Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Capreomycin sulfate overdosage

# Overdosage

## Signs and Symptoms
Nephrotoxicity following the parenteral administration of Capastat Sulfate is most closely related to the area under the curve of the serum concentration versus time graph. The elderly patient, patients with abnormal renal function or dehydration, and patients receiving other nephrotoxic drugs are at much greater risk for developing acute tubular necrosis.
Damage to the auditory and vestibular divisions of cranial nerve VIII has been associated with Capastat Sulfate given to patients with abnormal renal function or dehydration and in those receiving medications with additive auditory toxicities. These patients often experience dizziness, tinnitus, vertigo, and a loss of high-tone acuity.
Neuromuscular blockage or respiratory paralysis may occur following rapid intravenous infusion.
If capreomycin is ingested, toxicity would be unlikely because it is poorly absorbed (less than 1%) from an intact gastrointestinal system.
Hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and an electrolyte disturbance resembling Bartter's syndrome have been reported to occur in patients with capreomycin toxicity.
The subcutaneous median lethal dose in mice was 514 mg/kg.

## Treatment
To obtain up-to-date information about the treatment of overdose, a good resource is your certified Regional Poison Control Center. Telephone numbers of certified poison control centers are listed in the Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR). In managing overdosage, consider the possibility of multiple drug overdoses, interaction among drugs, and unusual drug kinetics in your patient.
Protect the patient's airway and support ventilation and perfusion. Meticulously monitor and maintain, within acceptable limits, the patient's vital signs, blood gases, serum electrolytes, etc. Absorption of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract may be decreased by giving activated charcoal, which, in many cases, is more effective than emesis or lavage; consider charcoal instead of or in addition to gastric emptying. Repeated doses of charcoal over time may hasten elimination of some drugs that have been absorbed. Safeguard the patient's airway when employing gastric emptying or charcoal.
Patients who have received an overdose of capreomycin and have normal renal function should be carefully hydrated to maintain a urine output of 3 to 5 mL/kg/h. Fluid balance, electrolytes, and creatinine clearance should be carefully monitored.
Hemodialysis may be effectively used to remove capreomycin in patients with significant renal disease.
Cefaclor indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
Cefaclor is indicated in the treatment of the following infections when caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms:
- Otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, staphylococci, and Streptococcus pyogenes
- Lower respiratory tract infections, including pneumonia, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pyogenes
- Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis, caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.
- Urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis and cystitis, caused by Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella spp., and coagulase-negative staphylococci.
- Skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Appropriate culture and susceptibility studies should be performed to determine susceptibility of the causative organism to cefaclor.
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Cefaclor Capsule and other antibacterial drugs, Cefaclor Capsule should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Cefepime indications and usage
MAXIPIME is indicated in the treatment of the following infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms:
Pneumonia (moderate to severe) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, including cases associated with concurrent bacteremia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Enterobacter species.
Empiric Therapy for Febrile Neutropenic Patients. Cefepime as monotherapy is indicated for empiric treatment of febrile neutropenic patients. In patients at high risk for severe infection (including patients with a history of recent bone marrow transplantation, with hypotension at presentation, with an underlying hematologic malignancy, or with severe or prolonged neutropenia), antimicrobial monotherapy may not be appropriate. Insufficient data exist to support the efficacy of cefepime monotherapy in such patients.
Uncomplicated and Complicated Urinary Tract Infections (including pyelonephritis) caused by Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae, when the infection is severe, or caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Proteus mirabilis, when the infection is mild to moderate, including cases associated with concurrent bacteremia with these microorganisms.
Uncomplicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible strains only) or Streptococcus pyogenes.
Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections (used in combination with metronidazole) caused by Escherichia coli, viridans group streptococci,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Enterobacter species, or Bacteroides fragilis.
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of MAXIPIME and other antibacterial drugs, MAXIPIME should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Cefixime indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
To reduce the development of drug resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Suprax (cefixime) and other antibacterial drugs, Suprax should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antimicrobial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Suprax (cefixime) is a cephalosporin antibacterial drug indicated in the treatment of adults and pediatric patients six months of age or older with the following infections when caused by susceptible isolates of the designated bacteria:
- Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections caused by Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis.
- Otitis Media
Otitis Media caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. (Efficacy for Streptococcus pyogenes in this organ system was studied in fewer than 10 infections.)
Note: For patients with otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, overall response was approximately 10% lower for cefixime than for the comparator.
- Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis
Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. (Note: Penicillin is the usual drug of choice in the treatment of Streptococcus pyogenes infections. Suprax is generally effective in the eradication of Streptococcus pyogenes from the nasopharynx; however, data establishing the efficacy of Suprax in the subsequent prevention of rheumatic fever is not available.)
- Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis
Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.
- Uncomplicated Gonorrhea (cervical/urethral)
Uncomplicated Gonorrhea (cervical/urethral) caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (penicillinase-and non-penicillinase-producing isolates).
Cefoperazone adverse reactions
In clinical studies the following adverse effects were observed and were considered to be related to CEFOBID therapy or of uncertain etiology:
Hypersensitivity
As with all cephalosporins, hypersensitivity manifested by skin reactions (1 patient in 45), drug fever (1 in 260), or a change in Coombs' test (1 in 60) has been reported. These reactions are more likely to occur in patients with a history of allergies, particularly to penicillin.
Hematology
As with other beta-lactam antibiotics, reversible neutropenia may occur with prolonged administration. Slight decreases in neutrophil count (1 patient in 50) have been reported. Decreased hemoglobins (1 in 20) or hematocrits (1 in 20) have been reported, which is consistent with published literature on other cephalosporins. Transient eosinophilia has occurred in 1 patient in 10.
Hepatic
Of 1285 patients treated with cefoperazone in clinical trials, one patient with a history of liver disease developed significantly elevated liver function enzymes during CEFOBID therapy. Clinical signs and symptoms of nonspecific hepatitis accompanied these increases. After CEFOBID therapy was discontinued, the patient's enzymes returned to pre -treatment levels and the symptomatology resolved. As with other antibiotics that achieve high bile levels, mild transient elevations of liver function enzymes have been observed in 510% of the patients receiving CEFOBID therapy. The relevance of these findings, which were not accompanied by overt signs or symptoms of hepatic dysfunction, has not been established.
Gastrointestinal
Diarrhea or loose stools has been reported in 1 in 30 patients. Most of these experiences have been mild or moderate in severity and self-limiting in nature. In all cases, these symptoms responded to symptomatic therapy or ceased when cefoperazone therapy was stopped. Nausea and vomiting have been reported rarely.
Symptoms of pseudomembranous colitis can appear during or for several weeks subsequent to antibiotic therapy (see WARNINGS).

