Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Chronic cystic mastitis
Synonyms and keywords: Fibrocystic disease; diffuse cystic mastopathy; mammary dysplasia; fibrocystic disease of the breast; fibrocystic mastopathy; fibroadenosis

# Overview
Chronic cystic mastitis is a condition rather than a disease. It is a common condition marked by benign (noncancerous) changes in breast tissue. These changes may include irregular lumps or cysts, breast discomfort, sensitive nipples, and itching. These symptoms may change throughout the menstrual cycle and usually stop after menopause.

# Causes
The causes of the condition are not fully understood, though it is known that they are tied to ovarian hormone levels, as the condition usually subsides after menopause. It is also related to the menstrual cycle and to dietary conditions. The incidence is lower in women taking birth control, possibly because of the regulation of hormone levels.  Dietary fat levels and caffeine intake may have an effect on the onset of the condition, as may family history.
Drug side effect - Clomifene.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
An estimated 30-60% of women suffer from this condition. It is characterized by noncancerous lumps in the breast.

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
There are usually no adverse side effects to this condition. In almost all cases it subsides after menopause. A possible complication arises through the fact that cancerous tumors may be more difficult to detect in women with CCM.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
Symptoms include breast discomfort, sensitive nipples and itching. Symptoms follow a periodic trend tied closely to the menstrual cycle. Symptoms tend to peak immediately before each period and decrease afterwards. At peak, breasts may feel full and swollen. No complications related to breastfeeding have been found.

## Physical Examination
Chronic cystic mastitis is characterized by the appearance of fibrous tissue and a lumpy, cobblestone texture in the breasts. These lumps are smooth with defined edges, and are usually free-moving in regard to adjacent structures. The bumps can sometimes be obscured by irregularities in the breast that are associated with the condition. The lumps are most often found in the upper, outer sections of the breast (nearest to the armpit). Women with chronic cystic mastitis may experience a persistent or intermittent aching in their breasts related to periodic swelling. Breasts and nipples may be tender or itchy.

## Other Imaging Findings
Mammography does not often work for diagnosis of CCM, as the breast tissue is often too dense to allow for thorough examination.

## Other Diagnostic Studies
This condition is often easily diagnosed by a doctor, though it may require a biopsy of the affected area.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
There is no cure for the condition, but symptoms may be reduced by monitoring caffeine and fat intake and wearing a well fitting bra. In severe cases a synthetic androgen may be prescribed.

## Surgery
Aspiration with a very fine needle is used to drain fluid from larger cysts.

# Related Chapters
- Fibroadenoma
- Breast
Benzododecinium bromide

# Overview
Benzododecinium bromide (systematic name dimethyldodecylbenzylammonium bromide) is a quaternary ammonium compound used as antiseptic and disinfectant (phenol coefficient is 20-30). It is well soluble in water and has properties of cationic surfactant.
Benzododecinium bromide is effective against gram-positive microbes. In lower concentrations, its activity against conditionally gram-negative microorganisms (such as Proteus, Pseudomonas, Clostridium tetani etc.) is uncertain. It is not effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and bacterial spores. Longer expositions may inactivate some viruses.
Benzododecinium bromide is an active ingredient in the trademarked antiseptic product Ajatin produced in the Czech republic. In place of bromide, the benzododecinium cation may be used with chloride or another anion.
Beta-adrenergic agonist

# Overview
Beta-adrenergic agonists are adrenergic agonists which act upon the beta receptors.

# 1 agonists
1 agonists: stimulates adenylyl cyclase activity; opening of calcium channel. (cardiac stimulants; used to treat cardiogenic shock, acute heart failure, bradyarrhythmias). Selected examples are:
- Dobutamine
- Isoproterenol (1 and 2)

# 2 agonists
2 agonists: stimulates adenylyl cyclase activity; closing of calcium channel (smooth muscle relaxants; used to treat asthma and COPD). Selected examples are:
- salbutamol (albuterol in USA)
- Fenoterol
- Formoterol
- Isoproterenol (1 and 2)
- Metaproterenol
- Salmeterol
- Terbutaline
- Clenbuterol

