Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Hyperlipoproteinemia classification

# Overview
Hyperlipoproteinemia can be classified into primary and secondary hyperlipoproteinemia depending on the etiology.  Primary lipoprotein disorders, caused by genetic mutations, can affect mainly the LDL particle, HDL, or more than one lipoprotein at the same time.  In addition, secondary lipoproteinemia include medical conditions that lead to low lipoprotein levels.

# Classification

## Etiology
Shown below is an algorithm depicting the classification of hyperlipoproteinemia into primary and secondary.

## Laboratory Results
Hyperlipoproteinemia can be classified according to which major lipoprotein or major lipid affected as detected in blood laboratory tests:

### High Lipoprotein
- High chilomicron remnant
- High chylomicron
- High HDL
- High IDL
- High LDL
- High VLDL

### High Lipid
- High total cholesterol
- High triglyceride
Hypolipoproteinemia pathophysiology

# Overview
Multiple mechanisms have been described in different diseases and clinical conditions that are found to be associated with hypolipidemia. Secondary causes are far more common than primary causes and include anemia, hyperthyroidism, critical illness, malignancy, malabsorption, infection, Chronic liver disease, and Chronic inflammation.

# Pathophysiology

# Primary Lipoprotein Disorders
Shown below is a table summarizing the primary hypolipoproteinemia along with the involved gene and main lipoprotein.

# Secondary Lipoprotein Disorders
Hypolipedemia has been found in association with different clinical conditions.
- Anemia: Hypolipedemia has been identified in association with different types of anemia e.g.congenital dyserythropoietic anemia, congenital spherocytosis, sickle cell anemia, beta-thalassemia, aplastic anemia, and sideroblastic anemia.  The exact etiology of hypolipidemia in anemic patients is not known, some studies outlined different mechanisms, another study suggest that hypolipidemia might be the cause rather than the consequence of anemia, which is explained by that cholesterol deficiency leads to rigidity of the erythrocytes, making them more prone to destruction.
- Hyperthyroidism: Thyroid hormone influence lipid metabolism and are common in dyslipidemic patients, and its dysfunction affect composition and transport of lipoproteins, hence the importance of Biochemical screening for thyroid dysfunction  in all dyslipidemic patients.
- Critical illness: Cholesterol levels drop at the onset of acute illness, and normalize after recovery.  This may predispose the critically ill patient to sepsis and adrenal failure, and early enteral nutrition and tight glycemic control recommended to accelerate the recovery of the cholesterol levels.
- Malignancy: Several epidemiological studies suggested an inverse relation between serum cholesterol level and cancer mortality.
- Malabsorption: Fat malabsorption can lead to hypolipidemia, as the dietary fats constitute the exogenous source of body lipids.  Brar et al demonstrated that celiac disease is associated with hypocholesterolemia and a gluten-free diet will result in rising of total cholesterol and HDL.
- Infection: The chronic effect of proinflammatory cytokines on lipoprotein metabolism seen in acute and chronic, bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections all might induce hypocholesterolemia.
- Chronic liver disease: Hypolipidemia is frequently observed in severe chronic hepatic insufficiency, as the hepatocytes  is the main site for lipid metabolism.
- Chronic inflammation: In the acute phase response to inflammation, reduction in plasma lipid levels is a well known phenomenon, it is explained by the chronic effect of proinflammatory cytokines on lipoprotein metabolism.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis

# Overview
The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT axis for short) is part of the endocrine system responsible for the regulation of metabolism.
As its name suggests, it depends upon the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the thyroid gland.
The hypothalamus senses low circulating levels of thyroid hormone and responds by releasing thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). The TRH stimulates the pituitary to produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The TSH, in turn, stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormone until levels in the blood return to normal.
Indian familial childhood cirrhosis
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Synonyms and keywords: Indian childhood cirrhosis; ICC

# Overview
Indian familial cirrhosis is a rare form of liver cirrhosis seen in infants and children of India.

# Pathophysiology
Indian familial cirrhosis leads to increased amounts of copper deposition in the liver.
IMITREX injection contraindications

