Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Tricresyl phosphate

# Overview
Tricresyl phosphate, abbreviated TCP, is an organophosphate compound.  It is a derived from cresol and phosphoric acid. This viscous liquid is colourless when pure, but commercial samples are typically yellow. It is nonflammable and virtually insoluble in water.  Commercial tricresyl phosphate is a mixture of ortho, meta, and para-cresyl phosphates , the m- isomer is Template:CASREF, the p- isomer is Template:CASREF, and the o- isomer is Template:CASREF.

# Production
Tricresyl phosphate is manufactured by reaction of cresols with phosphorus oxychloride:
In alkaline medium it undergoes hydrolysis to cresol and dicresyl phosphate.

# Uses
Tricresyl phosphate is used as a plasticizer in nitrocellulose, acrylate lacquers, varnishes, and in polyvinyl chloride.  It is a flame retardant in plastics and rubbers.  It is used as a gasoline additive as a lead scavenger for tetra-ethyl lead.  It is a hydraulic fluid and a heat exchange medium.  Exploiting its hydrophobic properties, it is used in waterproofing of materials.  It is a solvent for extractions, a solvent for nitrocellulose and other polymers.  It is also used as an AW additive and EP additive in lubricants, and in hydraulic fluids. As a gasoline additive, it also helps preventing engine misfires.

# Safety
TCP is a known neurotoxin and is of toxicological importance and has been responsible for many deaths. The most serious incident arose in the 1920s when TCP was used as an adulterant for Jamaican ginger.

## Aircraft
TCP is found in the engine oil of commercial jet airliners. It has been suggested that it can contaminate the cabin air through the engine bleed air system, and could therefore cause negative health effects in crew and passengers. Tests have found raised levels of TCP in some airline cabins, although the link between cabin TCP contamination and ill health, or conditions such as Jet lag, has yet to be proved, although has been suggested.
Triangular Alopecia

# Overview
Triangular alopecia (also known as "Temporal alopecia" and "Temporal triangular alopecia") (TTA) is hair loss that may be congenital but usually appears in childhood as a focal patch of loss that may be complete or leaving fine vellus hairs behind.:643 Affected individuals are typically entirely healthy.  Hair restoration surgery using follicular unit transplantation has been a successful treatment modality for TTA

# Association with Other Conditions
TTA has been associated with several disorders, such as Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis. And a rare syndrome Setleis syndrome. It is inherited by the autosomal dominant trait and is characterized by cutis aplasia or atrophic skin at the temples, which is said to resemble forceps marks. There may also be a coarse facial appearance, anomalies of the eyelashes and eyebrows, and periorbital puffiness.

# Frequency and occurrence
The suggested frequency for this condition in the general population is around 0.11%. The hair loss is non-progressive and does not expand beyond these areas. It is a non-inflammatory, non-scarring form of hair loss easily confused with alopecia areata. In one report, the condition was incorrectly believed by the parents to be induced by doctors inserting intravenous cannulas into scalp vessels during the neonatal period. The condition is permanent and the affected skin does not change later in life.
Of the 53 reported cases of TTA, more than half (55.8%) were detected in childhood between the ages of 2 and 9 years, while 36.5% were detected at birth and only 3.8% (only two cases) in adulthood.

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination

### Skin
- Alopecia triangular congenita01. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Alopecia triangular congenita01. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
Triquetral fracture

# Overview
Triquetral fractures generally occur on the dorsal surface.

# Causes
The dorsal surface of the triquetrum may be fractured by means of impingement from the ulnar styloid, shear forces, or avulsion from strong ligamentous attachments.

# Diagnosis
- Dorsal avulsion injuries are best detected on a lateral projection.
- CT or MR images may be more sensitive than conventional radiographs for detection of avulsion injuries.
- Triquetral fracture Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Triquetral fracture  Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Triquetral fracture  Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Triquetral fracture  Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted

# Treatment
Surgical intervention is rarely required, but a persistently symptomatic chip fracture may require excision.
Trisodium phosphate
Trisodium phosphate (TSP), available at most hardware stores in white powder form, is a cleaning agent, stain remover and degreaser, commonly used to prepare surfaces for painting.  It can also be called trisodium orthophosphate and has the chemical formula Na3PO4; however, it is generally found in hydrated forms.  It is a highly water-soluble ionic salt.  Solutions of it dissolved in water have an alkaline pH.
It can also be found as a food additive; it is used as an acidity regulator (buffering agent), emulsifier, thickening agent, nutrition enlargement agent and sequestrant (metal-chelating agent). In these uses, all sodium phosphates may be collectively referred to as sodium phosphate, or by E number E339. The same is true when sold as an enema, working as a laxative to treat constipation. Sodium phosphate enemas are sold over-the-counter in the United States. However, it should not be confused with the related compounds sodium dihydrogen phosphate, also known as monosodium phosphate or MSP, and disodium phosphate.

