Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Growth hormone-releasing hormone

# Overview
Growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), also known as growth-hormone-releasing factor (GRF or GHRF) or somatocrinin, is a 44-amino acid peptide hormone produced in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
GHRH is released from neurosecretory nerve terminals of these arcuate neurons, and is carried by the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal circulation to the anterior pituitary gland where it stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion. GHRH is released in a pulsatile manner, stimulating similar pulsatile release of GH.  In addition, GHRH also promotes slow-wave sleep directly. 

# Relationship to somatostatin
The actions of GHRH are opposed by another hypothalamic hormone, somatostatin, also known as "growth-hormone-inhibiting hormone" (GHIH).
Somatostatin is released from neurosecretory nerve terminals of periventricular somatostatin neurons, and is carried by the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal circulation to the anterior pituitary where it inhibits GH secretion by hyperpolarising the somatotropes.
Somatostatin and GHRH are secreted in alternation, giving rise to the markedly pulsatile secretion of GH. However recently it had been discovered that somatostatin does not affect the secretion of GH.

# Sequence
The amino acid sequence of GHRH is:
Tyr - Ala - Asp - Ala - Ile - Phe - Thr - Asn - Ser - Tyr - Arg - Lys - Val - Leu - Gly - Glu - Leu - Ser - Ala - Arg - Lys - Leu - Leu - Gln - Asp - Ile - Met - Ser - Arg - Glu - Gln - Gly - Glu - Ser - Asn - Gln - Glu - Arg - Gly - Ala - Arg - Ala - Arg - LeuNH2
General visceral efferent fibers
The general visceral efferent fibers (GVE or sympathetic efferent fibers), probably arise from cells in the lateral column or the base of the anterior column and emerge through the anterior roots and white rami communicantes.
These are preganglionic fibers which end in various sympathetic ganglia from which postganglionic fibers conduct the motor impulses to the smooth muscles of the viscera and vessels and secretory impulses to the glands.
The cell bodies of GVE fibers are present from the first thoracic to the second lumbar spinal levels (ie, T1-L2).
Examples of nerves containing GVE fibers include the oculomotor nerve, the facial nerve, the glossopharyngeal nerve, and the vagus nerve. 

# Additional images
- Sympathetic connections of the ciliary and superior cervical ganglia.
Gaucher's Disease case study one

# Case #1

## Clinical Summary
A 23-year-old black female delivered a stillborn infant by Caesarean section, following which she experienced excessive uterine bleeding including the passage of blood clots. Further study revealed an enlarged spleen and thrombocytopenia (platelet count 58,000). A splenectomy was performed with an uneventful postoperative course other than persistent pain in her right leg (the right hip had been fractured 2 years earlier). Subsequently she developed aseptic necrosis of the left femoral head requiring a prosthetic replacement. Microscopic evaluation of the bone removed at the time of surgery revealed Gaucher cells in the marrow space.

## Autopsy Findings
The surgical specimen was a 935-gram spleen. Its surface was pale with an area of bluish discoloration. The cut surface revealed the same pale appearance.

## Histopathological Findings
Images courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission  PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology
General visceral afferent fibers
The general visceral afferent fibers (GVA, or sympathetic afferent fibers), conduct sensory impulses from the viscera through the rami communicantes and posterior roots to the spinal cord.
They are probably limited to the white rami connected with the spinal nerves in two groups, viz., the first thoracic to the second lumbar and the second sacral to the fourth sacral nerves.
Examples of nerves containing GVA fibers include the glossopharyngeal nerve and the vagus nerve.
Geranylgeranyltransferase type 1
Geranylgeranyltransferase type 1 or simply geranylgeranyltransferase is one of the three enzymes in the prenyltransferase group. In specific terms, Geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase 1) adds a 20-carbon isoprenoid called a geranylgeranyl group to proteins bearing a CaaX motif: a four-amino acid sequence at the carboxyl terminal of a protein. Geranylgeranyltransferase inhibitors are being investigated as anti-cancer agents.

# Function
Prenyltransferases, including geranylgeranyltransferase, posttranslationally modify proteins by adding an isoprenoid lipid called a prenyl group to the carboxyl terminus of the target protein. This process, called prenylation, causes prenylated proteins to become membrane-associated due to the hydrophobic nature of the prenyl group. Most prenylated proteins are involved in cellular signaling, wherein membrane association is critical for function.

