Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Coronary air embolism
Synonyms and keywords: Coronary artery air embolism; coronary air embolization

# Overview
Coronary air embolism is a complication of coronary angiograpghy, in which there is an iatrogenic introduction of gas bubbles into the blood stream, that can be associated with high morbidity and even mortality. In this case, the signs and symptoms result from the cessation of the blood flow within the arterial segment, caused by even a small amount of bubbles, which lead to tissue ischemia from oxygen starvation and may cause cellular damage and irreversible injury. The most dangerous consequences occur in brain and heart due to their vulnerability to short periods of ischemia.

# Definition
The coronary air embolism is a result from the iatrogenic introduction of gas bubbles into the blood stream.

# Pathophysiology
The introduction of an air bubble in the coronary microcirculation can be explained by Laplace's law and may result in development of an air lock. Laplaces law  relates the pressure difference over a bloodair interface to the surface tension and the radius of the bloodair interface. The predominant mechanism is the air diffusion into the blood and surrounding tissues, leading to bubble shrinking, in wich, the severity of the cardiac impairment is related to the volume of air injected into the coronary arteries, the baseline cardiac function, and subsequent vascular responses such as vasospasm or distal air-lock.  However, the size and volume of the bubbles have the most important roles in blood flow speed restoration. Furthermore, this diffusion is significantly enhanced by an increase in the mean arterial pressure and the partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial system. Both conditions and also vasoconstriction may cause a division of bubbles more proximal in the vascular bed leading to more rapid dispersion of bubbles which develop a deleterious effect on the microvasculature decreasing the capillary bed space and so leading to a decrease in distal coronary blood flow.

# Cause
- Surgical coronary artery bypass grafting operation
- Percutaneous coronary interventional procedures (PTCA)

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Signs and Symptoms
- Rapid onset of chest pain
- Electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischemia or injury
- Systemic blood pressure may be unaffected or may decline mildly
- The effects clear spontaneously within 5 to 10 minutes in most part of the cases
- Bradycardia
- Hypotension
- Asystole
- Ventricular fibrillation

# Diagnosis

# Clinical Significance

# Treatment
- 100% oxygen
- Face mask
- Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for cases of massive arterial air emboli
- Analgesics
- Monitorand treat arrhythmias
- Circulatory support with pressors and intra-aortic balloon pump counter pulsation as necessary
- Intracoronary thrombus aspiration catheter systems which are the best options to resolve intracoronary air embolisms safely and harmlessly.

# Example
Interlobular arteries

# Overview
The first set of renal bloodvessels, the interlobular arteries (or cortical radiate arteries, or cortical radial arteries), are given off at right angles from the side of the arterial arcade looking toward the cortical substance, and pass directly outward between the medullary rays to reach the fibrous tunic, where they end in the capillary net-work of this part.
These vessels do not anastomose with each other, but form what are called end-arteries.
In their outward course they give off lateral branches; these are the afferent vessels for the renal corpuscles; they enter the capsule, and end in the glomerulus.
From each tuft the corresponding efferent vessel arises, and, having made its egress from the capsule near to the point where the afferent vessel enters, breaks up into a number of branches, which form a dense plexus around the adjacent urinary tubes.
Cosmic ray spallation
Cosmic ray spallation is a form of naturally occurring nuclear fission   and nucleosynthesis.  It refers to the formation of elements  from the impact of cosmic rays  on an object.  Cosmic rays are highly energetic charged particles  from outside of Earth  ranging from stray electrons  to alpha particles.  These cause spallation  when a cosmic ray (e.g. a proton) impacts with matter, including other cosmic rays.  The result of the collision is the expulsion of large members of nucleons (protons and neutrons) from the object hit.  This process goes on not only in deep space, but in our upper atmosphere due to the impact of cosmic rays.
Cosmic ray spallation produces some light elements such as lithium  and boron. This process was discovered somewhat by accident during the 1970s.  
Models of big bang nucleosynthesis  suggested that the amount of deuterium  was too large to be consistent with the expansion rate of the universe and there was therefore great interest in processes that could generate deuterium  after the big bang.
Cosmic ray spallation was investigated as a possible process to generate deuterium. As it turned out, spallation could not generate much deuterium, and the excess deuterium in the universe could be explained by assuming the existence of non-baryonic dark matter.  However, studies of spallation showed that it could generate lithium and boron.   Isotopes  of aluminum, beryllium, carbon(carbon-14), chlorine, iodine  and neon, are also formed through cosmic ray spallation.
Risk-benefit analysis
Risk-benefit analysis is the comparison of the risk of a situation to its related benefits.
For research that involves more than minimal risk of harm to the subjects, the investigator must assure that the amount of benefit clearly outweighs the amount of risk. Only if there is favorable risk benefit ratio, a study may be considered ethical.
The Declaration of Helsinki, adopted by the World Medical Association, states that biomedical research cannot be done legitimately unless the importance of the objective is in proportion to the risk to the subject. The Helsinki Declaration  and the CONSORT statement  stress a favorable risk benefit ratio.
Covered smut (barley)
Covered smut of barley is caused by the fungus Ustilago hordei.   The disease is found worldwide and it is more extensively distributed than either loose smut or false loose smut.

