Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Pancreatitis overview

# Overview
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas.

# Classification
There are different forms of pancreatitis, which are different in causes and symptoms, and require different treatment.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
Severe upper abdominal pain, with radiation through to the back, is the hallmark of pancreatitis. Nausea and vomiting (emesis) are prominent symptoms.

## CT
Although ultrasound imaging and CT scanning of the abdomen can be used to confirm the diagnosis of pancreatitis, neither is usually necessary as a primary diagnostic modality
. In addition, CT contrast may exacerbate pancreatitis, although this is disputed.

## Ultrasound
Although ultrasound imaging and CT scanning of the abdomen can be used to confirm the diagnosis of pancreatitis, neither is usually necessary as a primary diagnostic modality
Paraphimosis overview
Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.

# Overview
Paraphimosis is a medical condition where the foreskin becomes trapped behind the glans penis, and cannot be pulled back to its normal flaccid position covering the glans penis. If the condition persists for several hours or there is any sign of a lack of blood flow, paraphimosis should be treated as a medical emergency, as it can result in gangrene or other serious complications.

# Risk Factors
Paraphimosis occurs most often in children and the elderly.

# Treatment

## Surgery
Paraphimosis can often be reduced by manipulation. This involves compression of the glans, then movement of the foreskin to its normal position, perhaps with the aid of a lubricant. If this fails, the foreskin may need to be cut (dorsal slit procedure) or removed by circumcision. An alternate method, the Dundee technique, entails placing multiple punctures in the swollen foreskin with a fine needle, and then expressing the edema fluid by manual pressure.

## Primary Prevention
Prevention of recurrence is through education of the patient and his care givers on the need to pull back the foreskin over the glans after it has been retracted (for example, when cleaning the glans or passing a foley catheter), or through elective circumcision or preputioplasty.
Parapiptadenia rigida
Parapiptadenia rigida is a perennial shrub or tree.  It is not a threatened species. It is native to Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.  Common names include Angico, Angico-cedro, Angico-do-banhado, Angico-dos-montes, Angico-verdadeiro, Angico-vermelho, Guarucaia and  Paric.
Parapiptadenia rigida grows from about 18m to 30m in height and it has a straight trunk which has slightly furrowed bark.  The foliage is dark green and the flowers are greenish-yellow 5cm to 9cm long. It blooms in the Spring.  The seed pods grow 9cm to 16cm in length.  The seeds are flat, oval and brown.  It is found along the lengths of rivers.

# Uses

## Essential oils
"Essential oils" from the tree are becoming more widely recognized in industrial fragrance production.

## Gum
Gum from the tree can be used in the same way as gum arabic.

## Medicinal uses
The tree has astringent, expectorant, anti-diarrheal, antiseptic and hemmorage-arresting properties.  It is used for its antiseptic properties in southern Brazil.  The bark has a high tannin content of 15.0% and it is used in folk medicine as a bitter-tasting tonic and body cleanser.  It is used to treat rickets, lack of appetite and muscle weakness.  Parapiptadenia rigida is psychoactive.

## Tannin
The tree's bark contains 15.0% tannin.

## Wood
Its dense, wood is resistant to the elements and is used for construction, carpentry, beams for bridges, poles and firewood.  The wood is said to be unaffected by insects including termites and it can last more than 20 years unpainted.

### Mechanical properties
It has a "Janka Hardness" of 2300-3700 lb., a parallel "bending strength" of 16900 psi, a parallel "compression strength" of 8500 psi and a density of 720-1199 kg/m3 at a moisture content of 12-15%.  Its modulus of elasticity is 157 801 kg/cm2.
For hardwood flooring it is called "Pepperwood."
Pars interarticularis

# Overview
The pars interarticularis is the part of the vertebra located between the inferior and superior articular processes of the facet joint.

# Anatomy
In the transverse plane, it lies between the lamina and pedicle. It is abnormal in spondylolysis, either due to fracture or congenitally.