# TSP for cleaning
Similar chemicals were once common in laundry and dishwashing detergents, but the phosphate, being a fertilizer, would cause algal blooms in the bodies of water that the drains led to.  In the early 1970s the use of phosphate-containing products was limited.  Now products sold as TSP Substitute, containing 8090% sodium carbonate, are promoted as a direct substitute.
Cleaning products labeled as TSP may contain other ingredients as well, and may in fact be less than half TSP.  So even "regular" TSP found at the hardware store may be half TSP and half "TSP substitute".  Some large home improvement centers that sell paint no longer offer TSP.
Although it is the active ingredient in at least one toilet bowl cleaning tablet, TSP is generally not good for cleaning bathrooms, because it can corrode metal.
TSP is commonly used after cleaning with mineral spirits in order to then clean up all the mineral spirits.  TSP may be used with household chlorine bleach in the same solution, and this is particularly good for removing mildew from wood.  The TSP alone can cause dark stains on redwood, and bleach prevents it.
Also used in various forms as a boiler treatment chemical for calcium precipitation, as well as regulating the caustic effects of disodium phosphate in coordinated phosphate chemistry.
Also used to clean swimming pool polyester filter elements.
Tweaking (behavior)
Tweaking is a slang term to describe someone visibly under the influence of methamphetamine, sometimes pejoratively. Used as an adjective, someone who is tweaking is referred to as being "twacked". Chronic methamphetamine users are commonly known as tweakers and amongst users the drug itself is sometimes known as tweak. In some occurrences it can go so far as to be full blown Amphetamine psychosis.

# Definition
Tweaking is most often used by the general public to describe someone exhibiting pronounced symptoms of methamphetamine use, including punding (the repetitive performance of useless tasks), hyperactivity, an inhibited ability to relate socially, lack of appetite, inattention to bodily hygiene, exaggerated fidgetting, or formication (the false sense of things crawling on or under the skin).
Amongst amphetamine users it sometimes refers only to the negative effects of the drug's use; other times it may be used to describe being under the influence of the drug whether or not this is obvious to others. Users frequently report that the negative effects of methamphetamine use can be abated by remembering to eat, drink and bathe while under the influence, suggesting that the psychosis may sometimes be caused by sleep and food deprivation rather than by the drug directly.
The term may also refer to the effects of other (non-methamphetamine) stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamine, methylphenidate or even caffeine.

# Sources
- This article contains text taken from the public domain NDIC Narcotics Digest Weekly  2005;4(2):1
Type II tyrosinemia

# Overview
Type II tyrosinemia is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.5), encoded by the gene TAT.

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology
Tyrosine aminotransferase is the first in a series of five enzymes that converts tyrosine to smaller molecules, which are excreted by the kidneys or used in reactions that produce energy. This form of the disorder can affect the eyes, skin, and mental development.

# Causes

# Differentiating Type II tyrosinemia from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Type II tyrosinemia occurs in fewer than 1 in 250,000 individuals.

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

## Natural History

## Complications

## Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms
Symptoms often begin in early childhood and include excessive tearing, abnormal sensitivity to light (photophobia), eye pain and eye redness, and painful skin lesions on the palms and soles. About half of individuals with type II tyrosinemia are also mentally retarded.

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy

## Surgery

## Prevention
UCSF Medical Center
The UCSF Medical Center is a major research and teaching hospital in San Francisco, California.
With campuses located at Parnassus Heights and Mount Zion, UCSF Medical Center is affiliated with the University of California, San Francisco. It has been ranked as the 7th-best overall medical center in the United States by U.S.News & World Report. The following specialties were ranked in the top 10: endocrinology (4); neurology and neurosurgery (5);  gynecology (6);  urology (8);  rheumatology (9); ophthalmology (9). A new 43-acre campus in the Mission Bay neighborhood is expected to eventually host new hospital facilities.

# Parnassus
The 600-bed Parnassus center serves as the main campus and houses the Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, The 180-bed UCSF Children's Hospital, extensive research labs, and the main Dental and Nursing buildings.

# Mount Zion
The Mount Zion hospital has the UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Women's Health Center, and School of Pharmancy buildings.
The UCSF Medical Center is considered one of the top hospitals in the nation, and ranks in the top ten in the US News 2005 survey. The Medical Center conducts research in almost every field of medicine and supports top-notch programs in many specialties including AIDS, cancer, and pediatric research.

