Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Dosulepin hydrochloride
Dosulepin hydrochloride (INN) (formerly the  BAN dothiepin hydrochloride) is an antidepressant of the tricyclic family. It is sold under the brand names Prothiaden and Thaden.

# Indications
Dosulepin is relatively mild and is used for low level anxiety depression and similar disorders, particularly where insomnia and/or loss of appetite are present.  It can take between two and four weeks of regular usage to become effective, it is often started at a low level and the dosage increased if this is ineffective.  The drug causes drowsiness as a side-effect, and this may be used as part of the treatment, since anxiety depressive patients may have difficulty sleeping, but it can be combined with other drugs such as temazepam.

# Side effects
The most common side-effects are drowsiness and dry mouth.  Other less common side-effects may include:
- Constipation
- Abnormally large stools
- Blurred vision
- Tachycardia
- Urinary retention
- tremors, especially of the hands
- Blood disorders
- Hypotension
- Sexual dysfunction
- Sweating
- Increased sensitivity to sunlight, increased vulnerability to sunburn
These side-effects cease when treatment ceases. Alcohol should be avoided whilst taking dosulepin as it may increase some side-effects.
Whilst dosulepin is not addictive, it should not be stopped suddenly as there is a risk of initial withdrawal symptoms which may be mistaken for some of the original indications for the drug:
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Loss of appetite
- Headache
- Giddiness
- Chills
- Insomnia
- Anxiety

# Contra-indications
Contra-indications include:
- Certain conditions of the heart, mainly those affecting the electrical impulses to the heart muscle, particularly arrhythmia or recent heart attack
- Mania.
- Liver disease or thyroid disease
- Epilepsy, phaeochromocytoma, glaucoma or diabetes
- Hypotension, vulnerability to dizziness or fainting
- History of urinary retention or porphyria

# Drug interactions
The drug can interact dangerously with vasoconstrictors and should not be taken in combination with phenylephrine or adrenaline in particular.
This drug should not be started within 2 weeks of stopping a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressant, and should not be co-administered with any selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant such as fluoxetine), or any medication which affects the electrical impulses to the heart (e.g. astemizole, halofantrine or terfenadine).
The drug is not recommended for use by children nor taken in combination with some other drugs, including herbal remedies.

# Overdose
The symptoms and the treatment of an overdose are largely the same as for the other tricyclic antidepressants.
Thanatophoric dysplasia

# Overview
Thanatophoric dysplasia is a severe inherited skeletal disorder characterized by extremely short limbs and folds of extra skin on the arms and legs.

# Symptoms
Infants with this condition have disproportionately short arms and legs with extra folds of skin. Other signs of the disorder include a narrow chest, small ribs, underdeveloped lungs, and an enlarged head with a large forehead and prominent, wide-spaced eyes.

## Subtypes
Infants with type 1 thanatophoric dysplasia also have curved thigh bones and flattened bones of the spine (platyspondyly).
An unusual head shape called craniosynostosis ("cloverleaf skull") is seen with type 2 thanatophoric dysplasia.

# Prognosis
The term thanatophoric is Greek for "death bearing". Infants with this condition are usually stillborn or die shortly after birth from respiratory failure; however, some children have survived into childhood with significant medical help. These children are severely mentally handicapped due to a variety of brain abnormalities and have difficulty breathing on their own.