## Undetermined/unsorted
The following agents are also listed as agonists by MeSH.
- arbutamine
- befunolol
- bromoacetylalprenololmenthane
- broxaterol
- cimaterol
- cirazoline
- denopamine
- dopexamine
- epinephrine
- etilefrine
- hexoprenaline
- higenamine
- isoetharine
- isoxsuprine
- mabuterol
- methoxyphenamine
- nylidrin
- oxyfedrine
- pirbuterol
- prenalterol
- procaterol
- ractopamine
- reproterol
- rimiterol
- ritodrine
- tretoquinol
- tulobuterol
- xamoterol
- zinterol
Betahydroxythiofentanyl
-hydroxythiofentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl.
-hydroxythiofentanyl was sold briefly on the black market in the early 1980s, before the introduction of the Federal Analog Act which for the first time attempted to control entire families of drugs based on their structural similarity rather than scheduling each drug individually as they appeared.  -hydroxythiofentanyl was anecdotally said to be one of the more favored fentanyl analogues by opiate addicts, but nevertheless its brief career as a street drug did not survive the introduction of the Analogues Act.
-hydroxythiofentanyl has similar effects to fentanyl. Side effects of fentanyl analogues are similar to those of fentanyl itself, which include itching, nausea and potentially serious respiratory depression which can be life-threatening.
Biemond syndrome type 2

# Overview
A rare inherited condition characterized by  mental retardation, obesity, polydactyly and underdeveloped genitals.

# Pathophysiology

## Genetics
Little is known about the inheritance or genetic defect responsible.  Colobomas and polydactyly have been found in relatives of patients with Biemond syndrome suggesting that this may be an autosomal dominant disorder with variable penetrance.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms

### Ocular Features
This disorder may belong to the spectrum of Bardet-Biedl syndromes but is listed separately because of the prominent association of iris colobomata. Night blindness in the presence of retinal pigment degeneration. Retinal dystrophy resembling retinitis pigmentosa is also part of this disorder but the rarity of cases precludes a full description of the phenotype.

### Systemic Features
- Underdevelopment of the external genitalia is more prominent in males.
- Obesity, hydrocephalus and mental retardation are also features.
- Postaxial polydactyly is common.
- Renal disease does not seem to be part of this disorder.

# Treatment Options
None known.
Biostatistics Home Page

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Bleed Purple Foundation

# Overview
The Bleed Purple Foundation is a recognized charitable organization under section 501(c)(3) of the IRS code located in Denver, Colorado. Founded in 2005 by members of the Theta Zeta chapter of Delta Tau Delta International Fraternity in order to aid one of their brothers who was diagnosed with stage III-B Hodgkin's Lymphoma. As a sign of brotherhood and steadfast solidarity, the brothers came together and organized a head-shaving auction on the University of San Diego campus which raised more than US$4,000 for their brother. Thus, Bleed Purple was born.
Bleed Purple's mission is to support college students suffering from cancer. As a college student, making ends meet can often be a challenge. Between classes, campus club meetings, unpaid internships and late-night study groups, finding time for a job that pays rent, let alone medical bills, is nearly impossible.
Bleed Purple strives to bring together the Greek community in an effort to support college students diagnosed with cancer. The principal goal of Bleed Purple is to provide relief to college students with cancer who are facing financial hardships that often accompany the disease.
Bone marrow suppression
For congenital bone marrow suppression click here.
For acquired bone marrow suppression click here.
For the main page of bone marrow disorders click here.
Synonyms and keywords: Bone marrow failure, bone marrow depression, myelosuppression, myelosuppressive disorder

# Overview
Bone marrow suppression is the reduction in numbers of cells in the bone marrow, that can be either congenital or acquired.  Acquired bone marrow suppression may be any of the following: 1) myelosuppression characterized by a reduction in the number of myeloid lineage cells (RBC, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, platelets, mastocytes), or 2) immunosuppression characterized by a reduction in the number of lymphoid lineage cells (T-cell, B-cell, NK cell). Bone marrow suppression can be a serious side effect of chemotherapy and certain drugs affecting the immune system such as azathioprine. NSAIDs may also cause bone marrow suppression. The risk is especially high in chemotherapy for leukemia.

# Classification
Shown below is an algorthim that depicts the classification of bone marrow suppression.  For congenital bone marrow suppression click here.  For acquired bone marrow suppression click here.

# Causes

## Drug Side Effects
- Albendazole
- Altretamine
- Bosutinib
- Cladribine
- Cyclophosphamide
- Dactinomycin
- Daunorubicin liposome
- Dexrazoxane
- Diethylpropion
- Ethosuximide
- Fludarabine
- Guanidine
- Hydroxyurea (patient information)
- Idarubicin hydrochloride
- Imipenem-Cilastatin
- Ixabepilone
- Mercaptopurine
- Mitomycin
- Mitoxantrone
- Omacetaxine
- Procarbazine
- Radium chloride
- Romidepsin
- Samarium (153Sm) lexidronam
- Sulfasalazine
- Teniposide
- Thioguanine
- Zidovudine

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
The bone marrow is where blood cells are formed, and this process is slowed or stopped when bone marrow suppression is caused. This can rapidly lead to life-threatening infection as the body cannot produce leukocytes in response to invading bacteria and viruses, as well as anemia due to a lack of red blood cells and spontaneous severe bleeding due to deficiency of platelets.

