Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma

# Overview
Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, abbreviated SNUC, is a rare aggressive type of cancer that arises from epithelium of the nose or sinuses.

# Diagnosis
Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma (SNUC) is a rare and aggressive type of cancer originating in the epithelial layer of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. It was first diagnosed in 1987. The aggressive nature of the cancer coupled with the advanced stage of disease upon presentation lead to a poor survival rate. Although the molecular nature of the mutation that causes SNUC is still poorly understood clinical treatment has shown that multimodality treatment has been the most successful option.

# Symptoms
In most cases, symptoms present themselves at an advanced stage of disease. They can include but are not limited to:
	-Epistaxis
	-Nasal obstruction
	-Proptosis
	-Vision changes
	-Headache

# Pathology
The etiology is still unknown to date, however, Gelbard et al. studied 12 oncogenes or known tumor suppressor gene hotspots where mutations in these regions are known to cause other types of neurocarcinomas. They also studied Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in order to find sites for finely targeted therapeutics.
Spectroscopy-based research done in this study identified 95 common mutations within the 12 hotspots. Of the 95 SNPs none presented a genotype that was an activating mutation

# Treatment
All published findings on SNUC suggest that multimodaility treatment give the affected the best possible chance for survival. Varying combinations of and length between surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have been tested. Findings from Mendenhall et al. have suggest that surgery plus radiotherapy and concominant chemotherapy is most efficient rather than radiotherapy combined with induced or maintenance chemotherapy.

# Prognosis
In a Meta-analysis study to conglomerate findings regarding 28 published papers including 158 patients presenting SNUC following up with patients for an average of 14 months showed that at the time of last follow up 25% of patients were alive with no evidence of the disease, 22.4% were alive with presence of the disease, and 52.6% were deceased due to the disease.
Sluggishly progressing schizophrenia

# Overview
Sluggishly progressing schizophrenia or sluggish schizophrenia was a category of schizophrenia diagnosed by psychiatrists in the Soviet Union.Template:Views needing attribution At the time, Western psychiatry recognized only four types of schizophrenia: catatonic, hebephrenic, paranoid, and simple. The diagnostic criteria for this fifth category were so vague that it could be applied to virtually any person not suffering from mental function impairment and having interests beyond survival needs.Template:Views needing attribution The diagnosis was sometimes appliedTemplate:Weasel-inline to dissidents who were not in fact mentally ill, so that they could be forcibly hospitalized in mental institutions and subjected to treatments including powerful antidepressants and electroconvulsive therapy.
The New York Times was accused of continuing to recycle a decades old story in a "continuing trend of repetition".
The existence of this diagnosis has led to questions on the part of supporters of anti-psychiatry about the existence of schizophrenia in general, about whether it is diagnosed properly, and about political misuses of the schizophrenia diagnosis in the West.
Stream of consciousness (psychology)

# Overview
Stream of consciousness refers to the flow of thoughts in the conscious mind. The full range of thoughts of which one can be aware can form the content of this stream, not just verbal thoughts. Commonly used experimental techniques, including self-reporting, gives easier access to verbal thoughts than to thoughts more closely connected to senses other than hearing and activities other than speaking and writing.

# William James
William James is given credit for the concept. He was enormously skeptical about using introspection as a technique to understand the stream of consciousness. "The attempt at introspective analysis in these cases is in fact like seizing a spinning top to catch its motion, or trying to turn up the gas quickly enough to see how the darkness looks."

# Other Thinkers
Bernard Baars has developed Global Workspace Theory which bears some resemblance to stream of consciousness.

# Contemporary Criticism
Susan Blackmore challenged the concept of stream of consciousness in several papers. "When I say that consciousness is an illusion I do not mean that consciousness does not exist. I mean that consciousness is not what it appears to be. If it seems to be a continuous stream of rich and detailed experiences, happening one after the other to a conscious person, this is the illusion".

