Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Cefoperazone dosage and administration
The usual adult daily dose of CEFOBID (sterile cefoperazone) is 2 to 4 grams per day administered in equally divided doses every 12 hours.
In severe infections or infections caused by less sensitive organisms, the total daily dose and/or frequency may be increased. Patients have been successfully treated with a total daily dosage of 612 grams divided into 2, 3 or 4 administrations ranging from 1.5 to 4 grams per dose.
In a pharmacokinetic study, a total daily dose of 16 grams was administered to severely immunocompromised patients by constant infusion without complications. Steady state serum concentrations were approximately 150 mcg/mL in these patients.
When treating infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, therapy should be continued for at least 10 days.
Solutions of CEFOBID and aminoglycoside should not be directly mixed, since there is a physical incompatibility between them. If combination therapy with CEFOBID and an aminoglycoside is contemplated (see INDICATIONS) this can be accomplished by sequential intermittent intravenous infusion provided that separate secondary intravenous tubing is used, and that the primary intravenous tubing is adequately irrigated with an approved diluent between doses. It is also suggested that CEFOBID be administered prior to the aminoglycoside. In vitro testing of the effectiveness of drug combination(s) is recommended.
Cholelithiasis resident survival guide

# Overview

# Causes

## Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Cholelithiasis does not have any life-threatening causes.

## Common Causes
- Biliary stasis
- Clofibrate
- Combined oral contraceptive pill
- Hemolytic anemia

# Management
Shown below is a diagram depicting the management of cholelithiasis according to the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract (SSAT) and data from multiple studies.
ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; BMP: Basic metabolic profile; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; GB: Gall bladder; GBEF: Gall bladder ejection fraction; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HIDA scan: Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scan; H/O: History of; IM: Intramuscular; IV: Intravenous; LFT: Liver function test; PE: Physical examination; RUQ: Right upper quadrant; WBC: White blood cell; W/: With; W/:O With out

# Do's
- Repeat trans abdominal ultrasound in few weeks in patients suspected of cholelithiasis but neither gallstones or biliary sludge are detected during the initial ultrasound.
- Do laparoscopic cholecystectomy in good surgical candidates as early as possible in order to avoid gallstone related complications.

# Dont's
Persistent motor or vocal tic disorder

# Overview
Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder is characterized by single or multiple motor or vocal tics that wax and wane in frequency for at least 1 year.

# Diagnostic Criteria

## DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder

# Natural History,Prognosis and Complications

## Prognosis
- Poor prognostic factors include:
- Anxiety
- Excitement
- Exhaustion
- Lower birth weight
- Maternal smoking during pregnancy
- Obstetrical complications
- Older paternal age
- Stressful/exciting events

# Differential Diagnosis
- Abnormal movements that may accompany other medical conditions and stereotypic movement disorder
- Finger wiggling
- Repetitive hand waving/rotating,arm flapping
- Myoclonus
- Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders
- Substance-induced and paroxysmal dyskinesias
- Choreoathetoid movements
- Dystonic movement
Community-based participatory research
Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is research that is conducted as an equal partnership between traditionally trained "experts" and members of a community. In CBPR projects, the community participates fully in all aspects of the research process.
CBPR projects start with the community.  Community is often self-defined, but general categories of community include geographic community, community of individuals with a common problem or issue, or a community of individuals with a common interest or goal.
CBPR encourages collaboration of formally trained research partners from any area of expertise, provided that the researcher provide expertise that is seen as useful to the investigation by the community, and be fully committed to a partnership of equals and producing outcomes usable to the community.
Equitable partnerships require sharing power, resources, credit, results, and knowledge, as well as, a reciprocal appreciation of each partner's knowledge and skills at each stage of the project,including problem definition/issue selection, research design, conducting research, interpreting the results, and determining how the results should be used for action.
CBPR differs from traditional research in many ways. One of the principal ways in which it is different is that instead of creating knowledge for the advancement of a field or for knowledge's sake, CBPR is an iterative process, incorporating research, reflection, and action in a cyclical process.

# History
The roots of CBPR trace back to three fields, the fields of popular education and Paulo Freire, international development and Orlando Fals Borda, and shop floor democracy and Kurt Lewin.
Compartmentsyndrome Symptoms and signs

# Overview
The 5 "P's" -- Pallor, paresthesias, pressure, paralysis, and pain on passive extension of the compartment-- are useful in recognition in the latter stages of compartment syndrome. Pain is often reported early and almost universally. The description is usually of deep, constant, and poorly localized and is sometimes described as out of proportion with the injury. The pain is aggravated by stretching the muscle group within the compartment. Paresthesia (alterated sensation e.g "pins & needles") in the cutaneous nerves of the affected compartment is another typical sign. Paralysis of the limb are usually late findings. The compartment may feel very tense and firm as well (pressure).  Note that a lack of pulse rarely occurs in patients, as pressures that cause compartment syndrome are often well below arterial pressures.
If any of these occur, return to the Emergency Department immediately, or nearest Hospital.

