Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Lopinavir ritonavir how supplied

# How Supplied
KALETRA (lopinavir/ritonavir) Film-Coated tablets and Oral Solution are available in the following strengths and package sizes:
KALETRA Tablets, 200 mg lopinavir/50 mg ritonavir
Yellow film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with the a logo and the code KA:
Bottles of 120 tablets ................... (NDC 0074-6799-22)
Recommended Storage
Store KALETRA film-coated tablets at 20-25C (68-77F); excursions permitted to 15-30C (59 to 86F). Dispense in original container or USP equivalent tight container (250 mL or less). For patient use: exposure of this product to high humidity outside the original container or USP equivalent tight container (250 mL or less) for longer than 2 weeks is not recommended.
KALETRA Tablets, 100 mg lopinavir/25 mg ritonavir
Pale yellow film-coated ovaloid tablets debossed with the a logo and the code KC:
Bottles of 60 tablets ................... (NDC 0074-0522-60)
Recommended Storage
Store KALETRA film-coated tablets at 20-25C (68-77F); excursions permitted to 15-30C (59 to 86F). Dispense in original container or USP equivalent tight container (100 mL or less). For patient use: exposure of this product to high humidity outside the original container or USP equivalent tight container (100 mL or less) for longer than 2 weeks is not recommended.
KALETRA Oral Solution
KALETRA (lopinavir/ritonavir) oral solution is a light yellow to orange colored liquid supplied in amber-colored multiple-dose bottles containing 400 mg lopinavir/100 mg ritonavir per 5 mL (80 mg lopinavir/20 mg ritonavir per mL) packaged with a marked dosing cup in the following size:
160 mL bottle.....................................(NDC 0074-3956-46)
Recommended Storage
Store KALETRA oral solution at 2-8C (36-46F) until dispensed. Avoid exposure to excessive heat. For patient use, refrigerated KALETRA oral solution remains stable until the expiration date printed on the label. If stored at room temperature up to 25C (77F), oral solution should be used within 2 months.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase

# Overview
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (EC 2.7.11.24) are serine/threonine-specific protein kinases that respond to extracellular stimuli (mitogens) and regulate various cellular activities, such as gene expression, mitosis, differentiation, cell survival, and apoptosis.

# Function
MAPK is involved in the action of most nonnuclear oncogenes. It is responsible for cell response to growth factors such as BDNF or nerve growth factor. 
Extracellular stimuli lead to activation of a MAP kinase via a signaling cascade ("MAPK cascade") composed of MAP kinase, MAP kinase kinase (MKK or MAP2K), and MAP kinase kinase kinase (MKKK or MAP3K, EC 2.7.11.25).
A MAP3K that is activated by extracellular stimuli phosphorylates a MAP2K on its serine and threonine residues, and then this MAP2K activates a MAP kinase through phosphorylation on its serine and tyrosine residues. This MAP kinase signaling cascade has been evolutionarily well-conserved from yeast to mammals.

# Groups
To date, six distinct groups of MAPKs have been characterized in mammals:
- extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1, ERK2). The ERKs (also known as classical MAP kinases) signaling pathway is preferentially activated in response to growth factors and phorbol ester (a tumor promoter), and regulates cell proliferation and cell differentiation.
- c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), (MAPK8,MAPK9,MAPK10) also known as stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs).
- p38 isoforms. (MAPK11, MAPK12(= ERK6), MAPK13, MAPK14) Both JNK and p38 signaling pathways are responsive to stress stimuli, such as cytokines, ultraviolet irradiation, heat shock, and osmotic shock, and are involved in cell differentiation and apoptosis.
- ERK5. ERK5 (MAPK7), which has been found recently, is activated both by growth factors and by stress stimuli, and it participates in cell proliferation.
- ERK3/4. ERK3  (MAPK6) and ERK4 (MAPK4) are structurally related atypical MAPKs posses SEG motif in activation loop and displaying major differences only in the C-terminal extension. ERK3 and ERK4  mostly cytoplasmic protein which binds, translocates and activates the MK5 (PRAK, MAP2K5). ERK3 is known as an unstable unlike ERK4 which is relativily stable.
- ERK7/8. (MAPK15) This is newest member of MAPKs and behaves like atypical MAPKs. It possesses a long C terminus similar to ERK3/4.
Minimum inhibitory concentration
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), in microbiology, is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation. Minimum inhibitory concentrations are important in diagnostic laboratories to confirm resistance of microorganisms to an antimicrobial agent and also to monitor the activity of new antimicrobial agents.
MICs can be determined by broth dilution methods usually following the guidelines of a reference body such as the CLSI, BSAC or EUCAST. Another, more modern method is the E-test method using strips of a gradient of antibiotic concentration.
E-test strips create ellipses of microbial inhibition . The point at which the MIC is taken within the ellipse of inhibition is the point where the bacterial growth crosses the strip 
Clinically, the minimum inhibitory concentrations are used not only to determine the amount of antibiotic that the patient will receive but also the type of antibiotic used, which in turn lowers the opportunity for microbial resistance to specific antimicrobial agents.
Male reproductive system (human)
The human male reproductive system is a series of organs located outside of the body and around the pelvic region of a male that contribute towards the reproductive process.
The male contributes to reproduction by producing spermatozoa. The spermatozoa then fertilize the egg in the female body and the fertilized egg (zygote) gradually develops into a fetus, which is later born as a child.

