Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Paroxysmal AV Block Famous cases

# Overview
One of the first reported cases of paroxysmal AV block was secondary to mitral valvulitis, indicating an intrinsic conduction defect. A similar block was later seen in the Bundle of His, wherein during a hypothesized zone of opportunity, a spontaneous depolarization of conducting fibres was seen. Idiopathic paroxysmal AV block may be diagnosed by a positive response to adenosine triphosphate.

# Famous Cases
- In 1931, Adolph Sachs et al reported one of the first cases on paroxysmal AV block. The patient had presented with multiple spells of palpitations, hot flashes, dizziness, ringing in the ears, weakness and diaphoresis accompanied by convulsions. During an acute episode, he noticed an irregular ventricular rhythm, irregular complexes and given a time interval of 30 seconds, the ventricle would beat once in the first 15 second window and 4-5 times in the succeeding window.  It was noticed that the duration of the block progressively increased until it was present all the time. Mitral valvulitis was put down as the cause of the attack and the fact that a response to atropine does not rule out an intrinsic conduction defect was emphasized. "Paroxysmal complete auriculo-ventricular heart-block: A case report - ScienceDirect"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
- In 1972, Philippe Coumel et al hypothesized that the cause of bradycardia/pause dependent AV block was the spontaneous depolarization of specialized conducting fibers in the late stages of diastole. It was during this zone of opportunity that they noticed this AV dissociation. In this case, they found that the block occurred to be proximal to the division of the His bundle.
- In 1997. Brignole et al first described EI AVB in a group of 15 syncope patients with an initial negative work up. They fortuitously stumbled upon ECG findings indicating a paroxysmal AV block and reconfirmed this by performing an adenosine triphosphate test in each patient.
Patient information microchapter

# What is the Educational Level of the Audience?
Content on the patient information page should be pitched at the 5th or 6th grade educational level.

# How Should the Page be Structured?
In order to promote consistency, there is a standard structure to the patient pages.  We will use the pericarditis page as an example how to structure pages throughout this tutorial.

## The template at the top of the page
At the top of each patient page there is what is known as a "template".  This template is essentially a computer program. It allows navigation to and from selected physician pages.  The template is surrounded by brackets and looks like this:

## Directing the Interested Reader to the Physician Page
The next line of code indicates that the physician page of WikiDoc can be found "here". Again using the pericaridits page as an example, the code would look like this:
'''For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click ]'''

## Sections of the Patient Information Page
In order to promote consistency, the following topics are generally covered on each patient information page. Again we use the example from pericarditis to show the coding that you would use to create these traditional sections:
==What is pericarditis?==
==What are the symptoms of pericarditis?==
==What causes Pericarditis?==
==Who is at highest risk?==
==When to seek urgent medical care==
==Treatment options==
==Where to find medical care for Pericarditis==
that the specter.
==What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)==
==Possible complications==
==Sources==

# Resources to help you create your patient page
You can find valuable copyleft content where the patient pages at National Library of Medicine' Medline Plus and other government sites such as the CDC to assure that the patient page is complete.
Pemphigoid (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Bullous pemphigoid is a skin disorder characterized by large blisters.

# What are the symptoms of Pemphigoid?
Some people may have no symptoms, others may have mild redness and irration.
In severe cases, they are multiple blisters, called bullae. The blisters are usually located on the arms, legs, or middle of the body. About one-third of persons with bullous pemphigoid also develop blisters in the mouth. The blisters may break open and form ulcers or open sores.
Other symptoms may include:
- Itching
- Rashes
- Mouth sores
- Bleeding gums

# What causes Pemphigoid?
The cause is not known, but may be related to immune system disorders, certain other diseases, or use of some medications.

# Who is at highest risk?
Bullous pemphigoid usually occurs in elderly persons and is rare in young people. Symptoms come and go. In most patients, the condition goes away within 6 years.

