Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Grotthuss mechanism
The Grotthuss Mechanism is the mechanism by which an 'excess' proton or protonic defect diffuses through the hydrogen bond network of water molecules or other hydrogen-bonded liquids through the formation/cleavage of covalent bonds.
In his seminal 1806 publication Theory of decomposition of liquids by electrical currents, Theodor Grotthuss proposed a unique theory of water conductivity. Grotthuss envisioned the electrolytic reaction as a sort of bucket line where each oxygen atom simultaneously passes and receives a single hydrogen atom.
It was an astonishing theory to propose at the time, since the water molecule was thought to be OH not H2O and the existence of ions was not fully understood.
On its 200th anniversary his article was reviewed by Cukierman.
Although Grotthuss was using an incorrect empirical formula of water his description of the passing of protons through the cooperation of neighboring water molecules proved to be remarkably fortuitous.

# Proton Transport Mechanism / Proton Hopping mechanism
The Grotthuss Mechanism is now a general name for the proton-hopping-mechanism. In liquid water the solvation of the excess proton is idealized by two forms; the H9O4+ (Eigen cation) or H5O2+ (Zundel cation).  While the transport mechanism is believed to involve the inter-conversion between these two solvation structures, the details of the hopping/transport mechanism is still debated.
Currently there are two plausible mechanisms: 
I) Eigen to Zundel to Eigen (E-Z-E), on the basis of experimental NMR data,
II) Zundel to Zundel (Z-Z), on the basis of molecular dynamics simulation.
In 2007, Omer Markovitch and Noam Agmon reported for the first time the energetics of the hydronium solvation shells and suggested that the activation energies of the two proposed mechanisms do not agree with their calculated hydrogen bond strengths, but mechanism (I) might be the better candidate of the two.

# The anomalous diffusion of protons
The Grotthuss mechanism explains the unusually high diffusion of the proton relative to other the typical ionic diffusion of other cations (Table 1) which  is due simply to random thermal motion i.e. Brownian motion.
Table 1
Gymnopilus junonius
Gymnopilus junonius, also known as Gymnopilus spectabilis, Laughing gym or Laughing Jim, is a large and very widely distributed hallucinogenic mushroom which grows in dense clusters on dead hardwoods and conifers.  It has a rusty orange spore print, a bitter taste, stains red with KOH and turns green when cooked in a pan.
Gymnopilus junonius includes subspecies which contain the hallucinogen psilocybin.  Specimens found in the eastern US or Japan is more likely to contain psilocybin than similar mushrooms found in the western part of the US or Europe.    In Japan this mushroom is called waraitake, which translates to "laughing mushroom".  This mushroom is often mistaken for Gymnopilus ventricosus, which contains no psilocybin.
This mushroom contains bis-noryangonin and hispidine, which are structurally related to alpha-pyrones found in kava.  

# Description
The cap ranges from 7 to 42 cm across, is convex, and is bright orange, orangish brown, or reddish brown with a dry scaly surface.   The flesh is yellow and the gills are adnate to subdecurrent.  The stem is 25-265 mm long, .8 to 9 mm thick, dusted with rusty orange spores and often narrowing near the base.

# Range
This mushroom grows just about everywhere that decaying wood can be found.
Australia
Azores
Brazil
Canada
China
Fiji
Germany
India
Israel
Japan
Korea
Maderia
New Zealand
North Africa
Peru
Russia
Spain
Switzerland
United States
Uruguay
Hans Christian Gram

# Overview
Hans Christian Joachim Gram (September 13, 1853 - November 14, 1938) was a Danish bacteriologist. 
He was the son of Frederik Terkel Julius Gram, a professor of jurisprudence, and Louise Christiane Roulund.
Gram studied botany at the University of Copenhagen and was an assistant in botany to the zoologist Japetus Steenstrup. His  plants introduced him to the basis of pharmacology and the use of the microscope.
He entered medical school in 1878 and graduated in 1883. He travelled throughout Europe between 1878 and 1885. In Berlin, in 1884, he developed a method for distinguishing between two major classes of bacteria. This technique, the Gram Stain, continues to be a standard procedure in medical microbiology.
In 1891, Gram became a lecturer in pharmacology, and later that year was appointed professor at the University of Copenhagen. In 1900 he resigned his Chair in Pharmacology to become Professor of Medicine.

