Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Glibenclamide detailed information
Glibenclamide (INN), also known as glyburide (USAN), is an anti-diabetic drug in a class of medications known as sulfonylureas, used in the treatment of type II diabetes. As of 2007, it is one of only two oral anti-diabetics in the World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines (the other being metformin).
It is sold in doses of 1.25 mg, 2.5 mg and 5 mg, under the trade names Diabeta, Glynase and Micronase in the United States and Daonil, Semi-Daonil and Euglucon in the United Kingdom.
It is also sold in combination with metformin under the trade name Glucovance.
Additionally, recent research shows that glyburide improves outcome in amimal stroke models by preventing brain swelling.  A retrospective study showed that in type 2 diabetic patients already taking glyburide there was improved NIH stroke scale scores on discharge compared to diabetic patients not taking glyburide.

# Mechanism of action
The drug works by inhibiting ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells. This inhibition causes cell membrane depolarization, opening of voltage-dependent calcium channels, thus triggering an increase in intracellular calcium into the beta cell which stimulates insulin release.

# Side effects and contraindications
The drug is contraindicated in pregnant women. It is also a major cause of drug induced hypoglycemia.
Recently published data suggests that glibenclamide is associated with significantly higher annual mortality when combined with metformin than other insulin-secreting medications, after correcting for other potentially confounding patient characteristics. The safety of this combination has been questioned.
Griseofulvin clinical pharmacology

# Clinical Pharmacology
GRIFULVIN V (griseofulvin tablets) microsize acts systemically to inhibit the growth of Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton genera of fungi. Fungistatic amounts are deposited in the keratin, which is gradually exfoliated and replaced by noninfected tissue.
Griseofulvin absorption from the gastrointestinal tract varies considerably among individuals, mainly because of insolubility of the drug in aqueous media of the upper G.I. tract. The peak serum level found in fasting adults given 0.5 gm occurs at about four hours and ranges between 0.5 and 2.0 mcg/mL.
It should be noted that some individuals are consistently "poor absorbers" and tend to attain lower blood levels at all times. This may explain unsatisfactory therapeutic results in some patients. Better blood levels can probably be attained in most patients if the tablets are administered after a meal with a high fat content.
Halofantrine clinical pharmacology

# Clinical Pharmacology
The interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetic parameters of halofantrine is very wide and has led to great difficulty in precisely determining the pharmacokinetic characteristics of this product.
Following administration of halofantrine hydrochloride tablets in single oral doses of 250 mg to 1000 mg to healthy volunteers, peak plasma levels were reached in 5 to 7 hours. High variability in the peak plasma levels was observed in all studies, suggesting erratic absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. An approximately seven-fold increase in peak plasma concentration and a three-fold increase in area under the curve (AUC) of halofantrine were obtained when a single 250 mg tablet was administered with high-fat food to healthy subjects.
Healthy volunteers who were given three oral doses of 500 mg of halofantrine hydrochloride (500 mg every 6 hours), when fed 2 hours before the second and third doses, had similar three- to five-fold increases in absorption. A mean Cmax of 3200 ng/mL (range 1555 to 4920 ng/mL) with a corresponding Tmax of 9 to 17 hours was attained following this multiple- dose regimen.
Halofantrine has a relatively long distribution phase with a half-life of 16 hours and a variable terminal elimination half-life of 6 to 10 days. The half-life of halofantrine varies considerably among individuals.
The primary metabolite of halofantrine is n-desbutyl halofantrine. Cmax values ranging from 310 to 410 ng/mL were observed to occur between 32 and 56 hours following oral administration of multiple doses of 500 mg halofantrine q6h for three doses. The apparent terminal elimination half-life of the metabolite is 3 to 4 days.
Based on animal studies, hepatobiliary clearance with fecal elimination of halofantrine parent compound and metabolite predominates. The extent to which halofantrine is bound to plasma proteins and the extent to which halofantrine is taken up into red blood cells are unknown.
The pharmacokinetics of halofantrine in patients with compromised renal or hepatic function has not been investigated.
The course of the anemia developed by a few malaria patients treated with halofantrine whose red blood cells were deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) was not different from that in malaria patients with normal G6PD values.
Halofantrine indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
Halfan tablets are indicated for the treatment of adults who can tolerate oral medication and who have mild to moderate malaria (equal to or less than 100,000 parasites/mm3) caused by Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax.
NOTE: Patients with acute P. vivax malaria treated with Halfan are at risk of relapse because halofantrine does not eliminate the exoerythrocytic (hepatic phase) parasites. To avoid relapse after initial treatment of the acute P. vivax infection with Halfan, patients should subsequently be treated with an 8-aminoquinoline to eradicate the exoerythrocytic parasites.
NOTE: THE EFFICACY OF HALFAN (HALOFANTRINE HYDROCHLORIDE) IN THE PROPHYLAXIS OF MALARIA HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED.
Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky halogenation
The Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky halogenation reaction halogenates carboxylic acids at the  carbon.

