Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Psoralea Corylifolia
Psoralea corylifolia (Babchi) is an important plant in the Indian Ayurveda and Tamil Siddha systems of medicine, and also Chinese medicine. The seeds of this plant contain a variety of coumarins including psoralen. The seeds have a variety of medicinal uses, but the specific role (if any) of psoralen in these uses is unknown. Psoralen itself has a number of commercial uses. An extract of the plant's fruit Fructus psorale has been shown to act as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
P. corylifolia extract contains a number of bioactive compounds that are the molecular basis of its action, including flavonoids (neobavaisoflavone, isobavachalcone, bavachalcone, bavachinin, bavachin, corylin, corylifol, corylifolin and 6-prenylnaringenin), coumarins (psoralidin, psoralen, isopsoralen and angelicin) and meroterpenes (bakuchiol and 3-hydroxybakuchiol).
One study in rats suggested that bakuchiol and ethanol extracts of P. corylifolia could protect against bone loss.
Bakuchiol isolated from the Chinese medicinal plant, Psoralea corylifolia (Fabaceae), has shown activity against numerous Grampositive and Gram-negative oral pathogens. It was able to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans under a range of sucrose concentrations, pH
values and in the presence of organic acids in a temperature-dependent manner and also inhibited the growth of cells adhered to a glass surface.
It may be of assistance in treating prostate cancer.
Very high concentrations of the anticancer chemical, genistein, have been found in the leaves of Psoralea corylifolia
Psoralea Corylifolia has been shown to inhibit mitochondrial complex I and may therefore increase susceptibility to oxidative stress.
Side Effects
Psoralea corylifolia has been implicated in at least one case of severe hepatotoxicity in a 64-year-old woman who self-medicated with a variety of Aryuvedic herbs for her vitiligo. The authors identify psoralens as "the primary candidate causing the hepatotoxic reaction." PMID: 19841509
Psychiatric casualty
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A psychiatric casualty is a military combatant who is unable to continue fighting due to some sort of mental debilitation. The debilitations a casualty can suffer are extensive; they can be anything from affective disorders to somatoform disorders.  Treatment generally consists of simply removing a soldier from combat; however, psychotherapy is sometimes used.
Psychotic depression

# Overview
Psychotic depression is one of the most severe forms of the general depressive diseases in which the person experiences moments of delusional or paranoid being. During such an episode, synesthesia may occur, including audio-visual hallucinations and erratic behavior. Psychotic depression is a chronic, cyclic condition. In general, the patient may have unremarkable general depressive episodes marked by moments of extreme psychosis. Suicide is most prevalent in patients affected by psychotic episodes. Increased stress and chemical abuse can initiate a psychotic episode.

# Common Side Effects
- Suicidal thoughts
- Suicide attempts
- Audio and or visual hallucination
- Not feeling as you once did when well (feelings of insanity)
- Aggression
- Frustration
- Feelings of hopelessness
Most patients need aggressive treatment in hospital settings. This is mainly due to the suicide risk. Although the patient may suffer from audio and or visual hallucinations, it is not to be confused with schizophrenia as psychotic depression patients are aware that it is a hallucination they are having.
Pubococcygeus muscle
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# Overview
The pubococcygeus muscle or PC muscle is a hammock-like muscle, found in both sexes, that stretches from the pubic bone to the coccyx (tail bone) forming the floor of the pelvic cavity and supporting the pelvic organs. It is part of the levator ani group of muscles.
It surrounds the rectum, the vagina (in women) and bladder openings.

# Function
It controls urine flow and contracts during orgasm.   It aids in urinary control, and childbirth.
A well-developed pubococcygeus muscle can enhance sex and orgasm in both sexes.
A strong PC muscle has also been attributed to a reduction in urinary incontinence and proper positioning of the baby's head during childbirth.
The PC Muscle also allows the male to move the penis up and down while the penis is erect

# Kegel exercises
Kegel exercises are a set of exercises designed to strengthen and give voluntary control over the pubococcygeus muscles. They are often referred to simply as "kegels." These exercises also serve to contract the cremaster muscle in men, as voluntary contraction of the pubococcygeus muscle also engages the cremasteric reflex, which also has sexual benefits. This will make the penis rise, and control can be achieved with practice.
Kegel exercises appear to enable some men to have multiple orgasms and can help with premature ejaculation.