# Contraindications
IMITREX Injection is contraindicated in patients with:
- Ischemic coronary artery disease (CAD) (angina pectoris, history of myocardial infarction, or documented silent ischemia) or coronary artery vasospasm, including Prinzmetal angina .
- Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome or arrhythmias associated with other cardiac accessory conduction pathway disorders .
- History of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) because these patients are at a higher risk of stroke .
- History of hemiplegic or basilar migraine.
- Peripheral vascular disease .
- Ischemic bowel disease .
- Uncontrolled hypertension .
- Recent (i.e., within 24 hours) use of ergotamine-containing medication, ergot-type medication (such as dihydroergotamine or methysergide), or another 5-hydroxytryptamine1 (5-HT1) agonist .
- Concurrent administration of an MAO-A inhibitor or recent (within 2 weeks) use of an MAO-A inhibitor .
- Known hypersensitivity to sumatriptan .
- Severe hepatic impairment .
IMITREX injection drug interactions

# Drug Interactions

### Ergot-Containing Drugs
Ergot-containing drugs have been reported to cause prolonged vasospastic reactions. Because these effects may be additive, use of ergotamine-containing or ergot-type medications (like dihydroergotamine or methysergide) and IMITREX Injection within 24 hours of each other is contraindicated.

### Monoamine Oxidase-A Inhibitors
MAO-A inhibitors increase systemic exposure by 2-fold. Therefore, the use of IMITREX Injection in patients receiving MAO-A inhibitors is contraindicated .

### Other 5-HT1 Agonists
Because their vasospastic effects may be additive, coadministration of IMITREX Injection and other 5-HT1 agonists (e.g., triptans) within 24 hours of each other is contraindicated.

### Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors/Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors and Serotonin Syndrome
Cases of serotonin syndrome have been reported during coadministration of triptans and SSRIs, or SNRIs, TCAs, and MAO inhibitors .
IMITREX spray indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
IMITREX Nasal Spray is indicated for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.

### Limitations of Use
- Use only if a clear diagnosis of migraine headache has been established. If a patient has no response to the first migraine attack treated with IMITREX, reconsider the diagnosis of migraine before IMITREX is administered to treat any subsequent attacks.
- IMITREX is not indicated for the prevention of migraine attacks.
- Safety and effectiveness of IMITREX Nasal Spray have not been established for cluster headache.
Superficial iliac circumflex artery
The superficial iliac circumflex artery (or superficial circumflex iliac), the smallest of the cutaneous branches of the femoral artery, arises close to the superficial epigastric artery, and, piercing the fascia lata, runs lateralward, parallel with the inguinal ligament, as far as the crest of the ilium.
It divides into branches which supply the integument of the groin, the superficial fascia, and the superficial subinguinal lymph glands, anastomosing with the deep iliac circumflex, the superior gluteal and lateral femoral circumflex arteries.

# Additional images
- The subcutaneous inguinal ring.
- The great saphenous vein and its tributaries at the fossa ovalis.
- The great saphenous vein and its tributaries.
- The femoral vein and its tributaries.
Incomplete left bundle branch block

# Overview
In incomplete left bundle branch block, the QRS interval is widened, but is insufficiently prolonged to meet the criteria for left bundle branch block.

