Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Energy field disturbance
Energy field disturbance is a nursing diagnosis listed by NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) that is rooted in alternative medicine.

# Definition
According to NANDA, energy field disturbance is defined as the disruption of the flow of energy, or aura, surrounding a person's being that results in a disharmony of the body, mind, and/or spirit.

# Defining characteristics
- Perception of changes in movement
- Perception of changes in sounds (tone or words)
- Perception of temperature change (warmth or coolness)
- Perception of visual changes (image or color)

# Nursing intervention
According to NANDA, the recommended way to respond to energy disturbances is to explain the benefits of practices such as therapeutic touch and then to administer this care to the client.

# Criticism
Critics of alternative medicine and energy field theories point out that the alleged benefits of therapeutic touch are not supported by any scientific evidence. This is reflective of the general trend of NANDA and other nursing organizations to lean toward postmodern approaches to nursing care, and away from the scientific, biological approach -- a trend that often proves dangerous for the health of the client.
Enfuvirtide how supplied

# How Supplied

## How Supplied
FUZEON (enfuvirtide) for Injection is a white to off-white, sterile, lyophilized powder and it is packaged in a single-use clear glass vial containing 108 mg of enfuvirtide for the delivery of approximately 90 mg/1 mL when reconstituted with 1.1 mL of Sterile Water for Injection.
FUZEON is available in a Convenience Kit containing 60 single-use vials of FUZEON (90 mg strength), 60 vials (2 cartons of 30 each) of Sterile Water for Injection (1.1 mL per vial), 60 reconstitution syringes (3 cc), 60 administration syringes (1 cc), Package Insert, Patient Package Insert, and Injection Instructions (NDC 0004-0381-40).

## Storage Conditions
Store at 25C (77F); excursions permitted to 15 to 30C (59 to 86F) .
Reconstituted solution should be stored in the original vial under refrigeration at 2 to 8C (36 to 46F) and used within 24 hours.
Enfuvirtide microbiology

# Microbiology

## Antiviral Activity in Cell Culture
The antiviral activity of enfuvirtide was assessed by infecting different CD4 cell types with laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1. The median EC50 value for baseline clinical isolates was 4.10 nM (ranged from 0.089 to 107 nM; 0.4 to 480 ng/mL) by the cMAGI assay (n=130) and was 55.9 nM (1.56 to 1675 nM; 7 to 7526 ng/mL) by a recombinant phenotypic entry assay (n=627). Enfuvirtide was similarly active in cell culture against clades A, AE, C, D, F, and G (median EC50 value was 7.01 nM; range 3.78 to 27.9 nM; 17-126 ng/mL), and R5, X4, and dual tropic viruses. Enfuvirtide has no activity against HIV-2.
Enfuvirtide exhibited additive to synergistic effects in cell culture assays when combined with individual members of various antiretroviral classes, including lamivudine, zidovudine, indinavir, nelfinavir, and efavirenz.

## Drug Resistance
HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to enfuvirtide have been selected in cell culture. Genotypic analysis of these resistant isolates showed mutations that resulted in amino acid substitutions at the enfuvirtide binding HR1 domain positions 36 to 38 of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp41. Phenotypic analysis of site-directed mutants in positions 36 to 38 in an HIV-1 molecular clone showed a 5-fold to 684-fold decrease in susceptibility to enfuvirtide.
In clinical trials, HIV-1 isolates with reduced susceptibility to enfuvirtide have been recovered from subjects failing a FUZEON containing regimen. Posttreatment HIV-1 virus from 277 subjects experiencing protocol defined virological failure at 48 weeks exhibited a median decrease in susceptibility to enfuvirtide of 33.4-fold (range 0.4-6318-fold) relative to their respective baseline virus. Of these, 249 had decreases in susceptibility to enfuvirtide of greater than 4-fold and all but 3 of those 249 exhibited genotypic changes in the codons encoding gp41 HR1 domain amino acids 36 to 45. Substitutions in this region were observed with decreasing frequency at amino acid positions 38, 43, 36, 40, 42, and 45. Mutations or polymorphisms in other regions of the envelope (e.g., the HR2 region or those yet to be identified) as well as co-receptor usage and density may affect susceptibility to enfuvirtide.

