Phytonadione (tablet)

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# Overview
Phytonadione (tablet) is a vitamin K that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of anticoagulant-induced prothrombin deficiency caused by coumarin or indanedione derivatives, hypoprothrombinemia secondary to antibacterial therapy, hypoprothrombinemia secondary to administration of salicylates, hypoprothrombinemia secondary to obstructive jaundice or biliary fistulas.   Common adverse reactions include skin reaction, IM.

# Adult Indications and Dosage

## FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)
- Dosing Information
- To correct excessively prolonged prothrombin times caused by oral anticoagulant therapy  2.5 to 10 mg or up to 25 mg initially is recommended. In rare instances 50 mg may be required, Frequency and amount of subsequent doses should be determined by prothrombin time response or clinical condition. If, in 12 to 48 hours after oral administration, the prothrombin time has not been shortened satisfactorily, the dose should be repeated.
- Dosing Information
- hypoprothrombinemia secondary to antibacterial therapy; hypoprothrombinemia secondary to administration of salicylates;hypoprothrombinemia secondary to obstructive jaundice or biliary fistulas but only if bile salts are administered concurrently, since otherwise the oral vitamin K will not be absorbed.
- If possible, discontinuation or reduction of the dosage of drugs interfering with coagulation mechanisms (such as salicylates, antibiotics) is suggested as an alternative to administering concurrent MEPHYTON. The severity of the coagulation disorder should determine whether the immediate administration of MEPHYTON is required in addition to discontinuation or reduction of interfering drugs.
- A dosage of 2.5 to 25 mg or more (rarely up to 50 mg) is recommended, the amount and route of administration depending upon the severity of the condition and response obtained.
- The oral route should be avoided when the clinical disorder would prevent proper absorption. Bile salts must be given with the tablets when the endogenous supply of bile to the gastrointestinal tract is deficient.

## Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

### Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Phytonadione (tablet) in adult patients.

### NonGuideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label NonGuideline-Supported Use of Phytonadione (tablet) in adult patients.

# Pediatric Indications and Dosage

## FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)
There is limited information regarding FDA-Labeled Use of Phytonadione (tablet) in pediatric patients.

## Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

### Guideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label Guideline-Supported Use of Phytonadione (tablet) in pediatric patients.

### NonGuideline-Supported Use
There is limited information regarding Off-Label NonGuideline-Supported Use of Phytonadione (tablet) in pediatric patients.

# Contraindications
- Hypersensitivity to any component of this medication.

# Warnings
- An immediate coagulant effect should not be expected after administration of phytonadione.
- Phytonadione will not counteract the anticoagulant action of heparin.
- When vitamin K1 is used to correct excessive anticoagulant-induced hypoprothrombinemia, anticoagulant therapy still being indicated, the patient is again faced with the clotting hazards existing prior to starting the anticoagulant therapy.
- Phytonadione is not a clotting agent, but overzealous therapy with vitamin K1 may restore conditions which originally permitted thromboembolic phenomena. Dosage should be kept as low as possible, and prothrombin time should be checked regularly as clinical conditions indicate.
- Repeated large doses of vitamin K are not warranted in liver disease if the response to initial use of the vitamin is unsatisfactory. Failure to respond to vitamin K may indicate a congenital coagulation defect or that the condition being treated is unresponsive to vitamin K.

### Precautions
- General
- Vitamin K1 is fairly rapidly degraded by light; therefore, always protect MEPHYTON from light. Store MEPHYTON in closed original carton until contents have been used.

# Adverse Reactions

## Clinical Trials Experience
- Severe hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylactoid reactions and deaths have been reported following parenteral administration. The majority of these reported events occurred following intravenous administration.
- Transient "flushing sensations" and "peculiar" sensations of taste have been observed with parenteral phytonadione, as well as rare instances of dizziness, rapid and weak pulse, profuse sweating, brief hypotension, dyspnea, and cyanosis.
- Hyperbilirubinemia has been observed in the newborn following administration of parenteral phytonadione. This has occurred rarely and primarily with doses above those recommended.

## Postmarketing Experience
There is limited information regarding Postmarketing Experience of Phytonadione (tablet) in the drug label.

# Drug Interactions
- Temporary resistance to prothrombin-depressing anticoagulants may result, especially when larger doses of phytonadione are used. If relatively large doses have been employed, it may be necessary when reinstituting anticoagulant therapy to use somewhat larger doses of the prothrombin-depressing anticoagulant, or to use one which acts on a different principle, such as heparin sodium.

# Use in Specific Populations

### Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category (FDA):
- Pregnancy Category C
- Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with MEPHYTON. It is also not known whether MEPHYTON can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. MEPHYTON should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed.
Pregnancy Category (AUS):
- Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) Pregnancy Category
There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Phytonadione (tablet) in women who are pregnant.

