Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Instillation abortion

# Overview
Instillation abortion is a rarely used method of late term abortion, performed by injecting a solution into the uterus.

# Procedure
Instillation abortion is performed by injecting a chemical solution consisting of either saline, urea, or prostaglandin through the abdomen and into the amniotic sac. The cervix is dilated prior to the injection, and the chemical solution induces uterine contractions which expel the fetus. Sometimes a dilation and curettage procedure is necessary to remove any remaining tissue.
Instillation methods can require hospitalization for 12 to 48 hours. In one study, when laminaria were used to dilate the cervix overnight, the time between injection and completion was reduced from 29 to 14 hours.

# Usage
The method of instillation abortion was first developed in 1934 by Eugen Aburel. It is most frequently used between the 16th and 24th week of pregnancy, but its rate of use has declined dramatically in recent years. In 1968, abortion by the instillation of saline solution accounted for 28% of those procedures performed legally in San Francisco, California. Intrauterine instillation (of all kinds) declined from 10.4% of all legal abortions in the U.S. in 1972 to 1.7% in 1985, falling to 0.8% of the total incidence of induced abortion in the United States during 2002, and 0.1% in 2007.
In a 1998 Guttmacher Institute survey, sent to hospitals in Ontario, Canada, 9% of those  hospitals in the province which offered abortion services used saline instillations, 4% used urea, and 25% used prostaglandin. A 1998 study of facilities in Nigeria which provide abortion found that only 5% of the total number in the country use saline.

# Complications
Once in common practice, abortion by intrauterine instillation has fallen out of favor, due to its association with serious adverse effects and its replacement by procedures which require less time and cause less physical discomfort.
Saline is in general safer and more effective than the other intrauterine solutions because it is likely to work in one dose. Prostaglandin is fast-acting, but often requires a second injection, and carries more side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Instillation of either saline or prostaglandin is associated with a higher risk of immediate complications than surgical D&C. Dilation and evacuation is also reported to be safer than instillation methods. One study found that the risk of complications associated with the injection of a combination of urea and prostaglandin into the amniotic fluid was 1.9 times that of D&E.
The rate of mortality reported in the United States between 1972 to 1981 was 9.6 per 100,000 for instillation methods. This is in comparison to rates of 4.9 per 100,000 for D&E and 60 per 100,000 for abortion by hysterotomy and hysterectomy.
There have been at least two documented cases of unsuccessful instillation abortions that resulted in  live births.
Institute of Medicine
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) is one of the United States National Academies, and is a not-for-profit, non-governmental American organization chartered in 1970 as a part of the National Academy of Sciences; its purpose is to provide national advice on issues relating to biomedical science, medicine, and health. It works outside the framework of the government to provide independent guidance and analysis. It relies on a volunteer workforce of scientists and has a formal peer review system.
Each IOM report is evaluated by external experts who remain anonymous until the study is published. Though a majority of IOM studies are requested and funded by the United States federal government, other organizations also initiate studies, as does the IOM itself.  The President of the IOM is Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg, M.D., Ph.D.
The IOM works in a broad range of categories, including: mental health, child health, food & nutrition, aging, womens health, education, public policy, healthcare & quality, diseases, global health, workplace, military & veterans, health sciences, environment, treatment, public health & prevention, and minority health.
The IOM is both a research organization and an honorary membership organization. The Institutes members are elected on the basis of their professional achievements and capacity for service. They, along with other experts, serve without compensation in the conduct of IOM studies, workshops, and other activities on matters of significance to health.
A diversity of talent among Institute members is assured by the charter stipulation that at least one-quarter be selected from outside the health professions, from such fields as the natural, social, and behavioral sciences, law, administration, engineering, and the humanities.
The reports of the IOM are made available online for free by the publishing arm of the United States National Academies, the National Academies Press, in multiple formats.
Insulin shock therapy

# Overview
Insulin shock therapy (IST, also called Insulin Coma Therapy) was used as a treatment for schizophrenia, psychosis and drug addiction, involving injecting the patient with massive amounts of insulin, which causes convulsions and coma. Typically, after being in the comatose state for about an hour, the procedure was terminated by administering a warm saline solution via a stomach tube or by the intravenous injection of glucose.
Insulin Shock Therapy is often viewed as a cruel practice with no reliable evidence of efficacy beyond a simple shock or placebo effect. IST had a higher apparent success rate in schizophrenics who were ill for less than two years, as this was also the time period when spontaneous recovery was most common. Nowadays, psychiatric medications and variations in psychotherapy (e.g. cognitive behavioural therapy) or family therapy or supportive interventions are the main treatments used. Electro-convulsive therapy is still sometimes used, attracting controversy.

