Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are a class of pharmaceuticals that suppress  the activity of carbonic anhydrase.

# Types
Acetazolamide is an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase. It is used for glaucoma, epilepsy (rarely), benign intracranial hypertension, and altitude sickness. It can act as a mild diuretic by reducing NaCl and bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule. However, the distal segment partially compensates for the sodium loss, and the bicarbonaturia will produce a metabolic acidosis, further reducing the effect.
Methazolamide is also a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor.  It is longer-acting than acetazolamide and has less effect on the kidney.
Dorzolamide is a sulfonamide and topical carbonic anhydrase II inhibitor. It is indicated for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension and who are insufficiently responsive to beta-blockers. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase II in the ciliary processes of the eye decreases aqueous humor secretion, presumably by slowing the formation of bicarbonate ions with subsequent reduction in sodium and fluid transport.
Topiramate is a weak inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, particularly subtypes II and IV. It is a sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide, related to fructose. In the US, it is FDA-approved as an anticonvulsant to treat epilepsy and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and also to treat migrane headaches. In rare cases, the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase may be strong enough to cause metabolic acidosis of clinical importance.
Caspofungin drug interactions

# Drug Interactions
Studies in vitro show that caspofungin acetate is not an inhibitor of any enzyme in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system. In clinical studies, caspofungin did not induce the CYP3A4 metabolism of other drugs. Caspofungin is not a substrate for P-glycoprotein and is a poor substrate for cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Clinical studies in adult healthy volunteers show that the pharmacokinetics of CANCIDAS are not altered by itraconazole, amphotericin B, mycophenolate, nelfinavir, or tacrolimus. CANCIDAS has no effect on the pharmacokinetics of itraconazole, amphotericin B, or the active metabolite of mycophenolate.
Cyclosporine: In two adult clinical studies, cyclosporine (one 4 mg/kg dose or two 3 mg/kg doses) increased the AUC of caspofungin by approximately 35%. CANCIDAS did not increase the plasma levels of cyclosporine. There were transient increases in liver ALT and AST when CANCIDAS and cyclosporine were co-administered .
Tacrolimus: CANCIDAS reduced the blood AUC0-12 of tacrolimus (FK-506, Prograf) by approximately 20%, peak blood concentration (Cmax) by 16%, and 12-hour blood concentration (C12hr) by 26% in healthy adult subjects when tacrolimus (2 doses of 0.1 mg/kg 12 hours apart) was administered on the 10th day of CANCIDAS 70 mg daily, as compared to results from a control period in which tacrolimus was administered alone. For patients receiving both therapies, standard monitoring of tacrolimus blood concentrations and appropriate tacrolimus dosage adjustments are recommended.
Rifampin: A drug-drug interaction study with rifampin in adult healthy volunteers has shown a 30% decrease in caspofungin trough concentrations. Adult patients on rifampin should receive 70 mg of CANCIDAS daily.
Other inducers of drug clearance

## Adults
In addition, results from regression analyses of adult patient pharmacokinetic data suggest that co-administration of other inducers of drug clearance (efavirenz, nevirapine, phenytoin, dexamethasone, or carbamazepine) with CANCIDAS may result in clinically meaningful reductions in caspofungin concentrations. It is not known which drug clearance mechanism involved in caspofungin disposition may be inducible. When CANCIDAS is co-administered to adult patients with inducers of drug clearance, such as efavirenz, nevirapine, phenytoin, dexamethasone, or carbamazepine, use of a daily dose of 70 mg of CANCIDAS should be considered.

## Pediatric patients
In pediatric patients, results from regression analyses of pharmacokinetic data suggest that co-administration of dexamethasone with CANCIDAS may result in clinically meaningful reductions in caspofungin trough concentrations. This finding may indicate that pediatric patients will have similar reductions with inducers as seen in adults. When CANCIDAS is co-administered to pediatric patients with inducers of drug clearance, such as rifampin, efavirenz, nevirapine, phenytoin, dexamethasone, or carbamazepine, a CANCIDAS dose of 70 mg/m2 daily (not to exceed an actual daily dose of 70 mg) should be considered.
Cefamandole adverse reactions

# Adverse Reactions

### Gastrointestinal
Symptoms of pseudomembranous colitis may appear either during or after antibiotic treatment. Nausea and vomiting have been reported rarely. As with some penicillins and some other cephalosporins, transient hepatitis and cholestatic jaundice have been reported rarely.

### Hypersensitivity
Anaphylaxis, maculopapular rash, urticaria, eosinophilia, and drug fever have been reported. These reactions are more likely to occur in patients with a history of allergy, particularly to penicillin.

### Blood
Thrombocytopenia has been reported rarely. Neutropenia has been reported, especially in long courses of treatment. Some individuals have developed positive direct Coombs' tests during treatment with the cephalosporin antibiotics.

### Liver
Transient rise in SGOT, SGPT, and alkaline phosphatase levels has been noted.

### Kidney
Decreased creatinine clearance has been reported in patients with prior renal impairment. As with some other cephalosporins, transitory elevations of BUN have occasionally been observed with Mandol (cefamandole) ; their frequency increases in patients over 50 years of age. In some of these cases, there was also a mild increase in serum creatinine.

### Local Reactions
Pain on intramuscular injection is infrequent. Thrombophlebitis occurs rarely.
Cefazolin sodium how supplied

# How Supplied
Cefazolin for Injection, USP, is available in the following SmartPak Pharmacy Bulk Packages bags:
100 grams- One Pharmacy Bulk Package bag Product No. 1100 NDC 66288-1100-1
300 grams One Pharmacy Bulk Package bag Product No. 1300 NDC 66288-1300-1
- Each 100 gram Pharmacy Bulk Package bag contains sterile cefazolin sodium equivalent to100 grams of cefazolin.
- Each 300 gram Pharmacy Bulk Package bag contains sterile cefazolin sodium equivalent to 300 grams of cefazolin.
SmartPak system components are not made with natural rubber latex.
As with other cephalosporins, cefazolin tends to darken depending on storage conditions within the stated recommendations; however, product potency is not adversely affected.
Storage Conditions
Prior to reconstitution, store dry powder at 20 to 25 C (68 to77 F). . Protect From Light.
Cefotetan labels and packages
Galaxy is a registered trademark of Baxter Healthcare Corporation.
ADD-Vantage is a registered trademark of Abbott Laboratories Inc.
Clinitest is a registered trademark of Ames Division, Miles Laboratories, Inc.
All other trademarks are the property of the AstraZeneca group of companies.
 AstraZeneca 2002, 2004
CEFOTAN (cefotetan injection) in Galaxy plastic container (PL 2040) is manufactured by Baxter Healthcare Corporation, Deerfield, Illinois 60015 USA for AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP.
CEFOTAN (cefotetan disodium for injection) is manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline for:
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, DE 19850
Rev 01/04 SIC 64165-03
Ceftaroline adverse reactions
The following serious events are described in greater detail in the Warnings and Precautions section
Hypersensitivity reactions
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
Direct Coombs' test seroconversion

# Adverse Reactions from Clinical Trials
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in clinical trials of a drug cannot be compared directly to rates from clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect rates observed in practice.
Teflaro was evaluated in four controlled comparative Phase 3 clinical trials (two in ABSSSI and two in CABP) which included 1300 adult patients treated with Teflaro (600 mg administered by IV over 1 hour every 12h) and 1297 patients treated with comparator (vancomycin plus aztreonam or ceftriaxone) for a treatment period up to 21 days. The median age of patients treated with Teflaro was 54 years, ranging between 18 and 99 years old. Patients treated with Teflaro were predominantly male (63%) and Caucasian (82%).

# Serious Adverse Events and Adverse Events Leading to Discontinuation
In the four pooled Phase 3 clinical trials, serious adverse events occurred in 98/1300 (7.5%) of patients receiving Teflaro and 100/1297 (7.7%) of patients receiving comparator drugs. The most common SAEs in both the Teflaro and comparator treatment groups were in the respiratory and infection system organ classes (SOC). Treatment discontinuation due to adverse events occurred in 35/1300 (2.7%) of patients receiving Teflaro and 48/1297 (3.7%) of patients receiving comparator drugs with the most common adverse events leading to discontinuation being hypersensitivity for both treatment groups at a rate of 0.3% in the Teflaro group and 0.5% in comparator group.
No adverse reactions occurred in greater than 5% of patients receiving Teflaro. The most common adverse reactions occurring in > 2% of patients receiving Teflaro in the pooled phase 3 clinical trials were diarrhea, nausea, and rash.
Table 4lists adverse reactions occurring in  2% of patients receiving Teflaro in the pooled Phase 3 clinical trials.

# Other Adverse Reactions Observed During Clinical Trials of Teflaro
Following is a list of additional adverse reactions reported by the 1740 patients who received Teflaro in any clinical trial with incidences less than 2%. Events are categorized by System Organ Class.
Blood and lymphatic system disorders- Anemia, Eosinophilia, Neutropenia, Thrombocytopenia
Cardiac disorders- Bradycardia, Palpitations
Gastrointestinal disorders- Abdominal pain
General disorders and administration site conditions- Pyrexia
Hepatobiliary disorders -Hepatitis
Immune system disorders- Hypersensitivity, Anaphylaxis
Infections and infestations-Clostridium difficilecolitis
Metabolism and nutrition disorders- Hyperglycemia, Hyperkalemia
Nervous system disorders- Dizziness, Convulsion
Renal and urinary disorders- Renal failure
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders- Urticaria
Ceftazidime adverse reactions
Ceftazidime is generally well tolerated. The incidence of adverse reactions associated with the administration of ceftazidime was low in clinical trials. The most common were local reactions following IV injection and allergic and gastrointestinal reactions. Other adverse reactions were encountered infrequently. No disulfiram-like reactions were reported.
The following adverse effects from clinical trials were considered to be either related to ceftazidime therapy or were of uncertain etiology:
Local Effects, reported in fewer than 2% of patients, were phlebitis and inflammation at the site of injection (1 in 69 patients).
Hypersensitivity Reactions, reported in 2% of patients, were pruritus, rash, and fever. Immediate reactions, generally manifested by rash and/or pruritus, occurred in 1 in 285 patients. Toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme have also been reported with cephalosporin antibiotics, including ceftazidime. Angioedema and anaphylaxis (bronchospasm and/or hypotension) have been reported very rarely.
Gastrointestinal Symptoms, reported in fewer than 2% of patients, were diarrhea (1 in 78), nausea (1 in 156), vomiting (1 in 500), and abdominal pain (1 in 416). The onset of pseudomembranous colitis symptoms may occur during or after treatment (see WARNINGS).
Central Nervous System Reactions (fewer than 1%) included headache, dizziness, and paresthesia. Seizures have been reported with several cephalosporins, including ceftazidime. In addition, encephalopathy, coma, asterixis, neuromuscular excitability, and myoclonia have been reported in renally impaired patients treated with unadjusted dosing regimens of ceftazidime (see PRECAUTIONS: General).
Less Frequent Adverse Events (fewer than 1%) were candidiasis (including oral thrush) and vaginitis.
Hematologic: Rare cases of hemolytic anemia have been reported.
Laboratory Test Changes noted during clinical trials with FORTAZ were transient and included: eosinophilia (1 in 13), positive Coombs test without hemolysis (1 in 23), thrombocytosis (1 in 45), and slight elevations in one or more of the hepatic enzymes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) (1 in 16), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT) (1 in 15), LDH (1 in 18), GGT (1 in 19), and alkaline phosphatase (1 in 23). As with some other cephalosporins, transient elevations of blood urea, blood urea nitrogen, and/or serum creatinine were observed occasionally. Transient leukopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and lymphocytosis were seen very rarely.
Ceftizoxime adverse reactions

