Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Microgravity environment
A microgravity environment is one where gravity has little or no measurable effect. The only three methods of creating a microgravity environment are to travel far enough into deep space so as to reduce the effect of gravity by attenuation, by falling, and by orbiting a planet. The terms weightlessness and Zero-G refer to this same environment.
The first method is the simplest in conception, but requires you to travel an enormous distance, rendering it most impractical. Even during the missions to the Moon, the astronauts only experienced microgravity because they were orbiting the sun.
The second method, falling, is very common but approaches microgravity only when the fall is in a vacuum, as air resistance will provide some resistance to free fall acceleration.  Also it is difficult to fall for long enough periods of time to do much experimentation or to support any commercial activity. There are also problems involving avoiding too sudden a stop at the end. However, it is still used as training for astronauts and for some experiments. Drop towers and airplanes (such as used by NASA's Reduced Gravity Research Program, aka the Vomit Comet) provide short term weightlessness.
The third is orbiting a planet, which is really just falling with sufficient forward (tangential) speed that you go all the way around the planet and end up back where you started (It's like falling, but you're going so fast forward that you keep "missing" where you were going to fall, i.e. that planet). This is the environment most people think of, with common examples being the Space Shuttle, International Space Station, Mir, etc. While this scenario is the most suitable for scientific experimentation and commercial exploitation, it is still quite expensive to operate in, mostly due to launch costs.

# Commercial applications

## Metal spheres
In a shot tower (now obsolete), molten metal (such as lead or steel), was dripped through a sieve into free fall. With sufficient height (several hundred feet), the metal would be solid enough to resist impact at the bottom of the tower. While the shot may have been slightly deformed by its passage through the air and by impact at the bottom, this method produced metal spheres of sufficient roundness to be used directly in shotgun shells or to be refined by further processing for applications requiring higher accuracy.

## High quality crystals
While not yet a commercial application, there has been much interest in growing crystals in microgravity, as in a space station or automated artificial satellite, in an attempt to reduce crystal lattice defects. Such defect-free crystals may prove useful for certain microelectronic applications and also to produce crystals for subsequent X-ray crystallography.
Middle cervical ganglion
The middle cervical ganglion is the smallest of the three cervical ganglia, and is occasionally absent.
It is placed opposite the sixth cervical vertebra, usually in front of, or close to, the inferior thyroid artery.
It is probably formed by the coalescence of two ganglia corresponding to the fifth and sixth cervical nerves.
It sends gray rami communicantes to the fifth and sixth cervical nerves, and gives off the middle cardiac nerve.
Misery index (economics)
The Misery Index is an economic indicator, created by economist Arthur Okun, and found by adding the unemployment rate to the inflation rate. It is assumed that both a higher rate of unemployment and a worsening of inflation both create economic and social costs for a country. It is often incorrectly attributed to Chicago economist Robert Barro in the 1970s, due to the Barro Misery Index that additionally includes GDP and the bank rate.

# U.S. Misery Index

## Misery Index - Era by U.S president

# Misery & Crime
Some economists posit that the components of the Misery Index drive the crime rate to a degree.  They have found that the Misery Index and the Crime Rate correlate strongly and that the Misery Index seems to lead the Crime Rate by a year or so.

# Data Sources
The data for the misery index is obtained from unemployment data obtained from the U.S. Department of Labor and Inflation Rate from Financial Trend Forecaster.  The exact methods used for measuring unemployment and inflation have changed over time.

# Related Indexes
The Despondency Index, developed by the Bureau of Inverse Technology, correlates, in real time, the suicide rate measured with the Suicide Box at the Golden Gate Bridge, to the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
Motion sickness overview

# Overview
Motion sickness or kinetosis is a condition in which a disagreement exists between visually perceived movement and the vestibular system's sense of movement.  Depending on the cause it can also be referred to as seasickness, carsickness, simulation sickness, airsickness, or space sickness.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
About 33% of people are susceptible to motion sickness even in mild circumstances such as being on a boat in calm water, although nearly 66% of people are susceptible in more severe conditions.
Approximately 50% of the astronauts in the U.S. space program have suffered from space sickness.

