Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Community Health Worker
Community Health Workers are allied health personnel who are "trained to assist professional health personnel in communicating with residents in the community concerning needs and availability of health services."
Proposed categories are:
- Peer community health workers (PCWH). "They are lay workers with functional relationships with clients or potential patients. PCHWs aim to affect client self-care that does not involve visits to a clinician or healthcare institution. Their training and supervision typically come from community-based organizations rather than formal health care institutions."
- General community health workers (GCWH). "They aim to affect both patient behavior and patientclinician relationships. They are not ordinarily supervised by clinicians nor are they hired employees of healthcare institutions, but they tend to know and communicate formally with clinicians or health care systems, as well as with clients."
- Clinical community health workers (CCHW). "They serve on complex care teams, often as employees of a specific health care agency, institution, or system. They aim to affect client relationships and behaviors within those organizations. They may hold certification or training offered by a health care system to improve care or health outcomes for the population. Even as most of their time may be spent moving throughout the community, CCHWs may be based in a health care facility such as a Federally Qualified Health Center." An example is community pharmacy workers, which can be effective.
- Heath navigator (HN). "They are degreed professionals with a variety of special training and formal credentials. Nurses often fill the HN role. They may perform CHW functions; they also may deliver health care services directly, as they supervise the ongoing activities of CHWs. HNs are hired by a health care system and are not assigned a specific case load but are population focused."
Complement component 1q
The complement component 1q (or simply C1q) is a protein complex involved in the complement system, which is part of the innate immune system. C1q together with C1r and C1s form the C1 complex.
Antibodies of the adaptive immune system can bind antigen, forming an antigen-antibody complex. When C1q binds antigen-antibody complexes, the C1 complex becomes activated. Activation of the C1 complex initiates the classical complement pathway of the complement system. The antibodies IgM and all IgG subclasses except IgG4 are able to initiate the complement system.

# Structure
C1q is a 400 kDa protein formed from 18 peptide chains in 3 subunits of 6. Each 6 peptide subunit consists of a Y-shaped pair of triple peptide helices joined at the stem and ending in a globular non-helical head.
The 80-amino acid helical component of each triple peptide contain many Gly-X-Y sequences, where X and Y are proline, isoleucine, or hydroxylysine; they, therefore, strongly resemble collagen fibrils.

## C1q chains A, B and C
C1q is composed of 18 polypeptide chains: six A-chains, six B-chains, and six C-chains. Each chain contains a collagen-like region located near the N terminus and a C-terminal globular region. The A-, B-, and C-chains are arranged in the order A-C-B on chromosome 1.

# Domain
The C1q domain is a conserved protein domain. C1q is a subunit of the C1 enzyme complex that activates the serum complement system. C1q comprises 6 A, 6 B and 6 C chains. These share the same topology, each possessing a small, globular N-terminal domain, a collagen-like Gly/Pro-rich central region, and a conserved C-terminal region, the C1q domain. The C1q protein is produced in collagen-producing cells and shows sequence and structural similarity to collagens VIII and X.

# Function
It is assumed that the globular ends are the sites for multivalent attachment to the complement fixing sites in immune complexed immunoglobulin. Patients suffering from Lupus erythematosus often have deficient expression of C1q. Genetic deficiency of C1q is extremely rare (approximately 75 known cases) although the majority (>90%) of those suffer from SLE. C1q may also play a central role in the aging of cells.
C1q associates with C1r and C1s in order to yield the C1 complex (C1qr2s2), the first component of the serum complement system. Deficiency of C1q has been associated with lupus erythematosus and glomerulonephritis.
It is potentially multivalent for attachment to the complement fixation sites of immunoglobulin. 
The sites are on the CH2 domain of IgG and, it is thought, on the CH4 domain of IgM. IgG4 cannot bind C1q, but the other three IgG types can.
The appropriate peptide sequence of the complement fixing site might become exposed following complexing of the immunoglobulin, or the sites might always be available, but might require multiple attachment by C1q with critical geometry in order to achieve the necessary avidity.
Complement component 1r
Complement C1r subcomponent (EC 3.4.21.41, activated complement C1r, C overbar 1r  esterase, C1r) is a protein involved in the complement system of the innate immune system. In humans, C1r is encoded by the C1R gene.
C1r along with C1q and C1s form the C1 complex, which is the  first component of the serum complement system. C1r is an enzyme that activates C1s to its active form, by proteolytic cleavage.

