Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Histamine N-methyltransferase
Histamine N-methyltransferase (HMT, HNMT) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HNMT gene.
Histamine N-methyltransferase is one of two enzymes involved in the metabolism of histamine, the other being diamine oxidase. Histamine N-methyltransferase catalyzes the methylation of histamine in the presence of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) forming N-methylhistamine. HMT is present in most body tissues but is not present in serum. Histamine N-methyltransferase is encoded by a single gene which has been mapped to chromosome 2.

# Function
In mammals, histamine is metabolized by two major pathways: N(tau)-methylation via histamine N-methyltransferase and oxidative deamination via diamine oxidase. This gene encodes the first enzyme which is found in the cytosol and uses S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the methyl donor. In the mammalian brain, the neurotransmitter activity of histamine is controlled by N(tau)-methylation as diamine oxidase is not found in the central nervous system. A common genetic polymorphism affects the activity levels of this gene product in red blood cells.
History of medicine in Canada

# Overview
The history of medicine in Canada can be traced back to its earliest beginnings in First Nations oral traditions. Following the arrival of the English and French, however, military surgeons and Western tradition dominated the medical system.

## 18th Century
Dr. David Parker of the Maritimes was the first to operate using anaesthetic. One of the first "modern" operations, the removal of a tumour, was performed by William Fraser Tolmie in British Columbia.

## 19th century
The first medical schools were established in Upper Canada in the 1820s. These include the Montreal Medical Institution, which is today the faculty of medicine at McGill University. In the mid-1870s, Sir William Osler changed the face of medical school instruction throughout the West with the introduction of the hands-on approach. The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Upper Canada was established in 1839 and in 1869 was permanently incorporated.  In 1834, William Kelly, a surgeon with the Royal Navy, introduced the idea of preventing the spread of disease via sanitation measures following epidemics of cholera. In the 19th century, female physicians Emily Howard Stowe and Jennie Kidd Trout won the right, in 1871, for women to be admitted to medical schools and granted licenses from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. In 1883, Emily Stowe led the creation of the Ontario Medical College for Women, affiliated with the University of Toronto. In 1892, Dr. William Osler wrote the landmark text The Principles and Practice of Medicine, which dominated medical instruction in the West for the next 40 years.

## 20th century
The twentieth century saw the discovery of insulin by Frederick Banting and his colleagues, Charles Best and J.J.R. Macleod, in 1922. Dr. Wilder Penfield, who discovered a successful surgical treatment for epilepsy called the "Montreal procedure," founded the Montreal Neurological Institute in 1934.
Hypertension additional tests

# Overview
Additional imaging studies are often performed to evaluate for end organ damage in the patient with hypertension.

# Electrocardiogram
- An electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) is performed to evaluate for the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy or silent myocardial infarction.

# Chest X-ray
- A chest X-ray is performed to evaluate for signs of cardiac enlargement or evidence of cardiac failure.

# Echocardiography or Ultrasound
- An echocardiogram can help in diagnosing left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction.
Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha
Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha is a chemokine receptor. This name and the corresponding gene symbol IL8RA have been replaced by the HGNC approved name C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 1 and the approved symbol CXCR1. It has also been designated as CD181 (cluster of differentiation 181). The IUPHAR Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification use the HGNC recommended name, CXCR1.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor family. This protein is a receptor for interleukin 8 (IL8). It binds to IL8 with high affinity, and transduces the signal through a G-protein-activated second messenger system. Knockout studies in mice suggested that this protein inhibits embryonic oligodendrocyte precursor migration in developing spinal cord. This gene, IL8RB, a gene encoding another high affinity IL8 receptor, and IL8RBP, a pseudogene of IL8RB, form a gene cluster in a region mapped to chromosome 2q33-q36. Stimulation of CXCR1 in neutrophils by its primary ligand, Interleukin 8, leads to neutrophil chemotaxis and activation.

# Clinical significance
Blocking CXCR1 (e.g., with repertaxin) inhibits some human breast cancer stem cells (in vitro and in mice).
In malignant melanoma expression of CXCR1 at the cell surface is present, independent of the cancers stage. It is thought to have a role in the cell growth and angiogenesis required for tumour survival. In this way it has been identified as a potential therapeutic target.
CXCR1 can be cleaved and inactivated by Neutrophil Derived Serine Proteases (NSPs), leading to neutrophil dysfunction and impaired bacterial killing in cystic fibrosis lung disease.

