Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education
The Accrediting Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) is the overseeing body for continuing medical education (CME) in the United States. The ACCME sets the standards for the accreditation of all providers of CME activities.
The ACCME's seven member organizations are the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS), the American Hospital Association (AHA), the American Medical Association (AMA), the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), the Association for Hospital Medical Education (AHME), the Council of Medical Specialty Societies (CMSS), and the Federation of State Medical Boards of the U.S., Inc. (FSMB).
The ACCME's Mission is the identification, development, and promotion of standards for quality continuing medical education utilized by physicians in their maintenance of competence and incorporation of new knowledge to improve quality medical care for patients and their communities.
The ACCME fulfills its mission through a voluntary self-regulated system for accrediting CME providers and a peer-review process responsive to changes in medical education and the health care delivery system.
The primary responsibilities of the ACCME are to:
- Serve as the body accrediting institutions and organizations offering continuing medical education.
- Serve as the body recognizing institutions and organizations offering continuing medical education accreditation.
- Develop criteria for evaluation of both educational programs and their activities by which ACCME and state accrediting bodies will accredit institutions and organizations and be responsible for assuring compliance with these standards.
- Develop, or foster the development of, methods for measuring the effectiveness of continuing medical education and its accreditation, particularly in its relationship to supporting quality  patient care and the continuum of medical education.
- Recommend and initiate studies for improving the organization and processes of continuing medical education and its accreditation.
- Review and assess developments in continuing medical educations support of quality health.
Amphotericin B lipid complex dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration
The recommended daily dosage for adults and children is 5 mg/kg given as a single infusion. ABELCETshould be administered by intravenous infusion at a rate of 2.5 mg/kg/h. If the infusion time exceeds 2 hours, mix the contents by shaking the infusion bag every 2 hours.
Renal toxicity of ABELCET, as measured by serum creatinine levels, has been shown to be dose dependent. Decisions about dose adjustments should be made only after taking into account the overall clinical condition of the patient.
Preparation of Admixture for Infusion:
- Shake the vial gently until there is no evidence of any yellow sediment at the bottom.
- Withdraw the appropriate dose of ABELCET from the required number of vials into one or more sterile syringes using an 18-gauge needle.
- Remove the needle from each syringe filled with ABELCET and replace with the 5-micron filter needle supplied with each vial.
- Each filter needle may be used to filter the contents of up to four 100 mg vials.
- Insert the filter needle of the syringe into an IV bag containing 5% Dextrose Injection USP, and empty the contents of the syringe into the bag. #The final infusion concentration should be 1 mg/mL. For pediatric patients and patients with cardiovascular disease the drug may be diluted with 5% Dextrose Injection to a final infusion concentration of 2 mg/mL. Before infusion, shake the bag until the contents are thoroughly mixed. Do not use the admixture after dilution with 5% Dextrose Injection if there is any evidence of foreign matter.
- Vials are for single use. Unused material should be discarded. Aseptic technique must be strictly observed throughout handling of ABELCET, since no bacteriostatic agent or preservative is present.DO NOT DILUTE WITH SALINE SOLUTIONS OR MIX WITH OTHER DRUGS OR ELECTROLYTES as the compatibility of ABELCET with these materials has not been established'. An existing intravenous line should be flushed with 5% Dextrose Injection before infusion of ABELCET, or a separate infusion line should be used.
- DO NOT USE AN IN-LINE FILTER.
- The diluted ready-for-use admixture is stable for up to 48 hours at 2 to 8C (36 to 46F) and an additional 6 hours at room temperature.
Differentiating cholangiocarcinoma from other diseases

# Overview
Cholangiocarcinoma must be differentiated from other diseases that cause jaundice, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fatigue, such as gallbladder cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, cholecystitis, and choledochitis.

