Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Penciclovir description

# Description
DENAVIR (penciclovir) cream 1% contains penciclovir, an antiviral agent active against herpes viruses. DENAVIR is available for topical administration as a 1% white cream. Each gram of DENAVIR contains 10 mg of penciclovir and the following inactive ingredients: cetostearyl alcohol, mineral oil, polyoxyl 20 cetostearyl ether, propylene glycol, purified water and white petrolatum.
Chemically, penciclovir is known as 9- guanine. Its molecular formula is C10H15N5O3; its molecular weight is 253.26. It is a synthetic acyclic guanine derivative and has the following structure:
Penciclovir is a white to pale yellow solid. At 20C it has a solubility of 0.2 mg/mL in methanol, 1.3 mg/mL in propylene glycol, and 1.7 mg/mL in water. In aqueous buffer (pH 2) the solubility is 10.0 mg/mL.  Penciclovir is not hygroscopic. Its partition coefficient in n-octanol/water at pH 7.5 is 0.024 (logP = -1.62).
Period (periodic table)
In the periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table.
The elements are laid out in a series rows so that those with similar properties line up in vertical columns: this reflects the periodic recurrence of similar properties as the atomic weight increases.
Modern quantum mechanics explains these periodic trends in properties in terms of electron shells. As atomic number increases, electron shells are filled in roughly this order. The filling of each shell corresponds to a row in the table.
Hence the structure of the periodic table. Since the valence electrons determine chemical properties, those tend to be similar within periodic table groups.
Elements adjacent to one another within a group have similar physical properties, despite their significant differences in mass. 
In the d-block of the periodic table, periodic trends across periods become significant, and the f-block elements show a high degree of similarity across rows (particularly the lanthanides).
af:Periode (periodieke tabel)
ar:  
ast:Periodu de la tabla periodica
bn:  
bs:Perioda periodnog sistema elemenata
bg:   
ca:Periode de la taula periodica
de:Periode des Periodensystems
eo:Periodo de la perioda tabelo
eu:Taula periodikoaren periodo
ko: 
id:Periode tabel periodik
is:Lota (lotukerfi)
it:Periodo della tavola periodica
lmo:Periut de la taula periodica
hu:Periodusos rendszerbeli periodus
ms:Kala jadual berkala
nl:Periode (scheikunde)
nn:Periodane i periodesystemet
nds:Periood (Chemie)
simple:Periodic table period
sk:Perioda (periodicka tabulka)
sr:   
sh:Perioda periodnog sistema elemenata
su:Periode tabel periodik
fi:Jakso (jaksollinen jarjestelma)
sv:Periodiska systemets perioder
th:
ur: ( )
Peritubular capillaries

# Overview
In the renal system, peritubular capillaries are tiny blood vessels that travel along side nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron.
Ions and minerals that need to be saved in the body are reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries through active transport, secondary active transport, or transcytosis.
The ions that need to be excreted as waste are secreted from the capillaries into the nephron to be sent towards the bladder and out of the body.
The majority of exchange through the peritubular capillaries occurs because of chemical gradients, osmosis and Na+ pumps.
Pharmaceutical sciences
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
The pharmaceutical sciences are a group of interdisciplinary areas of study involved with the design, action, delivery, disposition, and use of drugs. This field draws on many areas of the basic and applied sciences, such as chemistry (organic, inorganic, physical, biochemistry and analytical), biology (anatomy and physiology, biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular biology), mathematics, physics, and chemical engineering, and applies their principles to the study of drugs.
The pharmaceutical sciences are further subdivided into several specific specialties, with three main branches:
- Pharmacology: the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on organisms.
Pharmacodynamics: the study of the cellular and molecular interactions of drugs with their receptors.
Pharmacokinetics: the study of the factors that control the concentration of drug at various sites in the body.
Pharmaceutical toxicology: the study of the harmful or toxic effects of drugs.
Pharmacogenomics: the study of the inheritance of characteristic patterns of interaction between drugs and organisms.
- Pharmacodynamics: the study of the cellular and molecular interactions of drugs with their receptors.
- Pharmacokinetics: the study of the factors that control the concentration of drug at various sites in the body.
- Pharmaceutical toxicology: the study of the harmful or toxic effects of drugs.
- Pharmacogenomics: the study of the inheritance of characteristic patterns of interaction between drugs and organisms.
- Medicinal chemistry: the study of drug design to optimize pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and synthesis of new drug molecules.
- Pharmaceutics: the study and design of drug formulation for optimum delivery, stability, pharmacokinetics, and patient acceptance.
As new discoveries advance and extend the pharmaceutical sciences, subspecialties continue to be added to this list. Importantly, as knowledge advances, boundaries between these specialty areas of pharmaceutical sciences are beginning to blur. Many fundamental concepts are common to all pharmaceutical sciences. These shared fundamental concepts further the understanding of their applicability to all aspects of pharmaceutical research and drug therapy.
Phosphorylation cascade
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.

