Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Iron overload disorder

# Overview
In medicine, iron overload disorders are diseases caused by the accumulation of iron in the body. Organs commonly affected are the liver, heart and endocrine glands.

# Causes
The causes can be distinguished between primary (generally genetic) and secondary (due to other conditions).

## Primary iron overload

## Secondary iron overload
- Dietary iron overload
- Increased intake of drugs such as ferrous gluconate.
- Transfusional iron overload
- Long term haemodialysis
- Chronic liver disease
Hepatitis C
Alcoholic cirrhosis, especially when advanced
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Hepatitis C
- Alcoholic cirrhosis, especially when advanced
- Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- Porphyria cutanea tarda
- Post-portacaval shunting
- Dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome

## Miscellaneous
The part-genetic, part-environmental syndrome known as African iron overload in sub-Sahara Africa (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 601195)
Isoniazid how supplied

# How Supplied
Isoniazid Tablets, USP:
100 mg- round, unscored, white tablet debossed EFF on one side and 26 on the other; supplied in bottles of 100, NDC 46672-158-10.
300 mg- round, unscored, white tablet debossed EFF on one side and 27 on the other; supplied in bottles of 30, NDC 46672-159-03, bottles of 100, NDC 46672-159-10, and in bottles of 1000, NDC 46672-159-11.

## Storage
Store at controlled room temperature, 15-30C (59-86F). Protect from moisture and light. Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container with a child-resistant closure.
Isoniazid microbiology

# Microbiology
Two standardized in vitro susceptibility methods are available for testing isoniazid against Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms. The agar proportion method (CDC or NCCLS M24-P) utilizes middlebrook 7HlO medium impregnated with isoniazid at two final concentrations, 0.2 and 1.0 mcg/mL. MIC99 values are calculated by comparing the quantity of organisms growing in the medium containing drug to the control cultures. Mycobacterial growth in the presence of drug  1% of the control indicates resistance.
The radiometric broth method employs the BACTEC 460 machine to compare the growth index from untreated control cultures to cultures grown in the presence of 0.2 and 1.0 mcg/mL of isoniazid. Strict adherence to the manufacturer's instructions for the sample processing and data interpretation is required for this assay.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates with an MIC99  0.2 mcg/mL are considered to be susceptible to isoniazid. Susceptibility test results obtained by the two different methods discussed above cannot be compared unless equivalent drug concentrations are evaluated.
The clinical relevance of in vitro susceptibility for mycobacterium species other than M. tuberculosis using either the BACTEC or the proportion method has not been determined.
Isotopes of molybdenum
There are 35 known isotopes of molybdenum (Mo) ranging in atomic mass from 83 to 117, as well as four metastable nuclear isomers. Seven isotopes occur naturally, with atomic masses of 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, and 100. Of these naturally occurring isotopes, five are stable, with atomic masses from 94 to 98. All unstable isotopes of molybdenum decay into isotopes of niobium, technetium, and ruthenium.
Molybdenum-92 and molybdenum-100 are the only naturally occurring isotopes which are not stable. Molybdenum-100 has a half-life of approximately 11019 y and undergoes double beta decay into ruthenium-100. Molybdenum-98 is the most common isotope, comprising 24.14% of all molybdenum. Molybdenum isotopes with mass numbers from 111 to 117 all have half-lives of approximately .15 s.
Standard atomic mass: 95.94(2) u

