Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Cardiac function curve
A cardiac function curve is a graph showing the relationship between right atrial pressure (x-axis) and cardiac output (y-axis).

# Shape of curve
It shows a steep relationship at relatively low filling pressures and a plateau, where further stretch is not possible and so increases in pressure have little effect on output.  The pressures where there is a steep relationship lie within the normal range of right atrial pressure (RAP) found in the healthy human during life.  This range is about -1 to +2 mmHg.  The higher pressures normally occur only in disease, in conditions such as heart failure, where the heart is unable to pump forward all the blood returning to it and so the pressure builds up in the right atrium and the great veins.  Swollen neck veins are often an indicator of this type of heart failure.
At low right atrial pressures this graph serves as a graphic demonstration of the Frank-Starling mechanism, that is as more blood is returned to the heart, more blood is pumped from it without extrinsic signals.

# Changes in the cardiac function curve
In vivo however, extrinsic factors such as an increase in activity of the sympathetic nerves, and a decrease in vagal tone cause the heart to beat more frequently and more forcefully.  This alters the cardiac function curve, shifting it upwards.  This allows the heart to cope with the required cardiac output at a relatively low right atrial pressure.  We get what is known as a family of cardiac function curves, as the heart rate increases before the plateau is reached, and without the RAP having to rise dramatically to stretch the heart more and get the Starling effect.
Cefadroxil description

# Description
DURICEF is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic intended for oral administration. It is a white to yellowish-white crystalline powder. It is soluble in water and it is acid-stable. It is chemically designated as 5-Thia-1-azabicyclooct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 7-amino]-3-methyl-8-oxo-, monohydrate]-. It has the formula C16H17N3O5S - H2O and the molecular weight of 381.40. It has the following structural formula:
DURICEF film-coated tablets, 1 g, contain the following inactive ingredients: microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, simethicone emulsion, and titanium dioxide.
DURICEF for Oral Suspension contains the following inactive ingredients: FD&C Yellow No. 6, flavors (natural and artificial), polysorbate 80, sodium benzoate, sucrose, and xanthan gum.
DURICEF capsules contain the following inactive ingredients: D&C Red No. 28, FD&C Blue No. 1, FD&C Red No. 40, gelatin, magnesium stearate, and titanium dioxide.
Cefadroxilhow supplied

# How Supplied
Cefadroxil For Oral Suspension, USP is available in:
The 125 mg per 5 mL of reconstituted suspension- contains cefadroxil monohydrate equivalent to 125 mg with a light orange colored powder forming orange suspension on constitution with water. The resulting suspension has a characteristic mixed fruit flavor and is available as follows:
NDC 63304-972-04 100 mL bottles
The 250 mg per 5 mL of reconstituted suspension- contains cefadroxil monohydrate equivalent to 250 mg with a light orange colored powder forming orange suspension on constitution with water. The resulting suspension has a characteristic mixed fruit flavor and is available as follows:
NDC 63304-973-03 50 mL bottles
NDC 63304-973-04 100 mL bottles
The 500 mg per 5 mL of reconstituted suspension- contains cefadroxil monohydrate equivalent to 500 mg with a light orange colored powder forming orange suspension on constitution with water. The resulting suspension has a characteristic mixed fruit flavor and is available as follows:
NDC 63304-974-01 75 mL bottles
NDC 63304-974-04 100 mL bottles
- SHAKE ORAL SUSPENSION WELL BEFORE USING. Keep bottle tightly closed. After reconstitution, store in refrigerator. Any unused portion of the reconstituted suspension must be discarded after 14 days.
Prior to reconstitution: Store at 20 - 25 C (68 - 77 F). (See USP Controlled Room Temperature).
Cefditoren description

# Description
SPECTRACEF tablets contain cefditoren pivoxil, a semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic for oral administration. It is a prodrug which is hydrolyzed by esterases during absorption, and the drug is distributed in the circulating blood as active cefditoren.
Chemically, cefditoren pivoxil is (-)-(6R,7R)-2,2-dimethylpropionyloxymethyl 7--3--8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclooct-2-ene-2-carboxylate. The empirical formula is C25H28N6O7S3 and the molecular weight is 620.73. The structural formula of cefditoren pivoxil is shown below:
The amorphous form of cefditoren pivoxil developed for clinical use is a light yellow powder. It is freely soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid and soluble at levels equal to 6.06 mg/mL in ethanol and <0.1 mg/mL in water.
SPECTRACEF (cefditoren pivoxil) tablets contain 200 mg or 400 mg of cefditoren as cefditoren pivoxil and the following inactive ingredients: croscarmellose sodium, mannitol, magnesium stearate, sodium caseinate (a milk protein), and sodium tripolyphosphate. The tablet coating contains carnauba wax, hypromellose, polyethylene glycol, and titanium dioxide. Tablets are printed with ink containing opacode blue S-1-10533.
Cefotetan how supplied