# Testes
The testes hang outside the abdominal cavity of the male within the scrotum. They begin their development in the abdominal cavity but descend into the scrotal sacs during the last 2 months of fetal development. This is required for the production of sperm because internal body temperatures are too high to produce viable sperm.
In the body of an average male, there are two testicles located in a sac called the scrotum. On top of these organs is the epididymis, the "housing area" for sperm that has been produced. The tightly coiled epididymis (6 meters or 20 feet when unraveled) store sperm cells for up to 4 weeks, while they are learning to swim.

# Penis
The penis has a long shaft and enlarged tip called the glans penis. The penis is the copulatory organ of the males. When the male is sexually aroused, the penis becomes erect and ready for intercourse. Erection is achieved because blood sinuses within the erectile tissue of the penis become filled with blood. The arteries of the penis are dilated while the veins are passively compressed so that blood flows into the erectile cartilage under pressure. The male penis is made of two different tissues, soft spongey tissue and cartilage. is a pelvic bone in the front top of the penis.

# Sperm & seminal fluid
A mature spermatoza, or spermatozoon, has 3 distinct parts: a head, a mid-piece, and a tail. The tail is made up of microtubules that form cilia and flagella, and the mid-piece contains energy-producing mitochondria. The head contains 23 chromosomes within a nucleus. The tip of the nucleus is covered by a cap called the acrosome, which is believed to contain enzymes needed to breach the egg for fertilization. A normal human male usually produces several hundred million sperm per day. Sperm are continually produced throughout a male's reproductive life, though production decreases with age.
During ejaculation, sperm leaves the penis in a fluid called seminal fluid. This fluid is produced by 3 types of glands, the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and Cowper's glands (bulbourethral glands). Each component of a seminal fluid has a particular function. Sperm are more viable in a basic solution, so seminal fluid has a slightly basic pH. Seminal fluid also acts as an energy source for the sperm, and contains chemicals that cause the uterus to contract.There is a tiny gland that holds sperm.
Medial circumflex femoral artery
The medial circumflex femoral artery (internal circumflex artery, medial femoral circumflex artery) is an artery in the upper thigh that helps supply blood to the neck of the femur.

# Structure
The medial femoral circumflex artery arises from the medial and posterior aspect of the profunda femoris artery, and winds around the medial side of the femur, passing first between the pectineus and iliopsoas muscles, and then between the obturator externus and the adductor brevis muscles.
The medial femoral circumflex artery may occasionally arise directly from the femoral artery.

## Branches
At the upper border of the adductor brevis it gives off two branches:
- The ascending branch is distributed to the adductor muscles of the thigh, the gracilis muscle, and obturator externus muscle, and anastomoses with the obturator artery.
- The descending branch descends beneath the adductor brevis, to supply it and the adductor magnus; the continuation of the vessel passes backward and divides into superficial, deep, and acetabular branches.
The superficial branch appears between the quadratus femoris and upper border of the adductor magnus, and anastomoses with the inferior gluteal artery, lateral femoral circumflex artery, and first of the perforating arteries of the profunda femoris (crucial anastomosis).
The deep branch runs obliquely upward upon the tendon of the obturator externus and in front of the quadratus femoris toward the trochanteric fossa, where it anastomoses with twigs from the superior gluteal artery and inferior gluteal artery.
The acetabular branch arises opposite the acetabular notch and enters the hip-joint beneath the transverse ligament in company with an articular branch from the obturator artery; it supplies the fat in the bottom of the acetabulum, and is continued along the ligament to the head of the femur.
- The superficial branch appears between the quadratus femoris and upper border of the adductor magnus, and anastomoses with the inferior gluteal artery, lateral femoral circumflex artery, and first of the perforating arteries of the profunda femoris (crucial anastomosis).
- The deep branch runs obliquely upward upon the tendon of the obturator externus and in front of the quadratus femoris toward the trochanteric fossa, where it anastomoses with twigs from the superior gluteal artery and inferior gluteal artery.
- The acetabular branch arises opposite the acetabular notch and enters the hip-joint beneath the transverse ligament in company with an articular branch from the obturator artery; it supplies the fat in the bottom of the acetabulum, and is continued along the ligament to the head of the femur.
Superior medial genicular artery
The medial superior genicular runs in front of the Semimembranosus and Semitendinosus, above the medial head of the Gastrocnemius, and passes beneath the tendon of the Adductor magnus.
It divides into two branches, one of which supplies the Vastus medialis, anastomosing with the highest genicular and medial inferior genicular arteries; the other ramifies close to the surface of the femur, supplying it and the knee-joint, and anastomosing with the lateral superior genicular artery.
The medial superior genicular artery is frequently of small size, a condition, which is associated with an increase in the size of the highest genicular.
Mefloquine indications and usage

