Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Ischemic preconditioning

# Overview
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an experimental technique for producing resistance to the loss of blood supply and, thus oxygen, to tissues of many types. Keith Reimer MD, PhD first described this procedure in 1986.

# Background
If the blood supply to an organ or a tissue is halted for a short time (usually less than five minutes) and then restored two or more times so that blood flow is resumed the downstream cells of the tissue or the organ are robustly protected from a final ischemic insult when the blood supply is cut off entirely and permanently.
In an experimental setting if the left anterior descending coronary artery of the animal is ligated the downstream cardiac cellular mass is infarcted and will be injured and then die. If, on the other hand the tissue is subjected to IPC the downstream cellular mass will sustain only minimal to modest damage. IPC protects the tissue by initiating a cascade of biochemical events that allows for an up-regulation of the energetics of the tissue. The locus of this phenomenon is the intracellular organelle, the mitochondrium.
Investigations of various exogenous circulating ligands such as the delta active opiates and opioids simulate the phenomenon of IPC thus protecting the downstream tissues without the IPC intermittent ligating procedure.

# Application
The only group of humans who are chronically exposed to an opioid with delta activity are methadone maintained patients treated for heroin dependence and addiction.  These patients have a coronary risk profile greater than the general population:
- 90% smoke. In the general population in the USA ~25% smoke.
- Heart Healthy living i.e. attention to lipid control is less frequent than in the general population
- ~25% of the patients in Methadone Maintenance Programs use the highly ischemogenic cocaine one or more times a year. In the general population in the USA less than 1% are reported to do so.
Preliminary and as yet unpublished surveys of the methadone treated population point to a high degree of protection from myocardial ischemic events. The one published study, an autopsy series from the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York demonstrated significantly less evidence for coronary occlusive disease. Simulation of IPC with methadone could not be evaluated in this post mortem investigation.
Isotope table (complete)
This isotope table shows about all of the known isotopes of the chemical elements, arranged with increasing atomic numbers (proton numbers) from left to right and increasing neutron numbers from top to bottom.
Half-lives are indicated by the color of each isotope's cell (see colour chart to the right). Coloured borders indicate half lives of the most stable nuclear isomer states.
For this same table divided into more manageable pieces, see Isotope table (divided).
See also the isotope table in pictoral format
Isotopes of praseodymium
Naturally occurring praseodymium (Pr) is composed of one stable isotope, 141Pr. Thirty-eight radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 143Pr with a half-life of 13.57 days and 142Pr with a half-life of 19.12 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 5.985 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 33 seconds. This element also has six meta states with the most stable being 138mPr (t12 2.12 hours), 142mPr (t12 14.6 minutes) and 134mPr (t12 11 minutes).
The isotopes of praseodymium range in atomic weight from 120.955 u (121Pr) to 158.955 u (159Pr). The primary decay mode before the stable isotope, 141Pr, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta minus decay. The primary decay products before 141Pr are element 58 (cerium) isotopes and the primary products after are element 60 (neodymium) isotopes.
Standard atomic mass: 140.90765(2) u

# Table

## Notes
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
Itraconazole description
DESCRIPTION
SPORANOX is the brand name for itraconazole, a synthetic triazole antifungal agent. Itraconazole is a 1:1:1:1 racemic mixture of four diastereomers (two enantiomeric pairs), each possessing three chiral centers. It may be represented by the following structural formula and nomenclature:
)-1--4-methoxy]phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]phenyl]-2-1,2,4-triazolin-5-one mixture with ()-1--4-methoxy]phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]phenyl]-2-1,2,4-triazolin-5-one
-r
()-1--4-methoxy]phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]phenyl]-2-1,2,4-triazolin-5-one
Itraconazole has a molecular formula of C35H38Cl2N8O4 and a molecular weight of 705.64. It is a white to slightly yellowish powder. It is insoluble in water, very slightly soluble in alcohols, and freely soluble in dichloromethane. It has a pKa of 3.70 (based on extrapolation of values obtained from methanolic solutions) and a log (n-octanol/water) partition coefficient of 5.66 at pH 8.1.
SPORANOX Capsules contain 100 mg of itraconazole coated on sugar spheres. Inactive ingredients are hard gelatin capsule, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 20,000, starch, sucrose, titanium dioxide, FD&C Blue No. 1, FD&C Blue No. 2, D&C Red No. 22 and D&C Red No. 28.
Kikuchi disease overview

# Overview
Kikuchi's disease (histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis) is a rare, non-cancerous enlargement of the lymph nodes: the diagnosis can be confirmed by lymph node biopsy.

# Historical Perspective
Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD) was described in 1972 in Japan by Dr Masahiro Kikuchi in 1972 and independently by Y. Fujimoto.

# Causes
The cause for Kikuchi disease has not been established although infectious and autoimmune etiologies have been proposed.