# Overview
A phosphorylation cascade is a sequence of events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins.
This can be seen in signal transduction of hormone messages.
Pilonidal cyst overview

# Overview
A pilonidal cyst (from Latin meaning 'hair nest') is a blanket term for any type of skin infection near the tailbone.  
It is a combination of two Latin words, pilus, meaning hair and nidal, meaning nest. The condition is now referred to as pilonidal sinus disease.
The term "pilonidal cyst" can be misleading, as a majority of the time, this is actually an abscess.

# Historical Perspective
It was discussed by Herbert Mayo in 1830. R.M. Hodges was the first to use the phrase "pilonidal cyst" to describe the condition in 1880. 

# Causes
It is usually considered to be an acquired condition, but some consider it to be congenital..
A traumatic event is not believed to cause a pilonidal cyst, such an event that has been known to inflame an existing cyst.

# Differentiating Pilonidal Cyst from other Diseases
A pilonidal cyst can resemble a dermoid cyst, a kind of teratoma (germ cell tumor).  In particular, a pilonidal cyst in the gluteal cleft can resemble a sacrococcygeal teratoma.  Correct diagnosis is important because all teratomas require surgical complete excision, if possible without any spillage, and consultation with an oncologist.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
These are normally painful, occur somewhat more often in men than in women (though this is debatable), and normally happen in early adulthood (to the 30's).  Although usually found near the tailbone, this painful condition can be found rarely in several other places, including the navel and armpit.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
Pilonidal cysts are often very painful, and typically occur between the ages of 15 and 35. Although usually found near the coccyx, the condition can also affect the navel, armpit or genital region, though these locations are much rarer.
Some people with a pilonidal cyst will be asymptomatic.

## Physical Examination
A sinus tract, or small channel, may originate from the source of infection and open to the surface of the skin. Material from the cyst may drain through the pilonidal sinus.  A pilonidal cyst is usually painful, but with draining, the patient might not feel pain.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
Treatment for a pilonidal cyst usually begins when the patient goes to the doctor because of pain.  It is treated as an infection, and a doctor might prescribe antibiotics as well as hot compresses and the application of depilatory creams to the lower back and gluteal cleft.
Placental growth factor
Placental growth factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PGF  gene.
Placental growth factor (PGF) is a member of the VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) sub-family - a key molecule in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, in particular during embryogenesis.  The main source of PGF during pregnancy is the placental trophoblast.  PGF is also expressed in many other tissues, including the villous trophoblast.
Placental growth factor (PGF) is a protein-coding gene and a member of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family. PGF is ultimately associated with angiogenesis. Specifically, PGF plays a role in trophoblast growth and differentiation. Trophoblast cells, specifically extravillous trophoblast cells, are responsible for invading maternal arteries. Proper development of blood vessels in the placenta is crucial for proper embryonic development. 
Under normal physiologic conditions, PGF is also expressed at a low level in other organs including the heart, lung, thyroid, and skeletal muscle.