# Scheme
The reaction is initiated by addition of a catalytic amount of PBr3, after which one molar equivalent of Br2 is added.
PBr3 replaces the carboxylic OH with a bromide, resulting in a carboxylic acid bromide. The acyl bromide can then tautomerize to an enol, which will readily react with the Br2 to brominate a second time at the  position.
In neutral to slightly acidic aqueous solution, hydrolysis of the -bromo acyl bromide occurs spontaneously, yielding the -bromo carboxylic acid in an example of a nucleophilic acyl substitution.  If an aqueous solution is desirable, a full molar equivalent of PBr3 must be used as the catalytic chain is disrupted.
If little nucleophilic solvent is present, reaction of the -bromo acyl bromide with the carboxylic acid yields the -bromo carboxylic acid product and regenerates the acyl bromide intermediate. In practice a molar equivalent of PBr3 is often used anyway to overcome the slow reaction kinetics.
Hepatomegaly (patient information)
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# Overview
Hepatomegaly is swelling of the liver beyond its normal size. If both the liver and spleen are enlarged, it is called hepatosplenomegaly.
The lower edge of the liver normally comes just to the lower edge of the ribs on the right side. The edge of the liver is normally thin and firm. It cannot be felt with the fingertips below the edge of the ribs, except when you take a deep breath. It may be enlarged if a health care provider can feel it in this area.

# What are the causes?
The liver is involved in many of the body's functions. It is affected by many conditions that can cause hepatomegaly, including:
- Alcohol use
- Congestive heart failure
- Glycogen storage disease
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- Hereditary fructose intolerance
- Infectious mononucleosis
- Leukemia
- Niemann-Pick disease
- Primary biliary cirrhosis
- Reye syndrome
- Sarcoidosis
- Sclerosing cholangitis
- Steatosis (fat in the liver from metabolic problems such as diabetes, obesity, and high triglycerides, also called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, or NASH)
- Tumor metastases

# Diagnosis
The doctor will examine you and ask questions such as:
- Did you notice a fullness or lump in the abdomen?
- What other symptoms do you have?
- Is there any abdominal pain?
- Is there any yellowing of the skin (jaundice)?
- Is there any vomiting?
- Is there any unusual-colored or pale-colored stools?
- Have you had a fever?
- What medications are you taking?
- How much alcohol do you drink?
Tests to determine the cause of hepatomegaly vary, depending on the suspected cause, but may include:
- Abdominal x-ray
- Abdominal ultrasound (may be done to confirm the condition if the doctor thinks your liver feels enlarged during a physical exam)
- CT scan of the abdomen
- Liver function tests, including blood clotting tests
- MRI scan of the abdomen

# When to seek urgent medical care?
This condition is usually discovered by a health care provider. You may not be aware of the liver or spleen swelling.

# Sources
National Library of Medicine
Hyperventilation syndrome overview

# Overview
In psychiatry, hyperventilation syndrome  is an episodic disorder that often presents with chest pain and a tingling sensation of the fingertips (paresthesia) and around the mouth, as well as deep and labored breathing (causing hyperventilation), although chronic but subtle hyperventilation can cause these symptoms too.

# Risk Factors
Hyperventilation syndrome can be triggered by emotions of stress, anxiety, depression, or anger. Occasional hyperventilation from panic is generally related to a specific fear or phobia, such as a fear of heights, dying, or closed-in spaces (claustrophobia).

# Diagnosis

## Chest X Ray
Chest radiography is usually performed to rule out any acute pulmonary or cardiac pathology. In patients with hyperventilation syndrome a chest X-ray should be normal.

## CT
In majority of cases, patients with a normal chest X-ray will not need a chest CT. The chest CT is indicated to evaluate abnormalities found on chest X-ray, such as possible pulmonary nodules or masses, parenchymal infiltrates. CT angiography (CTA) of the chest is done when pulmonary embolism needs to be ruled out.
Idiopathic sclerosing mesenteritis
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# Overview
Idiopathic sclerosing mesenteritis (ISM) or mesenteric panniculitus is a rare disease of the small intestine, characterized by chronic inflammation and eventual fibrosis of the mesentery. It has also been called mesenteric lipodystrophy, or retractile mesenteritis.