# History
Insulin shock therapy was developed by Polish researcher Manfred Sakel in 1933 and was used well into the 1950s, being replaced by tranquilizing drugs and then later anti-psychotic drugs as well (which also have a sedative effect). This form of shock treatment, along with Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), derived from the notion (later disproved) that epileptic convulsions and schizophrenic symptoms were never present at the same time in one patient. Methods of administering the treatment varied and there was no precise way of doing it.

# Complications
Epileptic seizures occur during the beginning stages of treatment, roughly 45100 minutes into the procedure, but before the onset of the comatose state. Seizures occurring during the coma are more dangerous, requiring immediate interruption of the procedure and the ending of the comatose state, and may be followed by delayed recovery or severe shock.
Various complications would also occur from the comatose state reaching excessive depth, which also called for immediate termination of the procedure. Administrators would monitor the patients vital signs, among other things, to determine the level of danger.

# Irreversible Coma
There was an obvious danger of unconsciousness persisting even after the administration of the proper amounts of saline solution and/or glucose. Severe cases resembled Anoxia (a condition where the entire body, or isolated areas, arent receiving enough oxygen), with the patient writhing about, hypertonia, and vascular shock. The milder cases involved delayed local recovery, such as the paralysis of certain limbs, aphasia, and confusion. Even some cases involved many days of unconsciousness afterwards, but death was usually avoided.

# In fiction
Insulin shock has been described in various novels and movies with psychiatric context as an example of  cruel treatment of patients. A well-known example is the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and its screen adaptation. Frederick Exley describes receiving insulin shock therapy in 1958 at Harlem Valley State Hospital in his semi-autobiographical novel A Fan's Notes.
Intertubercular plane

# Overview
A lower transverse line midway between the upper transverse and the upper border of the symphysis pubis; this is termed the intertubercular plane (or transtubercular), since it practically corresponds to that passing through the iliac tubercles; behind, its plane cuts the body of the fifth lumbar vertebra.

# Additional images
- Front view of the thoracic and abdominal viscera.a. Median plane.b. Lateral planes.c. Trans tubercular plane.d. Subcostal plane.e. Transpyloric plane.
- Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for arteries and inguinal canal.
Intraductal papilloma
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# Overview
Intraductal papillomas of the breast are relatively common benign lesions with an incidence of approximately 2-3% in humans.  They are the most common cause of bloody nipple discharge in women age 20-40 and generally do not show up on mammography due to their small size, so the next step in treatment would be a galactogram to guide the subsequent biopsy.The masses are often too small to be palpated or felt. A galactogram is therefore necessary to rule out the lesion.
Excision is sometimes performed as the method of treatment.

# Additional Images
- Histopathology of intraductal papilloma of the breast by excisional biopsy. Hematoxylin and eosin stain.
- Histopathology of intraductal papilloma of the breast by excisional biopsy. Immunostaining for alpha-smooth muscle actin.
Iodine clock reaction
The Iodine clock reaction or Landolt reaction is a classical chemical clock demonstration experiment to display chemical kinetics in action; it was discovered in 1886 . Two clear solutions are mixed and at first there is no visible reaction, but after a short time delay, the liquid suddenly turns to a shade of dark blue. The iodine clock reaction exists in several variations.

# Hydrogen peroxide variation
This reaction starts from a solution of hydrogen peroxide with sulfuric acid.  To this is added a solution containing potassium iodide, sodium thiosulfate, and starch. There are two reactions occurring in the solution.
After some time the solution will rapidly change color to a very dark blue, almost black.
When the solutions are mixed, the second reaction causes the triiodide ion to be consumed much faster than it is generated, and only a small amount of triiodide is present in the dynamic equilibrium. Once the thiosulfate ion has been exhausted, this reaction stops and the blue color caused by the triiodide - starch complex appears.
Anything that accelerates the first reaction will shorten the time until the solution changes color. Increasing the pH, or the concentration of iodide or hydrogen peroxide will shorten the time. Adding more thiosulfate will have the opposite effect; it will take longer for the blue color to appear.

# Iodate variation
An alternative protocol uses a solution of iodate ion (for instance potassium iodate) to which an acidified solution (again with sulfuric acid) of sodium bisulphite is added.
In this protocol, iodide ion is generated by the following slow reaction between the iodate and bisulfite:
This is the rate determining step.  The iodate in excess will oxidize the iodide generated above to form iodine:
However, the iodine is reduced immediately back to iodide by the bisulfite:
When the bisulphite is fully consumed, the iodine will survive (i.e., no reduction by the bisulfite) to form the dark blue complex with starch.

