Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Triplatin tetranitrate

# Overview
Triplatin tetranitrate (rINN; also known as BBR3464) is a new platinum-based cytotoxic drug that is currently undergoing clinical trials throughout the world for the treatment of human cancer. It is a trinuclear platinum coordination complex, with chloride and amine ligands. The drug acts by forming coordinate covalent adducts with cellular DNA, preventing DNA transcription and replication, and through this inducing apoptosis. It is structurally similar to, but in a different family from, the anticancer drugs cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin.

# History
It was invented by Professor Nicholas Farrell at Virginia Commonwealth University in the United States. The development of this drug came from his earlier work looking at dinuclear platinum derivatives of cisplatin, research he began in the late 1980s. Similar work was also being undertaken by Dr John Broomhead at the Australian National University in Australia.  BBR3464 was patented in the mid-1990s and was originally licensed to the pharmaceutical company Roche. In preclinical trials, it demonstrated cytotoxic activity in cancer cell lines which have either intrinsic or acquired resistance to cisplatin. On this basis it entered Phase I (Toxicity) clinical trials under the auspices of Novuspharma before the rights were transferred to Cell Therapeutics.
This drug is currently undergoing Phase II (Efficacy) trials with mixed results. So far trials of the drug with patients suffering from ovarian cancer, small cell lung cancer and gastric or gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinomas have been reported in the literature.

# Mode of action
The main target of triplatin is cellular DNA, similar to cisplatin. Outside of the cell, the concentration of chloride (approx. 100 millimolar) prevents the drugs from hydrolysing, but once inside the cell, where the concentration of chloride drops to between 4 and 20 millimolar, the chloride ligands of BBR3464 come off and the drug is capable of forming coordinate covalent bonds with purine bases on DNA. The novel adducts BBR3464 forms with DNA are though to be the mechanism by which this drug acts; the adducts are able to prevent DNA transcription and replication, thus inducing cell apoptosis.

# Side-effects
All platinum based drugs, and particularly BBR3464, cause large dose limiting side-effects. For BBR3464 these are largely diarrhea, cramps and vomiting, but are so severe that the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in humans is between 0.9 to 1.1 milligrams per square metre. This is considerably lower than the MTD for all the platinum based drugs currently used in the clinic, like cisplatin (60120 mg) and carboplatin (approx. 800 mg).
Tripolyphosphoric acid
Triphosphoric acid, also tripolyphosphoric acid, with formula H5P3O10, is a condensed form of phosphoric acid.
In polyphosphoric acids, it is the next after pyrophosphoric acid, H4P2O7, also called diphosphoric acid.
Compounds such as ATP (adenosine triphosphate) are esters of triphosphoric acid.
True-believer syndrome

# Examples

## Raoul
In his book The Psychic Mafia, Keene tells of a psychic medium named Raoul.  Some people still believed that Raoul was genuine even after he openly admitted that he was a fake. Keene wrote "I knew how easy it was to make people believe a lie, but I didn't expect the same people, confronted with the lie, would choose it over the truth. ... No amount of logic can shatter a faith consciously based on a lie." 

## Carlos
According to the Skeptic's Dictionary, an example of this syndrome is evidenced by an event in 1988, when James Randi, at the request of an Australian news program, coached stage performer Jose Alvarez to pretend he was channelling a 2000 year old spirit named "Carlos".  Even after it was revealed to be a fictional character created by himself and Jose Alvarez people continued to believe that "Carlos" was real.  Randi commented: "no amount of evidence, no matter how good it is or how much there is of it, is ever going to convince the true believer to the contrary." 

## 419 scam
Article 419 scams, also known as advance fee fraud involve individuals inveigling others to
give them their bank details, supposedly in order to make a large deposit, but actually in order
to drain the account. Anti-419 activists refer to those who sometimes continue to believe in the good faith of the fraudsters as "true believers".
Tryptophan hydroxylase
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is an enzyme (EC 1.14.16.4) involved in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Tyrosine hydroxylase, phenylalanine hydroxylase, and tryptophan hydroxylase together constitute the family of biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. TPH catalyzes the following chemical reaction
It employs one additional cofactor, iron.

