Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Pineocytoma risk factors

# Overview
There are no established risk factors for .
OR
The most potent risk factor in the development of  is . Other risk factors include , , and .
OR
Common risk factors in the development of  include , , , and .
OR
Common risk factors in the development of  may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.

# Risk Factors
There are no established risk factors for .
OR
The most potent risk factor in the development of  is . Other risk factors include , , and .
OR
Common risk factors in the development of  include , , , and .

## Common Risk Factors
- Common risk factors in the development of  may be occupational, environmental, genetic, and viral.
- Common risk factors in the development of  include:

## Less Common Risk Factors
- Less common risk factors in the development of  include:
Plesiomonas shigelloides
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Plesiomonas shigelloides is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium which has been isolated from freshwater, freshwater fish, and shellfish and from many types of animals including cattle, goats, swine, cats, dogs, monkeys, vultures, snakes, and toads.
Infections from this organism cause gastroenteritis followed by septicemia in immune deficient patients. It is placed among the Enterobacteriaceae.

## Antimicrobial regimen
- Plesiomonas shigelloides
- 1. Immunocompetent hosts or severe Infection
- Preferred regimen: Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO bid or 400 mg IV q12h
- Alternative regimen (1): Ofloxacin 300 mg PO bid
- Alternative regimen (2): Norfloxacin 400 mg PO bid
- Alternative regimen (3): TMP-SMX DS PO bid for 3 days
- Alternative regimen (4): Ceftriaxone 1-2 g IV qd in severe cases
- 2. Immunocompromised hosts
- Preferred regimen: Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO bid for 3 days
- Alternative regimen (1): Ofloxacin 300 mg PO bid
- Alternative regimen (2): Norfloxacin 400 mg PO bid
- Alternative regimen (3): TMP-SMX DS PO bid for 3 days if susceptible

# Gallery
- Gram-stained photomicrograph reveals the presence of numerous Gram-negative Plesiomonas shigelloides bacteria. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
-  Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-   "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".
Posaconazole description

# Description
Noxafil is an azole antifungal agent available as a delayed-release tablet or suspension for oral administration.
Posaconazole is designated chemically as 4-methoxy]phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]phenyl]-2--2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one with an empirical formula of C37H42F2N8O4 and a molecular weight of 700.8. The chemical structure is:
Posaconazole is a white powder with a low aqueous solubility.
Noxafil delayed-release tablet is a yellow, coated, oblong tablet containing 100 mg of posaconazole. Each delayed-release tablet contains the inactive ingredients: hypromellose acetate succinate, microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, and Opadry II Yellow (consists of the following ingredients: polyvinyl alcohol partially hydrolyzed, Macrogol/PEG 3350, titanium dioxide, talc, and iron oxide yellow).
Noxafil oral suspension is a white, cherry-flavored immediate-release suspension containing 40 mg of posaconazole per mL and the following inactive ingredients: polysorbate 80, simethicone, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate dihydrate, citric acid monohydrate, glycerin, xanthan gum, liquid glucose, titanium dioxide, artificial cherry flavor, and purified water.
Positional plagiocephaly
Positional plagiocephaly, also known as deformational plagiocephaly or flathead syndrome, is a condition most commonly found in infants and is characterized by a flat spot on the back or one side of the head caused by remaining in one position for too long.

# Causes
It can be caused by a condition called torticollis in which neck muscles on one side of the head develop differently, causing the head to tilt to one side, but more commonly it happens in infants of ordinary development who sleep in one position for long periods of time.
In 1992 the American Academy of Pediatrics started a program called "Back to sleep" which encouraged parents to keep their infants on their backs while sleeping instead of their front as had been conventional wisdom. This reduced the risk of SIDS by nearly 40% but increased the incidence of positional plagiocephaly by 600%.

# Prognosis and treatmnt
Prognosis for this condition is excellent and can be reversed in most cases before one year of age. Treatment can be as simple as occasionally repositioning the child's head while sleeping and increasing the time spent on their belly. In extreme cases special fitted helmets can be used. Once a child starts moving on their own, the condition can improve rapidly by itself.
The flattening of the head, while alarming, does not typically harm the brain or hinder its development.

