartan | Eprosartan | Irbesartan | Losartan | Olmesartan | Tasosartan | Telmisartan | Valsartan
Renin Inhibitors Overview | Aliskiren | Remikiren

## Antiarrhythmic agents
Antiarrhythmic Agents Overview (C01B)
Class Ia | Ajmaline | Disopyramide | Prajmaline | Procainamide | Quinidine | Sparteine
Class Ib | Aprindine | Lidocaine | Mexiletine | Tocainide
Class Ic | Encainide | Flecainide | Lorcainide | Moricizine | Propafenone
Class II | Propranolol | Metoprolol | Nadolol | Atenolol | Acebutolol | Pindolol see Beta blockers (C07)
Class III | Amiodarone | Bretylium tosylate | Bunaftine | Dofetilide | Ibutilide | Sotalol
Class IV | Verapamil | Diltiazem see Calcium channel blockers (C08)
Class V | Adenosine | Atropine | Digoxin

## Anticoagulants
Anticoagulants Overview
Vitamin K Antagonists Overview | Acenocoumarol | Clorindione | Coumatetralyl | Dicumarol (Dicoumarol) | Diphenadione | Ethyl biscoumacetate | Phenprocoumon | Phenindione | Tioclomarol | Warfarin

## Antihypertensives and Diuretics
Antihypertensive Overview (C02) and Diuretic Overview (C03)
Sympatholytic Agents Overview (including Alpha Blockers Overview)
Vasodilators Overview | Diazoxide | Hydralazine | Minoxidil | Nitroprusside | Phentolamine
Other antihypertensives
Low ceiling diuretics
High ceiling diuretics

## Antiplatelet Agents
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors Overview | Abciximab | Eptifibatide | Tirofiban
ADP Receptor Antagonists | Clopidogrel | Ticlopidine | Prasugrel
Prostaglandin Analogues Overview | Beraprost | Prostacyclin | Iloprost | Treprostinil
Other Antiplatelet Agents Acetylsalicylic acid/Aspirin | Aloxiprin | Ditazole | Carbasalate calcium | Cloricromen | Dipyridamole | Indobufen | Picotamide | Triflusal

## Antithrombins
Direct Thrombin Inhibitors Overview | Argatroban | Bivalirudin | Dabigatran | Desirudin | Hirudin | Lepirudin | Melagatran | Ximelagatran
Indirect Thrombin Inhibitors
Other Antithrombotics | Defibrotide | Dermatan sulfate | Fondaparinux | Rivaroxaban
Non-Medicinal Antithrombins Overview | Citrate | EDTA | Oxalate

## Beta Blockers
Beta Blockers Overview (C07)
Non-selective  antagonists | Metipranolol | Nadolol | Oxprenolol | Penbutolol | Pindolol | Propranolol | Timolol | Sotalol
1 antagonists (cardioselective) | Atenolol | Acebutolol | Betaxolol | Bisoprolol | Esmolol | Metoprolol | Nebivolol
Mixed 1/ antagonists | Carvedilol | Labetalol

## Calcium Channel Blockers
Calcium Channel Blocker Overview
Class I Phenylalkylamines (C08DA) | Verapamil
Class II Dihydropyridines (C08CA) 
Class III Benzothiazepines (C08DB)

## Cardiac Glycosides
Cardiac Glycoside Overview (C01A)
Digitalis Glycosides Overview | Acetyldigitoxin | Acetyldigoxin | Digitalis leaves | Digitoxin | Digoxin | Lanatoside C | Deslanoside | Metildigoxin | Gitoformate
Scilla Glycosides Overview | Proscillaridin
Strophantus Glycosides Overview | G-strophanthin | Cymarin
Other Cardiac Glycosides | Peruvoside

## Cardiac Stimulants Excluding Cardiac Glycosides
Cardiac stimulants excluding cardiac glycosides (C01C)
Adrenergic Overview and Dopaminergic Overview agents |
Etilefrine | Isoprenaline | Norepinephrine | Dopamine | Norfenefrine | Phenylephrine | Dobutamine | Oxedrine | Metaraminol | Methoxamine | Mephentermine | Dimetofrine | Prenalterol | Dopexamine | Gepefrine | Ibopamine | Midodrine | Octopamine | Fenoldopam | Cafedrine | Arbutamine | Theodrenaline | Epinephrine
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Overview (PDE3I) | Amrinone | Milrinone | Enoximone | Bucladesine
Other cardiac stimulants | Angiotensinamide | Xamoterol | Levosimendan