# Structure
Geranylgeranyltransferase contains two subunits,  and  that are encoded by the FNTA and PGGT1B genes, respectively. Both subunits are composed primarily of alpha helices. Geranylgeranyltransferase coordinates a zinc cation on its  subunit at the lip of the active site. Geranylgeranyltransferase has a hydrophobic binding pocket for geranylgeranyl diphosphate, the lipid donor molecule. All Geranylgeranyltransferase substrates invariably have a cysteine as their fourth-to-last residue. This cysteine, coordinated by the zinc, engages in an SN2 type attack on the geranylgeranyl diphosphate, displacing the diphosphate.
Glimepiride detailed information

# Overview
Glimepiride is a medium-to-long acting sulfonylurea anti-diabetic drug. It is marketed as Amaryl by Sanofi-Aventis. Glimepiride is the first third-generation sulfonylurea, and is very potent.

# Indications
Type 2 diabetes (NIDDM).

# Adverse effects
GI disturbance, rarely thrombopenia, leucopenia, haemolytic anaemia, occasionally allergic. In the initial weeks of treatment, the risk of hypoglycemia may be increased.

# Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to glimepiride or other sulfonylureas.

# Interactions
With NSAIDs like Salicylates, Sulphoamides, Chlorampenicol, coumarin and probencid may potentiate the hypoglycemic action of glimepride. Thiazides, other diuretics, phothiazides, thyroid products, oral contraceptives, phenytoin tend to produce hyperglycemia.

# Pharmacology
With Glimepiride GI absorption is complete with no interference of meals. Significant absorption of glimepiride was seen within one hour, and distributed through out the body, bound to the plasma protein to an extended of 99.5% and it is metabolised by oxidative biotransformation and 60% is excreted in the urine, and remaining is excreted in the feces.

# Mechanism of action
Glimepiride distinctly lower the blood glucose level by both defects of NIDDM, by stimulating pancreatic beta cells to produce more insulin and induced increased activity of peripheral insulin intra cellular receptor.
de:Glimepirid
Global Assessment of Functioning

# Background
The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)  is a numeric scale (0 through 100) used by mental health clinicians and doctors to rate the social, occupational and psychological functioning of adults.  The scale is presented and described in the  DSM-IV-TR on page 32.  Children and adolescents under the age of 18 are evaluated on the Childrens Global Assessment Scale, or C-GAS.
	Superior functioning in a wide range of activities, life's problems never seem to get out of hand, is sought out by others because of his or her many qualities. No symptoms.
	Absent or minimal symptoms, good functioning in all areas, interested and involved in a wide range of activities, socially effective, generally satisfied with life, no more than everyday problems or concerns.
	If symptoms are present they are transient and expectable reactions to psychosocial stresses; no more than slight impairment in social, occupational, or school functioning. 
	Some mild symptoms OR some difficulty in social, occupational, or school functioning, but generally functioning pretty well, has some meaningful interpersonal relationships.
	Moderate symptoms OR any moderate difficulty in social, occupational, or school functioning.
	Serious symptoms OR any serious impairment in social, occupational, or school functioning.
	Some impairment in reality testing or communication OR major impairment in several areas, such as work or school, family relations, judgment, thinking, or mood.
	Behavior is considerably influenced by delusions or hallucinations OR serious impairment in communications or judgment OR inability to function in all areas.
	Some danger of hurting self or others OR occasionally fails to maintain minimal personal hygiene OR gross impairment in communication.
	Persistent danger of severely hurting self or others OR persistent inability to maintain minimum personal hygiene OR serious suicidal act with clear expectation of death. 
0 Not enough information available to provide GAF.

# Use in litigation
Montalvo v. Barnhart, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 44133 (W.D.N.Y. 2005).
Montalvo attempts to substitute overall level of functioning and carrying out activities of daily living with social, occupational, or school functioning."  It is possible to see the possibility of some degree of overlap because "Social functioning" is arguably a subset of overall functioning and Activities of daily living. However, some have argued that equivalence is not clearly stated in DSM-IV-TR. Commissioner citing Wikipedia in a brief, SSAConnect (2007)
Group 2 organometallic chemistry

# Overview
The organometallic chemistry of group 2 elements is relevant to organic chemistry, though in some cases, the interest is strictly academic. 