# Persulfate/Peroxydisulphate variation
This clock reaction uses Sodium, Potassium or Ammonium persulfate to oxidise iodide ions to iodine. Sodium thiosulphate is used to reduce Iodine back to Iodide before the Iodine can complex with the Starch to form the characteristic blue-black colour.
Once all the thiosulphate is consumed the Iodine may form a complex with the  Starch. Potassium persulfate has a low solute potential, according to documents on the Salters website. Ammonium  persulfate has a higher solubility and is used instead in reaction document examples from Oxford University.

# Chlorate variation
An experimental iodine clock sequence has also been established for a system consisting of iodine potassium-iodide, sodium chlorate and perchloric acid that takes place through the following reactions.
In this clock the induction period is the time it takes for autocatalytic process to start after which the concentration of free iodine falls rapidly as observed by UV/VIS spectroscopy.
Iron oxide adsorption
Iron oxide adsorption is a water treatment process that is used to remove arsenic from drinking water.  Arsenic is a common natural contaminant of well water and is highly carcinogenic.  Iron oxide adsorption treatment for arsenic in groundwater is usually a co-precipitation process followed by microfiltration.
Iron oxide adsorption filters the water through a granular medium containing ferric oxide. Ferric oxide has a high affinity for adsorbing dissolved metals such as arsenic. The iron oxide media eventually becomes saturated, and must be routinely backwashed and eventually replaced by new media.
Coprecipitation requires a pH adjustment to allow the formation of the precipitates.  To that end, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added at each wellhead by a 60 gpd solenoid diaphragm pump from a 950 gallon tank at each well site.
The addition of ferric chloride (FeCl3) to the well water immediately after the well at the influent to the treatment plant creates ferrous hydroxide (Fe3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl).  Fe(OH)3 in water is a strong adsorbent of As(V) provided that the pH is low.  HCl lowers pH, assuring arsenic adsorption, and the disassociated chlorine oxidizes iron in solution from Fe+2 to Fe+3 thus creating more adsorbent.  This adjustment also lowers the pH of the well water, decreasing alkalinity and allowing more cationic species such Fe(+) or As(+) as to exist freely within the flow.  Low pH also decreases the solubility of some iron and arsenic species as well as increasing the adsorptive reactivity of arsenate (As).
Additional oxidation of Fe+2 to Fe+3 is induced by the addition of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at the well head.  NaOCl is usually added for disinfection although it may be used in this case with the objectives of a distribution system free chlorine residual of 1 mg/L and the oxidation of aqueous As(III) to As(V), and aqueous iron to Fe(III) which will bond with hydroxide for further adsorption.
The filter media usually consists of anthracite, iron-manganese oxidizing sand, and garnet sand over support gravel.
Isolation transformer
An isolation transformer is a transformer, often with symmetrical windings, which is used to decouple two circuits. An isolation transformer allows an AC signal or power to be taken from one device and fed into another without electrically connecting the two circuits. Isolation transformers block transmission of DC signals from one circuit to the other, but allow AC signals to pass. They also block interference caused by ground loops. Isolation transformers with electrostatic shields are used for power supplies for sensitive equipment such as computers or laboratory instruments.
In electronics testing, troubleshooting and servicing, an isolation transformer is a 1:1 power transformer which is used as a safety precaution. Since the neutral wire of an outlet is directly connected to ground, grounded objects near the device under test (desk, lamp, concrete floor, oscilloscope ground lead, etc.) may be at a hazardous potential difference with respect to that device. By using an isolation transformer, the bonding is eliminated, and the shock hazard is entirely contained within the device.
Isolation transformers are commonly designed with careful attention to capacitive coupling between the two windings. This is necessary because excessive capacitance could also couple AC current from the primary to the secondary. A grounded shield is commonly interposed between the primary and the secondary. Any remaining capacitive coupling between the secondary and ground simply causes the secondary to become balanced about the ground potential.
Isoniazid description

# Description
Isoniazid is an antibacterial available as 100 mg and 300 mg tablets for oral administration. Each tablet also contains as inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, microcrystalline cellulose and stearic acid.
Isoniazid is chemically known as isonicotinyl hydrazine or isonicotinic acid hydrazide. It has an empirical formula of C6H7N30 and a molecular weight of 137.14. It has the following structure:
Isoniazid is odorless, and occurs as a colorless or white crystalline powder or as white crystals. It is freely soluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, and slightly soluble in chloroform and in ether. Isoniazid is slowly affected by exposure to air and light.
Isosporiasis overview
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# Overview
Isosporiasis is a human intestinal disease caused by a parasite called Isospora belli.

