Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Open book management
Open book management is "a system in which every employee, from the top managers down to the most junior guy on the factory floor, is walked through the detailed financial statements of the company on a regular basis". The name was created in 1999.

# Case studies
In these case studies, open book management would accompanied by implementation of either profit sharing. gainsharing, or productivity bonuses.
Open book management was first used by John Stack at Springfield Remanufacturing Center Corporation in 1983
Open book management is part of the corporate democracy approach of Semco.

# Related concepts
Complexity Leadership Theory, also called Complex systems leadership theory, was proposed in 2006 and focuses on information sharing. Based on this theory, Hazy has proposed leadership skills similar to Anderson and McDaniel:
- Generative
- Administrative
- Community-building
- Information gathering
- Information using
Open book management is consistent with "information sharing" that has been proposed to augment thriving of workforces.
Sgarbossa's criteria
Synonyms and keywords: Sgarbossa criteria; Original Sgarbossa Criteria

# Overview
Sgarbossa's criteria is a set of electrocardiographic findings generally used to identify acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the presence of a left bundle branch block (LBBB) or a paced rhythm.

# Sgarbossa's Criteria
Acute myocardial infarction is often difficult to detect when LBBB is present on the electrocardiogram (ECG). A large clinical trial of thrombolytic therapy for AMI (GUSTO-1) evaluated the electrocardiographic diagnosis of evolving acute MI in the presence of LBBB. Among 26,003 North American patients who had an acute myocardial infarction confirmed by enzyme studies, 131 (0.5%) had LBBB. A scoring system, now commonly called Sgarbossa's criteria, was developed from the coefficients assigned by a logistic model for each independent criterion, on a scale of 0 to 5. A minimal score of 3 was required for a specificity of 90%.

# Sgarbossa's Criteria Calculator
Shown below is the calculator for Sgarbossa's criteria (check all the boxes that apply):
function calcScore(){
var score = 0;
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score +=5;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score +=3;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 2;}
document.forms.value = score;
if(score <= 2){document.forms.value = "Not diagnostic of acute MI but does not rule out it";}
if(score >= 3){document.forms.value = "Diagnostic of acute MI (90% specificity and a 36% sensitivity for STEMI)";}

# Interpretation
- Score < 3: Not diagnostic of acute MI but does not rule out it
- Score  3: Diagnostic of acute MI (90% specificity and a 36% sensitivity for STEMI)

# Validation and Usefulness
A high take-off of the ST segment in leads V1 to V3 is well-described with uncomplicated LBBB, such as in the setting of left ventricular hypertrophy. In a substudy from the ASSENT 2 and 3 trials, the third criteria added little diagnostic or prognostic value.
A Sgarbossa's score of  3 was specific but not sensitive (36%) in the validation sample in the original report. A subsequent meta-analysis of 10 studies consisting of 1614 patients showed that a Sgarbossa's score of  3 had a specificity of 98% and sensitivity of 20%. The sensitivity may increase if serial or previous ECGs are available.

# Other Methods for Detecting AMI in Patients With LBBB
Several other studies have evaluated the usefulness of different ECG findings in diagnosing AMI when LBBB is present. Wackers et al. correlated ECG changes in LBBB with localization of the infarct by thallium scintigraphy. The most useful ECG criteria were:
- Serial ECG changes  67 percent sensitivity
- ST segment elevation  54 percent sensitivity
- Abnormal Q waves   31 percent sensitivity
- Cabrera's sign  27 percent sensitivity, 47 percent for anteroseptal MI
- Initial positivity in V1 with a Q wave in V6  20 percent sensitivity but 100 percent specificity for anteroseptal MI
Oropharyngeal airway
An oropharyngeal airway (also known as an oral airway,OPA or Guedal pattern airway) is a medical device called an airway adjunct used to maintain a patent (open) airway. It does this by preventing the tongue from (either partially or completely) covering the epiglottis, which could prevent the patient from breathing.  When a person becomes unconscious, the muscles in their jaw relax and may allow the tongue to obstruct the airway; in fact, the tongue is the most common cause of a blocked airway. Oropharyngeal airways come in a variety of sizes, from infant to adult, and are used mostly in pre-hospital emergency care.  This piece of equipment is utilized by certified first responders, emergency medical technicians, and paramedics when intubation is either not available or not advisable.
Oropharyngeal airways are usually indicated for unconscious patients, because there is a high probability that the device would stimulate a conscious patient's gag reflex. This could cause the patient to vomit and potentially lead to an obstructed airway. Nasopharyngeal airways are mostly used when the patient has a gag reflex, due to the fact that it can be used on a concious patient, whereas the oropharyngeal couldn't in the prehospital setting.