# Literary Technique
In literature, stream of consciousness writing is a literary device which seeks to portray an individual's point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue, or in connection to his or her sensory reactions to external occurrences. Stream-of-consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair.
Student National Medical Association
The Student National Medical Association (SNMA) is the United States' oldest and largest student organization focused on the needs and concerns of medical students of color. Membership includes over 6,000 medical students, pre-medical students, residents and physicians. Established in 1964 by medical students from Howard University and Meharry medical schools, the SNMA boasts over 40 years of service to underserved communities and medical students.
SNMA chapters based at medical schools and some colleges throughout the United States implement programs and activities locally. SNMA programs are designed to serve the health needs of underserved communities and communities of color. In addition, SNMA is dedicated both to ensuring that medical education and services are culturally sensitive to the needs of diverse populations and to increasing the number of African-American, Latino, and other students of color and entering and completing medical school.
Student National Medical Association (SNMA) is committed to supporting current and future underrepresented minority medical students, addressing the needs of underserved communities, and increasing the number of clinically excellent, culturally competent and socially conscious physicians.
Over 130 SNMA chapters can be found at medical schools around the nation, while over 70 undergraduate institutions hold Minority Association of Pre-medical Students (MAPS) chapters. Official SNMA and MAPS chapters are recognized by national SNMA by yearly submission of chapter renewal forms. Active and Associate members are national dues-paying members of SNMA and are not required to be part of a chapter. Like regions, chapters are also governed independently, but must in accordance with the national Constitution and Bylaws.
Sudden infant death syndrome CT scan
Template loop detected: Template:SIDS

# Overview
There are no CT scan findings associated with .
OR
 CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of . Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of  include , , and .
OR
There are no CT scan findings associated with . However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of , which include , , and .

# CT scan
There are no CT scan findings associated with .
OR
 CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of . Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of  include:
OR
There are no CT scan findings associated with . However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of , which include:
Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis

# Overview
Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis is an ocular surface disease characterized by episodes of recurrent inflammation of the superior cornea and limbus as well as of the superior tarsal and bulbar conjunctiva.

# Pathophysiology
Even though the pathophysiology remains unclear, it is thought that mechanical trauma from tight upper lids or loose redundant conjunctiva could lead to the disruption of normal epithelium. This mechanical hypothesis is supported by the increased lid apposition of exophthalmic thyroid patients, who are known to have an increased incidence of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis.

# Signs and symptoms
Patients present with a red eye, burning, tearing, foreign body sensation, mild photophobia.

# Physical examination
Inflammation and thickening of the conjunctiva is observed, espedially at the limbus.

# Treatment
Lubrication is an effective treatment.
Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion

# Overview
The sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion contains postganglionic sympathetic fibers whose cell bodies are located in the superior cervical ganglion. Their axons ascend with the internal carotid artery as a plexus of nerves, the carotid plexus.  Sympathetic fibers innervating the eye separate from the carotid plexus within the cavernous sinus.  They run forward through the superior orbital fissure and merge with the long ciliary nerves (branches of the nasociliary nerve) and the short ciliary nerves (from the ciliary ganglion). Sympathetic fibers in the short ciliary nerves pass through the ciliary ganglion without forming synapses.
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers originate from neurons in the intermediolateral column of the thoracic spinal cord, at the level of T1 and T2.  They form synapses in the superior cervical ganglion. The ratio of incoming to outgoing fibers (the convergence) in this ganglion is approximately 100:1. Sympathetic motor neurons in the spinal cord are controlled by supranuclear pathways that descend through the brainstem and spinal cord.  Interruption of the sympathetic chain at any level (from the brainstem to the ciliary ganglion) will produce pupillary constriction (miosis) and eyelid droop (ptosis)  the classic signs of Horner's syndrome.
Sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion innervate blood vessels (vasoconstriction), sweat glands, and four eye muscles: the dilator pupillae, the superior tarsal muscle, the inferior tarsal muscle and the orbitalis.
The dilator pupillae dilates the pupil; its action is antagonistic to the sphincter pupillae.  Pupil size is therefore under the dual control of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
The superior tarsal muscle elevated the upper eyelid.  The levator palpebrae superioris, which is innervated by a branch of the oculomotor nerve, also elevates the upper eyelid.  Eyelid elevation is therefore under both voluntary and involuntary  control.  Interruption of either pathway will result in eyelid droop (ptosis).
The other two eye muscles with sympathetic innervation (the inferior tarsal muscle and the orbitalis) are vestigial in humans.  They are variable and often incompletely developed.
Telaprevir dosage and administration