# History and Symptoms
Dizziness, fatigue, and nausea are the most common symptoms of motion sickness. Sopite syndrome is also a side effect of motion sickness. In fact, nausea in Greek means seasickness (naus means ship). If the motion causing nausea is not resolved, the sufferer will frequently vomit. Unlike ordinary sickness, vomiting in motion sickness tends not to relieve the nausea.
Moxifloxacin description

# DESCRIPTION
AVELOX (moxifloxacin) hydrochloride is a synthetic broad spectrum antibacterial agent for oral and intravenous administration. Moxifloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, is available as the monohydrochloride salt of 1-cyclopropyl-7-non-8-yl]-6-fluoro-8-methoxy-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3 quinoline carboxylic acid. It is a slightly yellow to yellow crystalline substance with a molecular weight of 437.9. Its empirical formula is C21H24FN3O4*HCl and its chemical structure is as follows:

## AVELOX Tablets
AVELOX Tablets are available as film-coated tablets containing moxifloxacin hydrochloride (equivalent to 400 mg moxifloxacin).
The inactive ingredients are microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, hypromellose, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol and ferric oxide.

## AVELOX IV
AVELOX IV is available in ready-to-use 250 mL latex-free flexibags as a sterile, preservative free, 0.8% sodium chloride aqueous solution of moxifloxacin hydrochloride (containing 400 mg moxifloxacin) with pH ranging from 4.1 to 4.6.
The appearance of the intravenous solution is yellow. The color does not affect, nor is it indicative of, product stability.
The inactive ingredients are sodium chloride, USP, Water for Injection, USP, and may include hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment.
AVELOX IV contains approximately 34.2 mEq (787 mg) of sodium in 250 mL
Multiple gunshot suicide
Multiple gunshot suicide occurs when an individual commits suicide by firearm and succeeds in inflicting two or more gunshots upon himself before incapacitation ensues.  It does not include suicides where the firearms are operated by other persons, such as suicide by cop.
Multiple gunshot suicides engender controversy because of the popular misconception that it is impossible for an individual to inflict more than one gunshot upon herself or himself.  Because of this many are associated with conspiracy theories, which hold that those individuals actually were the victims of a homicide.  Forensic medicine has discovered, however, that suicides by firearm involving multiple gunshots, although uncommon, are by no means rare; as many as eight percent ( 8%) (nearly one in every twelve) of suicides by firearm involve multiple gunshots.  Suicides involving as many as six self-inflicted gunshots have been documented in the literature.
Incapacitation from a gunshot injury results from a decrease in the functioning of the central nervous system.  In a suicide by firearm, immediate incapacitation can be achieved by direct disruption to brain stem tissue.  Rapid incapacitation can be achieved indirectly by cerebral hypoxemia resulting from massive bleeding from the heart, the thoracic aorta, or the pulmonary artery.  Damage to other major organs - the lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen - results only in delayed incapacitation.  Incapacitation by a shot to the head is achieved when the bullet penetrates the telencephalon; however, numerous bullet trajectories, including a shot between the eyes, do not achieve this penetration.
One particular case has been documented from Australia.  In February 1995, a man committed suicide on parkland in Canberra, Australia. He took a pump action shotgun and shot himself in the chest. The load passed through the chest without hitting a rib, and went out the other side. He then walked fifteen meters, reloaded, leaned the shotgun against his throat, and shot his throat and part of his jaw. Breathing through this gunshot-inflicted tracheotomy, he reloaded, walked 136 meters to a hill slope, lay down on the slope, held the gun against his chest with his hands and operated the trigger with his toes. This shot entered the thoracic cavity and demolished the heart, killing him.
Mycobacterium aubagnense
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Mycobacterium aubagnense
Type strain: strain U8 = CCUG 50186 = CIP 108543.
Etymology: N.L. neut. adj. aubagnense, pertaining to Aubagne, the city from where the first patient originated.
Mycobacterium conspicuum
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Mycobacterium conspicuum

# Description
Gram-positive and nonmotile acid-fast coccobacilli. Does not form spores, capsules or aerial hyphae.
Colony characteristics
- Dysgonic and nonphotochromogenic, pale yellow colonies on Lowenstein-Jensen agar.
Physiology
- Slow growth on Lowenstein-Jensen medium at temperatures between 22C and 31C after 2-3 weeks.
- Susceptible to ethambutol, rifampin, streptomycin, resistant to pyrazinamide.
- Synthesis of - and keto-mycolates and wax esters.
- no tolerance to 5% NaCl, positive for Tween 80 hydrolysis and for 10-day-arylsulfatase. Negative for production of nicotinic acid, acetamidase, benzamidase, urease, isonicotinamidase, nicotinamidase, pyrazinamidase, succinidamidase, nitrate reductase and tellurite reduction.