## Cross-resistance
HIV-1 clinical isolates resistant to nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI), and protease inhibitors (PI) were susceptible to enfuvirtide in cell culture.
Enthalpy of vaporization
The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H), also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the energy required to transform a given quantity of a substance into a gas. It is measured at the boiling point of the substance, although tabulated values are usually corrected to 298 K: the correction is small, and is often smaller than the uncertainty in the measured value. Values are usually quoted in kJ/mol, although kJ/kg, kcal/mol, cal/g and Btu/lb are also possible, among others.
The enthalpy of condensation (or heat of condensation) is numerically exactly equal to the enthalpy of vaporization, but has the opposite sign: enthalpy changes of vaporization are always positive (heat is absorbed by the substance), whereas enthalpy changes of condensation are always negative (heat is released by the substance).
The enthalpy of vaporization can be viewed as the energy required to overcome the intermolecular interactions in the liquid (or solid, in the case of sublimation). Hence helium has a particularly low enthalpy of vaporization, 0.0845 kJ/mol, as the van der Waals forces between helium atoms are particularly weak. On the other hand, the molecules in liquid water are held together by relatively strong hydrogen bonds, and its enthalpy of vaporization, 40.8 kJ/mol, is more than five times the energy required to heat the same quantity of water from 0 C to 100 C (cp = 75.3 J K1 mol1). Care must be taken, however, when using enthalpies of vaporization to measure the strength of intermolecular forces, as these forces may persist to an extent in the gas phase (as is the case with hydrogen fluoride), and so the calculated value of the bond strength will be too low. This is particularly true of metals, which often form covalently bonded molecules in the gas phase: in these cases, the enthalpy of atomization must be used to obtain a true value of the bond energy.
An alternative description is to view the enthalpy of condensation as the heat which must be released to the surroundings to compensate for the drop in entropy when a gas condenses to a liquid. As the liquid and gas are in equilibrium at the boiling point (Tb), vG = 0, which leads to:
As neither entropy nor enthalpy vary greatly with temperature, it is normal to use the tabulated standard values without any correction for the difference in temperature from 298 K. A correction must be made if the pressure is different from 100 kPa, as the entropy of a gas is proportional to its pressure (or, more precisely, to its fugacity): the entropies of liquids vary little with pressure, as the compressibility of a liquid is small.
These two definitions are equivalent: the boiling point is the temperature at which the increased entropy of the gas phase overcomes the intermolecular forces. As a given quantity of matter always has a higher entropy in the gas phase than in a condensed phase (\Delta\,_v S is always positive), and from
the Gibbs free energy change falls with increasing temperature: gases are favored at higher temperatures, as is observed in practice.

# Selected values

## Other common substances
Common substances sorted by heat of vaporization:
Epoxyeicosatrienoic acid
The Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids or EETs are signaling molecules formed by the action of Cytochrome P450 epoxygenase on 20-carbon essential fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid. 
These nonclassic eicosanoids act as short-range hormones, (i.e. they are autocrine and paracrine mediators) of the cardiovascular system and kidney. They produce vasorelaxation as well as anti-inflammatory and pro-fibrinolytic effects.

# Biological effects
EETs are cardioprotective after ischemic heart attack and reperfusion. They act in the corpus cavernosum  to maintain penile erection.  Specific epoxidation of EET sites produces endogenous PPAR agonists.
Epworth Sleepiness Scale

# Overview
The Epworth Sleepiness Scale is a questionnaire intended to measure daytime sleepiness.  This can be helpful in  diagnosing sleep disorders.

# The instrument
How likely are you to doze off or fall asleep in the following situations, in contrast to feeling just tired? This refers to your usual way of life in recent times. Even if you have not done some of these things recently try to work out how they would have affected you.
Use the following scale to choose the most appropriate number for each situation:
- 0 = no chance of dozing
- 1 = slight chance of dozing
- 2 = moderate chance of dozing
- 3 = high chance of dozing
To check your sleepiness score, total the points:
- 1 - 6: Congratulations, you are getting enough sleep!
- 7 - 8: Your score is average
- 9 and up: Seek the advice of a sleep specialist without delay
Source: (Dement 2000).

