Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Rifampin isoniazid pyrazinamide how supplied

# How Supplied
RIFATER tablets are light beige, smooth, round, and shiny sugar-coated tablets imprinted with "RIFATER" in black ink and contain 120 mg rifampin, 50 mg isoniazid, and 300 mg pyrazinamide, and are supplied as:
Bottles of 60 tablets (NDC 0088-0576-41).

## Storage
Store at 25C (77F); excursions permitted to 1530C (5986F) . Protect from excessive humidity.

## Reference
Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute. 2003. Susceptibility Testing of Mycobacteria, Nocardiae, and Other Aerobic Actinomycetes; Approved Document M24-A.
Sanofi-Aventis U.S. LLC
Bridgewater, NJ 08807
A SANOFI COMPANY
Revised February 2013
2013 sanofi-aventis U.S. LLC
Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia
The Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia is a medical organization that promotes the science and practice of pathology. It has members in Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia.

# Examinations
Fellowship to the College (FRCPA) is dependent on completing a minimum of five years training in positions accredited by the College, and passing several rigorous examinations. These include:
- Basic pathological sciences
- Specialists' examinations in the fields of anatomical pathology, biochemistry, genetics, haematology, microbiology, and molecular pathology, which are held once a year.

# Quality assurance
The College organises External Quality Assurance programmes for a number of laboratory assays. In order for laboratories to comply with the requirements of the Laboratory Standard ISO15189 to which they are accredited, they must participate in these programmes where they are available.
Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization

# Overview
Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) is an ionization method in mass spectrometry that is used for the analysis of protein mixtures. SELDI is typically used with time-of-flight mass spectrometers and is used to detect proteins in tissue samples, blood, urine, or other clinical samples. Comparison of protein levels between patients with and without a disease can be used for biomarker discovery.

# How it works
SELDI-TOF-MS is a variation of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) that uses a target modified to achieve biochemical affinity with the analyte compound.  In MALDI, a protein or peptide sample is mixed with the matrix molecule in solution and small amounts of the mixture are deposited on a surface and allowed to dry.  The sample and matrix co-crystallize as the solvent evaporates.  In SELDI the protein mixture is spotted on a surface modified with a chemical functionality.  Some proteins in the sample bind to the surface, while the others are removed by washing.  After washing the spotted sample, the matrix is applied to the surface and allowed to crystallize with the sample peptides.   Binding to the SELDI surface acts as a separation step and the subset of proteins that bind to the surface are easier to analyze.  Common surfaces include CM10 (weak-positive ion exchange), H50 (hydrophobic surface, similar to C6-C12 reverse phase chromatography), IMAC30 (metal-binding surface), and Q10 (strong anion exchanger).  Surfaces can also be functionalized with antibodies, other proteins, or DNA.
Samples spotted on a SELDI surface are typically analyzed using time-of-flight mass spectrometry.  A laser ionizes peptides from crystals of the sample/matrix mixture.  The ions are accelerated through an electric potential and down a flight tube.  A detector measures ions as they reach the end of the tube.  The mass-to-charge ratio of each ion can be determined from the length of the tube, the kinetic energy given to ions by the electric field, and the time taken to travel the length of the tube.

# Commercialization
SELDI technology was developed by T. William Hutchens at Baylor College of Medicine in 1993 .  The technology was commercialized by Ciphergen Biosystems in 1997 as the ProteinChip system.  It is now produced and marketed by Bio-Rad Laboratories.
Silver sulfadiazine warnings and precautions

# Warnings
There is a potential cross sensitivity between silver sulfadiazine and other sulfonamides.  If allergic reactions attributable to treatment with silver sulfadiazine occur, continuation of therapy must be weighed against the potential hazards of the particular allergic reaction.
Fungal proliferation in and below the eschar may occur.  However, the incidence of clinically reported fungal superinfection is low.
The use of Silver Sulfadiazine Cream in some cases of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient individuals may be hazardous, as hemolysis may occur.

# Precaution

## General
If hepatic and renal functions become impaired and elimination of the drug decreases, accumulation may occur and discontinuation of Silver Sulfadiazine Cream should be weighed against the therapeutic benefit being achieved.
In considering the use of topical proteolytic enzymes in conjunction with Silver Sulfadiazine Cream, the possibility should be noted that silver may inactivate such enzymes.

## Laboratory Tests
In the treatment of burn wounds involving extensive areas of the body, the serum sulfa concentrations may approach adult therapeutic levels (8 to 12 mg %).  Therefore, in these patients it would be advisable to monitor serum sulfa concentrations.  Renal function should be carefully monitored and the urine should be checked for sulfa crystals.
Absorption of the propylene glycol vehicle has been reported to affect serum osmolality, which may affect the interpretation of laboratory tests.

## Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Long-term dermal toxicity studies of 24 months duration in rats and 18 months in mice with concentrations of silver sulfadiazine three to ten times the concentration in Silver Sulfadiazine Cream revealed no evidence of carcinogenicity.

## Pregnancy
Pregnancy category B. A reproductive study has been performed in rabbits at doses up to three to ten times the concentration of silver sulfadiazine in Silver Sulfadiazine Cream and has revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to silver sulfadiazine.  There are, however, no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women.  Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly justified, especially in pregnant women approaching or at term (See CONTRAINDICATIONS).

## Nursing Mothers
It is not known whether Silver Sulfadiazine Cream is excreted in human milk.  However, sulfonamides are known to be excreted in human milk and all sulfonamides derivatives are known to increase the possibility of kernicterus.  Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from sulfonamides, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

## Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established (See CONTRAINDICATIONS).
Solitary pulmonary nodule Primary Prevention

# Overview
Primary prevention of solitary pulmonary nodule includes avoidance of active and passive smoking, exposure to asbestos, and high risk occupational jobs.

# Primary Prevention
The following preventive measures may reduce the risk of malignancy among patients with pulmonary nodules:
- Avoidance of active and passive smoking
- Avoid or limit exposure to cancer-causing chemicals
- Eating a healthy and balanced diet
- Foods with high content of beta carotene, retinoids, selenium, and multivitamins demonstrate a protective effect against malignancy in pulmonary nodules.

# Reference
-  Khuri FR (2003). "Primary and secondary prevention of non-small-cell lung cancer: the SPORE Trials of Lung Cancer Prevention". Clin Lung Cancer. 5 Suppl 1: S3640. PMID 14641993..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  Samet JM.  Health benefits of smoking cessation.Clin Chest.Med.1991;12:669-679
-  The Alpha-Tocopherol,  Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention study Group.  The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the inci-dence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers.N Engl JMed.1994;330:1029-1035
Spondyloarthropathies differential diagnosis

# Spondyloarthropathies differential diagnosis
The diagnosis of spondyloarthropathies are generally based on the various clinical criteria and some symptoms and signs such as Inflammatory back pain enthesitis or arthritis with radiographic findings.

## Spectrum of Spondyloarthropathies are included:
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Axial spondylitis
- Peripheral spondylitis
- spondylitis in general
- Psoriatic arthritis
Here are some clinical criteria which have been made throughout different studies to make the diagnosis even more specific and sensitive. These criteria are: 1-ESSG ( The European spondyloarthropathy study group) 2- Amor criteria 3- New York criteria 4- Rome criteria
The New York criteria For diagnosis AS (Clinical and radiographic)
- Chest expansion limitation to 1 inch or less ( measured in 4th intercostal space)
- History or presence of pain in thoracolumbar junction or lumbar spine
- Limitation of the lumbar spine rotation in all directions
Grading of radiographic sacroiliac changes :
- Grade 0  Normal
- Grade 1  Suspicious
- Grade 2  Minimal sacroiliitis
- Grade 3  Moderate sacroiliitis
- Grade 4  Ankylosis
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis overview

# Overview
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a rare chronic, progressive encephalitis that affects primarily children and young adults, caused by defective measles virus (which can be a result of a mutation of the virus itself). SSPE is 'incurable' but the condition can be managed by medication if treatment is started at an early stage. Much of the work on SSPE has been completed by the NINDS.

# Causes
Ordinarily, the measles virus does not cause brain damage, but an abnormal immune response to measles or, possibly, certain mutant forms of the virus may cause severe illness and death. This leads to brain inflammation (swelling and irritation) that may last for years.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
SSPE is an incredibly rare condition although there is still relatively high incidence in Asia and the Middle East. However, the number of reported cases is declining since the introduction of the measles vaccine  eradication of the measles virus prevents the SSPE mutation and therefore the progression of the disease or even the initial infection itself.

# Risk Factors
SSPE tends to occur several years after an individual has measles, even though the person seems to have fully recovered from the illness. 1 in 100,000 people infected with measles are at risk.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
Characterized by a history of primary measles infection before the age of 2 years, followed by several asymptomatic years (615 on average), and then gradual, progressive psychoneurological deterioration, consisting of personality change, seizures, myoclonus, ataxia, photosensitivity, ocular abnormalities, spasticity, and coma.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
No cure for SSPE exists. However, certain antiviral drugs may slow the progression of the disease.