# Anatomy
The Pubococcygeus arises from the back of the pubis and from the anterior part of the obturator fascia, and is directed backward almost horizontally along the side of the anal canal toward the coccyx and sacrum, to which it finds attachment.
Between the termination of the vertebral column and the anus, the two Pubococcygei muscles come together and form a thick, fibromuscular layer lying on the raphe(anococcygeal raphe) formed by the Iliococcygei.
The greater part of this muscle is inserted into the coccyx and into the last one or two pieces of the sacrum.
This insertion into the vertebral column is, however, not admitted by all observers.
Pulmonary compliance

# Overview
Compliance is the ability of the lungs to stretch in a change in volume relative to an applied change in pressure. It is an important measurement in respiratory physiology.
It is the slope of the pressure-volume curve at a particular lung volume i.e. volume change per unit of pressure change (mL/cm H2O)
Normal value of compliance of intact lung = 200mLs/cmH2O 
Compliance is greatest at moderate lung volumes, and much lower at volumes which are very low or very high.

# Calculation
Compliance is calculated using the following equation, where V is the change in volume, and P is the change in pressure:
C =  \frac{ \Delta V}{ \Delta P} 

# Factors affecting lung compliance
- Lung volume  - A person with only one lung has half the change in lung volume for a given change in pressure
- Phase of respiratory cycle - It is slightly greater when measured during deflation than when measured during inflation
- Effect of gravity - It is less at apices of the lungs as there are more distended alveoli at the apex
- Surface tension  - If surface tension is high as in deficiency of surfactant , more pressure is required to distend the lungs ,therefore,compliance is     decreased

# Specific Compliance
Compliance divided by'''FRC'''  (in mLs)
Unit = /cmH2O
- Normal value = 0.05/cmH2O
- Similar values in both sexs and all ages including neonates
- Is a measurement of the intrinsic elastic property of the lung tissue

# Applied
- fibrosis is associated with a decrease in pulmonary compliance.
- emphysema/COPD are associated with an increase in pulmonary compliance.
- Pulmonary surfactant increases compliance by decreasing the surface tension of water. The internal surface of the alveolus  is covered with a thin coat of fluid. The water in this fluid has a high surface tension, and provides a force that could collapse the alveolus. The presence of surfactant in this fluid breaks up the surface tension of water, making it less likely that the alveolus can collapse inward. If the alveolus were to collapse, a great force would be required to open it, meaning that compliance would decrease drastically.
Rapid plasma reagent

# Overview
Rapid Plasma Reagent (RPR) refers to a type of test that looks for non-specific antibodies in the blood of the patient that may indicate that the organism (Treponema pallidum) that causes syphilis is present.  The term "reagin" means that this test does not look for antibodies against the actual bacterium, but rather for antibodies against substances released by cells when they are damaged by T. pallidum.  Another test often used to screen for syphilis is the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory VDRL slide test, however, the RPR test is generally preferred due to its ease of use.
In addition to screening for syphilis, an RPR level (also called a "titer") can be used to track the progress of the disease over time and its response to therapy.
The RPR test is an effective screening test, meaning it is very good at detecting people who are affected by syphilis, however, this comes with the drawback that this test is also known to show that people have syphilis who in reality do not (in other words, it will produce false positives). False positives can be seen in viral infections (Epstein-Barr, hepatitis, varicella, measles), lymphoma, tuberculosis, malaria, endocarditis, connective tissue disease, pregnancy, intravenous drug abuse, or contamination. As a result, these two screening tests should always be followed up by a more specific treponemal test. Tests based on monoclonal antibodies and immunofluorescence, including Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) and Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption (FTA-ABS) are more specific and more expensive. Unfortunately, false positives can still occur in related treponomal infections such as yaws and pinta. Tests based on enzyme-linked immunoassays are also used to confirm the results of simpler screening tests for syphilis.
Other types of tests are currently being evaluated as possible alternatives to, or as replacements for, the rapid plasma reagin test.  One of these alternatives is an immunochromographic strip test.  A study published in February 2006 found that this test outperformed the RPR test in values of sensitivity and specificity, and it does not require a laboratory to process the results.

# Related chapters
- Syphilis
- Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test
Rab escort protein 1
Rab escort protein 1 (REP1) also known as rab proteins geranylgeranyltransferase component A 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CHM gene.

# Function
This gene encodes component A of the RAB geranylgeranyl transferase holoenzyme. In the dimeric holoenzyme, this subunit binds unprenylated Rab GTPases and then presents them to the catalytic Rab GGTase subunit for the geranylgeranyl transfer reaction. Rab GTPases need to be geranylgeranyled on either one or two cysteine residues in their C-terminus to localize to the correct intracellular membrane.

# Interactions
CHM (gene) has been shown to interact with RAB1A, RAB7A and RAB3A.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene are a cause of choroideremia; also known as tapetochoroidal dystrophy (TCD). This X-linked disease is characterized by progressive dystrophy of the choroid, retinal pigment epithelium and retina.
Rabin Medical Center
The Rabin Medical Center is a medical center in Petah Tikva, Israel. It is currently the second largest medical center in Israel after Sheba Medical Center, having lost the title of largest in 2006.
It cosists of two main hospitals (campuses): The Beilinson Hospital and the Golda-HaSharon Hospital.
The medical center has 1,383 beds, 4,500 staff members, 9,000 annual births, 37 operating rooms, and 34,000 annual operations.

