Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Respiratory minute volume
Respiratory minute volume (or minute ventilation, or flow of gas) is the volume of air which can be inhaled (inhaled minute volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from a person's lungs in one minute.  This is normally registered when a person has a ventilator supporting the person's breathing due to a sickness or injury.
Minute volume is calculated by taking the tidal volume and multiplying the respiratory rate (the number of breaths per minute a person is taking).  The higher the minute volume the more carbon dioxide (CO2) the person is releasing, the converse is the lower the minute volume the lower the amount of carbon dioxide the person is releasing.  For example a person who is hyperventilating would have an increased minute volume.
A normal minute volume would be 5-8 liters per minute.
The symbol used to represent minute volume is  \dot{V} or MV.
"Alveolar ventilation" is a closely related quantity, consisting of the respiratory rate multiplied by the dead space subtracted from the tidal volume.
Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome

# Overview
Mohr-Tranebjaerg syndrome (MTS) (formerly DFN-1) is an X-linked neurodegenerative syndrome.

# Clinical features
- Prelingual or postlingual sensorineural hearing loss
- Progressive dystonia and visual impairment
- Psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment and behavioural problems
Early-onset deafness is the only pathognomonic symptom; all other clinical signs vary in their degree of severity and clinical course.

# Genetics
- The underlying genetic defects are found in the TIMM8A/DDP1 gene located on chromosome Xq22.
- DDP1/TIMM8A encodes a small polypeptide of 97 amino acid residues, the deafness-dystonia peptide 1 (DDP1). Functional studies revealed that DDP1 is localized to the mitochondria, and plays a role in the import of nuclear-encoded preproteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane.
- Loss of DDP1 leads to impairment of specific mitochondrial functions and, subsequently, to degeneration of neuronal cells.

# Treatment
As with other mitochondrial disorders, there is no specific treatment for MTS.
Monoclinic crystal system
In crystallography, the monoclinic crystal system is one of the 7 lattice point groups.  A crystal system is described by three vectors.  In the monoclinic system, the crystal is described by vectors of unequal length, as in the orthorhombic system. They form a rectangular prism with a parallelogram as base. Hence two pairs of vectors are perpendicular, while the third pair make an angle other than 90.
There exist two monoclinic Bravais lattices: the simple monoclinic and the centered monoclinic lattices, with layers with a rectangular and rhombic lattice, respectively.
- Simple monoclinic
Simple monoclinic
- Centered monoclinic
Centered monoclinic
The crystal classes that fall under this crystal system are listed below, followed by their representations in international notation and Schoenflies notation, and mineral examples.
The number of space groups for each crystal class is 6, 3, and 4, respectively.
The three monoclinic hemimorphic space groups are as follows:
- a prism with as cross-section wallpaper group p2
- ditto with screw axes instead of axes
- ditto with screw axes as well as axes, parallel, in between; in this case an additional translation vector is one half of a translation vector in the base plane plus one half of a perpendicular vector between the base planes
The four monoclinic hemihedral space groups include
- those with pure reflection at the base of the prism and halfway
- those with glide planes instead of pure reflection planes; the glide is one half of a translation vector in the base plane
- those with both in between each other; in this case an additional translation vector is this glide plus one half of a perpendicular vector between the base planes.
Monofilament fishing line
Monofilament line is a thin string made from a single fiber. Most fishing line is made from monofilament because of its strength, availability in all pound-test kinds, and low cost. It also comes in many different colors such as white, green, blue, clear, and fluorescent. Monofilament is made by melting and mixing polymers and which is then extruded through tiny holes, forming strands of line, which is then spun into spools of various thicknesses. The extrusion process controls not only the thickness of the line but also the pound test of the line.
Monofilament is not advisable for deepwater fishing since it can absorb water resulting in loose knots, and its sensitivity can decrease when it is wet. Monofilament degrades with time and can weaken when exposed to heat and sunlight. When stored on a spool for a long time, it may come off the fishing reel in coils or loops. It is advisable to change monofilament line at regular intervals to prevent degradation.
Monofilament is also used in medicine to test the sense of touch.  It can be used in jewelry making to create 'floating' or 'illusion' beaded necklaces.  Because it is difficult to see, it has often been used in movies for special effects where objects need to look like they are floating in thin air.
Discarded monofilament lines can present serious environmental issues. These lines are extremely difficult to spot when submerged in water, and fish, birds, and other marine life can easily become entangled. Monofilament lines also present a risk to swimmers and scuba divers.