# Indications And Usage

## Treatment of Acute Malaria Infections
Mefloquine Hydrochloride Tablets USP are indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria caused by mefloquine-susceptible strains of P. falciparum (both chloroquine-susceptible and resistant strains) or by Plasmodium vivax. There are insufficient clinical data to document the effect of mefloquine in malaria caused by P. ovale or P. malariae.
Note: Patients with acute P. vivax malaria, treated with mefloquine, are at high risk of relapse because mefloquine does not eliminate exoerythrocytic (hepatic phase) parasites. To avoid relapse, after initial treatment of the acute infection with mefloquine, patients should subsequently be treated with an 8-aminoquinoline derivative (e.g., primaquine).

## Prevention of Malaria
Mefloquine Hydrochloride Tablets USP are indicated for the prophylaxis of P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria infections, including prophylaxis of chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum.
Micafungin indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
Mycamine is indicated in adult and pediatric patients 4 months and older for:
- Candidemia
- Acute Disseminated Candidiasis
- Candida Peritonitis and Abscesses
- Esophageal Candidiasis
Mycamine has not been adequately studied in patients with endocarditis, osteomyelitis and meningitis due to Candida infections.
- Prophylaxis of Candida Infections in Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
NOTE: The efficacy of Mycamine against infections caused by fungi other than Candida has not been established.
Miconazole clinical pharmacology

# Clinical Pharmacology

## Mechanism of Action
Miconazole is an antifungal drug

## Pharmacokinetics
Absorption and Distribution
- Salivary route
Single dose application of ORAVIG containing 50 mg of miconazole to the buccal mucosa of 18 healthy volunteers provided mean maximum salivary concentrations of 15 mcg/mL at 7 hours after application of the tablet. This provided an average saliva exposure to miconazole estimated from the AUC (0-24h) of 55.23 mcgh/mL. The pharmacokinetic parameters of miconazole in the saliva of healthy volunteers are provided in Table 4.
In healthy volunteers, the duration of buccal adhesion was on average 15 hours following a single dose application of ORAVIG 50 mg.
- Plasma
Plasma concentrations of miconazole were below the lower limit of quantification (0.4 mcg/mL) in 157/162 (97%) samples from healthy volunteers following single-dose application of ORAVIG 50 mg. Measurable plasma concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 0.83 mcg/mL.
Plasma concentrations of miconazole evaluated after 7 days of treatment in 40 HIV-positive patients were all below the limit of quantification (0.1 mcg/mL).
Metabolism and Excretion
Most of the absorbed miconazole is metabolized by the liver with less than 1% of the administered dose found unchanged in urine. In healthy volunteers, the terminal half-life is 24 hours following systemic administration. There are no active metabolites of miconazole.
Food Effect
There was no formal food effect study conducted with ORAVIG; however, in clinical studies patients were allowed to eat and drink while taking ORAVIG.
Microsoft European Science Award
The Microsoft European Science Award is an annual award given by the Royal Society and the Academie des Sciences to scientists working in Europe who have made a major contribution to the advancement of science through the use of computational methods. It is sponsored by Microsoft Research.
The prize recognizes the importance of interdisciplinary research at the interface of science and computing for advancing scientific boundaries, as well as the importance of investing in European scientists to give Europe a competitive science base.
The prize alternates on an annual basis between the biological and physical sciences, including mathematics and engineering.
The recipient is selected by a Committee comprising members of the Academie des sciences and Fellows of the Royal Society.
The prize consists of a trophy and monetary amount of 250,000, of which 7,500 is prize money and the rest is earmarked for further research.