# History
The Epworth Sleepiness Scale was developed by Dr. Murray Johns of the Epworth Hospital in Melbourne, Australia

# Links to Epworth Sleepiness Scale on the World Wide Web
- stanford.edu/~dement/epworth.html, by Dr. William Dement of Stanford University. Cited elsewhere as (Dement 2000).
- SleepQuest, a commercial site associated with Dr. Dement.
- drugdigest.org, cited elsewhere as (DrugDigest 2005)
- sleepeducation.com
Erythromycin breath test
The erythromycin breath test (ERMBT) is a method used to measure metabolism (oxidation and elimination from the system) by a part of the cytochrome P450 system. Erythromycin is tagged with carbon-14 and given as an intravenous injection then in 20 minutes the subject blows up a balloon and the carbon dioxide exhaled that is tagged with carbon-14 shows the activity of the CYP3A4 isoenzyme on the erythromycin. Therefore, this activity can predict how other drugs that are metabolized by the CYP3A4 part of the cytochrome P450 system will be acted upon by a particular person.
This is important because it allows doctors to determine or predict an individuals drug treatment outcome. Will a patient develop serious or fatal side effects from a certain drug? Which foods and drugs should not be taken together? With this and other tests a physician may determine treatment outcomes in advance or study the effects of new drugs.
Some patients have a congenital inability to synthesize certain enzymes, so drugs may build up to toxic levels in their system or other drugs and foods a patient is taking may consume all of their ability to metabolize certain foods and drugs. An example is: when a person taking a cholesterol-lowering Statin drug then drinking grapefruit juice, they may have a poor treatment outcome (Adverse drug reaction) and sustain liver damage or kidney failure due to drug induced Rhabdomyolysis.
Hormone response element
A hormone response element (HRE) is a response element for hormones, a short sequence of DNA within the promoter of a gene that is able to bind a specific hormone receptor complex and therefore regulate transcription. The sequence is most commonly a pair of inverted repeats separated by three nucleotides, which also indicates that the receptor binds as a dimer.
A gene may have many different response elements, allowing complex control to be exerted over the level and rate of transcription.

# Examples
The glucocorticoid response element ("GRE") is "5'-GGTACAnnnTGTTCT-3'". The "n"s refer to positions that don't require a specific nucleotide for binding.
This GRE is shared with mineralocorticoids, progesterone, and androgens, but not estrogen.
Another example is:
- E-box
Ethionamide how supplied

# How Supplied
Trecator (ethionamide tablets, USP) are supplied in bottles of 100 tablets as follows:
250 mg, orange film-coated tablet marked W on one side and 4117 on reverse side, NDC 0008-4117-01.
Store at controlled room temperature 20 to 25C (68 to 77F). Dispense in a tight container.
Ethionamide microbiology

# Microbiology

## In Vitro Activity
Ethionamide exhibits bacteriostatic activity against extracellular and intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms. The development of ethionamide resistant M. tuberculosis isolates can be obtained by repeated subculturing in liquid or on solid media containing increasing concentrations of ethionamide. Multi-drug resistant strains of M. tuberculosis may have acquired resistance to both isoniazid and ethionamide. However, the majority of M. tuberculosis isolates that are resistant to one are usually susceptible to the other. There is no evidence of cross-resistance between ethionamide and para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), streptomycin, or cycloserine. However, limited data suggest that cross-resistance may exist between ethionamide and thiosemicarbazones (i.e., thiacetazone) as well as isoniazid.

## In Vivo Activity
Ethionamide administered orally initially decreased the number of culturable Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms from the lungs of H37Rv infected mice. Drug resistance developed with continued ethionamide monotherapy, but did not occur when mice received ethionamide in combination with streptomycin or isoniazid.

## Susceptibility Testing
Ethionamide susceptibility testing should only be performed by qualified or reference laboratories.
Two standardized in vitro susceptibility methods are available for testing ethionamide against M. tuberculosis organisms. The modified proportion method (CDC or NCCLS M24-P) utilizes Middlebrook and Cohn 7H10 agar medium impregnated with ethionamide at a final concentration of 5.0 g/mL. After 2 to 3 weeks of incubation, MIC99 values are calculated by comparing the quantity of organisms growing in the medium containing drug to the control cultures. Mycobacterial growth in the presence of drug, of at least 1% of the growth in the control culture, indicates resistance.
The radiometric broth method employs the BACTEC 460 machine to compare the growth index from untreated control cultures to cultures grown in the presence of 5.0 g/mL of ethionamide. Strict adherence to the manufacturer's instructions for sample processing and data interpretation is required for this assay.
Susceptibility test results obtained by these two different methods cannot be compared unless equivalent drug concentrations are evaluated.
The clinical relevance of in vitro susceptibility test results for mycobacterial species other than M. tuberculosis using either the radiometric or the proportion method has not been determined.
Ethylisopropyltryptamine
EIPT is a chemical in the tryptamine family, and produces psychedelic and hallucinogenic effects.  It was probably first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin.