# The Gram Stain
The work that gained him international reputation was his development of a method of staining bacteria. The stain later played a major role in classifying bacteria. Gram was a modest man, and in his initial publication he remarked "I have therefore published the method, although I am aware that as yet it is very defective and imperfect; but it is hoped that also in the hands of other investigators it will turn out to be useful."

# Other Work
His initial work concerned the study of Red blood cells in men. He was among the first to recognise that macrocytes were characteristic of pernicious anaemia.
After his appointment as professor of Medicine in 1900 he published four volumes of clinical lectures which became widely used in Denmark.
He retired in 1923.
Health Belief Model
The Health Belief Model was a psychological model developed in the 1950s for studying and promoting the uptake of services offered by social psychologists. Subsequent amendments to the model were made as late as 1988, to accommodate evolving evidence generated within the health community about the role that knowledge and perceptions play in personal responsibility.

# Constructs
The original Health Belief Model, constructed by Rosenstock (1966), was based on four constructs:
- Perceived susceptibility (an individual's assessment of their risk of getting the condition)
- Perceived severity (an individual's assessment of the seriousness of the condition, and its potential consequences)
- Perceived barriers (an individual's assessment of the influences that facilitate or discourage adoption of the promoted behavior)
- Perceived benefits (an individual's assessment of the positive consequences of adopting the behavior).
Two constructs were later added:
- Perceived efficacy (an individual's self-assessment of ability to successfully adopt the desired behavior)
- Cues to action (external influences promoting the desired behavior)
Hedeoma pulegioides
Hedeoma pulegioides (American Pennyroyal, or American False Pennyroyal) is a species of Hedeoma native to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia and southern Ontario west to Minnesota and South Dakota, and south to northern Georgia and Arkansas.
It is a low-growing, strongly aromatic herbaceous annual plant from 1530 cm tall, with a slender erect much-branched, somewhat hairy and square stem. The leaves are small, thin, and rather narrow, with a strong mintlike odor and pungent taste. The flowers are pale blue, hermaphroditic, produced in small clusters; it flowers from mid to late summer.
Other names are mock pennyroyal, squaw mint, tickweed, stinking balm, mosquito plant, American falsepennyroyal, and American false pennyroyal.
The name pulegioides is derived from the Latin pulegium and oides, and means "like pennyroyal". Hedeoma pulegiodes is also known by the synonyms Melissa pulegioides L. (basionym), Cunila pulegioides (L.) L., and Ziziphora pulegioides (L.) Desf.
The term "Pennyroyal" (or Pennyrile, from a dialectal pronunciation) is also used to describe a geographic province of western Kentucky, the Pennyroyal Plateau, where H. pulegioides grew in profusion sufficient to lend its name to the whole area.
Helicase, POLQ-like
Helicase, POLQ-like, also known as hel308 and Holliday junction migration protein, encoded by the gene HEL308, is a DNA helicase found in humans, archea and many other organisms. Its principal function is to allow DNA replication to continue past DNA forks.

# Gene
The gene encoding this enzyme, HEL308, is located on chromosome 4q21 in humans. It is associated with the polymerase pathway.

# Nomenclature
When first reported, Hel308 was called "Holliday junction migration protein."  It is also called HelQ in Caenorhabditis elegans and humans.
Like many proteins, Hel308 was named after a previously discovered protein to which it had some connection.  In this case, the "Hel" stands for "human helicase" and the "308" is a reference to the Drosophila melanogaster protein Mus308, to which it is homologous.

# Classification
Hel308 is part of DNA helicase superfamily II, a group of enzymes that wind and unwind DNA.  Hel308 is found throughout archea and in some eukaryotes, including humans. It contains twenty exons.

# Structure and function
Hel308's principal role is to repair replication-blocking lesions, such as interstrand DNA cross-links that interfere with the forking of DNA during replication.
Hel308 is a large protein, 1101 amino acids in length, with five separate domains.  The third and fourth domains form a large central pore that holds single-stranded DNA.  Its fifth domain acts as a brake by securing the single-strand DNA protruding through this pore.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in HEL308 are associated with cancer of the pharynx and mouth.
Helleborus foetidus
Helleborus foetidus, known variously as Stinking hellebore, Dungwort, or Bear's foot, is a member of the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to western Europe, from England south to Portugal, and east to Germany and Italy.

