Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
How to create a resident survival guide page

# Overview
This section provides step-by-step instructions for creating a Resident Survival Guide page.

# How to Create A Resident Survival Guide Page

## Create a new page
Creating a new page on wikidoc is simple and intuitive.  Please refer to this page for detailed instructions.  The Resident Survival Guide page should include the following headings:
- Overview
- Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Common Causes
- Life Threatening Causes
- Common Causes
- Management
- References

## Follow the Template
- The standard design of a resident survival guide page must be followed.  Wikidoc has created a template to make sure all resident survival guide pages remain in their standard format.  You can reach the template through navigation provided on this page for (template).

## No Need for Microchapters Bar
- As you design your algorithm, we opted not to keep the microchapters navigation bar on the right side, as this will give our editors free space to create a comprehensive algorithm without limiting the width of the page for editing.

## Design an Algorithm
- When you press edit, your will be directed to the editing page which contains the actual symbols that form the algorithm.  Follow the design and structure on the algoirthm until you're able to manage the design you have in mind.  Wikidoc will be happy to guide you during your training period.
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the approach to ].
To see more examples click here.

## Add a Link on the Main Page
- After creating the resident survival guide, make sure to add a link to it on the main page.  For example, if you are working on hyperkalemia resident survival guide, you need to put a link to it on the hyperkalemia page.
- The link is the following animated picture:
Example you type: ]
You get:
IMITREX spray patient counseling information

# Patient Counseling Information
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information).
Risk of Myocardial Ischemia and/or Infarction, Prinzmetals Angina, Other Vasospasm-Related Events, Arrhythmias, and Cerebrovascular Events: Inform patients that IMITREX Nasal Spray may cause serious cardiovascular side effects such as myocardial infarction or stroke. Although serious cardiovascular events can occur without warning symptoms, patients should be alert for the signs and symptoms of chest pain, shortness of breath, irregular heartbeat, significant rise in blood pressure, weakness, and slurring of speech and should ask for medical advice if any indicative sign or symptoms are observed. Apprise patients of the importance of this follow-up .
Anaphylactic/Anaphylactoid Reactions: Inform patients that anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions have occurred in patients receiving IMITREX Nasal Spray. Such reactions can be life threatening or fatal. In general, anaphylactic reactions to drugs are more likely to occur in individuals with a history of sensitivity to multiple allergens .
Concomitant Use With Other Triptans or Ergot Medications: Inform patients that use of IMITREX Nasal Spray within 24 hours of another triptan or an ergot-type medication (including dihydroergotamine or methysergide) is contraindicated .
Serotonin Syndrome: Caution patients about the risk of serotonin syndrome with the use of IMITREX Nasal Spray or other triptans, particularly during combined use with SSRIs, SNRIs, TCAs, and MAO inhibitors .
Medication Overuse Headache: Inform patients that use of acute migraine drugs for 10 or more days per month may lead to an exacerbation of headache and encourage patients to record headache frequency and drug use (e.g., by keeping a headache diary) .
Pregnancy: Inform patients that IMITREX Nasal Spray should not be used during pregnancy unless the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus .
Nursing Mothers: Advise patients to notify their healthcare provider if they are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed .
Ability to Perform Complex Tasks: Treatment with IMITREX Nasal Spray may cause somnolence and dizziness; instruct patients to evaluate their ability to perform complex tasks after administration of IMITREX Nasal Spray.
Local Irritation: Inform patents that they may experience local irritation of their nose and throat. The symptoms will generally resolve in less than 2 hours.
How to Use IMITREX Nasal Spray: Provide patients instruction on the proper use of IMITREX Nasal Spray. Caution patients to avoid spraying the contents of the device in their eyes.
Imitrex is a registered trademark of the GlaxoSmithKline group of companies.
Incontinentia pigmenti (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Incontinentia pigmenti is skin condition passed down through families. It leads to unusual blistering and changes in skin color.

# What are the symptoms of Incontinentia pigmenti?
Infants with IP are born with streaky, blistering areas. When the areas heal, they turn into rough bumps. Eventually, these bumps go away, but leave behind darkened skin, called hyperpigmentation. After several years, the skin returns to normal. In some adults, there may be areas of lighter colored skin (hypopigmentation).
IP is associated with central nervous system problems, including:
- Delayed development
- Loss of movement (paralysis)
- Mental retardation
- Muscle spasms
- Seizures
Persons with IP may also have abnormal teeth, hair loss, and visual problems.