# Dosage And Administration

## INCIVEK/Peginterferon Alfa/Ribavirin Combination Treatment
The recommended dose of INCIVEK tablets is 1125 mg (three 375-mg tablets) taken orally twice daily (10-14 hours apart) with food (not low fat) .
For specific dosage instructions for peginterferon alfa and ribavirin, refer to their respective prescribing information.
Duration of Treatment
The recommended duration of treatment with INCIVEK is 12 weeks in combination with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin. HCV RNA levels should be monitored at weeks 4 and 12 to determine combination treatment duration and assess for treatment futility (Tables 1 and 2).
For the purpose of assessing response-guided therapy eligibility at weeks 4 and 12 (see Table 1), an "undetectable" HCV RNA (Target Not Detected) result is required; a confirmed "detectable but below limit of quantification" HCV RNA result should not be considered equivalent to an "undetectable" HCV RNA (Target Not Detected) result.
Treatment-naive patients with cirrhosis who have undetectable HCV RNA (Target Not Detected) at weeks 4 and 12 of INCIVEK combination treatment may benefit from an additional 36 weeks of peginterferon alfa and ribavirin (48 weeks total) .

## Dose Reduction
To prevent treatment failure, the dose of INCIVEK must not be reduced or interrupted. Refer to the respective prescribing information for dose modification of peginterferon alfa and ribavirin .

## Discontinuation of Dosing
Patients with inadequate viral response are unlikely to achieve SVR, and may develop treatment-emergent resistance substitutions . Discontinuation of therapy is recommended in all patients with (1) HCV RNA levels of greater than 1000 IU/mL at Treatment Week 4 or 12; or (2) confirmed detectable HCV RNA levels at Treatment Week 24 (see Table 2).
If peginterferon alfa or ribavirin is discontinued for any reason, INCIVEK must also be discontinued.
Ticarcillin clavulanate how supplied

# How Supplied
- Each 3.1gram vial of TIMENTIN for Injection contains sterile ticarcillin disodium equivalent to 3 grams ticarcillin and sterile clavulanate potassium equivalent to 0.1 gram clavulanic acid.
NDC 0029-6571-26        3.1gram Vial.
- Each 31gram Pharmacy Bulk Package of TIMENTIN for Injection contains sterile ticarcillin disodium equivalent to 30 grams ticarcillin and sterile clavulanate potassium equivalent to 1 gram clavulanic acid.
NDC 0029-6579-21      31gram Pharmacy Bulk Package.
- Each 100mL single-dose GALAXY Container (PL 2040 Plastic) of TIMENTIN Injection contains ticarcillin disodium equivalent to 3.0 grams ticarcillin and clavulanate potassium equivalent to 0.1 gram clavulanic acid.
NDC 0029-6575-31      100 mL GALAXY Container (PL 2040 Plastic).
3.1-gram Vials and 31-gram Pharmacy Bulk Packages of TIMENTIN for Injection should be stored at or below 25C (77F).
GALAXY Containers (PL 2040 Plastic) of TIMENTIN Injection should be stored at or below -20C (-4F). Avoid unnecessary handling of containers.
Thawing of Plastic Containers: Thaw frozen container at room temperature 22C (72F) or in a refrigerator 4C (39F).  Check for minute leaks by squeezing container firmly. If leaks are detected discard solution as sterility may be impaired. Do not add supplementary medication.
The container should be visually inspected. Thawed solutions should not be used unless clear; solutions will be light to dark yellow in color. Components of the solution may precipitate in the frozen state and will dissolve upon reaching room temperature with little or no agitation. If, after visual inspection, the solution remains cloudy or if an insoluble precipitate is noted or if any seals or outlet ports are not intact, the container should be discarded.
The thawed solution is stable for 24 hours at room temperature 22C (72F) or for 7 days under refrigeration 4C (39F).
Do not refreeze.
Tinidazole dosage and administration