# Diagnosis

## Electrocardiogram
- QRS duration between 110 and 119 ms in adults, between 90 and 100 ms in children 8 to 16 years of age, and between 80 and 90 ms in children less than 8 years of age.
- Presence of left ventricular hypertrophy pattern.
- R peak time greater than 60 ms in leads V4, V5, and V6.
- Absence of q wave in leads I, V5, and V6.
Also a narrow initial R wave in V1 has been linked with a reduced response to CRT.
Indinavir dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration
The recommended dosage of CRIXIVAN is 800 mg (usually two 400-mg capsules) orally every 8 hours.
CRIXIVAN must be taken at intervals of 8 hours. For optimal absorption, CRIXIVAN should be administered without food but with water 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal. Alternatively, CRIXIVAN may be administered with other liquids such as skim milk, juice, coffee, or tea, or with a light meal, e.g., dry toast with jelly, juice, and coffee with skim milk and sugar; or corn flakes, skim milk and sugar. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Effect of Food on Oral Absorption.)
To ensure adequate hydration, it is recommended that adults drink at least 1.5 liters (approximately 48 ounces) of liquids during the course of 24 hours.
Concomitant Therapy
(See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Drug Interactions, and/or PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions.)
- Delavirdine
Dose reduction of CRIXIVAN to 600 mg every 8 hours should be considered when administering delavirdine 400 mg three times a day.
- Didanosine
If indinavir and didanosine are administered concomitantly, they should be administered at least one hour apart on an empty stomach (consult the manufacturer's product circular for didanosine).
- Itraconazole
Dose reduction of CRIXIVAN to 600 mg every 8 hours is recommended when administering itraconazole 200 mg twice daily concurrently.
- Ketoconazole
Dose reduction of CRIXIVAN to 600 mg every 8 hours is recommended when administering ketoconazole concurrently.
- Rifabutin
Dose reduction of rifabutin to half the standard dose (consult the manufacturer's product circular for rifabutin) and a dose increase of CRIXIVAN to 1000 mg every 8 hours are recommended when rifabutin and CRIXIVAN are coadministered.
- Hepatic Insufficiency
The dosage of CRIXIVAN should be reduced to 600 mg every 8 hours in patients with mild-to-moderate hepatic insufficiency due to cirrhosis.
- Nephrolithiasis/Urolithiasis
In addition to adequate hydration, medical management in patients who experience nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis may include temporary interruption (e.g., 1 to 3 days) or discontinuation of therapy.
Infections in transplant recipients

# Overview
Organ transplant recipients are susceptible to infections due to their generalized immunosuppressed state. Furthermore, the allograft organ (e.g., lung) has increased susceptibility due to its direct communication with the environment.

# Pathophysiology
- The immunosuppressive therapy related to the transplantation depresses the cell mediated immunity and blunt the antibody response making them more susceptible to the infections.
- The presence of metabolic abnormalities, damage to muco-cutaneous membranes and devices like catheters and IV lines make the patient more prone to infections.
- They are most prone during the early post transplantation period and less immunosuppressed at the later stage when the immunotherapy is withdrawn.
- Post transplantation period is classified to three time frames namely first month, second through six months and beyond six months (late post transplant period). The patient is most susceptible to specific type of infections in each period. The type of infections is mainly influenced by environmental factors, level of immunosupression and surgical factors.
- During the first month, most infections are due to complications of surgery such as urinary tract infections, sepsis, pneumonia, herpes simplex virus infection reactivation and wound infections. It includes bacterial, viral and fungal infections. The other major complications specific to the organ include the following.
- Renal and pancreatic transplantation- Lymphoceles and perigraft hematoma
- Liver transplantation- Infected biloma, hepatic vein occlusion, biliary stricture formation, hepatic artery thrombosis and portal vein thrombosis.
- Heart transplantation- Acute mediastinitis, mycotic aneurysm.
- Lung transplantation- Bronchial anastomosis.
- During the second to six months post transplantation, opportunistic infections manifest. The major opportunistic pathogens are Pneumocystis carinii, Nocardia, Aspergillus, CMV, Toxoplasma gondii and Listeria monocytogenes. Reactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can occur during this period.
- During the late post transplant period after 6 months, the immune status of the patient is improved and patient is more prone to community based infections such as influenza virus infections, pneumococcal pneumonia and urinary tract infections. 

# Treatment

## Antimicrobial Therapy

### Post Transplant Infected Biloma
- Preferred regimen: Linezolid 600 mg IV bid AND Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h AND Fluconazole 400 mg IV q24h 
- Alternative regimen: Daptomycin 6mg/kg per day AND Levofloxacin 750 mg IV q24h AND Fluconazole 400 mg IV q24h 

# Prevention
- Evaluation of pretransplantation infection and counseling to prevent post transplant infections are done as a routine before any transplantation.
Inferior branch of oculomotor nerve
The inferior branch of the oculomotor nerve or the inferior division, the larger, divides into three branches.
- One passes beneath the optic nerve to the medial rectus.
- Another, to the inferior rectus.
- The third and longest runs forward between the inferior recti and lateralis to the inferior oblique. From the last a short thick branch is given off to the lower part of the ciliary ganglion, and forms its short root.
All these branches enter the muscles on their ocular surfaces, with the exception of the nerve to the inferior oblique, which enters the muscle at its posterior border.

