Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor
The alpha-2C adrenergic receptor (2C adrenoceptor), also known as ADRA2C, is an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor, and also denotes the human gene encoding it.

# Receptor
Alpha-2-adrenergic receptors include 3 highly homologous subtypes: alpha2A, alpha2B, and alpha2C. These receptors have a critical role in regulating neurotransmitter release from sympathetic nerves and from adrenergic neurons in the central nervous system. Studies in mice revealed that both the alpha2A and alpha2C subtypes were required for normal presynaptic control of transmitter release from sympathetic nerves in the heart and from central noradrenergic neurons; the alpha2A subtype inhibited transmitter release at high stimulation frequencies, whereas the alpha2C subtype modulated neurotransmission at lower levels of nerve activity.

# Gene
This gene encodes the alpha2C subtype, which contains no introns in either its coding or untranslated sequences.

# Ligands

## Agonists
- (R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline (also weak antagonist at 2A and 2B)

## Antagonists
- BMY 7378 (also 1D antagonist)
- JP-1302: selective over 2A, 2B, 2C
- spiroxatrine
- yohimbine derivatives 9 and 10: >43 fold selectivity over 2A, 2B and 1 subtypes
- N-{2-dioxin-2-ylmethyl)-diazepan-1-yl]-ethyl}-2-phenoxy-nicotinamide
- Risperidone
Abnormalities in micturition

# Overview
Micturition is the act of passage of urine which is a normal physiological process. Any abnormality in urine can cause difficulty in passage of urine. Abnormality of micturition usually present with symptoms like dysuria, nocturia, increased frequency, dribbling, hesitancy and suprapubic tenderness. Various causes include cystitis, pyelonephritis, cervicitis, prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia. It is important to differentiate among the different causes which can help guide the treatment.

# Causes
- The causes of abnormalities in micturition includes causes of dysuria and incontinence:
Cystitis
Urethritis
Pyelonephritis
Cervicitis
Prostatitis
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Atrophic vaginitis
Trauma
- Cystitis
- Urethritis
- Pyelonephritis
- Cervicitis
- Prostatitis
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Atrophic vaginitis
- Trauma

# Abnormalities of Micturition Differential Diagnosis

## Differentiating the diseases that can cause abnormality in micturition:
Abbreviations: N= Normal, UTI= Urinary tract infection, CBC= Complete blood count, CT= Computed tomography, IBS= Irritable bowel syndrome, DRE= Digital rectal examination,  HSV= Herpes simplex virus, RBCs= red blood cells, STI= Sexually transmitted infection, PCR=Polymerase chain reaction, Nl=Normal
Accelerate Brain Cancer Cure

# Overview
Accelerate Brain Cancer Cure is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization with the mission to accelerate a cure for brain cancer by increasing the number of potential therapies and moving them rapidly into the clinic for patients.  The organization was founded in 2001 by Dan Case, an investment banker, his brother Steve Case, co-founder of America Online, their families, business leaders, scientists, and researchers. After Dan Case was diagnosed with brain cancer, he and the other founders acted on their belief that a collaborative, entrepreneurial model offered the best hope to support the research, development, and implementation of breakthrough therapies.
Accelerate Brain Cancer Cure awards grants to leading brain cancer researchers and partners with the medical, academic, business, and government sectors.  Through the Case Foundation and in his role as chairman of Accelerate Brain Cancer Cure, Steve Case remains active in the organization.
Kate Carr joined the organization in January 2006 as president and CEO.
Achilles tendinitis overview

# Overview
Achilles tendinitis is tendinitis of the Achilles tendon, generally precipitated by overuse of the affected limb and is more common among athletes training under less than ideal conditions. It is a painful condition, and typically occurs due to overuse or arthritis. It should not be confused with xanthoma of the tendon, which is the accumulation of cholesterol in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.

# Pathophysiology
Achilles tendinitis is the inflammation of the Achilles tendon. The tendon does not have good blood supply or cell activity, so this injury can be slow to heal. Injury to the tendon induce blood vessel formation and nerve migration, which is what is thought to cause the pain.