# Causes
The coccidian parasite, Isospora belli, infects the epithelial cells of the small intestine, and is the least common of the three intestinal coccidia that infect humans.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical areas.  Infection occurs in immunodepressed individuals, and outbreaks have been reported in institutionalized groups in the United States.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the drug of choice.
Isotopes of neodymium
Naturally occurring neodymium (Nd) is composed of 5 stable isotopes, 142Nd, 143Nd, 145Nd, 146Nd and 148Nd, with 142Nd being the most abundant (27.2% natural abundance), and 2 radioisotopes, 144Nd and 150Nd. In all, 31 radioisotopes of Neodymium have been characterized up to now, with the most stable being naturally occurring isotopes 144Nd (alpha decay, a half-life (T12) of 2.291015 years) and 150Nd (double beta decay, T12 of 71018 years).  All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 11 days, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 70 seconds. This element also has 13 known meta states with the most stable being 139mNd (T12 5.5 hours), 135mNd (T12 5.5 minutes) and 133m1Nd (T12 ~70 seconds).
The primary decay modes before the most abundant stable isotope, 142Nd, are electron capture and positron decay, and the primary mode after is beta minus decay. The primary decay products before 142Nd are element Pr (praseodymium) isotopes and the primary products after are element Pm (promethium) isotopes.
Standard atomic mass: 144.242(3) u

# Table

## Notes
- Evaluated isotopic composition is for most but not all commercial samples.
- Geologically exceptional samples are known in which the isotopic composition lies outside the reported range. The uncertainty in the atomic mass may exceed the stated value for such specimens.
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC which use expanded uncertainties.
Ivermectin overdosage

# Overdosage
Significant lethality was observed in mice and rats after single oral doses of 25 to 50 mg/kg and 40 to 50 mg/kg, respectively. No significant lethality was observed in dogs after single oral doses of up to 10 mg/kg. At these doses, the treatment-related signs that were observed in these animals include ataxia, bradypnea, tremors, ptosis, decreased activity, emesis, and mydriasis.
In accidental intoxication with, or significant exposure to, unknown quantities of veterinary formulations of ivermectin in humans, either by ingestion, inhalation, injection, or exposure to body surfaces, the following adverse effects have been reported most frequently: rash, edema, headache, dizziness, asthenia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Other adverse effects that have been reported include: seizure, ataxia, dyspnea, abdominal pain, paresthesia, urticaria, and contact dermatitis.
In case of accidental poisoning, supportive therapy, if indicated, should include parenteral fluids and electrolytes, respiratory support (oxygen and mechanical ventilation if necessary) and pressor agents if clinically significant hypotension is present. Induction of emesis and/or gastric lavage as soon as possible, followed by purgatives and other routine anti-poison measures, may be indicated if needed to prevent absorption of ingested material.
Journal of Immunology
The Journal of Immunology (The JI) is an academic journal that publishes basic and clinical studies in all aspects of immunology. It is owned and published by The American Association of Immunologists. Having an impact factor of 6.387, it ranks 12th among all publications on immunology and is cited more than any other immunology journal, in 2006 it published 1,845 manuscripts in over 16,000 pages.
As of September 2006, The JI has a circulation 7,225, editions are printed and posted online twice each month, the print editions are published on the first and the fifteenth of each month.

# Notes
-  The Journal of Immunology received 112,686 citations in 2005

# External link
- The JI website
Junctional epithelium

# Overview
The junctional epithelium is that epithelium which lies at, and in health also defines, the base of the gingival sulcus. It attaches to the surface of the tooth with hemidesmosomes and is, on average, roughly 1 mm in width, constituting about one half of the biologic width.
The junctional epithelium lies immediately apical to the sulcular epithelium, which lines the gingival sulcus from the base to the free gingival margin, where it interfaces with the epithelium of the oral cavity.
Cells in the junctional epithelium tend to have wide inter-cellular spaces, to allow the transmission of white blood cells from blood vessels  to bottom of the gingival sulcus, to help prevent disease.  Damage to the junctional epithelium results in it being irregular in texture, rather than smooth, and the formation of "pocket" epithelium, which is a primary symptom of gum disease.