# External link
- Official website
Universal indicator
Universal indicator is a pH indicator that transitions through numbers 3-12 (on the pH chart) to indicate the acidity or alkalinity of solutions. Although there are a number of commercially available universal pH indicators, most are a variation of a formula patented by Yamada in 1923. Details of this patent can be found in Chemical Abstracts.
Experiments with Yamada's Universal Indicator are also described in the Journal of Chemical Education.

# Details
A universal indicator is typically composed of water, methanol, propan-1-ol, phenolphthalein sodium salt, methyl red  bromothymol blue monosodium salt, and thymol blue monosodium salt 
The colours that indicate the pH of a solution, after adding universal indicator are:
0-3. Strong acid - Red
3-6. Acid - Orange/Yellow
7. Neutral - Green
8-11. Alkali - Blue
11-14. Strong Alkali - Purple
There are now also available wide range pH test papers with distinct colours for each pH from 1 to 14. Colour matching charts are supplied with the specific test strips purchased.
Using editing tools
- Editing tools are the WikiDoc tools provided to compose a page or make edits.
- WikiDoc uses two editing tools:
- Visual edit
- Edit source
- Both tools provide almost the same options to compose/edit a page.
- To watch an instructional video, click here.
- To go back to the WikiDoc scholar program homepage, click here.
Using user template
- After a scholar creates a User Template for him/herself:
- It can be used to mark their contribution to a page.
- To use the newly created User Template:
- Go to the topic page that you intend to work on
- Click on the "Edit source" tab of that page (found at the top right side of the page)
- Type your User Template name/initials enclosed in double curvy brackets following the User Template for Dr. Gibson ("{{CMG}}")
- Save the page
- You will see your full name, educational degree, and a link to your email address at the top of the desired page.
- To watch an instructional video, click here.
- To go back to WikiDoc scholar program main page, click here.
V-erbA-related gene
V-erbA-related protein 2 (EAR-2) also known as NR2F6 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group F member 6) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR2F6 gene. V-erbA-related protein 2 is a member of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors.

# Function
Comparatively little is known about ear-2, but it has been shown to function as a coregulator of other nuclear receptors.
Nr2f6 knockout mice show defects in development of the locus ceruleus.
It was found that antigen receptor stimulation-induced NF-AT/AP-1 activity is regulated through the nuclear receptor NR2F6 (NR2F6 acts as a direct repressor of NF-AT/AP-1 transactivation) and that by preventing NR2F6 function, transcriptional activation of NF-AT/AP-1 is enhanced in immune cells which leads to an augmented immune response.
NR2F6 impairs the formation of mature red blood cells in animals that over-express NR2F6 in their bone marrow. Mice that over expression of NR2F6 in their bone marrow cells have a block at the pro-erythroblast stage of blood cell development both in the bone marrow and in the spleen of animals that have excessive expression of NR2F6. So, when inhibition of differentiation of stem cell is desired, inhibition of differentiation is achieved through induction of increased NR2F6 activity. In situations where differentiation of stem cells into a cell of increased maturity is desired, inhibition of NR2F6 activity must be performed.

# Clinical significance
It was found that expression of NR2F6 was consistently upregulated in neoplastic tissues in leukemic, ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer as compared to non-malignant tissues, while the silencing of NR2F6 induces a reduction of cancer cell proliferation, inhibiting clonogenicity and self-renewal of proliferating cancer cells, and induces differentiation.

# Interactions
V-erbA-related gene has been shown to interact with:
- COUP-TFII
- Thyroid hormone receptor beta
Vaginal lubrication

# Overview
Vaginal lubrication is the naturally produced lubricating fluid that reduces friction during sexual intercourse.  It is often produced on occasions of women's sexual arousal.  Vaginal dryness is the condition in which this lubrication is insufficient.

# Composition
The lubrication fluid contains water, pyridine, squalene, urea, acetic acid, lactic acid, complex alcohols and glycols, ketones, and aldehydes.   The fluid is typically clear and more resembling of male pre-ejaculate than male ejaculate. It can vary in consistency, texture, color, and odor, depending on sexual arousal, the time of the menstrual cycle, the presence of an infection, and diet.
Vaginal fluid is slightly acidic and can become more acidic with certain sexually transmitted diseases. The normal pH of vaginal fluid is between 3.8 and 4.5, whereas male semen is typically between 7.2 and 8.0 (a neutral substance has a pH of 7.0).

# Changes in vaginal lubrication
Certain medications, including some over-the-counter antihistamines, as well as life events such as pregnancy, lactation, menopause, aging or diseases such as diabetes, will inhibit lubrication.  Medicines with anticholinergic or sympathomimetic effects will dry out the "mucosal" or wet tissues of the vagina.  Such medicines include many common drugs for allergic, cardiovascular, psychiatric, and other medical conditions.