# HOW SUPPLIED
CEFOTAN (cefotetan disodium for injection) is a dry, white to pale yellow powder supplied in vials containing cefotetan disodium equivalent to 1 g and 2 g cefotetan activity for intravenous and intramuscular administration. The vials should not be stored at temperatures above 22C (72F) and should be protected from light.
1 g ADD-Vantage Vial (NDC 0310-0376-31)
2 g ADD-Vantage Vial (NDC 0310-0377-32)
1 g Vial (NDC 0310-0376-10)
2 g Vial (NDC 0310-0377-20)
1 g Piggyback Vial (NDC 0310-0376-11)
2 g Piggyback Vial (NDC 0310-0377-21)
CEFOTAN is also available as a 10 g pharmacy bulk package.
10 g in 100 mL Vial (NDC 0310-0375-10)
CEFOTAN (cefotetan injection) is supplied as a frozen, iso-osmotic, premixed solution in single dose Galaxy plastic containers (PL 2040) as follows:
1 g in 50 mL plastic container (NDC 0310-0378-51)
2 g in 50 mL plastic container (NDC 0310-0379-51)
Store containers at or below -20C/-4F. .
Cefoxitin how supplied

# HOW SUPPLIED
Cefoxitin for Injection and Dextrose Injection in the DUPLEX Drug Delivery System is a flexible dual chamber container supplied in two concentrations. After reconstitution, the concentrations are equivalent to 1 g and 2 g cefoxitin. The diluent chamber contains approximately 50 mL of Dextrose Injection. Dextrose Injection has been adjusted to 4% w/v and 2.2% w/v for the 1 g and 2 g doses, respectively, such that the reconstituted solution is iso-osmotic.
Cefoxitin for Injection and Dextrose Injection is supplied sterile and nonpyrogenic in the DUPLEX Drug Delivery System containers packaged 24 units per case.
Store the unactivated unit at 2025C (6877F). Excursions permitted to 1530C (5986F).
Cefpirome compositiion

# Composition
Cefrom 0.25g  Each vial of 0.359 g powder contain as active ingredient 0.298 g cefpirome sulfate cooresponding to 0.25 g cefpirome.
Cefrom 0.5g  Each vial of 0.717 g powder contain as active ingredient 0.596 g cefpirome sulfate cooresponding to 0.5 g cefpirome.
Cefrom 1.0g  Each vial of 1.433 g powder contain as active ingredient 1.191 g cefpirome sulfate cooresponding to 1.0 g cefpirome.
Excipient  Sodium carbonate.
Cefpirome how supplied