# Differentiating cholangiocarcinoma from other diseases
Cholangiocarcinoma must be differentiated from other diseases that cause jaundice, abdominal pain, weight loss, and fever such as Gallbladder cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, cholecystitis, choledochitis and liver fluke infections.
Abbreviations:
RUQ= Right upper quadrant of the abdomen, LUQ= Left upper quadrant, LLQ= Left lower quadrant, RLQ= Right lower quadrant, LFT= Liver function test, SIRS= Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, ERCP= Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, IV= Intravenous, N= Normal, AMA= Anti mitochondrial antibodies, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, GI= Gastrointestinal, CXR= Chest X ray, IgA= Immunoglobulin A, IgG= Immunoglobulin G, IgM= Immunoglobulin M, CT= Computed tomography, PMN= Polymorphonuclear cells, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP= C-reactive protein, TS= Transferrin saturation, SF= Serum Ferritin, SMA= Superior mesenteric artery, SMV= Superior mesenteric vein, ECG= Electrocardiogram
Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase galactosemia
Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase galactosemia (or type 1) is the most common type of galactosemia. It is caused by a deficiency in galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase.
There are two variants of the GALT gene responsible for galactosemia.
- One variant causes so-called classic galactosemia, in which there is an extreme deficiency in galactose-1 phosphate uridyltransferase.  It is an autosomal recessive condition.  The gene for GALT was mapped at 9p13.  Most serious conditions are prominent.
- The variant gene, responsible for Duarte galactosemia, leads to about half the normal levels of GALT. Individuals with Duarte galactosemia may experience few or none of the serious symptoms of classic galactosemia.
The severity of the symptoms is dependent on a number of factors, most importantly the amount of lactose in the individual's diet. It is also possible to have one each of the classic and Duarte genes, in which case GALT activity is intermediate.
Demeclocycline hydrochloride dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration
Therapy should be continued for at least 24 to 48 hours after symptoms and fever have subsided.
Concomitant therapy: Absorption of tetracyclines is impaired by antacids containing aluminum, calcium, or magnesium, and by iron-containing preparations. Foods and some dairy products also interfere with absorption. Oral forms of tetracycline should be given at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals.
In patients with renal impairment: (see WARNINGS) Tetracyclines should be used cautiously in patients with impaired renal function. Total dosage should be decreased by reduction of recommended individual doses and/or by extending time intervals between doses.
In patients with liver impairment: Tetracyclines should be used cautiously in patients with impaired liver function. Total dosage should be decreased by reduction of recommended individual doses and/or by extending time intervals between doses.
Administration of adequate amounts of fluid with the oral formulations of tetracyclines is recommended to wash down the drugs and reduce the risk of esophageal irritation and ulceration. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS.)
Adults: Usual daily dose--Four divided doses of 150 mg each or two divided doses of 300 mg each.
For pediatric patients above eight years of age: Usual daily dose, 7 to 13 mg per kg body weight per day, depending upon the severity of the disease, divided into two to four doses not to exceed adult dosage of 600 mg per day.
Gonorrhea patients sensitive to penicillin may be treated with demeclocycline administered as an initial oral dose of 600 mg followed by 300 mg every 12 hours for four days to a total of 3 grams.
Differentiating Precocious puberty from other diseases
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# Overview
Precocious Puberty must be differentiated from Congenital adrenal hyperplasia , ovarian cancer , testicular cancer and breast cancer  .

# Differentiating Precocious Puberty from other Diseases
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- Tumors such as ovarian cancer,  testicular cancer or breast cancer
Differentiating Temporal arteritis from other diseases

# Overview
The differential of temporal arteritis include Takayasu arteritis, neurofibromatosis 1 and 2, fibromuscular dysplasia, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), amyloidosis, and cerebral aneurysm.

# Differentiating Temporal Arteritis from other Diseases
The following list is a differential diagnosis of disorders that temporal arteritis should be distinguished from based on headache:
- Takayasu arteritis
- Neurofibromatosis 1 and 2
- Fibromuscular dysplasia
- Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
- Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)
- Amyloidosis
- Cerebral aneurysm
Abbreviations:
ABG= Arterial blood gas, ANA= Antinuclear antibody, ANP= Atrial natriuretic peptide, ASO= Antistreptolysin O antibody, BNP= Brain natriuretic peptide, CBC= Complete blood count, COPD= Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP= C-reactive protein, CT= Computed tomography, CXR= Chest X-ray, DVT= Deep vein thrombosis, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, HRCT= High Resolution CT, IgE= Immunoglobulin E, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, PCWP= Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, PCR= Polymerase chain reaction, PFT= Pulmonary function test.
Differentiating reactive arthritis from other diseases

# Overview
Reactive arthritis should be distinguished from other HLA-B27 diseases causing arthritis of the peripheral skeleton, which present as arthralgia. The differentials include psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.

# Differentiating Reactive Arthritis from other Diseases
Reactive arthritis should be distinguished from other diseases causing arthritis of the peripheral skeleton, which present as arthralgia. The differentials include:
Key:+ : Infrequently present, ++ : Frequently present, +++ : Always present, - : Absent
Reactive arthritis must be differentiated from other causes of rash and arthritis
Differentiating ulcerative colitis from other diseases

# Overview
Ulcerative colitis should be differentiated from other causes of diarrhea. It is very important to differentiate it from Crohn's disease as the management of both conditions is different though the initial presentation may be confused for any of these disorders.

# Differentiating Ulcerative Colitis from other Diseases
The following conditions may present in a similar manner as ulcerative colitis, and should be excluded:
- Crohn's disease
- Infectious colitis, which is typically detected on stool cultures
Pseudomembranous colitis, or Clostridium difficile-associated colitis, bacterial upsets often seen following administration of antibiotics
- Pseudomembranous colitis, or Clostridium difficile-associated colitis, bacterial upsets often seen following administration of antibiotics
- Ischemic colitis, inadequate blood supply to the intestine, which typically affects the elderly
- Radiation colitis in patients with previous pelvic radiotherapy
- Chemical colitis resulting from introduction of harsh chemicals into the colon from an enema or other procedure.