# Adverse Reactions
Cefizox (ceftizoxime injection) is generally well tolerated. The most frequent adverse reactions (greater than 1% but less than 5%) are:
- Hypersensitivity--Rash, pruritus, fever.
- Hepatic--Transient elevation in AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT), and alkaline phosphatase.
- Hematologic--Transient eosinophilia, thrombocytosis. Some individuals have developed a positive Coombs test.
- Local--Injection site--Burning, cellulitis, phlebitis with IV administration, pain, induration, tenderness, paresthesia.
The less frequent adverse reactions (less than 1%) are:
- Hypersensitivity--Numbness and anaphylaxis have been reported rarely.
- Hepatic--Elevation of bilirubin has been reported rarely.
- Renal--Transient elevations of BUN and creatinine have been occasionally observed with Cefizox.
- Hematologic--Anemia, including hemolytic anemia with occasional fatal outcome, leukopenia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia have been reported rarely.
- Urogenital--Vaginitis has occurred rarely.
- Gastrointestinal--Diarrhea; nausea and vomiting have been reported occasionally.
In addition to the adverse reactions listed above which have been observed in patients treated with ceftizoxime, the following adverse reactions and altered laboratory tests have been reported for cephalosporinclass antibiotics:
StevensJohnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis, serumsickness like reaction, toxic nephropathy, aplastic anemia, hemorrhage, prolonged prothrombin time, elevated LDH, pancytopenia, and agranulocytosis.
Several cephalosporins have been implicated in triggering seizures, particularly in patients with renal impairment, when the dosage was not reduced. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.) If seizures associated with drug therapy occur, the drug should be discontinued. Anticonvulsant therapy can be given if clinically indicated.
Ceftriaxone contraindications
Ceftriaxone for injection is contraindicated in patients with known allergy to the cephalosporin class of antibiotics.
Neonates (28 days)
Hyperbilirubinemic neonates, especially prematures, should not be treated with ceftriaxone for injection. In vitro studies have shown that ceftriaxone can displace bilirubin from its binding to serum albumin, leading to a possible risk of bilirubin encephalopathy in these patients.
Ceftriaxone for injection is contraindicated in neonates if they require (or are expected to require) treatment with calcium-containing IV solutions, including continuous calcium-containing infusions such as parenteral nutrition because of the risk of precipitation of ceftriaxone-calcium (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, WARNINGS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
A small number of cases of fatal outcomes in which a crystalline material was observed in the lungs and kidneys at autopsy have been reported in neonates receiving ceftriaxone for injection and calcium-containing fluids. In some of these cases, the same intravenous infusion line was used for both ceftriaxone for injection and calcium-containing fluids and in some a precipitate was observed in the intravenous infusion line. At least one fatality has been reported in a neonate in whom ceftriaxone for injection and calcium-containing fluids were administered at different time points via different intravenous lines; no crystalline material was observed at autopsy in this neonate. There have been no similar reports in patients other than neonates.
Cefuroxime axetil description
CEFTIN Tablets and CEFTIN for Oral Suspension contain cefuroxime as cefuroxime axetil. CEFTIN is a semisynthetic, broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic for oral administration.
Chemically, cefuroxime axetil, the 1-(acetyloxy) ethyl ester of cefuroxime, is (RS)-1-hydroxyethyl (6R ,7R)-7--3-(hydroxymethyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo-oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate, 72-(Z)-(O -methyl-oxime), 1-acetate 3-carbamate. Its molecular formula is C20H22N4O10S, and it has a molecular weight of 510.48.
Cefuroxime axetil is in the amorphous form and has the following structural formula:
CEFTIN Tablets are film-coated and contain the equivalent of 250 or 500 mg of cefuroxime as cefuroxime axetil. CEFTIN Tablets contain the inactive ingredients colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, hydrogenated vegetable oil, hypromellose, methylparaben, microcrystalline cellulose, propylene glycol, propylparaben, sodium benzoate, sodium lauryl sulfate, and titanium dioxide.
CEFTIN for Oral Suspension, when reconstituted with water, provides the equivalent of 125 mg or 250 mg of cefuroxime (as cefuroxime axetil) per 5 mL of suspension. CEFTIN for Oral Suspension contains the inactive ingredients acesulfame potassium, aspartame, povidone K30, stearic acid, sucrose, tutti-frutti flavoring, and xanthan gum.
Chemical pneumonitis overview

# Overview
Chemical pneumonitis is inflammation of the lung caused by irritation from aspirated vomitus or barium used in gastro-intestinal imaging, ingested gasoline or other petroleum distillates, ingested or skin absorbed pesticides, gases from electroplating, or other irritants. It is sometimes called a "chemical Chemical pneumonitis", though it is not infectious. May also be caused by the use of inhalants.When the toxic substance is an oil, the Chemical pneumonitis may be called lipoid Chemical pneumonitis.