# Interactions
Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha has been shown to interact with GNAI2.
IMITREX injection description

# Description
IMITREX Injection contains sumatriptan succinate, a selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist. Sumatriptan succinate is chemically designated as 3--N-methyl-indole-5-methanesulfonamide succinate (1:1), and it has the following structure:
The empirical formula is C14H21N3O2SC4H6O4, representing a molecular weight of 413.5. Sumatriptan succinate is a white to off-white powder that is readily soluble in water and in saline.
IMITREX Injection is a clear, colorless to pale yellow, sterile, nonpyrogenic solution for subcutaneous injection. Each 0.5 mL of IMITREX Injection 8 mg/mL solution contains 4 mg of sumatriptan (base) as the succinate salt and 3.8 mg of sodium chloride, USP in Water for Injection, USP. Each 0.5 mL of IMITREX Injection 12 mg/mL solution contains 6 mg of sumatriptan (base) as the succinate salt and 3.5 mg of sodium chloride, USP in Water for Injection, USP. The pH range of both solutions is approximately 4.2 to 5.3. The osmolality of both injections is 291 mOsmol.
Immunization during pregnancy

# Overview
Immunization during pregnancy, that is the administration of a vaccine to a pregnant woman, is not a routine event as it is generally preferred to administer vaccines either prior to conception or in the postpartum period. When widespread vaccination is used, the risk for an unvaccinated  pregnant patient to be exposed to a related infection is low, allowing for postponement, in general, of routine vaccinations to the postpartum period. 
Nevertheless, immunization during pregnancy may occur either inadvertently, or be indicated in a special situation, when it appears prudent to reduce the risk of a specific disease for a potentially exposed pregnant woman or her fetus.
As a rule of thumb the vaccination with live virus or bacteria is contraindicated in pregnancy.

# Live attenuated virus vaccine
In general, the administration of live attenuated virus vaccines are contraindicated during pregnancy, this includes vaccines against measles, mumps, poliomyelitis, rubella, yellow fever, and varicella. It should be noted, that cases of fetal damage due to the inadvertent administration of these vaccines has not been confirmed. Also, no case of congenital rubella syndrome has been reported when rubella vaccine was given inadvertently during a pregnancy. MMR vaccination can be given during lactation and does not affect the baby.
The CDC recommends that non-pregnant women who receive the MMR vaccine or varicella vaccination should wait four weeks before getting pregnant.

# Inactivated or assembled virus vaccine
In situations where inactivated virus or parts of a virus are administered, in general, there is no contraindication to immunization during pregnancy. Thus influenza vaccination is given to pregnant women at risk, as are vaccinations against hepatitis A and B. In the case of rabies vaccination, information is very limited.
HPV vaccine was recently introduced. It has no indication and is not to be used during pregnancy. No adverse effects upon the fetus have been reported, however, the experience is limited and inadvertent administration during pregnancy needs to be reported to the CDC.

# Live attenuated bacterial vaccine
BCG vaccine is used against tuberculosis and is contraindicated in pregnancy.

# Inactivated bacterial vaccine
Inactivated bacterial vaccine is used during pregnancy for women who have a specific risk of exposure and disease. Vaccination against pneumococcus or meningococcus infections,  or typhoid fever show no confirmed side effects regarding the fetus, however data are limited. Data regarding anthrax vaccination during pregnancy are very limited but show no confirmed effect on the fetus.

# Toxoids
Tetanus toxoids appear safe during pregnancy.

# Immune globulins
Immune globulins are used for post exposure prophyllaxis and not associated with reports that harm is done to the fetus. Such agents are considered in pregnant women exposed to hepatitis B, rabies, tetanus, varicella, and hepatitis A.
Up-to-date information about vaccination and pregnancy can be obtained from the CDC.
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Synonyms and keywords: RVH, RV strain

# Overview
Right ventricular hypertrophy refers to thickening of the heart muscle of the right ventricle.

# Pathophysiology
Blood travels through the right ventricle to the lungs. If there is increased resistance to flow in the pulmonary circulation, the stress placed on the right ventricle can lead to right ventricular hypertrophy.

# Causes of Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

## Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
- Pulmonary embolism

## Common Causes
- Cardiac fibrosis
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Cystic fibrosis
- High altitude
- Mitral stenosis
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Pulmonic regurgitation
- Pulmonic stenosis
- Tetralogy of Fallot
- Ventricular septal defect

## Causes by Organ System

## Causes in Alphabetical Order

# Diagnosis

## EKG Findings in Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
Shown below is a tracing from lead V1 which shows right ventricular hypertrohpy, with an R wave > the S wave in V1

## Diagnostic Criteria for Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
- Right axis deviation of +90 degrees or more
- RV1 = 7 mm or more
- RV1 + SV5 or SV6 = 10 mm or more
- R/S ratio in V1 = 1.0 or more
- S/R ratio in V6 = 1.0 or more
- Late intrinsicoid deflection in V1 (0.035+)
- Incomplete RBBB pattern
- ST T strain pattern in 2,3,aVF
- P pulmonale or Right atrial enlargement or P congenitale
- S1 S2 S3 pattern in children
- Tall R wave in V1 or qR in V1
- R wave greater than S wave in V1
- R wave progression reversal
- Inverted T wave in the anterior precordial leads