# Historical Perspective
The Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN, reported a large study of 92 patients, with widely ranging severity of their symptoms. The majority were male, average age 65 years. They commonly had abdominal pain (70%), diarrhea (25%) and weight loss (23%). Depending on the stage of the scarring and fibrosis, several different treatments including surgery, for bowel obstruction, or drugs were used to halt the progression of the disease.
In that case series, 56% of patients received only pharmacological therapy, most often receiving tamoxifen with a reducing dose of reducing prednisone, or also had colchicine, azathioprine or thalidomide.
Their findings suggest that sclerosing mesenteritis can be debilitating although relatively benign. Symptomatic patients benefited from medical therapy, usually tamoxifen and prednisone, but further follow-up information would strengthen these results.

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

# Causes

# Differentiating Idiopathic sclerosing mesenteritis from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics
The epidemiology of Idiopathic sclerosing mesenteritis disease is extremely rare and has only been diagnosed in about an estimated 300 patients worldwide to date (as of 2014), it is probably under diagnosed.
It can occur in children.

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

## Natural History

## Complications

## Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination
Sclerosing mesenteritis may present with no or nearly no signs or symptoms, but many people have chronic and severe pain in the abdomen as the most common chief complaint.  Other people have chronic problems with bowel movements, resulting in diarrhea, bloating, gas, and cramping which can range from severe to mild.
The disorder is identified by histopathology showing fat necrosis, fibrosis and chronic inflammation of the small intestine.  Examination of the mesentery may indicate a solitary mass, but diffuse mesentery thickening is common.

# Mechanism
Several causes of sclerosing mesenteritis have been suggested, but the principal pathophysiological mechanism is probably autoimmune.  Trauma and prior surgical procedures have also been indicated as possibilities.

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Prevention
Inferior horn of lateral ventricle

# Overview
The inferior cornu (temporal horn, descending horn; middle horn; medicornu), the largest of the horns of the lateral ventricle, traverses the temporal lobe of the brain, forming in its course a curve around the posterior end of the thalamus.
It passes at first backward, lateralward, and downward, and then curves forward to within 2.5 cm. of the apex of the temporal lobe, its direction being fairly well indicated on the surface of the brain by that of the superior temporal sulcus.
Its roof is formed chiefly by the inferior surface of the tapetum of the corpus callosum, but the tail of the caudate nucleus and the stria terminalis also extend forward in the roof of the inferior cornu to its extremity; the tail of the caudate nucleus joins the putamen.
Its floor presents the following parts: the hippocampus, the fimbria hippocampi, the collateral eminence, and the choroid plexus.
When the choroid plexus is removed, a cleft-like opening is left along the medial wall of the inferior cornu; this cleft constitutes the lower part of the choroidal fissure.
Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia is an oral pathologic condition that appears in the mouth as an overgrowth of tissue usually beneath a denture. It is also known as papillary hyperplasia of the palate and erroneously as palatal papillomatosis. It is associated with poor denture hygiene, denture overuse, and dentures not fitting well.
The exact cause of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia is unknown. In people who wear dentures 24 hours a day, its incidence is around 20%.  It appears as an asymptomatic erythematous area, usually the hard palate, with a pebbly surface. Nonetheless, it may also occur on the hard palates of patients who are chronic mouth-breathers.  Sometimes, this disease can found in conjunction with another denture-related disease, an epulis fissuratum.
The appearance of an epulis fissuratum microscopically is an overgrowth of stratified squamous epithelium cells. Depending on the how advanced the condition is, pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia may be present.
In cases of mild cases, treatment consists of removal of the denture with spontaneous regression of the disease. In advanced cases of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia, surgery may be needed, along with behavioral modification toward proper denture use.
Inocybe corydalina var. corydalina
Inocybe corydalina var. corydalina is a member of the genus Inocybe which is widely distributed in temperate forests.  It is a small mycorrhizal mushroom which contains a small amount of hallucinogen psilocybin.
Chemical analysis by Stijve and Kuyper shows that it contains 0.032% psilocybin, a very low concentration.

# Description
- Cap:  3.5-5 cm diameter, buff to brown brown, often with greenish tones, conic to convex or plane in age, with or without an umbo, with appressed fibrillose squamules on the cap which are more frequent towards the center, and an incurved margin.  The center of the cap is darker brown to greenish, sometimes black and the flesh is white.
- Gills: adnate and very numerous, pale cream brown to grayish buff.
- Spores: Smooth and lemon shaped, measuring 8 x 5.5 micrometres, dull brown, often with a bluish-grayish stem base.
- Stipe: 2.5-10 cm long, 4 to 6 mm thick, and is equal width for the whole length, sometimes with some swelling at the base.  The upper part of the stem is smooth and the lower part is fibrillose.  Has a cortinate partial veil which soon disappears.
- Taste:
- Odor: Aromatic.
- Microscopic features: Pleurocystidia 33-70 by 9-21 micrometers, clavate cylindrical.  Cheilocystidia are not common and look like pleurocystidia.