# Insertion
The correct size OPA is chosen by measuring against the patient's head (from the earlobe to the corner of the oral opening).  The airway is then inserted into the patient's mouth upside down. Once contact is made with the back of the throat, the airway is rotated 180 degrees, allowing for easy insertion, and assuring that the tongue is secured. Measuring is very important, as the flared ends of the airway must rest securely against the oral opening in order to remain secure.  An alternative method for insertion, the method that is recommended for OPA use in children and infants, involves holding the tongue forward with a tongue depressor and inserting the airway right side up.
To remove the device, it is pulled out following the curvature of the tongue; no rotation is necessary.

# Usage
The airway does not remove the need for the recovery position: it does not prevent suffocation by liquids (blood, saliva, food, cerebrospinal fluid) or the closing of the glottis. But it facilitates the insufflations (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) for patients with a thick tongue.

# Key risks of use
The mains risks of its use are:
- if the patient has a gag-reflex they may vomit
- when it is too large, it can close the glottis and thus close the airway
- inproper sizing can cause bleeding in the airway
Oxford Niaspan Study

# Objective
To assess the effects of high dose niacin on the progression of atherosclerosis.

# Methods
Oxford Niaspan study was a double blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study of 2 g daily modified-release in 71 patients with HDL-C levels less than 40 mg/dL and either: 1) type 2 diabetes with coronary heart disease; or 2) carotid/peripheral atherosclerosis. All the patients were on an additional statin therapy. The change in carotid artery wall area was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging after 1 year.

# Results
Niacin increased HDL-C by 23% and reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 19% and at 12 months niacin significantly reduced carotid wall area compared with placebo.

# Conclusion
Compared with placebo, treatment with high-dose modified-release niacin along with statin therapy significantly reduced carotid atherosclerosis within 12 months.
Pacific electric ray
The Pacific electric ray (Torpedo californica) is a species of electric ray native to the eastern Pacific Ocean. The range of the species is from British Columbia, Canada to Baja California, Mexico, and possibly also other areas of the Pacific.
The ray can reach a total length of 140 cm and a weight of 41 kg. The body is round and gray with small black spots on the dorsal side. The two dorsal fins are located near the tail.
The rays are found in kelp forests and on sandy bottoms, sometimes partially buried in the sand. It feeds on bony fish, primarily herrings and halibut. It can stun prey using electric discharges from its electric organ. The discharges can reach 50 volt at 1 kilowatt resulting in 20 amperes (1 \mathrm{W} = 1 \mathrm{V} \cdot 1 \mathrm{A}). It is ovoviviparous and reproduces slowly with a doubling time estimated to be between 4.5 and 14 years.
The torpedo rays have been used as model organisms for molecular biology research because of the high natural abundance of some proteins in its electrical organs, notable examples being acetylcholinesterase and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Palindromic sequence
a palindrome is a word that is the same forward as it is backward such as the word racecar, the name Otto, or the saying attributed to Napoleon "Able was I ere I saw Elba". Certain sequences of DNA are the same whether they are read 5' (five-prime) to 3'(three prime) or 3' to 5'. These sequences are called palindromic.
Because a DNA sequence is double stranded, we read the base pairs not just the bases on one strand to determine a palindrome. The restriction enzyme EcoR1 recognizes the following palindromic sequence:
the top strand reads 5'-GAATTC-3', while the bottom strand reads 3'-CTTAAG-5'. If you flip the DNA strand over, the sequences are exactly the same ( 5'GAATTC-3' and 3'-CTTAAG-5').
Palindromic sequences play an important role in molecular biology. Many restriction endonucleases recognize specific palindromic sequences and cut them. Palindromic sequences may also be methylation sites.
Some palindromic sites and the restriction enzymes that they recognize follow.
Panaeolus cyanescens
Panaeolus cyanescens, also known as Copelandia cyanescens and blue meanies are a hallucinogenic mushroom that contains psilocybin, serotonin, and urea.  

