Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Penicillin G sodium dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration
- Adult patients
- Pediatric patients
This product should not be administered to patients requiring less than one million units per dose. (see PRECAUTIONS - Pediatric Use).
- Renal Impairment
Penicillin G is relatively nontoxic, and dosage adjustments are generally required only in cases of severe renal impairment.
The recommended dosage regimens are as follows:
Creatinine clearance less than 10 mL/min/1.73 m2; administer a full loading dose (see recommended dosages in the tables above) followed by one-half of the loading dose every 8 to 10 hours.
Uremic patients with a creatinine clearance greater than 10 mL/min/1.73m2; administer a full loading dose (see recommended dosages in the tables above) followed by one-half of the loading dose every 4 to 5 hours.
Additional dosage modifications should be made in patients with hepatic disease and renal impairment.
For most acute infections, treatment should be continued for at least 48 to 72 hours after the patient becomes asymptomatic. Antibiotic therapy for Group A -hemolytic straptococcal infections should be maintained for at least 10 days to reduce the risk of rheumatic fever.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever solution and container permit.
- Preparation of Solution
Solutions of penicillin should be prepared as follows: Loosen powder. Hold vial horizontally and rotate it while slowly directing the stream of diluent against the wall of the vial. Shake vial vigorously after all the diluent has been added. Depending on the route of administration, use Sterile Water for Injection, USP, 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, or Dextrose Injections, USP.
Note: Penicillins are rapidly inactivated in the presence of carbohydrate solutions at alkaline pH.
Pentamidine Isethionate clinical pharmacology

# Clinical Pharmacology
Pentamidine isethionate, an aromatic diamidine, is known to have activity against Pneumocystis carinii.  The mode of action of pentamidine is not fully understood.  In vitro studies indicate that the drug interferes with protozoal nuclear metabolism by inhibition of DNA, RNA, phospholipid and protein synthesis.
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetic parameters following the administration of 4 mg/kg pentamidine isethionate as a single two-hour intravenous infusion or after a single intramuscular injection to 12 patients with AIDS are presented in the following table:
In seven patients treated with daily IM doses of pentamidine at 4 mg/kg for 10 to 12 days, plasma concentrations were between 300 to 500 ng/mL.  The concentrations did not appreciably change with time after injection or from day to day.  Higher plasma concentrations were encountered in patients with an elevated blood urea nitrogen.  The patients continued to excrete decreasing amounts of pentamidine in urine up to 6 to 8 weeks after cessation of the treatment.
Following multiple intravenous administration of pentamidine isethionate (3.7 to 4 mg/kg/day infused over 4 hours) to 6 patients with AIDS being treated for PCP, the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained on Days 1,4 and 7 are summarized in the following table:
Compared to the mean AUC on Day 1, AUC on Day 4 and Day 7 were about 2 and 3 fold higher, respectively, suggesting that steady state was not achieved by Day 7 of dosing.
In other published reports of pharmacokinetics of pentamidine following daily intravenous doses of 2 to 4 mg/kg/day, clearance ranged from 30 to 40 mL/min/kg and Vdss ranged from 200 to 400 L/kg.  Reported values for terminal half-lives of 2.8 to 12 days is suggestive of a deep peripheral compartment.  In the urine, up to 12% of the administered dose has been recovered during a dosing interval as unchanged pentamidine.
Tissue distribution was studied in mice given a single intraperitoneal injection of pentamidine at 10 mg/kg.  The concentration was highest in the kidneys followed by the liver.  In mice, pentamidine was excreted unchanged, primarily via the kidneys with some elimination in the feces.  The ratio of amounts excreted in the urine and feces (4:1) was constant over the period of study.
Tissue distribution has also been studied in normal and in renally impaired dogs (N = 3 each) given 13 mg/kg of pentamidine IV, in 2 doses separated by five weeks.  The concentration of pentamidine was highest in the liver followed by kidneys and lungs.  Pentamidine was concentrated in these organs approximately 70 to 1000 times that of the peak serum concentration.  Similar findings were reported in normal and in renally impaired dogs (N = 2 each) given 97.5 mg/kg of pentamidine IV, in 15 daily doses.  After repeated doses, the organs showed a further 3 to 7 fold accumulation while serum concentrations remained unchanged.
Peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase
Peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of many signaling peptides and, in humans, is encoded by the PAM gene. This transformation is achieved by conversion of a prohormone to the corresponding amide (C(O)NH2).  This enzyme is the only known pathway for generating peptide amides, which renders the peptide more hydrophilic.  The reaction pathway catalyzed by PAM is accessed via quantum tunneling and substrate preorganization.