# Table

## Notes
- Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
Isotopes of phosphorus
Although phosphorus (P) has multiple isotopes, only one of these isotopes is stable 31P; as such, it is considered a monoisotopic element.
Standard atomic mass: 30.973762(2) u
Radioactive isotopes of phosphorus include:
- 32P; a beta-emitter (1.71 MeV) with a half-life of 14.3 days which is used routinely in life-science laboratories, primarily to produce radiolabeled DNA and RNA probes, e.g. for use in Northern blots or Southern blots. Because the high energy beta particles produced penetrate skin and corneas, and because any 32P ingested, inhaled, or absorbed is readily incorporated into bone and nucleic acids, OSHA requires that a lab coat, disposable gloves, and safety glasses or goggles be worn when working with 32P, and that working directly over an open container be avoided in order to protect the eyes. Monitoring personal, clothing, and surface contamination is also required. In addition, due to the high energy of the beta particles, shielding this radiation with the normally used dense materials (e.g. lead), gives rise to secondary emission of X-rays via a process known as Bremsstrahlung, meaning braking radiation. Therefore shielding must be accomplished with low density materials, e.g. Plexiglas, Lucite, plastic, wood, or water.
- 33P; a beta-emitter (0.25 MeV) with a half-life of 25.4 days. It is used in life-science laboratories in applications in which lower energy beta emissions are advantageous such as DNA sequencing.

# Table

## Notes
- Values marked # are purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding first digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from FUKIC which use expanded uncertainties.
Ivermectin description

# Description
STROMECTOL1 (Ivermectin) is a semisynthetic, anthelmintic agent for oral administration. Ivermectin is derived from the avermectins, a class of highly active broad-spectrum, anti-parasitic agents isolated from the fermentation products of Streptomyces avermitilis. Ivermectin is a mixture containing at least 90% 5-O-demethyl-22,23-dihydroavermectin A1a and less than 10% 5-O-demethyl-25-de(1-methylpropyl)-22,23-dihydro-25-(1-methylethyl)avermectin A1a, generally referred to as 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a and B1b, or H2B1a and H2B1b, respectively. The respective empirical formulas are C48H74O14 and C47H72O14, with molecular weights of 875.10 and 861.07, respectively. The structural formulas are:
Ivermectin is a white to yellowish-white, nonhygroscopic, crystalline powder with a melting point of about 155C. It is insoluble in water but is freely soluble in methanol and soluble in 95% ethanol.
STROMECTOL is available in 3-mg tablets containing the following inactive ingredients: microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized starch, magnesium stearate, butylated hydroxyanisole, and citric acid powder (anhydrous).
Jackson-Weiss syndrome
Jackson-Weiss syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by foot abnormalities and the premature fusion of certain bones of the skull (craniosynostosis), which prevents further growth of the skull and affects the shape of the head and face.
Many of the characteristic facial features of Jackson-Weiss syndrome result from the premature fusion of the skull bones. The head is unable to grow normally, which can lead to a misshapen skull, widely spaced eyes, and a bulging forehead. Foot abnormalities are the most consistent characteristic, as not all individuals with Jackson-Weiss syndrome have abnormal skull or facial features. The big toes are enlarged and bend away from the other toes. Hand anomalies are rare. People with Jackson-Weiss syndrome usually have normal intelligence and a normal life span.
Jackson-Weiss syndrome is a rare genetic disorder; its incidence is unknown.

# Genetics
Mutations in the FGFR2 gene cause Jackson-Weiss syndrome. The FGFR2 gene produces a protein called fibroblast growth factor receptor 2. Among its multiple functions, this protein signals immature cells to become bone cells in a developing embryo and fetus. A mutation in a specific part of the FGFR2 gene alters the protein and causes prolonged signaling, which promotes the premature fusion of bones in the skull and feet.
This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.
Jean-Baptiste de Senac
Jean-Baptiste de Senac (1693-1770) was a French physician who was born in the town of Lombez. Details of his early life are sketchy, however it is generally thought that he studied medicine at the University of Leyden, and later in London, where one of his instructors was John Freind (1675-1728). Beginning in 1723 he practiced medicine in Paris, and was a personal physician to King Louis XV from 1752 until 1770.
Senac is remembered for important studies of the heart during an era when cardiological medicine was rudimentary. In 1749 he published an influentual book on cardiology called Traite de la structure du coeur, de son action, et de ses maladies, which systematically dealt with the physiology, anatomy and pathology of the heart. In this treatise he discusses heart disorders and diseases he analyzed personally, as well as diagnoses described by other physicians.
Many of Senac's discoveries were derived from autopsies. He was the first physician to describe the correlation between atrial fibrillation and mitral valve disease, as well as the first to provide a comprehensive study of cardiac hypertrophy. He also performed research of cinchona extract and rhubarb for treatment of cardiac irregularities.
Junctional escape beat
A junctional escape beat is a delayed heartbeat originating not from the atrium but from an ectopic focus somewhere in the AV junction.  It occurs when the rate of depolarization of the SA node falls below the rate of the AV node.  This dysrhythmia also may occur when the electrical impulses from the SA node fail to reach the AV node because of SA or AV block.  It is a protective mechanism for the heart, to compensate for the SA node no longer handling the pacemaking activity, and is one of a series of backup sites that can take over pacemaker function when the SA node fails to do so.