# Description
It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 80 cm tall and 100cm across, with a thick succulent stem and evergreen glossy leaves. Flowering is in spring. The drooping cup-shaped flowers are yellowish-green, often with a purple edge to the five petal-like sepals on strongly upright stems. Foliage is pungent when crushed.
All parts of the plant are poisonous, containing glycosides. Symptoms of intoxication include violent vomiting and delirium.

# Horticulture
It is grown in gardens for its handsome evergreen foliage and large numbers green, bell shaped flowers borne in late winter.
The cultivar Green Giant has very bright green flowers and finley divided foliage; Miss Jekyll has fragrant flowers, intensity varying with the time of day; Wester Flisk Group has red tinted leaves and stems and gray-green flowers; the Sierra Nevada Group is dwarf reaching 30cm.
Helleborus foetidus prefers woodland conditions with deep, fertile, moist, humus rich, well drained soil, and dappled shade. The species is, however, drought tolerant. It often occurs naturally on chalk or limestone soils.
Propagations is via division or from seed, which can be prolific, naturalising well in ideal conditions.
Syphilitic aortitis
Synonyms and keywords: Heller-Dohle syndrome

# Overview
A pathological state of the aorta associated with the tertiary stage of syphilis infection. Syphilitic aortitis begins as inflammation of the adventia, including the vessels that supply the aorta itself with blood, the vasa vasorum. As the disease progression worsens, the vasa vasorum demonstrate hyperplastic thickening of their walls that restricts blood flow and causes ischemia of the outer 2/3's of the aortic wall.  Starved for oxygen and nutrients, elastic fibers become patchy and smooth muscle cells necrose. The wall weakens and scars. If the disease progresses, syphilitic aoritis may lead to an aortic aneurysm.

# Pathophysiology
Inflammatory involvement of tertiary syphilis begins at the adventitia of the aortic arch which progressively causes obliterative endarteritis of the vaso vasorum. This then causes narrowing of the lumen of the vaso vasorum, causing ischemic injury of the medial aortic arch and then finally loss of elastic support and dilation of the vessel. Dissection of the aortic arch is rare due to medial scarring.

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination
- Syphilitic aortitis can cause de Musset's sign, a bobbing of the head that de Musset first noted in Parisian prostitutes.

## Imaging

### Chest X Ray
- Aortic dilatation
- Linear calcification of the ascending aorta

### Angiography
- Helps to distinguish syphilitic aortitis from abdominal aortic aneurysm

# Treatment

## Surgery
- Aortic valve replacement
Hemoglobin, alpha 1
Hemoglobin, alpha 1, also known as HBA1, is a hemoglobin protein that in humans is encoded by the HBA1 gene.

# Gene
The human alpha globin gene cluster located on chromosome 16 spans about 30 kb and includes seven loci: 5'- zeta - pseudozeta - mu - pseudoalpha-1 - alpha-2 - alpha-1 - theta - 3'. The alpha-2 (HBA2) and alpha-1 (HBA1; this gene) coding sequences are identical. These genes differ slightly over the 5' untranslated regions and the introns, but they differ significantly over the 3' untranslated regions.

# Protein
Two alpha chains plus two beta chains constitute HbA, which in normal adult life comprises about 97% of the total hemoglobin; alpha chains combine with delta chains to constitute HbA-2, which with HbF (fetal hemoglobin) makes up the remaining 3% of adult hemoglobin.

# Clinical significance
Alpha thalassemias result from deletions of each of the alpha genes as well as deletions of both HBA2 and HBA1; some nondeletion alpha thalassemias have also been reported.

# Interactions
Hemoglobin, alpha 1 has been shown to interact with HBB.
Hemoglobin, alpha 2
Hemoglobin, alpha 2 also known as HBA2 is a gene that in humans codes for the alpha globin chain of hemoglobin.

# Function
The human alpha globin gene cluster is located on chromosome 16 and spans about 30 kb, including seven alpha like globin genes and pseudogenes: 5'- HBZ - HBZP1 - HBM - HBAP1 - HBA2 - HBA1 - HBQ1 -3'. The HBA2 (2)  and  HBA1 (1) coding sequences are identical. These genes differ slightly over the 5' untranslated regions and the introns, but they differ significantly over the 3' untranslated regions.

# Protein
Two alpha chains plus two beta chains constitute HbA, which in normal adult life comprises about 97% of the total hemoglobin; alpha chains combine with delta chains to constitute HbA-2, which with HbF (fetal hemoglobin) makes up the remaining 3% of adult hemoglobin.