# Dosage And Administration

### Dosing Instructions
It is advisable to take tinidazole with food to minimize the incidence of epigastric discomfort and other gastrointestinal side-effects. Food does not affect the oral bioavailability of tinidazole .
Alcoholic beverages should be avoided when taking tinidazole and for 3 days afterwards .
Compounding of the Oral Suspension
For those unable to swallow tablets, tinidazole tablets may be crushed in artificial cherry syrup to be taken with food.
Procedure for Extemporaneous Pharmacy Compounding of the Oral Suspension: Pulverize four 500 mg oral tablets with a mortar and pestle. Add approximately 10 mL of cherry syrup to the powder and mix until smooth. Transfer the suspension to a graduated amber container. Use several small rinses of cherry syrup to transfer any remaining drug in the mortar to the final suspension for a final volume of 30 mL. The suspension of crushed tablets in artificial cherry syrup is stable for 7 days at room temperature. When this suspension is used, it should be shaken well before each administration.
- Trichomoniasis
The recommended dose in both females and males is a single 2 g oral dose taken with food. Since trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease, sexual partners should be treated with the same dose and at the same time.
- Giardiasis
The recommended dose in adults is a single 2 g dose taken with food. In pediatric patients older than three years of age, the recommended dose is a single dose of 50 mg/kg (up to 2 g) with food.
- Amebiasis
Intestinal: The recommended dose in adults is a 2 g dose per day for 3 days taken with food. In pediatric patients older than three years of age, the recommended dose is 50 mg/kg/day (up to 2 g per day) for 3 days with food.
Amebic Liver Abscess: The recommended dose in adults is a 2 g dose per day for 3-5 days taken with food. In pediatric patients older than three years of age, the recommended dose is 50 mg/kg/day (up to 2 g per day) for 3-5 days with food. There are limited pediatric data on durations of therapy exceeding 3 days, although a small number of children were treated for 5 days without additional reported adverse reactions. Children should be closely monitored when treatment durations exceed 3 days.*Bacterial Vaginosis
The recommended dose in non-pregnant females is a 2 g oral dose once daily for 2 days taken with food or a 1 g oral dose once daily for 5 days taken with food. The use of tinidazole in pregnant patients has not been studied for bacterial vaginosis.
Tipranavir dosage and administration