## Primary Prevention
Immunization against measles is the only known prevention for SSPE. The measles vaccine has been highly effective in reducing the numbers of affected children.
Measles immunization should be done according to the recommended American Academy of Pediatrics and Centers for Disease Control schedule.
Tetracycline hydrochloride adverse reactions

# Adverse Reactions
Gastrointestinal: anorexia, nausea, epigastric distress, vomiting, diarrhea, glossitis, black hairy tongue, dysphagia, enterocolitis, and inflammatory lesions (with monilial overgrowth) in the anogenital region.
Rare instances of esophagitis and esophageal ulceration have been reported in patients receiving particularly the capsule and also the tablet forms of tetracyclines.
Most of the patients were reported to have taken medication immediately before going to bed (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
Teeth: permanent discoloration of teeth may be caused during tooth development. Enamel hypoplasia has also been reported (see WARNINGS).
Skin: maculopapular and erythrematous rashes. Exfoliative dermatitis has been reported but is uncommon. Onycholysis and discoloration of the nails have been reported rarely. Photosensitivity is discussed in WARNINGS.
Renal Toxicity: rise in BUN has been reported and is apparently dose related.
Liver: hepatotoxicity and liver failure have been observed in patients receiving large doses of tetracycline and in tetracycline-treated patients with renal impairment.
Hypersensitivity Reactions: urticaria, angioneurotic edema, anaphylaxis, anaphylactoid purpura, pericarditis, exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus, and serum sickness-like reactions, as fever, rash, and arthralgia.
Blood: hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopenic purpura, neutropenia and eosinophilia have been reported.
Other: bulging fontanels in infants and intracranial pressure in adults (see PRECAUTIONS-General).
When given over prolonged periods, tetracyclines have been reported to produce brown-black microscopic discoloration of thyroid glands. No abnormalities of thyroid function studies are known to occur.
The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics
The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics, commonly referred to simply as The Medical Letter, provides independent, unbiased critical evaluations of new drugs and sometimes older drugs when important new information becomes available. The Medical Letter is well known as the "Gold Standard" within the medical community for new drug review.
The Medical Letter has a print and electronic circulation of well over 450,000 subscribers in 88 countries worldwide.
Published biweekly (26 issues/year), the newsletter is available in several languages: English (US and Canadian editions), French (Canadian and European editions), Italian, Chinese, and Spanish.The Medical Letter is also available as an electronic site license for institutions such as medical schools, hospitals and group practices.
The Medical Letter is published by The Medical Letter, Inc., which also publishes the monthly Treatment Guidelines from The Medical Letter.
An expert consultant or one of the editors prepares the preliminary draft using both published and available unpublished studies that are carefully examined, paying special attention to the results of well controlled clinical trials.
The preliminary draft is edited and sent to every member of the Advisory Board, to 10-20 other investigators who have clinical and experimental experience with the drug or type of drug or disease under review, to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), to the first authors of all the articles cited in the text, to appropriate agents of the pharmaceutical companies making the drugs under review, and to drug companies that make similar compounds.
Many critical observations, suggestions and questions are received from the reviewers and are incorporated into the article during the revision process, and the article is checked and edited to make sure the final appraisal is not only accurate, but also easy to read.
flowchart of the editorial process
Timeline of the history of scientific method
This Timeline of the history of scientific method shows an overview of the cultural inventions that have contributed to the development of the scientific method. For a detailed account, see History of the scientific method.
- 2000 BC  First text indexes (various cultures).
- 320 BC  Aristotle, comprehensive documents categorising and subdividing knowledge, dividing knowledge into different areas (physics, poetry, zoology, logic, rhetoric, politics, and biology).
- 200 BC  First Cataloged library (at Alexandria)
- 800 AD  An early experimental method began emerging among Muslim chemists beginning with Geber who introduced controlled experiments. Other fields (early Islamic philosophy, theology, law and science of hadith) introduced the methods of citation, peer review and open inquiry leading to development of consensus.
- 1000 - The Iraqi Muslim scientist Alhazen introduced the experimental method and combined observations, experiments and rational arguments in his Book of Optics to show that his intromission theory of vision was scientifically correct, and that the emission theory of vision supported by Ptolemy and Euclid was wrong.
- 1327  Ockham's razor clearly formulated (by William of Ockham)
- 1403  Yongle Encyclopedia, the first collaborative encyclopedia
- 1590  Controlled experiments by Francis Bacon
- 1600  First dedicated laboratory
- 1620  Novum Organum published, (Francis Bacon)
- 1637  First Scientific method (Rene Descartes)
- 1650  Society of experts (the Royal Society)
- 1650  Experimental evidence established as the arbiter of truth (the Royal Society)
- 1665  Repeatability established (Robert Boyle)
- 1665  Scholarly journals established
- 1675  Peer review begun
- 1687  Hypothesis/prediction (Isaac Newton)
- 1710  The problem of induction identified by David Hume
- 1753  Description of a controlled experiment using two identical populations with only one variable.
- 1926  Randomized design 
- 1934  Falsifiability as a criterion for evaluating new hypotheses (Karl Popper's The Logic of Scientific Discovery)
- 1937  Controlled placebo trial
- 1946  First computer simulation
- 1950  Double blind experiment
- 1962  Meta study of scientific method (Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions)
- 1964  Strong inference proposed by John R. Platt

# Notes
-  James Lind's A Treatise of the Scurvy
-  Ronald Fisher
-   Plat's article is entitled Strong inference. Certain systematic methods of scientific thinking may produce much more rapid progress than others (Science, 16 October 1964, Volume 146, Number 3642, Pages 347-353.)
Topiramate how supplied storage and handling
For patient information about topiramate, click here.