# Diagnosis
Tests that may be done to help diagnose this condition include:
- Blood tests
- Skin lesion biopsy

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call your doctor for an appointment if you have:
- Unexplained blisters on your skin
- An itchy rash that continues despite home treatment

# Treatment options
Power anti-inflammatory medicines called corticosteroids may be prescribed. Some corticosteroids are taken by mouth, while others require a shot (injection). In persons with early forms of the disease, corticosteroid creams may be used.
Your doctor may prescribe chemotherapy or medicines to help suppress the immune system.
Antibiotics called tetracyclines may be useful in mild cases. Niacin (a B complex vitamin) is sometimes given along with tetracycline.

# Where to find medical care for Pemphigoid?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Pemphigoid

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Bullous pemphigoid usually responds well to treatment. Most patients may stop taking medicine after several years. However, the disease sometimes returns after treatment is stopped.

# Possible complications
Skin infection is the most common complication.

# Sources
Penicillin G sodium how supplied

# How Supplied
Penicillin G Sodium for Injection, USP, for IM or IV use, is supplied in dry powder form in vials containing 5,000,000 units (5 million units) of crystalline penicillin G as the sodium salt, with 1.68 mEq of sodium per million units of penicillin G, in tray packs of 10 (NDC 0781-6153-95) and in tray packs of 50 (NDC 0781-6153-97).
- STORAGE
Store dry powder at 20-25C (68-77F) (see USP Controlled Room Temperature).
Sterile constituted solution may be kept in refrigerator (2 to 8C) for 3 days without significant loss of potency.
Phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin (PTAH) is a mix of haematoxylin with phosphotungstic acid, used in histology for staining. It stains some tissue in contrasting colors in a way similar to haematoxylin and eosin stain, as phosphotungstic acid binds to tissue proteins. It is used to show gliosis in the central nervous system, tumours of skeletal muscles, and fibrin deposits in lesions. Muscle is stained blue-black to dark brown, connective tissue is pale orange-pink to brownish red, fibrin and neuroglia stain deep blue, coarse elastic fibers show as purple, and bone and cartilage obtain yellowish to brownish red color. PTAH is ideal for demonstrating striated muscle fibers and mitochondria, often without a counterstain.
PTAH stains ependymomas while it does not stain choroid plexus papillomas, providing one means of differentiating these tumors.
Pineocytoma history and symptoms

# Overview
The majority of patients with  are asymptomatic.
OR
The hallmark of  is . A positive history of  and  is suggestive of . The most common symptoms of  include , , and . Common symptoms of  include , , and . Less common symptoms of  include , , and .

# History and Symptoms
- The majority of patients with  are asymptomatic.
OR
- The hallmark of  is . A positive history of  and  is suggestive of . The most common symptoms of  include , , and .
- Symptoms of  include , , and .

## History
Patients with ] may have a positive history of:

## Common Symptoms
Common symptoms of  include:

## Less Common Symptoms
Less common symptoms of  include

# Diagnosis

## History
When evaluating a patient for pineocytoma, you should take a detailed history of the presenting symptom (onset, duration, and progression), other associated symptoms, and a thorough family and past medical history review.

## Symptoms
- The clinical presentation of pineocytoma is mainly from the obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to compression of the tectum of the midbrain and obstruction of the aqueduct.
Pineal tumors cause neurologic dysfunction by direct invasion, compression, or obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow.
The rate of tumor growth determines the rapidity of symptom onset and is an important prognostic factor.
- Pineal tumors cause neurologic dysfunction by direct invasion, compression, or obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow.
- The rate of tumor growth determines the rapidity of symptom onset and is an important prognostic factor.
- Pineal gland tumors share some common clinical and radiographic features based upon their anatomic location. Symptoms of pineocytoma include:
- Hydrocephalus is common, manifested by headaches, lethargy, and signs of increased intracranial pressure.
- Progressive local tumor growth may result in cranial neuropathies or hypothalamic dysfunction.
Sleepiness
Irritability
Personality changes
Double vision
Trouble coordinating motor movements
Difficulty walking
Slowed growth
- Sleepiness
- Irritability
- Personality changes
- Double vision
- Trouble coordinating motor movements
- Difficulty walking
- Slowed growth
Pineocytoma secondary prevention

# Overview
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of .
OR
Effective measures for the secondary prevention of  include , , and .

