Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina
National Statistics and Censuses Institute (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Censos, INDEC) is the Argentine government agency responsible for the collection and processing of statistical data. The institute also analyses economical and social indicators such as inflation rate, consumer price index and unemployment, among others.

# Functions
The INDEC is supervised by different federal agencies, and is under the direct oversight of the Secretaria de Programacion Economica y Regional (Secretariat of Economic and Regional Planning) of the Ministerio de Economia y Produccion (Ministry of Economy and Production, MECON).
The INDEC also coordinates the Sistema Estadistico Nacional (National Statistics' System, SEN) under principles of normative centralization and governmental division. In the SEN works together national, provincial and local statistical services, and in each province there is a statistics bureau called Direccion de Estadistica dependent of the provincial government, that takes and processes information.
Censuses in Argentina are officially held every 10 years. Performed censuses have been in 1869, 1895, 1914, 1947, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1991 (delayed for budget problems) and 2001.
In-between censuses the information is permanently updated with the sampled Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (Permanent Homes' Survey). Official complete reports are delivered every 6 months.

# History
The first national statistics' centre was the Direccion General de Estadistica (General Directorate of Statistics), established in 1894 as a division of the Ministry of Public Finances. Fifty years later, in 1944, the Consejo Nacional de Estadistica y Censos (National Council of Statistics and Censuses) was created, with dependencies on both the Ministry of the Interior and the National Presidential Office. Other agencies were later formed in 1950, 1952, and 1956 before the final creation of the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica y Censos in 1968 by Law 17622 and Decrees 3110/70 and 1831/93.

# Data manipulation
A conflict raised within the organism when the government of President Nestor Kirchner replaced Gabriela Bevacqua, the Consumer Prices Indicator director (Indice de Precios al Consumidor - IPC) with an external functionary, after an inflation report of 1.5% for January 2007. 
The head of the INDEC later resigned, and a new directory was placed by the Ministery of Economy and several employees manifested their discontent for what they saw as a violation of INDEC's authonomy, and a manouver of the Minister of Economy under Felisa Miceli to illigally keep inflation indicators under one percent.
Pineocytoma natural history, complications and prognosis

# Overview
If left untreated, % of patients with  may progress to develop , , and .
OR
Common complications of  include , , and .
OR
Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with  is approximately %.

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

## Natural History
- The symptoms of (disease name) usually develop in the first/ second/ third decade of life, and start with symptoms such as ___.
- The symptoms of (disease name) typically develop ___ years after exposure to ___.
- If left untreated, % of patients with  may progress to develop , , and .

## Complications
- Common complications of  include:

## Prognosis
- Prognosis is generally excellent/good/poor, and the 1/5/10-year mortality/survival rate of patients with  is approximately %.
- Depending on the extent of the  at the time of diagnosis, the prognosis may vary. However, the prognosis is generally regarded as poor/good/excellent.
- The presence of  is associated with a particularly  prognosis among patients with .
-  is associated with the most favorable prognosis.
- The prognosis varies with the  of tumor;  have the most favorable prognosis.

# Natural History, Complication and Prognosis

## Natural History
If left untreated, patients with pineocytoma may progress to develop seizures, obstructive hydrocephalus, local recurrence, and CSF metastasis.

## Complications
Common complications of pineocytoma include:
- Obstructive hydrocephalus
- Local recurrence
- CSF metastasis
- Distant metastasis (most commonly, lung)