# Similar conditions
Another, similar condition called craniosynostosis occurs when bones in the skull fuse together too soon. This is a much more serious condition that requires surgery.
Post-transfusion purpura

# Overview
Post-transfusion purpura (PTP) is an adverse reaction to a blood transfusion or platelet transfusion that occurs when the body produces alloantibodies to the introduced platelets' antigens. These alloantibodies destroy the patient's platelets leading to thrombocytopenia, a rapid decline in platelet count. PTP usually presents 512 days after transfusion, and is a potentially fatal condition.

# Historical Perspective

# Classification

# Pathophysiology
PTP is rare, but usually occurs in women who have had multiple pregnancies or in people who have undergone previous transfusions.  The precise mechanism leading to PTP is unknown, but it most commonly occurs in individuals whose platelets lack the HPA-1a antigen (old name: PLA1).  The patient develops antibodies to the HPA-1a antigen leading to platelet destruction. In some cases, HPA-5b has also been implicated. It is unclear why alloantibodies attack the patient's own, as well as the introduced platelets. Probable explanation for this is that the recipient's platelet acquire the phenotype of donor's platelet by binding of the soluble antigens from the donor onto the recipient's platelet.

# Causes

# Differentiating Post-transfusion purpura from Other Diseases

# Epidemiology and Demographics

# Risk Factors

# Screening

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis

## Natural History

## Complications

## Prognosis

# Diagnosis

## Diagnostic Criteria

## History and Symptoms

## Physical Examination

## Laboratory Findings

## Imaging Findings

## Other Diagnostic Studies

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
It is usually self-limiting, but IVIG therapy is the primary treatment. Plasmapheresis is also an option for treatment.

## Surgery

## Prevention
Posterior auricular vein
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The posterior auricular vein begins upon the side of the head, in a plexus which communicates with the tributaries of the occipital vein and superficial temporal veins.
It descends behind the  auricula, and joins the posterior division of the posterior facial vein to form the external jugular.
It receive the stylomastoid vein, and some tributaries from the cranial surface of the auricula.
Postobstructive diuresis
Steven C. Campbell, M.D., Ph.D.
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# Overview
Post obstructive diuresis is the passage of large volumes of urine after a urinary obstruction has been relieved. The need to perform intermittent catheterization is usually required when the bladder does not work and in order to empty it a catheter must be used.
Praziquantel description

# Description
BILTRICIDE (praziquantel) is a trematodicide provided in tablet form for the oral treatment of schistosoma infections and infections due to liver fluke.
BILTRICIDE  (praziquantel) is 2-(cyclohexylcarbonyl)-1,2,3,6,7, 11b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino  isoquinolin-4-one with the molecular formula; C19H24N2O2. The structural formula is as follows:
Praziquantel is a white to nearly white crystalline powder of bitter taste. The compound is stable under normal conditions and melts at 136-140C with decomposition. The active substance is hygroscopic. Praziquantel is easily soluble in chloroform and dimethylsulfoxide, soluble in ethanol and very slightly soluble in water.
BILTRICIDE tablets contain 600 mg of praziquantel. Inactive ingredients: corn starch, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyethylene glycol, titanium dioxide and hypromellose.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis
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Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is the long-term use of a prophylactic treatment for a disease prior to exposure to the cause of that disease, so that the prophylactic treatment will already be in place when exposure occurs, and may either be able to prevent the disease from being contracted, or at least ensure that the resulting disease is treated from its outset, whether or not the patient is aware that infection has occurred.
The most common use of this term is to refer to the controversial use of antiretroviral treatments by people at high risk to exposure to HIV, in an attempt to either prevent HIV infection from taking hold, or at least to postpone or prevent the development of AIDS subsequent to HIV infection.
The effectiveness of PrEP for HIV is as yet unproven, and medical trials of PrEP have collapsed due to protests about the exposure of members of the control group to HIV. One criticism of PrEP for HIV is that it might encourage risky behavior such as barebacking, possibly increasing, rather than decreasing, the risk of HIV infection both to the individual and the population at large.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis can also refer to the aggressive use of vaccination, for example in an attempt to prevent rabies in people such as laboratory workers who are high risk for being bitten by rabid animals.
Prince of Wales Hospital
Prince of Wales Hospital (Template:Zh-t), located in Sha Tin of New Territories in Hong Kong, is a public hospital and the teaching hospital of the Medical Faculty of the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Opened in 1984, Prince of Wales Hospital provides about 1 360 hospital beds and 24 hours accident and emergency service with almost 4 000 staff. It is also the regional hospital of the Eastern New Territories serving Shatin, Tai Po, North New Territories, Sai Kung and the outlying islands in East New Territories.
This hospital is made world-famous (or perhaps infamous) during the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong.
The hospital is also supported by the Li Ka-shing Specialist Clinics for specialty outpatient services.
The Hospital Governing Committee (HGC) is the ultimate decision making authority of the hospital.
The chief executive of the Prince of Wales Hospital is Dr. Fung Hong.
The hospital was named after Charles, Prince of Wales.