# Treatment
Bone marrow suppression due to azathioprine can be treated by changing to another medication such as mycophenolate mofetil (for organ transplants) or other disease-modifying drugs in rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn's disease. Bone marrow suppression due to anti-cancer chemotherapy is much harder to treat and often involves hospital admission, strict infection control, and aggressive use of intravenous antibiotics at the first sign of infection.
X-ray image intensifier

# Overview
An X-ray image intensifier (XRII), sometimes called a C-Arm, refers to a special image intensifier device used in medical imaging involving x rays.  It consists of an input window, input phosphor, photocathode, vacuum and electron optics, output phosphor and output window.  It allows for lower x-ray doses to be used on patients by magnifying the intensity produced in the output image, enabling the viewer to easily see the structure of the object being imaged.  They were introduced by Philips in 1955.

# Clinical Applications
An image intensifier or II is used in two ways:
- As a Fixed piece of equipment in a dedicated screening room
- Mobile Equipment for use in theatre

## Fixed Image Intensifiers
These are used in most xray departments as 'screening rooms'.  The types of investigations for which this machine can be used for is vast.  Examples include:
- Barium Studies (Swallows, Meals, Enemas)
- Endoscopy Studies (ERCP)
- Fertility Studies (HSG)
- Angiography Studies (Peripheral, Central and Cerebral)
- Thereaputic Studies (Line placements i.e. Permacath / Hickman, Transjugular Biopsies, TIPS Stent, Embolisations)
- Cardiac Studies (PTCA)

## Mobile Image Intensifiers (MII)
Smaller in design than a fixed image intensifier, mobile screening units are becomming more and more powerful. This has enabled more advanced and technical procedures to be carried out in confined locations.  MII's are routinely used in most hospitals for:
- Orthopaedic Imaging in theatre (DHS, ORIF's and MUA's)
- Neurolgical Imaging in theatre
- Endovascular Imaging in theatre (EVAR)
- Therapeutic Procedures in theatre (pain clinic)

# Technical Capabilites
Image intensifiers are usually set up for two purposes.  For either plain fluoroscopy or digital subtraction angiography (DSA).  All image intensifiers are set up with software capable of adjusting settings to suit different user requirements, depending on the procedure and body area being imaged.  In simple flouroscopy for example, imaging of the throat would not require the same amount of exposure as that of the abdomen.  And on DSA capable models, preset programs are available which enables the user to decide a rate of how many images or frames per second are acquired.
C7orf25 protein UPF0415
C7orf25 protein UPF0415 (UPF0415) is a protein encoded on chromosome 7, in open reading frame 25 (C7orf25) and are located at domain of unknown function 1308. C7orf25 is located at the minus strand and encodes 12 proteins, one of them being UPF0415. This protein is believed to be active in the proteosome pathway. C7orf25 protein UPF0415 is not a transmembrane protein and has no signal peptide. UPF0415 has two isoforms, Q9BPX7-1 and Q9BPX7-2. Both consists of two exons that are both highly conserved among vertebrates.

# Background information

# Gene neighborhood
C7orf25 is an open reading frame that encodes 12 proteins. Most of these are of unknown function. One of these proteins is UPF0415 and another is PSMA2 which is also functional in the proteosome pathway. Other genes located near C7orf25 protein UPF0415 are TCP1P1, HECW1, MIR3943 and MRPL32.

# Predicted mRNA features

## Promoter
The promoter for the C7orf25 protein UPF0415 gene spans 600 base pairs from 42,951,804 to 42,952,404 with a predicted transcriptional start site that encodes a sequence of 1844 base pairs. The sequence spans from 42,908,726 to 42,912,090.  The promoter region and beginning of the C7orf25 gene (20,008,263 to 20,009,250) is not conserved past primates.  This region was used to determine transcription factor interactions.

### Transcription factors
Some of the main transcription factors that bind to the promoter are listed below.

# Function and expression
C7orf25 protein UPF0415 is believed to be active in ATP dependent protein breakdown in the proteosome pathway. It is expressed ubiquitously in humans.