# Secondary Prevention
There are no established measures for the secondary prevention of .
OR
Effective measures for the secondary prevention of  include:
Pinguecula (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
A pinguecula is a common, non-cancerous growth of the conjunctiva (the mucus membrane lining the eyeball and underside of the eyelids).

# What are the symptoms of pinguecula?
A pinguecula is a small, yellowish nodule on the conjunctiva near the cornea. It can appear on either side of the cornea, but usually appears on the nasal side. It may increase in size over many years.

# What are the causes of pinguecula?
The cause is unknown, but chronic sunlight exposure and eye irritation may contribute to its development.

# Who is at highest risk?
People who are exposed to a great deal of sunlight (and consequently UV light), who live in tropical climates, and who suffer from eye irritation are at an increased risk of pinguecula.  Certain occupations that may potentially damage the eyes, such as welding, also increase the risk.

# How to know you have pinguecula?
An eye examination is often enough to diagnose this disorder.  It is to be distinguished clinically from pterygium, which is a wedge shaped area of fibrosis that appears to grow into the cornea.

# When to seek urgent medical care
Urgent medical care is not usually necessary for pinguecula.  If the size, shape, or color of a pinguecula changes, or if it starts to impair vision, an eye doctor should be seen.

# Treatment options
Usually no treatment is needed. Lubrication with artificial tears, and sometimes the temporary use of mild steroid eye drops can be helpful.  Rarely, the growth may need to be removed to alleviate discomfort.  Additionally, some choose to have it surgically removed for cosmetic reasons.

# Diseases with similar symptoms
See also:
- Pterygium

# Where to find medical care for pinguecula
Directions to Hospitals Treating pinguecula

# Prevention of pinguecula
It is not known whether this condition can be fully prevented. However, it may help to avoid eye irritants and to wear good quality sunglasses to block harmful UV rays.

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)
This condition is non-cancerous and the outlook is good.

# Sources
Platelet storage pool deficiency
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.

# Overview
Platelet storage pool deficiency is a type of coagulopathy characterized by defects in the granules in platelets.
Examples include:
- Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (dense granules)
- Chediak-Higashi syndrome
- Gray platelet syndrome
Polyuria resident survival guide
Synonyms and keywords: Approach to polyuria, Approach to dilute urine, Polyuria management, Polyuria work-up

# Overview
- Polyuria is defined as urine output more than 2 L/24 hours, or 30 ml/kg/24 hours. There are 3 pathophysiologic causes of polyuria: increased thirst (idiopathic, psychogenic polydepsia, hypothalamic disease, and medications), central diabetes insipidus (DI) (decreased secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP)), and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DI) (renal resistance to AVP).

# Causes

## Life Threatening Causes
- Life-threatening causes include conditions that may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
- Polyuria does not have life-threatening causes.

## Common causes   
- The most common causes of polyuria are:
Pregnancy
Psychogenic polydipsia
Central diabetes insipidus (CDI)
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI)
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Interstitial cystitis
Nephrolithiasis
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia
Hypokalemia
Sickle cell disease (SCD)
Stroke or neurological diseases
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Stress incontinence
Medications:
Lithium
diuretics
Overactive bladder
Drinking alcohol or caffeine
- Pregnancy
- Psychogenic polydipsia
- Central diabetes insipidus (CDI)
- Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI)
- Diabetes mellitus (DM)
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
- Urinary tract infection (UTI)
- Interstitial cystitis
- Nephrolithiasis
- Primary hyperparathyroidism
- Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
- Hypercalcemia
- Hypokalemia
- Sickle cell disease (SCD)
- Stroke or neurological diseases
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
- Stress incontinence
- Medications:
Lithium
diuretics
- Lithium
- diuretics
- Overactive bladder
- Drinking alcohol or caffeine

# Approach to Polyuria
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the approach to polyuria.
Abbreviations:
DI: Diabetes insipidus;

## Hypotonic Polyuria

## Polyuria
Shown below algorithm for the diagnostic approach to polyuria based on the American Journal of Kidney Diseases.