# Etiology
A junctional escape complex is a normal response that may result from excessive vagal tone on the SA node, a pathological slowing of the SA discharge, or a complete AV block.

# ECG Characteristics
- Rate: 40-60 bpm
- Rhythm: Irregular in single junctional escape complex; regular in junctional escape rhythm.
- P waves:  Depends on the site of the ectopic focus.  They will be inverted, and may appear before or after the QRS complex, or they may be absent, hidden by the QRS.
- P-R interval:  If the P wave occurs before the QRS complex, the interval will be less than 0.12 seconds.
- QRS Complex:  Usually normal in duration and morphology, less than 0.12 seconds.

# Significance
Junctional rhythms (if a bradycardia), can cause decreased cardiac output.  Therefore, the person may exhibit signs and symptoms similar to other bradycardia such as lightheadedness, dizziness, hypotension, and syncope.  Usually this rhythm can be tolerated if the rate is above 50 bpm.
Jupiter Classification

# Overview
In 1803, Giovanni Battista Monteggia, an Italian surgeon, describe the Monteggia fracture as: a fracture of the proximal third of the ulna with the dislocation of the head of radius.
In 1967, Jose Luis Bado, used the "Monteggia lesion" terminology and classified this injury into the four types.
In 1991, Jupiter JB and colleagues from Boston expanded the Bados type II description of posterior Monteggia fracture-dislocation.

# Jupiter Classification

# Related Chapters
- Monteggia fracture
Kanamycin microbiology

# Microbiology
Kanamycin is a bactericidal antibiotic which acts by inhibiting the synthesis of protein in susceptible microorganisms.  Kanamycin sulfate is active in vitro against many strains of Staphylococcus aureus (including penicillinase and non penicillinase-producing strains), Staphylococcus epidermidis, N. gonorrhoeae, H. influenzae, E. coli, Enterobactor aerogenes, Shigella and Salmonella species, K. pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Providencia species, Acinetobacter species and Citrobacter freundii and Citrobacter species, and many strains of both indole-positive and indole-negative Proteus strains that are frequently resistant to other antibiotics.
Aminoglycosides have a low order of activity against most gram-positive organisms including Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae and enterococci.  In vitro studies have demonstrated that an aminoglycoside combined with an antibiotic which interferes with cell wall synthesis (i.e., Penicillin G or ampicillin) affects some Group D streptococcal strains synergistically.  Bacteriological testing and tests for antibiotic synergism are necessary.
Enzymatic inactivation of deoxystreptamine is the principal mechanism of resistance.