# What causes Incontinentia pigmenti?
Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is caused by a genetic defect. In most cases, there is a problem with one of the genes located on the X chromosome.
Most babies born with IP develop discolored skin within the first 2 weeks. The discolored skin occurs when a substance called melanin builds up under the skin. Melanin gives skin its color.

# Who is at highest risk?
The condition is most often seen in females. When it occurs in males, it can be deadly.

# Diagnosis
The doctor will perform a physical exam, look at the eyes, and test muscle movement.
There may be unusual patterns and blisters on the skin, as well as bone abnormalities. An eye exam may reveal cataracts, strabismus (crossed eyes), or other problems.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call your health care provider if:
- You have a family history of IP and are considering having children
- Your child has symptoms of this disorder

# Treatment options
There is no specific treatment for IP. Treatment is aimed at the individual symptoms. For example, glasses may be needed to improve vision. Medicine may be prescribed to help control seizures or muscle spasms.

# Where to find medical care for Incontinentia pigmenti?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Incontinentia pigmenti

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
How well a person does depends on the severity of central nervous system involvement and eye problems.

# Possible complications
- Delayed development
- Infections of blistered skin
- Mental retardation
- Muscle spasticity
- Paralysis
- Seizures
- Walking difficulty
- Vision problems

# Prevention of Incontinentia pigmenti
Genetic counseling may be helpful for those with a family history of IP who are considering having children.

# Sources
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names  that are given to plants. Its intent is that each taxonomic group ("taxon", plural "taxa") of plants has only one  correct name, accepted worldwide.  The value of a scientific name is that it is a label; it is not necessarily of descriptive value, or even accurate.
- The guiding principle in botanical nomenclature is priority. The ICBN sets the formal starting date of plant nomenclature at 1 May 1753, the publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus (or at later dates for specified groups and ranks).
- A botanical name is fixed to a taxon by a type. This is almost invariably dried plant material and is usually deposited and preserved in a herbarium, though can be an image. Some type collections can be viewed online at the websites of the herbaria in question.
Both these principles are regulated and limited. To avoid undesirable effects of priority, conservation of a name is possible. Above the taxonomic rank of family very few hard rules apply (e.g. see descriptive botanical names).
The ICBN can only be changed by an International Botanical Congress (IBC), with the International Association for Plant Taxonomy providing the supporting infrastructure. The present edition is the Vienna Code (2006), based on the decisions of the XVII IBC at Vienna 2005. This was preceded by the St Louis Code (2000) and the Tokyo Code (1994), both available online. Each new edition supersedes the earlier editions and is retroactive back to 1753, except where expressly limited.
Botanical nomenclature is independent of zoological and bacteriological nomenclature, which are governed by their own Codes (see Nomenclature Codes).
The ICBN applies not only to plants, as they are now defined, but also to other organisms traditionally studied by botanists. This includes blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria); fungi, including chytrids, oomycetes, and slime moulds; photosynthetic protists and taxonomically related non-photosynthetic groups. There are special provisions in the ICBN for some of these groups, as there are for fossils.
For the naming of cultivated plants there is a separate code, the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants. This  gives supplementary rules and recommendations.
Interstitial keratitis (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Interstitial keratitis is inflammation of the tissue of the cornea, the clear window on the front of the eye. The condition can lead to vision loss.

# What are the symptoms of Interstitial keratitis?
- Eye pain
- Excessive tearing
- Sensitivity to light (photophobia)

# What causes Interstitial keratitis?
Interstitial keratitis is a serious condition in which blood vessels grow into the cornea. Such growth can cause loss of the normal clearness of the cornea. This condition is often caused by infections.
Syphilis is the most common cause of interstitial keratitis, but rare causes include:
- Autoimmune diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis and sarcoidosis
- Leprosy
- Lyme disease
- Tuberculosis

# Who is at highest risk?
In the United States, most cases of syphilis are recognized and treated before this eye condition develops. However, interstitial keratitis remains the most common cause of blindness in the world.

# Diagnosis
Interstitial keratitis can be easily diagnosed by slit-lamp examination of the eyes. Blood tests and chest x-rays will usually be needed to confirm the infection or disease that is causing the condition.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
All patients with interstitial keratitis will be closely followed by an ophthalmologist and a medical specialist with expertise in the underlying disease. Any worsening pain, increasing redness, or decreasing vision should be evaluated immediately. This is particularly crucial for patients with corneal transplants.