# Function
This gene encodes a multifunctional protein. It has two enzymatically active domains with catalytic activities - peptidylglycine alpha-hydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM) and peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase (PAL). These catalytic domains work sequentially to catalyze neuroendocrine peptides to active alpha-amidated products. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described for this gene, but some of their full-length sequences are not yet known.
The PHM subunit effects hydroxylation of an O-terminal glycine residue:
Involving hydroxylation of a hydrocarbon by O2, this process relies on a copper cofactor.  Dopamine beta-hydroxylase, also a copper-containing enzyme, effects a similar transformation.
The PAL subunit then completes the conversion, by catalyzing elimination from the hydroxylated glycine:
The eliminated coproduct is glyoxylate, written above as CH(O)CO2.
Personal consumption expenditures price index
The PCE price index (PCEPI) (or PCE deflator, PCE price deflator, Implicit Price Deflator for Personal Consumption Expenditures (IPD for PCE) (by the BEA) or the chain-type price index for personal consumption expenditures (CTPIPCE) (by the FOMC ) is a United States-wide indicator of the average increase in prices for all domestic personal consumption. It is indexed to a base of 100 in 1992. Using a variety of data including U.S. Consumer Price Index and Producer Price Index prices, it is derived from the largest component of the Gross Domestic Product in the BEA's National Income and Product Accounts, personal consumption expenditures.
The less volatile measure of the PCE price index is the core PCE price index which excludes the more volatile and seasonal food and energy prices.
In comparison to the headline United States Consumer Price Index, which uses one set of expenditure weights for several years, this index uses a Fisher Price Index, which uses expenditure data from both the current period and the preceding period. Also, the PCEPI uses a chained index which compares one quarter's price to the last quarter's instead of choosing a fixed base. This price index method assumes that the consumer has made allowances for changes in relative prices. The PCE rises about 1/3% less than the CPI, a trend that dates back to 1992. An unpublished report on this difference by the BLS suggests that most of it is from different ways of calculating hospital expenses and airfares.

# Federal Reserve
In its "Monetary Policy Report to the Congress" ("Humphrey-Hawkins Report") from February 17, 2000 the FOMC said it was changing its primary measure of inflation from the consumer price index to the "chain-type price index for personal consumption expenditures".
Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis (Template:Audio, also spelled -koniosis) is, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, "a factitious word alleged to mean 'a lung disease caused by the inhalation of very fine silica dust found in volcanoes' but occurring chiefly as an instance of a very long word." It was coined to serve as the longest English word. The more general and widely used term for this condition is pneumoconiosis.

# Usage
Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis is the longest word ever to appear in an English language dictionary. This 45-letter, 19-syllable word, referred to in one linguistics journal as p45, first appeared in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) in 1936. It is still listed in the current edition of the OED, as well as several current American dictionaries.

# Coinage
Word Ways: The Journal of Recreational Linguistics suggests that the word was invented in 1935 by Everett M. Smith, president of the National Puzzlers' League, at its annual meeting. The word figured in the headline for an article published by the New York Herald Tribune on February 23, 1935 titled "Puzzlers Open 103rd Session Here by Recognizing 45-Letter Word":
Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis succeeded electrophotomicrographically as the longest word in the English language recognized by the National Puzzlers' League at the opening session of the organization's 103d semi-annual meeting held yesterday at the Hotel New Yorker. The puzzlers explained that the forty-five-letter word is the name of a special form of silicosis caused by ultra-microscopic particles of silica volcanic dust...
Subsequently, the word was used in a puzzle book, Bedside Manna, after which members of the NPL campaigned to have it included in major dictionaries, eventually succeeding with the 1936 supplement to the OED and Webster's Second.

# In popular culture
- In the Simpsons episode Grampa vs. Sexual Inadequacy, Abe Simpson lists this disease off along with several other old-timey references as to what is troubling Homer in the beginning of the episode.
- In the Rocket Power episode "Tito's Lucky Shell", Twister, despite being a terrible speller, managed to ace his spelling test, including the bonus word, pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.
- In the movie Beerfest, Charlie "Fink" Finklestein (Steve Lemme) refers to one of his students as having discovered a form of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis.
Prescription drug prices in the United States

# Overview
Prescription drug prices for single-source brand name drugs in the United States are significantly higher than in Canada and other countries, many of which have price controls. Prices for generically available drugs tend to be higher in Canada. Many older Americans travel to Canada, or order their medicine online from Canadian pharmacies, in order to save 50% or more on necessary drugs.
Pharmaceutical companies argue that the prices they set are necessary in order to continue to fund research. Only 11% of drug candidates that enter clinical trials are successful and receive approval for sale.  The large cost of conducting clinicals trials for unsuccessful candidates must be recovered from the sales of successful drugs, otherwise the discovery and development of new pharmaceutical drugs would be unsustainable.
Prescription drug prices, in particular as part of Medicare, have become a political issue in the United States.  Critics argue that there is no reason for American consumers to subsidize the low drug prices in other first-world nations.Template:Who
It is claimed by the drug companies and Food and Drug Administration regulators that there is danger to consumers in using drugs from Canada. There is scepticism, based on how much actual risk is involved.
Both houses of Congress have passed legislation to permit imports; but the Bush Administration and the FDA are opposed. The anticipated Medicare reforms, expected to pass, include prescription drug coverage under Medicare, and there is some interest in Congress in permitting imports under FDA regulation.
The large pharmaceutical companies maintain a website at helpingpatients.org in order to provide drugs at a reduced rate to needy consumers.
Primaquine phosphate warnings and precautions

# Warnings
Discontinue the use of Primaquine phosphate promptly if signs suggestive of hemolytic anemia occur (darkening of the urine, marked fall of hemoglobin or erythrocytic count).
Hemolytic reactions (moderate to severe) may occur in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) deficiency and in individuals with a family or personal history of favism. Areas of high prevalence of G-6-PD deficiency are Africa, Southern Europe, Mediterranean region, Middle East, South-East Asia, and Oceania. People from these regions have a greater tendency to develop hemolytic anemia (due to a congenital deficiency of erythrocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) while receiving Primaquine and related drugs.

## Usage in Pregnancy
Safe usage of this preparation in pregnancy has not been established. Therefore, use of it during pregnancy should be avoided except when in the judgment of the physician the benefit outweighs the possible hazard.
Primary Prevention Guidelines Recommendations

# Primary Prevention and Screening Guidelines Recommendations

## 2011 American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Stroke

## 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease (DO NOT EDIT)

### Carotid Artery Evaluation and Revascularization Before Cardiac Surgery (DO NOT EDIT)
Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
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The Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine or Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM) is located in Antwerp, Belgium (ITM). The ITM is one of the world's leading institutes for training, research and services delivery in tropical medicine and health care in developing countries. Emile Francqui was the first president of the Institute, which was founded by Leopold III of Belgium.
The institute has a strong reputation in AIDS virus research, hantaviruses, haemorrhagic fevers, leprosy and tuberculosis.
The Department of Microbiology of the ITM has been recognized by the World Health Organization and by the Belgian Ministry of Health as an international and a national reference centre for AIDS research.

# Departments
- Department of Microbiology
- Department of Parasitology
- Department of Animal Health
- Department of Public Health
- Department of Clinical Sciences
Registered Cardiovascular Invasive Specialist
A Registered Cardiovascular Invasive Specialist or RCIS assists a cardiologist with cardiac catheterization procedures.
These procedures can determine if a blockage exists in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle and can help diagnose other problems.
To become registered they have to pass the registry proctured by CCI (Cardivascular Credentialing International). To be registry eligible, they must have worked in the Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory for two years or have graduated from a registry eligible program.  Sante Fe Community College in Gainesville Florida has one such accredited program.
The exam consists of 175 multiple choice questions.  Some questions involve mathematical computation as well as pictures where one must identify anatomy and equipment.
Rizatriptan how supplied storage and handling

# How Supplied/Storage and Handling
No. 3732  MAXALT Tablets, 5 mg, are pale pink, capsule-shaped, compressed tablets coded MRK on one side and 266 on the other:
NDC 0006-0266-18, carton of 18 tablets.
No. 3733  MAXALT Tablets, 10 mg, are pale pink, capsule-shaped, compressed tablets coded MAXALT on one side and MRK 267 on the other:
NDC 0006-0267-18, carton of 18 tablets.
No. 3800  MAXALT-MLT Orally Disintegrating Tablets, 5 mg, are white to off-white, round lyophilized orally disintegrating tablets debossed with a modified triangle on one side, and measuring 10.0-11.5 mm (side-to-side) with a peppermint flavor. Each orally disintegrating tablet is individually packaged in a blister inside an aluminum pouch (sachet). They are supplied as follows:
NDC 0006-3800-18, 6  unit of use carrying case of 3 orally disintegrating tablets (18 tablets total).
No. 3801  MAXALT-MLT Orally Disintegrating Tablets, 10 mg, are white to off-white, round lyophilized orally disintegrating tablets debossed with a modified square on one side, and measuring 12.0-13.8 mm (side-to-side) with a peppermint flavor. Each orally disintegrating tablet is individually packaged in a blister inside an aluminum pouch (sachet). They are supplied as follows:
NDC 0006-3801-18, 6  unit of use carrying case of 3 orally disintegrating tablets (18 tablets total).