# Causes
The causes of Achilles tendinitis are mainly overuse (especially in athletes), arthritis in the elderly, injury, bone spurs or infection.

# Risk Factors
The risk of developing Achilles tendinitis is highest in athletes who are involved in high intensity exercises. Other risk factors include a sudden increase in amount or intensity of exercise, and having tight, poorly conditioned muscles.

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
A complication of achilles tendonitis is tendon rupture. Lifestyle changes help improve symptoms but the symptoms may return on resuming strenous activities.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
Achilles tendinitis presents with pain on gentle palpation of the tendon, soreness and stiffness in the morning, and swelling or warmth over the affected tendon.

## Physical Examination
Key signs on physical examination are tenderness to palpation over the tendon, and trouble standing on toes.

## X Ray
X-Ray is done to look for arthritis as the possible etiology for the tendinitis.

## MRI
MRI is required if a tear is suspected.

# Treatment
The non medical therapy for Achilles tendinitis involves treatment mainly with ice packs or a physical rehabilitation program. Medical therapy involves use of NSAIDs and if required, steroid injection. Severe cases may need orthopedic surgery.

# Primary Prevention
Prevention includes appropriate exercise habits and wearing low-heeled shoes.
Aircraft emergency frequency
The aircraft emergency frequency (also known as guard) is a frequency used on the aircraft radio band reserved for emergency communications for aircraft in distress. The frequencies are 121.5 MHz for civilian, also known as International Air Distress (IAD) and 243.0 MHz for military use, also known as Military Air Distress (MAD). Both are in use at the international level.
In the U.S.A. 121.5 is monitored by most air traffic control towers, FSS services, national air traffic control centers, and other flight and emergency services. Separate frequencies exist for military and other government emergency frequencies.
In the UK, 121.5 is monitored by the Royal Air Force Distress and Diversion Cells (known as "D&D") at the London Terminal Control Centre and the Scottish Oceanic and Area Control Centre, from a nationwide network of antennas.
Older Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELTs) transmit on 121.5 in case of impact. Newer ELTs transmit on 406 MHz, with a low power beacon on 121.5 MHz for local homing. Satellites listen for the signals and alert local personnel to the emergency, and the beacon allows search and rescue to find the scene of the accident faster. 406 MHz beacons are encoded, allowing the vessel of origin to be determined and false alarms quickly verified. Satellite support for the 121.5-only versions is being phased out in early 2009.
Akaike information criterion

# Overview
Akaike's information criterion, developed by Hirotsugu Akaike under the name of "an information criterion" (AIC) in 1971 and proposed in Akaike (1974), is a measure of the goodness of fit of an estimated statistical model. It is grounded in the concept of entropy. The AIC is an operational way of trading off the complexity of an estimated model against how well the model fits the data.

# Definition
In the general case, the AIC is
where k is the number of parameters in the statistical model, and L is the likelihood function.
Over the remainder of this entry, it will be assumed that the model errors are normally and independently distributed. Let n be the number of observations and RSS be the residual sum of squares. Then AIC becomes
Increasing the number of free parameters to be estimated improves the goodness of fit, regardless of the number of free parameters in the data generating process. Hence AIC not only rewards goodness of fit, but also includes a penalty that is an increasing function of the number of estimated parameters. This penalty discourages overfitting. The preferred model is the one with the lowest AIC value. The AIC methodology attempts to find the model that best explains the data with a minimum of free parameters. By contrast, more traditional approaches to modeling start from a null hypothesis.  The AIC penalizes free parameters less strongly than does the Schwarz criterion.

# AICc and AICu
AICc is AIC with a second order correction for small sample sizes, to start with:
Since AICc converges to AIC as n gets large, AICc should be employed regardless of sample size (Burnham and Anderson, 2004).
McQuarrie and Tsai (1998: 22) define AICc as:
and propose (p. 32) the closely related measure:
McQuarrie and Tsai ground their high opinion of AICc and AICu on extensive simulation work.

# QAIC
QAIC (the quasi-AIC) is defined as:
where c is a variance inflation factor. QAIC adjusts for over-dispersion or lack of fit. The small sample version of QAIC is:
Alice in Wonderland syndrome

# Overview
Alice in Wonderland syndrome (AIWS), or micropsia, is a disorienting neurological condition which affects human visual perception.
Subjects perceive humans, parts of humans, animals, and inanimate objects as substantially smaller than in reality. Generally, the object perceived appears far away or extremely close at the same time. For example, a family pet, such as a dog, may appear the size of a mouse, or a normal car may look shrunk to scale. This leads to another name for the condition, Lilliput sight or Lilliputian hallucinations, named after the small people in Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels. The condition is in terms of perception only; the mechanics of the eye are not affected, only the brain's interpretation of information passed from the eyes.
The syndrome is associated with, and perhaps in part caused by, the classical migraine headache. Occasionally, Alice in Wonderland syndrome is named as one of the first symptoms of mononucleosis. Micropsia can also be caused by complex partial epilepsy, and the actions of various psychoactive drugs (notably dextromethorphan).
Small children, usually between the ages of five and ten, form a large proportion of those afflicted by spontaneous temporary micropsia. Micropsia tends to occur during darkness, when the brain lacks visual size references.
Micropsia not only affects visual perception, but also one's hearing, sense of touch, and sometimes one's own body image; the syndrome continues even when the eyes are closed. Peripheral symptoms include anxiety, apraxia, and agnosia. Micropsia is also commonly related to patients suffering schizophrenia.
The disorder is named after Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, where the title character experiences many situations similar to those of micropsia and macropsia. Because Lewis Carroll recorded at least one episode of classical migraine, scholars have speculated that he may have experienced this syndrome himself.
Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor
The alpha-1A adrenergic receptor (1A adrenoreceptor), also known as ADRA1A, formerly known also as the  alpha-1C adrenergic receptor, is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor, and also denotes the human gene encoding it. There is no longer a subtype 1C receptor. At one time, there was a subtype known as 1C, but it was found to be identical to the previously discovered 1A receptor subtype. To avoid confusion, the naming convention was continued with the letter D.

# Receptor
There are 3 alpha-1 adrenergic receptor subtypes: alpha-1A, -1B and -1D, all of which signal through the Gq/11 family of G-proteins.  Different subtypes show different patterns of activation.  The majority of alpha-1 receptors are directed toward the function of epinephrine, a hormone that has to do with the fight-or-flight response.

# Gene
This gene encodes the alpha-1A-adrenergic receptor. Alternative splicing of this gene generates four transcript variants, which encode four different isoforms with distinct C-termini but having similar ligand binding properties.

# Ligands

## Agonists
- 6-(5-fluoro-2-pyrimidin-5-yl-phenyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrroloimidazole: EC50 = 1nM, Emax = 65%; good selectivity over 1B, 1D and 2A subtypes
- further partial agonistic imidazole compounds
- A-61603

## Antagonists
- Tamsulosin: for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Silodosin: for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Risperidone
- WB-4101
- Ziprasidone

# Role in neural circuits
1A-adrenergic receptor subtypes increase inhibition at dendrodendritic synapses, suggesting a synaptic mechanism for noradrenergic modulation of olfactory driven behaviors.
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor
The alpha-1B adrenergic receptor (1B adrenoreceptor), also known as ADRA1B, is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor, and also denotes the human gene encoding it.

# Receptor
There are 3 alpha-1 adrenergic receptor subtypes: alpha-1A, -1B and -1D, all of which signal through the Gq/11 family of G-proteins and different subtypes show different patterns of activation. They activate mitogenic responses and regulate growth and proliferation of many cells.

# Gene
This gene encodes alpha-1B-adrenergic receptor, which induces neoplastic transformation when transfected into NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and other cell lines. Thus, this normal cellular gene is identified as a protooncogene. This gene comprises 2 exons and a single large intron of at least 20 kb that interrupts the coding region.

# Ligands
- L-765,314
- Risperidone

# Interactions
Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor has been shown to interact with AP2M1. A role in regulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission has also been suggested.
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor
The alpha-1D adrenergic receptor (1D adrenoreceptor), also known as ADRA1D, is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor, and also denotes the human gene encoding it.

# Receptor
There are 3 alpha-1 adrenergic receptor subtypes: alpha-1A, -1B and -1D, all of which signal through the Gq/11 family of G-proteins and different subtypes show different patterns of activation. They activate mitogenic responses and regulate growth and proliferation of many cells.

# Gene
This gene encodes alpha-1D-adrenergic receptor. Similar to alpha-1B-adrenergic receptor gene, this gene comprises 2 exons and a single intron that interrupts the coding region.

# Ligands
- A-315456
- BMY 7378 (also 2C antagonist)
Alveolar capillary dysplasia

# Overview
Alveolar capillary dysplasia (ACD, also congenital alveolar dysplasia) is a very rare congenital malformation involving abnormal development of the capillary vascular system around the alveoli of the lungs. It is a rare cause of persistent pulmonary hypertension in infants

# Cause
ACD is a genetic disorder. This is known because ACD has been reported in multiple families. There is more than one form of ACD. In some families, a form of ACD known as alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins (ACD/MPV) has been linked to the gene FOXF1 on chromosome 16 q24.1-q24.2.

# Diagnosis
ACD commonly is diagnosed postmortem, by a pathologist.
Sometimes ACD is diagnosed clinically. This is common when there is a family history of ACD, but rare otherwise. A clinical differential diagnosis of ACD excludes fetal atelectasis.
ACD is not detectable by prenatal imaging. However, some babies with ACD have associated congenital malformations that are detectable by imaging. The identification of genes involved in ACD offers the potential for prenatal testing and genetic counseling.

# Treatment
Most babies with ACD have normal Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes, but within minutes or hours present with hypoxia and upon investigation are found to have hypoxemia and pulmonary hypertension. Initial treatments address the hypoxia, usually beginning with supplemental oxygen and arrangements for urgent transport to a neonatal intensive care unit.
Therapies that have been tried to extend life include extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and nitric oxide. These are supportive therapies for persistent pulmonary hypertension; they do not treat the ACD. The objective of therapy is to keep the baby alive long enough to obtain a lung transplant. To date no such case has been reported.

# Research
Actress NiCole Robinson and her husband Craig Snyder lost a baby to ACD; with his first wife, Craig lost two more babies to ACD. They have founded an organization to support research into ACD.

# Advance in experimental treatment
According to the St. Louis Children's Hospital (the Level I pediatric trauma center and pediatric teaching hospital for the Washington University School of Medicine), which is noted worldwide for its record in pediatric pulmonary transplantation, a type of artificial lung device, the Quadrox, was used after ECMO as a bridge to a dual lung transplant in ten-month-old Eleni Scott of the St. Louis suburb of Florissant, Missouri, who after transplantation returned to her home. Doctors have said it is too early to presume it will continue to work here or work in other pediatric patients as an experiment, much less a successful, curative standard therapy, but the infant has survived thus far, meaning that there might be hope for sufferers of this rare condition. For more information, please see the link to the news release.