# Function
It is responsible for addition of the -HO group (hydroxylation) to the 5 position to form the amino acid 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), which is the initial and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin. It is also the first enzyme in the synthesis of melatonin.
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) are members of a superfamily of aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, catalyzing key steps in important metabolic pathways. Analogously to phenylalanine hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase, this enzyme uses (6R)-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and dioxygen as cofactors.
In humans, the stimulation of serotonin production by administration of tryptophan has an antidepressant effect and inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase (e.g. by p-Chlorophenylalanine) may precipitate depression.
The activity of tryptophan hydroxylase (i.e. the rate at which it converts L-tryptophan into the serotonin precursor L-5-hydroxytryptophan) can be increased when it undergoes phosphorylation.  Protein Kinase A, for example, can phosphorylate tryptophan hydroxylase, thus increasing its activity.

# Isoforms
In humans, as well as in other mammals, there are two distinct TPH genes. In humans, these genes are located on chromosomes 11 and 12 and encode two different homologous enzymes TPH1 and TPH2 (sequence identity 71%).
- TPH1 is mostly expressed in tissues that express serotonin (a neurotransmitter) in the periphery (skin, gut, pineal gland) but it is also expressed in the central nervous system.
- On the other hand, TPH2 is exclusively expressed in neuronal cell types and is the predominant isoform in the central nervous system.

# Additional images
- The pathway for the synthesis of serotonin from tryptophan
The pathway for the synthesis of serotonin from tryptophan
- Metabolic pathway from tryptophan to serotonin
Metabolic pathway from tryptophan to serotonin
Tumour necrosis factor

# Overview
Tumor necrosis factors (or the TNF-family) refers to a group of cytokines family that can cause apoptosis.

# Mechanism
TNF acts via the TNF Receptor (TNF-R) and is part of the extrinsic pathway for triggering apoptosis. TNF-R is associated with procaspases through adapter proteins (FADD, TRADD, etc.) that can cleave other inactive procaspases and trigger the caspase cascade, irreversibly committing the cell to apoptosis.
TNF interacts with tumor cells to trigger cytolysis or cell death.
TNF can interact with receptors on epithelial cells, which leads to increased vascular permeability allowing leukocytes access to the  site of infection. This is a type of localized inflammatory response, although systemic release may lead to septic shock and death.

# Types
- Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) is the most well-known member of this class, and sometimes referred to when the term "tumor necrosis factor" is used.
- Tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-) is a cytokine that is induced by interleukin 10
U8 small nucleolar RNA
U8 small nucleolar RNA (also known as SNORD118) is the RNA component of a small RNA:protein complex (the U8 snoRNP) which is required for biogenesis of mature large subunit ribosomal RNAs, 5.8S and 28S rRNAs . 
More specifically, U8 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifiying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA U8 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
U8 RNA genes have been identified in human, mouse, rat and the amphibian Xenopus laevis.
Urinary bladder hernia

# Overview
Usually considered that 13% of all inguinal hernias involve the urinary bladder.
Most bladder hernias involve the inguinal and femoral canals (herniations through ischiorectal, obturator, and abdominal wall openings have also been described.
Predilection for the right side has been reported.
Any portion of the bladder may herniate, from a small portion or a bladder diverticulum to most of the bladder.
A variety of factors can contribute to the development of bladder hernias (i.e. urinary outlet obstruction causing chronic bladder distention and contact of the bladder wall with the hernia orifices, obesity, presence of space-occupying pelvic masses).
Most bladder hernias are asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during surgery or imaging studies performed for other purposes.
Patients with large hernias may have specific symptoms, such as reduction in size of the hernia mass after micturition and two-stage micturition (patient empties the normally located bladder, then voids again after manual compression of the hernia sac).
Van der Woude syndrome

# Overview
Van Der Woude syndrome (VDWS) consists of the following characteristics: cleft lip with or without cleft palate, isolated cleft palate, pits or mucous cysts on the lower lip, and hypodontia.  It is the most common syndromic form of cleft lip and palate (CLP), accounting for 2% of all CLP cases (usually CLP is nonsyndromic). Affected individuals have normal intelligence.
It was first characterized in 1954.

# Genetics
VDWS is an autosomal dominant or sporadic inheritence caused by mutations of the IRF6 gene, located on chromosome 1 at 1q32-q41. (Popliteal pterygium syndrome can also be caused by mutations of this gene.)
In 2002 Kondo et al. described a pair of monozygotic twins discordant for VDWS whose parents did not have the disorder.
Vancomycin description
Vancomycin Injection, USP in the GALAXY plastic container (PL 2040) contains vancomycin, added as Vancomycin Hydrochloride, USP. It is a tricyclic glycopeptide antibiotic derived from Amycolatopsis orientalis (formerly Nocardia orientalis). The molecular formula is C66H75Cl2N9O24- HCl and the molecular weight is 1,485.71. 500 mg of the base is equivalent to 0.34 mmol. Vancomycin hydrochloride has the following structural formula
Vancomycin Injection, USP in the GALAXY plastic container (PL 2040) is a frozen, iso-osmotic, sterile, nonpyrogenic premixed 100 mL, 150 mL, or 200 mL solution containing 500 mg, 750 mg, or 1 g Vancomycin respectively as Vancomycin hydrochloride. Each 100 mL of solution contains approximately 5 g of Dextrose Hydrous, USP. The pH of the solution may have been adjusted with hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide. Thawed solutions have a pH in the range of 3.0 to 5.0. After thawing to room temperature, this solution is intended for intravenous use only.
This GALAXY container is fabricated from a specially designed multilayer plastic (PL 2040). Solutions are in contact with the polyethylene layer of this container and can leach out certain chemical components of the plastic in very small amounts within the expiration period. The suitability of the plastic has been confirmed in tests in animals according to USP biological tests for plastic containers as well as by tissue culture toxicity studies.
Vanillyl mandelic acid

# Overview
Vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA) is a metabolite of the catecholamine: norepinephrine.
VMA is found in the urine, along with other catecholamine metabolites, including homovanillic acid (HVA).  In timed urine tests the quantity (concentration g /24 h) is assessed, along with creatinine clearance, and the concentration of cortisols, catecholamines, and metanephrines.
These urinalysis tests are used to diagnose an adrenal gland tumor called pheochromocytoma, a tumor of catecholamine-secreting chromaffin cells. These tests may also be used to diagnose neuroblastomas, and to monitor treatment of these conditions.
Norepinephrine breaks down into normetanephrine and VMA.  Norepinephrine is one of the hormones produced by the adrenal glands, which are found on top of the kidneys. They are released into the blood during times of physical or emotional stress, which are factors that may skew the results of the test.
de:Vanillinmandelsaure
Vapor-liquid separator
A Vapor-liquid separator is a vertical vessel into which a liquid and vapor mixture is fed and, in which, the liquid is separated by gravity, falls to the bottom of the vessel, and is withdrawn. The vapor travels upward at a design velocity which minimizes the entrainment of any liquid droplets in the vapor as it exits the top of the vessel.
The feed to a vapor-liquid separator may also be a liquid that is being partially or totally flashed into a vapor and liquid as it enters the separator.
A vapor-liquid separator may also be referred to as a flash drum, knock-out drum, knock-out pot, compressor suction drum or compressor inlet drum.
When used to remove suspended water droplets from streams of air, a vapor-liquid separator is  often called  a demister.

# Where vapor-liquid separators are used
Vapor-liquid separators are very widely used in a great many indusries and applications, such as:
- Oil refineries
- Natural gas processing plants
- Petrochemical and chemical plants
- Refrigeration systems
- Air conditioning
- Compressor systems for air or other gases
- Gas pipelines
- Steam condensate flash drums
Vascular smooth muscle
Vascular smooth muscle refers to the particular type of smooth muscle found within, and composing the majority of the wall of blood vessels.
Vascular smooth muscle contracts or relaxes to both change the volume of blood vessels and the local blood pressure, a mechanism that is responsible to redistribution of the blood within the body to areas where it is needed (i.e. areas with temporarily enhanced oxygen consumption). Thus the main function of vascular smooth muscle tonus is to regulate the caliber of the blood vessels in the body. Excessive vasoconstriction leads to hypertension, while excessive vasodilation as in shock leads to hypotension.
Arteries have a great deal more smooth muscle within their walls than veins, thus their greater wall thickness.  This is because they have to pump blood away from the heart to all the organs and tissues that need the oxygenated blood. The endothelial lining of each is similar.
Vascular smooth muscle is innervated primarily by the sympathetic nervous system through adrenergic receptors (adrenoceptors). Three types of adrenoceptors are present within vascular smooth muscle cells: 1, 2 and 2. The main endogenous agonist of these cell receptors is norepinephrine (NE).
The adrenergic receptors exert opposite physiologic effects in the vascular smooth muscle under activation:
- 1 receptors. Under NE binding 1 receptors cause vasoconstriction i.e. contraction of the vascular smooth muscle cells decreasing the diameter of the vessels. 1 receptors are activated in response to shock or hypotension as a defensive reaction trying to restore the normal blood pressure. Antagonists of 1 receptors (doxazosin, prazosin) cause vasodilation i.e. decrease in vascular smooth muscle tone with increase of vessel dimater and decrease of the blood pressure. (See also receptor antagonist)
- 2 receptors. Agonists of 2 receptors in the vascular smooth muscle lead to vasoconstriction. However in clinical practice applied intravenously drugs being agonists of 2 receptors (chlophazolin) leads to powerful vasodilation and decrease in the blood pressure by presynaptic activation of 2 receptors in the sympathetic ganglia. This presynaptic effect is predominant and completely overrides the vasoconstrictive effect of the 2 receptors in the vascular smooth muscle.
- 2 receptors. Agonism at 2 receptors causes vasodilation and hypotension, i.e. the effect is opposite of the one resulting from activation of 1 and 2 receptors in the vascular smooth muscle cells. Usage of agonists of 2 receptors as hypotensive agents is less widespread due to adverse effects such as unnecessary bronchodilation in lungs and increase in blood sugar levels.

# Links
- Image of smooth muscle in the arterial walls
- Smooth muscle in stomach wall
Vasopressin receptor 2
Vasopressin receptor 2 (V2R), or arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (officially called AVPR2), is a protein that acts as receptor for vasopressin.  AVPR2 belongs to the subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. Its activity is mediated by the Gs type of G proteins, which stimulate adenylate cyclase.
AVPR2 is expressed in the kidney tubule, predominantly in the membrane of cells of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts, in fetal lung tissue and lung cancer, the last two being associated with alternative splicing. AVPR2 is also expressed outside the kidney, and, when stimulated, can cause the release of Von Willebrand Factor from the Weibel-Palade Bodies in the endothelial cells of the vasculature. Because Von Willebrand Factor helps to stabilize circulating levels of factor VIII, the vasopressin analog, Desmopressin can be used to stimulate the AVPR2 receptor and increase levels of circulating factor VIII. This is useful in the treatment of Hemophilia A as well as Von Willebrand disease.
In the kidney, AVPR2's primary property is to respond to arginine vasopressin by stimulating mechanisms that concentrate the urine and maintain water homeostasis in the organism. When the function of AVPR2 is lost, the disease Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI) results.

# Antagonists
Vasopressin receptor antagonists that are selective for the V2 receptor include:
- Tolvaptan (FDA-approved)
- Lixivaptan
- Mozavaptan
- Satavaptan
Their main uses are in hyponatremia, such as that caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) and heart failure, however these agents should be avoided in patients with cirrhosis.
Demeclocycline and lithium carbonate act as indirect antagonists of renal vasopressin V2 receptors by inhibiting activation of the second messenger cascade of the receptors.

# Interactions
Arginine vasopressin receptor 2 has been shown to interact with C1QTNF1.
Victor A. Marcial-Vega

# Overview
Victor A. Marcial-Vega is a radiation oncologist from San Juan, Puerto Rico. He is best known for his work in the field of alternative medicine.
He graduated with an M.D. from the University of Puerto Rico Medical School in 1984, and completed his internship and residency in radiation oncology in 1988 at the Johns Hopkins Hospital and School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland.  He has taught at Washington University and at the University of Miami.
He practices medicine in Puerto Rico and in the Miami, Florida area.  He is the Medical Director for the Atlantis Energy Network, based in Coral Gables, Florida, and has also been the Medical Director of Health Horizons, a natural healing products company based in Miami. He is a proponent of nutripathy, the theory that a blood acidity that is too high has a negative impact on human health, and also promotes the use of wolfberry, which he believes purifies one's blood, reduces blood acidity and uric acid levels, and allows for proper white and red blood cell activity.  He has also promoted EDTA chelation therapy, ozone therapy, and the use of colloidal silver, as therapies to assist with the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
He is a member of the American College for the Advancement of Medicine.

# Books

## By Marcial-Vega
- Marcial-Vega, Victor A. (2005). Protocolo rejuvenecedor para el paciente con cancer: como combinar suplementos nutricionales y terapias alternas en su tratamiento del cancer. Puerto Rico: no publisher listed. ISBN 0977480100/ISBN 9780977480104.

## About Marcial-Vega
- Diamond, W. John, and W. Lee Cowden, with Burton Goldberg (1997). An Alternative Medicine Definitive Guide to Cancer. Tiburon, California: Future Medicine Pub. ISBN 1887299017.

# Discs
- Acid is for Batteries, Not for Healthy People. CD and DVD on one disc.
Visinin-like protein 1
Visinin-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VSNL1 gene.
This gene is a member of the visinin/recoverin subfamily of neuronal calcium sensor proteins.
The encoded protein is strongly expressed in granule cells of the cerebellum where it associates with membranes in a calcium-dependent manner and modulates intracellular signaling pathways of the central nervous system by directly or indirectly regulating the activity of adenylyl cyclase. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed, but their full-length nature has not been determined.
Volatility (chemistry)
Volatility in the context of chemistry, physics and thermodynamics is a measure of the tendency of a substance to vaporize. It has also been defined as a measure of how readily a substance vaporizes. At a given temperature, substances with higher vapor pressures will vaporize more readily than substances with a lower vapor pressure.
Although usually applying to liquids, volatility can apply to solid materials such as dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) and ammonium chloride, which can change directly from solid to vapor without becoming liquid. The direct transition of a solid to a vapor is called sublimation.

# Relation between vapor pressures and normal boiling points of liquids
Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor which is in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases (i.e., liquid or solid). Most often the term is used to describe a liquid's tendency to evaporate.  It is a measure of the tendency of molecules and atoms to escape from a liquid or a solid. A liquid's atmospheric pressure boiling point corresponds to the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure and it is often called the normal boiling point.
The higher is the vapor pressure of a liquid at a given temperature, the higher is the volatility and the lower is the normal boiling point of the liquid.
The vapor pressure chart to the right has graphs of the vapor pressures versus temperatures for a variety of liquids. As can be seen in the chart, the liquids with the highest vapor pressures have the lowest normal boiling points.
For example, at any given temperature, propane has the highest vapor pressure of any of the liquids in the chart. It also has the lowest normal boiling point(-43.7 C), which is where the vapor pressure curve of propane (the purple line) intersects the horizontal pressure line of one atmosphere (atm) of absolute vapor pressure.
Vulnerable populations
Vulnerable populations are "groups of persons whose range of options is severely limited, who are frequently subjected to coercion in their decision making, or who may be compromised in their ability to give informed consent".
The ECHO (Extension for Community Health Outcomes) program may improve the care of U.S. patients with Medicaid.
Startifying data analyses by vulnerable populations may help identify opportunities to end disparities