# History
DuPont made public in 1938 that their company had invented nylon. This new invention was the first synthetic fiber, fabrics that are commonly used in textiles today. In 1939, DuPont began marketing nylon monofilament fishing lines; however, braided Dacron lines remained the most used and popular fishing line for the next two decades. DuPont seized the opportunity in 1959 and introduced Stren, a thinner monofilament line that could be used in a large range of reels, including newly introduced spinning and spin casting tackle. Stren's monofilament lines soon became the fishermen's favorite fishing line because of its ease of use. New materials, eg. Spectra or Dyneema, are finding growing use in monofilament lines.
Moxifloxacin how supplied

# HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

## AVELOX Tablets
AVELOX (moxifloxacin) hydrochloride tablets are available as oblong, dull red film-coated tablets containing 400 mg moxifloxacin.
The tablet is coded with the word BAYER on one side and M400 on the reverse side.
Store at 25C (77F); excursions permitted to 1530C (5986F) . Avoid high humidity.

## AVELOX Intravenous Solution  Premix Bags
AVELOX IV (moxifloxacin) hydrochloride in sodium chloride injection) is available in ready-to-use 250 mL latex-free flexible bags containing 400 mg of moxifloxacin in 0.8% saline. NO FURTHER DILUTION OF THIS PREPARATION IS NECESSARY.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter prior to administration. Samples containing visible particulates should not be used.
Because the premix flexible containers are for single-use only, any unused portion should be discarded.
Store at 25C (77F); excursions permitted to 1530C (5986F) .
DO NOT REFRIGERATE  PRODUCT PRECIPITATES UPON REFRIGERATION.
Mycobacterium avium avium
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Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium
Type strain: strain ATCC 25291 = CCUG 20992 = CIP 104244 = DSM 44156 = NCTC 13034.
The subspecies name Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium Chester 1901 is automatically created by the valid publication of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Bergey et al. 1923) Thorel et al. 1990 and the valid publication of Mycobacterium avium subsp. silvaticum Thorel et al. 1990.
Based on differences in IS1245 RFLP, 16S-23S rDNA ITS and growth temperature, Mijs et al. 2002 propose to reserve the designation Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium for bird-type isolates. These authors suggest, but not formally propose, the designation "Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis" for the isolates from humans and pigs.
Mycobacterium brisbanense
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Mycobacterium brisbanense is a member of the Mycobacterium fortuitum third biovariant complex.  They are rapidly growing ubiquitous environmental organisms that normally inhabit soil, dust and water. These organisms frequently are human pathogens that cause a wide spectrum of clinically significant disease.  It is important for practitioners to be aware of these organisms as possible etiological agents, as they are resistant to most first-line anti-tuberculous agents.
- Etymology: brisbanense, pertaining to Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, the source of the type strain.

# Description
Microscopy
- The organisms are acid-fast, Gram-positive, pleomorphic bacilli. Long filamentous forms are often observed, but spores and capsules are absent.
Colony characteristics
- Colonies are mucoid, convex, round, entire-edged and do not demonstrate aerial hyphae.
- Colonies are white to slightly beige and small in diameter (approx. 1 mm) after incubation on heart infusion agar with 5 % (v/v) rabbit blood for 2 days at 35 C.
Physiology
- Growth occurs on LowensteinJensen medium at 35 C in less than 7 days, but no growth occurs at 42 C.
- Growth occurs on 5 % NaCl and on MacConkey's agar without crystal violet at 28 C.
- Arylsulfatase activity by 3 days, utilizes acetamide, reduces nitrate, produces urease and exhibits iron uptake.
- It does not utilize citrate or grow in lysozyme. Semi-quantitative catalase activity is weakly positive (<45 mm).
- It does not utilize citrate, grow in lysozyme or produce thermostable catalase.
Differential characteristics
- The nearest phylogenetic neighbour, according to 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, is Mycobacterium diernhoferi ATCC 19340T.