# Symptoms
Infected plants do not demonstrate symptoms until heading.  Kernels of infected plants are replaced by masses of dark brown smut spores. Smutted heads are hard and compact.  Infected plants may be stunted. Occasionally smut sori may also develop in leaf blades, where they appear as long streaks.

# Disease cycle
Infection is seed-borne within the seed, the fungus penetrating the endosperm while the grain is being formed. Infected seeds give rise to systemically infected plants.  The mycelium advances through the host tissue and becomes established behind the growing point.
The spores are not readily blown or washed away by wind or rain.  At harvest, spore masses are broken up, scattering spores on grain.  Frequently, masses of spores remain intact and appear in harvested grain.  The fungus overwinters as teliospores on seed or in soil.

# Pathotypes
At least 13 pathotypes are known; virulence is governed by at least three single recessive and independent gene pairs.

# Management
Resistant cultivars and seed treatments are used to manage this disease.

## Fungicides
Seed treatments: carboxin, fenpiclonil, tebuconazole, triadimenol, triticonazole.
Cranial nerve nucleus

# Overview
A cranial nerve nucleus is a collection of neurons (gray matter) in the brain stem that is associated with one or more cranial nerves. Axons carrying information to and from the cranial nerves form a synapse first at these nuclei. Lesions occurring at these nuclei can lead to effects resembling those seen by the severing of nerve(s) they are associated with. All the nuclei excepting that of the IV nerve supply nerves of the same side of the body.

# Arrangement of the nuclei
Just as grey matter in the ventral (closer to front of a human) spinal cord tends to be efferent (motor) fibers, and the dorsal horn tends to contain sensory neurons, nuclei in the brainstem are arranged in an analogous way.
- Close to the midline are the motor efferent nuclei, such as the oculomotor nucleus, which control skeletal muscle. Just lateral to this are the autonomic (or visceral) afferent nuclei.
- There is a separation, called the sulcus limitans, and lateral to this are the sensory nuclei. Near the sulcus limitans are the visceral afferent nuclei, namely the solitary tract nucleus.
- More lateral, but also less posterior, are the general somatic afferent nuclei. This is the trigeminal nucleus. Back at the dorsal surface of the brainstem, and more lateral are the special somatic afferents, this handles sensation such as balance.
- Another area, not on the dorsum of the brainstem, is where the branchial efferent nuclei reside. These formed from the branchial arches, in the embryo. This area is a bit below the autonomic motor nuclei, and includes the nucleus ambiguus, facial nerve nucleus, as well as the motor part of the trigeminal nerve nucleus.