## Differential Diagnosis of R>S in V1
- RVH
- Posterior MI
- WPW
- HCM (septal hypertrophy)
- Kulbertus' block (septal fascicular block)
- Duchennes Muscular Dystrophy
- Normal variant
- V4r may be a more useful and reliable than lead V1 in that it often reveals an r>s while v1 remains normal
- An incomplete right bundle branch block in the right precordial chest leads may signal the development of RVH
- In the limb leads right axis deviation develops and at times prominent Q waves simulating an IMI appear in leads 2,3, and aVF.
- In children an S1 S2 S3 pattern (i.e. an S wave deeper than R in all 3 standard leads) is a reliable index of RVH
- RV strain can be seen in leads V1 and V2 but also in leads 2,3, aVF
Interventional neuroradiology
Neurointerventional Surgery (NIS)/ Interventional Neuroradiology (INR) is an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accredited medical subspecialty specializing in minimally invasive image-based technologies/procedures used in diagnosis and treat diseases of the head, neck, and spine.
First accredited in 2000, there are currently more than 500 individuals in the United States who have an active interest and special competency in this field. In 2007 the specialty changed its name from Interventional Neuroradiology to Neurointerventional Surgery.  The American Society of Interventional & Therapeutic Neuroradiology (ASITN) changed it name to Society of Neurointerventional Surgery (SNIS).

# Training
Preparatory requirements for a fellowship in Neurointerventional Surgery / Interventional Neuroradiology include successful completion of a residency in Radiology, Neurosurgery, or Neurology and one year of a diagnostic neuroradiology fellowship (preferably at the same institution as the interventional fellowship)
Interventional Neuroradiology fellowships are variable in length, but last minimally one year and focuses on the integration of clinical management and performance of endovascular surgeries of the conditions/diseases listed below.  Many fellowships require a second year of training which allows participants to further hone their technical skills and assert a greater degree of influence in clinical management of patients with diseases of interest.

# Diseases & Conditions
The following is a list of diseases and conditions typically treated by neurointerventionists.
- Cerebral aneurysm
- Brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
- Carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF)
- Dural arteriovenous fistula
- Extracranial (brachiocephalic) atherosclerosis
- Extracranial (head and neck) and paraspinal vascular malformations
- Head and neck tumors
- Intracranial atherosclerosis
- Juvenile nasopharyngeal tumor
- Meningiomas
- Nosebleeds
- Paragangliomas
- Stroke
- Spinal vascular malformations
- Traumatic vascular lesions
- Vasospasm
- Vertebral body tumors
- Vertebral body compression fractures
Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasia

# Overview
Intestinal neuronal dysplasia is similar to Hirschsprung's disease and necrotising enterocolitis, and is an inherited disease of the intestine. The intestine uses peristalsis to push its contents toward the anus; IND sufferers have a problem with the motor neurons that lead to the intestine, inhibiting this process and thus preventing digestion.
Conservative treatment involves the use of laxatives and enemas, and is often successful.  If unsuccessful, surgical treatment (internal sphincter myectomy or colon resection) is used.  In extreme cases, the only effective cure is a complete transplant of the affected parts. The threat of IND is such that, even though it is relatively rare, all new born babies are kept in hospital until they defecate.
A famous case of IND is that of Adele Chapman, who had a triple transplant of the small intestine, pancreas and liver, the first of its kind in the UK; ergo the official charity of IND is the Adele Chapman Foundation.

# Sources
- Gillick, J.;  et al. (May 2001). "Intestinal neuronal dysplasia: results of treatment in 33 patients". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. Retrieved 2006-06-30.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
Journal of Applied Toxicology
The Journal of Applied Toxicology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, published since 1981 by John Wiley & Sons.  In six issues per year, it publishes reviews and research articles on mechanistic, fundamental and applied research relating to the toxicity of drugs and chemicals at the molecular, cellular, tissue, target organ and whole body level in vivo (by all routes of exposure) and in vitro / ex vivo.
The current Editor-in-Chief is Dr. Philip W. Harvey from Covance Laboratories UK Ltd., UK.

# Impact factor and rank
The 2006 Impact Factor is 1.625. It is ranked number 46 out of 76 in the Toxicology category.

# Highest cited papers
- Review: 'Review of oximes available for treatment of nerve agent poisoning', R.M. Dawson 14(5):317-331 (1994). Cited 120 times .
- Review: 'The toxicology of chromium with respect to its chemical speciation: A review', S. A. Katz, H. Salem 13(3):217-224 (1993). Cited 106 times .
- Research Article: 'A good practice guide to the administration of substances and removal of blood, including routes and volumes', K-H Diehl, R. Hull, D. Morton, R. Pfister, Y. Rabemampianina, D. Smith, J-M Vidal, C. Van De Vorstenbosch 21(1)15-23 (2001). Cited 79 times .
- Article: 'The peripubertal male rat assay as an alternative to the Hershberger castrated male rat assay for the detection of anti-androgens, oestrogens and metabolic modulators', J. Ashby, P. A. Lefevre 20(1):35-47 (2000). Cited 79 times .