### Labor and Delivery
There is no FDA guidance on use of Phytonadione (tablet) during labor and delivery.

### Nursing Mothers
- It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when MEPHYTON is administered to a nursing woman.

### Pediatric Use
- Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established with MEPHYTON. Hemolysis, jaundice, and hyperbilirubinemia in newborns, particularly in premature infants, have been reported with vitamin K.

### Geriatic Use
- Clinical studies of MEPHYTON did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

### Gender
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Phytonadione (tablet) with respect to specific gender populations.

### Race
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Phytonadione (tablet) with respect to specific racial populations.

### Renal Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Phytonadione (tablet) in patients with renal impairment.

### Hepatic Impairment
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Phytonadione (tablet) in patients with hepatic impairment.

### Females of Reproductive Potential and Males
There is no FDA guidance on the use of Phytonadione (tablet) in women of reproductive potentials and males.

### Immunocompromised Patients
There is no FDA guidance one the use of Phytonadione (tablet) in patients who are immunocompromised.

# Administration and Monitoring

### Administration
- Oral

### Monitoring
There is limited information regarding Monitoring of Phytonadione (tablet) in the drug label.

# IV Compatibility
There is limited information regarding IV Compatibility of Phytonadione (tablet) in the drug label.

# Overdosage

## Acute Overdose
- The intravenous and oral LD50s in the mouse are approximately 1.17 g/kg and greater than 24.18 g/kg, respectively.

## Chronic Overdose
There is limited information regarding Chronic Overdose of Phytonadione (tablet) in the drug label.

# Pharmacology
There is limited information regarding Phytonadione (tablet) Pharmacology in the drug label.

## Mechanism of Action
- MEPHYTON tablets possess the same type and degree of activity as does naturally-occurring vitamin K, which is necessary for the production via the liver of active prothrombin (factor II), proconvertin (factor VII), plasma thromboplastin component (factor IX), and Stuart factor (factor X). The prothrombin test is sensitive to the levels of three of these four factors  II, VII, and X. Vitamin K is an essential cofactor for a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the posttranslational carboxylation of multiple, specific, peptidebound glutamic acid residues in inactive hepatic precursors of factors II, VII, IX, and X. The resulting gammacarboxyglutamic acid residues convert the precursors into active coagulation factors that are subsequently secreted by liver cells into the blood.

## Structure
- Phytonadione is a vitamin which is a clear, yellow to amber, viscous, and nearly odorless liquid. It is insoluble in water, soluble in chloroform and slightly soluble in ethanol. It has a molecular weight of 450.70.
- Phytonadione is 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1, 4-naphthoquinone. Its empirical formula is C31H46O2 and its structural formula is:
- MEPHYTON1 (Phytonadione) tablets containing 5 mg of phytonadione are yellow, compressed tablets, scored on one side. Inactive ingredients are acacia, calcium phosphate, colloidal silicon dioxide, lactose, magnesium stearate, starch, and talc.

## Pharmacodynamics
There is limited information regarding Pharmacodynamics of Phytonadione (tablet) in the drug label.

## Pharmacokinetics
- Oral phytonadione is adequately absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract only if bile salts are present. After absorption, phytonadione is initially concentrated in the liver, but the concentration declines rapidly. Very little vitamin K accumulates in tissues. Little is known about the metabolic fate of vitamin K. Almost no free unmetabolized vitamin K appears in bile or urine.
- In normal animals and humans, phytonadione is virtually devoid of pharmacodynamic activity. However, in animals and humans deficient in vitamin K, the pharmacological action of vitamin K is related to its normal physiological function; that is, to promote the hepatic biosynthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.
- MEPHYTON tablets generally exert their effect within 6 to 10 hours

## Nonclinical Toxicology
- Studies of carcinogenicity or impairment of fertility have not been performed with MEPHYTON. MEPHYTON at concentrations up to 2000 mcg/plate with or without metabolic activation, was negative in the Ames microbial mutagen test.

# Clinical Studies
There is limited information regarding Clinical Studies of Phytonadione (tablet) in the drug label.

# How Supplied
- Tablets MEPHYTON, 5 mg vitamin K1, are yellow, round, scored, compressed tablets, coded ATON 405 on one side and MEPHYTON on the other. They are supplied as follows:
- NDC 25010-405-15 bottles of 100.
- Storage
- Store in tightly closed original container at 25C (77F); excursions permitted to 15-30C(59-86F). Always protect MEPHYTON from light. Store in tightly closed original container and carton until contents have been used.

## Storage
There is limited information regarding Phytonadione (tablet) Storage in the drug label.

# Images

## Drug Images

## Package and Label Display Panel

# Patient Counseling Information
There is limited information regarding Patient Counseling Information of Phytonadione (tablet) in the drug label.

# Precautions with Alcohol
- Alcohol-Phytonadione (tablet) interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

# Brand Names
- MEPHYTON

# Look-Alike Drug Names
- Mephyton  methadone

# Drug Shortage Status

# Price