# Examples of nuclei
There are several cranial nerve nuclei (roman numeral refers to the cranial nerve number):

## hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

### medulla oblongata
- Hypoglossal nucleus (XII) - motor
- Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve (X) - visceromotor
- Nucleus ambiguus (IX, X, XI) - motor
- Solitary nucleus (VII, IX, X) - sensory
- Spinal trigeminal nucleus (V) - sensory
- Inferior olivary nucleus afferent fibres to cerebellum

### pons
- Cochlear nuclei (VIII) - sensory
Dorsal cochlear nucleus
Ventral cochlear nucleus
- Dorsal cochlear nucleus
- Ventral cochlear nucleus
- Vestibular nuclei (VIII) - sensory
- Salivary nuclei - visceromotor
Inferior salivary nucleus (IX)
Superior salivary nucleus (VII)
- Inferior salivary nucleus (IX)
- Superior salivary nucleus (VII)
- Facial nucleus (VII) - motor
- Abducens nucleus (VI) - motor
- Trigeminal motor nucleus (V) - motor
- Spinal trigeminal nucleus (V) - sensory

## midbrain (mesencephalon)
- Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (V) - sensory
- Red nucleus - motor, extrapyramidal
- Trochlear nucleus (IV) - motor
- Oculomotor nucleus (III) - motor
- Edinger-Westphal nucleus (III) - visceromotor
Cricothyroid ligament
The cricothyroid ligament is the larger part of the laryngeal membrane, continuing inferiorly as a median or anterior part and twin lateral ligaments.

# Clinical significance
This ligament is cut during emergency Cricothyrotomy.

# Portions
The median cricothyroid ligament is a flat band of white tissue joining the cricoid and thyroid cartilages, while the lateral cricothyroid ligament is also known as the cricothyroid membrane (also called conus elasticus).

## Anterior
The anterior part or middle cricothyroid ligament (ligamentum cricothyreoideum medium; central part of cricothyroid membrane) is thick and strong, narrow above and broad below.
It connects together the front parts of the contiguous margins of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. It is overlapped on either side by the Cricothyreoideus, but between these is subcutaneous; it is crossed horizontally by a small anastomotic arterial arch, formed by the junction of the two cricothyroid arteries, branches of which pierce it.

## Lateral
The lateral portions are thinner and lie close under the mucous membrane of the larynx; they extend from the superior border of the cricoid cartilage to the inferior margin of the vocal ligaments, with which they are continuous.
These ligaments may therefore be regarded as the free borders of the lateral portions of the conus elasticus, and extend from the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages to the angle of the thyroid cartilage about midway between its upper and lower borders.
Croscarmellose sodium
Croscarmellose sodium is an excipient in medical formulations.  It is highly absorbent and insoluble (like a sponge).  This brings the remaining ingredients into better contact with bodily fluids and improves their bioavailability.
Chemically, croscarmellose sodium is the sodium salt of a cross-linked, partly O-(carboxymethylated) cellulose.
Croscarmellose sodium was first used as a stabilizer in horse dietary supplements.
Croscarmellose sodium is an internally cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose for use as a disintegrant in pharmaceutical formulations. The cross-linking reduces water solubility while still allowing the material to swell and absorb many times its weight in water. As a result, it provides superior drug dissolution and disintegration characteristics, thus improving formulas' subsequent bioavailability. Croscarmellose sodium also resolves formulators' concerns over long-term functional stability, reduced effectiveness at high tablet hardness levels, and similar problems associated with other products developed to enhance drug dissolution. Croscarmellose sodium is a very commonly used FDA approved pharmaceutical additive. Its purpose in most tablets - including dietary supplements - is to assist the tablet in disintegrating in the intestinal tract at the required location. If a tablet disintegrating agent is not included, the tablet could disintegrate too slowly, or in the wrong part of the intestine or not at all, thereby reducing the efficacy of the active ingredients.
Cross-sectional study

# Overview
Cross-sectional studies (also known as Cross-sectional analysis) form a class of research methods that involve observation of some subset of a  population of items all at the same time, in which, groups can be compared at different ages with respect of independent variables, such as IQ and memory. The fundamental difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies is that cross-sectional studies take place at a single point in time and that a longitudinal study involves a series of measurements taking over a period of time. Cross-sectional studies are used in most branches of science, in the social sciences and in other fields as well.
The alternative is longitudinal studies.