# Clinical significance
Placental growth factor-expression within human atherosclerotic lesions is associated with plaque inflammation and neovascular growth.
Serum levels of PGF and sFlt-1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, also known as soluble VEGF receptor-1) are altered in women with preeclampsia.  Studies show that in both early and late onset preeclampsia, maternal serum levels of sFlt-1 are higher and PGF lower in women presenting with preeclampsia.  In addition, placental sFlt-1 levels were significantly increased and PGF decreased in women with preeclampsia as compared to those with uncomplicated pregnancies.  This suggests that placental concentrations of sFlt-1 and PGF mirror the maternal serum changes.  This is consistent with the view that the placenta is the main source of sFlt-1 and PGF during pregnancy.1
PGF is a potential biomarker for preeclampsia, a condition in which blood vessels in the placenta are too narrow, resulting in high blood pressure.  As mentioned before, extravillous trophoblast cells invade maternal arteries. Improper differentiation may result in hypo-invasion of these arteries and thus failure to widen enough. Studies have found low levels of PGF in women who were diagnosed with preeclampsia later in their pregnancy.
Polycomb-group proteins
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Polycomb-group proteins are a family of proteins first discovered in fruit flies that can remodel chromatin such that transcription factors cannot bind to promoter sequences in DNA.  Polycomb group proteins play a role in silencing HOX genes through modulation of chromatin structure.

# In insects
In Drosophila, the Trithorax-group (trxG) and Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins act antagonistically and interact with chromosomal elements, termed Cellular Memory Modules (CMMs). Trithorax-group (trxG) proteins maintain the active state of gene expression while the  Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins counteract this activation with a repressive function that is stable over many cell generations and can only be overcome by germline differentiation processes.
Polycomb Gene complexes or PcG silencing involves at least three kinds of multiprotein complex PRC1, PRC2 and PhoRC which work together to carry out their repressive effect.

# In mammals
In humans Polycomb Group gene expression is important in many aspects of development. Although pathogenic mutations in polycomb group genes have not been identified, abnormal levels of PcG proteins correlate with the severity and invasiveness of several cancer types.
The mammalian PRC1 core complexes are very similar to Drosophila.
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Polygonum pensylvanicum L. of the buckwheat family is also known as Pinkweed, Pink Knotweed, Smartweed, and Pennsylvania Smartweed.
Pennsylvania smartweed is an erect or sprawling annual, 1 to 5 feet tall. The leaves are lance-shaped and are connected at the node by a membranous sheath, or ocrea.  The ocrea is not fringed. The plant flowers July to November.  The flowers are rose-pink (or white) and are found in crowded, elongate clusters. Flower stalks often have minute glandular hairs near top, but this is highly variable.  The seeds are small, and a shiny brown and encased in achenes.  The achenes are elliptical to circular and are a glossy black.

# Cultivation and uses
Pennsylvania smartweed grows in waste ground and crops.  It can tolerate many different conditions, but prefers moist soils. It can be found throughout eastern and central North America.
American Indians used tea made from whole plant for diarrhea and poulticed leaves for piles. Bitter leaf tea has been used to stop bleeding from mouth. The tops were used in a tea for epilepsy.  Note that the fresh juice is acrid and may cause irritation.
The plant is native to eastern North America. The nectar is useful to insects, the many large seeds to songbirds and wildfowl and the leaves to several kinds of moths and butterflies.