# Diagnosis

## Laboratory Findings
Kikuchi disease is diagnosed by lymph node excisional biopsy. ANA, APLA, anti-dsDNA, RF are usually negative, and may help in differentiating from SLE. Laboratory findings may sometimes include positive results for IgM, IgG or IgA antibodies.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
There is no specific cure for Kikuchi disease. Treatment is largely supportive. NSAIDs are useful if patient presents with tender lymph nodes and fever. Symptomatic measures aimed at relieving the distressing local and systemic complaints have been described as the main line of management of Kikuchi disease. Analgesics, antipyretics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids have been used. Corticosteroids are useful in severe extranodal or generalized disease. Multiple flares of bulky cervical lymphadenopathy and fever are treated with a low-dose corticosteroid.
Protein kinase inhibitor
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# Overview
A protein kinase inhibitor is a type of enzyme inhibitor which specifically blocks the action of protein kinase.
Kinase inhibitors such as dasatinib are sometimes used in the treatment of cancer. Many of the kinase inhibitors used in treating cancer are inhibitors of tyrosine kinase.
Knismesis and gargalesis
Knismesis and gargalesis are the scientific terms, coined in 1897 by psychologists G. Stanley Hall and Arthur Allin, used to describe the two types of tickling.

# Knismesis
Knismesis refers to the light, feather-like type of tickling. This type of tickling generally does not induce laughter and is often accompanied by an itching sensation. The knismesis phenomenon requires low levels of stimulation to sensitive parts of the body, and can be triggered by a light touch or by a light electrical current. Knismesis can also be triggered by crawling insects or parasites, prompting scratching or rubbing at the ticklish spot, thereby removing the pest. It is possible that this function explains why knismesis produces a similar response in many different kinds of animals. In a famous example, described in Peter Benchley's Shark!, it is possible to tickle the area just under the snout of a great white shark, putting it into a near-hypnotic trance.

# Gargalesis
Gargalesis refers to harder, laughter-inducing tickling, and involves the repeated application of high pressure to sensitive areas. This "heavy tickle" is often associated with play and laughter. The gargalesis type of tickle works on humans and primates, and possibly on other species. Because the nerves involved in transmitting "light" touch and itch differ from those nerves that transmit "heavy" touch, pressure and vibration, it is possible that the difference in sensations produced by the two types of tickle are due to the relative proportion of itch sensation versus touch sensation.
While it is possible to trigger a knismesis response in oneself, it is usually impossible to produce gargalesthesia, the gargalesis tickle response, in oneself.
Lactic acid fermentation

# Overview
Lactic acid fermentation is a form of anaerobic respiration that occurs in some bacteria and animal cells in the absence of oxygen. Glycolysis occurs normally, producing 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of pyruvate, but the pyruvate is not metabolized to CO2 as in the citric acid cycle The citric acid cycle is also known as the Krebs Cycle.  Furthermore, the electron transport chain (which uses O2) does not function.  If the ATP needs of a cell outpace oxygen supply (such as during strenuous exercise), cells must supplement with fermentation for the extra ATP production. Although it is a dead-end, the conversion of pyruvate to lactate regenerates NAD+, which allows glycolysis to continue in the muscle cell.  Lactate diffuses out of the cell and into the blood.The lactate in the bloodstream is converted back into pyruvate in the liver, for use when oxygen is once again present.
Certain cells, such as cardiac muscle cells, are highly permeable to lactate. Lactate is converted into pyruvate and metabolised normally (ie: via the citric acid cycle). Since these cells are highly oxygenated, it is unlikely that lactate would accumulate (as is the case in oxygen-starved muscle cells). This also allows circulating glucose to be available to muscle cells.
Any excess lactate is taken up by the liver, converted to pyruvate and then to glucose. This, along with the production of lactate from glucose in muscle cells constitutes the Cori cycle.
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is inhibited by a low pH and this prevents the formation of excess lactate and/or lactic acidosis (sudden drop in blood pH). PFK catalyses an irreversible step in glycolysis.
Muscle cramps have been associated with levels of lactic acid in the blood, especially as a result of electrolyte imbalance caused by sweating.
de:Milchsauregarung
it:Fermentazione lattica
fi:Hapattaminen
Lactic acidosis overview

# Overview
Lactic acidosis is a condition caused by the buildup of lactic acid in the body. It leads to acidification of the blood (acidosis), and is considered a distinct form of metabolic acidosis.
The cells produce lactic acid when they use glucose for energy in the absence of adequate oxygen. If too much lactic acid stays in the body, the balance tips and the person begins to feel ill. The signs of lactic acidosis are deep and rapid breathing, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Lactic acidosis may be caused by diabetic ketoacidosis or liver or kidney disease, as well as some forms of medication (most notably the anti-diabetic drug metformin).  Some anti-HIV drugs (antiretrovirals) warn doctors in their prescribing information to regularly watch for symptoms of lactic acidosis caused by mitochondrial toxicity.