# Function
C1r has been shown to interact with C1s. C1r cleaves C1s to form the active form of C1s.
Complex partial seizure

# Overview
A complex partial seizure is an epileptic attack that involves a greater degree of impairment or alteration of consciousness/awareness and memory than a simple partial seizure.

# Presentation
Complex partial seizures are often precipitated by an aura, which is itself a simple partial seizure. This may begin with a feeling of deja vu or jamais vu. The person may then have feelings of fear, euphoria or depression, and possibly depersonalization. They may experience visual disturbances, such as tunnel vision or a change in the size of objects. Once consciousness is impaired, the person may display automatisms such as lip smacking, chewing, swallowing, and undressing oneself. There may also be loss of memory (amnesia) surrounding the seizure event. As the person may still be able to perform routine tasks such as walking or shopping, witnesses may not recognize anything is wrong.
Although the origins of complex partial seizure vary, they usually originate in the temporal lobes of the brain, particularly on the hippocampus. It is often caused by mesia lesions in the brain, which are essentially a ridge of scar-like tissue. Like more generalized epilepsy, complex partial seizures are caused by a misfiring of a synapse in the brain, causing which causes a storm like reaction with bursts of electricity that can result in changes in personality and physicality. Often, the abnormal activity spreads to the rest of the brain, causing a secondary generalized seizure.
A partial (focal) seizure may occur at any age, as a single episode or as a repeated, chronic seizure disorder (epilepsy). They are seen less frequently in children than in adults, but still account for about 45% of pediatric seizure disorders.

# Creativity & Epilepsy
Complex partial seizures experienced in some people may be conducive to enhanced creativity. In 2002, researchers at the Gulhane Military Medical Academy in Turkey evaluated thirty men with epilepsy and thirty-six men without. The men were instructed to use fragmented parts of a drawing to create a picture of their own. Those with complex partial seizures scored higher than their counterparts.

# Complex partial seizures and religious hallucinations
There are several religious figures suspected of having complex partial seizures. Ezekiel could have suffered from complex seizures . Though her supporters disagree, the founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, Ellen G. White's visions of God may have been caused by partial seizures. She had previously lost consciousness from a head injury . Her brain injury was significant enough to prevent her return to school.
Compliance (physiology)

# Overview
Compliance is a measure of the tendency of a hollow organ to resist recoil toward its original dimensions upon removal of a distending or compressing force. It is the reciprocal of "elastance".

# Blood vessels
The terms elastance and compliance are of particular significance in cardiovascular physiology. Specifically, the tendency of the arteries and veins to stretch in response to pressure has a large effect on perfusion and blood pressure.
Compliance is calculated using the following equation, where V is the change in volume, and P is the change in pressure:
Veins have a much higher compliance than arteries (largely due to their thinner walls.) Veins which are abnormally compliant can be associated with edema. Pressure stockings are sometimes used to externally reduce compliance, and thus keep blood from pooling in the legs.
The higher the compliance the more squishable the material, therefore steel has a lower compliance than a blood vessel.
Complication (medicine)

# Overview
Complication, in medicine, is an unfavorable evolution of a disease, a health condition or a medical treatment. The disease can become worse in its severity or show a higher number of signs, symptoms or new pathological changes, become widespread throughout the body or affect other organ systems. A medical treatment, such as drugs or surgery may produce adverse effects and/or produce new health problem(s) by itself. A new disease may also appear as a complication to a previous existing disease. Therefore, a complication may be iatrogenic, i.e., literally brought forth by the physician.
Medical knowledge about a disease, procedure or treatment usually entails a list of the most common complications, so that they can be foreseen, prevented or recognized more easily and speedily.
Depending on the degree of vulnerability, susceptibility, age, health status, immune system condition, etc. complications may arise more easily. Complications affect adversely the prognosis of a disease. Non-invasive and minimally invasive medical procedures usually favor less complications in comparison to invasive ones.

# Examples of complications
- Generalized septicemia (infection of the blood) may occur as a complication of an infected wound or abscess
- Allergic shock can be a reaction to several kinds of anesthetics, as a complication in a surgery
- Fractured ribs and sternum may be a complication of cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts in people suffering severe osteoporosis
- Puerperal fever may be a common complication of childbirth and used to kill a large proportion of mothers before the advent of antisepsis and antibiotics
- Diabetes mellitus may present a series of complications in an advanced or more severe stage, such as gangrene, diabetic foot, blindness, infections, etc.
- Thrombosis in the heart or brain, causing stroke or acute myocardial infarction can be complications of blood coagulation disorders, phlebitis (inflammation of the veins), endocarditis and artificial heart valves
- Eczema vaccinatum is a rare and severe complication of smallpox vaccination in people with eczema
- Hepatotoxic dementia is a possible complication of hepatitis and liver cirrhosis
- Mental retardation is a common complication of untreated hydrocephalus
- A paradoxical reaction to a drug that is the totally the opposite effect of the intended purpose of the drug.  As in "benzodiazepines" (pronounced , or "benzos" for short) a class of psychoactive drugs considered a minor tranquilizers with varying hypnotic, sedative, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant drug that may create exactly the opposite effect (paradoxical reaction) on susceptible individuals. 