# Pathogenesis
- Reported infections include skin and soft-tissue abscesses with associated osteomyelitis, bacteraemia, endocarditis, keratitis, lymphadenitis, peritonitis, post-surgical infections, pulmonary infections and disseminated disease. Involvement of the central nervous system is rare, but meningitis may develop after trauma or surgery. The immunocompromised patient is at special risk for developing severe diseases, especially catheter-related infection with bacteraemia.

# Type Strain
- First isolated from an antral sinus in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Strain W6743 = ATCC 49938 = CCUG 47584 = DSM 44680
Mycobacterium colombiense
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Mycobacterium colombiense
Etymology: colombiense, pertaining to Colombia, the South American country where the strains were first isolated.

# Type Strain
10B = CECT 3035 = CIP 108962.
Mycobacterium confluentis
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Mycobacterium confluentis is a non-pathogenic bacterium of the oral cavity.

# Description
Gram-positive, nonmotile, acid-fast coccobacillus (0.5-0.8m x 0.7-1.7m), does not form spores, capsules or aerial hyphae.
Physiology.
- Rapid growth within 2 to 4 days on Lowenstein-Jensen media at 22C, 31C, 37C and 41C (optimum growth between 31C and 37C).
- In vitro susceptibility to isoniazid, ethambutol and streptomycin.
Differential characteristics.
- Differentiation from other thermotolerant mycobacteria by its inability to grow at temperatures of more than 41C.
- Separation from other rapidly growing mycobacteria by its susceptibility to antituberculotic drugs.
- Differentiated from the phenotypic closely related M. thermoresistibile by its inability to grow at 52C.

# Pathogenesis
Not associated with disease.  Biosafety level 1.

# Type Strain
First isolated from sputum, Koblenz, Germany.
strain 1389/90 = ATCC 49920 = CIP 105510 = DSM 44017 = JCM 13671.
Mycobacterium diernhoferi
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Mycobacterium diernhoferi

# Description
Gram-positive, nonmotile and acid-fast rods (2-6m x 0.5m).
Colony characteristics
- White smooth and non-photochromogenic colonies.
Physiology
- Fast growth at 28C and 37C within 3 days, no growth at 42C.
- Resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, Susceptible to ethambutol.
Differential characteristics
Belongs to the M. parafortuitum complex. Which unifies rapidly growing, scotochromogenic mycobacteria (M. parafortuitum, M. aurum, M. neoaurum, M. diernhoferi and M. austroafricanum).

# Pathogenesis
- Not associated with disease.  Biosafety level 1.

# Type Strain
First isolated from soil in a cattle field (Germany).
Strain 41001 = ATCC 19340 = CIP 105384 = DSM 43524 = HAMBI 2269 = IFO (now NBRC) 14756 = JCM 6371.
Mycobacterium florentinum
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Mycobacterium florentinum
Etymology: florentinum, of the Italian city of Florence, where the majority of the strains were collected and investigated.

# Type Strain
First isolated and characterized in Florence, Italy.  Strain FI-93171 = CCUG 50992 = CIP 108409 = DSM 44852
Mycobacterium haemophilum
Mycobacterium haemophilum

# Description
Short, occasionally curved, gram-positive, nonmotile and strongly acid-fast rods.
Colony characteristics
- Nonpigmented and rough to smooth colonies.
Physiology
- Media have to be supplemented with 0.4% haemoglobin or 60M hemin (factor X) or 15mg/ml ferric ammonium citrate respectively, but not with FeCl3 or catalase.
- Slow growth on Lowenstein-Jensen media or Middlebrook 7H10 agar at 32C within 2-4 weeks.
- Growth slower at 25C and 35C and absent at 37C.
- Strictly intracellular growth in tissue cultures of fibroblasts.
Differential characteristics
- Unique among mycobacteria in its requirement for hemin or ferric ammonium citrate for growth.
Distribution.