# Pathogenesis
Opportunistic pathogen, disseminated mycobacteriosis,  Biosafety level 2.

# Type Strain
First isolated from two male HIV infected patients in Germany.
Strain 3895/92 = ATCC 700090 = CIP 105165 = DSM 44136.
Mycobacterium cosmeticum
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Mycobacterium cosmeticum is a rapidly growing mycobacterium that was first isolated from cosmetic patients and sites performing cosmetic procedures.
Dr. Robert Cooksey, along with his research team in the Centre for Disease Control and Preventionss Mycobacterial lab, discovered the M. cosmeticum bacterium, which can thrive in salons, healthcare and clinic settings. This species is the newest identifiable mycobacterial organism to thrive in these settings, joining other rapid growing species, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium chelonae, and Mycobacterium abscessus, that have been found in previous outbreaks. These organisms are very persistent in the environment and can survive unusually harsh environmental conditions. The antibiotic therapy can go on for many months or even years. It very often requires an incision to remove the abscess.
Etymology: cosmeticum, referring to cosmetics.

# Description
Microscopy
- Cells are acid-fast rods that rarely form cell aggregates in liquid culture. Motility-related structures, spores and cell branching are not present.
Colony characteristics
- Colonies on Middlebrook 7H10 or LJ agar have smooth surfaces and edges, are domed and are scotochromogenic.  Colonies from a dilute inoculum on LJ agar are visible after 3 days incubation in an aerobic atmosphere at 28 or 35C, but no growth is observed at 45C.
Physiology
- Growth occurs on MacConkey agar without crystal violet but not on LJ agar containing 5% (w/v) NaCl.
- Tests for niacin production and 3-day arylsulfatase activity are negative, but tests for 14-day arylsulfatase activity, nitrate reduction and iron uptake are positive.
- The type strain isolates were susceptible in vitro to ciprofloxacin, amikacin, tobramycin, cefoxitin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, sulfamethoxazole and imipenem.
Differential characteristics
- Partial sequences of the rpoB (321 bp), 16S rRNA (1506 bp) and hsp65 (441 bp) genes are different from those of all currently recognized Mycobacterium species.
- Characteristics that distinguish this species from other Rapidly growing mycobacterium species include the inability to grow at 45C
-r on media containing 5% (w/v) NaCl, the utilization of trehalose or citrate, but not sorbitol, as a sole carbon source.

# Pathogenesis
- Possibly pathogenic, first isolated from a culture of a granulomatous subdermal lesion of a femalepatient in Venezuela who was undergoing mesotherapy with an unknown substance(s) for a cosmetic purpose (weight loss).

# Type Strain
- First isolated from a granulomatous lesion of a female patient in Venezuela who was undergoing mesotherapy.
- Strain LTA-388 = ATCC BAA-878 = CIP 108170.
Mycobacterium elephantis
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Mycobacterium elephantis

# Description
A rapidly growing non-chromogenic Mycobacterium

# Type Strain
First isolated from an elephant.  Strain 484 = CIP 106831 = DSM 44368 = JCM 12406
Mycobacterium flavescens
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Mycobacterium flavescens
Etymology: Latin, flavescens = becoming golden yellow.

# Description
Gram-positive, nonmotile and acid-fast rods.
Colony characteristics
- Soft, yellow-orange scotochromogenic, butyrous colonies.
Physiology
- Slow growth on Lowenstein-Jensen medium at 25-37C, but not at 45C within 7-10 days.
- Although growth rate is intermediate, metabolic and physiologic properties are more like rapidly growing species.
Differential characteristics
- Serologic specificity demonstrated by immunodiffusion.
- Related to M. fortuitum: can be distinguished by its intense pigment production, and its slow rate of growth.

# Pathogenesis
Not associated with disease.  Biosafety level 2.

# Type Strain
- Normal human flora, environmental habitat.
- First isolated from a drug treated tuberculous guinea pig (Mexico).
Strain ATCC 14474 = CCUG 29041 = CIP 104533 = DSM 43991 = JCM 12274 = NCTC 10271 = NRRL B-4038.
Mycobacterium holsaticum
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Mycobacterium holsaticum

# Type Strain
Strain 1406 = CCUG 46266 = DSM 44478 = JCM 12374
Mycobacterium komossense
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Mycobacterium komossense

# Description
Gram-positive, nonmotile, short to moderately long and acid-fast rods.
Colony characteristics
- Eugonic, smooth, glistening and yellow-beige pigmented colonies. On Middlebrook 7H10 agar 0.5-2mm in diameter with entire margins.
Physiology
- Growth on Lowenstein-Jensen media and Middlebrook 7H10 agar at temperatures between 22C-37C in less than 7 days.
- Optimal growth at 31C, no growth at 45C.
Differential characteristics
- Uniqueness of species supported by antigenic analysis (immunodiffusion) and specific lipid patterns.
- A numerical taxonomy comparison showed close relationship to Mycobacterium aichiense.

# Pathogenesis
- Not known to be pathogenic in animals or humans.
- Biosafety level 1

# Type Strain
- First isolated from intact sphagnum vegetation in the Komosse sphagnum bog in southern Sweden and Atlantic coastal area of Norway.
Strain Ko 2 = ATCC 33013 = CIP 105293 = DSM 44078 = HAMBI 2279 = HAMBI 2280 = JCM 12408.
Myelin regulatory factor
Myelin regulatory factor (MyRF), also known as myelin gene regulatory factor (MRF), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYRF gene.

# Orthologs
Myelin regulatory factor is encoded by the Myrf/GM98 gene in mice and by the MYRF gene in humans. The family of MyRF-like-proteins also contains the orthologues pqn-47 from C. elegans and MYRFA from Dictyostelium.  All orthologs have a DNA-binding domain of high homology to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Ndt80 (a p53-like transcription factor) and therefore likely act as a transcription factor.

# Function
MyRF is a transcription factor that promotes the expression of many genes important in the production of myelin. It is therefore of critical importance in the development and maintenance of myelin sheaths.
The expression of MYRF is specific to mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes in the CNS.  It has been shown to be critical for the maintenance of myelin by these cells. Following ablation of MYRF the expression of myelin genes such as PLP1, MBP, MAG and MOG drops rapidly. Therefore, MYRF is a key regulator and likely a direct activator of the expression of these genes.

# Animal models
Mice that lose MYRF during adulthood present with a severe demyelination similar to that seen in animal models of multiple sclerosis. This underlines the importance of an active renewal of proteins in the myelin sheath. Further, the activity of MYRF increases during remyelination, suggesting it has a critical role in this process. Animals with repressed Myrf in a proportion of oligodendrocyte precursor cells showed a delayed functional recovery from spinal cord injury.
Myrf has been shown to be significantly downregulated in a mouse model carrying the same mutation in the NPC1 protein that is underlying Niemann-Pick type C1 disease, a neurodegenerative process in which dysmyelination is a main pathogenic factor. A perturbation of oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination therefore might be an underlying reason for the neurological deficits.
Myofascial pain syndrome
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Synonyms and keywords: MPS

# Overview
Myofascial Pain Syndrome (or MPS) is a term used to describe one of the conditions characterized by chronic pain. It is associated with and caused by "trigger points" (TrPs), sensitive and painful areas between the muscle and fascia. Simons has visibly identified and documented these contraction knots through electromyographic imaging, ultrasound, and biopsy. The symptoms can range from referred pain through myofascial trigger points to specific pains in other areas of the body.
MPS may be related to a closer-studied complex condition known as Fibromyalgia.  By accepted definition, the pain of Fibromyalgia is generalized, occurring above and below the waist and on both sides of the body. On the other hand, myofascial pain is more often described as occurring in a more limited area of the body, for example, only around the shoulder and neck, and on only one side of the body.
Neither MPS or FMS is thought to be an inflammatory or degenerative condition, and the best evidence suggests that the problem is one of an altered pain threshold, with more pain reported for a given amount of painful stimuli. This altered pain threshold can be manifest as increased muscle tenderness, especially in the certain areas, e.g., the trapezius muscle. These syndromes tend to occur more often in women than in men, and the pain may be associated with fatigue and sleep disturbances.
The precise cause of MPS is not fully understood and is undergoing research in several medical fields.
A fairly new form of therapy called Myofascial Release, using gentle fascia manipulation and massage, is believed by some to be beneficial and pain-relieving.
Myofascial pain syndromes can arise of distinct, isolated areas of the body, an example being male chronic pelvic pain syndrome.