# Diagnosis

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
The main treatment for lactic acidosis is to correct the medical problem that causes the condition.
Lady Windermere syndrome
Lady Windermere syndrome describes infection in the lungs due to Mycobacterium avium complex. It is named after a character in Oscar Wilde's play Lady Windermere's Fan.

# Classification
Lady Windermere syndrome is a type of mycobacterial lung infection.

# Signs and symptoms
Patients with Lady Windermere syndrome experience chronic cough, shortness of breath, fatigue and other less specific symptoms.

# Pathophysiology
Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC) usually affects patients with abnormal lungs or bronchi. However, Jerome Reich and Richard Johnson describe a series of six patients with MAC infection of the right middle lobe or left lingula who did not have any predisposing lung disorders.
The right middle lobe and left lingula of the lungs are served by bronchi that are oriented downward when a person is in the upright position. As a result, these areas of the lung may be relatively more dependent upon vigorous voluntary expectoration (cough) for clearance of bacteria and secretions.
Since the six patients in their retrospective case series were older females, Reich and Johnson propose that patients without a vigorous cough may develop right middle lobe or left lingular infection with MAC. They propose that this syndrome be named Lady Windermere syndrome, after the character Lady Windermere in Oscar Wilde's play Lady Windermere's Fan.

# Diagnosis
The diagnosis requires consistent symptoms with two additional signs:
- Chest x-ray or chest CT scan showing evidence of right middle lobe (or left lingular lobe) lung infection.
- Sputum culture or bronchoalveolar lavage culture demonstrating that the infection is caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC).

# Treatment
Lady Windermere syndrome is usually treated with rifampicin and ethambutol for at least two years. If symptoms do not improve, isoniazid or clarithromycin may be added.

# Literary Reference
The original Chest article proposing the existence and pathophysiology of the Lady Windermere syndrome suggests that the character Lady Windermere in Oscar Wilde's Victorian-era play Lady Windermere's Fan is a good example of the fastidious behavior believed to cause the syndrome. The article states:
Victorian women presumably believed that "Ladies don't spit," and consequently might have been predisposed to develop lung infection.
Shortly after the Lady Windermere syndrome was proposed, a librarian wrote a letter to the editor of Chest challenging the use of Lady Windermere as the eponymous ancestor of the proposed syndrome.  In Lady Windermere's Fan, Lady Windermere is a vivacious young woman, married only 2 years, who never coughs or displays any other signs of illness. While her avoidance of shaking hands might be interpreted as "fastidiousness," two alternative explanations may be just as probable:
The OScholars  highlight the literary malapropism, but the medical community has adopted the term regardless, and peer-reviewed medical journals regularly mention the Lady Windermere syndrome.
Late congenital syphilis
Late congenital syphilis is a subset of cases of congenital syphilis. By definition, it occurs in children at or greater that 2 years of age who acquired the infection trans-placentally.
Symptoms include
- blunted upper incisor teeth known as Hutchinson's teeth
- inflammation of the cornea known as interstitial keratitis
- deafness from auditory nerve disease
- frontal bossing (prominence of the brow ridge)
- saddle nose (collapse of the bony part of nose)
- hard pallet defect
- swollen knees
- saber shins
- short maxillae
- protruding mandible
A frequently-found group of symptoms is Hutchinson's triad, which consists of Hutchinson's teeth (notched incisors), keratitis and deafness and occurs in 63% of cases.
Treatment (with penicillin) before the development of late symptoms is essential.
Lateral nasal prominence
By the upgrowth of the surrounding parts the olfactory areas are converted into pits, the olfactory pits, which indent the fronto-nasal process and divide it into a medial and two lateral nasal prominences (or lateral nasal processes, or nasolateral, or nasal prominences )

# Pathology
Failure to fuse can cause a cleft lip.

# Additional images
- Under surface of the head of a human embryo about twenty-nine days old.
- Head end of human embryo of about thirty to thirty-one days.
- Same embryo as shown in Fig. 45, with front wall of pharynx removed.
Laughter-induced syncope
Seinfeld syncope is laughter-induced syncope (fainting). It is an unusual but recognized form of situational syncope likely to have a similar pathophysiological origin to tussive syncope.
There are few case reports of this syndrome in the literature. Patients, as in this case, might present initially to the ED, and laughter should be considered among the numerous differentials for syncope.
To date there have been few cases of Seinfeld Syncope documented in medical literature.
Leukotriene-A4 hydrolase
Leukotriene A4 hydrolase, also known as LTA4H is a human gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a bifunctional enzyme (EC 3.3.2.6) which converts leukotriene A4 to leukotriene B4 and acts as an aminopeptidase.