# Pathogenesis
- Infects patients with suppressed immune systems.
- Clinical presentation: multiple skin nodules occurring in clusters or without definitive pattern, commonly involving the extremities. Abscesses, draining fistulas and osteomyelitis may be associated with the nodules. Paediatric patients with localised cervical lymphadenopathy.
- Biosafety level 2

# Type Strain
First isolated in Israel from a subcutaneous granuloma from a patient with Hodgkin's disease. An environmental reservoir is presumed.
Strain ATCC 29548 = CCUG 47452 = CIP 105049 = DSM 44634 = NCTC 11185.

# Treatment

## Antimicrobial regimen
- 1. In vitro 
- Susceptible: Amikacin, Clarithromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Rifampin, and Rifabutin
- Less susceptible: Doxycycline and Sulfonamides
- 2. Disseminated disease
- Preferred regimen: Clarithromycin AND Rifampin AND Rifabutin AND Ciprofloxacin
Mycobacterium houstonense
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Mycobacterium houstonense
Mycobacterium houstonense is a member of the Mycobacterium fortuitum third biovariant complex.  They are rapidly growing ubiquitous environmental organisms that normally inhabit soil, dust and water. These organisms frequently are human pathogens that cause a wide spectrum of clinically significant disease.  It is important for practitioners to be aware of these organisms as possible etiological agents, as they are resistant to most first-line anti-tuberculous agents.
- Etymology: houstonense pertaining to Houston, TX, USA, where the first isolate of the M. fortuitum third biovariant (sorbitol-positive) was identified.

# Description
Microscopy
- The organisms are acid-fast, Gram-positive, pleomorphic bacilli. Long filamentous forms are often observed, but the organisms have no spores or capsules.
Colony characteristics
- Colonies are mucoid, convex, round and entire-edged and do not demonstrate aerial hyphae.
- Colonies are white to slightly beige, small-diameter (approx. 1 mm) colonies after incubation on heart infusion agar with 5 % (v/v) rabbit blood for 2 days at 35 C
Physiology
- Growth on LowensteinJensen medium at 35 and 42 C in less than 7 days
- Growth occurs on 5 % NaCl and on MacConkey's agar without crystal violet at 28 C.
- Semi-quantitative catalase of both isolates is weakly reactive (<45 mm).
- The isolate has arylsulfatase activity by 3 days, utilize acetamide, reduce nitrate, exhibit iron uptake and produce urease and thermostable catalase.
- It does not utilize citrate or grow in lysozyme.
Differential characteristics
- The nearest phylogenetic neighbours, according to 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, are M. fortuitum ATCC 6841T and M. senegalense ATCC 35796T.

# Pathogenesis
- Reported infections include skin and soft-tissue abscesses with associated osteomyelitis, bacteraemia, endocarditis, keratitis, lymphadenitis, peritonitis, post-surgical infections, pulmonary infections and disseminated disease. Involvement of the central nervous system is rare, but meningitis may develop after trauma or surgery. The immunocompromised patient is at special risk for developing severe diseases, especially catheter-related infection with bacteraemia.

# Type Strain
- The type strain, which was isolated from a face wound, is W5198T =ATCC 49403T =DSM 44676T.
Mycobacterium immunogenum

# Overview
Mycobacterium immunogenum is a species of the phylum actinobacteria (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus mycobacterium.
These non-tuberculous mycobacteria are sometimes found in fouling water-based cutting fluids, often causing hypersensitivity pneumonitis to the machinists in the affected grinding plants.