# Composition
Cefrom 0.25 g  1 vial of 0.359 g powder, with one ampule of 2 ml water for injections.
Cefrom 0.5 g  1 vial of 0.717 g powder, with one ampule of 5 ml water for injections.
Cefrom 1.0 g  1 vial of 0.359 g powder, with one ampule of 10 ml water for injections.
Imported by
Aventis Pharma limited
Plot No. 23, Sector 22, Korangi Industrial Alea, Karachi.
Manufactured by:
Patheon UK Ltd., Swindon, England
Cefpodoxime overdosage
In acute rodent toxicity studies, a single 5 g/kg oral dose produced no adverse effects.
In the event of serious toxic reaction from overdosage, hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis may aid in the removal of cefpodoxime from the body, particularly if renal function is compromised.
The toxic symptoms following an overdose of beta-lactam antibiotics may include nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, and diarrhea.
Cefprozil how supplied
Cefprozil Tablets USP, 250 mg are oval-shaped, white to cream tinged, unscored, film-coated tablets, debossed 347 on one side and 250 on the reverse side and are supplied as follows:
NDC 0781-5043-01 in bottles of 100 tablets
Ceprozil Tablets USP, 500 mg are oval-shaped, beige, unscored, film-coated tablets, debossed 348 on one side and 500 on the reverse side and are supplied as follows:
NDC 0781-5044-50 in bottles of 50 tablets
NDC 0781-5044-01 in bottles of 100 tablets
Store at 20-25C (68-77F) .
Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP.
Cefprozil for Oral Suspension, USP, 125 mg/5 mL is supplied as follows:
NDC 0781-6202-91 50 mL bottle
NDC 0781-6202-57 75 mL bottle
NDC 0781-6202-46 100 mL bottle
Cefprozil for Oral Suspension, USP, 250 mg/5 mL is supplied as follows:
NDC 0781-6203-91 50 mL bottle
NDC 0781-6203-57 75 mL bottle
NDC 0781-6203-46 100 mL bottle
All powder formulations for oral suspension contain cefprozil in a fruity flavored mixture. Cefprozil powder is slightly cream tinged to beige. After reconstitution the suspension is light orange and of a fruity odor and flavor.
Ceftibuten description
CEDAX (ceftibuten capsules) and (ceftibuten for oral suspension) contain the active ingredient ceftibuten as ceftibuten dihydrate. Ceftibuten dihydrate is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic for oral administration. Chemically, it is (+)-(6R,7R)-7--8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclooct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, dihydrate. Its molecular formula is C15H14N4O6S22H2O. Its molecular weight is 446.43 as the dihydrate.
Ceftibuten dihydrate has the following structural formula:
CEDAX Capsules contain ceftibuten dihydrate equivalent to 400 mg of ceftibuten. Inactive ingredients contained in the capsule formulation include: magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, and sodium starch glycolate. The capsule shell and/or band contains gelatin, sodium lauryl sulfate, titanium dioxide, and polysorbate 80. The capsule shell may also contain benzyl alcohol, sodium propionate, edetate calcium disodium, butylparaben, propylparaben, and methylparaben.
CEDAX Oral Suspension after reconstitution contains ceftibuten dihydrate equivalent to 90 mg of ceftibuten per 5 mL. CEDAX Oral Suspension is cherry flavored and contains the inactive ingredients: cherry flavoring, polysorbate 80, silicon dioxide, simethicone, sodium benzoate, sucrose (approximately 1 g/5 mL), titanium dioxide, and xanthan gum.
Ceftobiprole medocaril

# Overview
Ceftobiprole (Zeftera/Zevtera) is a fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and enterococci.  It was discovered by Basilea Pharmaceutica and was developed by Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development.  It has been shown to be statistically noninferior to the combination of vancomycin and ceftazidime for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections.
It has been described as a fifth-generation cephalosporin, though acceptance for this terminology is not universal.

# Pharmacology
Like other cephalosporins, ceftobiprole inhibits bacterial growth by blocking penicillin-binding protein, a key enzyme involved in cell wall synthesis.  Ceftobiprole inhibits the 2a penicillin-binding protein (PBP) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the 2x PBP of Streptococcus pneumoniae, as well as the classic PBP-2 of MSSA.  Ceftobiprole is resistant to staphylococcal -lactamase.

# Mode of administration
Ceftobiprole is given intravenously; it cannot be given by mouth.

# Regulatory approvals
Ceftobiprole has been approved for use in Canada, Switzerland, and the European Union.  It is under review by regulatory authorities in the United States, Australia, Russia, and South Africa. In November 2008, the US FDA declined to approve ceftobiprole, citing data integrity concerns with two of the supporting studies, and prompting Basilea to sue Johnson & Johnson for breach of license agreement on February 2009.