# Clinical significance
Alpha-thalassemias most commonly result from deletions of any of the four alpha alleles, although some alpha thalassemias have been reported that are due to mutations other than deletion. Deletion of 1 or 2 alleles is clinically silent.  Deletion of 3 alleles causes HbH disease, resulting in anemia and hepatosplenomegaly.  Deletion of all 4 alleles is lethal because it renders the body unable to make fetal hemoglobin (HbF), adult hemoglobin (HbA) or adult variant hemoglobin (HbA2), and results in hydrops fetalis.
Hemorrhoidal plexus
The hemorrhoidal plexus (or rectal venous plexus) surrounds the rectum, and communicates in front with the vesical plexus in the male, and the uterovaginal plexus in the female.
A free communication between the portal and systemic venous systems is established through the hemorrhoidal plexus.

# Parts
It consists of two parts, an internal in the submucosa, and an external outside the muscular coat.

## Internal plexus
The internal plexus presents a series of dilated pouches which are arranged in a circle around the tube, immediately above the anal orifice, and are connected by transverse branches.

## External plexus
- The lower part of the external plexus is drained by the inferior rectal veins into the internal pudendal vein
- The middle part of the external plexus is drained by the middle rectal vein which joins the internal iliac vein.
- The upper part of the external plexus is drained by the superior rectal vein which forms the commencement of the inferior mesenteric vein, a tributary of the portal vein.

# Support
The veins of the hemorrhoidal plexus are contained in very loose, connective tissue, so that they get less support from surrounding structures than most other veins, and are less capable of resisting increased blood-pressure.
Heparin cofactor II
Heparin cofactor II (HCII), a protein encoded by the SERPIND1 gene, is a coagulation factor that inhibits IIa, and is a cofactor for heparin and dermatan sulfate ("minor antithrombin").
The product encoded by this gene is a serine proteinase inhibitor which rapidly inhibits thrombin in the presence of dermatan sulfate or heparin. The gene contains five exons and four introns. This protein shares homology with antithrombin and other members of the alpha 1-antitrypsin superfamily. Mutations in this gene are associated with heparin cofactor II deficiency.
Heparin Cofactor II deficiency can lead to increased thrombin generation and a hypercoagulable state.
Herxheimer reaction

# Overview
The Herxheimer reaction (also known as Jarisch-Herxheimer or herx) occurs when large quantities of toxins are released into the body as bacteria (typically Spirochetal bacteria) die, due to antibiotic treatment.
Typically the death of these bacteria and the associated release of endotoxins occurs faster than the body can remove the toxins via the natural detoxification process performed by the kidneys and liver.
It is manifested by fever, chills, headache, myalgias, and exacerbation of cutaneous lesions. Duration in syphilis is normally only a few hours but can be much longer in other diseases. The intensity of the reaction reflects the intensity of inflammation present.
The Herxheimer Reaction has shown an increase in inflammatory cytokines during the period of exacerbation, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8.

# Etymology
Both Adolf Jarisch, an Austrian dermatologist, and Karl Herxheimer, a German dermatologist, are credited with the discovery of the Herxheimer reaction.

# History
Both Jarish and Herxheimer observed reactions in patients with syphilis treated with mercury. The reaction was first seen following treatment in early and later stages of syphilis treated with Salvarsan, mercury, or antibiotics. It is seen in 50% of patients with primary syphilis and about 90% of patients with secondary syphilis.
The reaction is also seen in other diseases, such as borreliosis (Lyme disease and tick-borne relapsing fever), brucellosis, typhoid fever, and trichinellosis and Q fever.

## Causes
Drug Side Effect
- Metronidazole

# Related chapters
- Syphilis
High mobility group
High Mobility Group or HMG is a group of chromosomal proteins that help with
transcription, replication, recombination, and DNA repair.
The HMG proteins are subdivided into 3 superfamilies each with a characteristic functional sequence:
- HMGB family, the characteristic is called the HMG-box
- HMGN family, the characteristic is called the nucleosomal binding domain
- HMGA family, the characteristic is called the AT-hook
Proteins containing any of these embedded in their sequence are known as HMG motif proteins. 
HMG-box proteins are found in a variety of eukaryotic organisms.
They were originally isolated from mammalian cells, and named according to their electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels.