# Related topic
- Adverse effect (medicine)
- Diagnosis
- Iatrogenesis
- Nocebo
- Placebo (origins of technical term)
- Prognosis
Constantine the African
Constantine the African (Latin Constantinus Africanus) was an eleventh-century translator of Greek medical texts.
He was a native of Carthage, then under Arab rule.  As a Christian he had a good knowledge of Latin, enabling him to translate medical works from Arabic. He was invited to join the Schola Medica Salernitana by Alfano I, Archbishop of Salerno c.1065 in order to aid in the translation of various Arabic manuscripts.  In this way he helped reintroduced Greek medicine to Christian Europe. His translations of Hippocrates and Galen first gave the West a view of Greek medicine as a whole. He also adapted popular Arabic handbooks for travellers into his Viaticum.  The twentieth chapter of the first book of that work deals with the subject of love.

# Life
Constantine the African (born c. 1020, Carthage or Sicily-died 1087, monastery of Monte Cassino, near Cassino, Principality of Benevento). Constantine possessed much knowledge in many different languages, such as Greek, Latin, Arabic, and several Oriental languages. He had acquired these different languages during his extensive travels in Syria, India, Ethiopia, Egypt, and Persia. At the University of Salerno, which is Europe's first organized medical school, was where Constantine the African had studied. Later, he entered the Monte Cassino, the monastery founded by St. Benedict in 529.

# Translations
The first translation from Arabic to Latin from the works of Constantine the African was the Complete Book of the Medical Art (the Kitab) in 1087. This text was the first comprehensive Arabic medical text Shortly after, Constantine the African was then honored as the Pantegni, also known as, the complete art.  The significance of this text was that it was an important resource for the student of the transmission of scientific ideas for that the Complete Book of the Medical Art contains a collaboration of 128 known manuscripts. This text also contains a survey of the 108 known Latin manuscripts of Constantine the African. This text rapidly became part of the standard medical curriculum for students.
His 37 translated books from Arabic to Latin, which had included The Total Art, a short version of the The Royal Book by the 10th-century Persian physician 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas, introducing Islam's extensive knowledge of Greek medicine to the West. Also of these 37 translated books included two treatises by Isaac Israeli ben Solomon, or Isaac the Jew, the Western caliphate's greatest physician. His translations of Hippocrates and Galen first gave the West a view of Greek medicine as a whole.
One of Constantine's most important achievements was his introduction to the West of Islam's extensive knowledge of Greek medicine, represented principally by his Pantechne (The Total Art, latinized liber pantegni) by the 10th-century Persian physician Ali ibn al-Abbas, or Haly Abbas.
Contraction stress test

# Overview
A contraction stress test (CST) is performed near the end of pregnancy to determine how well the fetus will cope with the contractions of childbirth.  The aim is to induce the contractions and monitor the baby to check for heart rate abnormalities.  It involves the release of oxytocin into the blood stream of the pregnant woman by the stimulation of the nipples.  The target is to achieve around three contractions every ten minutes.
An oxytocin challenge test (OCT) is sometimes performed afterwards, usually if the CST failed to give clear readings or the uterus did not contract at an appropriate rate.  This involves oxytocin being given to woman via an intravenous drip.
The test returns positive if there are noticeable decelerations of the heart rate during over half of the contractions.

# History
The test was first introduced in 1972 and was standardised in 1975 when the parameters of contraction number and frequency were given.

# Contraindications
This "stress test" is usually not performed if there are any signs of premature birth or placenta praevia.
Convergence of measures
In mathematics, there are various notions of the convergence of measures in measure theory. Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of convergence, strong convergence and weak convergence.