# Synonyms
- RO0639141-000
- BAL9141
- Ceftobiprole medocaril
Cefuroxime description
Cefuroxime is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic for parenteral administration. It is the sodium salt of (6R,7R)-3-carbamoyloxymethyl-7-ceph-3-em-4-carboxylate, and it has the following chemical structure:
The empirical formula is C16H15N4NaO8S, representing a molecular weight of 446.4.
ZINACEF contains approximately 54.2 mg (2.4 mEq) of sodium per gram of cefuroxime activity.
ZINACEF in sterile crystalline form is supplied in vials equivalent to 750 mg, 1.5 g, or 7.5 g of cefuroxime as cefuroxime sodium and in ADD-Vantage vials equivalent to 750 mg or 1.5 g of cefuroxime as cefuroxime sodium. Solutions of ZINACEF range in color from light yellow to amber, depending on the concentration and diluent used. The pH of freshly constituted solutions usually ranges from 6 to 8.5.
ZINACEF is available as a frozen, iso-osmotic, sterile, nonpyrogenic solution with 750 mg or 1.5 g of cefuroxime as cefuroxime sodium. Approximately 1.4 g of Dextrose Hydrous, USP has been added to the 750-mg dose to adjust the osmolality. Sodium Citrate Hydrous, USP has been added as a buffer (300 mg and 600 mg to the 750-mg and 1.5-g doses, respectively). ZINACEF contains approximately 111 mg (4.8 mEq) and 222 mg (9.7 mEq) of sodium in the 750-mg and 1.5-g doses, respectively. The pH has been adjusted with hydrochloric acid and may have been adjusted with sodium hydroxide. Solutions of premixed ZINACEF range in color from light yellow to amber. The solution is intended for intravenous (IV) use after thawing to room temperature. The osmolality of the solution is approximately 300 mOsmol/kg, and the pH of thawed solutions ranges from 5 to 7.5.
The plastic container for the frozen solution is fabricated from a specially designed multilayer plastic, PL 2040. Solutions are in contact with the polyethylene layer of this container and can leach out certain chemical components of the plastic in very small amounts within the expiration period. The suitability of the plastic has been confirmed in tests in animals according to USP biological tests for plastic containers as well as by tissue culture toxicity studies.
Cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather involves the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells (NK), antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. Historically, the immune system was separated into two branches: humoral immunity, for which the protective function of immunization could be found in the humor (cell-free bodily fluid or serum) and cellular immunity, for which the protective function of immunization was associated with cells.
Cellular immunity protects the body by:
- activating antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that are able to induce apoptosis in body cells displaying epitopes of foreign antigen on their surface, such as virus-infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, and cancer cells displaying tumor antigens;
- activating macrophages and natural killer cells, enabling them to destroy intracellular pathogens; and
- stimulating cells to secrete a variety of cytokines that influence the function of other cells involved in adaptive immune responses and innate immune responses.
Cell-mediated immunity is directed primarily at microbes that survive in phagocytes and microbes that infect non-phagocytic cells. It is most effective in removing virus-infected cells, but also participates in defending against fungi, protozoans, cancers, and intracellular bacteria. It also plays a major role in transplant rejection.
Cellular waste product
Cellular waste products are formed as a byproduct of cellular respiration, a series of processes and reactions that generate energy for the cell, in the form of ATP. Two examples of cellular respiration creating cellular waste products are aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.

# Aerobic respiration
When in the presence of oxygen, cells use aerobic respiration to obtain energy from glucose molecules.
Simplified Theoretical Reaction: C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 (g)  6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l)     Hc -2880KJ
In aerobic respiration, the cellular waste products are:
- carbon dioxide (CO2)
- water (H2O)

# Anaerobic respiration
When oxygen is not available, a cell must undergo anaerobic respiration to generate energy. Fermentation is an example of anaerobic respiration.
Simplified Theoretical Reaction: C6H12O6 \to 2C3H6O3 + 2 ATP (120 kJ)
In anaerobic respiration, the cellular waste product is:
- Lactic acid (C3H6O3)
Censoring (statistics)
In statistics, censoring occurs when the value of an observation is only partially known.
For example, suppose a study is conducted to measure the impact of a drug on mortality.  In such a study, it may be known that an individual's age at death is at least 75 years.  Such a situation could occur if the individual disenrolled from the study at age 75, or if the individual is currently alive at the age of 75.
Censoring also occurs when a value occurs outside the range of a measuring instrument.  For example, a bathroom scale might only measure up to 300 lbs.  If a 350 lb individual is weighed using the scale, the observer would only know that the individual's weight is greater than 300 lbs.

# Types of Censoring
- Left Censoring - a data point is below a certain value but it is unknown by how much
- Interval Censoring - a data point is somewhere on an interval between two values
- Right Censoring - a data point is above a certain value but it is unknown by how much

# Epidemiology
One of the earliest attempts to analyse a statistical problem involving censored data was Daniel Bernoulli's 1766 analysis of smallpox morbidity and mortality data to demonstrate the efficacy of vaccination.

# Life testing
Reliability testing often consists of conducting a test on an item to determine the time it  takes for a failure to occur.
- Sometimes a failure is planned and expected but does not occur: operator error, equipment malfunction, test anomaly, etc.  The test result was not the desired time-to-failure but can be (and should be) used as a time-to-termination. The use of censored data is unintentional but necessary.
- Sometimes engineers plan a test program so that, after a certain time limit or number of failures, all other tests will be terminated.  These suspended times are treated as right-censored data.  The use of censored data is intentional.
An analysis of the data from replicate tests includes both the times-to-failure for the items which failed and the time-of-test-termination for those which did not fail.

# Analysis
Special techniques may be used to handle censored data. Tests with specific failure times are coded as actual failures: Censored data are coded for the type of censoring and the known interval or limit. Special software programs (often reliability oriented) can conduct a maximum likelihood estimation for summary statistics, confidence intervals, etc.
The problem of censored data, in which the observed value of some variable is partially known, is related to the problem of missing data, where the observed value of some variable is unknown.
Central chemoreceptors

# Overview
Central chemoreceptors of the central nervous system, located on the ventrolateral medullary surface, are sensitive to the pH of their environment.
These act to detect a change in pH of the cerebral spinal fluid.
An increase in carbon dioxide tension of the arteries will indirectly cause the blood to become more acidic; the cerebral spinal fluid pH is closely comparable to the plasma pH, as carbon dioxide easily diffuses across the blood/brain barrier.
The detection of variation in the arterial carbon dioxide tension acts as a quick-response-system, useful in short term regulation.
This system utilizes a negative feedback system, therefore if the pH of the cerebral spinal fluid does not compare to an ideal set level, then the receptor will send an error signal to the effectors and appropriate action may be executed.
Cephalexin description
Cephalexin, USP is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic intended for oral administration. It is 7-(D--amino--phenylacetamido)-3-methyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid, monohydrate.
Cephalexin has the following structural formula:
The nucleus of cephalexin is related to that of other cephalosporin antibiotics. The compound is a zwitterion; i.e., the molecule contains both a basic and an acidic group. The isoelectric point of cephalexin in water is approximately 4.5 to 5.
The crystalline form of cephalexin which is available is a monohydrate. It is a white crystalline solid having a bitter taste. Solubility in water is low at room temperature; 1 or 2 mg/mL may be dissolved readily, but higher concentrations are obtained with increasing difficulty.
The cephalosporins differ from penicillins in the structure of the bicyclic ring system. Cephalexin has a D-phenylglycyl group as substituent at the 7-amino position and an unsubstituted methyl group at the 3-position.
Each capsule contains cephalexin monohydrate equivalent to 250 mg (720 mol) or 500 mg (1,439 mol) of cephalexin.
Inactive Ingredients: CAPSULES: magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, and sodium starch glycolate.
Capsule Shell and Print Constituents: black iron oxide, D&C Yellow #10 Aluminum Lake, FD&C Blue #1 Aluminum Lake, FD&C Blue #2 Aluminum Lake, FD&C Red #40 Aluminum Lake, gelatin, pharmaceutical glaze modified in SD-45, silicon dioxide or carboxymethylcellulose sodium, sodium lauryl sulfate, titanium dioxide and may contain propylene glycol. In addition, the 250 mg capsule shell contains yellow iron oxide.
After mixing, each 5 mL of cephalexin for oral suspension USP will contain cephalexin monohydrate equivalent to 125 mg (360 mol) or 250 mg (720 mol) of cephalexin.
Inactive Ingredients: SUSPENSION: FD&C Red #40, cherry mixed fruit flavor (artificial flavors, benzyl alcohol, maltodextrin, and modified corn starch), silicon dioxide, sodium benzoate, sugar (fruit granulated), and xanthan gum.
Each tablet contains cephalexin monohydrate equivalent to 250 mg (720 mol) or 500 mg (1,439 mol) of cephalexin.
Inactive Ingredients: TABLETS: hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, sodium starch glycolate, and titanium dioxide.
Cephalometric analysis

# Overview
Cephalometric analysis is the study of the dental and skeletal relationships in the head.  It is frequently used by dentists, often orthodontists in particular, as a treatment planning tool.
Two of the more popular methods of analysis used in orthodontology are the Steiner analysis, named after Cecil C. Steiner, and the McNamara analysis, named after James A. McNamara.  There are other methods as well, including the Ricketts analysis.

# Cephalometric radiographs
Cephalometric analysis depends on cephalometric radiography to study relationships between bony and soft tissue landmarks and can be used to diagnose facial growth abnormalities prior to treatment, in the middle of treatment to evaluate progress or at the conclusion of treatment to ascertain that the goals of treatment have been met.