# Cross-sectional studies in medicine
Cross-sectional studies can be thought of as providing a "snapshot" of the frequency and characteristics of a disease in a population at a particular point in time. This type of data can be used to assess the prevalence of acute or chronic conditions in a population. However, since exposure and disease status are measured at the same point in time, it may not always be possible to distinguish whether the exposure preceded or followed the disease.
The cross-sectional survey--which, like a snapshot, "freezes" a specific moment in time--aims at finding the same kind of relationships that might be shown by the "moving picture" of the cohort study, but at far less cost. In a cross-sectional survey, a specific group is looked at to see if a substance or activity, say smoking, is related to the health effect being investigated--for example, lung cancer. If a significantly greater number of smokers already have lung cancer than those who don't smoke, this would support the hypothesis that lung cancer is caused by smoking.
Cross-sectional analysis studies the relationship between different variables at a point in time. For instance, the relationship between income, locality, and personal expenditure. Unlike time series, cross-sectional analysis relates to how variables affect each other at the same time.hkki
DASH prediction score
Synonyms and keywords: (add synonyms and create redirects)

# Overview
 is a ( validated) risk assessment tool designed to assess the (30-day/10-year/other timeframe) risk of (bleeding/ischemia/other end point) associated with (antiplatelet/antithrombotic/other treatment) among patients with (coronary heart disease/heart failure/other condition).

# DASH Prediction Score
- DASH Prediction Score was invented by A. Tosetto et al in 2012, and has been externally validated in subsequent study in 2017 particularly in young adults.
- DASH Prediction Score is a clinical prediction rule devised to assess the recurrence in patients with previous unprovoked  venous thromboembolism especially in people aged <65 years.This helps decide whether anticoagulation be continued indefinitely or stopped after at least 3 months of anticoagulation.

# DASH Prediction Score Calculator
Shown below is the calculator for DASH prediction score (check all the boxes that apply):
function calcScore(){
var score = 0;
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 2;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score += 1;}
if(document.forms.checked == 1){score = -2;}
document.forms.value = score;
if(score == -2){document.forms.value = "Annualized VTE Recurrence Rate is 1.8%";}
if(score == -1){document.forms.value = "Annualized VTE Recurrence Rate is 1.0%";}
if(score == 0){document.forms.value = "Annualized VTE Recurrence Rate is 2.4%";}
if(score == 1){document.forms.value = "Annualized VTE Recurrence Rate is 3.9%";}
if(score == 2){document.forms.value = "Annualized VTE Recurrence Rate is 6.3%";}
if(score == 3){document.forms.value = "Annualized VTE Recurrence Rate is 10.8%";}
if(score == 4){document.forms.value = "Annualized VTE Recurrence Rate is 19.9%";}

# Interpretation
- Score  2: annualized recurrence rate 1.8%
- Score 23: intermediate-risk (1 to 5% mortality); consider treatment or hospitalization.
- Score  4: high-risk (> 5% mortality); treatment/hospitalization is warranted.
DEA list of chemicals
The United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) maintains lists regarding not only the classification of illicit drugs (see DEA Schedules). It also maintains List I of chemicals and List II of chemicals, which contain chemicals which are used to manufacture the controlled substances/illicit drugs. The lists are designated within The Controlled Substances Act, Template:UnitedStatesCode, Definition 34 (list I) and 35 (list II).
Although the list is designated by the U.S. Attorney General, the list is considered a DEA list because the DEA publishes and enforces the list.
Suppliers of these products are subject to regulation and control measures.

# List I chemicals
These chemicals are designated as those that are used in the manufacture of the controlled substances and are important to the manufacture of the substances.
- anthranilic acid, its esters, and its salts
- benzyl cyanide
- ephedrine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of optical isomers
- ergonovine and its salts
- ergotamine and its salts
- hydriodic acid
- hypophosphorous acid and its salts  (including ammonium hypophosphite, calcium hypophosphite, iron hypophosphite, potassium hypophosphite, manganese hypophosphite, magnesium hypophosphite and sodium hypophosphite)
- Iodine, including elemental iodine crystals and chemical mixtures containing greater than 2.2% concentration of iodine (e.g., strong iodine tincture and Lugol's iodine)
- N-acetylanthranilic acid, its esters, and its salts
- norpseudoephedrine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of optical isomers
- phenylacetic acid, its esters, and its salts
- phenylpropanolamine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of optical isomers
- phosphorus (white or red allotropes)
- piperidine and its salts
- pseudoephedrine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of optical isomers
- 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone
- benzaldehyde
- nitroethane
- gamma butyrolactone
- N-Phenethyl-4-piperidinone
- the following chemicals or the salt, optical isomer, or salt of an optical isomer of the following chemicals
methylamine
ethylamine
propionic anhydride
isosafrole
safrole
piperonal
N-methylephedrine
N-methylpseudoephedrine
- methylamine
- ethylamine
- propionic anhydride
- isosafrole
- safrole
- piperonal
- N-methylephedrine
- N-methylpseudoephedrine

# List II chemicals
These chemicals are designated as those that are used in the manufacture of the controlled substances.
- acetic anhydride
- acetone
- benzyl chloride
- diethyl ether
- potassium permanganate
- 2-butanone (or methyl ethyl ketone)
- toluene
- hydrochloric acid (including anhydrous hydrogen chloride)
- sulfuric acid
- methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)
Diisopropyltryptamine
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DiPT (commonly Template:PronEng) or diisopropyltryptamine (Template:IPA) is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug of the tryptamine family that has a unique effect. While the majority of hallucinogens affect the visual sense, DiPT is primarily audial. It has been suggested that DiPT may have value to researchers of neurology due to its complex audio distorting effects.

# Chemistry
DiPT is a derivative of tryptamine formed by substituting isopropyl groups for the two hydrogen atoms attached to the non-aromatic nitrogen atom in the tryptamine molecule.

# Hallucinogenic properties

## General Effects
Although DiPT's effects are primarily audial, some users have reported that at higher doses they noticed a lack of coordination or balance, and some users have reported minor visual hallucinations. Besides from these, the most prevalent non-auditory effect is inner ear pressure (which has been painful in some instances).  Some users do report intense entheogenic effects along with sound distortion.  The users' set and setting seem to influence what is experienced.

## Audio Distortion
There is much speculation as to the nature of DiPT's audial distortion. At lower dosages, it has been reported to have an effect not unlike a flanging, or a phase shift. At medium and higher dosages, the effect DiPT has is disputed, and can differ from person to person. By far the most common result of higher dosages is a radical shift downward in perceived pitch. This shift tends to be nonlinear, in that the shift downwards varies based on the initial pitch. This can produce bizarre sounds and can render music disharmonious.
There has been an experiment involving subjects with perfect pitch, the goal of which was to determine whether the pitch difference is truly distortive or linear, the results of which indicated that there is no clear relationship between perceived pitch and actual pitch. Research in this and related areas still remains widely unexplored, and will most likely remain so due to DiPT's legal status.

# Health Concerns
The most widespread health problem attributed to DiPT is tinnitus, or ear-ringing. These symptoms may only last for the duration of the experience, or may persist for weeks or even months. Some users have even reported that their tinnitus was a permanent effect, although this remains rare.

# Legal status
DiPT is not explicitly scheduled, but possession can most likely still be prosecuted under the Analog Act, as demonstrated by July, 2004's Operation Web Tryp. 5-MeO-DiPT is schedule I as of April 2003.