Abdominal guarding
Synonyms and keywords: Rebound, rigidity, rigid abdomen.

# Overview
Abdominal guarding: Tensing of the abdominal wall muscles to guard inflamed organs within the abdomen from the pain of pressure upon them. The tensing is detected when the abdomen wall is pressed. 
Guarding is a characteristic finding in the physical examination for an abruptly painful abdomen (an acute abdomen) with inflammation of the inner abdominal (peritoneal) surface due, for example, to appendicitis or diverticulitis. The tensed muscles of the abdominal wall automatically go into spasm to keep the tender underlying tissues from being touched. 

# Medical Emergencies Associated with Abdominal Guarding
- Abdominal aortic aneurysm
- Appendicitis
- Bowel obstruction
- Hepatic or splenic contusion/laceration
- Ileus
- Incarcerated hernia
- Mesenteric ischemia
- Peritonitis
- Pyelonephritis
- Volvulus

# Causes

## Common Causes
- Appendicitis
- Peritonitis
- Diverticulitis
- Pyelonephritis
- Hepatic or splenic contusion/laceration
- Bowel obstruction
- Ileus

## Causes of Abdominal guarding by organ system

## Causes of Abdominal guarding in Alphabetical Order
- Abdominal aortic aneurysm
- Abdominal migraine
- Abdominal wall strain/injury
- Abscess (e.g. iliopsoas)
- Aneurysm
- Anxiety
- Appendicitis
- Bowel obstruction
- Diverticulitis
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Fluid/blood secondary to trauma
- Hepatic or splenic contusion/laceration
- Ileus
- Incarcerated hernia
- Insect toxins (e.g. black widow spider)
- Intussusception
- Malingering
- Mesenteric ischemia
- Nephrolithiasis
- Organ contusion
- Organ laceration
- Ovarian cyst
- Pancreatitis
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Peptic ulcer disease
- Peritonitis
- Pneumoperitoneum secondary to trauma
- Pyelonephritis
- Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP)
- Urinary tract infection
- Volvulus

# Diagnosis

## Laboratory Findings
- Complete blood count (CBC)
- Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine
- Liver function tests (LFTs)
- Glucose
- Amylase/lipase
- Urine culture
- Urinalysis
- Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG)
- Cervical cultures are recommended to diagnose pelvic inflammatory disease

## Electrolyte and Biomarker Studies
- Electrolytes

## MRI and CT
- CT diagnoses:
Organ contusion
Organ laceration
Aneurysm
Diverticulitis
Appendicitis
- Organ contusion
- Organ laceration
- Aneurysm
- Diverticulitis
- Appendicitis

## Echocardiography or Ultrasound
- Pelvic, abdominal and/or transvaginal ultrasound diagnoses:
Peritonitis
Ectopic pregnancy
Ovarian cysts
Fluid/blood secondary to trauma
Appendicitis
Aneurysm
- Peritonitis
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Ovarian cysts
- Fluid/blood secondary to trauma
- Appendicitis
- Aneurysm

## Other Imaging Findings
- KUB x-rays (kidney, ureter, bladder) could reveal nephrolithiasis and bowel gas pattern

## Other Diagnostic Studies
- Symptomatic relief may be provided by paracentesis, which may also diagnose spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP)
- Gastrointestinal endoscopy may be used or patients with suspected peptic ulcer disease
Helicobacter pylori" testing may also be used
- Helicobacter pylori" testing may also be used
- Trial medications may be beneficial for the diagnosis and treatment of:
GERD / dyspepsia: Proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers
Abdominal wall strain: Nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Anxiety: Lorazepam
Zoster: Acyclovir
- GERD / dyspepsia: Proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers
- Abdominal wall strain: Nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Anxiety: Lorazepam
- Zoster: Acyclovir

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
- Specific conditions need direct treatment
- Hemodynamic status and life-theratening disease require immediate attention
Volume replacement with a possible blood transfusion, and with normal saline
- Volume replacement with a possible blood transfusion, and with normal saline
- For obstruction and persistent vomiting, place nasogastric (NG) tube

## Pharmacotherapy

### Acute Pharmacotherapies
- If perforated viscus or intra-abdominal infection suspected, administer broad-spectrum empiric antibiotics

## Surgery and Device Based Therapy
- Early sepsis, or evidence of hemorrhage may require surgery (likely to be life-threatening emergency)