# Incidence/Prevalence
This condition affects about 1 in 60,000 birth.

# Diagnosis
Patient #1
Patient #2
Patient #3:Cloverleaf skull
Echinopsis lageniformis
Echinopsis lageniformis is a fast-growing columnar cactus from the high deserts of Bolivia. 
The species is also known by the earlier binomial Trichocereus bridgesii. Although some botanists have tried to merge the entire Trichocereus genus with Echinopsis they have met with varied success among experts over the past thirty years.  This is an ongoing vigorous dispute between groups of scientists commonly known as "lumpers" and "splitters", depending on each individual's ideas of what constitutes sufficient grounds for renaming a plant or moving it into a different genus. These differences are primarily concerned with microscopic examination of the reproductive structures inside each flower of the plants in question. The differences are rarely visible to the naked eye, and no easy solution is in sight to the dilemma of lumpers vs. splitters. 
Among the indigenous populations of Bolivia, it is sometimes called achuma or wachuma, although these names are also applied to related species such as Echinopsis pachanoi which are also used for their psychedelic effects.
The plant is of light green colour and usually has 4 to 8 ribs. It can grow 25 m tall with stems of up to 1520 cm in diameter. Spines are honey-coloured to brown and are located on the nodes in groups of up to 4. They can grow up to 67 cm in length and in fully grown plants are spaced evenly on the ribs, 2.5 to 3 cm apart.
As with related species, it seems to have long shamanic tradition of use throughout its homeland. Chemical analysis of some variants of this species have shown it may include some of the most potent of the psychedelic Trichocereus species, although this is not conclusive nor does it apply to all strains of the species. Outside of its native habitat, it is one of the least known and used of the Trichocereus cacti for either its psychoactive or ornamental uses. This is not true in areas where it is the dominant species, for example, the La Paz area of Bolivia.
There exist several mutant varieties of this species that are highly prized by ornamental cactus collectors. These include a cristate variety, two variants of monstrose growth, and a more recently developed clone that exhibits both monstrose and cristate growth. Of the monstrose varieties, one is often known by the name Penis Plant. These all tend to be much slower growing than the standard form of the species, but owing to their highly unusual shapes, they are sought after by cactus collectors.

# Chemistry
It contains a number of psychoactive alkaloids, in particular the well-studied chemical mescaline, which it may contain at levels higher than those of the San Pedro cactus.
Electromagnetic therapy
Electromagnetic therapy is a form of alternative medicine which claims to treat disease by applying electromagnetic energy to the body.  It has been labelled pseudoscientific by its critics.  A related alternative treatment, magnet therapy, uses the application of static (non-varying) magnetic fields.

# Use
Some proponents of electromagnetic therapy believe that "harmful electromagnetic fields" might "disrupt the body's chemical makeup resulting in disease and illness." The University of California Medical Centre, Moore Cancer Centre, offers alternative therapies for cancer patients. However, it clearly states on its website that to their knowledge "there is no scientific evidence available that any electromagnetic therapies work." 

# Criticism
The American Cancer Society says that "relying on electromagnetic treatment alone and avoiding conventional medical care, may have serious health consequences." Many electromagnetic therapy devices have never been scientifically proven effective in the treatment of disease. In some cases, the devices may be not only ineffective but harmful in and of themselves.
Encephalitis lethargica

# Overview
Encephalitis lethargica (EL) is an atypical form of encephalitis. Also known as sleeping sickness (though different from the sleeping sickness transmitted by the tsetse fly), EL is a devastating illness that swept the world in the 1920s and then vanished as quickly as it had appeared. First described by the neurologist Constantin von Economo in 1916, EL attacks the brain, leaving some victims in a statue-like condition, speechless and motionless. Between 1917 and 1928, an epidemic of encephalitis lethargica spread throughout the world, but no recurrence of the epidemic has since been reported, though isolated cases continue to occur. During the outbreak over 5 million died from disease-related causes.

# Symptoms
Encephalitis lethargica is characterized by high fever, sore throat, headache, double vision, delayed physical and mental response, sleep inversion, catatonia and lethargy. In acute cases, patients may enter a coma-like state (akinetic mutism). Patients may also experience abnormal eye movements, parkinsonism, upper body weakness, muscular pains, tremors, neck rigidity, and behavioral changes including psychosis.
Postencephalitic Parkinson's disease may develop after a bout of encephalitis, sometimes as long as a year after the start of the illness.

# Cause
The cause of encephalitis lethargica is not known for certain.
Research in 2004 suggested that the disease is due to an immune reaction. In this study, many of the people with encephalitis lethargica had experienced recent pharyngitis and the authors found some evidence linking the reaction to prior strep throat. They hypothesised that encephalitis lethargica, Sydenham's chorea and PANDAS (paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections) are mediated by variations of the post-streptococcal immune response.
There is also some evidence of an autoimmune origin with antibodies (IgG) from patients with EL binding to neurons in the basal ganglia and mid-brain.Western immunoblotting showed that 95% of EL patients had autoantibodies reactive against human basal ganglia antigens.By contrast, antibodies reactive against the basal ganglia were found in only 2-4% of child and adult controls (n = 173, P < 0.0001). 
Some researchers believe that new data supports the influenza hypothesis, while others consider this less likely.