# Treatment
The management of polyuria depends on the underlying cause. Click on each disease shown below to see detailed management for every cause of polyuria.
- Psychogenic polydipsia
- Diabetes insipidus
- Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
- Diabetes mellitus type 1
- Diabetes mellitus type 2

# Do's
- Recommend diet modification, like avoiding any food that irritates the bladder including caffeine, alcohol, carbonated drinks, tomato-based products, chocolate, artificial sweeteners, and spicy foods.
- Monitor fluid food intake, drink enough to prevent constipation and over-concentration of urine, and avoid drinking just before bedtime.
- Recommend Kegel exercises to strengthen the muscles around the bladder and urethra.
Posterior ulnar recurrent artery
Please Take Over This Page and Apply to be Editor-In-Chief for this topic: 
There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us  to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
The posterior ulnar recurrent artery is much larger than the anterior ulnar recurrent artery, and arises somewhat lower than it.
It passes backward and medialward on the Flexor digitorum profundus, behind the Flexor digitorum sublimis, and ascends behind the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
In the interval between this process and the olecranon, it lies beneath the Flexor carpi ulnaris, and ascending between the heads of that muscle, in relation with the ulnar nerve, it supplies the neighboring muscles and the elbow-joint, and anastomoses with the superior and inferior ulnar collateral and the interosseous recurrent arteries.
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema

# Overview
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema is a manifestation of barotrauma most often seen in premature newborns who have respiratory distress syndrome. Rupture of pulmonary alveoli results in air passing into the interstitial space of the lung. The air has been described as being present in the interstitial spaces, surrounding the bronchovascular bundles, and in the pulmonary lymphatic channels of the interstitium. Radiographic presence of pulmonary interstitial emphysema serves as a warning sign of other complications of barotrauma, such as pneumothorax. In most patients, pulmonary interstitial emphysema is transient, lasting only for several days. Rarely, pulmonary interstitial emphysema can persist and form expanding, radiolucent masses. This is known as persistent pulmonary interstitial emphysema.

## Chest X-ray
- Linear, oval, and occasional spherical cystic air-containing spaces throughout the lung parenchyma.
- Interstitial changes are initially linear but may become more cystic as the air in the interstitium congregates locally.
- Subpleural cysts also develop and may rupture to produce a pneumothorax.
- Heart tends to get smaller as intrathoracic pressure increases and results in diminished venous return into the chest.
- Overall lung volume is increased; however, the lungs are less compliant because they are splinted at a large volume by the air within the interstitium.
Quick Start Guide - Introduction

# Welcome to WikiDoc!
Thank you for visiting WikiDoc! WikiDoc is the first and largest wiki dedicated to medicine. WikiDoc was created in the spirit of "Internet 2.0", and is online community where anyone can contribute to and edit the world's largest free living textbook of medicine in a process we term "Co-creation". The additions are monitored by medical professionals (Editors-In-Chief). You only need to know how to use a word processor to contribute. Hundreds of individuals are contributing to WikiDoc, and you can see their most recent contributions and edits by clicking on the Recent Changes page.

# Explore
- Anyone can explore WikiDoc by entering a topic of interest in the serch box or clicking on one of the categories.
- To add to or edit the site and to get credit for your changes, you'll need to Create a username.
RAR-related orphan receptor beta
RAR-related orphan receptor beta (ROR-beta), also known as NR1F2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group F, member 2) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the RORB gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the NR1 subfamily of nuclear hormone receptors. It is a DNA-binding protein that can bind as a monomer or as a homodimer to hormone response elements upstream of several genes to enhance the expression of those genes. The specific functions of this protein are not known, but it has been shown to interact with NM23-2, a nucleoside-diphosphate kinase involved in organogenesis and differentiation.
In the brain, ROR-beta is concentrated in layer 4 of the cerebral cortex, where it plays a role in the development of structures such as barrel columns.

# Interactions
RAR-related orphan receptor beta has been shown to interact with NME1.