Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Valganciclovir hydrochloride how supplied

# How Supplied
Valcyte Tablets: Supplied as 450 mg, pink, convex oval tablets with "VGC" on one side and "450" on the other side. Each tablet contains valganciclovir HCl equivalent to 450 mg valganciclovir. Valcyte is supplied in bottles of 60 tablets (NDC 0004-0038-22).
Store at 25C (77F); excursions permitted to 15C to 30C (59F to 86F) .
Valcyte for Oral Solution: Supplied as a white to slightly yellow powder blend for constitution, forming a colorless to brownish yellow tutti-frutti flavored solution. Available in glass bottles containing approximately 100 mL of solution after constitution. Each bottle can deliver up to a total of 88 mL of solution. Each bottle is supplied with a bottle adapter and 2 oral dispensers (NDC 0004-0039-09).
Prior to dispensing to the patient, Valcyte for oral solution must be prepared by the pharmacist .
Store dry powder at 25C (77F); excursions permitted to 15C to 30C (59F to 86F) .
Store constituted solution under refrigeration at 2C to 8C (36F to 46F) for no longer than 49 days. Do not freeze.
Valproate semisodium detailed information
Valproate semisodium (INN) or divalproex sodium (USAN) consists of a compound of sodium valproate and valproic acid in a 1:1 molar relationship in an enteric coated form. It is used in the UK and U.S. for the treatment of the manic episodes of bipolar disorder, and increasingly taken long-term for prevention of both manic and depressive phases of bipolar disorder, especially the rapid-cycling variant. It is also used in the US for the treatment of epilepsy, chronic pain associated with neuropathy, and migraine headaches. Its chemical name is sodium hydrogen bis(2-propylpentanoate). The extended release formulation allows for a single daily dose.
In the UK semisodium valproate has been sold for a few years as the proprietary drug Depakote and marketed for psychiatric conditions only. It is about five times the price of sodium valproate, which has been marketed for around 30 years as Epilim by the same company for epilepsy and is also available from other manufacturers as a generic product.

# Side effects
People who take this drug can experience a variety of side effects, some of  which may or may not require immediate medical attention. Especially dangerous side effects include vomiting, loss of appetite, fever, or dark urine. These suggest a possibility of liver damage. People taking this drug should also call their doctor if they experience other serious side effects. Some serious side effects are unusual bleeding (especially in the urine), hallucinations, and extreme drowsiness.

# Branded formulations
- BrazilDepakote by Abbott Laboratories
- CanadaEpival by Abbott Laboratories.
- United KingdomDepakote by Sanofi-Aventis
- United StatesDepakote and Depakote ER (Extended Release) by Abbott Laboratories
The patent held by Abbott Laboratories will expire on January 29 2008. .
Valproic acid capsule/solution overdosage

# Overdosage
Overdosage with valproate may result in somnolence, heart block, and deep coma. Fatalities have been reported; however, patients have recovered from valproate levels as high as 2120 mcg/mL.
In overdose situations, the fraction of drug not bound to protein is high and hemodialysis or tandem hemodialysis plus hemoperfusion may result in significant removal of drug. The benefit of gastric lavage or emesis will vary with the time since ingestion. General supportive measures should be applied with particular attention to the maintenance of adequate urinary output.
Naloxone has been reported to reverse the CNS depressant effects of valproate overdosage. Because naloxone could theoretically also reverse the antiepileptic effects of valproate, it should be used with caution in patients with epilepsy.
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci overview
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# Overview
Enterococci are bacteria that are normally present in the human intestines and in the female genital tract and are often found in the environment. These bacteria can sometimes cause infections. Vancomycin is an antibiotic that is often used to treat infections caused by enterococci. In some instances, enterococci have become resistant to this drug and thus are called vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). Most VRE infections occur in hospitals.

# Historical Perspective
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), first reported in Europe in 1988, are emerging as a global threat to public health. The incidence of VRE infection and colonization among hospitalized patients has increased rapidly in the last 7 years. From 1989, the year VRE was first identified in the United States, through 1993, the proportion of enterococcal isolates resistant to vancomycin reported to the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System increased 20-fold.

