Polythiazide/Reserpine

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# Overview
Polythiazide/Reserpine is a thiazide diuretic antihypertensive agent that is FDA approved for the treatment of hypertension.   Common adverse reactions include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, xerostomia, dizziness, headache, lethargy, somnolence, vertigo, depression,  nasal congestion.

# Adult Indications and Dosage

## FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)
- Dosing Information
- Initial dosages of the combination should conform to those dosages of the individual components established during titration.
- Maitaining dosage: 1/2-2 tablets PO qd
- Dosing Information
- (Dosage)

## Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

### Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Polythiazide/Reserpine in adult patients.

### NonGuideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label NonGuideline-Supported Use of Polythiazide/Reserpine in adult patients.

# Pediatric Indications and Dosage

## FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
There is limited information regarding Polythiazide/Reserpine FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric) in the drug label.

## Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

### Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Polythiazide/Reserpine in pediatric patients.

### NonGuideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label NonGuideline-Supported Use of Polythiazide/Reserpine in pediatric patients.

# Contraindications
- Related to polythiazide
- Advanced renal or hepatic failure.
- Hypersensitivity to this or other sulfonamide derivatives.
- Related to reserpine
- Demonstrated hypersensitivity.
- Patients with a history of mental depression.
- Demonstrated peptic ulcer or ulcerative colitis.

# Warnings
Serum electrolyte determinations are especially indicated for patients with severe derangement of metabolic processes, e.g., surgery, vomiting, or parenteral fluid therapy. Electrolyte imbalance may be caused by certain diseases such as cirrhosis, or it may result from drug therapy, such as therapy with corticosteroids. Patients with cirrhosis  who are continually receiving RENESE-R should be observed carefully for the development of hepatic precoma or coma. Indications of impending hepatic failure are tremor, confusion, drowsiness, and hepatic fetor.
Thiazides may precipitate kidney failure and uremia in patients with pre-existing renal pathology and impaired renal function.
Available information tends to implicate all oral dosage forms of potassium salts ingested in solid form with or without thiazides in the etiology of nonspecific, small bowel lesions consisting of ulceration with or without stenosis, causing obstruction, hemorrhage and perforation, and frequently requiring surgery. Deaths due to these complications have been reported. All oral dosage forms of potassium salts ingested in solid form should be used only when adequate dietary supplementation is not practical, and should be discontinued immediately if abdominal pain, distention, nausea, vomiting, or gastrointestinal bleeding occur.
RENESE-R does not itself contain enteric-coated potassium.
Electroshock therapy should not be given within one week of cessation of reserpine.
Reserpine may cause mental depression. Recognition of depression may be difficult because this condition may often be disguised by somatic complaints (Masked depression). The drug should be discontinued at first signs of depression such as despondency, early morning insomnia, loss of appetite, impotence, or self-deprecation. Drug-induced depression may persist for several months after drug ThiazidesThiazideswithdrawal and may be severe enough to result in suicide.

# Adverse Reactions

## Clinical Trials Experience
The most common reactions associated with polythiazide therapy are weakness and dizziness, but seldom require cessation of therapy. Weakness is reported in less than 3% of patients receiving the drug, and dizziness is reported in less than 2% of patients. These can be overcome by reducing the dose or taking measures to improve electrolytic balance.
Other reactions, reported to occur in less than 1% of patients, are:
- Gastrointestinal: nausea, gastrointestinal disturbances, reversible cholestatic jaundice, necrotizing angiitis, pancreatitis.
- Dermatological: maculopapular skin rash, photosensitivity.
- Central Nervous System: vertigo, paresthesia, fatigue, headache.
- Cardiovascular: orthostatic hypotension.
- EENT: xanthopsia.
- Hematological: Leukopenia (neutropenia), agranulocytosis, and aplastic anemia have been reported with the older thiazides but not with the newer compounds such as polythiazide. Purpura (with or without thrombocytopenia) has been reported with polythiazide.
The most common reactions associated with reserpine therapy, dizziness and drowsiness, are reported in less than 2% of patients. Reactions to reserpine are usually reversible and disappear when the drug is discontinued.
Other reactions, occurring in less than 1% of patients on reserpine are:
- Gastrointestinal: hypersecretion, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, dry mouth.
- Dermatological: rash, pruritus, purpura.
- Central Nervous System: depression, nervousness, paradoxical anxiety, nightmares, headache, and rare Parkinsonian syndrome to CNS sensitization manifested by deafness, glaucoma, uveitis, and optic atrophy.
- Cardiovascular: angina-like symptoms, arrhythmias particularly when used concurrently with digitalis or quinidine, flushing of the skin, and bradycardia.
- EENT: nasal congestion, miosis.
- Sexual Difficulties: impotence or decreased libido.

## Postmarketing Experience
There is limited information regarding Polythiazide/Reserpine Postmarketing Experience in the drug label.