# Treatment options
The underlying disease must be treated. Treating the cornea with corticosteroid drops may minimize scarring and help keep the cornea clear.
Once the active inflammation has passed, the cornea is left severely scarred and with abnormal blood vessels. The only way to restore vision at this stage is with a cornea transplant.

# Where to find medical care for Interstitial keratitis?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Interstitial keratitis

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Diagnosing and treating interstitial keratitis and its cause early can preserve the clear cornea and good vision.

# Possible complications
A corneal transplantation is not as successful for interstitial keratitis as it is for most other corneal diseases. The presence of blood vessels in the diseased cornea brings white blood cells to the newly transplanted cornea and increases the risk of rejection.

# Prevention of Interstitial keratitis
Prevention consists of avoiding the underlying infection, and if infected, receiving prompt and thorough treatment and follow-up.

# Sources
Investigational new drug or device exemption
An Investigational New Drug Application (IND) is a request for authorization from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to administer an investigational drug or biological product to humans. Such authorization must be secured prior to interstate shipment and administration of any new drug or biological product that is not the subject of an approved New Drug Application or Biologics/Product License Application.

# Information on Submitting an Investigational New Drug Application
An Investigational New Drug Application (IND) is a request for authorization from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to administer an investigational drug or biological product to humans. Such authorization must be secured prior to interstate shipment and administration of any new drug or biological product that is not the subject of an approved New Drug Application or Biologics/Product License Application. The following forms and informational material are provided for assistance in preparing and submitting an IND for a biological product. All Biological IND submissions must be made in triplicate and should be addressed as follows:
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research
Document Control Center
10903 New Hampshire Avenue
WO71, G112
Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002

# Product Development Under the Animal Rule
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or Agency) is announcing the availability of a guidance for industry entitled Product Development Under the Animal Rule. When human efficacy studies are not ethical and field trials are not feasible, FDA may rely on adequate and well-controlled animal efficacy studies to support approval of a drug or licensure of a biological product under the Animal Rule. This guidance finalizes the 2014 revised draft guidance for industry Product Development Under the Animal Rule. It is intended to help potential stakeholders (industry, academia, and government) understand FDA's expectations for product development under the Animal Rule.

# Expanded Access to Experimental Biologics
Clinical trials are studies of drugs and biologics that are still in development and have not yet been approved by the FDA. Many patients enroll in clinical trials to gain access to investigational therapies and contribute to finding out how well an investigational therapy works, and how safe it is for patients. Obtaining a drug or biologic under an expanded access program may be an option for some patients who are not able to enroll in clinical trials. The FDA has allowed expanded access to experimental drugs and biologics since the 1970s. That access has allowed tens of thousands of patients with HIV/AIDS, cancer, and other conditions to receive promising therapies when no approved alternative is available.
Lesch-Nyhan's syndrome (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is an inheritable disorder that affects how the body builds and breaks down purines. Purines are a normal part of human tissue and help make up the body's genetic blueprint. They are also found in many different foods.

# What are the symptoms of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?
The excess uric acid levels cause children to develop gout-like swelling in some of their joints. In some cases, kidney and bladder stones develop because of the high uric acid levels.
Males with Lesch-Nyhan have delayed motor development followed by bizarre, sinuous movements and increased deep tendon reflexes. A striking feature of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is self-destructive behavior characterized by chewing off fingertips and lips, if not restrained. It is unknown how the enzyme deficiency causes these problems.

# What causes Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is inherited as an X-linked trait. It mostly occurs in boys. Persons with this syndrome are missing or are severely lacking an enzyme called hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HGP). The body needs this enzyme to recycle purines. Without it, abnormally high levels of uric acid build up in the body.
The condition affects about 1 in 380,000 people.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call your health care provider if signs of this illness appear in your child or if there is a history of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome in your family.

# Diagnosis
There may be a family history of this condition.
The doctor will perform a physical exam. The exam may show:
- Overexaggerated reflexes
- Spasticity
Blood and urine tests may reveal high uric acid levels. A skin biopsy may show decreased levels of the HGP enzyme.

# Treatment options
No specific treatment exists for Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The gout medication, allopurinol, successfully decreases uric acid levels, but does not improve the neurological outcome.
Some symptoms may be relieved with the drugs carbidopa/levodopa, diazepam, phenobarbital, or haloperidol.