# Treatment
Treatment for encephalitis lethargica in the early stages is patient stabilization, which may be very difficult. There is little evidence so far of a consistent effective treatment for the initial stages, though some patients given steroids have seen improvement. Other patients have been less fortunate, and the disease then becomes progressive, with evidence of brain damage similar to Parkinson's disease. Treatment is then symptomatic. Levodopa (L-dopa) and other anti-parkinson drugs often produce dramatic responses. However in most of the patients who were given L-Dopa in the 1960s, the amelioration of the disease was short lived.
The course of encephalitis lethargica varies depending upon complications or accompanying disorders.
Endomyocardial fibrosis
Synonyms and related keywords: Davies' disease, EMF, Fibroelastic endocarditis, Loeffler endomyocardial fibrosis with eosinophilia, Loeffler fibroplastic parietal endocarditis and Loeffler's disease.     
Endomyocardial fibrosis or endocardial fibrosis may seen as;
- Left ventricular fibrosis
- Right ventricular fibrosis
- Biventricular fibrosis

# Pathological Findings
Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission  PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology
- Left ventricular endocardial fibrosis due to implantable defibrillator
- Left ventricular endocardial fibrosis due to implantable defibrillator
- Right ventricular endocardial fibrosis due to implantable defibrillator
- Right ventricular endocardial fibrosis due to implantable defibrillator
- Endomyocardial Fibrosis with Ventricular Thrombosis: Gross, fixed tissue, good color view from right atrium into right ventricle showing top of thrombus in right ventricle
- Endomyocardial Fibrosis with Ventricular Thrombosis: Gross, fixed tissue, good color, horizontal section of ventricles endocardial fibrosis, thrombus and focal myocardial fibrosis are evident
- Endomyocardial Fibrosis with Ventricular Thrombosis: Gross, fixed tissue, horizontal section of ventricles showing thrombus filling both.Left ventricle endocardial fibrosis and focal myocardial fibrosis. Cause unknown. The heart weight 550 gm
- Endomyocardial Fibrosis with Ventricular Thrombosis: Gross, fixed tissue, four horizontal sections of ventricles showing lumens filled with thrombus mostly old and on left endocardial fibrosis. 43 year old female, cause completely unknown, ventricles filled with thrombus
Enfuvirtide description

# Description
FUZEON (enfuvirtide) is an inhibitor of the fusion of HIV-1 with CD4 cells. Enfuvirtide is a linear 36-amino acid synthetic peptide with the N-terminus acetylated and the C-terminus is a carboxamide. It is composed of naturally occurring L-amino acid residues.
Enfuvirtide is a white to off-white amorphous solid. It has negligible solubility in pure water and the solubility increases in aqueous buffers (pH 7.5) to 85-142 g/100 mL. The empirical formula of enfuvirtide is C204H301N51O64, and the molecular weight is 4492. It has the following primary amino acid sequence:
CH3CO-Tyr-Thr-Ser-Leu-Ile-His-Ser-Leu-Ile-Glu-Glu-Ser-Gln-Asn-Gln-Gln-Glu-Lys-Asn-Glu-Gln-Glu-Leu-Leu-Glu-Leu-Asp-Lys-Trp-Ala-Ser-Leu-Trp-Asn-Trp-Phe-NH2 and the following structural formula:
The drug product, FUZEON (enfuvirtide) for Injection, is a white to off-white, sterile, lyophilized powder. Each single-use vial contains 108 mg of enfuvirtide for the delivery of 90 mg. Prior to subcutaneous administration, the contents of the vial are reconstituted with 1.1 mL of Sterile Water for Injection giving a volume of approximately 1.2 mL to provide the delivery of 1 mL of the solution. Each 1 mL of the reconstituted solution contains approximately 90 mg of enfuvirtide with approximate amounts of the following excipients: 22.55 mg of mannitol, 2.39 mg of sodium carbonate (anhydrous), and sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment as needed. The reconstituted solution has an approximate pH of 9.0.
Enthalpy of atomization
The enthalpy of atomization (also standard enthalpy of atomisation - UK spelling) is the enthalpy change that accompanies the total separation of all atoms in a chemical substance (either a chemical element or a chemical compound). This is often represented by the symbol HatO.  The associated standard enthalpy is known as the Standard enthalpy of atomization, HatO/(kJmol-1), at 298 K and 1 atmosphere of pressure, or 100 kPa (kilopascals.)
The enthalpy of atomization of gaseous H2O is, for example, the sum of the HOH and HO bond dissociation enthalpies.  The enthalpy of atomization of an elemental solid is exactly the same as the enthalpy of sublimation for any elemental solid that becomes a monatomic gas upon evaporation.
There is a difference between a solid converting to a gas, and a diatomic gaseous element converting to gaseous atoms. The standard enthalpy is purely based on the production of one mole of gaseous atoms.
Entomopathogenic fungus
An entomopathogenic fungus is a fungus that can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them.