# Risk Factors
Prior treatment with antibiotics is common in nearly all patients colonized or infected with MDR enterococci. Clindamycin, cephalosporin,aztreonam,ciprofloxacin, aminoglycoside, and metronidazole use is equally or more often associated with colonization or infection with MDR enterococci than vancomycin use. Other risk factors include prolonged hospitalization, high severity of illness score, intraabdominal surgery, renal insufficiency, enteral tube feedings, and exposure to specific hospital units, nurses, or contaminated objects and surfaces within patient-care areas.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
Most VRE infections can be treated with antibiotics other than vancomycin. The treatment of VRE is determined by laboratory testing to determine which antibiotics are effective. For persons who get VRE infections and have urinary catheters, removal of the catheter when it is no longer needed can help getting rid of the infection. People who are colonized (bacteria are present, but have no symptoms of an infection) with VRE do not usually need treatment.
Zocor pharmacokinetics and molecular data

# Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism
Absorption
Metabolites

## Mechanism
Simvastatin is a lactone that is readily hydrolyzed in vivo to the corresponding -hydroxyacid, a potent
inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase is the basis for an assay in
pharmacokinetic studies of the -hydroxyacid metabolites (active inhibitors) and, following base hydrolysis,
active plus latent inhibitors (total inhibitors) in plasma following administration of simvastatin.Return to top

## Absorption
Absorption of simvastatin, estimated relative to an intravenous reference dose, in each of two animal species tested, averaged about 85% of an oral dose. In animal studies, after oral dosing, simvastatin achieved substantially higher concentrations in the liver than in non-target tissues. Simvastatin undergoes extensive first-pass extraction in the liver, its primary site of action, with subsequent excretion of drug equivalents in the bile. As a consequence of extensive hepatic extraction of simvastatin (estimated to be > 60% in man), the availability of drug to the general circulation is low. In a single-dose study in nine healthy subjects, it was estimated that less than 5% of an oral dose of simvastatin reaches the general circulation as active inhibitors. Following administration of simvastatin tablets, the coefficient of variation, based on between-subject variability, was approximately 48% for the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for total inhibitory activity in the general circulation.Return to top

## Metabolites
Both simvastatin and its -hydroxyacid metabolite are highly bound (approximately 95%) to human
plasma proteins. Animal studies have not been performed to determine whether simvastatin crosses the
blood-brain and placental barriers. However, when radiolabeled simvastatin was administered to rats,
simvastatin-derived radioactivity crossed the blood-brain barrier.
The major active metabolites of simvastatin present in human plasma are the -hydroxyacid of
simvastatin and its 6-hydroxy, 6-hydroxymethyl, and 6-exomethylene derivatives. Peak plasma
concentrations of both active and total inhibitors were attained within 1.3 to 2.4 hours postdose. While the recommended therapeutic dose range is 5 to 80 mg/day, there was no substantial deviation from linearity of AUC of inhibitors in the general circulation with an increase in dose to as high as 120 mg. Relative to the fasting state, the plasma profile of inhibitors was not affected when simvastatin was administered immediately before an American Heart Association recommended low-fat meal.Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase
25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase (VD3 1A hydroxylase) also known as cytochrome p450 27B1 (CYP27B1) or simply 1-alpha-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP27B1 gene.
VD3 1A hydroxylase is located in the proximal tubule of the kidney and a variety of other tissues, including skin (keratinocytes), immune cells,  and bone (osteoblasts). The enzyme catalyzes the hydroxylation of  Calcifediol to calcitriol (the bioactive form of Vitamin D):
- Calcidiol
Calcidiol
- Calcitriol
Calcitriol

# Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. 
-  The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "VitaminDSynthesis_WP1531"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme

# Overview
The Class designation is used to indicate whether a therapy is recommended or not and the certainty surrounding that recommendation.

# Classification of Recommendations

## Class I: Benefit >>> Risk
Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a given procedure or treatment is beneficial, useful, and effective.

## Class II:
Conditions for which there is conflicting evidence and/or a divergence of opinion about the usefulness/efficacy of a procedure or treatment.
Weight of evidence/opinion is in favor of usefulness/efficacy.
Usefulness/efficacy is less well established by evidence/opinion.

## Class III
Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a procedure/treatment is not useful/effective and in some cases may be harmful.
Is not recommended, not indicated, should not be performed/ administered/ other. Is not useful/beneficial/effective.
Potentially harmful, causes harm, associated with excess morbidity/mortality. Should not be performed/administered/other.
Use the Level of Evidence designation to indicate the strength of the data associated with that recommendation.