# Additional images
- Nerves of the orbit. Seen from above.
- Nerves of the orbit, and the ciliary ganglion. Side view.
- Dissection showing origins of right ocular muscles, and nerves entering by the superior orbital fissure.
- Pathways in the Ciliary Ganglion.
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery is given off from the superior mesenteric or from its first intestinal branch, opposite the upper border of the inferior part of the duodenum.
It courses to the right between the head of the pancreas and duodenum, and then ascends to anastomose with the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery.
It distributes branches to the head of the pancreas and to the descending and inferior parts of the duodenum.
Inflammatory bowel disease overview

# Overview
Inflammatory bowel disease is a group of inflammatory conditions of the large intestine and, in some cases, the small intestine. It should not be confused with IBS, irritable bowel syndrome, which is less severe.

# Screening
While patients of IBD do have an increased risk of colorectal cancer this is usually caught much earlier than the general population in routine surveillance of the colon by colonoscopy, and therefore patients are much more likely to survive.

# Diagnosis

## Other Diagnostic Studies
Diagnosis is generally by colonoscopy with biopsy of pathological lesions.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
Depending on the level of severity, IBD may require immunosuppression to control the symptoms such as azathioprine, methotrexate, or 6-mercaptopurine. More commonly, treatment of IBD requires a form of mesalamine.
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a medical term that describes diabetes mellitus that requires insulin therapy to avoid ketoacidosis. IDDM is often considered a synonym for juvenile diabetes mellitus and type 1 diabetes mellitus, though the three terms are not entirely congruent:
- Juvenile diabetes is considered an unsatisfactory and somewhat obsolete term because type 1 diabetes can develop in adults, and type 2 can occur in children.
- IDDM includes type 1 diabetes, but as type 2 diabetes progresses, in some people it may reach a degree of insulin deficiency that requires insulin treatment.
See diabetes mellitus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
International Cystinuria Foundation
The International Cystinuria Foundation (ICF) is a Colorado based nonprofit organization that provides educational resources to individuals affected by cystinuria.  Its mission is to strengthen, educate, and further the general well being of the cystinuric community.  The ICF serves an international audience through their website, and hosts a large community where cystinuric individuals, parents of cystinuric children, and physicians can share experiences and information for the purposes of education and support.

# History
The website www.cystinuria.org was founded on October 17 of 2002 and was opened to the public later that month.  The initial site featured the first version of the Cystinuria.org community forum as well as a dictionary to aid interested readers in understanding cystinuria-relevant scientific literature.  In mid November, the first learning tutorial was published, providing readers with a basic understanding of amino acid structure and function with an emphasis on cysteine and cystine. More tutorials were added covering the relevant topics of stone formation, stone prevention, and antibiotic use (for patients with recurring infections).  The development of educational tutorials continued into early 2004, when the site became the online home of the newly incorporated Cystinuria Foundation of America (CysFA). On August 8, 2005, following the successful organization of the first Cystinuria Sympoiusm, CysFA was dissolved and the International Cystinuria Foundation was incorporated in its place to reflect the goal of reaching out to affected individuals worldwide.  On March 30, 2006, the ICF was awarded 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and classified as a public charity.

# Symposia
A main goal of the ICF is to hold annual symposia where top experts in the cystinuria-related fields of urology, nephrology, genetics, and psychological health present educational information and cutting-edge research findings to general members of the cystinuric community.  To date, the ICF has held two such symposia in New York City and Chicago.
Iridogoniodysgenesis, dominant type

# Overview
Iridogoniodysgenesis, dominant type (type 1, IRID1) refers to a spectrum of diseases characterized by malformations of the irido-corneal angle of the anterior chamber of the eye.  Iridogoniodysgenesis is the result of abnormal migration or terminal induction of neural crest cells. These cells lead to formation of most of the anterior segment structures of the eye (corneal stroma & endothelium, iris stroma, trabeculum).