# Historical Perspective
Mendelson's syndrome is a type of chemical Chemical pneumonitis in which aspiration of gastric acid is present.  It was first described in pregnant females who aspirated gastric content during anesthesia, with development of respiratory distress, cyanosis and lung infiltrates on chest X ray.

# Causes
Chemical pneumonitis is inflammation of the lung caused by irritation from aspirated vomitus or barium used in gastro-intestinal imaging, ingested gasoline or other petroleum distillates, ingested or skin absorbed pesticides, gases from electroplating, or other irritants. It is sometimes called a "chemical chemical pneumonitis", though it is not infectious. It may also be caused by the use of inhalants. When the toxic substance is an oil, the chemical pneumonitis may be called lipoid chemical pneumonitis.

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
Approximately 3 in 5 patients with chemical pneumonitis have clinical improvement with clearing of chest X ray.  Approximately 1 in every 3rd patient shows a rapid improvement followed with a new progressive infiltrate that suggests a secondary superimposed bacterial infection or the development of ARDS.  The least common course, but the one with the worst prognosis, is the development of fulminant disease resulting in acute death.
Chilean pharmaceutical policy
The Chilean Pharmaceutical Policy was an attempt in the 1960s and 1970s to introduce a rational national pharmaceuticals policy. Chile was perhaps the first country in the world to introduce the concept of a limited number of essential drugs.
In 1965 the government of President Eduardo Frei took measures to rationalise drug supply and use and in 1967, a national formulary with a limited list of drugs came into being. In 1970, Dr Salvador Allende was elected to power and rationalisation of the pharmaceutical supply system continued.
The next step was to organise centralised bulk procurement. The first international tender for raw materials was called in 1971. However, the pharmaceutical industry struck back: in the three months following the call for tender, widely used drugs, including analgesics and antibiotics, disappeared from the market. The manufacturers had cut their production. They agreed to replenish the market within one week only if the international tenders were called off.
In 1972, the government was forced to succumb and called off the tenders. In 1973, the government of Allende was toppled and the first essential drug programme hitherto known was dead.
Chinese Society of Psychiatry
The Chinese Society of Psychiatry (CSP) is the largest organization for psychiatrists in China. It publishes the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD). The CSP also publishes clinical practice guidelines; promotes psychiatric practice, research and communication; trains new professionals; and holds academic conferences.

# Origins and Organization
The organization developed out of the Chinese Society of Neuro-Psychiatry which was founded in 1951. This separated into the Chinese Society of Psychiatry and Chinese Society of Neurology in 1994. Since then, successive committees have run the organisation, currently the 3nd Committee, which started in 2003, whose president is Dongfeng Zhou. The CCMD is now on its third revision.
The official journal of the CSP is the "Chinese Journal of Psychiatry". The Society held its seventh annual academic conference in 2006. The Society is a member of the World Psychiatric Association.

# Controversy
The Chinese Society of Psychiatrists (CSP) has been criticised for being complicit in the Government's oppression of political dissidents, particularly the Falun Gong - including by detaining individuals via the misapplication of diagnoses or using such diagnoses as "political maniacs", "delusions of reform" or "paranoid psychosis". In 2004, the CSP agreed on a joint response with the World Psychiatric Association to the allegations  The Society has also been accused of pathologizing social minorities, particularly by including certain kinds of homosexuality as a disorder in the CCMD.
Collagen, type XXVII, alpha 1
Collagen alpha-1 (XXVII) chain (COL27A1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL27A1 gene.
COL27A1 is a type XXVII collagen.  It was discovered by James Pace.  This gene appears to be turned on in cartilage, the eye, and in the ear.  Type XXVII collagen is related to the "fibrillar" class of collagens and may play a role in development of the skeleton.
Fibrillar collagens, such as COL27A1, compose one of the most ancient families of extracellular matrix molecules. They form major structural elements in extracellular matrices of cartilage, skin, and tendon.

# Location
COL27A1 is located on chromosome 9 in homo sapiens specifically on spot number 32.