# Homology
UPF0415 protein C7orf25  has one paralog which is FLJ18411. UPF0415 is also highly conserved in vertebrates. The following table shows a small selection of orthologs found using BLAST and BLAT  and their identity to C7orf25 protein UPF0415.

# Predicted protein features

## Post Translational Modifications
UPF0415 protein C7orf25 is not a transmembrane protein as it has no transmembrane domains. C7orf25 protein UPF0415 has multiple phosphorylation which are believed to be responsible in protein activation.
Multiple stem loops have been predicted in both 3` and 5`UTR and these are believed to be functional in gene transcription.
3`UTR and 5`UTR stem loops

# = Interactions
Other proteins that are known to interact with UPF0415 protein C7orf25 are FRA10AC1, FLJ23825 and TUBB (tubulin, beta class I) and only TUBB is associated with proteosome activity.

## Conceptual presentation
All post transnational modifications, genetic or proteomic factors that are relevant for UPF0415 protein C7orf25 transcription and regulation, mentioned above, are annotated in the conceptual translation.

# C7orf25
C7orf25 encodes 12 different transcripts. Two of these transcripts are (PSMA2 and UPF0415). No specific phenotypes or polymorphisms are yet to be related to mutations in C7orf25. This suggests that this reading frame is important for  survival in vertebrates. The picture below shows all predicted transcripts encoded in C7orf25.
Cutaneous larva migrans
Synonyms and keywords: CLM - Cutaneous larva migrans; Creeping eruption; Duckhunter's itch; Ground itch; Hookworm cutaneous vesicle; Plumber's itch; Sandworm.

# Overview
Cutaneous larva migrans ("CLM") is a skin disease in humans, caused by the larvae of various nematode parasites, the most common of which is Ancylostoma braziliense.
Sometimes referred to as "creeping eruption" or "ground itch", in some parts of the Southern USA this condition is also referred to as "sandworms," as the larvae like to live in sandy soil.

# Cause
These parasites are found in dog and cat feces and although they are able to infect the deeper tissues of these animals (through to the lungs and then the intestinal tract), in humans they are only able to penetrate the outer layers of the skin and thus create the typical wormlike burrows visible underneath the skin. The parasites apparently lack the collagenase enzymes required to penetrate through the basement membrane deeper into the skin.

# Presentation
The infection causes a red, intense itching eruption. The itching can become very painful and if scratched may allow a secondary bacterial infection to develop.

# Treatment
CLM can be treated a number of different ways:
- Systemic (oral) agents include albendazole (trade name Albenza) and ivermectin (trade name Stromectol).
- Another agent which can be applied either topically or taken by mouth is thiabendazole (trade name Mintezol), an anti-helminthic. When taken orally, this medication is known to cause nausea.
- Topical freezing agents, such as ethyl chloride or liquid nitrogen, applied locally can freeze and kill the larvae (but is often a hit-or-miss proposition).
- Ancylostoma braziliense treatment
- 1.1 In adults
- Preferred regimen: Albendazole 400 mg PO qd for 3-7 days
- Alternative regimen: Ivermectin 200 mcg/kg PO qd for 1-2 days
- 1.2 In children
- Preferred regimen: Albendazole > 2 years then 400 mg PO qd for 3 days
- Alternative regimen: Ivermectin > 15 kg give 200 mcg/kg single dose
- Note: Albendazole is contraindicated in children younger than 2 years age.
Walker-Warburg syndrome
Synonyms and keywords: Hydrocephalus, agyria and retinal dysplasia, Hard syndrome, Hard +/- E syndrome, Warburg syndrome, Chemke syndrome, Pagon syndrome, Cerebroocular dysgenesis, Cerebroocular dysplasia muscular dystrophy syndrome, COD-MD syndrome

# Overview
Walker-Warburg syndrome is a rare form of autosomal recessive congenital muscular dystrophy associated with brain (lissencephaly, hydrocephalus, cerebellar malformations) and eye abnormalities. It is the most severe form of congenital muscular dystrophy with most children dying before the age of three years.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
This condition has a worldwide distribution. The overall incidence is unknown but a survey in North-eastern Italy has reported an incidence rate of 1.2 per 100,000 live births.