# Pathophysiology
It is abnormal in spondylolysis, either due to fracture or congenitally.

# Imaging
On an anterior oblique radiograph of the lumbar spine, the pars is the neck of the imaginary Scottie dog; the Scottie dog's eye is the pedicle, its hindlegs the spinous process, its nose the transverse process and its forelegs the inferior articular facet.
Pasteurella multocida

# Overview
Pasteurella multocida is a small, Gram-negative, non-motile coccobacillus that is penicillin-sensitive.  It can cause a zoonotic infection in humans, which typically is a result of bites or scratches from pets (such as cats and dogs).  Many mammals and fowl harbor it as part of their normal respiratory microbiota, displaying asyptomatic infections.

# History
Pasteurella multocida was first found in 1878 in fowl cholera-infected birds.  However, it was not isolated until 1880, by Louis Pasteur - the man whom Pasteurella is named in honor of.

# Disease
P. multocida is the most common cause of infection from animal injuries. (Pneumonia in cattle and pigs, atrophic rhinitt in pigs and goats and wound infections, specially after dog/cat-bites.) A high leukocyte and neutrophil count is typically observed, leading to an inflammatory reaction at the infection site (generally a diffuse localized cellulitis).  It can also infect other locales, such as the respiratory tract.  In more serious cases, a bacteremia can result, causing an osteomyelitis or endocarditis.  The bacteria may also cross the blood-brain barrier and cause a meningitis.

# Virulence, Culturing, and Metabolism
A bacteriophage encodes the toxin responsible for most P. multocida virulence factors.  This toxin activates Rho GTPases, which bind and hydrolyze GTP, and are important in actin stress fiber formation.  Formation of stress fibers may aid in the endocytosis of P. multocida.  The host cell cycle is also modulated by the toxin, which can act as an intracellular mitogen.
P. multocida will grow at 37 degrees Celsius on blood or chocolate agar, but will not grow on MacConkey agar.  Colony growth is accompanied by a characteristic "mousy" odor due to metabolic products.  
Being a facultative anaerobe, it is oxidase- and catalase-positive, and can also ferment a large number carbohydrates in anaerobic conditions.

# Treatment
This bacterium is somewhat unusual in that it can be effectively treated with beta-lactam antibiotics, despite its Gram-negative structure.  It is also often treated with fluoroquinolones or tetracyclines; fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis and tetracyclines interfere with protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit.

## Antimicrobial regimen
- Pasteurella multocida 
- Preferred regimen (1): Amoxicillin clavulanate 500 mg PO tid or 875 mg PO bid with food
- Note: Its also a preferred empirical coverage of animal bite wounds
- Preferred regimen (2): Ampicillin sulbactam 3 g IV q6h
- Preferred regimen (3): Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO bid or 400 mg IV q12h
- Preferred regimen (4): Levofloxacin 500 mg PO qd or IV q24h
- Alternative regimen (1): Doxycycline 100 mg PO bid
- Alternative regimen (2): TMP-SMX DS PO bid (for beta-lactam allergic patients )
- Alternative regimen (3): Penicillin 500 mg PO qid or 4 MU IV q4h (use only if isolate known to be susceptible)
Patton State Hospital

# History
Patton State Hospital is located in San Bernardino, California. Opened in 1893 as the Southern California State Asylum for the Insane and Inebriates, it was renamed Patton State Hospital after Harry Patton, a member of the first Board of Managers, in 1927.
Patton opened as a state run, public sector forensic hospital. It is licensed by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Patients are judicially committed, mentally disordered adult individuals.

# Commitment categories
- Incompetent to Stand Trial
- Not Guilty By Reason of Insanity
- Mentally disordered sex offender committed prior to 1982
- Competent to stand trial but requiring continued inpatient treatment during trial
- Mentally disordered offender parolee
- Department of Corrections patients
- Mentally Disordered Offenders
- Female Sexually Violent Predators
- Temporary conservatorship
- Court-commitment imminently dangerous behavior
- Post-parole mentally disordered offender

# Current status

# Employees, staff and officers
Executive Director of Patton is Octavio C. Luna.
Chair of Psychology Department is Craig Lareau, Ph.D., J.D. ABPP, ABCD
Pediomelum cuspidatum
Pediomelum cuspidatum (also known as Psoralea cuspidata) is a perennial herb also known as the Tall-bread Scurf-pea. It is found on the black soil prairies in Texas. It has an inflorescence on stems 18-40 centimeters long arising from a subterranean stem and deep carrot-shaped root that is 4-15 cm long. The long petioled leaves are palmately divided into 5 linear-elliptic leaflets that are 2-4 centimeters long. The flowers, borne in condensed spikes from the leaves, are light blue and pea-like.