# Description
The cap is 3.5 cm across, hemispheric to convex, and incurved when young.  Tan at first, becoming light gray in age.  The gills are adnexed and close, gray to black.  The stem is 8 to 12 cm long and 1 to 3 cm thick and pale yellow, staining blue where bruised.  This mushroom is very similar to Panaeolus tropicalis.

# Habitat and Distribution
Panaeolus cyanescens is a coprophiliac (dung-inhabiting) species which grows in tropical and neotropical areas in both hemispheres.  It has been reported in Hawaii, Louisiana, Florida, Australia, India, Mexico, Bolivia, the Philippines, Thailand, France, and Brazil, and is probably more widely distributed.
Panaeolus tropicalis
Panaeolus tropicalis is a potent and hallucinogenic mushroom which contains psilocybin.
It is also known as Copelandia tropicalis.

# Description
The cap is less than 20 mm across, with a convex shape and an incurved margin when young.  It is smooth and grey, often with a brown center and margin.  The gills are adnexed and grey, with blackish spots.  The stem is 5-12 cm tall, 2.5 mm thick, hollow, and slightly swollen at the base.  The spores are dark violet black, ellipsoid, measuring 11 x 8 micrometres.   The entire mushroom bruises blue where it is handled.
It can be differentiated from Panaeolus cyanescens by microscopic characteristics.

# Habitat and distribution
Panaeolus tropicalis is mushroom that grows on dung.  It has been found in Hawaii, Cambodia,  Mexico, Tanzania, the Philippines, the Bononi Islands, Florida, and Japan.
Papilledema overview

# Overview
Papilledema is defined as swelling of the optic disc that is caused by increased intracranial pressure. The swelling is usually bilateral and can occur over a period of hours to weeks. Unilateral presentation is extremely rare.

# Pathophysiology
Papilledema is in general the result of transmission of increased intracranial pressure to the anterior end of optic nerve through optic nerve sheath.

# Causes
Papilledema can be caused by conditions which increase intracranial pressure. An increase in the volume of any of the cranium contents, the brain, cerebrospinal fluid and / or  blood can cause increased intracranial pressure.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Papilledema occurs in approximately 50% of patients with a brain tumor.

# Differentiating Papilledema from other Diseases
Papilledema should be distinguished from pseudopapilledema

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Papilledema regresses if the underlying cause is treated and if not, can lead to vision loss.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
Patients with papilledema usually present with signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure (headache, nausea, vomiting, diplopia, vision loss and altered consciousness) and can lead to vision loss if the underlying condition is not treated.

## Physical Examination
The signs of papilledema include blurring of the margins of the optic disc, edema, and hemorrhages on fundoscopy.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
The mainstay of treatment of papilledema is to treat the underlying cause which is often increased intracranial pressure.  Drugs are used to decrease intracranial pressure which either decrease cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production or increase the outflow of CSF.

## Surgery
Surgical treatment of papilledema depends on the underlying cause. Various surgeries including shunt surgeries, craniotomies and optic nerve sheath fenestration can be done depending on the cause.
Paracrine signalling
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell signaling in which the target cell is close to ("para" = alongside of or next to, but this strict prefix definition is not meticulously followed here) the signal releasing cell.
The signal chemical is called the paracrine agent or paracrine hormone.
The distinction is sometimes made between paracrine and autocrine signaling. In both types of signalling, the signal is limited to other cells in the local area. However, paracrine signalling affects cells of a different type than the cell performing the secretion, while autocrine signaling affects cells of the same type.