### Susceptibility Testing
Quantitative methods for susceptibility testing that require measurement of zone diameters give the most precise estimates of antibiotic susceptibility.  One such procedure has been recommended for use with discs to test susceptibility to kanamycin.  Interpretation involves correlation of the diameters obtained in the disc test with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for kanamycin.
Reports from the laboratory give results of the standardized single disc susceptibility test (Bauer, et al., Am J Clin Path 1966;45:493 and Federal Register 37:20525-20529, 1972), using a 30 mcg kanamycin disc should be interpreted according to the following criteria:
Organisms producing zones of 18 mm or greater, or MICs of 16 mcg or less are considered susceptible, indicating that the test organism is likely to respond to therapy.
Resistant organisms produce zones of 14 mm or less or MICs of 16 mcg or greater.  A report of resistant from the laboratory indicates that the infecting organism is not likely to respond to therapy.
Zones greater than 14 mm and less than 18 mm, or MICs of greater than 16 mcg and less than 65 mcg, indicate intermediate susceptibility.  A report of intermediate susceptibility suggests that the organism would be susceptible if the infection is confined to tissues and fluids (e.g., urine), in which high antibiotic levels are attained.
Control organisms are recommended for susceptibility testing.  Each time the test is performed one or more of the following organisms should be included: Escherichia coli ATCC 15922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853.  The control organisms should produce zones of inhibition within the following ranges:
Kaplan-Meier estimator

# Overview
The Kaplan-Meier estimator (also known as the Product Limit Estimator) estimates the survival function from life-time data.  In medical research, it might be used to measure the fraction of patients living for a certain amount of time after surgery.  An economist might measure the length of time people  remain unemployed after a job loss.  An engineer might measure the time until failure of machine parts.
A plot of the Kaplan-Meier estimate of the survival function is a series of horizontal steps of declining magnitude which, when a large enough sample is taken, approaches the true survival function for that population. The value of the survival function between successive distinct sampled observations ("clicks") is assumed to be constant.
An important advantage of the Kaplan-Meier curve is that the method can take into account "censored" data  losses from the sample before the final outcome is observed (for instance, if a patient withdraws from a study).  On the plot, small vertical tick-marks indicate losses, where patient data has been censored.  When no truncation or censoring occurs, the Kaplan-Meier curve is equivalent to the empirical distribution.
In medical statistics, a typical application might involve grouping patients into categories, for instance, those with Gene A profile and those with Gene B profile.  In the graph, patients with Gene B die much more quickly than those with gene A.  After two years about 80% of the Gene A patients still survive, but less than half of patients with Gene B.
Kidney cancer overview

# Overview
Renal cell carcinoma is the most common form of kidney cancer arising from the renal tubule. It is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. Initial treatment is surgery. It is notoriously resistant to radiation therapy and chemotherapy, although some cases respond to immunotherapy. The advent of targeted cancer therapies such as sunitinib has vastly improved the outlook for treatment of RCC.

# Classification
Recent genetic studies have altered the approaches used in classifying renal cell carcinoma. The following system can be used to classify these tumors:
- Clear cell carcinoma (VHL and others on chromosome 3)
- Papillary carcinoma (MET, PRCC)
- Chromophobe renal carcinoma
- Collecting duct carcinoma
Other associated genes include TRC8, OGG1, HNF1A, HNF1B, TFE3, RCCP3, and RCC17.
Lawrence-Moon syndrome
Synonyms and keywords: LMS

# Overview
LaurenceMoon syndrome (LMS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder associated with retinitis pigmentosa, spastic paraplegia, hypogonadism and mental retardation.

# Historical Perspective
It is named after the physicians John Zachariah Laurence and Robert Charles Moon who provided the first formal description of the condition in a paper published in 1866.
In the past, LMS has also been referred to as LaurenceMoonBardetBiedl or LaurenceMoonBiedlBardet syndrome, but BardetBiedl syndrome (BBS) is now usually recognized as a separate entity.