## Prognosis
- Prognosis is generally excellent, and the 5-year survival rate of patients with pineocytoma is approximately 86%.
- Pineocytoma has the most favorable prognosis among all the pineal gland tumors.
- Clark et al. after performing a systematic review of the literature reported that the 1- and 5-year progression free survival (PFS) rates for patients that underwent resection versus the biopsy group were 97% and 90%, and 89% and 75% respectively. The 1- and 5-year PFS rates for the gross total resection group versus the group undergoing subtotal resection combined with radiation therapy were 100% and 94%, and 100% and 84% respectively.
Piperacillin tazobactam sodium dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration
ZOSYN should be administered by intravenous infusion over 30 minutes.
Adult Patients
The usual total daily dose of ZOSYN for adults is 3.375 g every six hours totaling 13.5 g (12.0 g piperacillin/1.5 g tazobactam). The usual duration of ZOSYN treatment is from 7 to 10 days.
ZOSYN should be administered by intravenous infusion over 30 minutes.
Nosocomial Pneumonia
Initial presumptive treatment of patients with nosocomial pneumonia should start with ZOSYN at a dosage of 4.5 g every six hours plus an aminoglycoside, totaling 18.0 g (16.0 g piperacillin/2.0 g tazobactam). The recommended duration of ZOSYN treatment for nosocomial pneumonia is 7 to 14 days. Treatment with the aminoglycoside should be continued in patients from whom P. aeruginosa is isolated.
Renal Impairment
In patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance  40 mL/min) and dialysis patients (hemodialysis and CAPD), the intravenous dose of ZOSYN should be reduced to the degree of actual renal function impairment. The recommended daily doses of ZOSYN for patients with renal impairment are as follows:
For patients on hemodialysis, the maximum dose is 2.25 g every twelve hours for all indications other than nosocomial pneumonia and 2.25 g every eight hours for nosocomial pneumonia. Since hemodialysis removes 30% to 40% of the administered dose, an additional dose of 0.75 g ZOSYN (0.67 g piperacillin/0.08 g tazobactam) should be administered following each dialysis period on hemodialysis days. No additional dosage of ZOSYN is necessary for CAPD patients.
Pediatric Patients
For children with appendicitis and/or peritonitis 9 months of age or older, weighing up to 40 kg, and with normal renal function, the recommended ZOSYN dosage is 100 mg piperacillin/12.5 mg tazobactam per kilogram of body weight, every 8 hours. For pediatric patients between 2 months and 9 months of age, the recommended ZOSYN dosage based on pharmacokinetic modeling, is 80 mg piperacillin/10 mg tazobactam per kilogram of body weight, every 8 hours . Pediatric patients weighing over 40 kg and with normal renal function should receive the adult dose.
It has not been determined how to adjust ZOSYN dosage in pediatric patients with renal impairment.
Pre-operative patient instructions (patient information)

# Are there any diet restrictions before the procedure?
You should not eat or drink after midnight the night before the procedure.

# Should I take my daily medications before the procedure?
If you usually take a medication in the morning, you may take this medication with a few amount of water (not a full glass).
please bring your medications along with the prescriptions (if available) with you on the day of 
surgery. If you are diabetic, a special instructions may be given to you.
You should stop taking all aspirin, aspirin containing products, Vitamins and herbs two weeks prior to your 
surgery. Please inform your doctor If you are taking blood thinners medications.

# Can I shower at the day of the procedure?
You need to shower at the morning of your procedure and the night before it. Also you need to use a special antiseptic soap called chlorhexidine gluconate, but make sure not to use this soap near your eyes, ears and mouth. Do not use the regular soap after you have used the antiseptic soap. Do not apply any powders or deodrants.

# Should I shave in the area of the procedure?
Do not shave in the area of the procedure.

# Other instructions
- Avoid wearing contact lenses or any jewelry the day of surgery. Also avoid wearing makeup at the day of the procedure.
- Inform your doctor if you experience any chest pain, heart problems or any other symptoms prior to your procedure.
- you must Arrange for someone to drive you home if you will have an outpatient surgery (if you will be discharged in the same operative day).
- please avoid smoking at least for 24 hours before the procedure.

# Sources
5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase
5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase or (MTR) is an enzyme responsible for the production of methionine from homocysteine. MTR forms part of the S-adenosyl methionine cycle and is also called methionine synthase.

# Function
MTR contains the cofactor - methylcobalamin (MeB12) and uses the substrates N5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate (N5-methyl-THF) and homocysteine.
The enzyme works in two steps in a ping-pong reaction. First, methylcobalamin is formed by a methyl group transfer from N5-mTHF with formation of MeB12 and tetrahydrofolate (THF). In the second step, MeB12 transfers this methyl group to  (homocysteine), regenerating the cofactor cobalamin and releasing the product methionine
Amitriptyline hydrochloride use in specific populations

# Use in Specific Populations

### Pregnancy
Teratogenic Effects

### Pregnancy Category: C
Teratogenic effects were not observed in mice, rats, or rabbits when amitriptyline was given orally at doses of 2 to 40 mg/kg/day (up to 13 times the maximum recommended human dose*). Studies in the literature have shown amitriptyline to be teratogenic in mice and hamsters when given by various routes of administration at doses of 28 to 100 mg/kg/day (9 to 33 times the maximum recommended human dose), producing multiple malformations. Another study in the rat reported that an oral dose of 25 mg/kg/day (8 times the maximum recommended human dose) produced delays in ossification of fetal vertebral bodies without other signs of embryotoxicity. In rabbits, an oral dose of 60 mg/kg/day (20 times the maximum recommended human dose) was reported to cause incomplete ossification of the cranial bones.
Amitriptyline has been shown to cross the placenta. Although a causal relationship has not been established, there have been a few reports of adverse events, including CNS effects, limb deformities, or developmental delay, in infants whose mothers had taken amitriptyline during pregnancy.
There are no adequate and well controlled studies in pregnant women. Amitriptyline hydrochloride should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit to the mother justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