# Signs & Symptoms
The signs and symptoms associated with chronic exertional compartment syndrome might include:
- Aching, burning or cramping pain in the affected limb  usually the lower leg
- Tightness in the affected limb
- Numbness or tingling in the affected limb
- Weakness of the affected limb
- Foot drop, in severe cases, if legs are affected
- Often occurs in the same compartment of both legs
- Occasionally, swelling or bulging as a result of a muscle hernia
Pain due to chronic exertional compartment syndrome typically follows this pattern:
- Begins after a certain time, distance or intensity of exertion after you start exercising the affected limb
- Progressively worsens as you exercise
- Subsides within 10 to 20 minutes of stopping the activity
- Over time, recovery time after exercise often increases
Taking a complete break from exercise or performing only low-impact activity might relieve your symptoms, but usually only temporarily. Once you take up running again, for instance, those familiar symptoms usually come back.
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle
The Inferior pharyngeal constrictor, the thickest of the three constrictors, arises from the sides of the cricoid and thyroid cartilage. Similarly to the superior and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles, it is innervated by the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X).

# Origin and insertion
The components arising from the cricoid and thyroid cartilages are also known as cricopharyngeus and thyropharyngeus respectively. 
- From the cricoid cartilage it arises in the interval between the Cricothyreoideus in front, and the articular facet for the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage behind.
- On the thyroid cartilage it arises from the oblique line on the side of the lamina, from the surface behind this nearly as far as the posterior border and from the inferior cornu.
From these origins the fibers spread backward and medialward to be inserted with the muscle of the opposite side into the fibrous raphe in the posterior median line of the pharynx.
The inferior fibers are horizontal and continuous with the circular fibers of the esophagus; the rest ascend, increasing in obliquity, and overlap the Constrictor medius.

# Action
As soon as the bolus of food is received in the pharynx, the elevator muscles relax, the pharynx descends, and the constrictores contract upon the bolus, and convey it downward into the esophagus.

# Role in human disease
Uncoordinated contraction, and/or spasm and/or impaired relaxation of this muscle are currently considered the main factors in development of a Zenker's diverticulum.
Motor incoordination of the cricopharyngeus can cause difficulty swallowing. Severe spasm can cause pain during swallowing(Odynophagia).
Converting word documents to wiki text

# Pasting Text Into WikiDoc and Converting it to WikiText
1. Click the edit button.
2. Paste the unformatted text into the page that you would would like to convert.
3. While in the editing mode, you can click on the button that looks like this
to convert unformatted text you have pasted onto the page into WikiText.
4. Click save

# Converting Word Documents to Wiki Text
You can install the following add on to Word that allows you to use the "Save as" feature in Word to save the text to "MediaWiki" Text:
It is important to note that not all formatting seen in Word will be converted to "MediaWiki" text. The following is a list of known incompatibilities:
- No font or background color formatting will be converted into "MediaWiki" text.
- Indentations place text in a box similar to a   environment.
- Standard MediaWiki commands such as those for hyperlinks and redirects are placed into   environments
- Non-standard MediaWiki commands such as those for templates {{ }}, are no placed in a   environment
You can find a table comparing the formatting in Microsoft Word with the MediaWiki text and the text as parsed by WikiDoc
Cordarone tablet indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
Because of its life-threatening side effects and the substantial management difficulties associated with its use (see"WARNINGS" below), Cordarone is indicated only for the treatment of the following documented, life-threatening recurrent ventricular arrhythmias when these have not responded to documented adequate doses of other available antiarrhythmics or when alternative agents could not be tolerated.
- Recurrent ventricular fibrillation.
- Recurrent hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia.
As is the case for other antiarrhythmic agents, there is no evidence from controlled trials that the use of Cordarone Tablets favorably affects survival.
Cordarone should be used only by physicians familiar with and with access to (directly or through referral) the use of all available modalities for treating recurrent life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, and who have access to appropriate monitoring facilities, including in-hospital and ambulatory continuous electrocardiographic monitoring and electrophysiologic techniques. Because of the life-threatening nature of the arrhythmias treated, potential interactions with prior therapy, and potential exacerbation of the arrhythmia, initiation of therapy with Cordarone should be carried out in the hospital.
Corns & calluses (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Corns and calluses are thickened layers of skin caused by repeated pressure or friction.