# Reasons for degradation
Sometimes, the reason that the effects are limited to a local area is because the signal chemical is broken down too quickly to be carried to other parts of the body.
Alternatively, the signal may only reach nearby cells for one of the following reasons:
- (1) the nearby cells take up the signal at a very high rate, leaving little signal free to travel further.
- (2) the signal gets stuck in the extracellular-matrix, or structure surrounding the signal releasing cell, and thus the signal is unable to travel far from the signal releasing cell.

# Examples
Examples of paracrine signaling agents include growth factor and clotting factors. Growth factor signalling plays an important role in many aspects of development.
In mature organisms paracrine signaling functions include responses to allergens, repairs to damaged tissue, formation of scar tissue, and clotting.
Overproduction of some paracrine growth factors has been linked to the development of cancer.
Other examples of paracrine agents are somatostatin and histamine.

# Autocrine and endocrine actions
Some paracrine agents also have autocrine, intracrine or endocrine actions as well.
For example, testosterone secreted from the testes acts in an endocrine manner to stimulate peripheral events (e.g. muscle growth), and in a paracrine manner to stimulate spermatogenesis in the adjacent seminiferous tubules.
User:Parnian Jabbari
Education:
2018: Graduated in Medicine from Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Thesis: MRI features of pituitary adenoma predicting its resectability
2007-2011: Farzanegan High School (NODET: National Organization for Development of Exceptional Talents)
Presentations:
Poster presentation at First Sharif Symposium of Neurosciences, Taallohi Sh, Jabbari P, Alavi M, Mohammadsadeghi H. Time Perception in Bipolar mood disorder vs Borderline personality disorder
Professional Membership and Activities:
International Federation of Medical Students Associations (IFMSA): local head of SCORA (Sexual and Reproductive Health Including HIV/AIDS) at Shahid Beheshti Medical School (2015-2016)
GID (gender identity disorder) Association (2015-2016)
Teaching at Peer Educator Training workshops (IFMSA)
Languages:
Persian (mother tongue)
English: fluent
French: fluent
Passiflora incarnata
Maypop (Passiflora incarnata), also known as Purple passionflower, is a fast growing perennial vine with climbing or trailing stems. A member of the passionflower genus Passiflora, the Maypop has large, intricate flowers with prominent styles and stamens. One of the hardiest species of passionflower, it is a common wildflower in the southern United States.
The stems can be smooth or pubescent; they are long and trailing, possessing many tendrils. Leaves are alternate and palmately 3-lobed, measuring from 6-15 cm. They have two characteristic glands at the base of the blade on the petiole. Flowers have five bluish-white petals. They exhibit a white and purple corona, a structure of fine appendages between the petals and corolla. The large flower is typically arranged in a ring above the petals and sepals. They are pollinated by insects such as bumblebees, and are self-sterile.
The fleshy fruit, also in itself called a Maypop, is an oval yellowish berry about the size of a hen egg; it is green at first, but then becomes orange as it matures. In this species, the yellow mucilage around the seeds of the fruit is sweet and edible, however it is quite seedy and mostly benefits wildlife. As with other passifloras, it is the larval food of a number of butterfly species.
Traditionally, the fresh or dried whole plant has been used as a herbal medicine to treat nervous anxiety and insomnia. The dried, ground herb is frequently used in Europe by drinking a teaspoon of it in tea. A sedative chewing gum has even been produced.
The Maypop occurs in thickets, disturbed areas, unmowed pastures, roadsides and railroads. It thrives in areas with lots of available sunlight. In areas of growing forest, they will disappear as the sun is blotted out by growing trees.
Other common names include Wild apricot and May apple.
Peptide sequence tag
A peptide sequence tag is a piece of information about a peptide obtained by tandem mass spectrometry that can be used to identify this peptide in a protein database.