# Drug Interactions
Thiazides may add to or potentiate the action of other antihypertensive drugs. Potentiation occurs with ganglionic or peripheral adrenergic blocking drugs.
Hypokalemia may be more likely to develop during concomitant use of corticosteroids or ACTH. Diuretic-induced hypokalemia may precipitate digitalis toxicity.
Thiazide drugs may augment the paralyzing actions of tubocurarine, and may decrease the arterial responsiveness to norepinephrine. Extra precautions may be necessary in patients who may require these drugs or their derivatives, as in surgery.
Dosage adjustment of antidiabetic agents is frequently indicated during thiazide administration. Indomethacin may partially antagonize the hypotensive effect of the thiazide diuretics. Generally, do not give lithium with diuretics because they reduce lithiums renal clearance and add a high risk of lithium toxicity.
Quinidine, a weak base, may have its half-life prolonged by concomitant administration of thiazide diuretics which alkalinize the urine.
Sulfonamides may potentiate the action of the thiazide diuretics, possibly by displacement from binding sites on plasma albumin.
Orthostatic hypotension may be aggravated by the use of alcohol, barbiturates, or narcotics with thiazide diuretics.
Reserpine should be used cautiously with digitalis or quinidine as the concurrent use may enhance the appearance of arrhythmias.
Additive CNS depressant effects may occur when reserpine is administered concomitantly with other CNS depressants such as barbiturates and alcohol.
Concomitant administration of reserpine and levodopa has been reported to reduce the patient's response to levodopa. Reserpine should be avoided in patients receiving levodopa.
The effects of indirect-acting sympathomimetic amines such as ephedrine may be decreased.
Patients who are receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors may experience excitation and hypertension when reserpine is added. The combination should be avoided.
Reserpine may add to the pharmacologic effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agents (i.e., CNS depression and cardiovascular effects).

# Use in Specific Populations

### Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category (FDA): C
The routine use of diuretics in an otherwise healthy woman is inappropriate and exposes mother and fetus to unnecessary hazard. Diuretics do not prevent development of toxemia of pregnancy, and there is no satisfactory evidence that they are useful in the treatment of developed toxemia.
Edema during pregnancy may arise from pathological causes or from the physiologic and mechanical consequences of pregnancy. Thiazides are indicated in pregnancy when edema is due to pathologic causes, just as they are in the absence of pregnancy (however, see Precautions/Pregnancy section). Dependent edema in pregnancy, resulting from restriction of venous return by the expanded uterus, is properly treated through elevation of the lower extremities and use of support hose; use of diuretics to lower intravascular volume in this case is illogical and unnecessary. There is hypervolemia during normal pregnancy which is harmful to neither the fetus nor the mother (in the absence of cardiovascular disease), but which is associated with edema  including generalized edema, in the majority of pregnant women. If this edema produces discomfort, increased recumbency will often provide relief. In rare instances, this edema may cause extreme discomfort which is not relieved by rest. In these cases, a short course of diuretics may provide relief and may be appropriate.
Pregnancy Category (AUS): 
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Polythiazide/Reserpine in women who are pregnant.

### Labor and Delivery
There is no FDA guidance on use of Polythiazide/Reserpine during labor and delivery.

### Nursing Mothers
Thiazides and reserpine appear in breast milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from RENESE-R, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

### Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established.

### Geriatic Use
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Polythiazide/Reserpine in geriatric settings.

### Gender
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Polythiazide/Reserpine with respect to specific gender populations.

### Race
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Polythiazide/Reserpine with respect to specific racial populations.

### Renal Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Polythiazide/Reserpine in patients with renal impairment.

### Hepatic Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Polythiazide/Reserpine in patients with hepatic impairment.

### Females of Reproductive Potential and Males
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Polythiazide/Reserpine in women of reproductive potentials and males.

### Immunocompromised Patients
There is no FDA guidance one the use of Polythiazide/Reserpine in patients who are immunocompromised.

# Administration and Monitoring

### Administration
As determined by individual titration (see box warning).
Initial dosages of the combination should conform to those dosages of the individual components established during titration.
Maintenance dosages range from 12 tablet to 2 tablets daily. Dosage of other antihypertensive agents, particularly ganglionic blockers, that are used concomitantly should be reduced.

### Monitoring
There is limited information regarding Polythiazide/Reserpine Monitoring in the drug label.

# IV Compatibility
There is limited information regarding the compatibility of Polythiazide/Reserpine and IV administrations.

# Overdosage
One case of RENESE-R overdosage is reported after ingestion of an unknown number of tablets. Electrolyte replacement therapy was successful in treating the symptoms.

# Pharmacology
There is limited information regarding Polythiazide/Reserpine Pharmacology in the drug label.

## Mechanism of Action
- Polythiazide
- Its mechanism of action results in an interference with the renal tubular mechanism of electrolyte reabsorption.