# Strong convergence of measures
Let (X, \mathcal{F}) be a measurable space. If the collection of all measures (or, frequently, just probability measures) on (X, \mathcal{F}) can be given some kind of metric, then convergence in this metric is usually referred to as strong convergence. Examples include the Radon metric
and the total variation metric

# Weak convergence of measures
In mathematics and statistics, weak convergence (also known as narrow convergence) is one of many types of convergence relating to the convergence of measures.
There are (at least) five definitions of weak convergence of a sequence of measures, some of which are more general than others. The following equivalence result is sometimes known as the portmanteau theorem, and shows the equivalence of four such definitions for probability measures on a general topological space, and a fifth condition, which makes sense only for distributions on the real line.
Let (, T) be a topological space with its Borel -algebra Borel(), and let P() denote the collection of all probability measures defined on (, Borel()).  Consider here the case of T separable which implies that P() is metrizable. Let n, n = 1, 2, ..., be a sequence in P() and let   P(). Then the following conditions are all equivalent:
- \lim_{n \to \infty} \int_{\Omega} f \, \mathrm{d} \mu_{n} = \int_{\Omega} f \, \mathrm{d} \mu for all bounded and continuous functions f :   R (sometimes referred to as "test functions");
- limsupn n(C)  (C) for all closed subsets C of ;
- liminfn n(U)  (U) for all open subsets U of ;
- limn n(A) = (A) for all so-called "-continuity" subsets A of : those sets A with (A) = 0, where A denotes the boundary of A;
- in the case  = R with its usual topology, if Fn, F denote the cumulative distribution functions of the measures n,  respectively, then limn Fn(x) = F(x) for all points x  R at which F is continuous.

## Definition and notation
If any (and hence all) of the above conditions hold, the sequence of measures (\mu_{n})_{n = 1}^{\infty} is said to converge weakly to \mu. Weak convergence is also known as narrow convergence, convergence in distribution and convergence in law (the terms "convergence in distribution/law" are more frequently used when discussing weak convergence of random variables, as in the next section).
There are many "arrow notations" for this kind of convergence: the most frequently used are \mu_{n} \Rightarrow \mu, \mu_{n} \rightharpoonup \mu and \mu_{n} \xrightarrow{\mathcal{D}} \mu..

## Weak convergence of random variables
If (\Omega, \mathcal{F}, \mathbb{P}) is a probability space and X_{n}, X : \Omega \to \mathbb{X} are random variables, X_{n} is said to converge weakly (or in distribution or in law) to X as n \to \infty if the sequence of pushforward measures (X_{n})_{*} (\mathbb{P}) converges weakly to X_{*} (\mathbb{P}) in the sense of weak convergence of measures on \mathbb{X}, as defined above.
Umbilical cord prolapse

# Overview
Cord prolapse is an obstetric emergency during pregnancy or labour that  endangers the life of the fetus. It occurs when the umbilical cord presents itself outside of the uterus while the fetus is still inside.  It can happen when the water breaks  with the gush of water the cord comes along. Usually, thereafter the fetus will engage and squash the cord, cutting off oxygen supplies and leading to brain damage of the fetus, or stillbirth. Before that happens, the baby must be delivered quickly by caesarean section. In the meantime, the woman adopts the knee-elbow position, and an attendant reaches into the vagina and pushes the presenting part (usually the head) back in so that it does not suffocate the cord. It is useless to try to push the cord back in.  Another technique is to infuse 500ml of fluid by catheter into the mother's bladder, in order to displace the presenting part upward, and to reduce compression on the prolapsed cord.

# Risk Factors
Potential predisposing risk factors include:
- Premature rupture of the amniotic sac
- polyhydramnios (having too much amniotic fluid) the cord may be forced out with the more forceful gush of waters
- long umbilical cord

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
The mortality rate for the fetus is given as 11-17%.  This applies to hospital births or very quick transfers in a first world environment.  One series is reported where there was no mortality in 24 cases with the novel intervention of infusing 500ml of fluid by catheter into the bladder, in order to displace the presenting part upward and reduce compression on the prolapsed cord.

# Treatment

### Contraindicated medications
Umbilical cord prolapse is considered an absolute contraindication to the use of the following medications:
- Oxytocin

## Surgery
Some practitioners will attempt to reduce pressure on the cord and deliver vaginally right away.  Frequently the attempt to resolve the prolapsed cord and deliver the baby vaginally fails, and an emergency caesarean section must be performed immediately.  While the patient is being prepared for a caesarean, the woman is placed in the Trendelenburg position or the knee-elbow position, and an attendant reaches into the vagina and pushes the presenting part out of the pelvic inlet and back into the pelvis to remove the pressure from the umbilical cord.  If attempts to deliver the baby promptly fail, the fetus' oxygen and blood supply are occluded and brain damage or death will occur.