# Mass spectrometry
In general, peptides can be identified by fragmenting them in a mass spectrometer. For example, during collision-induced dissociation peptides collide with a gas within the mass spectrometer and break into pieces at their peptide bonds. The resulting fragment ions (called b-ions and y-ions) have mass differences corresponding to the residue masses of the respective amino acids. Thus, a tandem mass spectrum contains partial information about the amino acid sequence of the peptide. The peptide sequence tag approach, developed by Matthias Wilm and Matthias Mann at the EMBL, uses this information to identify the peptide in a database. Briefly, a couple of masses is extracted from the spectrum in order to obtain the peptide sequence tag. This peptide sequence tag is a unique identifier of a specific peptide and can be used to find it in a database containing all possible peptide sequences.

# Peptide fragment notation
A notation has been developed for indicating peptide fragments that arise from a tandem mass spectrum. Peptide fragment ions are indicated by a, b, or c if the charge is retained on the N-terminus and by x, y or z if the charge is maintained on the C-terminus. The subscript indicates the number of amino acid residues in the fragment.
Perceptual positions
Perceptual positions is a neuro-linguistic programming and psychology term denoting that a complex system may look very different, and different information will be available, depending how one looks at it and one's point of view.
The idea of multiple perceptual positions in NLP was originally inspired by Gregory Bateson's double description who purported that double (or triple) descriptions are better than one. By deliberately training oneself in moving between perceptual positions one can develop new choice of responses.
One basic example in NLP training involves considering an experience (typically a relationship) from the perspective of self, other and a detached third person in that situation. It could be something that has occurred already or something that will occur in the future. This type of exercise is useful in gathering information and often new choice in the world become available without a deliberate intervention. Because of the systemic nature of human's lives, often a person in a situation cannot see answers that a person standing outside can. So by moving between different perceptual positions, one can see a problem in new ways or with greater detachment, and thus gather more information and develop new choices of response.
Another type of multiple perceptual positions involves looking at a situation from the viewpoint of  the multiple people involved. For example, a strike looks very different from the viewpoint of a CEO, a worker, a customer and a supplier. A problem is almost always harder to solve if a person only appreciates their own viewpoint, and not those of others involved.
Robert Dilts uses multiple perceptual positions in his Disney Creativity Strategy. In this work, based on his modeling of Walt Disney, he teaches people to examine a goal from the perception of the Dreamer, the Realist (the one who brings it into reality), and the Critic.
Connirae Andreas and Tamara Andreas teach a procedure entitled "aligning perceptual positions". This procedure enables a user to clean up their ability to see, hear and feel things from each of the three perceptual positions by eliminating overlap from other positions.
The founders of NLP modeled this from Virginia Satir, the renowned family therapist, who at times went so far as to hold what became affectionately known as "parts parties" where she would guide a client to stand - literally - in everyone's shoes, until they understood better others' position and feelings in the matter.

# Notes and References
-  (Whispering in the Wind, Bostic St Clair & Grinder, 2002 p.247)
Periodic table block
A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups.  The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same atomic orbital type.  Each block is named after its characteristic orbital; thus, the blocks are:
- s-block
- p-block
- d-block
- f-block
- g-block (no elements belonging to the g-block have been observed)
The block names (s, p, d, f, g, h,...) are derived from the quality of the spectroscopic lines of the associated atomic orbitals: sharp, principal, diffuse and fundamental, the rest being named in alphabetical order.
af:Blok (Periodieketabel)
ar:   
ast:Bloque de la tabla periodica
bn: ( )
bs:Blok periodnog sistema elemenata
ca:Bloc de la taula periodica
de:Block des Periodensystems
eo:Bloko de la perioda tabelo
ko: 
hr:Blok u periodnom sustavu
id:Blok tabel periodik
is:Blokk (lotukerfi)
lmo:Bloch de la taula periodica
ms:Blok jadual berkala
nl:Blok van het periodiek systeem
nn:Blokkene i periodesystemet
sk:Blok (periodicka tabulka)
fi:Lohko (jaksollinen jarjestelma)
sv:Periodiska systemets block
ta:   
th: