Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Sticky platelet syndrome

# Overview
Sticky platelet syndrome is a term used by some to describe a disorder of platelet function.

# Historical Perspective
It was first described by Mammen in 1983.

# Pathophysiology
It is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. It has not been associated with a specific gene, and it is not recognized as an entity in OMIM.
Among researchers using the term, it has been described as a coagulation disorder that can present in conjunction with protein S deficiency and Factor V Leiden. It is not currently known if sticky platelet syndrome is a distinct condition, or if it represents part of the presentation of a more well characterized coagulation disorder.

# Diagnosis
SPS is diagnosed by demonstrating platelet hyperaggregability.  In a lab test called aggregometry platelet stickyness is stimulated with epinephrine (EPI) and/or adenosine diphosphate (ADP).  This test is not possible for patients being treated with acetylsalicylic acid until that substance has sufficiently cleared from their system.

# Treatment
Those diagnosed are usually treated with taking a low dose (80100 mg) Aspirin a day.  Anticoagulants (e.g. Warfarin, Coumadin) or clopidogrel (Plavix) are often additionally prescribed following formation of a medically significant clot. Thrombelastography is more commonly being used to diagnose hypercoagulability and monitor anti-platelet therapy.

# Criticism
Critics of the diagnosis complain that case evidence is spotty and lacking controlled clinical studies.
Stork enamine alkylation
Stork enamine alkylation, also known as the Stork-Enamine reaction, involves the addition of an enamine to an alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl acceptor in a process similar to the Michael reaction . The product is then hydrolyzed by an aqueous acid to produce a 1,5-dicarbonyl compound.
The process:
- formation of an enamine from a ketone
- addition of the enamine to and alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehyde or ketone
- hydrolysis of the enamine back to a ketone
The reaction is named after its inventor: Gilbert Stork.
In a special case of this reaction type it is also possible to alkylate ketones or aldehydes with alkyl halides as less reactive electrophiles :
In this method a carbonyl compound is converted to an imine by alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution with a primary amine. The imine is then reacted with an Grignard reagent to the corresponding magnesium salt to an intermediate capable of displacing a halide. Hydrolysis once again yields the alkylated ketone.
Streaking (microbiology)
Streaking is a technique used in microbiology to isolate a pure strain from a single species of microorganism, often bacteria. A microbiological culture can be grown so that the organism can be identified, studied, or tested. A sterile cotton swab or inoculation loop is sterilized and dipped in a medium of a single species of bacteria. The loop is then spread across one quadrant of an agar plate containing a growth medium which has been sterilized in an autoclave. This introduces a solution of the bacteria to a substrate which provides them nutrients. Choice of which growth medium to use depends on which microorganism is being cultured, and which are being selected for, if any. Growth media are usually based on agar, a gelatinous substance.
The loop is resterilized and dragged across the inoculated quadrant of the streak plate. This is done to collect some bacteria on the loop. The loop is spread around another fourth of the plate much like the previous step. The loop is sterilized and the procedure is repeated. Each time the loop gathers fewer and fewer bacteria until it gathers just one single bacterial cell that can grow into a colony.
The streak plate is then incubated, usually for 24 to 36 hours, to allow the bacteria to reproduce. At the end of incubation there should be enough bacteria to form visible colonies in the areas touched by the inoculation loop.
Streptococcus salivarius
Streptococcus salivarius is a species of spherical, Gram-positive bacteria which colonize the mouth and upper respiratory tract of humans a few hours after birth, making further exposure to the bacteria harmless. The bacteria is considered an opportunistic pathogen, rarely finding its way into the bloodstream, where it has been implicated in septicemia cases in people with neutropenia. 
Agglutination of Streptococcus salivarius is often used in the diagnosis of atypical pneumonia caused by Haemophilus influenzae.
Streptococcus thermophilus, a member of the salivarius group, is a streptococcus bacteria used to produce yogurt and some cheeses. It works symbiotically with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Both are homofermentative, produce lactic acid quantitatively in addition to carbon dioxide and alcohol.  The optimum temperature of growth for S. thermophilus is 42C while it is 37C for S. salivarius.
de:Streptococcus salivarius
nl:Streptococcus salivarius

# Gallery
- Colony of a Streptococcus salivarius growing in the Petri dish filled with trypticase soy agar with 5% sheep's blood, (BAP).  From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
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Streptomycin description

# Description
Streptomycin is a water-soluble aminoglycoside derived from Streptomyces griseus. It is marketed as the sulfate salt of streptomycin. The chemical name of streptomycin sulfate is D-Streptamine, O-2-deoxy-2-(methylamino)--L-glucopyranosyl-(12)-O-5-deoxy-3-C-formyl--L-lyxofuranosyl-(14)-N,N1-bis(aminoiminomethyl)-,sulfate (2:3) (salt). The molecular formula for Streptomycin Sulfate is (C21H39N7O12)2 -3H2SO4 and the molecular weight is 1457.41. It has the following structural formula:
Streptomycin for Injection USP, equivalent to 1 gram streptomycin /vial is supplied as a sterile nonpyrogenic lyophillized cake for intramuscular use after reconstitution. The lyophillized cake may reduce to a powder during shipping.
After reconstitution the pH range for Streptomycin for Injection USP should be between 4.5 and 7 in a solution containing 200 mg of streptomycin activity per mL.
Each vial of Streptomycin for Injection contains streptomycin sulfate equivalent to 1 gram of streptomycin.
Stress fracture overview

# Overview
A stress fracture is one type of incomplete fracture in bones. It is caused by "unusual or repeated stress" This is in contrast to other types of fractures, which are usually characterized by a solitary, severe impact.
It could be described as a very small sliver or crack in the bone; this is why it is sometimes dubbed "hairline fracture". It typically occurs in weight-bearing bones, such as the tibia (bone of the lower leg) and metatarsals (bones of the foot).
It is a common sports injury, and more than half of the cases are associated with athletics.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
Stress fractures usually have a narrow list of symptoms. It could present as a generalized area of pain, tenderness, and pain with weight-bearing. Usually when running, a stress fracture has severe pain in the beginning of the run, moderate pain in the middle of the run, and severe pain at the end and after the run.

# Treatment

## Surgery
With severe stress fractures, surgery may be needed for proper healing. The procedure may involve pinning the fracture site, and rehabilitation can take up to a half year.
Stuve-Weidemann syndrome
Synonyms and keywords: Stuve-Wiedemann dysplasia

# Overview
Stuve-Wiedemann syndrome (SWS) is a congenital bone dysplasia characterised by small stature, congenital bowing of the long bones and camptodactyly.

# Pathophysiology

## Genetics
The condition is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and is caused by null mutations in the leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) gene located on chromosome 5p13. The mutations lead to modifications in the stability of the LIFR transcripts, inhibiting synthesis of the LIFR protein and resulting in alterations in the JAK/STAT3 signalling pathway.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
It is a rare syndrome with few cases reported in the literature.

# Diagnosis
Patients present with serious complications including respiratory distress and recurrent episodes of unexplained hyperthermia.
Radiographic studies reveal short and broad long bones, large metaphyses, internal cortical thickening, and angulation primarily of tibiae and femora, but also of humeri and forearm bones.
The majority of patients die during the neonatal period as a result of respiratory distress or a hyperthermic episode. However, rare cases of survival beyond the first year of life have been reported. These patients show a characteristic phenotype that includes progressive scoliosis, spontaneous fractures, lack of corneal and patellar reflexes, smooth tongue and neurological symptoms reminiscent of dysautonomia.

# Treatment
At present, treatment is symptomatic only.
Substrate (biochemistry)

# Overview
In biochemistry, a substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions involving the substrate(s). The substrate binds with the enzyme's active site, and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed. The substrate is broken down into a product and is released from the active site. The active site is now free to accept another substrate molecule.   An example of a substrate would be milk and the enzyme added would be rennin which causes milk to set.  Another example would be  the reaction of catalase in the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
A general equation is as follows:
E + S  ES  EP  E + P
where E = enzyme, S = substrate(s), P = product(s)
Note that only the middle step is irreversible.
By increasing the substrate concentration, the rate of reaction will increase due to the increase in likelihood of enzyme-substrate complexes forming, this occurs until the enzyme becomes the limiting factor.
Subsumption architecture
Subsumption architecture is a methodology for developing Artificial intelligence robots.  It is heavily associated with behavior based robotics.  The term was introduced by Rodney Brooks and colleagues in 1986
.  Subsumption has been widely influential in autonomous robotics and elsewhere in real-time AI.   
The first journal publication mentioning the architecture, Brooks (1986), showed 3500 citations on Google Scholar as of October 2006.

# Description
A subsumption architecture is a way of decomposing complicated intelligent behaviour into many "simple" behaviour modules, which are in turn organized into layers.  Each layer implements a particular goal of the agent, and higher layers are increasingly more abstract.  Each layer's goal subsumes that of the underlying layers, e.g. the decision to move forward by the eat-food layer takes into account the decision of the lowest obstacle-avoidance layer.
For example, a robot's lowest layer could be "avoid an object", on top of it would be the layer "wander around", which in turn lies under "explore the world". The top layer in such a case could be "create a map", which is the ultimate goal. Each of these horizontal layers accesses all of the sensor data and generates actions for the actuators  the main caveat is that separate tasks can suppress (or overrule) inputs or inhibit outputs. This way, the lowest layers can work like fast-adapting mechanisms (reflexes), while the higher layers control the main direction to be taken in order to achieve the overall goal. Feedback is given mainly through the environment.

# Attributes of the architecture
The main advantages of the methodology are:
- the modularity,
- the emphasis on iterative development & testing of real-time systems in their target domain, and
- the emphasis on connecting limited, task-specific perception directly to the expressed actions that require it.
These innovations allowed the development of the first robots capable of animal-like speeds.
Main disadvantages of this model are:
- the inability to have many layers, since the goals begin interfering with each other,
- the difficulty of designing action selection through highly distributed system of inhibition and suppression, and
- the consequent rather low flexibility at runtime.
Superior mesenteric vein
In anatomy, the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) is a blood vessel that drains blood from the small intestine (jejunum and ileum).  At its termination behind the neck of the pancreas, the SMV combines with the splenic vein to form the hepatic portal vein.  The SMV lies to the right of the similarly name artery, the superior mesenteric artery, which originates from the abdominal aorta.

# Branches
Tributaries of the superior mesenteric vein drain the large intestine, stomach, pancreas and appendix and include:
- Right gastro-omental vein (also known as the right gastro-epiploic vein)
- inferior pancreaticoduodenal veins
- veins from jejunum
- veins from ileum
- middle colic vein - drains the transverse colon
- right colic vein - drains the ascending colon
- ileocolic vein

# Disorders
Thrombosis of the superior mesenteric vein is quite rare, but a significant cause of mesenteric ischemia and can be fatal.  It is estimated that 10-15% of mesenteric ischemia is due to mesenteric thrombosis.
Superior ophthalmic vein
The superior ophthalmic vein begins at the inner angle of the orbit in a vein named the nasofrontal which communicates anteriorly with the angular vein; it pursues the same course as the ophthalmic artery, and receives tributaries corresponding to the branches of that vessel.
Forming a short single trunk, it passes between the two heads of the Rectus lateralis and through the medial part of the superior orbital fissure, and ends in the cavernous sinus.
The ethmoidal veins drain into the superior ophthalmic vein.
Vorticose veins also drain into the superior ophthalmic vein.

# Clinical relevance
The medial angle of the eye, nose and lips (known as the danger triangle of the face) usually drain through the facial vein, via the opthalmic vein through the cavernous sinus. As a result, an infection of the face may spread to the cavernous sinus and and pterygoid venous plexus. This can lead to damage of the nerves running through the cavernous sinus.
Swine influenza overview

# Overview
Swine flu (also swine influenza) refers to influenza caused by any virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae, that is endemic to pig (swine) populations.  Strains endemic in swine are called swine influenza virus (SIV), and all known strains of SIV are classified as Influenzavirus A (common) or Influenzavirus C (rare).  Influenzavirus B has not been reported in swine.  All three clades, Influenzavirus A, B, and C, are endemic in humans.
People who work with poultry and swine, especially people with intense exposures, are at risk of infection from these animals if the animals carry a strain that is also able to infect humans. SIV can mutate into a form that allows it to pass from human to human. The strain responsible for the 2009 swine flu outbreak is believed to have undergone this mutation.
In humans, the symptoms of swine flu are similar to those of influenza and of influenza-like illness in general.
Swinging-flashlight test
The swinging-flashlight test is used to help a practitioner decide whether reduced vision is due to ocular disease.

# Process
For an adequate test, vision must not be entirely lost. In dim room light, note the size of the pupils. After asking the patient to gaze into the distance, swing the beam of a penlight back and forth from one pupil to the other, each time concentrating on the pupillary size and reaction in the eye that is lit.

# Interpretation
- Normally, each illuminated eye looks or promptly becomes constricted. The opposite eye also constricts consensually.
- When ocular disease, such as cataract, impairs vision, the pupils respond normally.
- When the optic nerve is damaged, the sensory (afferent) stimulus sent to the midbrain is reduced. The pupil, responding less vigorously, dilates from its prior constricted state. This response is an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus Gunn Pupil). the opposite eye responds consensually.
TRAF interacting protein
TRAF-interacting protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRAIP gene.
This gene encodes a protein that contains an N-terminal RING finger motif and a putative coiled-coil domain. A similar murine protein interacts with TNFR-associated factor 1 (TRAF1), TNFR-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), and cylindromatosis. The interaction with TRAF2 inhibits TRAF2-mediated nuclear factor kappa-B, subunit 1 activation that is required for cell activation and protection against apoptosis.

# Interactions
TRAF interacting protein has been shown to interact with FLII, TRAF1 and TRAF2.
Talk About Curing Autism
Talk About Curing Autism (TACA) is a nonprofit advocacy organization, founded in 2000 and based in Newport Beach, California, that provides information, resources, and support to families affected by autism.  TACA aims to reduce the lag time between autism diagnosis and provision of effective treatments, and endeavors to strengthen the autism community by connecting families and the professionals who can help them.
Currently, TACA holds monthly meetings featuring speakers in eight California cities, Corona, Costa Mesa, Los Angeles, San Diego, Santa Rosa, Torrance, Visalia  and West Hills.

# National spokesperson
In September, 2007, TACA announced the appointment of its new national spokesperson, Jenny McCarthy, whose son Evan was diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. Evan's evident recovery from autistic symptoms is described in his mother's concurrently released fourth book, Louder than Words  A Mothers Journey in Healing Autism.

# Thoughtful House collaboration
In collaboration with Thoughtful House, TACA provided 30 medical treatment scholarships each year during 2005 and 2006 to children affected by autism.
Telbivudine how supplied

# How Supplied
Tablets
Tyzeka 600 mg tablets are white to slightly yellowish film-coated, ovaloid-shaped tablets, imprinted with LDT on one side.
Bottle of 30 tablets (NDC 0078-0538-15) with child-resistant closure.
Store Tyzeka tablets in original container at 25oC (77oF), excursions permitted to 15-30oC (59-86oF) .
Oral Solution
Tyzeka (telbivudine) oral solution is a clear, colorless to pale yellow, passion fruit flavored liquid. Tyzeka oral solution contains 100 mg of telbivudine per 5 milliliters.
Bottle containing 300 mL oral solution (NDC 0078-0539-85) with child-resistant closure and embossed dosing cup. The dosing cup is intended for measurement of Tyzeka oral solution only.
Store Tyzeka oral solution in original container at 25oC (77oF), excursions permitted to 15-30oC (59-86oF) . Use within two months after opening the bottle. Do not freeze.
For all medical inquiries call: 1-877-8-Tyzeka (1-877-889-9352).
Keep this and all drugs out of the reach of children.
Telomerase RNA component
Telomerase RNA component, also known as TERC, is an ncRNA found in eukaryotes that is a component of telomerase, the enzyme used to extend telomeres. TERC serves as a template for telomere replication (reverse transcription) by telomerase.  Telomerase RNAs differ greatly in sequence and structure between vertebrates, ciliates and yeasts, but they share a 5' pseudoknot structure close to the template sequence. The vertebrate telomerase RNAs have a 3' H/ACA snoRNA-like domain.

# Function
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein polymerase that maintains telomere ends by addition of the telomere repeat TTAGGG.  This repeat does vary across eukaryotes (see the table on the telomere article for a complete list). The enzyme consists of a protein component (TERT) with reverse transcriptase activity, and an RNA component, encoded by this gene, that serves as a template for the telomere repeat. CCCUAA found near position 50 of the vertebrate TERC sequence acts as the template. Telomerase expression plays a role in cellular senescence, as it is normally repressed in postnatal somatic cells resulting in progressive shortening of telomeres. Deregulation of telomerase expression in somatic cells may be involved in oncogenesis. Studies in mice suggest that telomerase also participates in chromosomal repair, since de novo synthesis of telomere repeats may occur at double-stranded breaks. Homologs of TERC can also be found in the Gallid herpes viruses.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene cause autosomal dominant dyskeratosis congenita, and may also be associated with some cases of aplastic anemia.
Terbinafine microbiology

# Microbiology
Terbinafine, an allylamine antifungal, inhibits biosynthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membrane, via inhibition of squalene epoxidase enzyme. This results in fungal cell death primarily due to the increased membrane permeability mediated by the accumulation of high concentrations of squalene but not due to ergosterol deficiency. Depending on the concentration of the drug and the fungal species test in vitro, terbinafine hydrochloride may be fungicidal. However, the clinical significance of in vitro data is unknown.
Terbinafine has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms both in vitro and in clinical infections:
- Trichophyton mentagrophytes
- Trichophyton rubrum
The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown. In vitro, terbinafine exhibits satisfactory MICs against most strains of the following microorganisms; however, the safety and efficacy of terbinafine in treating clinical infections due to these microorganisms have not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials:
- Candida albicans
- Epidermophyton floccosum
- Scopulariopsis brevicaulis
Terconazole how supplied

# How Supplied
TERAZOL 7 (terconazole) Vaginal Cream 0.4% is available in 45 g (NDC 50458-535-01) tubes with an ORTHO1Measured-Dose Applicator. Store at Controlled Room Temperature 1530C (5986F).
TERAZOL 3 (terconazole) Vaginal Cream 0.8% is available in 20 g (NDC 50458-536-01) tubes with an ORTHO1Measured-Dose Applicator. Store at Controlled Room Temperature 1530C (5986F).
TERAZOL 3 (terconazole) Vaginal Suppositories 80 mg are available as 2.5 g, elliptically-shaped white to off-white suppositories in packages of three (NDC 50458-531-01) with a vaginal applicator. Store at Controlled Room Temperature 1530C (5986F).