# Characteristics
In many ways the chemistry of group 2 elements (the alkaline earth metals) mimics that of group 12 elements because both groups have filled s shells for valence electrons. Thus, both groups have nominal valency 2. All group 2 elements are electropositive towards carbon and electronegativity decreases down the row. At the same time the atomic radius increases resulting in increasingly ionic character, higher coordination numbers, and increased ligand reactivity.
It is also important to assess the nature of the carbon-metal bond as it can just as easily be an ionic bond and not a covalent bond. For this reason metal cyanides (MCN), metal acetylides and carbides (for instance calcium carbide, an acetylene source) are excluded.
Many dialkyl group 2 metals are polymeric in the crystalline phase and resemble trimethylaluminium in three-center two-electron bond. In the gas-phase they are once again monomeric.
The metallocenes in this group are unusual. Bis(cyclopentadienyl)beryllium or beryllocene (CP2Be) with a molecular dipole moment of 2.2 D rules out a classical metallocene with two hapticity 5 ligands. Instead the compound is a so-called slip 5/1 sandwich and on top of that also fluxional up to -125C. While Magnesocene (Cp2Mg) is a regular metallocene, bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)calcium (Cp*)2Ca is actually bent with an angle of 147. This angle increases going down the row.

# Synthesis
Three important ways for synthesis of dialkyl and diaryl group 2 metal compounds is by metathesis:
By transmetallation:
Manipulation of the Schlenk equilibrium of the organometal halides:

# Compounds

## Organoberyllium
Organoberyllium chemistry is limited to academic research due to the cost and toxicity of beryllium, beryllium derivatives and reagents required for the introduction of beryllium, such as beryllium chloride.

## Organomagnesium
Organomagnesium compounds are widespread. They are commonly found as Grignard reagents. The formation of alkyl or aryl magnesium halides from magnesium metal and an alkyl halide is attributed to a SET process. Relevant organic magnesium reagents outside the scope of Grignards are magnesium anthracene with magnesium forming a 1,4-bridge over the central hexagon used as a source of highly active magnesium and butadiene magnesium an adduct with butadiene and a source for the butadiene dianion.

## Other group 2 organometallic
Further down this group calcium is nontoxic and cheap but organocalcium compounds are difficult to make. This is even more so for the remaining members strontium and barium. For the case of radium, only the gas-phase acetylide. One use for this type of compounds is in chemical vapor deposition.
Growth hormone releasing hormone
Growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), also known as growth-hormone-releasing factor (GRF or GHRF) or somatocrinin, is a 44-amino acid peptide hormone produced in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus.
GHRH is released from neurosecretory nerve terminals of these arcuate neurons, and is carried by the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation to the anterior pituitary gland where it stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion. GHRH is released in a pulsatile manner, stimulating similar pulsatile release of GH.  In addition, GHRH also promotes slow-wave sleep directly. 

# Relationship of GRH & somatostatin
The actions of GHRH are opposed by "growth-hormone-inhibiting hormone"
Somatostatin is released from neurosecretory nerve terminals of periventricular somatostatin neurons, and is carried by the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal circulation to the anterior pituitary where it inhibits GH secretion. Somatostatin and GHRH are secreted in alternation, giving rise to the markedly pulsatile secretion of GH. However recently it had been discovered that somatostatin does not affect the secretion of GH

# Sequence
The amino acid sequence of GHRH is:
Tyr - Ala - Asp - Ala - Ile - Phe - Thr - Asn - Ser - Tyr - Arg - Lys - Val - Leu - Gly - Glu - Leu - Ser - Ala - Arg - Lys - Leu - Leu - Gln - Asp - Ile - Met - Ser - Arg - Glu - Gln - Gly - Glu - Ser - Asn - Gln - Glu - Arg - Gly - Ala - Arg - Ala - Arg - LeuNH2
Hertwig's epithelial root sheath

# Overview
The Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (frequently abbreviated as "HERS") is a proliferation of epithelial cells located at the cervical loop of the enamel organ in a developing tooth.  Hertwig's epithelial root sheath initates the formation of dentin in the root of a tooth by causing the differentiation of odontoblasts from the dental papilla.  The root sheath eventually disintegrates, but residual pieces that do not completely disappear are seen as epithelial cell rests of Malassez (ERM).

## Evolution of HERS
Hertwig's epithelial root sheath was not discovered in any mammalian species. Instead this epithelial structure was discovered by Oskar Hertwig in 1874 in an amphibian. While in mammalian the HERS is rather a transient structure in amphibians it is more or less a permanent one. Here the root epithelium does not fenestrate like in mammalians. Within vertebrates 3 distinct stages of HERS development can be observed.
- In teleosts and chondrichthyans no HERS or root is really formed, and tooth development is restricted to crown development. An inflexible joint is formed between the tooth and the bone at the apical end of the tooth where the epithelium remains open.
- In amphibians and non-crocodilian reptiles a continuous root sheath or HERS is formed without fragmentation of the epithelium. Once again a rather rigid connection between bone and tooth is formed at the apical end of the tooth where no epithelium is present.
- In crocodilians and mammals the HERS is a transient structure and fragments to form the epithelial cell rests of Malassez. Through the gaps in the root epithelium elements of the periodontal ligament can migrate and form a flexible connection between bone and root.
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee

# Overview
The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) approves a unique and meaningful name for every known human gene. In addition to the long name, the HGNC also assigns an abbreviation (referred to as symbol by HGNC) to every gene. The HGNC is part of the Human Genome Organisation (HUGO).

# Purpose
Especially gene abbreviations but also full gene names are often not specific for a single gene. Many abbrevations can be linked to 2 or more different genes. Examples include duplicated abbreviations like ACT which can mean either acyl-CoA thioesterase or antichymotrypsin . A more extreme example is CAP which can refer to any of 5 different genes .
The HGNC short gene names unlike previous forms are assigned to one gene only. This can result in less common abbreviations being selected but reduces confusion as to which gene is referred to.

# Naming guidelines
The HGNC summarises its approach to naming genes and assigning symbols (gene name abbreviations) as follows:
- gene symbols must be unique
- symbols should only contain Latin letters and Arabic numerals
- symbols should not contain punctuation or "G" for gene
- symbols do not contain any reference to species, for example "H/h" for human
The full description of HGNC's nomenclature guidelines can be found on their web site . HGNC advocates the appendices _v1, _v2,.. to distinguish between different splice variants and promoter variants of a single gene.
HGNC also states that "gene nomenclature should evolve with new technology rather than be restrictive as sometimes occurs when historical and single gene nomenclature systems are applied."
Health and Wellbeing Directorate
Health and Wellbeing Directorate is a directorate of the Scottish Government. It is responsible for the Scottish National Health Service, as well as policies on the development and implementation of health and community care. It was created in 1999 as the Scottish Executive Health Department and was renamed in 2007.
The Cabinet Secretary for Health and Wellbeing is Nicola Sturgeon and she is assisted by the Minister for Public Health, Shona Robison.

# Structure
The Department is headed by a Director-General, assisted by a Chief Medical Officer. The Department is split into 6 Directorates:
- Nursing
- Service
- Performance Management and Finance
- Health Improvement
- Human Resources
- National Waiting Time Units
As well as responsibility for NHS Scotland, the Department also has resposnbility for:
- Health Scotland
- Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland
- Scottish Ambulance Service
- State Hospital for Scotland and Northern Ireland
- NHS 24
- NHS Quality Improvement Scotland

# External link
- Official website
Herpangina (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Herpangina is a viral illness in which ulcers and sores (lesions) form inside the mouth, and there is a sore throat and fever.

# What are the symptoms of Herpangina?
- Fever
- Headache
- Loss of appetite
- Sore throat, or painful swallowing
- Ulcers in the mouth and throat, and similar sores on the feet, hands, and buttocks
The ulcers usually have a white to whitish-gray base and a red border. They may be very painful. Generally, there are only a few sores.

# What causes Herpangina?
Herpangina is typically caused by Coxsackie group A viruses.

# Who is at highest risk?
The number of cases of herpangina is unknown, but it is a common childhood infection. It is most often seen in children ages 3 - 10, but it can occur in any age group. Cases of herpangina at school or in the neighborhood increase the chances that your child will develop the illness.

# Diagnosis
Tests are not normally necessary. Diagnosis can usually be made from the history   and physical examination.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call your health care provider if:
- Fever, sore throat, or mouth sores last for more than 5 days
- Your child is having trouble drinking liquids or looks dehydrated
- Fever becomes very high or does not go away

# Treatment options
The symptoms are treated as necessary:
- Take acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Motrin) by mouth for fever and discomfort as the doctor recommends.
- Increase fluid intake, especially cold milk products. Gargle with cool water or try eating popsicles. Avoid hot beverages and citrus fruits.
- Eat a non-irritating diet. (Cold milk products, including ice cream, are often the best choices during herpangina infection. Fruit juices are too acidic and tend to irritate the mouth sores.) Avoid spicy, fried, or hot foods.
- Use topical anesthetics for the mouth (these may contain benzocaine or xylocaine and are usually not required).

# Where to find medical care for Herpangina?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Herpangina

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
The illness normally clears up within a week.

# Possible complications
Dehydration is the most common complication, but it can be treated by your doctor.

# Prevention of Herpangina
Coxsackie virus is transmitted by contamination with feces, which means you can catch the virus by touching your mouth or eating without thoroughly washing your hands. Good handwashing practices can help prevent transmitting most viruses.
Being aware of other cases of herpangina in your neighborhood or school may allow earlier diagnosis.

# Sources
Hex sequence gene transcriptions

# Human genes

# Consensus sequences
The Hex sequence has the consensus (TGACGTGGC)

# Hypotheses
- A1BG has no Hex sequences in either promoter.
- A1BG is not transcribed by a Hex sequence.
- No Hex sequence participates in the transcription of A1BG.

# Hex core samplings
Copying a responsive elements consensus sequence TGACGTGGC and putting the sequence in "F" finds none between ZNF497 and A1BG or none between ZSCAN22 and A1BG as can be found by the computer programs.
For the Basic programs testing consensus sequence TGACGTGGC (starting with SuccessablesHex.bas) written to compare nucleotide sequences with the sequences on either the template strand (-), or coding strand (+), of the DNA, in the negative direction (-), or the positive direction (+), the programs are, are looking for, and found:
- negative strand, negative direction, looking for TGACGTGGC, 0.
- negative strand, positive direction, looking for TGACGTGGC, 0.
- positive strand, negative direction, looking for TGACGTGGC, 0.
- positive strand, positive direction, looking for TGACGTGGC, 1, TGACGTGGC at 4344.
- complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for ACTGCACCG, 0.
- complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for ACTGCACCG, 1, ACTGCACCG at 4344.
- complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for ACTGCACCG, 0.
- complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for ACTGCACCG, 0.
- inverse complement, negative strand, negative direction, looking for GCCACGTCA, 0.
- inverse complement, negative strand, positive direction, looking for GCCACGTCA, 0.
- inverse complement, positive strand, negative direction, looking for GCCACGTCA, 0.
- inverse complement, positive strand, positive direction, looking for GCCACGTCA, 0.
- inverse negative strand, negative direction, looking for CGGTGCAGT, 0.
- inverse negative strand, positive direction, looking for CGGTGCAGT, 0.
- inverse positive strand, negative direction, looking for CGGTGCAGT, 0.
- inverse positive strand, positive direction, looking for CGGTGCAGT, 0.

## Hex core promoters
- Positive strand, positive direction: TGACGTGGC at 4344.

# Hex sequence random dataset samplings
- Hexr0: 0.
- Hexr1: 0.
- Hexr2: 0.
- Hexr3: 0.
- Hexr4: 0.
- Hexr5: 0.
- Hexr6: 0.
- Hexr7: 0.
- Hexr8: 0.
- Hexr9: 0.
- Hexr0ci: 0.
- Hexr1ci: 0.
- Hexr2ci: 0.
- Hexr3ci: 0.
- Hexr4ci: 0.
- Hexr5ci: 0.
- Hexr6ci: 0.
- Hexr7ci: 0.
- Hexr8ci: 0.
- Hexr9ci: 0.

# Hex sequence analysis and results
The Hex sequence has the consensus (TGACGTGGC).
Comparison:
The occurrence of a real Hex sequence is greater than the randoms. This suggests that the real Hex sequence is likely active or activable.

# Acknowledgements
The content on this page was first contributed by: Henry A. Hoff.
Horizontal fissure of right lung

# Overview
The horizontal fissure of right lung (or transverse fissure) is a fissure separating the superior lobe from the middle lobe.
The left lung has no middle lobe, so there is no horizontal fissure on that lung.
The Horizontal fissure usually extends from the oblique fissure along the border of the 4th rib.

# Additional images
- Anatomy of lungs.