# Function
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on ether bonds (ether hydrolases).  The systematic name of this enzyme class is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-(5S,6S)-5,6-epoxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoate hydrolase. Other names in common use include LTA4 hydrolase, LTA4H, and leukotriene A4 hydrolase.  This enzyme participates in arachidonic acid metabolism.

# Catalyzed reaction

# Structure
As of late 2007, 4 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1GW6, 1H19, 1HS6, and 1SQM.
Levator labii superioris
The levator labii superioris (or quadratus labii superioris) is a broad sheet, the origin of which extends from the side of the nose to the zygomatic bone.
Its medial fibers form the angular head, which arises by a pointed extremity from the upper part of the frontal process of the maxilla and passing obliquely downward and lateralward divides into two slips.
One of these is inserted into the greater alar cartilage and skin of the nose; the other is prolonged into the lateral part of the upper lip, blending with the infraorbital head and with the Orbicularis oris.
The intermediate portion or infraorbital head arises from the lower margin of the orbit immediately above the infraorbital foramen, some of its fibers being attached to the maxilla, others to the zygomatic bone.
Its fibers converge, to be inserted into the muscular substance of the upper lip between the angular head and the Caninus.
The lateral fibers, forming the zygomatic head, arise from the malar surface of the zygomatic bone immediately behind the zygomaticomaxillary suture and pass downward and medialward to the upper lip.
List of Schedule I drugs

# Overview
This is a list of Schedule I drugs under the Controlled Substances Act for the United States.
Required findings for drugs to be placed in this schedule: 
- The drug or other substance has high potential for abuse.
- The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.
- There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision.
The complete list of Schedule I drugs are as follows.   The Administrative Controlled Substances Code Number for each drug is included.

# Opiates

# Opiate derivatives

# Hallucinogenic substances

# Depressants

# Stimulants

# Temporary/emergency listings
These items are listed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services pursuant to 21 CFR 1308.49.
List of Schedule V drugs

# Overview
This is a list of Schedule V drugs under the Controlled Substances Act for the United States.
Required findings for drugs to be placed in this schedule: 
- The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV.
- The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.
- Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule IV.
The complete list of Schedule V drugs are as follows.   The Administrative Controlled Substances Code Number for each drug is included.

# Narcotics
Narcotics containing non-narcotic active medicinal ingredients.

# Stimulants
List of elements by name
This is a list of chemical elements, sorted by name and color coded according to type of element.
Given is each element's element symbol, atomic number, atomic mass or most stable isotope, and group and period numbers on the periodic table.

# Notes
-  Jump up to: 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 The element does not have any stable nuclides, and a value in brackets, e.g. , indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope of the element. However, three elements, Thorium, Protactinium, and Uranium, have a characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, and thus their atomic mass given.
-  Jump up to: 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 The isotopic composition of this element varies in some geological specimens, and the variation may exceed the uncertainty stated in the table.
-  Jump up to: 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 The isotopic composition varies in terrestrial material such that a more precise atomic weight can not be given.
-  Jump up to: 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 The isotopic composition of the element can vary in commercial materials, which can cause the atomic weight to deviate significantly from the given value.
-  The atomic weight of commercial Lithium can vary between 6.939 and 6.996analysis of the specific material is necessary to find a more accurate value.
Liver receptor homolog-1
The liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) also known as NR5A2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 5, group A, member 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR5A2 gene. LRH-1 is a member of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors.
LRH-1 plays a critical role in the regulation of development, cholesterol transport, bile acid homeostasis and steroidogenesis.
LRH-1 is important for maintaining pluripotence of stem cells during embryonic development.

# Interactions
Liver receptor homolog-1 has been shown to interact with the small heterodimer partner.
Lower anterior resection
A lower anterior resection, formally known as anterior resection of the rectum and anterior excision of the rectum or simply anterior resection, is a common surgery for rectal cancer.  It is commonly abbreviated as LAR.
LARs are for cancer in the proximal two-thirds of the rectum.
LARs, generally, give a better quality of life than abdominoperineal resections.
Luliconazole description

# Description
LUZU (luliconazole) Cream, 1% contains 1% luliconazole, an azole antifungal agent, in a white cream for topical application.
Luliconazole is (2E)-2--2-imidazol-1-ylacetonitrile. Its structural formula is:
The molecular formula is C14H9Cl2N3S2 with a molecular weight of 354.28. Luliconazole is the R-enantiomer and contains one chiral center. The double bond adjacent to the dithiolane group is in the E configuration.
LUZU Cream, 1% contains 10 mg of luliconazole per gram of cream in a vehicle consisting of benzyl alcohol, butylated hydroxytoluene, cetostearyl alcohol, isopropyl myristate, medium-chain triglycerides, methylparaben, polysorbate 60, propylene glycol, purified water, and sorbitan monostearate.