# Typical life cycle
These fungi usually attach to th
Editing Entomopathogenic fungus - wikidoce external body surface of insects in the form of microscopic spores (usually asexual, mitosporic spores also called conidia). Under permissive conditions of temperature and (usually high) moisture, these spores germinate, grow as hyphae and colonize the insect's cuticle; eventually they bore through it and reach the insects' body cavity (hemocoel). Then, the fungal cells proliferate in the host body cavity, usually as walled hyphae or in the form of wall-less protoplasts (depending on the fungus involved). After some time the insect is usually killed (sometimes by fungal toxins) and new propagules (spores) are formed in/on the insect if environmental conditions are again permissive; usually high humidity is required for sporulation.

# Groups
The entomopathogenic fungi include taxa from several of the main fungal groups and do not form a monophyletic group. Many common and/or important entomopathogenic fungi are in the order Hypocreales of the Ascomycota: the asexual (anamorphic) phases Beauveria, Metarhizium, Nomuraea, Paecilomyces = Isaria, Hirsutella and the sexual state Cordyceps; others (Entomophthora, Zoophthora, Pandora, Entomophaga) belong in the order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota.
Related fungi attack and kill other invertebrates (e.g nematodes).

# Use of entomopathogenic fungi in the biological control of pests
Since they are considered natural mortality agents and environmentally safe, there is worldwide interest in the utilization and manipulation of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of insects and other arthropod pests. In particular, the asexual phases of Ascomycota (Beauveria, Metarhizium, Paecilomyces and others) are under intense scrutiny due to the traits favoring their use as bioinsecticides.
Production. Most entomopathogenic fungi can be grown on artificial media. However, some require extremely complex media; others, like Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, can be grown on starch-rich substrates like cereal grains (rice, wheat).
Virulence. The Entomophthorales are often reported as causing high levels of mortality (epizootics) in nature. These fungi are highly virulent. The anamorphic Ascomycota (Metarhizium, Beauveria etc.) are reported as causing epizootics less frequently in nature.
Also important are their properties regarding specificity (host range), storage, formulation, and application.
See the desert locust page for use of Metarhizium as a bioinsecticide.
Epidemiological methods

# Overview
Texts and literature in epidemiology often make use of jargon related to epidemiological methods without reference to their actual definition.
A number of basic concepts recur with particular frequency:
- Hazard ratio, also known as the Incidence Rate Ratio
- Odds ratio
- Risk ratio
- Relative risk, a generic term for Rate Ratio, Risk Ratio, and sometimes the Odds Ratio.