# Function
HMG proteins are thought to play a significant role in various human disorders. Disruptions and rearrangements in the genes coding for some of the HMG proteins are associated with some common benign tumors. Antibodies to HMG proteins are found in patients suffering from autoimmune diseases. The SRY gene on the Y Chromosome, responsible for male sexual differentiation, contains a HMG-Box domain.  Recently, a member of the HMG family of proteins, HMGB1, has been shown to have an extracellular activity as a chemokine, attracting neutrophils and mononuclear inflammatory cells to the infected liver.
Hillingdon Hospital

# Overview
Hillingdon Hospital is an NHS hospital, located in Pield Heath Road, Uxbridge, Greater London. It is a general hospital serving the local area, providing a wide variety of services including Accident and Emergency (64,000 patients annually), Inpatients, Day Surgery and Outpatient Clinics.
Is one of only two hospitals run by Hillingdon Hospital NHS trust.
Hillingdon Hospitals aim is to provide high quality emergency and specialist patient-focused care, which is accessible and responsive. The population of the area is inhibited with a variety of ethnic groups and all sorts of religious beliefs are taken into consideration such as Muslim women and men not being seen by a male or female nurse/doctor.
The hospital has one helipad on the roof serving air ambulances and private helicopters.
Historian (medical)

# Overview
"Historian" is a term used by medical professionals (particularly doctors and nurses) to describe a narrator of a medical history.
Medical history is usually divided into surgical history (all prior surgeries), social history (sexual, recreational, and alcohol/drug factors), family history (heritable diseases and conditions and their presence in family members), and health or personal health history (the subject's prior illnesses, together with their treatments and outcomes).  A patient's ability to "give a good history," that is to accurately recall and describe the details of relevant background, is essential in the treatment of an illness.
This term has nothing to do with the subject of History per se and derives instead form the ancient Greek meaning of "history" as "narrative."  Patients who are "poor historians" will often require the intervention of family members or care givers to provide the missing pieces of history.  Patients who mislead doctors about their histories, either consciously or unconsciously, can greatly aggravate the process of diagnosis and delay treatment by requiring the physician to obtain all past medical records.
Hospital separation

# Overview
Separation from a healthcare facility occurs anytime a patient (or resident) leaves because of death, discharge, sign-out against medical advice or transfer. The number of separations is the most commonly used measure of the utilization of hospital services. Separations, rather than admissions, are used because hospital abstracts for inpatient care are based on information gathered at the time of discharge.
This is one of the measures of morbidity used when determining the burden of a disease. The second factor used is the length of hospital stay. In Australia, the main hospital separations of 04-05 were:
1.Digestive Problems.
2. Neoplasms.
3. Injury/Poisoning.
4. Pregnancy/Child birth.
5. Musculoskeletal diseases.
6. Genitourinary diseases.
7. Respiratory Diseases.
On the other hand, as expected the length of hospital stay spans out as follow (from longest to shortest):
1. Mental/Behavioural disorders: Schizophrenia, delusional disorders, mood disorders.
2. Circulatory system diseases.
3. Neoplasms.
4. Injury/Poisoning.
Host cell factor C1
Host cell factor 1 (HCFC1, HCF1, or HCF-1), also known as VP16-accessory protein, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HCFC1 gene.

# Structure
HCF1 is a member of the highly conserved host cell factor family and encodes a protein with five Kelch repeats, a fibronectin-like motif, and six HCF repeats, each of which contains a highly specific cleavage signal. This nuclear transcription coregulator is proteolytically cleaved at one or more of the six possible sites, resulting in the creation of an N-terminal chain and the corresponding C-terminal chain. The final form of this protein consists of noncovalently bound N- and C-terminal chains which interact through electrostatic forces.

# Function
HCF1 is involved in control of the cell cycle as well as having regulatory roles in a multitude of processes related to transcription. Additionally, work in model organisms point to HCF1 as being a putative longevity determinant. Alternatively spliced variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described; however, not all variants have been fully characterized.
Mutations in this gene have been linked to disorders of the cobalamine metabolism.

# Interactions
Host cell factor C1 has been shown to interact with:
- BAP1,
- CREB3,
- GABPA,
- HDAC1,
- HDAC2,
- MLL,
- OGT,
- PDCD2,
- POU2F1,
- PPP1CA,
- SIN3A,
- SP1,
- SUDS3,
- WDR5, and
- ZBTB17.