# Renal Function Tests
Transient elevations of the BUN (1 in 16) and serum creatinine (1 in 48) have been noted.

# Local Reactions
CEFOBID is well tolerated following intramuscular administration. Occasionally, transient pain (1 in 140) may follow administration by this route. When CEFOBID is administered by intravenous infusion some patients may develop phlebitis (1 in 120) at the infusion site.
Cefuroxime axetil how supplied
CEFTIN Tablets
CEFTIN Tablets, 250 mg of cefuroxime (as cefuroxime axetil), are white, capsule-shaped, film-coated tablets engraved with "GX ES7" on one side and blank on the other side as follows:
20 Tablets/Bottle NDC 0173-0387-00
CEFTIN Tablets, 500 mg of cefuroxime (as cefuroxime axetil), are white, capsule-shaped, film-coated tablets engraved with "GX EG2" on one side and blank on the other side as follows:
20 Tablets/Bottle NDC 0173-0394-00
Store the tablets between 15 and 30C (59 and 86F). Replace cap securely after each opening.
CEFTIN for Oral Suspension
CEFTIN for Oral Suspension is provided as dry, white to off-white, tutti-fruttiflavored powder. When reconstituted as directed, CEFTIN for Oral Suspension provides the equivalent of 125 mg or 250 mg of cefuroxime (as cefuroxime axetil) per 5 mL of suspension. It is supplied in amber glass bottles as follows:
125 mg/5 mL:
100mL Suspension NDC 0173-0740-00
250 mg/5 mL:
50-mL Suspension NDC 0173-0741-10
100-mL Suspension NDC 0173-0741-00
Before reconstitution, store dry powder between 2 and 30C (36 and 86F).
After reconstitution, immediately store suspension between 2 and 8C (36 and 46F), in a refrigerator. DISCARD AFTER 10 DAYS.
Center for Veterinary Medicine
The Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) is a branch of the FDA which regulates the manufacture and distribution of food, food additives, and drugs that will be given to animals. These include animals from which human foods are derived, as well as food additives and drugs for pets or companion animals. CVM is responsible for regulating drugs, devices, and food additives given to, or used on, over one hundred million companion animals, plus millions of poultry, cattle, swine, and minor animal species. (Minor animal species include animals other than cattle, swine, chickens, turkeys, horses, dogs, and cats.)
This is the official CVM Logo.
This logo appears on various published items and other printed material authorized by the Center for Veterinary Medicine.
The CVM monitors the safety of animal foods, issues warnings, and redistributes recall notices.
Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
Synonyms and keywords: Secondary hypoganadism; Central hypogonadism; gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency; gonadotropin deficiency; HH; primary HH, secondary HH; syndromic HH; isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; primary hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

# Overview
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is a condition which is characterized by hypogonadism due to an impaired secretion of gonadotropins, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), by the pituitary gland in the brain, and in turn decreased gonadotropin levels and a resultant lack of sex steroid production.

# Pathophysiology
The type of HH, based on its cause, may be classified as either primary or secondary.

## Primary Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
Primary HH, also called isolated HH, is responsible for only a small subset of cases of HH, and is characterized by an otherwise normal function and anatomy of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. It is caused by congenital syndromes such as Kallmann syndrome and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) insensitivity.

## Secondary Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
Secondary HH, also known as acquired or syndromic HH, is far more common than primary HH, and is responsible for most cases of the condition. It has a multitude of different causes, including brain or pituitary tumors, pituitary apoplexy, head trauma, ingestion of certain drugs, and certain systemic diseases and syndromes.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
Symptoms of hypogonadism include
- Delayed, reduced, or absent puberty
- Low libido
- Infertility

# Differentiating hypogonadism from other diseases:
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism should be differentiated from other diseases causing hypogonadism like features.

# Treatment
Treatment of HH may consist of administration of either a GnRH agonist or a gonadotropin formulation in the case of primary HH and treatment of the root cause (e.g., a tumor) of the symptoms in the case of secondary HH. Alternatively, hormone replacement therapy with androgens and estrogens in males and females, respectively, may be employed.
Cephalexin labels and packages
TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA
Sellersville, PA 18960
Rev. Q 1/2012
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL
Cephalexin Capsules USP 250 mg 100s Label Text
NDC 0093-3145-01
CEPHALEXIN
Capsules USP
250 mg*
Rx only
100 CAPSULES
TEVA
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL
Cephalexin Capsules USP 500 mg 100s Label Text
NDC 0093-3147-01
CEPHALEXIN
Capsules USP
500 mg*
Rx only
100 CAPSULES
TEVA
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL
Cephalexin FOS USP 125 mg per 5 mL 100 mL Label Text
NDC 0093-4175-73
CEPHALEXIN
for Oral Suspension, USP
125 mg per 5 mL
when reconstituted according to directions.
Usual Pediatric Dose: 25 to 50 mg per kg a day in four
divided doses. For more severe infections, dose may be
doubled. See accompanying literature.
Rx only
FOR ORAL USE ONLY
100 mL (when mixed)
TEVA
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL
Cephalexin FOS USP 250 mg per 5 mL 100 mL Label Text
NDC 0093-4177-73
CEPHALEXIN
for Oral Suspension, USP
250 mg per 5 mL
when reconstituted according to directions.
Usual Pediatric Dose: 25 to 50 mg per kg a day in four
divided doses. For more severe infections, dose may be
doubled. See accompanying literature.
Rx only
FOR ORAL USE ONLY
100 mL (when mixed)
TEVA
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL
Cephalexin Tablets USP 250 mg 100s Label Text
NDC 0093-2238-01
CEPHALEXIN
Tablets USP
250 mg*
Rx only
100 TABLETS
TEVA
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL
Cephalexin Tablets USP 500 mg 100s Label Text
NDC 0093-2240-01
CEPHALEXIN
Tablets USP
500 mg*
Rx only
100 TABLETS
TEVA
Cerebellar Developmental Delay
Cerebellar Developmental Delay (CDD)  is a term coined by scientists at DDAT / Dore (Dyslexia, Dyspraxia and Attention Treatment initiated by Wynford Dore) centres (and thus should not be confused with a generally accepted medical condition).
Dores claims to have helped over 19,0000 people around the world.  Many minor celebrities and ex sports stars support Dore.
The brain can be divided by function into two distinct areas; the cerebrum, which receives and processes stimuli from the sensory organs, and the cerebellum, which is responsible for coordinating the motor responses to these stimuli. According to the Dore theory, in individuals with CDD the neural pathways connecting these two areas of the brain do not develop fully. As this affects the brains ability to initiate an appropriate response to sensory input, affected individuals may suffer from learning difficulties.
Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome

# Overview
Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome (CSWS) is a disease featuring hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels) and dehydration in response to disease processes in or surrounding the brain.

# Differentiating Cerebral Salt-Wasting Syndrome from other Diseases
It may be difficult to distinguish CSWS from the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), which develops under similar circumstances and also presents with hyponatremia.
The main clinical difference between these two conditions is that of total fluid status of the patient: CSWS leads to a relative or overt hypovolemia, whereas SIADH is consistent with a normal to hypervolemic patient. 
Another useful point in differentiating CSWS from SIADH is a laboratory finding: random urine sodium concentrations tend to be >100 mEq/L in CSWS. SIADH rarely, if ever, leads to a random urine sodium of >100 mEq/L.
Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome must be differentiated from other causes of headache, polyuria and polydypsia.
Chiggers (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Chiggers are tiny, six-legged wingless organisms (larvae) that grow up to become a type of mite. Chiggers are found in tall grass and weeds. Their bite causes severe itching.

# What are the symptoms of Chiggers?
The main symptoms are:
- Severe itching
- Red pimple-like bumps or hives
Itching usually occurs several hours after the chiggers attach to the skin.
A skin rash may appear on the parts of the body that were exposed to the sun. It may stop where the underwear meets the legs. This is often a clue that the rash is due to chigger bites.

# What causes Chiggers?
Chiggers are found in certain outdoor areas, such as berry patches, tall grass and weeds, and woodland edges.

# Who is at highest risk?
Chiggers bite humans around the waist, ankles, or in warm skin folds. Bites commonly occur in the summer and fall months.

# Diagnosis
A doctor can diagnose chiggers by examining the rash.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call for an appointment with your health care provider if the rash itches very badly, or if symptoms get worse or do not improve with treatment.

# Treatment options
The objective of treatment is to relieve the itching. Antihistamines and corticosteroid creams or lotions may be helpful.

# Where to find medical care for Chiggers?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Chiggers

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
This condition heals itself without treatment.

# Possible complications
Secondary infection may follow intense scratching as a complication.

# Prevention of Chiggers
Avoid outdoor areas contaminated with chiggers, if known. Applying bug spray containing DEET to skin and clothing can help prevent chigger bites.

# Sources
Childhood vaccination schedule

# Overview
Vaccination is one of the best ways parents can protect infants, children and teens from 16 potentially harmful diseases. Vaccine-preventable diseases can be very serious, may require hospitalization, or even be deadly especially in infants and young children. Vaccines help develop immunity by imitating an infection. This type of infection, however, does not cause illness, but it does cause the immune system to produce T-lymphocytes and antibodies. Sometimes, after getting a vaccine, the imitation infection can cause minor symptoms, such as fever. Such minor symptoms are normal and should be expected as the body builds immunity. Once the imitation infection goes away, the body is left with a supply of memory T-lymphocytes, as well as B-lymphocytes that will remember how to fight that disease in the future. However, it typically takes a few weeks for the body to produce T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes after vaccination. Therefore, it is possible that a person who was infected with a disease just before or just after vaccination could develop symptoms and get a disease, because the vaccine has not had enough time to provide protection.  We describe the vaccination schedule for childhood and early adulthood here.

# Childhood vaccination schedule
The following table summarizes the vaccination schedule for Adolescents Aged 18 Years or Younger based on CDC 2017 recommendation.

# Catch-up immunization
Catch-up immunization schedule for persons aged 4 months through 18 years who start late or who are more than 1 month behind.
The table below provides catch-up schedules and minimum intervals between doses for children whose vaccinations have been delayed. A vaccine series does not need to be restarted, regardless of the time that has elapsed between doses. Use the section appropriate for the childs age. Always use this table in conjunction with above table and the footnotes that follow.

# Specific conditions
Vaccines that might be indicated for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger based on medical indications.

## Additional information and footnotes
Chinese classic herbal formula
Chinese classic herbal formulas are a form of Chinese herbology. They are the basic herbal formulas that students of Traditional Chinese medicine learn. Later these students will adapt these classic formulas to match the needs of each patient.

# History
Many of these formulas were created by the pioneers of Chinese medicine and are quite old.  For example, "Liuwei dihuang wan" ( liuwei dihuang wan) was developed by Qian Yi ( Qian Yi) (c. 1032-1113 CE).  It was published in the "Xiao'er Yao Zheng Zhi Jue" (also known as "Key to Therapeutics of Children's Diseases"  xiaoer yao zheng zhi jue) in 1119 by Qian Yi's student. 

# Modern Usage
Many of these formulas are still made in the form of Chinese patent medicine. These formulas are also used in kampo (traditional Japanese medicine). In Japan, herbalists do not create medicine for each patient. Instead the herbalist will choose an herbal formula that has been standardized by the Japanese government. These formulas are based on the Chinese classic herbal formulas. They often vary slightly, however. Sometimes Chinese plants are substituted for plants found in Japan. Or the proportions of the formula are changed slightly.

# Chinese classic herbal formula list
There are hundreds of Chinese classic herbal formulas. Many are slight variations of other formulas, however. It is difficult to define which of these formulas are the most common. The two leading brands to export Chinese classic herbal formulas in the form of Chinese patent medicine from China are Min Shan () and Plum Flower (). These are the formulas made by these 2 brands.