# Beilinson Hospital
The Beilison Hospital was founded in 1936 for pioneer settlers in the area. All Jewish workers in then-central Palestine agreed to donate two days' worth of wages toward its construction. The hospital originated with 70 beds.
The hospital was named after one of its founders, Dr. Moshe Beilinson.
In 1938, the first blood bank in Israel was founded in Beilinson, and in 1968, the first heart transplant in Israel was performed there. Beilinson Hospital was the first in Israel to have a dermatology department, a nephrology institute, and a dialysis unit. The first implantation of an artificial heart in Israel was performed at Beilinson in 1995.
According to its official website, the Beilinson Hospital currently has 900 beds.
The hospital is located on a block between the streets Kaplan, Rabin and Zhabotinsky.

## Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel
On October 29, 1991, the Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel was founded on the hospital grounds - by far the largest such facility in Israel. It was opened to the public in April 1992.
It was named after two of its major benefactors - Irving and Helen Schneider. It was designed by Marvin Bostin and Jerry Switzer.
The Schneider Medical Center spans an area of 35,000 sq. meters.

# Golda-HaSharon Hospital
The HaSharon Hospital was founded in 1942 by a team of surgeons from the Beilinson Hospital as a satellite surgical unit. It was originally established in a 1-floor building, and named Beilinson II. It originally had 28 beds. Beilinson II was renamed to HaSharon Hospital several years later.
In 1982, Golda was appended to the hospital's name, after the later Israeli prime minister, Golda Meir.
According to its official website, the Golda-HaSharon Hospital currenty has 400 beds.

# Merger
While physically separated, the two hospitals were officially merged in 1996 in a budget saving consolidation and the umbrella organization renamed the Rabin Medical Center, in memory of Yitzhak Rabin, the prime minister who had been assassinated in the previous year. This newer name is not widely known or used by the general public.
Radial head fracture
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# Diagnosis

## X Ray
- Radiograph demonstrates radial head fracture and joint effusion Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Radiograph demonstrates radial head fracture and joint effusion Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Radiograph demonstrates radial head fracture and joint effusion Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted

## CT
- CT demonstrates radial head fracture and joint effusion Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- CT demonstrates radial head fracture and joint effusion Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- CT demonstrates radial head fracture and joint effusion Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
Radiation oncologist

# Overview
A radiation oncologist is a doctor who specializes in the treatment of cancer patients, using radiation as the main modality of treatment as opposed to a medical oncologist who is a doctor who uses chemotherapy as the preferred modality of treatment. In some countries, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are controlled by a single oncologist who is a "clinical oncologist".  Radiation oncologists not only work closely with other physicians such as surgical oncologists, other surgeons, internal medicine subspecialists and medical oncologists, but they also rely on the expertise of medical physicists, dosimetrists, radiation therapists, nurses, and many other support staff.
In the United States, radiation oncologists undergo 4 years of residency (in addition to an internship).  During this time they learn about oncology, the physics and biology of ionizing radiation, and the treatment of cancer patients with radiation.  After completion of this training, a radiation oncologist may undergo certification by the American Board of Radiology (ABR) which includes a written test and a practical oral exam.  Successfully passing these tests leads to the granting of a 10 year, time limited, board certification.
In Canada, radiation oncologists directly enter radiation oncology residencies of a 5 year duration.  Most radiation oncologists also pursue a fellowship after their residency, examples of which include brachytherapy, intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), gynecologic radiation oncology, and many others.  Radiation oncologists in Canada commonly treat two or three different anatomic sites, such as head and neck, breast, genitourinary, hematologic, gynecologic, central nervous system, or lung cancer.
In the United Kingdom, clinical oncologists, who practise radiotherapy are also fully qualified to administer chemotherapy. After completion of their basic medical degree, all oncologists must train fully in general internal medicine and pass the MRCP exam, normally 3-4 years after qualification. Following this, 5 years of Specialist Registrar (SpR) training is required in all non-surgical aspects of oncology in a recognised training program. During this time, the trainee must pass the FRCR examination in order to qualify for specialist registration as a clinical oncologist. A significant proportion of trainees will extend their time to undertake an academic fellowship, MD, or PhD. Almost all consultant clinical oncologists in the UK are Fellows of the Royal College of Radiologists, the governing body of the specialty. Whilst most oncologists will treat a selection of common general oncology cases, there is increasing specialisation, with the expectation that consultants will specialise in one or two subsites.
See also: radiation therapy, oncology.
Reminiscence therapy

# Overview
Reminiscence therapy is a relatively low cost therapy usually used to counsel and support older people, and is a useful intervention in work with brain-injured patients. This form of therapeutic intervention respects the life and experiences of the individual and often helps the patient to maintain good mental health.
Often utilised in residential and nursing care settings, reminiscence therapy is also to be found in none-acute hospitals in the United Kingdom, especially those specialising in medical care for the elderly. The therapy takes place in a safe and warm environment where the participants are guided by a trained person to reflect on a variety of aspects relating to their lives. This may be themed and centre on one period in time such as 1939-1945, or, it may be wider and  reflect a guided discussion through an issue such as 'employment'. The group often determine the content of the debate and the leader of the group uses their skills in ensuring that all participants are respected and have their opportunity to take part.
The therapist may use music, photographs, replica documents, drama and sensory gardens to stimulate debate and discussion for the participants. Such materials are now easily available, often low cost and may draw on materials and personal strengths supplied by the participants themselves.
Reminiscence therapy is a useful tool in supporting very frail and confused people to integrate into new living arrangements whilst respecting them and their life history. Participants are often very knowledgable and the group becomes a participative learning experience.
Research into this form of therapy has slowed down after an initial period of enthusiasm, with more research being required, especially in relation to black and ethnic minority groups in the United Kingdom.
Respiratory quotient
The respiratory quotient (or RQ or respiratory coefficient), is a unitless number used in calculations of basal metabolic rate (BMR) when estimated from carbon dioxide production. Such measurements, like measurements of oxygen uptake, are forms of indirect calorimetry. It is measured using Ganong's Respirometer.
It can be used in the alveolar gas equation.

# Calculation
The respiratory quotient (RQ) is calculated from the ratio:
RQ = CO2 produced / O2 consumed
In this calculation, the CO2 and O2 must be given in the same units, and in quantities proportional to the number of molecules. Acceptable inputs would be either moles, or else volumes of gas at standard temperature and pressure (time units may be included, but they cancel out since they must be the same in numerator and denominator).
The range of respiratory coefficients for organisms in metabolic balance usually ranges from 1.0 (representing the value expected for pure carbohydrate oxidation) to ~0.7 (the value expected for pure fat oxidation). See BMR for a discussion of how these numbers are derived. A mixed diet of fat and carbohydrate results in an average value between these numbers. An RQ may rise above 1.0 for an organism burning carbohydrate to produce or "lay down" fat (for example, a bear preparing for hibernation).
RQ value corresponds to a caloric value for each liter (L) of CO2 produced. If O2 consumption numbers are available, they are usually used directly, since they are more direct and reliable estimates of energy production.
RQ as measured includes a contribution from the energy produced from protein. However, due to the complexity of the various ways in which different amino acids can be metabolized, no single RQ can be assigned to the oxidation of protein in the diet.

# Respiratory Quotients of Some Substances
Reference
Retrograde pyelogram
Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.

# Overview
Retrograde Pyelogram is a urologic procedure where the physician injects contrast into the ureter in order to visualize the ureter and kidney. The flow of contrast (up from the bladder to the kidney) is opposite the usual flow of urine, hence the retrograde name.
Reasons for performing a retrograde pyelogram include identification of filling defects (e.g. stones or tumors), as an adjunct during the placement of ureteral stents or ureteroscopy, or to delineate renal anatomy in preparation for surgery. Retrograde pyelography is generally done when an intravenous excretory study (IVP or contrast CT scan) cannot be done because of renal disease or allergy to intravenous contrast.
Relative contraindications include the presence of infected urine, pregnancy and contrast allergy.
The procedure requires cystoscopy and the placement of a small tube into the lower part of the ureter to inject contrast and opacify the ureter and renal pelvis. Fluoroscopy, or dynamic X-Rays, is typically used for visualization. The procedure is usually done under general or regional anesthesia.
Rhizome (philosophy)
In philosophy, the term rhizome has been used by Carl Jung as a metaphor, and by Gilles Deleuze as a concept, and refers to the botanical rhizome.
Carl Jung used the word "rhizome", also calling it a "myzel", to emphasize the invisible and underground nature of life:
Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari used the term "rhizome"  to describe theory and research that allows for multiple, non-hierarchical entry and exit points in data representation and interpretation. In A Thousand Plateaus, they opposed it to an arborescent conception of knowledge, which worked with dualist categories and binary choices. A rhizome works with horizontal and trans-species connections, while an arborescent model works with vertical and linear connections. Their use of the "orchid and the wasp" was taken from the biological concept of mutualism, in which two different species interact together to form a multiplicity (i.e. a unity that is multiple in itself). Horizontal gene transfer would also be a good illustration.
Jeff Vail has used it to describe a non-hierarchical structure for society.