# Level of Evidence

### Level of Evidence A:
Data derived from multiple randomized clinical trials or meta-analyses of such studies.

### Level of Evidence B:

### Level of Evidence C:

# Applying Classification of Recommendations and Level of Evidence

## 2016 Classification of Recommendations and Level of Evidence

## 2014 Classification of Recommendations and Level of Evidence
CME Category::Cardiology
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia overview

# Overview
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is a form of leukemia where a majority of the blasts are megakaryoblastic.
This rare subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was first reported in 1931 by Von Boros and his colleagues.
It is classified under M7 in the French-American-British classification. Subsequently, it was introduced in the WHO 2008 classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia.
In the first three years of life megakaryoblastic leukemia is the most common type of leukemia in patients with Down syndrome.

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology

# Causes

# Differentiating Xyz from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Study of Choice

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Electrocardiogram

## X-ray

## Echocardiography and Ultrasound

## CT scan

## MRI

## Other Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Interventions

## Surgery

## Primary Prevention

## Secondary Prevention
Acute mesenteric ischemia classification

# Overview
Acute mesenteric ischemia can be classified into three main groups according to the different underlying causes: occlusive arterial, occlusive venous and non occlusive acute mesenteric ischemia. Each of these types has a characteristic clinical presentation and a different management plan.

# Classification

## 1- Occlusive Arterial Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
- Sudden onset of occlusion of mesenteric artery, most commonly superior mesenteric artery
- Embolism or thrombus in the mesenteric artery
- Can be also caused by strangulation of the small bowels

## 2- Occlusive Venous Acute Mesenteric Ischemia
- Thrombosis in mesenteric portal veins

## 3- Non occlusive Mesenteric Ischemia
- Systemic decrease in blood flow with associated constriction of the mesenteric vasculature.
American Association for Cancer Research

# Overview
The American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) is an organization based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that focuses on all aspects of cancer research including basic, clinical and translational research into the etiology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. Founded in 1907 by eleven physicians and scientists, the organization now has over 24,000 members, approximately a third of which are outside the United States. Hence it is one of the largest scientific organization in the world, according to its web site.
The AACR publishes Cancer Research, one of the high rated peer-reviewed journals in the field, and also publishes four other well-respected scientific journals covering specific areas of cancer research: Clinical Cancer Research; Molecular Cancer Therapeutics; Molecular Cancer Research; and, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, as well as CR Magazine, a communication for cancer survivors, patient advocates, physicians and scientists.
The organization holds workshops and scientific conferences throughout the year involving various disciplines of cancer research, and its key event is the AACR Annual Meeting held in the Spring of each year in a major North American city. The Annual Meeting typically draws over 17,000 attendees.
The AACR also provides information for patients, families, survivors and advocates including organ site fact sheets and Cancer Concept fact sheetsexplaining treatments, new technologies and research areas.
American Group Psychotherapy Association

# Background
The American Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) is a not-for-profit multi-disciplinary organization dedicated to enhancing the practice, theory and research of group therapy.

# Membership
American Group Psychotherapy Association a national organization with over 2000 members(national and international)  and 31 Affiliate Societies.
Members come from varied and diverse disciplines such as: Psychology, Creative Arts Therapists, Psychiatry, Nursing, Social Work, Professional Counselors, Addictions Counselors, and Marriage and Family Therapists to name a few. 
Each year AGPA's annual meeting attracts approximately 1000 attendees.  The site of each year's annual meeting rotates in order to offer accessibility and exposure to the diverse and rich membership of the association.

# AGPA's Mission
- To promote quality group psychotherapy care as a primary method of treatment that is clinically sound, cost-effective, and accessible.
- To advance group psychotherapy training and research.
- To provide a network of peer support and educational opportunities that serves the professional needs of group practitioners & individual practitioners.
- To advocate for quality care on behalf of its members, clients/patients and the public.
- To actively respond to matters of social issues and social policy.

# History
The inception of the American Group Psychotherapy Association began in 1942 with the actual decision to found the organization being made in February 1943 during a meeting of the American Orthopsychiatric Association in New York City. The organization was first named the American Group Therapy Association. In 1952, the name was officially changed to the American Group Psychotherapy Association.  Since its inception AGPA has remained true to its tenets to promote the practice, theory and research of group.  The inclusionary nature of this organization continues to attract members from varying disciplines.