# Pathophysiology

## Genetics
Several genes have been implicated in the etiology of Walker-Warburg syndrome, and others are as yet unknown. Several mutations were found in the protein O-Mannosyltransferase 1 and 2 genes, and one mutation was found in each of the fukutin and fukutin-related protein genes.  It is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
- Developmental delay with mental retardation
- Seizures ocassionaly

## Physical Examination

### Neurologic
- Generalized hypotonia at birth
- Muscle weakness

## Laboratory Findings
- Elevated creatine kinase
- Myopathic/dystrophic muscle pathology and altered -dystroglycan.

## Prenatal Ultrasound
May be helpful for diagnosis in families where the molecular defect is unknown.

# Treatment
No specific treatment is available. Management is only supportive and preventive.
CXC chemokine receptors
CXC chemokine receptors are integral membrane proteins that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CXC chemokine family.  They represent one subfamily of chemokine receptors, a large family of G protein-linked receptors that are known as seven transmembrane (7-TM) proteins, since they span the cell membrane seven times. There are currently seven known CXC chemokine receptors in mammals, named CXCR1 through CXCR7.

# CXCR1 and CXCR2
CXCR1 and CXCR2 are closely related receptors that recognize CXC chemokines that possess an E-L-R amino acid motif immediately adjacent to their CXC motif.  CXCL8 (otherwise known as interleukin-8) and CXCL6 can both bind CXCR1 in humans, while all other ELR-positive chemokines, such as CXCL1 to CXCL7 bind only CXCR2.   They are both expressed on the surface of neutrophils in mammals.

# CXCR3
CXCR3 is expressed predominantly on T cells (T lymphocytes), and also on other lymphocytes  and is highly induced following cell activation. There are two isoforms, CXCR3-A and CXCR3-B. It has three highly related ligands in mammals, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11.

# CXCR4
CXCR4 (also known as fusin) is the receptor for a chemokine known as CXCL12 (or SDF-1) and, as with CCR5, is utilized by HIV-1 to gain entry into target cells.  This receptor has a wide cellular distribution, with expression on most immature and mature hematopoietic cell types (e.g. neutrophils, monocytes, T and B cells, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells and macrophages). In addition, CXCR4 can also be found on vascular endothelial cells and neuronal/nerve cells.

# CXCR5
The chemokine receptor CXCR5 is expressed on B cells and CD4+ Tfh cells and is involved in lymphocyte homing and  the development of normal lymphoid tissue.  Its principal ligand is CXCL13 (or BLC).

# CXCR6
CXCR6 was formerly called three different names (STRL33, BONZO, and TYMSTR) before being assigned CXCR6 based on its chromosomal location (within the chemokine receptor cluster on human chromosome 3p21) and its similarity to other chemokine receptors in its gene sequence.  CXCR6 binds the ligand CXCL16.  However, CXCR6 is more closely related in structure to CC chemokine receptors than to other CXC chemokine receptors.

# CXCR7
CXCR7 was originally called RDC-1 (an orphan receptor) but has since been shown to cause chemotaxis in T lymphocytes in response to CXCL12 (the ligand for CXCR4) prompting the renaming of this molecule as CXCR7.  CXCR7 was recently renamed ACKR3. There is no information publicly available to confirm whether this designation has been accepted by the IUIS/WHO Subcommittee on Chemokine Nomenclature at this time.  This receptor has also been identified on memory B cells.
Cabaiguan (cigar brand)
Cabaiguan is a brand of hand-made premium cigars owned by Tatuaje Cigars, Inc.. It was created by Pete Johnson in consultaton with Jaime Garcia and is manufactured at the El Rey de los Habanos factory in Little Havana,  Miami, FL.

# Description
This brand was created by Pete Johnson (owner of Tatuaje Cigars, Inc.) in consultaton with Jaime Garcia, the son of Jose "Pepin" Garcia. The filler (the Cabaiguan blend) is a blend of Nicaraguan tobaccos, the binder is Nicaraguan and the wrapper is a Connecticut Seed shade-grown Ecuadoran leaf, and results in a medium-bodied cigar. This cigar was released in 2004 and is available in four vitolas.

# Models/Vitolas

# See Also
- Photos and more information can be found at Vitolas.net
- Perelman, Richard B. Perelman's Pocket Cyclopedia of Cigars, 2006 edn. Los Angeles: Perelman, Pioneer & Co., (2005). p. 111.
Cage effect (chemistry)
The cage effect in chemistry describes how properties of a molecule are affected by its surroundings.
- In a solvent a molecule is often more accurately described existing in a cage of solvent molecules, the so-called solvent cage.
- In a gas at low pressure a normally highly reactive and short lived molecule can be contained.
- specific host-guest interactions occur in inclusion compounds