# Historical Prospective
Iridogoniodysgenesis, dominant type first reported by Berg (1932).

# Epidemiology and demographics
Transmission of Iridogoniodysgenesis, dominant type is autosomal dominant pattern with complete penetrance and variable expressivity.

# Diagnosis

# Symptoms
Symptoms of Iridogoniodysgenesis, dominant type is iris hypoplasis, goniodysgenesis, and juvenile glaucoma.  Glaucoma phenotype that maps to 6p25 results from mutations in the forkhead transcription factor gene FOXC1

# Treatment
Treatment of glaucoma in iridogoniodysgenesis is primarily surgical.
It is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of Rare Diseases (ORD). This means that Iridogoniodysgenesis, dominant type, or a subtype of Iridogoniodysgenesis, dominant type, affects less than 200,000 people in the US population.
Kind of movement admitted in joints
The movement of body structures is accomplished by the contraction of muscles. Muscles may move parts of the skeleton relatively to each other, or may move parts of internal organs relatively to each other. All such movements are classified by the directions in which the affected structures are moved. In human anatomy, all descriptions of position and movement are based on the assumption that the body is in anatomical position.
The prefix hyper- is sometimes added to emphasize movement beyond the normal position, such as in hyperflexion or hyperextension. Such movements can put significant stress on the joints involved. See: Medical terminology
All motions are considered to be a mixture of or a single contribution by the following types of movement.
Most terms of a motion have clear opposites, and as such, are treated below in pairs.

# General motion

# Special motions of the hands and feet

# Other special motions
Some additional motions without clear opposites are as follows:
- Rotation - A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis.  The head rotates on the neck, as in shaking the head 'no'.
- Circumduction  - The circular (or, more precisely, conical) movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye. It consists of a combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction. "Windmilling" the arms or rotating the hand from the wrist are examples of circumductive movement.
- Opposition - A motion involving a grasping motion of the thumb and fingers.
- Reposition - To release an object by spreading the fingers and thumb.
Left atrial enlargement chest x-ray

# Chest X-Ray
Chest x-ray findings of left atrial enlargement are:
- Double density sign: Occur when the right side of the left atrium pushes behind the right atrial border, appearing as a double density. If large enough it can actually reach beyond the border of the right atrium.
- Convex left atria appendage: usually reflect prior rheumatic heart disease
- Splaying of the carina
- Posterior displacement of the left main stem bronchus on lateral radiograph
- Superior displacement of the left main stem bronchus on frontal view
- Posterior displacement of a barium filled oesophagus or nasogastric tube
Images shown below are courtesy of Radiopedia.com.
- Double density sign
- Same patient & the same image. Double density sign. Image's modified for more contrast and better visualization.
- Aside from the dirty lung due to emphysema and pneumonic infiltration in the lower right field you can notice a marked enlargement of the left atrium with splaying of the carina.
Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor
LIFR also known as CD118 (Cluster of Differentiation 118),  is a subunit of a receptor for leukemia inhibitory factor.

# Function
The leukemia inhibitory factor is a polyfunctional cytokine that affects the differentiation, survival, and proliferation of a wide variety of cells in the adult and the embryo. LIF action appears to be mediated through a high-affinity receptor complex composed of a low-affinity LIF binding chain (LIF receptor) and a high-affinity converter subunit, gp130. Both LIFR and gp130 are members of a family of cytokine receptors that includes components of the receptors for the majority of hematopoietic cytokines and for cytokines that affect other systems, including the ciliary neurotrophic factor, growth hormone and prolactin.

# Interactions
Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor has been shown to interact with Glycoprotein 130.
LIFR has also been identified as a breast cancer metastasis suppressor that functions through the HIPPO-YAP pathway. LIFR is down regulated in a number of breast carcinomas and may serve a prognostic tool.