# Role in disease transmission
Safe sex educators warn that the vaginal fluids of a woman who is infected with HIV or other STIs can transmit the disease, even in the absence of direct penile-vaginal sexual intercourse, so direct contact is discouraged.

# Artificial lubrication
When natural lubrication is insufficient, penetrative intercourse may be uncomfortable or painful.  A personal lubricant applied to the vaginal opening and/or the penis can prevent this discomfort.  More rarely, a vaginal suppository may be inserted prior to intercourse.
Oil-based lubricants can weaken latex and reduce the effectiveness of condoms, latex gloves, or dental dams as either forms of birth control or for protection from sexually transmitted diseases, so water- or silicone-based lubricants are often used instead.
Vancomycin warnings
Rapid bolus administration (e.g., over several minutes) may be associated with exaggerated hypotension, including shock, and, rarely, cardiac arrest. Vancomycin should be administered over a period of not less than 60 minutes to avoid rapid-infusion-related reactions. Stopping the infusion usually results in prompt cessation of these reactions.
Ototoxicity has occurred in patients receiving vancomycin. It may be transient or permanent. It has been reported mostly in patients who have been given excessive doses, who have an underlying hearing loss, or who are receiving concomitant therapy with another ototoxic agent, such as an aminoglycoside. Vancomycin should be used with caution in patients with renal insufficiency because the risk of toxicity is appreciably increased by high, prolonged blood concentrations.
Dosage of vancomycin must be adjusted for patients with renal dysfunction (see PRECAUTIONS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including Vancomycin Injection, USP, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.
C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
Venous claudication

# Overview
Venous claudication occurs in patients with chronic venous insufficiency and those who develop post-thrombotic syndrome after deep venous thrombosis.  Baseline venous hypertension in the obstructed veins worsens with exercise.

# Symptoms
- Venous claudication produces a tight bursting pressure in the limb following exercise, usually worse in the thigh and uncommonly in the calf.
- Venous claudication tends to improve with cessation of exercise but total resolution takes much longer time than the resolution of intermittent claudication (IC).
- Leg elevation helps in relieving the symptoms.

# Physical Examination
- It is usually associated with venous edema in the leg.
Ventral body cavity

# Overview
The ventral body cavity is a human body cavity that is in the anterior (front) aspect of the human body. It is made up of the thoracic cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity.  The abdominopelvic cavity is further separated into the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity, but there is no physical barrier between the two. The abdominal cavity contains digestive organs, the pelvic cavity contains the urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and rectum.
There are two methods for dividing the abdominopelvic cavity. The clinical method, used by physicians and nurses, utilizes four sections called quadrants. They are the Right Upper Quadrant, the Left Upper Quadrant, the Right Lower Quadrant, and the Left Lower quadrant. The directional terms refer to the model's right and left, not the viewer's. Clinicians use the quadrant method because in reality, organs are mobile and move around when the patient is in different positions.
The second method for dividing the abdominopelvic cavity is preferred by anatomists. This method divides the cavity into nine regions. The regions are the left and right hypochondriac regions, so named because they lie under the ribs; the epigastric region which is approximately where the stomach is located between the hypochondriac regions; the right and left lumbar regions which flank the umbilical region (which surrounds the umbilicus, or belly button), the right and left iliac/inguinal regions which are where the hips are, and the hypogastric/pubic region, which lies between the hips.
The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm.  The thoracic cavity is further separated into the pleural cavity which contains the lungs and the superior mediastinum which includes the pericardial (heart) cavity.
The organs within the ventral body cavity are called the viscera.
Verbena officinalis
Verbena officinalis (Common Vervain, Common Verbena, Simpler's Joy or Holy Herb) is a perennial herb native to Europe. It grows up to a metre (a yard) high, with an upright habit and it prefers limey soils. The lobed leaves are toothed, the delicate spikes hold mauve flowers.
This ancient plant has been used in herbal medicine to treat nervous problems and insomnia. It was also considered a herb of inspiration and has long been regarded as a powerful ally of poets and writers. More recently, the Pawnee Indians used vervain to improve their dreaming, and is often referred to as the North American version of Calea zacatechichi.

# Cultivation and uses
Propagation is by seed or root. It is widely naturalised outside its native range. This plant is used as a medicinal plant.
In northern Europe it was regarded as a sacred herb, used in sacred ointments to cleanse and defend against demonic illness. It was also used in love potions
According to the William Faulkner short story "An Odor of Verbena", Verbena is the only scent that can be smelled above the scent of horses and courage.
da:Lgejernurt
de:Echtes Eisenkraut
ko:
nl:IJzerhard
sk:Zeleznik lekarsky