# Dosage And Administration
APTIVUS must be co-administered with ritonavir to exert its therapeutic effect. Failure to correctly co-administer APTIVUS with ritonavir will result in plasma levels of tipranavir that will be insufficient to achieve the desired antiviral effect and will alter some drug interactions.
APTIVUS co-administered with ritonavir capsules or solution can be taken with or without meals
APTIVUS co-administered with ritonavir tablets must only be taken with meals
APTIVUS may be administered as either capsules or oral solution to either pediatric or adult patients.
Due to the need for co-administration of APTIVUS with ritonavir, please refer to the ritonavir prescribing information.
Adults
The recommended adult dose of APTIVUS is 500 mg (two 250 mg capsules or 5 mL oral solution) co-administered with 200 mg of ritonavir, twice daily.
Pediatric Patients (age 2 to 18 years)
Healthcare professionals should pay special attention to accurate calculation of the dose of APTIVUS, transcription of the medication order, dispensing information and dosing instruction to minimize risk for medication errors, overdose, and underdose.
Prescribers should calculate the appropriate dose of APTIVUS for each individual child based on body weight (kg) or body surface area (BSA, m2) and should not exceed the recommended adult dose.
Before prescribing APTIVUS 250 mg capsules, children should be assessed for the ability to swallow capsules. If a child is unable to reliably swallow an APTIVUS capsule, the APTIVUS oral solution formulation should be prescribed.
The recommended pediatric dose of APTIVUS is 14 mg/kg with 6 mg/kg ritonavir (or 375 mg/m2 co-administered with ritonavir 150 mg/m2) taken twice daily not to exceed a maximum dose of APTIVUS 500 mg co-administered with ritonavir 200 mg twice daily. For children who develop intolerance or toxicity and cannot continue with APTIVUS 14 mg/kg with 6 mg/kg ritonavir, physicians may consider decreasing the dose to APTIVUS 12 mg/kg with 5 mg/kg ritonavir (or APTIVUS 290 mg/m2 co-administered with 115 mg/m2 ritonavir) taken twice daily provided their virus is not resistant to multiple protease inhibitors .
Tobramycin dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration
The recommended dosage for both adults and pediatric patients 6 years of age and older is 1 single-use ampule (300 mg) administered BID for 28 days. Dosage is not adjusted by weight. All patients should be administered 300 mg BID. The doses should be taken as close to 12 hours apart as possible; they should not be taken less than 6 hours apart.
TOBI is inhaled while the patient is sitting or standing upright and breathing normally through the mouthpiece of the nebulizer. Nose clips may help the patient breathe through the mouth.
TOBI is administered BID in alternating periods of 28 days. After 28 days of therapy, patients should stop TOBI therapy for the next 28 days, and then resume therapy for the next 28 day on/28 day off cycle.
TOBI is supplied as a single-use ampule and is administered by inhalation, using a hand-held PARI LC PLUSTM Reusable Nebulizer with a DeVilbiss Pulmo-Aide compressor. TOBI is not for subcutaneous, intravenous or intrathecal administration.

### Usage
TOBI is administered by inhalation over an approximately 15-minute period, using a hand-held PARI LC PLUSTM Reusable Nebulizer with a DeVilbiss Pulmo-Aide compressor. TOBI should not be diluted or mixed with dornase alfa (PULMOZYME, Genentech) or other medications in the nebulizer.
During clinical studies, patients on multiple therapies were instructed to take them first, followed by TOBI.
Transcription elongation regulator 1
Transcription elongation regulator 1, also known as TCERG1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TCERG1 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a nuclear protein that regulates transcriptional elongation and pre-mRNA splicing. The encoded protein interacts with the hyperphosphorylated C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II via multiple FF domains, and with the pre-mRNA splicing factor SF1 via a WW domain. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcripts variants encoding different isoforms.

# Interactions
Transcription elongation regulator 1 has been shown to interact with SF1 and POLR2A.
Transient receptor potential channel
Transient receptor potential or TRP channels are a family of loosely related ion channels that are non-selectively permeable to cations, including calcium and magnesium. TRP channels are so named because they were discovered in mutant Drosophila that, instead of having sustained photoreceptor activity in response to light, had only a transient response to light. Most TRP channels are comprised of 6 membrane-spanning helices with intracellular N- and C-termini. TRP channels are activated and regulated by a wide variety of stimuli and are expressed widely throughout the body.

# Genes
They are encoded by at least 33 channel subunit genes divided into seven sub-families:
- TRPC (canonical) - associated with Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- TRPV (vanilloid)
- TRPA (ankyrin)
- TRPM (melastatin) -- associated with Hypomagnesemia with secondary hypocalcemia
- TRPP (polycystin) -- associated with Polycystic kidney disease
- TRPML (mucolipin) -- associated with Mucolipidosis type IV
- TRPN (NOMPC) - no mechanoreceptor potential C - not found in mammals