# Distribution and habitat
Inocybe corydalina var. corydalina is widespread across Europe, North America and the British Isles.  It usually fruits in the fall under deciduous trees but can also be found under conifers.

# Edibility
Weakly hallucinogenic.  Contains psilocybin.
Gurevich and Nezoiminogo reported that this mushroom contains the mycotoxin muscarine but no psilocybin; other researchers have been unable to confirm this result.  Caution is advised.
Interleukin 36 receptor antagonist
Interleukin 36 receptor antagonist (IL-36RA) is a member of the interleukin-36 family of cytokines. It was previously named Interleukin-1 family member 5 (IL1F5).
The protein is known to inhibit the effects of Interleukin-36 cytokines (IL-36, IL-36 and IL-36) via competing with their receptor IL-36R/IL1RL2 and thereby inhibiting their proinflammatory effects.

# Roles in disease
Mutations in the IL-36RN gene resulting in a decrease or production of defective IL-36RA protein have been shown to cause inflammatory skin diseases including generalised pustular psoriasis, acrodermatitis continua suppurativa Hallopeau (ACH) and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP).
Intermittent pneumatic compression

# Overview
Intermittent pneumatic compression is a therapeutic technique used in medical devices that include an air pump and inflatable auxiliary sleeves, gloves or boots in a system designed to improve venous circulation in the limbs of patients who suffer edema or the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
In use, an inflatable jacket (sleeve, glove or boot) encloses the limb requiring treatment, and pressure lines are connected between the jacket and the air pump. When activated, the pump fills the air chambers of the jacket in order to  pressurize the tissues in the limb, thereby forcing fluids, such as blood and lymph, out of the pressurized area. A short time later, the pressure is reduced, allowing increased blood flow back into the limb.
The devices can be categorized as either uniform pressure or sequential compression device, depending on how the pressure in the inflatable jacket is modulated.

# Reference
-  Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, Karanicolas PJ, Arcelus JI, Heit JA, Samama CM (2012). "Prevention of VTE in Nonorthopedic Surgical Patients: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines". Chest. 141 (2 suppl): e227Se277S. doi:10.1378/chest.11-2297.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
International Breastfeeding Symbol
The International Breastfeeding Symbol was created by Matt Daigle, a graphic artist and father.  He created the symbol in response to a contest hosted by Mothering magazine.  The winner was chosen in November 2006 out of a total of more than 500 entries.  Daigle, who claims his wife and son were the inspiration behind the symbol, signed the symbol over to the public domain.
Increasing cultural diversity and personal mobility have created a growing need for universal modes of communication. The International Breastfeeding Symbol was created in the style of the AIGA symbol signs commonly seen in public places. These signs need to be designed carefully because they need to be understood at a glance by most people without written descriptions explaining what they mean.
The International Breastfeeding Symbol was created specifically to address the perceived problem of not having a universally accepted and understood symbol for breastfeeding available in public places.  The modern iconography representing infancy usually involves artificial feeding or soothing objects, like a nurser bottle icon or pacifier symbol.  Nursing rooms traditionally use a baby bottle symbol to designate what they are instead of a symbol of a mother nursing a child.  The International Breastfeeding Symbol may be helpful in shifting the bottle-feeding cultural paradigm toward the biological norm of breastfeeding.
In July 2007, the International Breastfeeding Symbol site, a site dedicated to the new symbol, was launched.
Intrastromal corneal ring segments

# Overview
Intrastromal corneal rings (or intracorneal rings) are small devices implanted in the eye to correct vision. A typical vision correction using corneal rings would involve an ophthalmologist making a small incision in the cornea of the eye, and inserting two crescent or semi-circular shaped ring segments between the layers of the corneal stroma, one on each side of the pupil. The embedding of the rings in the cornea has the effect of flattening the cornea and changing the refraction of light passing through the cornea on its way into the eye.
Corneal rings are typically used for patients with mild to moderate nearsightedness (1 to 3 diopters of correction and 1 diopter or less of astigmatism). An advantage over other surgical vision correction procedures like PRK or LASIK is that the implants are removable, which could allow for reversal or partial reversal of the correction, or replacement with different rings to change the amount of correction. Additional advantages are a lower risk of side effects, and a greater success rate of achieving the desired correction.
Potential complications are similar to other surgical vision correction procedures, and include infection and vision distortions, particularly problems with night vision.
The ring segments themselves are made of PMMA (an acrylic glass more commonly known under the tradenames Perspex or Plexiglas). The leading manufacturer is Addition Technology, which markets the rings under the trade name Intacs.