## Cultivation and uses
P. cuspidata emerges in late Spring, and sets few seeds, unlike its smaller, fecund cousin Pediomelum hypogaeum.
The species has edible tuberous roots, although some sources describe it as 'bitter'.

# Reference
- Delena Tull (1987), Edible and Useful Pants of Texas and the Southwest, pgs 86-87
- H.D. Harrington (1967), Edible Native Plants of the Rocky Mountains, pg 206
Penicillium marneffei
Penicillium species are usually regarded as unimportant in terms of causing human disease. Penicillium marneffei, discovered in 1956, is different. This is the only known thermally dimorphic species of Penicillium, and it can cause a lethal systemic infection (penicilliosis) with fever and anaemia similar to disseminated cryptococcosis.

# Laboratory diagnosis
The fact that Penicillium marneffei is thermally dimorphic, is a relevant clue when trying to identify it. However, it should be kept in mind that other human-pathogenic fungi are thermally dimorphic as well. Cultures should be done from bone marrow, skin, blood and sputum samples.
Plating samples out onto two Sabouraud agar plates, then incubating one at 30C and the other at 37C, should result in two different morphologies. A mold-form will grow at 30C, and a yeast-form at 37C.
Mycelial colonies will be visible on the 30C plate after two days. Growth is initially fluffy and white and eventually turns green and granular after sporulation has occurred. A soluble red pigment is produced, which diffuses into the agar, causing the reverse side of the plate to appear red or pink. The periphery of the mold may appear orange-coloured, and radial sulcate folds will develop.
Under the microscope, the mold phase will look like a typical Penicillium, with hyaline, septate and branched hyphae; the conidiophores are located both laterally and terminally. Each conidiophore gives rise to three to five phialides, where chains of lemon-shaped conidia are formed.
On the 37C plate, the colonies grow as yeasts. These colonies can be cerebriform, convoluted, or smooth. There is a decreased production in pigment, the colonies appearing cream/light-tan/light-pink in colour. Microscopically, sausage-shaped cells are mixed with hyphae-like structures. As the culture ages, segments begin to form. The cells divide by binary fission, rather than budding. The cells are not yeast cells, but rather arthroconidia.
Culturing isn't the only method of diagnosis. A skin scraping can be prepared, and stained with Wright's stain. Many intracellular and extracellular yeast cells with crosswalls are suggestive of P. marneffei infection. Smears from bone marrow aspirates may also be taken; this is regarded as the most sensitive method. These samples can be stained with the Giemsa stain. Histological examination can also be done on skin, bone marrow or lymph nodes.
The patient's history also is a diagnostic help. If they have traveled to Southeast Asia and are HIV-positive, then there is an increased risk of them having penicilliosis.
Antigen testing of urine and serum, and PCR amplification of specific nucleotide sequences have been tried, with high sensitivity and specificity.
Rapid identification of penicilliosis is sought, as rapid treatment is critical. Treatment should be provided as soon as penicilliosis is suspected.
Penis transplantation

# Overview
Penis transplantation is a surgical transplant procedure in which a replacement penis, either one grown artificially (untested in humans) or from a deceased human donor (allograft), is transplanted onto a patient. In a similar fashion to other peripheral transplant procedures such as hand transplant and face transplant surgery, using a penis from a deceased donor is controversial because it is not necessary to ensure the life of the patient.

# Allotransplant procedure
The patient will have typically lost their penis, either through felonious assault, accidental injury or self-mutilation, or possibly have a birth defect causing disfigurement or total loss of the penis. The procedure was first performed successfully in September 2005 at a military hospital in Guangzhou, China. The patient, a 44-year-old male, had sustained partial penis loss. The penis came from a 23-year-old brain-dead male. Although successful, the patient and his wife suffered psychological trauma as a result of the procedure and later had the surgery reversed.