# How Supplied Storage and Handling

### Topiramate Tablets USP
- Topiramate Tablets USP, 25 mg are white, circular, biconvex, film-coated tablets debossed with E on one side and 22 on the other side.
- Topiramate Tablets USP, 50 mg are light yellow colored, circular, biconvex, film-coated tablets debossed with E on one side and 33 on the other side.
- Topiramate Tablets USP, 100 mg are dark yellow colored, circular, biconvex, beveled edge, film-coated tablets debossed with E on one side and 23 on the other side.
- Topiramate Tablets USP, 200 mg are pink colored, circular, biconvex, beveled edge, film-coated tablets debossed with E on one side and 24 on the other side.

### Storage and Handling
Store topiramate tablets in tightly-closed containers at 20 to 25C (68 to 77F); excursions permitted to 15 to 30C (59 to 86F) . Protect from moisture.
Transient tic disorder (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Transient tic disorder is a temporary condition in which a person makes one or many brief, repeated, difficult to control movements or noises (tics).

# What are the symptoms of Transient tic disorder?
- The child may have facial tics or tics involving movement of the arms, legs, or other areas.
- Tics may involve:
- Movements that occur again and again and don't have a rhythm
- An overwhelming urge to make the movement
- Brief and jerky movements that include the following:
- Blinking
- Clenching the fists
- Curling the toes
- Flaring the nostrils
- Grimacing
- Jerking the arms
- Kicking
- Opening the mouth
- Raising the eyebrows
- Shrugging the shoulders
- Sticking out the tongue
- The tics often look like nervous behavior. Tics appear to get worse with stress and do not occur during sleep.
- Sounds may also occur, such as:
- Clicking
- Grunting
- Hissing
- Moaning
- Sniffing
- Snorting
- Squealing
- Throat clearing

# What causes Transient tic disorder?
- Transient tic disorder is common in children.
- The cause of transient tic disorder can be physical or mental (psychological).
- It may be a mild form of Tourette syndrome.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
- Talk to your health care provider if you are concerned about a transient tic disorder, especially if it continues or disrupts your child's life.
- If you are not sure whether the movements are a tic or a seizure, call your health care provider right away.

# Diagnosis
- The health care provider should consider physical causes of transient tic disorder before making a diagnosis.
- In order to be diagnosed with transient tic disorder, the child must have had tics almost every day for at least 4 weeks, but less than a year.
- Other disorders such as anxiety, attention deficit disorder, myoclonus, obsessive-compulsive disorder, epilepsy, and focal dystonia, may need to be ruled out.

# Treatment options
- Health care providers recommend that family members do NOT call attention to the tics at first, because unwanted attention may make the tics worse.
- If tics are severe enough to cause problems in school or work, behavioral techniques and medications may help.

# Where to find medical care for Transient tic disorder?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Transient tic disorder

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Simple childhood tics usually disappear over a period of months.

# Possible complications
- There are usually no complications.
- A chronic motor or vocal tic disorder can develop.

# Source
Treatment Guidelines from The Medical Letter

# Overview
Treatment Guidelines from The Medical Letter is published monthly (12 issues/year) by The Medical Letter, Inc., which also publishes The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics.
The newsletter provides independent, unbiased reviews of drug classes for treatment of some common disorders. A typical issue of Treatment Guidelines contains recommendations for first choice and alternative drugs with assessments of the drugs effectiveness, safety and cost.
An expert consultant or one of the editors prepares the preliminary draft using both published and available unpublished studies that are carefully examined, paying special attention to the results of well controlled clinical trials.
The preliminary draft is edited and sent to every member of the Advisory Board, to 10-20 other investigators who have clinical experience with the drug or type of drug or disease under review, to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), to the first authors of all the articles cited in the text. Copies of the original draft are also sent to the drug manufacturers who are responsible for developing these compounds.
Many critical observations, suggestions and questions are received from the reviewers and are incorporated into the article during the revision process, and the article is checked and edited to make sure the final appraisal is not only accurate, but also easy to read.
flowchart of the editorial process