## Differentiating Crohn's disease and Ulcerative Colitis
The most common disease that mimics the symptoms of Crohn's disease is ulcerative colitis, as both are inflammatory bowel diseases that can affect the colon with similar symptoms. It is important to differentiate these diseases, since the course of the diseases and treatments may be different. In some cases, however, it may not be possible to tell the difference, in which case the disease is classified as indeterminate colitis.

## Differentiating Ulcerative Colitis from Gastroenteritis
Small bowel diarrhea: watery, voluminous with less than 5 WBC/high power field
Large bowel diarrhea: Mucousy and/or bloody with less volume and more than 10 WBC/high power field
 It could be as high as 1000 based on patient's immunity system.
The table below summarizes the findings that differentiate inflammatory causes of chronic diarrhea
Diseases of the conduction system and bradyarrhythmias
Bradyarrhythmias can be broadly divided into two categories: those at the atrial level that are caused by sinus node dysfunction, and those at the subatrial level resulting in AV conduction disturbances.

# 1. Sinus Node Dysfunction
SSS is defined by the electrocardiographic criteria,as clinical symptoms are often vague.
- unexplained persistent bradycardia without warning
- sinus arrest or sinus exit block
- paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) followed by sinus arrest
- SA block/arrest or severe sinus bradycardia following a cardioversion of atrial fibrillation
- Alternating bradycardia and atrial tachyarrhythmias
- Slow ventricular response in atrial fibrillation in patients off any nodal agents reflects AV nodal disease that often co-insides with a significant SA nodal dysfunction and an unstable sinus rhythm upon conversion
- Inadequate sinus acceleration with exercise

# Etiology
SA node dysfunction may be a result of intrinsic or extrinsic factors.
- Idiopathic degenerative disease (fibrosis) associated with aging: most common cause overall
- SA Nodal Artery Involvement
Atherosclerosis
Vasculitis
Embolus
- Atherosclerosis
- Vasculitis
- Embolus
- Infiltrative diseases
Amyloidosis
Hemochromatosis
Malignancies
- Amyloidosis
- Hemochromatosis
- Malignancies
- Inflammatory conditions
Myocarditis
Pericarditis
- Myocarditis
- Pericarditis
- Myotonic Dystrophy
- Freidrechs Ataxia
- Collagen Vascular Diseases
SLE
Scleroderma
- SLE
- Scleroderma
- After cardiac surgery:
Corrective Cardiac Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease  yabekref1 hayesref2 
ASD repair
Transposition of the great arteries
Transplant
- Corrective Cardiac Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease  yabekref1 hayesref2 
ASD repair
Transposition of the great arteries
- ASD repair
- Transposition of the great arteries
- Transplant
- Congenital/genetic SA node dysfunction
Familial SSS is rare, but some familial cases have been reported:
SCN5a mutations
HCN4 mutations
- SCN5a mutations
- HCN4 mutations
- Drugs
Antiarrhythmics: classes Ia, Ic, III.
Antihypertensives:
Beta-blockers
Calcium Channel Blockers
Digitalis
Lithium: SA nodal abnormalities seen in up to 50% of patients
Dilantin
Cimetidine
- Antiarrhythmics: classes Ia, Ic, III.
- Antihypertensives:
- Beta-blockers
- Calcium Channel Blockers
- Digitalis
- Lithium: SA nodal abnormalities seen in up to 50% of patients
- Dilantin
- Cimetidine
- Electrolyte Disturbances
- Endocrine abnormalities
- Inferior Myocardial Infarction (Bezold-Jarish phenomenon)
- Autonomic Nervous System Influence
CSP
Vasovagal response
- CSP
- Vasovagal response
- Miscellaneous
High Intracranial Pressure
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- High Intracranial Pressure
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea

# Natural History

# SA Block
SA Block can be classified as the following:
- First degree SA Block: due to a prolonged Conduction
- Second degree SA Block: due to intermittent Conduction
Type 1: Progressive prolongation
Type 2: Sudden failure of conduction
- Type 1: Progressive prolongation
- Type 2: Sudden failure of conduction
- Third Degree SA Block: No conduction
Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study
The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (often referred to as the Dunedin Longitudinal Study) is a long-running cohort study of 1037 people born over the course of a year in Dunedin, New Zealand.
The original pool of study members were selected from those born between 1 April 1972 and 31 March 1973 and still living in the Otago region 3 years later.  Study members were assessed at age three, and then at 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 18, 21, 26, and most recently at age 32.   Future assessments are scheduled for age 38, 44 and 50.
During an assessment, study members are brought back to Dunedin from wherever in the world they live.  They participate in a day of interviews, physical tests, dental examinations, blood tests, computer questionnaires and surveys.  Spin-off studies have also focussed on the parents of study members and, from 2007, the children of the original study members.  This means that information across three generations of the same families will be available.
Great emphasis is placed on retention of study members.  At the most recent (age 32) assessments, 96% of all living eligible study members, or 972 people, participated.  This is unprecedented for a longitudinal study, with many others worldwide experiencing 20-40% drop-out rates.
The resulting database has produced a wealth of information on all aspects of human health & development, with over 1,000 papers, reports, book chapters and other publications using findings from the study.  The multidisciplinary aspect of the Study has always been a central focus, with information ranging across:
- Cardiovascular health and risk factors
- Respiratory health
- Oral health
- Sexual and reproductive health
- Mental health
- Psychosocial functioning
- Other health, including sensory, musculo-skeletal, and digestive
A book, From Child to Adult: Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, was published in 1996 and is aimed at presenting the major findings in a form accessible to the non-specialist.  It only includes information up to the age-21 assessment.  Future plans for the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study include another popular science book, upgrading their website for more non-specialist appeal, and introducing more resources for the general public.

# Media reports of results
- 2006, Smacking study hits at claims of harm
- 2006, Physical punishment was extremely prevalent...
- 2005, Cannabis and psychotic behaviour
- 2002, MAOA gene and violence
- 2002, Cannabis and tobacco equally bad
- 2001, Study clears cannabis as root of violence

# Research Papers
A sample of the nearly 900 publications based on the Dunedin study:
- Sex Differences in Developmental Reading Disability
- Psychiatric disorders and risky sexual behaviour in young adulthood: cross sectional study in birth cohort
- Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study
- Moderation of the Effect of Adolescent-Onset Cannabis Use on Adult Psychosis by a Functional Polymorphism in the catechol-O-Methyltransferase Gene:Longitudinal Evidence of a Gene X Environment Interaction
International Academy of Olympic Chiropractic Officers
The International Academy of Olympic Chiropractic  Officers  is an international organization which honors  Doctors of Chiropractic who, specializing in  sports chiropractic around the world, have attained that highest of qualifications, i.e. that they have been invited by a National  Olympic Committee  to treat that country's athletes at the Olympic Games or a Regional Games.  It is composed of only those Doctrs who have achieved this level of expertise and this credential.

# Doctors  of Chiropractic have participated in:
These chiropractors have  provided treatment at many national and international sporting events including the winter and summer Olympics. And the regional games, like, e.g., the Pan Am Games.

# Formation and Organization
IAOCO was formed at the same meeting as FICS; in 1987, and has its headquarters in the Internet website, as well as the offices of its President.
The Officers of the IAOCO are:

# Events
IAOCO Doctors  have provided treatment at events including:
- African Championships in Athletics (1988)
- African Championships in Athletics (1990) 
- All-African Games (1991) 
- World Track and Field Championships (1991) 
- XVIth Winter Olympic Games  (1992)
- All-African Games (1999) 
- Gunston 500 International Surfing Competition (1998) 
- Ontario Games (2000) 
- Maritime Life Olympic Trials (2000) 
- Canadian Paralympic Trials (2000) 
- World Surfing Games (2000) 
- Summer Olympics (2000) 
- All-Mediterranean Games (2001) 
- XIXth Central American and Caribbean Games (2002)
- Winter Olympics (2002) 
- World Games (2005)
- Summer Olympics (2008) 
- World Games (2009)
Multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial
Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial and MADIT II are implantable cardioverter defibrillator (or ICD) trials which investigate whether prophylactic ICD therapy in moderately high-risk coronary patients (in addition to conventional therapy) would significantly reduce death compared with patients treated with conventional therapy alone.
The MADIT II trial started in 1997 and ended in 2001 where the safety committee stopped the study because the benefits were already statistically significant.
The study included patients with a prior myocardial infarction and an ejection fraction less than or equal to 30%.
The results were a reduction in mortality of 31% compared to patients receiving conventional therapy alone.
Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP alpha 1
Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DP alpha 1, also known as HLA-DPA1, is a human gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the HLA class II alpha chain paralogues. The class II molecule is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DPA) and a beta chain (DPB), both anchored in the membrane. It plays a central role in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages).

# Gene structure and polymorphisms
The alpha chain is approximately 33-35 kDa. It is encoded by 5 exons, exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains, exon 4 encodes the transmembrane and the cytoplasmic tail. Within the DP molecule both the alpha chain and the beta chain contain the polymorphisms specifying the peptide binding specificities, resulting in up to 4 different molecules.