# Pathophysiology
- LaurenceMoon syndrome has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.LMS is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. This means the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome, and two copies of the defective gene (one inherited from each parent) are required in order to be born with the disorder.
- The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder both carry one copy of the defective gene, but usually do not experience any signs or symptoms of the disorder.
- Recent advances in genetic typing of the phenotypically-wide variation in patients clinically diagnosed with either Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) or Laurence-Moon Syndrome (LMS) have questioned whether LMS and BBS are genetically distinct. For example, a 1999 epidemiological study of BBS and LMS reported that "BBS proteins interact and are necessary for the development of many organs."  "Two patients  were diagnosed clinically as LMS but both had mutations in a BBS gene.  The features in this population do not support the notion that BBS and LMS are distinct."
- A more recent 2005 paper also suggests that the two conditions are not distinct.
Lady Dufferin Hospital
Lady Dufferin Hospital is located in Karachi, Sindh, and it is the largest women's hospital in Pakistan. The hospital, which was completed in 1898, was named after the British peeress Lady Dufferin. Benazir Bhutto, the former Prime Minister of Pakistan, gave bith to a girl in the hospital in 1990.

# Donations
Seth Edulji Dinshaw contributed a sum of Rs. 50,000/- for is establishment

# Foundation laying ceremony
The foundation laying ceremony was performed on 12th November 1894 by Lady Elgin.

# Features
Initially, a ward in this hospital was kept specifically for Parsis. In January 1917, the Virbaijee Maternity Wing was opened.
Lagerstroemia speciosa
Lagerstroemia speciosa (Giant Crape-myrtle, Queen's Crape-myrtle or Banaba Plant) is a species of Lagerstroemia native to tropical southern Asia. It is a small to medium-sized tree growing to 20 m tall, with smooth, flaky bark. The leaves are deciduous, oval to elliptic, 8-15 cm long and 3-7 cm broad, with an acute apex. The flowers are produced in erect panicles 20-40 cm long, each flower with six white to purple petals 2-3.5 cm long.

# Cultivation and uses
It is grown in South East Asia, India and the Philippines.
It is also widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical areas.
Lamivudine description

# Description
EPIVIR (also known as 3TC) is a brand name for lamivudine, a synthetic nucleoside analogue with activity against HIV-1 and HBV. The chemical name of lamivudine is (2R,cis)-4-amino-1-(2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl)-(1H)-pyrimidin-2-one. Lamivudine is the (-)enantiomer of a dideoxy analogue of cytidine. Lamivudine has also been referred to as (-)2,3-dideoxy, 3-thiacytidine. It has a molecular formula of C8H11N3O3S and a molecular weight of 229.3. It has the following structural formula:
Lamivudine is a white to off-white crystalline solid with a solubility of approximately 70 mg/mL in water at 20C.
EPIVIR Tablets are for oral administration. Each scored 150-mg film-coated tablet contains 150 mg of lamivudine and the inactive ingredients hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, sodium starch glycolate, and titanium dioxide.
Each 300-mg film-coated tablet contains 300 mg of lamivudine and the inactive ingredients black iron oxide, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, sodium starch glycolate, and titanium dioxide.
EPIVIR Oral Solution  is for oral administration. One milliliter (1 mL) of EPIVIR Oral Solution contains 10 mg of lamivudine (10 mg/mL) in an aqueous solution and the inactive ingredients artificial strawberry and banana flavors, citric acid (anhydrous), methylparaben, propylene glycol, propylparaben, sodium citrate (dihydrate), and sucrose (200 mg).
Laser photocoagulation
Laser photocoagulation surgery is used to treat a number of eye diseases and has become widely used in recent decades. During the procedure, which is usually performed on an outpatient basis, a laser is used to finely cauterize ocular blood vessels to attempt to bring about various therapeutic benefits.
The surgery is used in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy and age related macular degeneration, having been proven to lower the risk of severe vision loss from these diseases, which are the two leading causes of blindness in the United States. Other eye diseases it is used to treat include retinal ischemia, neovascularization of the choroid or retina, glaucoma, and a complication of cataract surgery known as posterior capsular opacification.
Side effects and complications of laser photocoagulation are not infrequent although they are rarely severe. They include loss of peripheral vision, worsening visual acuity, reduced night vision, and hemorrhaging in the eye.