# Type strain
Strain BH29 = MC 779 = ATCC 700505 = CCUG 47286 = CIP 106684

# Treatment

## Antimicrobial regimen
- M. immunogenum isolates 
- susceptible: Amikacin AND Clarithromycin but
- resistant: Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline, Cefoxitin, Tobramycin, and Sulfamethoxazole
- NOTE: The optimal therapy for this organism is unknown; however, successful therapy is likely difficult due to the extensive antibiotic resistance of the organism
Mycobacterium interjectum
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Mycobacterium interjectum
Etymology: Phylogenetic position between (Latin: interjectum) rapidly and slowly-growing mycobacteria.

# Description
Gram-positive, nonmotile and acid-fast rods (0.6-1.0m x 0.7-2.0m). Filaments (up to 6.0m) possible.
Colony characteristics
Dysgonic, smooth and scotochromogenic colonies (1-2mm in diameter).
Physiology
- Slow growth on Lowenstein-Jensen medium at temperatures between 31C and 37C within 3-4 weeks.
- Susceptible to rifampicin.
- Resistant to isoniazid and ethambutol.
Differential characteristics
- Most closely related to M. simiae.
- Phylogenetic position between rapidly and slowly-growing mycobacteria.

# Pathogenesis
- Chronic lymphadenitis
- Biosafety level 2

# Type Strain
- First isolated from a lymph node of a child with chronic lymphadenitis in Germany.
Strain 4185/92 = ATCC 51457 = CCUG 37514 = DSM 44064
Mycobacterium intermedium
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Mycobacterium intermedium
Etymology:Latin, intermedium, meaning between, rapidly and slowly-growing mycobacteria.

# Description
Gram-positive, and nonmotile acid-fast coccobacilli (2.0m x 2.6 m).
Colony characteristics
- Eugonic, smooth and photochromogenic colonies (35mm in diameter) on Lowenstein-Jensen medium.
Physiology
- Growth on Lowenstein-Jensen medium at 22C, 31C, 37C and 41C, (optimal temperature between 31C and 37C), within 2-3 weeks.
- Susceptible to ethambutol and rifampin.
- Resistant to isoniazid and streptomycin.
Differential characteristics
- Phylogenetic position between rapidly and slowly-growing mycobacteria.
- M. asiaticum is phenotypically very similar, but can be distinguished by its growth at 22C, and by its dysgonic growth.

# Pathogenesis
- Pulmonary disease
- Biosafety level 2

# Type Strain
- Repeatedly isolated from sputum from a patient with pulmonary disease.
Strain 1669/91 = ATCC 51848 = CCUG 37583 = CIP 104542 = DSM 44049 = JCM 13572
Mycobacterium mucogenicum

# Overview
Mycobacterium mucogenicum
Etymology: mucogenicum, from the organism's highly mucoid appearance.

# Description
Gram-positive, nonmotile, curved and acid-fast rods.
Colony characteristics
- Highly mucoid behavior of most strains on solid agar. Smooth and off-white on Middlebrook 7H10 agar
Physiology
- Rapid growth on Middlebrook 7H10 at 28C to 37C, but not at 42C, within 2 - 4 days.
- Susceptible to amikacin, imipenem, cefoxitin, clarithromycin and ciprofloxacin.
- Resistant to isoniazid and rifampin.

# Pathogenesis
- Posttraumatic skin infections,
- catheter sepsis and respiratory isolates without clinical significance except in immunocompromised hosts.
- Biosafety level 2

# Type Strain
- First isolated in 1976 during an outbreak of peritonitis associated with automated peritoneal dialysis machines in the north-western United States.
- Strain ATCC 49650 = CCUG 47451 = CIP 105223 = DSM 44625 = JCM 13575.

# Treatment

## Antimicrobial regimen
- Mycobacterium mucogenicum 
- In vitro susceptible agents: Aminoglycosides, Cefoxitin, Clarithromycin, Minocycline, Doxycycline, Quinolones, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and Imipenem