### Storage
Store MAXALT Tablets at room temperature, 59-86F (15-30C).
Store MAXALT-MLT Orally Disintegrating Tablets at room temperature, 59-86F (15-30C).
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein-associated protein N is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNRPN gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is one polypeptide of a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex and belongs to the snRNP SMB/SMN family. The protein plays a role in pre-mRNA processing, possibly tissue-specific alternative splicing events. Although individual snRNPs are believed to recognize specific nucleic acid sequences through RNA-RNA base pairing, the specific role of this family member is unknown. The protein arises from a bicistronic transcript that also encodes a protein identified as the SNRPN upstream reading frame (SNURF). Multiple transcription initiation sites have been identified and extensive alternative splicing occurs in the 5' untranslated region. Additional splice variants have been described but sequences for the complete transcripts have not been determined. The 5' UTR of this gene has been identified as an imprinting center. Alternative splicing or deletion caused by a translocation event in this paternally-expressed region is responsible for Prader-Willi syndrome due to parental imprint switch failure.
SNRPN-methylation is used to detect uniparental disomy of chromosome 15.  After fluorescent-in-situ-hybridization has confirmed the presence of either SNRPN or UBE3A (a neighboring gene that is also imprinted), the methylation test (of SNRPN) can reveal whether the patient has uniparental disomy.  SNRPN is maternally methylated (silenced). UBE3A appears to be paternally methylated (silenced).
Solid and pseudopapillary epithelial neoplasm

# Overview
Solid and pseudopapillary epithelial neoplasm (SPEN) accounts for approximately 1% of pancreatic neoplasms. The high incidence in young women (mean, 24 years old) is especially noteworthy (Daughter tumor). Distinctive clinical features include eosinophilia and polyarthralgia. It is a low-grade malignancy. Resection is usually curative.
The imaging findings are,
- Can be solid, but they often present as thick-walled cysts on CT and sonography.
- Attenuation is high when hemorrhage occurs.
- CT will show peripheral or central stippled calcification in some lesions.
- Tumor vascularity is moderate
CT and PET image demonstrate a solid and pseudopapillary epithelial neoplasm in a teenage female
Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord
Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord, also known as Lichtheim's disease, refers to degeneration of the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord as a result of vitamin B12 deficiency. It is usually associated with pernicious anemia.
The pathological findings of subacute combined degeneration consist of patchy losses of myelin in the dorsal and lateral columns. Patients present with weakness of legs , arms, trunk, tingling and numbness that progressively worsens.  Vision changes and change of mental state may also be present. Bilateral spastic paresis may develop and pressure, vibration and touch sense are diminished. A positive Babinski sign may be seen.
Therapy with vitamin B12 results in partial to full recovery, depending on the duration and extent of neurodegeneration.
de:Funikulare Myelose
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain
CD3e molecule, epsilon also known as CD3E is a polypeptide which in humans is encoded by the CD3E gene which resides on chromosome 11.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is the CD3-epsilon polypeptide, which together with CD3-gamma, -delta and -zeta, and the T-cell receptor alpha/beta and gamma/delta heterodimers, forms the T cell receptor-CD3 complex. This complex plays an important role in coupling antigen recognition to several intracellular signal-transduction pathways. The genes encoding the epsilon, gamma and delta polypeptides are located in the same cluster on chromosome 11. The epsilon polypeptide plays an essential role in T-cell development.

# Clinical significance
Defects in this gene cause severe immunodeficiency. This gene has also been linked to a susceptibility to type I diabetes in women.

# Interactions
T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain has been shown to interact with TOP2B, CD3EAP and NCK2.
TIMI Risk Score for Unstable Angina or NSTEMI

# Overview
The TIMI risk score for unstable angina (UA) or Non ST-Segment Elevation MI (NSTEMI) was derived in the test cohort by selection of independent prognostic variables using multivariate logistic regression, assignment of value of 1 when a factor was present and 0 when it was absent, and summing the number of factors present to categorize patients into a level of risk.

# TIMI Risk Score for Unstable Angina or NSTEMI

## Calculation of the TIMI Risk Score for Unstable Angina or NSTEMI
The TIMI risk score for unstable angina (UA) or Non ST-Segment Elevation MI (NSTEMI) was derived in the test cohort by selection of independent prognostic variables using multivariate logistic regression, assignment of value of 1 when a factor was present and 0 when it was absent, and summing the number of factors present to categorize patients into a level of risk.
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if(score == 3){document.forms.value = "13.2%";}
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if(score >= 6){document.forms.value = "at least 40.9%";}

## Interpretation of the TIMI Risk Score for Unstable Angina or NSTEMI
The interpretation of the score is as follows:
- Score 0-1: Risk of the all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, or severe recurrent ischemia through 14 days is 4.7%
- Score 2: Risk of the all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, or severe recurrent ischemia through 14 days is 8.3%
- Score 3: Risk of the all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, or severe recurrent ischemia through 14 days is 13.2%
- Score 4: Risk of the all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, or severe recurrent ischemia through 14 days is 19.9%
- Score 5: Risk of the all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, or severe recurrent ischemia through 14 days is 26.2%
- Score 6-7: Risk of the all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, or severe recurrent ischemia through 14 days is at least 40.9%