## Structure
RENESE (polythiazide) is a member of the benzothiazide (thiazide) family of diuretic/antihypertensive agents. It is designated chemically as 2H-1,2,4-Benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide,6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-3-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thio]methyl-,1,1-dioxide with a molecular formula of C11H13ClF3N3O4S3 and a molecular weight of 439.87.
Polythiazide is a white crystalline substance insoluble in water, but readily soluble in alkaline solution, and has the following structural formula:
Reserpine, one of the alkaloids of Rauwolfia serpentina, has the following structural formula:

## Pharmacodynamics
There is limited information regarding Polythiazide/Reserpine Pharmacodynamics in the drug label.

## Pharmacokinetics
Renese (polythiazide) alone has demonstrated clinical effectiveness in lowering elevated blood pressure in patients without visible edema as well as in edematous hypertensive patients. Its mechanism of action results in an interference with the renal tubular mechanism of electrolyte reabsorption. At maximal therapeutic dosage all thiazides are approximately equal in their diuretic potency. The mechanism whereby thiazides function in the control of hypertension is unknown. Polythiazide is well absorbed following oral administration with diuresis beginning approximately 2 hours later. Peak human plasma concentrations occur about 5 hours after ingestion. Polythiazide is removed slowly thereafter with a plasma elimination half-life of approximately 27 hours. One-fifth of the drug is recovered unchanged in human urine; the remainder is cleared via feces and as metabolites. Animal studies indicate metabolism occurs by rupture of the thiadiazine ring and loss of the side chain.
Reserpine has several complementary actions of benefit to the hypertensive patient, including a calming effect and a slowing of the pulse rate.
Depletion of norepinephrine from tissue receptor sites is thought to be responsible for the decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and subsequent fall in blood pressure. Bradycardia is usually associated with this effect.
The tranquilizing effect of reserpine is apparently due to serotonin and catecholamine depletion in the brain.
Sympathetic inhibition produced by reserpine also may result in vasodilation and increased cutaneous blood flow with resulting flushing, feeling of warmth, or nasal congestion. Increased parasympathomimetic activity may produce increased gastrointestinal motility, increased gastric acid secretion and miosis.
Reserpine is absorbed orally and is widely distributed in body tissues, especially adipose tissue. A study in a small number of normal subjects who received a radioactively labeled 0.25 mg dose of reserpine showed a biphasic half-life of 4.5 hours during the first phase, and 11.3 days during the second phase. The full therapeutic effects of reserpine may not be seen for 23 weeks.
Reserpine is extensively metabolized to inactive compounds. It is slowly excreted via the urine and feces.
Reserpine crosses the blood-brain barrier and the placenta, and appears in cord blood.
Since polythiazide reduces or eliminates the sodium and fluid retention frequently associated with hypertension, it enhances the efficacy of reserpine in lowering elevated blood pressure. RENESE-R often has been found to be more effective than equivalent doses of either agent alone. Both the cardiovascular and central nervous system effects may persist following withdrawal of the drug.

## Nonclinical Toxicology
Although long-term studies in animals have not been conducted with RENESE-R, rodent studies have shown that reserpine is an animal tumorigen, causing an increased incidence of mammary fibroadenomas in female mice, malignant tumors of the seminal vesicles in male mice, and malignant adrenal medullary tumors in male rats. These findings arose in 2 year studies in which the drug was administered in the feed at concentrations of 5 and 10 ppmabout 100 to 300 times the usual human dose. The breast neoplasms are thought to be related to reserpine's prolactin-elevating effect.
Several other prolactin-elevating drugs have also been associated with an increased incidence of mammary neoplasia in rodents.
The extent to which these findings indicate a risk to humans is uncertain. Tissue culture experiments show that about one-third of human breast tumors are prolactin-dependent in vitro, a factor of considerable importance if the use of the drug is contemplated in a patient with previously detected breast cancer. The possibility of an increased risk of breast cancer in reserpine users has been studied extensively; however, no firm conclusion has emerged. Although a few epidemiologic studies have suggested a slightly increased risk (less than twofold in all studies except one) in women who have used reserpine, other studies of generally similar design have not confirmed this. Epidemiologic studies conducted using other drugs (neuroleptic agents) that, like reserpine, increase prolactin levels and therefore would be considered rodent mammary carcinogens, have not shown an association between chronic administration of the drug and human mammary tumorigenesis. While long-term clinical observation has not suggested such an association, the available evidence is considered too limited to be conclusive at this time. An association of reserpine intake with pheochromocytoma or tumors of the seminal vesicles has not been explored.

# Clinical Studies
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# How Supplied
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## Storage
There is limited information regarding Polythiazide/Reserpine Storage in the drug label.

# Images

## Drug Images

## Package and Label Display Panel

# Patient Counseling Information
(Patient Counseling Information)

# Precautions with Alcohol
Alcohol-Polythiazide/Reserpine interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

# Brand Names
RENESE-R

# Look-Alike Drug Names
There is limited information regarding Polythiazide/Reserpine Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

# Drug Shortage Status
Drug Shortage

# Price