# Chemistry
EIPT is short for N-ethyl-N-isopropyl-tryptamine.  The full chemical name of this structure is N-ethyl-N-propan-2-amine.  EIPT is a tryptamine, which all belong to a larger family of compounds known as indolethylamines.  EIPT is closely related to the compounds DET and DIPT.

# Dosage
In his book TiHKAL, Alexander Shulgin lists a dosage for EIPT as being 24-40 mg taken orally.

# Effects
Very little is known about the psychopharmacological properties of EIPT, but reports suggest it produces psychedelic effects that can last 4-6 hours.  According to Shulgin, this compound tends to produce nausea, dysphoria, and other unpleasant side-effects.  It also lacks the hallucinatory and visual properties usually associated with psychedelic drugs.

# Dangers
There have been no reported deaths or hospitalizations from EIPT, but its safety profile is unknown.

# Legality
EIPT is unscheduled and uncontrolled in the United States, but possession and sales of EIPT could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act because of its structural similarities to DET.
External laryngeal nerve
The external laryngeal nerve is the smaller, external branch (ramus externus) of the superior laryngeal nerve. It descends on the larynx, beneath the sternothyroid muscle, to supply the cricothyroid muscle.
It gives branches to the pharyngeal plexus and the superior portion of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor, and communicates with the superior cardiac nerve behind the common carotid artery.

# Clinical significance
The external branch is susceptible to damage during thyroidectomy, as it lies immediately deep to the superior thyroid artery.
Faisalabad histiocytosis
Synonyms and keywords: FHC

# Overview
Faisalabad histiocytosis is a familial histiocytic disorder .  It is a type of histiocytosis - lymphadenopathy plus syndrome.

# Historical Perspective
Moynihan et al. described Faisalabad histiocytosis in a Pakistani family.  It was named after the family's place of origin.

# Pathophysiology
Faisalabad histiocytosis has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance.

## Genetics
Homozygosity for splice site mutations in the gene SLC29A3 were identified in the patients.

# Differentiating from other diseases
The histological features of Faisalabad histiocytosis resemble those of Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD).  RDD can be differentiated from Faisalabad histiocytosis by the presence of massive painless cervical lymphadenopathy, fever, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and presence of polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
- The incidence of this disease is <10/100 000.  Only three families with this disease were reported so far.
- This disease was reported in infants and children.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
- Joint problems
- Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL)

## Physical examination

### Appearance of the patient
Patients with this disease have a short stature.

### Eyes
- Rubbery swellings on the eyelids.

### Ear
- Tuning fork test shows sensorineural hearing loss.

### Extremities
- Joint deformities can be noted in these patients.
Famciclovir how supplied

# How Supplied
FAMVIR tablets are supplied as film-coated tablets as follows: 125 mg in bottles of 30; 250 mg in bottles of 30; 500 mg in bottles of 30, and Single Unit Packages of 50 (intended for institutional use only).
FAMVIR 125 mg tablet: 
White, round film-coated, biconvex, beveled edges, debossed with FAMVIR on one side and 125 on the other.
125 mg 30s...................................................................................................... NDC 0078-0366-15
FAMVIR 250 mg tablet:
White, round film-coated, biconvex, beveled edges, debossed with FAMVIR on one side and 250 on the other.
250 mg 30s...................................................................................................... NDC 0078-0367-15
FAMVIR 500 mg tablet: 
White, oval film-coated, biconvex, debossed with FAMVIR on one side and 500 on the other.
500 mg 30s...................................................................................................... NDC 0078-0368-15
500 mg SUP 50s................................................................................................ NDC 0078-0368-64
Store at 25C (77F); excursions permitted to 15-30C (59-86F) .
Famciclovir microbiology