# What are the symptoms of Corns & calluses?
- Skin is thick and hardened.
- Skin may be flaky and dry.
- Hardened, thick skin areas are found on hands, feet, or other areas that may be rubbed or pressed.

# What causes Corns & calluses?
Corns and calluses are caused by pressure or friction on skin. A corn is thickened skin on the top or side of a toe, usually from shoes that do not fit properly. A callus is thickened skin on your hands or the soles of your feet.
The thickening of the skin is a protective reaction. For example, farmers and rowers get callused hands that prevent them from getting painful blisters. People with bunions often develop a callus over the bunion because it rubs against the shoe.
Neither corns nor calluses are serious conditions.

# Diagnosis
Your health care provider will make the diagnosis after observing the skin. In most cases tests are not necessary.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Very closely check your feet if you have diabetes or numbness in the feet or toes. If you have diabetes and notice problems with your feet, contact your health care provider.
Otherwise, simply changing to better-fitting shoes or wearing gloves should resolve most problems with corns and calluses.
If you suspect that your corn or callus is infected or is not getting better despite treatment, contact your health care provider. Also call your health care provider if you have continued symptoms of pain, redness, warmth, or drainage.

# Treatment options
Usually, preventing friction is the only treatment needed. If a corn is the result of a poor-fitting shoe, changing to shoes that fit properly will usually eliminate the corn within a couple of weeks. Until then, protect the skin with donut-shaped corn pads, available in pharmacies. If desired, use a pumice stone to gently wear down the corn.
Calluses on the hands can be treated by wearing gloves during activities that cause friction, such as gardening and weight lifting.
If an infection or ulcer occurs in an area of a callus or corn, unhealthy tissue may need to be removed by a health care provider and treatment with antibiotics may be necessary.
Calluses often reflect undue pressure placed on the skin because of an underlying problem such as bunions. Proper treatment of any underlying condition should prevent the calluses from returning.

# Where to find medical care for Corns & calluses?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Corns & calluses

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Corns and calluses are rarely serious. If treated properly, they should improve without causing long-term problems.

# Possible complications
Complications of corns and calluses are rare. People with diabetes are prone to ulcers and infections and should regularly examine their feet to identify any problems right away. Such foot injuries need medical attention.

# Sources
DNA polymerase alpha catalytic subunit
DNA polymerase alpha catalytic subunit is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POLA1 gene.

# Function
Pol  has limited processivity and lacks 3 exonuclease activity for proofreading errors. Thus it is not well suited to efficiently and accurately copy long templates (unlike Pol Delta and Epsilon). Instead it plays a more limited role in replication. Pol  is responsible for the initiation of DNA replication at origins of replication (on both the leading and lagging strands) and during synthesis of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand. The Pol  complex (pol -DNA primase complex) consists of four subunits: the catalytic subunit POLA1, the regulatory subunit POLA2, and the small and the large primase subunits PRIM1 and PRIM2 respectively. Once primase has created the RNA primer, Pol  starts replication elongating the primer with ~20 nucleotides.
In addition to its role during DNA replication, POLA1 plays a role in type I interferon activation.  The POLA1 gene was found to be the site of a mutation resulting in X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder.  This leads to altered mRNA splicing and decreased expression of POLA1 protein to a level that does not impair DNA replication. The reduction in POLA1 expression is accompanied by marked reduction in cytosolic RNA:DNA hybrid molecules and a concomitant hyperactivation of the IRF pathway, with consequent overproduction of type I interferons.

# Interactions
DNA dependent polymerase alpha (Pol ) has been shown to interact with Retinoblastoma protein, PARP1 and RBMS1.
Discoidin domain-containing receptor 2
Discoidin domain-containing receptor 2, also known as CD167b (cluster of differentiation 167b), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DDR2 gene.  Discoidin domain-containing receptor 2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK).

# Function
RTKs play a key role in the communication of cells with their microenvironment. These molecules are involved in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism. In several cases the biochemical mechanism by which RTKs transduce signals across the membrane has been shown to be ligand induced receptor oligomerization and subsequent intracellular phosphorylation. In the case of DDR2, the ligand is collagen which binds to its extracellular discoidin domain. This autophosphorylation leads to phosphorylation of cytosolic targets as well as association with other molecules, which are involved in pleiotropic effects of signal transduction. DDR2 has been associated with a number of diseases including fibrosis and cancer.

# Structure
RTKs have a tripartite structure with extracellular, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic regions. This gene encodes a member of a novel subclass of RTKs and contains a distinct extracellular region encompassing a factor VIII-like domain.

# Gene
Alternative splicing in the 5' UTR of the DDR2 gene results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein.