### Nursing Mothers
Amitriptyline is excreted into breast milk. In one report in which a patient received amitriptyline 100 mg/day while nursing her infant, levels of 83 to 141 ng/mL were detected in mothers serum. Levels of 135 to 151 ng/mL were found in the breast milk, but no trace of the drug could be detected in the infants serum.
Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from amitriptyline, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

### Pediatric Use
In view of the lack of experience with the use of this drug in pediatric patients, it is not recommended at the present time for patients under 12 years of age.
Amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium clinical pharmacology

# Clinical Ppharmacology
Mean amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium pharmacokinetic parameters in normal adults following administration of AUGMENTIN Tablets are shown in Table 3 and following administration of AUGMENTIN Powder for Oral Suspension and Chewable Tablets are shown in Table 4.
Oral administration of 5 mL of 250 mg/5 mL suspension of AUGMENTIN or the equivalent dose of 10 mL of 125 mg/5 mL suspension of AUGMENTIN provides average peak serum concentrations approximately 1 hour after dosing of 6.9 mcg/mL for amoxicillin and 1.6 mcg/mL for clavulanic acid. The areas under the serum concentration curves obtained during the first 4 hours after dosing were 12.6 mcg*h/mL for amoxicillin and 2.9 mcg*h/mL for clavulanic acid when 5 mL of 250 mg/5 mL suspension of AUGMENTIN or equivalent dose of 10 mL of 125 mg/5 mL suspension of AUGMENTIN were administered to normal adults. One 250-mg chewable tablet of AUGMENTIN or two 125-mg chewable tablets of AUGMENTIN are equivalent to 5 mL of 250 mg/5 mL suspension of AUGMENTIN and provide similar serum concentrations of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid.
Amoxicillin serum concentrations achieved with AUGMENTIN are similar to those produced by the oral administration of equivalent doses of amoxicillin alone. Time above the minimum inhibitory concentration of 1 mcg/mL for amoxicillin has been shown to be similar after corresponding every 12 hour and every 8 hour dosing regimens of AUGMENTIN in adults and children.
Absorption: Dosing in the fasted or fed state has minimal effect on the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin. While AUGMENTIN can be given without regard to meals, absorption of clavulanate potassium when taken with food is greater relative to the fasted state. In one study, the relative bioavailability of clavulanate was reduced when AUGMENTIN was dosed at 30 and 150 minutes after the start of a highfat breakfast.
Distribution: Neither component in AUGMENTIN is highly proteinbound; clavulanic acid is approximately 25% bound to human serum and amoxicillin approximately 18% bound.
Amoxicillin diffuses readily into most body tissues and fluids with the exception of the brain and spinal fluid.
Two hours after oral administration of a single 35 mg/kg dose of suspension of AUGMENTIN to fasting children, average concentrations of 3 mcg/mL of amoxicillin and 0.5 mcg/mL of clavulanic acid were detected in middle ear effusions.
Metabolism and Excretion: The halflife of amoxicillin after the oral administration of AUGMENTIN is 1.3 hours and that of clavulanic acid is 1 hour.
Approximately 50% to 70% of the amoxicillin and approximately 25% to 40% of the clavulanic acid are excreted unchanged in urine during the first 6 hours after administration of a single 250mg or 500mg tablet of AUGMENTIN.
Amoxicillin-clavulanate potassium indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
To reduce the development of drugresistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of AUGMENTIN (amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium) and other antibacterial drugs, AUGMENTIN should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
AUGMENTIN is a combination penicillin-class antibacterial and beta-lactamase inhibitor indicated in the treatment of infections due to susceptible isolates of the designated bacteria in the conditions listed below*:
- Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
caused by betalactamaseproducing isolates of Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis.
- Acute Bacterial Otitis Media
caused by betalactamaseproducing isolates of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis.
- Sinusitis
caused by betalactamaseproducing isolates of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis.
- Skin and Skin Structure Infections
caused by betalactamaseproducing isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella species.
- Urinary Tract Infections
caused by betalactamaseproducing isolates of E. coli, Klebsiella species, and Enterobacter species.
- Limitations of Use
When susceptibility test results show susceptibility to amoxicillin, indicating no beta-lactamase production, AUGMENTIN should not be used.
Anticoagulation in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy

# Incidence and Risk Factors of Thromboembolism in CHF
- Early autopsy studies suggested that 37  50% of patients with Congestive heart failure (CHF) have evidence of Thromboembolism (TE).
- More recent, retrospective, studies have found that the incidence of clinically apparent events is approximately 1.7  3.5 / 100 patient-years.
- In the Vasodilators in Heart Failure (V-HeFT) trials, the overall rate of TE (including peripheral and pulmonary emboli) was between 2.2 and 2.5 / 100 patient-years, with stroke being much more common than either peripheral emboli or PE.
- The only statistically significant predictor of stroke was a lower peak exercise oxygen consumption.
- The presence of atrial fibrillation or flutter before randomization was not an independent risk factor for stroke.
- The Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) trial found that the incidence of TE was higher in older patients (63 + 9 yo vs. 59 + 11 yo, p < 0.001).
- Although the overall incidence of TE was similar to the above studies, women were found to be at higher risk than men (2.4 events / 100 patient-years c/w 1.8 events / 100 patient-years).
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular historical perspective