# History
ACD was first described in 1948.
A familial association of ACD/MPV was first reported in 1994.
Amantadine adverse reactions

# Adverse Reactions
The adverse reactions reported most frequently at the recommended dose of amantadine hydrochloride (5 to10%) are: nausea, dizziness (lightheadedness), and insomnia.
Less frequently (1 to 5%) reported adverse reactions are: depression, anxiety and irritability, hallucinations, confusion, anorexia, dry mouth, constipation, ataxia, livedo reticularis, peripheral edema, orthostatic hypotension, headache, somnolence, nervousness, dream abnormality, agitation, dry nose, diarrhea and fatigue.
Infrequently (0.1 to 1%) occurring adverse reactions are: congestive heart failure, psychosis, urinary retention, dyspnea, skin rash, vomiting, weakness, slurred speech, euphoria, thinking abnormality, amnesia, hyperkinesia, hypertension, decreased libido, and visual disturbance, including punctate subepithelial or other corneal opacity, corneal edema, decreased visual acuity, sensitivity to light, and optic nerve palsy.
Rare (less than 0.1%) occurring adverse reactions are: instances of convulsion, leukopenia, neutropenia, eczematoid dermatitis, oculogyric episodes, suicidal attempt, suicide, and suicidal ideation (see WARNINGS).
Other adverse reactions reported during postmarketing experience with amantadine hydrochloride usage include
Nervous System/Psychiatric -coma, stupor, delirium, hypokinesia,hypertonia, delusions, aggressive behavior, paranoid reaction, manic reaction, involuntary muscle contractions, gait abnormalities, paresthesia, EEG changes, and tremor. Abrupt discontinuation may also precipitate delirium, agitation, delusions, hallucinations, paranoid reaction, stupor, anxiety, depression and slurred speech;
Cardiovascular --cardiac arrest, arrhythmias including malignant arrhythmias, hypotension, and tachycardia;
Respiratory -acute respiratory failure, pulmonary edema, and tachypnea;
Gastrointestinal -dysphagia;
Hematologic -leukocytosis; agranulocytosis
Special Senses -keratitis and mydriasis;
Miscellaneous -neuroleptic malignant syndrome (see WARNINGS), allergic reactions including anaphylactic reactions, edema and fever.
Laboratory Test -elevated: CPK, BUN, serum creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, LDH, bilirubin, GGT, SGOT, and SGPT.
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Banner at 1866-231-1749 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
Amantadine drug interactions

# Drug Interactions
Careful observation is required when amantadine hydrochloride is administered concurrently with central nervous system stimulants.
Agents with anticholinergic properties may potentiate the anticholinergic-like side effects of amantadine.
Coadministration of thioridazine has been reported to worsen the tremor in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease, however, it is not known if other phenothiazines produce a similar response.
Coadministration of Dyazide (triamterene/hydrochlorothiazide) resulted in a higher plasma amantadine concentration in a 61-year-old man receiving amantadine hydrochloride 100 mg TID for Parkinson's disease.1 It is not known which of the components of Dyazide contributed to the observation or if related drugs produce a similar response.
Coadministration of quinine or quinidine with amantadine was shown to reduce the renal clearance of amantadine by about 30%.
The concurrent use of amantadine hydrochloride with live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) intranasal has not been evaluated. However, because of the potential for interference between these products, LAIV should not be administered within 2 weeks before or 48 hours after administration of amantadine hydrochloride, unless medically indicated. The concern about possible interference arises from the potential for antiviral drugs to inhibit replication of live vaccine virus. Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine can be administered at any time relative to use of amantadine hydrochloride.
Ammonium hexachloroplatinate

# Overview
Ammonium hexachloroplatinate, also known as ammonium chloroplatinate, is an inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2PtCl6. It is a rare example of a soluble platinum(IV) salt that is not hygroscopic.  It forms intensely yellow solutions in water. In the presence of 1M NH4Cl, its solubility is only 0.0028g/100 mL.

# Preparation and structure
The compound consists of separate ammonium cations and octahedral 2- anions. It is usually generated by treating a solution of chloroplatinic acid with a solution of an ammonium salt.  The fine yellow salt precipitates.  The complex is so poorly soluble that this step is employed in the isolation of platinum from ores and recycled residues.

# Uses and reactions
This yellow powder is used in platinum plating.
Heating (NH4)2PtCl6 under a stream of hydrogen at 200 C produces platinum sponge.  Treatment with chlorine gives H2PtCl6.