# Interactions
DDR2 (gene) has been shown to interact with SHC1 and phosphorylate Shp2.  DDR2 also interacts with Integrin 11 and 21 by promoting their adhesion to collagen.
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

# Overview
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder is defined as severe verbal or behavioral temper outbursts out of proportion to the situation that occur several times a week for at least 12 months. This occurs in children and adolescents, and symptoms are similar to those of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).

# Historical Perspective
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder was first added to the DSM-V in 2013, being put under the depression disorder module.

# Classification
There is no established system for the classification of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

# Pathophysiology
The exact pathogenesis of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder is not fully understood.

# Differential Diagnosis
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder can be differentiated from the following diseases with similar symptoms:
- Autism spectrum disorder
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
- Bipolar disorders
- Intermittent explosive disorder
- Major depressive disorder
- Oppositional defiant disorder

# Epidemiology and Demographics

## Prevalence
Among children and adolescents, the 6 to 12 month prevalence of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder is 2,000-5,000 per 100,000 (2%-5%).

# Risk Factors
The risk factors associated with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder are:
- Anxiety disorders
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
- Anxiety disorder
- Major depressive disorder

# Screening
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
- Natural history of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder are unknown.
- Complications of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder are unknown.
- Prognosis of disruptive mood disregulation disorder are unknown.

# Diagnostic Criteria

## DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder 

# Treatment

## Medication
- While mood stabilizing medication can be used to help treat disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, it has not proven to be effective on it's own.
- Mood stabilizers, when combined with Amantadine, have an 85% success rate in children with disrputive mood dysregulation disorder.

## Psychotherapy
- Contingency management, in which parents reward good behavior and punish negative behavior, has been proven useful in treating ADHD and ODD symptoms, which are found in many individuals who have disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, but is not effective in treating disruptive mood dysregulation disorder itself.
PCI complications: distal embolization

# Overview
Distal embolization during percutaneous coronary intervention is defined as either partial or complete occlusion of an instrumented major epicardial coronary artery or a branch due to downstream movement of either thrombus, atheroma, fracture of the distal tip of a coronary guidewire, an undeployed stent or air. It is manifested clinically as either chest pain, ST segment elevation, no reflow during the procedure and / or a rise in biomarkers of myonecrosis (CK-MB or troponin) following the PCI.

# Causes
- Thrombus (from a thrombotic culprit lesion or a coronary guidewire or other equipment in the coronary artery)
- Atheroma
- An undeployed stent
- Fracture of the distal tip of a coronary guidewire
- Air bubbles from manifold injections

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Distal embolization occurs in approximately 10% of patients with an acute myocardial infarction undergoing PCI. Embolic complications occur more often in patients with acute MI and in patients undergoing balloon angioplasty of saphenous vein graft lesions, particularly those with recent total occlusion.

## Diagnosis

### Coronary Angiography: Distal Embolization

## Treatment
- 100% O2, Narcotics, Suction vs hemopump, and Verapamil

# Distal Embolization Examples

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Dry eye syndrome (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Dry eye syndrome is when the eye is unable to maintain a healthy layer of tears to coat it.

# What causes Dry eye syndrome?
Dry eye syndrome often occurs in people who are otherwise healthy.
In rare cases, it can be associated with rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, and other similar diseases. It may also be caused by heat (thermal) or chemical burns.
In areas of the world where malnutrition is common, vitamin A deficiency is a cause. This is rare in the United States.

# Who is at highest risk?
It is more common with older age, because you produce fewer tears with age.

# Diagnosis
Signs include:
- Reduced visual acuity
- Thick cornea
Tests may include:
- Slit lamp (biomicroscope) exam of the film of tears (a dye such as fluorescein may be placed in the eye to make the tear film more visible)
- Schirmer's test -- measures the rate of tear production using a calibrated paper wick placed on the edge of the eyelid

# When to seek urgent medical care?
See your health care provider immediately if you have dry eyes and have:
- A sudden increase in discomfort or redness
- A sudden decrease in vision

# Treatment options
Treatments may include:
- Hot compresses or eyelash cleaning
- Lubricating ointments (in more severe cases)
- Medications such as Restasis, topical corticosteroids, and oral tetracycline and doxyccycline
- Tiny plugs placed in the tear drainage ducts to help the tears stay on the surface of the eye
- Wetting drops called artificial tears
Surgery may be used if the eyelids are in an abnormal position.

# Where to find medical care for Dry eye syndrome?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Dry eye syndrome

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Most patients with dry eye have only discomfort, and no vision loss. With severe cases, the clear window on the front of the eye (cornea) may become damaged or infected.

# Possible complications
Ulcers or infections of the cornea are serious complications.

# Prevention of Dry eye syndrome
There is no way to prevent dry eye syndrome. You can prevent complications by using wetting and lubricating drops and ointments.

# Sources