# Measures
- Measures of frequency/occurrence
Incidence measures
Incidence rate, where cases included are defined using a case definition
Hazard rate
Cumulative incidence
Prevalence measures
Point prevalence
Period prevalence
- Incidence measures
Incidence rate, where cases included are defined using a case definition
Hazard rate
Cumulative incidence
- Incidence rate, where cases included are defined using a case definition
- Hazard rate
- Cumulative incidence
- Prevalence measures
Point prevalence
Period prevalence
- Point prevalence
- Period prevalence
- Measures of association
Relative measures
Risk ratio
Rate ratio
Odds ratio
Hazard ratio
Absolute measures
Risk/rate/incidence difference
Attributable risk
Attributable risk in exposed
Percent attributable risk
Levins attributable risk
- Relative measures
Risk ratio
Rate ratio
Odds ratio
Hazard ratio
- Risk ratio
- Rate ratio
- Odds ratio
- Hazard ratio
- Absolute measures
Risk/rate/incidence difference
Attributable risk
Attributable risk in exposed
Percent attributable risk
Levins attributable risk
- Risk/rate/incidence difference
- Attributable risk
Attributable risk in exposed
Percent attributable risk
Levins attributable risk
- Attributable risk in exposed
- Percent attributable risk
- Levins attributable risk
- Other measures
Virulence and Infectivity
Mortality rate and Morbidity
Case fatality
Sensitivity (tests) and Specificity (tests)
- Virulence and Infectivity
- Mortality rate and Morbidity
- Case fatality
- Sensitivity (tests) and Specificity (tests)

# Related Chapters
- Study design
- Epidemiology

# Resources
- Epidemiologic.org Epidemiologic Inquiry online weblog for epidemiology researchers
- Epidemiology Forum A discussion and forum community for epi analysis support and fostering questions, debates, and collaborations in epidemiology
- The Centre for Evidence Based Medicine at Oxford maintains an on-line "Toolbox" of evidence based medicine methods.
- Epimonitor has a comprehensive list of links to associations, agencies, bulletins, etc.
- Epidemiology for the Uninitiated On line text, with easy explanations.
- North Carolina Center for Public Health Preparedness Training On line training classes for epidemiology and related topics.
Recombinant factor VIIa

# Overview
Recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) is a form of blood factor VII that has been manufactured via recombinant technology. The most commonly used rFVIIa is eptacog alfa (INN, trade names NovoSeven and AryoSeven).

# Medical use
rFVIIa is not, as of 2012, supported by the evidence for most cases of major bleeding. There is a significant risk of arterial thrombosis with its use and thus other than in those with factor VII deficiency should only be given in clinical trials. Recombinant human factor VII, while initially looking promising in intracerebral hemorrhage, failed to show benefit following further study and is no longer recommended.
In people with hemophilia type A and B who have a deficiency of factors VIII and IX, these two factors are administered for controlling bleeding or as prophylaxis medication before starting surgeries. However, in some cases they subsequently develop neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against the drug. These NAbs increase over time and inhibit the action of (coagulation) in the persons body. rFVIIa, which is activated form factor VII, bypasses factors VIII and IX and causes coagulation of blood without the need for factors VIII and IX. This is important for some patients to shift to proper blood factors according to their level of NAbs. Other indications include use for patients with acquired hemophilia, people born with a deficiency of factor VII, and people with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia.
Another possible use is for partial reversal of new oral anticoagulants such as dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or apixaban.

# Mechanism of action
This treatment results in activation of the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.

# Manufacture
rFVIIa is a glycoprotein which is produced by recombinant DNA technology. AryoSeven is formulated totally similar to the original drug with the name of NovoSeven. The product is the first biosimilar or biogeneric of the above mentioned drug. This biomedicine is produced in baby hamster kidney cells (BHK) and has similar characteristics and functions with the native blood factor VII.

# Route of administration
rFVIIa is normally administered intravenously (IV) under physician supervision.
Etravirine how supplied

# How Supplied
- INTELENCE 25 mg tablets are supplied as white to off-white, oval, scored tablets containing 25 mg of etravirine. Each tablet is debossed with "TMC" on one side.
- INTELENCE 100 mg tablets are supplied as white to off-white, oval tablets containing 100 mg of etravirine. Each tablet is debossed with "TMC125" on one side and "100" on the other side.
- INTELENCE 200 mg tablets are supplied as white to off-white, biconvex, oblong tablets containing 200 mg of etravirine. Each tablet is debossed with "T200" on one side.
- INTELENCE tablets are packaged in bottles in the following configuration:
Store INTELENCE tablets at 25C (77F); with excursions permitted to 15to 30C (59to 86F) . Store in the original bottle. Keep the bottle tightly closed in order to protect from moisture. Do not remove the desiccant pouches.