# Where to find medical care for?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
The outcome is likely to be poor. Persons with this syndrome usually require assistance walking and sitting and generally need a wheelchair to get around.

# Possible complications
Severe, progressive disability is likely.

# Sources
List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes
This is a list of roots, suffixes, and prefixes used in medical terminology, their meanings, and their etymology. A few rules should be noted when using medical roots. Firstly, prefixes and suffixes, primarily in Greek -- but also in Latin, have a droppable -o-. As a general rule, this -o- almost always acts as a joint-stem to connect two consonantal roots, e.g. arthr- + -o- + logy = arthrology. But generally, the -o- is dropped when connecting to a vowel-stem, e.g. arthr- + itis = arthritis, instead of arthr-o-itis. Secondly, medical roots generally go together according to language: Greek prefixes go with Greek suffixes and Latin prefixes with Latin suffixes. Although it is technically considered acceptable to create hybrid words, it is strongly preferred to not mix different lingual roots.

# Prefixes and suffixes
The following is an alphabetical list of medical prefixes and suffixes, along with their meaning, origin, and an English example.

## A

## B

## C

## D

## E

## F

## G

## H

## I

## K

## L

## M

## N

## O

## P

## Q

## R

## S

## T

## U

## V

## X

## Y

## Z

# English Meanings
This section contains lists of different root classification (e.g. body components, quantity, description, etc.). Each list is alphabetized by English meanings, with the corresponding Greek and Latin roots given.

## Roots of the Body

### Roots of Bodily Concepts

### Roots of Body Parts & Components

## Roots of Color

## Roots of Description

## Roots of Position

## Roots of Quantity
M-mode echo: principles and classic findings

# Overview
One-dimensional or M-mode echocardiography is one beam of ultrasound directed toward the heart.

# Historical Perspectives
- One of the first modes available
- Excellent resolution

# Keys to interpretation
- What structure is being imaged?
- Where is the cursor?
- Size
- Septum in HOCM
- Timing
- Tamponade - diastolic collapse
- Density
- Myxomatous leaflets, masses

# Technology
A single crystal rapidly alternates between transmission and receiver modes with rapid updating result, rapidly moving structures (eg, valve leaflets) can be monitored for their characteristic motion very high temporal resolution

# Specific Structures

## Aortic Valve M-mode Analysis
- During systole do the aortic valve leaflets oppose the aorta?
- Are the leaflets thick and calcified (bright)?
- Possible to have normal appearance on m-mode if non-calcific
- Are leaflets open throughout systole - HOCM, low-output state

## Mitral Valve M-mode Analysis
- Anterior leaflet with E/A appearance of diastology
- Decreased EF slope in MS
- Scalloping of leaflet tip in end systole in prolapse

## Ventricular M-mode
- Ventricular Wall Thickness
- Ventricular Chamber Size
- Intraventricular Masses

# M Mode Pathologic States

## M Mode in Aortic Stenosis
- Thickened, calcified leaflets
- Dense, persistent echoes replacing the normal motion patterns
- Post-stenotic aortic root dilation (> 35mm)
- LVH
- Eccentrically placed diastolic closure line (BAV)

## M Mode in Mitral Valve Prolapse
- Systolic bowing of the posterior mitral valve leaflet

## M Mode in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
- Septal hypertrophy
- Systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the anterior mitral valve leaflet
- Mid-systolic (premature) closure of the aortic valve due to outflow track obstruction

## M Mode in Mitral Stenosis
- Leaflet tips bright (calcified) and thickened
- E/F slope decreased

## M Mode in Tamponade
- Diastolic collapse of the right ventricle

## M Mode Aortic Regurgitation
- Increased duration between E and A peaks
- Fluttering of the anterior mitral valve leaflet due to AI jet turbulence
- Clinical setting to decide mechanism

# Other M Mode Findings

## B Bump
- Elevated left ventricular end diastolic pressure

## M Mode in Endocarditis
- Thickened leaflets
- Good motion
- Mass
- Clinical scenario likely to give clue - dialysis patient, etc.

## Left Atrial Myxoma
- Bright hyperdensity in mitral orifice throughout cardiac cycle
- Functional MS

## Pulmonary Hypertension
- M-mode of pulmonary valve - W appearance indicates elevated pulmonary pressures

## Hypertensive Heart Disease

## Mitral Stenosis

## Mitral Valve Prolapse

## Mitral Regurgitation