# Abstracting and indexing information
Journal of Molecular Recognition is indexed in the following services:
- Chemical Abstracts Service SciFinder (American Chemical Society)
- SCOPUS (Elsevier)
- Web of Science (Thomson ISI)
Kauffman-White classification
The Kauffman and White classification scheme is a classification system that permits serological varieties of the genus Salmonella to be differentiated from each other. This scheme differentiates isolates by determining which surface antigens are produced by the bacterium.  First, the "O" antigen type is determined.  "O" antigens are the polysaccharides associated with the lipopolysaccharide of the bacterial outer membrane.  Having found the "O" antigen group, the "H" antigen is determined.  The "H" antigens are proteins associated with the bacterial flagella (singular; flagellum).  Salmonellas exist in two phases; a motile phase and a non-motile phase.  These are also referred to as the specific and non-specific phases.  Different "H" antigens are produced depending on the phase in which the salmonella is found.  Non-motile isolates may be "switched" to the motile phase using a Cragie tube - bacteria are inoculated down the center of a hollow tube in a semi-solid nutrient agar.  Those bacteria that become motile can then swim out of the bottom of the tube and are recovered from the agar outside of the tube. Pathogenic strains of Salmonella typhi carry an additional antigen, "Vi", so-called because of the enhanced virulence of strains that produce this antigen, which is associated with a bacterial capsule.
- Antigens in brackets are those that are rarely expressed in that serovar.
The cost of maintaining a full set of antisera precludes all but reference laboratories from performing a complete serological identification of salmonella isolates.  Most laboratories stock only a limited range of antisera, and the choice of stock sera is largely determined by the nature of the specimens to be processed.
A common set of working antisera is shown below:
Laboratories that are likely to investigate typhoid also carry antiserum raised against the Vi antigen.
A set of "Rapid Diagnostic Sera" is also held and is used for determination of common specific H-antigens except i-H.   After obtaining a positive agglutination with the polyvalent-H specific and non-specific antiserum, the three RDS antisera are used to identify the H antigen present.  Depending on the pattern of positive and negative reactions with the RDS antisera, the specific H antigen may be identified:
E = polyvalent for eh, enx, etc.
G = polyvalent for gm, gp, etc.
L = polyvalent for lv, lw, etc.
Keloids (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Keloids are the excess growth of scar tissue at the site of a healed skin injury.

# What are the symptoms of Keloids?
A skin lesion that is:
- Flesh-colored, red, or pink
- Located over the site of a wound or injury
- Lumpy (nodular) or ridged
The lesion may itch while it is forming and growing.

# What causes Keloids?
Keloids occur from such skin injuries as:
- Acne
- Burns
- Chickenpox
- Ear piercing
- Minor scratches
- Surgical cuts
- Traumatic wounds
- Vaccination sites

# Who is at highest risk?
They are more common in people ages 10 to 20, and in African Americans, Asians, and Hispanics. Keloids often run in families. Keloidosis is a term used when many or repeated keloids occur.

# Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on the appearance of the skin or scar. A skin biopsy may be needed to rule out other skin growths (tumors).

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call your health care provider if:
- You develop keloids and want to have them removed or reduced
- You develop new symptoms

# Treatment options
Keloids often do not need treatment. They may be reduced in size by:
- Corticosteroid injections
- Freezing (cryotherapy)
- Laser treatments
- Radiation
- Surgical removal

# Where to find medical care for Keloids?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Keloids

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
- Keloids usually are not medically dangerous, but they may affect the appearance. In some cases, they may become smaller, flatter, and less noticeable over a period of several years.
- Exposure to the sun during the first year after the keloid forms will cause the keloid to tan darker than the skin around it. This dark color may be permanent.
- Removing the keloid may not be permanent. Surgical removal may cause a larger keloid scar.

# Possible complications
- Cosmetic changes that affect the appearance
- Discomfort, tenderness of the keloid
- Irritation from rubbing on clothing or other forms of friction
- Limited mobility (if the keloids are extensive)
- Psychological distress if the keloid is large or disfiguring
- Return of the keloid

# Prevention of Keloids
You can prevent discoloration from sun exposure by covering the forming keloid with a patch or Band-Aid, and by using sunblock when spending time in the sun. Continue these extra protection measures for at least 6 months after injury or surgery for an adult, or up to 18 months for a child.
Imiquimod cream has recently been used to prevent keloids from forming after surgery, or to prevent keloids from returning after surgery to remove them

# Sources