# Lab grown penis
A possible alternative to the allotransplant is growing a penis artificially in a laboratory. Although not yet trialled in humans, in 2006 researchers succeeded in replacing a rabbit's penis with one grown in a laboratory. The penises were grown on a matrix from the rabbit's own cells, and contained nerves and blood vessels allowing them to become fully functional.

# In fiction
- Penis transplantation was the subject of the early-1970s comedies, Percy, and Percy's Progress.
- The pilot episode of Max Headroom makes references to the harvesting of a complete set of male genitalia for the purpose of transplantation. This is a throwaway joke heard on the radio after it has been established that dead bodies in this future society are turned over to organ harvesters.
- The Hong Kong erotic comedy film Sex and Zen features a penis transplantation.
Potassium perchlorate

# Overview
Potassium perchlorate is the inorganic salt with the chemical formula KClO4.  Like other perchlorates, this salt is a strong oxidizer although it usually reacts very slowly with organic substances.  This usually obtained as a colorless, crystalline solid is a common oxidizer used in fireworks, ammunition percussion caps, explosive primers, and is used variously in propellants, flash compositions, stars, and sparklers.  It has been used as a solid rocket propellant, although in that application it has mostly been replaced by the higher performance ammonium perchlorate. KClO4 has the lowest solubility of the alkali metal perchlorates (1.5 g in 100 mL of water at 25 C).

# Production
KClO4 is prepared industrially by treating an aqueous solution of sodium perchlorate with KCl.  This single precipitation reaction exploits the low solubility of KClO4, which is about 100 times less than the solubility of NaClO4 (209.6 g/100 mL at 25 C). It can also be produced by the reaction of perchloric acid with potassium hydroxide, however this is not used widely, due to the dangers of perchloric acid.

# Oxidizing properties
KClO4 is an oxidizer in the sense that it exothermically transfers oxygen to combustible materials, greatly increasing their rate of combustion relative to that in air.  Thus, with glucose it gives carbon dioxide:
The conversion of solid glucose into hot gaseous CO2 is the basis of the explosive force of this and other such mixtures.  Even with cane sugar, KClO4 yields a low explosive, provided the necessary confinement. Otherwise such mixtures simply deflagrate with an intense purple flame characteristic of potassium.  Flash compositions used in firecrackers usually consist of fine aluminium powder mixed with potassium perchlorate.
As an oxidizer, potassium perchlorate can be used safely in the presence of sulfur, whereas potassium chlorate cannot. The greater reactivity of chlorate is typical  perchlorates are kinetically poorer oxidants. Chlorate produces chloric acid, which is highly unstable and can lead to premature ignition of the composition. Correspondingly, perchloric acid is quite stable.

# In medicine
Potassium perchlorate can be used as an antithyroid agent used to treat hyperthyroidism, usually in combination with one other medication.  This application exploits the similar ionic radii and hydrophilicity of perchlorate and iodide.

# Other Uses
Since 2005, a cartridge with potassium perchlorate mixed with anthracene and sulfur is used for generating the black smoke signalling the failure of reaching a two-thirds majority needed for the election of new pope by a papal conclave.
Peruvian Torch cactus
Peruvian Torch cactus (Trichocereus peruvianus) is a fast-growing columnar cactus native to the western slope of the Andes in Peru. It is also sometimes known as Peruvian Fence Post.
The plant is bluish-green in colour, with frosted stems, and 6-8 broadly rounded ribs; it has large, white flowers. It can grow up to 7 meters tall, with stems up to 20 cm in diameter; it is fully erect to begin with, but later possibly arching over, or even becoming prostrate. Groups of 6-8 honey-coloured to brown rigid spines, up to 4 cm in length, with most about 1 cm, are located at the nodes, which are evenly spaced along the ribs, up to approximately 2.5 cm apart.
A short-spined variant which is nearly identical in appearance to its relative, the San Pedro cactus, is known. It is therefore possible that many misidentified plants are being sold (both as Peruvian Torch and as San Pedro), but since local variations as well as hybrids do exist (both cultivated and natural), this will obviously make proper identification difficult.