# Overview

# Historical perspective
- In 1977, the concept of a specific RV cardiomyopathy was first suggested in a report of six patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) and enlarged right ventricles
- Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) was described for the first time by Frank and Fontaine in 1978
- It was first described in patients undergoing surgical ablation for right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) tachycardia
- In 1982, the term arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia was first used in a case series of 24 patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB) pattern VT, RV wall motion abnormalities and replacement of the RV myocardium by adipose and fibrous tissue
- The term arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia was not formally recognized as a distinct entity until 1994, following the publication of diagnostic criteria by the World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force
- In 1994, diagnostic criteria were published by the Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology and the Scientific Council on Cardiomyopathies of the International Society and Federation of Cardiology
- In 2010, these criteria were modified
- The first gene mutations linked to the disease were identified in a recessive, syndromic variant of ARVC known as Naxos disease.
- The cause of this particularly malignant form of the condition was found to be a two-base pair deletion in the gene encoding plakoglobin, a major component of cell-to-cell junctions
- Disease-causing mutations in other genes encoding desmosomal proteins in the more common autosomal dominant forms of ARVC were then identified
- Latter on, very similar clinical and histological phenotypes have been identified in patients with mutations in non-desmosomal genes, including titin, desmin and lamin A/C
Capping protein (actin filament) muscle Z-line, alpha 1
F-actin-capping protein subunit alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CAPZA1 gene.
CAPZA1 is a member of the F-actin capping protein alpha subunit family. This gene encodes the alpha subunit of the barbed-end actin binding protein.

# Function
The protein regulates growth of the actin filament by capping the barbed end (plus-end) of growing actin filaments, preventing any further assembly from occurring. This protein can be bound to the lipid PIP2 preventing it from binding to actin filaments.
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy intravascular ultrasound

# Overview
Since the early manifestations of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) are confined to the arterial wall, use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) makes it particularly useful in assessing graft coronary arteries early after heart transplantation. Its relatively higher sensitivity in defining arterial wall changes has shed light on important advances in the understanding of the natural history, distribution, and morphology of CAV.

# Intravascular Ultrasound

## Grayscale IVUS
Good tissue penetration of up to 10 mm allows accurate assessment of the arterial wall and plaque volume changes. Serial IVUS examinations starting early after heart transplantation will allow best assessment of percent change plaque volume. Evidence of CAV is found in 80% of the patients within one year of heart transplantation. Similar conclusions were made by St Goar et al in a study comparing in vivo intracoronary ultrasound with angiography in cardiac transplant recipients. In a 2010 study by Cale et al it was concluded that routine use of IVUS may lead to higher detection rates of sub-angiographic CAV. Rapidly progressive CAV is defined as intimal thickness of 0.5 mm with in one year of heart transplantation.
Stanford classification:

## Virtual Histology-IVUS
Virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS) allows in vivo characterization of different plaque morphologies  by using spectral analysis of IVUS radiofrequency data. Depending on the percent necrotic core and dense calcium coronary plaques can be classified into inflammatory, defined as necrotic core plus dense calcium 30% and non-inflammatory, defined as necrotic core plus dense calcium <30% of the total plaque volume. In a validation study of in vivo virtual histology compared with in vitro histopathology Nasu K et al demonstrated that VH-IVUS data correlated with histopathology with high accuracy.
Using VH-IVUS in heart transplant recipients, Raichlin et al demonstrated that higher inflammatory burden of CAV atherosclerotic plaque burden is associated with early recurrent rejection and higher subsequent progression of CAV. This study also signifies the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of CAV. This concludes that VH-IVUS may provide supplemental information to coronary angiography in identifying at risk patients for future progression of CAV.

### Advantages
- Safe
- Relative higher sensitivity compared with coronary angiography It is now considered gold standard for early diagnosis of CAV.
- Plaque tissue characterization
- Serial IVUS examinations starting early after heart transplantation my help differentiate native atherosclerosis from CAV.

### Limitation
- IVUS is usually performed at the time of coronary angiography. This may lead to additional time of sedation and mildly increased procedural risks.
- Ability to visualize only the proximal segments of the coronary arteries
- Limited availability, training of personnel involved and use of specialized catheters may increase healthcare costs
- Lower resolution compared with optical coherence tomography (OCT)