# List of winners
Microtubule-associated protein 2
Microtubule-associated protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MAP2 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a protein that belongs to the microtubule-associated protein family. The proteins of this family are thought to be involved in microtubule assembly, which is an essential step in neuritogenesis. MAP2 serves to stabilize microtubules (MT) growth by crosslinking MT with intermediate filaments and other MTs.  The products of similar genes in rat and mouse are neuron-specific cytoskeletal proteins that are enriched in dendrites, implicating a role in determining and stabilizing dendritic shape during neuron development. A number of alternatively spliced variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described.

# Interactions
MAP2 has been shown to interact with Grb2, NEFL and MYO7A. MAP2 is suspected of interacting with tubulin.
Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2
Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 (MPC2) also known as brain protein 44 (BRP44) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MPC2 gene. It is part of the Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier (MPC) protein family.  This protein is involved in transport of pyruvate across the inner membrane of mitochondria in preparation for the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction. 

# Interactive pathway map
Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. 
-  The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
Mitral stenosis surgery overview

# Overview
Mitral valve surgery can be either a repair for the mitral valve or totally replace it in the heart. Beside percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (PMBV), surgical treatments for mitral stenosis include closed commissurotomy, open commissurotomy (valve repair) and mitral valve replacement. In open surgery, the surgeon makes a large cut in the sternum to reach the heart. Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery is done through much smaller surgical cuts than the large cuts needed for open surgery.

# Indications
Although mitral valvuloplasty is an effective less invasive treatment modality compared to surgery, mitral valve surgery is indicated if the mitral valve is severely calcified, if there is moderate to severe mitral regurgitation coexists with MS, if mitral valvuloplasty is not available or the patient has unfavorable valve morphology, and if there is left atrial thrombus that persists despite anticoagulation.

# Pre-operative Evaluation
The patient may need to have some tests before the procedure. The cardiologist usually conducts a physical examination and diagnose the condition within few days, he or she will assess the general health of the patient and will recommend the most appropriate treatment for the patient and if he or she needs surgery.

# Surgical Procedure
The surgery for mitral valve stenosis can be done either by the traditional open heart surgery or by the minimally invasive surgery. Before the surgery, the patient will receive general anesthesia. This causes the patient to be asleep and pain-free during the entire procedure. Beside percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (PMBV); there are three approaches for mitral stenosis surgical treatment.

# Recovery
The amount of time needed for recovery will depend on the complexity of the procedure, and whether there are any complications. The patient should be closely monitored during the recovery period, whether they are in the hospital, at home, or are being seen in the outpatient setting.

# Outcomes and Prognosis
The results of mitral valve stenosis surgery are excellent in centers that regularly perform this surgery.

# Complications
Mitral valve surgery carries the same risks as any surgical procedure, such as DVT, post-operative infections, and adverse reactions to anesthesia. The risks that are specific to open-heart surgery are; heart attack, stroke, arrhythmias, and sternal wound infections. Prosthetic heart valves themselves are also associated with a number of complications.
Montelukast detailed information

# Overview
Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) used for the maintenance treatment of asthma and to relieve symptoms of seasonal allergies.  It is usually administered orally.  Montelukast blocks the action of leukotriene D4 on the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor CysLT1 in the lungs and bronchial tubes by binding to it.  This reduces the bronchoconstriction otherwise caused by the leukotriene, and results in less inflammation. Because of its method of operation, it is not useful for the treatment of acute asthma attacks. Again because of its very specific focus of operation, it does not interact with other allergy medications such as theophylline.
Montelukast is marketed in United States and many other countries by Merck & Co. with the brand name Singulair.  It is available as oral tablets, chewable tablets, and oral granules. In India and other countries, it is also marketed under the brand name Montair, produced by Indian company Cipla.

# Side effects
Side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances, hypersensitivity reactions, sleep disorders and increased bleeding tendency, aside from many other generic adverse reactions. Its use is associated with a higher incidence of Churg-Strauss syndrome (whether or not this drug is 'unmasking' subclinical Churg-Strauss is as yet uncertain).
Mycobacterium fluoranthenivorans
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Mycobacterium fluoranthenivorans
Etymology: fluoranthenivorans, digesting fluoranthene.

# Type Strain
First isolated from contaminated soil of a former coal gas plant.
Strain FA4 = DSM 44556 = CIP 108203.