# Chemistry
It contains a number of psychoactive alkaloids, in particular the well-studied chemical mescaline, which it contains at higher levels than those of the San Pedro cactus (although not as high as peyote, as sometimes is stated wrongly).

# Usage
The peruvian torch was used by a couple of religions and spiritual groups such as the shamans and native americans.
Photoacoustic Imaging
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Photoacoustic Imaging uses the photoacoustic effect to create an image of a target that is usually hidden from view.
In medicine, Photoacoustic Imaging is a non-invasive medical imaging technique used to detect vascular disease, skin abnormalities, and some types of cancer. It works by flashing a laser at low energy with a near infrared wavelength onto a target area. The near infrared wavelength helps the light scatter and penetrate deep into the body, this creates a large radiated area for a more detailed picture. As the light is absorbed into the body it expands the tissue through thermoelastic expansion, this expansion creates ultrasonic acoustic waves which can be picked up by very sensitive ultrasound detectors. From there they can be interpreted using different mathematical equations to create 2D or 3D images of the target area.
This technique works because of the different types of tissue in the body. Each one absorbs different amounts of the laser making each different tissue unique. These unique identifiers are combined together to create a very highly detailed image of the target area. This allows doctors to see abnormalities in the skin, vascular disease, and cancer, which can then be treated very directly. Haemoglobin for example, has a very high optical contrast when a near infrared wavelength is applied. This makes viewing blood vessels with this technology very accurate and doctors can identify many different problems that would be very hard to pick up using other techniques. This technology is also much safer than other imaging techologies because it is non-ionising this means that it does not affect the molecules in the body. The X-ray is an example of an ionising technology and if used imporperly it can cause severe damage to a person. Photoacoustic imaging is a cheaper, safer, and more effective way to identify many different problems that may have been overlooked in other tests.
Pioglitazone overdose

# Overdose Information
General
Treatment

## General
During controlled clinical trials, one case of overdose with Pioglitazone was reported. A male
patient took 120 mg per day for four days, then 180 mg per day for seven days. The patient
denied any clinical symptoms during this period. Return to top

## Treatment
In the event of overdosage, appropriate supportive treatment should be initiated according
to patients clinical signs and symptoms. Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Pittsburgh compound B
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Pittsburgh Compound B is a fluorescent derivative of Thioflavin T, which can be used in positron emission tomography scans to image beta-amyloid plaques in neuronal tissue.  Due to this property, Pittsburgh Compound B may be used for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease.
Pityriasis amiantacea

# Overview
Synonyms and keywords: Tinea amiantacea
Pityriasis amiantacea (also known as "Tinea amiantacea") is an eczematous condition of the scalp resulting in hair loss in which thick tenaciously adherent scale infiltrates and surrounds the base of a group of scalp hairs.:647
Pityriasis amiantacea was first described by Alibert in 1832. Pityriasis amiantacea affects the scalp as shiny asbestos-like (amiantaceus) thick scales attached in layers to the hair shaft. The scales surround and bind down tufts of hair. The condition can be localised or covering over the entire scalp. Temporary alopecia and scarring alopecia may occur due to repeated removal of hairs attached to the scale. It is a rare disease with a female predilection.
Pityriasis amiantacea can easily be misdiagnosed due its close resemblance to other scalp diseases such as psoriasis, seborrhoeic dermatitis or lichen planus. However in pityriasis amiantacea the scales are attached to both the hair shaft and the scalp. Pityriasis amiantacea may be present with other inflammatory conditions such as atopic dermatitis or seborrhoeic dermatitis and sebaceous scales and alopecia can occur. According to the dermatology text Bolognia  this condition is most often seen in psoriasis, but may also be seen in secondarily infected atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and tinea capitis.

# Treatment
The bacteria staphylococci are present in the majority of cases. Treatment with systemic antibiotics and coal tar shampoo can completely clear the condition when Staphylococcus aureus bacteria are found. Fungal infections such as tinea capitis are known to mimic the symptoms of the condition  and can be cleared with antifungal treatment.

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination

### Skin
- Tinea amiantacea. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Tinea amiantacea. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.
- Tinea amiantacea. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.