# Certification
The National Registry of Certified Group Psychotherapists (NRCGP)is a not-for-profit corporation formed to function autonomously from AGPA. The NRCGP awards group therapists certification after they have presented documentation demonstrating the completion of a significant amount of training through coursework, experience, and supervision. A Certified Group Psychotherapist(CGP) is also required to continue life-long learning by obtaining continuing education credits (CEU's).

# Organizational Involvement
The diversity of AGPA membership has been actively involved in the promotion of group therapy as an alternative treatment to the public and private sectors. The development of ethical and practice standards. AGPA membership has also responded to the Nations' disasters; for example September 11 and Hurricane Katrina. AGPA has also developed a CORE battery for use by practitioners.  This battery assists the clinician in the development of an evidence-based practice.
American Society for Surgery of the Hand

# Overview
The American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH) was founded in 1946 to facilitate the exchange of information related to problems of the hand. It is the oldest and largest medical specialty society in the United States devoted to the care of the hand.
Hand surgery as a specialty grew out of the treatment of the hand injuries that occurred during World War II. Sterling Bunnell, MD, founder and first president of the ASSH, set up nine regional hand centers at U.S. Army bases throughout the United States during the 1940's. As World War II drew to a close, Dr. Bunnell suggested forming an organization to continue to foster interest in hand care. In January, 1946, he and 34 hand surgeons, many of whom had worked in the Army hospitals, met immediately preceding the annual meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). The group continued to meet in conjunction with the AAOS Annual meeting until 1987, when it held its first stand-alone annual meeting.
ASSH offers three types of membership: Active, Candidate and International.
Active members reside in the United States or Canada, and are certified by the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS), the American Board of Plastic Surgery (ABPS),the American Board of Surgery (ABGS) or by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. All American-based hand surgeons seeking admission to Active Membership within ASSH are required to hold a Certificate of Added Qualifications in Hand Surgery, which is jointly administered by the three American boards. To maintain membership within ASSH, Active Members must attend an ASSH annual meeting at least once every three years.
Candidate members are qualified residents and fellows who are interested in hand surgery.
International members are qualified hand surgeons practicing medicine outside of the United States.
Amphotericin B dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration
The recommended daily dosage for adults and children is 5 mg/kg given as a single infusion. ABELCET should be administered by intravenous infusion at a rate of 2.5 mg/kg/h. If the infusion time exceeds 2 hours, mix the contents by shaking the infusion bag every 2 hours.
Renal toxicity of ABELCET, as measured by serum creatinine levels, has been shown to be dose dependent. Decisions about dose adjustments should be made only after taking into account the overall clinical condition of the patient.
Preparation of Admixture for Infusion: Shake the vial gently until there is no evidence of any yellow sediment at the bottom. Withdraw the appropriate dose of ABELCETfrom the required number of vials into one or more sterile syringes using an 18-gauge needle. Remove the needle from each syringe filled with ABELCET and replace with the 5-micron filter needle supplied with each vial. Each filter needle may be used to filter the contents of up to four 100 mg vials. Insert the filter needle of the syringe into an IV bag containing 5% Dextrose Injection USP, and empty the contents of the syringe into the bag. The final infusion concentration should be 1 mg/mL. For pediatric patients and patients with cardiovascular disease the drug may be diluted with 5% Dextrose Injection to a final infusion concentration of 2 mg/mL. Before infusion, shake the bag until the contents are thoroughly mixed. Do not use the admixture after dilution with 5% Dextrose Injection if there is any evidence of foreign matter. Vials are for single use. Unused material should be discarded. Aseptic technique must be strictly observed throughout handling of ABELCET, since no bacteriostatic agent or preservative is present.
DO NOT DILUTE WITH SALINE SOLUTIONS OR MIX WITH OTHER DRUGS OR ELECTROLYTES as the compatibility of ABELCET with these materials has not been established. An existing intravenous line should be flushed with 5% Dextrose Injection before infusion of ABELCET, or a separate infusion line should be used.
DO NOT USE AN IN-LINE FILTER.
The diluted ready-for-use admixture is stable for up to 48 hours at 2 to 8C (36 to 46F) and an additional 6 hours at room temperature.