# Microbiology
Antiviral activity: In cell culture studies, Penciclovir is inhibitory to the following herpes viruses: HSV-1, HSV-2 and ZVZ. The antiviral activity of Penciclovir against wild type strains grown on human foreskin fibroblasts was assessed with a plaque reduction assay and staining with crystal violet 3 days postinfection for HSV and 10 days postinfection for ZVZ. The median EC50 values of Penciclovir against laboratory and clinical isolates of HSV-1, HSV-2, and ZVZ were 2 M (range 1.2 to 2.4 M, n=7), 2.6 M (range 1.6 to 11 M, n=6), and 34 M (range 6.7 to 71 M, n=6), respectively.
Resistance: Penciclovir-resistant mutants of HSV and ZVZ can result from mutations in the viral thymidine kinase (TK) and DNA polymerase genes. Mutations in the viral TK gene may lead to complete loss of TK activity (TK negative), reduced levels of TK activity (TK partial), or alteration in the ability of viral TK to phosphorylate the drug without an equivalent loss in the ability to phosphorylate thymidine (TK altered). The median EC50 values observed in a plaque reduction assay with Penciclovir resistant HSV-1, HSV-2, and ZVZ were 69 M (range 14 to 115 M, n=6), 46 M (range 4 to >395 M, n=9), and 92 M (range 51 to 148 M, n=4), respectively. The possibility of viral resistance to Penciclovir should be considered in patients who fail to respond or experience recurrent viral shedding during therapy.
Cross-resistance: Cross-resistance has been observed among HSV DNA polymerase inhibitors. The most commonly encountered acyclovir resistant mutants that are TK negative are also resistant to Penciclovir.
Favre-Racouchot syndrome
Synonyms and keywords:: FavreRacouchot disease; nodular cutaneous elastosis.

# Overview
FavreRacouchot syndrome (also known as "FavreRacouchot disease," and "Nodular cutaneous elastosis with cysts and comedones") is a disorder consisting of multiple open comedones that occurs in skin damaged by sunlight, especially under and lateral of the eyes. The comedones are widened openings for hair follicles and sebaceous glands filled with horny material.

# Eponym
FavreRacouchot syndrome is named after the French dermatologist Maurice Favre and his pupil Jean Racouchot (1908-1994). It was described in 1932 by Favre and then reviewed in details by Favre and Racouchot in 1951.

# Pathology
Chronic exposure to UV light can result in skin thickening as well as elastic destruction of the skin. At least in one instance, the occupational exposure can sun to UVA light (UVB is blocked by many car windows) resulted in the skin destruction on one side of the face.

# Physical examination

# Physical examination

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Fidaxomicin how supplied

# How Supplied
DIFICID tablets are white to off-white film-coated, oblong tablets containing 200 mg of fidaxomicin; each tablet is debossed with "FDX" on one side and "200" on the other side.

## DIFICID tablets are supplied as
Bottles of 20 tablets, (NDC 52015-080-01)
Bottles of 60 tablets, (NDC 52015-080-02)
10 tablet aluminum blister cards, with 10 cards per carton, (NDC 52015-080-12)

## Storage
Store at 20C-25C (68F-77F); excursions permitted between 15C and 30C (59F and 86F).
See USP Controlled Room Temperature.
Fixed effects estimation

# Overview
In econometrics and statistics the fixed effects estimator (also known as the within estimator) is an estimator for the coefficients in panel data analysis. If we assume fixed effects, we impose time independent effects for each individual.

# Qualitative description
Such models assist in controlling for unobserved heterogeneity, when this heterogeneity is constant over time: typically the ethnicity, the year and location of birth are heterogeneous variables a fixed effect model can control for. This constant heterogeneity is the fixed effect for this individual. This constant can be removed from the data, for example by subtracting each individual's means from each of his observations before estimating the model.
A random effects model makes the additional assumption that the individual effects are randomly distributed. It is thus not the opposite of a fixed effects model, but a special case. If the random effects assumption holds, the random effects model is more efficient than the fixed effects model. However, if this additional assumption does not hold (ie, if the Hausman test fails), the random effects model is not consistent.

# Quantitative description
Formally the model is
where y_{it} is the dependent variable observed for individual i at time t, \beta is the vector of coefficients, x_{it} is a vector of regressors, \alpha_{i} is the individual effect and u_{it} is the error term.
and the estimator is
where \widehat{x_{it}}=x_{it}-\bar{x_{it}} is the demeaned regressor, and \widehat{y_{it}}=y_{it}-\bar{y_{it}} is the demeaned dependent variable.