## Fibrinolytics
Alteplase | Reteplase | Tenecteplase | Streptokinase, Urokinase | Saruplase | Anistreplase

## Hypolipidemic Agents
Statins Overview | Atorvastatin | Cerivastatin | Fluvastatin | Lovastatin | Mevastatin | Pitavastatin | Pravastatin | Rosuvastatin | Simvastatin
Fibrates Overview | Clofibrate | Bezafibrate | Aluminium clofibrate | Gemfibrozil | Fenofibrate | Simfibrate | Ronifibrate | Ciprofibrate | Etofibrate | Clofibride
Bile Acid Sequestrant Overview | Colestyramine | Colestipol | Colextran | Colesevelam
Niacin and Derivatives | Niceritrol | Niacin | Nicofuranose | Aluminium nicotinate | Nicotinyl alcohol | Acipimox
Other | Dextrothyroxine | Probucol | Tiadenol | Benfluorex | Meglutol | Omega-3-triglycerides | Magnesium pyridoxal 5-phosphate glutamate | Policosanol | Ezetimibe

## Nitrates
Nitrates Overview |  Glyceryl trinitrate | Isosorbide dinitrate | Isosorbide mononitrate | Molsidomine | Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

## Pulmonary Artery Hypertension
Medications used in the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension Overview (B01, C02)
Prostacyclin Overview | Beraprost | Epoprostenol | Iloprost | Treprostinil
Endothelin Receptor Antagonists Overview | Ambrisentan | Bosentan | Sitaxsentan
PDE5 Inhibitors Overview | Sildenafil | Tadalafil | Vardenafil
Adjunctive therapy | Calcium channel blockers | Diuretics | Digoxin | Oxygen therapy | Warfarin

## Vasodilators
Vasodilators Overview (C01D)
Quinolone Vasodilators Overview | Flosequinan
Other Vasodilators | Heptaminol | Molsidomine | Nicorandil | Nesiritide

# INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY

# Interventional Cardiology
Diagnostic Catheterization | Risk Stratification and the Benefits of PCI vs Medical Therapy | Conscious Sedation | Preparation of the Patient for Diagnostic Catheterization | Technical Aspects of the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory | Obtaining Venous and Arterial Access | Equipment Used in Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterizaiton | Hemodynamic Assessment in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory | Radiation Safety
Assesement of coronary lesions | Coronary Fractional Flow Reserve (FFR)) | Coronary flow reserve(CFR) | Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)
PCI | Preparation of the Patient for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) | Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI): Basic Principles and Guidelines | Equipment Used in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Pharmacotherapy to Support PCI | Antiplatelet therapy | Antithrombotic therapy | Angiography and PCI in Special Patient Populations | Management Of Specific Lesion Types | High Risk Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) | Vascular Closure Devices | Post PCI Medical Management of the Interventional Patient | Complications During and Following Cardiac Catheterization and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention | Coronary stent thrombosis
PCI in Specific Populations and Lesion Types
- Assessment of Lesion Complexity and Morphology Using Coronary Lesion Classification Systems
- Angiographically Visible Thrombus
- The Calcified Leison
- The Ostial Lesion
- The Angulated or Tortuous Lesion
- Management of the Bifurcation Lesion
- The Long Lesion
- Management of a Coronary Bridge Lesion and Kinks
- Management of Coronary Vasospasm
- The Chronic Total Occlusion (CTO)
- Intervention in Small Vessels
- Intervention in Diffusely Diseased Vessels
- Intervention in Saphenous Vein Grafts (SVG)
- Intervention in the LIMA
- Intervention in the RIMA
- Intervention in a Free Radial and other Conduits
- Multivessel Intervention
- PCI in the Patient with Restenosis
- Management of the Patient with Stent Thrombosis
- Treatment of Distal Anastomotic Lesions
- Coronary Artery Perforation
- Left Main Intervention
- Management of the Thrombotic Lesion
High Risk PCI | PCI in the Patient in Cardiogenic Shock  |  PCI in the Patient Requiring CPR and Refractory Ventricular Arrhythmias | PCI in the Patient with Severely Depressed Ventricular Function | PCI in the Patient with Critical Valve Stenosis | PCI in the Sole Remaining Conduit | PCI in the Unprotected Left Main Patient | Adjuncts for High Risk Percuatenous Coronary Intervention
Mechanical circulatory support | Mechanical circulatory support | Intra-aortic balloon pump | Ventricular assist devices
Artificial heart
Other TopicsNon Coronary Interventions in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory | Transfusion in ACS management | Revascularization in the "No Option" Patient

# Cardiac Surgery

# Vascular Surgery

# BIOSTATISTICS

# Biostatistics

# COST EFFECTIVENESS AND QUALITY OF LIFE

# Cost Effectiveness in Cardiovascular Disease