# Synonyms
- Persicaria bicornis (Raf.) Nieuwl.
- Persicaria longistyla (Small) Small
- Persicaria mississippiensis (Stanford) Small
- Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) G. Maza
- Persicaria pensylvanica var. dura (Stanford) C.F. Reed
- Polygonum bicorne Raf.
- Polygonum longistylum Small
- Polygonum longistylum var. omissum (Greene) Stanford
- Polygonum mexicanum auct. non Small
- Polygonum mississippiense Stanford
- Polygonum mississippiense var. interius Stanford
- Polygonum pensylvanicum var. durum Stanford
- Polygonum pensylvanicum var. eglandulosum J.C. Myers
- Polygonum pensylvanicum var. genuinum Fern.
- Polygonum pensylvanicum var. laevigatum Fern.
- Polygonum pensylvanicum var. rosiflorum J.B.S. Norton 

# Notes
-  Polygonum pensylvanicum at USDA PLANTS Database
-  Template:ITIS
Posterior horn syndrome
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Related Key Words and Synonyms:

# Overview

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Pathophysiology & Etiology

# Molecular Biology

# Genetics

# Natural History and Complications

# Diagnosis

## Common Causes

## Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of ...
(In alphabetical order)
- a...
- z...
Make sure that each diagnosis is linked to a page.

## Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of ...
(By organ system)

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

### Appearance of the Patient

### Vital Signs

### Skin

### Eyes

### Ear Nose and Throat

### Heart

### Lungs

### Abdomen

### Extremities

### Neurologic

### Other

## Laboratory Findings

### Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies

### Electrocardiogram

### Chest X Ray

### MRI and CT

### Echocardiography or Ultrasound

### Other Imaging Findings

## Pathology

### Gross Pathology

### Microscopic Pathology

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Risk Stratification and Prognosis

# Treatment

## Pharmacotherapy

### Acute Pharmacotherapies

### Chronic Pharmacotherapies

## Surgery and Device Based Therapy

### Indications for Surgery

### Pre-Operative Assessment

### Post-Operative Management

### Transplantation

## Primary Prevention

## Secondary Prevention

## Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

## Future or Investigational Therapies

# "The Way I Like To Do It ..." Tips and Tricks From Clinicians Around The World

## Suggested Revisions to the Current Guidelines
Posterior axillary fold
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
The posterior axillary fold is a compound structure consisting of the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles.
It forms a portion of the border of the axilla.
Posterior cord syndrome
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Posterior cord syndrome is a condition caused by lesion of the posterior portion of the spinal cord. It can be caused by an interruption to the posterior spinal artery.
Unlike anterior cord syndrome, it is a very rare condition.
It is possible for it to present as Brown-Sequard syndrome.
Posterior spinal artery
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.

# Overview
The posterior spinal artery (dorsal spinal artery) arises from the vertebral artery, adjacent to the medulla oblongata. It passes posteriorly to descend the medulla passing in front of the posterior roots of the spinal nerves. Along its course it is reinforced by a succession of segmental or radicular branches, which enter the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramina, forming a plexus called the vasocorona. The posterior spinal arteries continue as the two major trunks down to the lower part of the medulla spinalis, and to the cauda equina.
Branches from the posterior spinal arteries form a free anastomosis around the posterior roots of the spinal nerves, and communicate, by means of very tortuous transverse branches, with the vessels of the opposite side.
Close to its origin each posterior spinal artery gives off an ascending branch, which ends ipsilaterally near the fourth ventricle.
Posterior tibial artery
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
The posterior tibial artery of the lower limb carries blood to the posterior compartment of the leg and plantar surface of the foot, from the popliteal artery.  It is accompanied by a deep vein, the posterior tibial vein, along its course.
It typically gives rise to the fibular artery.

# Palpation of the posterior tibial artery pulse
The posterior tibial artery pulse can be readily palpated posterior and inferior to the medial malleolus and is often examined by physicians when assessing a patient for peripheral vascular disease.  It is very rarely absent in young and healthy individuals; in a study of 547 healthy individuals only one person did not have a palpable posterior tibial artery.

# Reference
-  Day C, Orme R (2006). "Popliteal artery branching patterns -- an angiographic study". Clin Radiol. 61 (8): 6969. PMID 16843754..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  Robertson GS, Ristic CD, Bullen BR. The incidence of congenitally absent foot pulses. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1990 Mar;72(2):99-100. PMID 2185683.

# Additional images
- Cross-section through middle of leg.
- Major arteries of the leg (posterior view)
- The plantar arteries. Deep view.