# Scopes of service
- Accident and Emergency
- Anaesthesia (including Intensive Care)
- Anatomical & Cellular Pathology
- Chemical Pathology
- Clinical Oncology (including Radiotherapy)
- Combined Endoscopy
- Dental and Maxilofacial Surgery
- Diagnostic Radiology and Organ Imaging
- Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery
- Family Medicine
- Medicine & Therapeutics
- Microbiology
- Obstetrics & Gynaecology
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences
- Orthopaedics & Traumatology
- Paediatrics
- Psychiatry
- Surgery
Princeps pollicis artery
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The princeps pollicis (principal artery of the thumb) arises from the radial artery just as it turns medially towards the deep part of the hand; it descends between the first dorsal interosseous muscle and the oblique head of the adductor pollicis, along the medial side of the first metacarpal bone to the base of the proximal phalanx, where it lies beneath the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus muscle and divides into two branches.
These make their appearance between the medial and lateral insertions of the adductor pollicis, and run along the sides of the thumb, forming an arch on the palmar surface of the distal phalanx, from which branches are distributed to the integument and subcutaneous tissue of the thumb.

# Additional images
- The radial and ulnar arteries. (Arteria princeps pollicis visible at lower left.)
- Ulnar and radial arteries. Deep view.
Prospective cohort study
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A prospective cohort study is a research effort that follows over time groups of individuals who are similar in some respects (e.g., all are working adults) but differ on certain other characteristics (e.g., some smoke and others do not) and compares them for a particular outcome (e.g., lung cancer).  It should be emphasized that prospective studies begin with a sample whose members are free of the disease or disorder under study (e.g., free of lung cancer or free of major depression). Given the individual differences that exist in a sample (e.g, some people smoke, others do not), all the individuals in the sample are followed over time. The incidence rates for the disease under study are ascertained in key subgroups. For example, in a sample that was free of lung cancer at the outset of the study, after 20 years, one may anticipate that the nonsmokers have the lowest 20-year incidence rate of the disease, moderate smokers, the next highest rate, and the heavy smokers, the highest rate.  The prospective study is important for research on the etiology of diseases and disorders in humans because for ethical reasons people cannot be deliberately exposed to suspected risk factors in controlled experiments.
It can be more expensive than a casecontrol study.
Pseudohyperaldosteronism
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Pseudohyperaldosteronism is a condition caused by the chronic excessive ingestion of licorice. Licorice inhibits the 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (Protein:HSD11B2) enzyme resulting in inappropriate stimulation of the mineralocorticoid receptor by cortisol.
This condition is characterized by hypertension, kaliuresis and reduced plasma renin.
Pulmonary artery sarcoma

# Overview
Pulmonary artery sarcomas are rare cancerous tumors in the pulmonary artery.

# Historical Perspective
The first case that was published occurred in 1923 by M. Mandelstamm. Since this point, only about 250 cases have been reported.

# Differentiating pulmonary artery sarcoma from other Diseases
Since the symptoms of a pulmonary artery sarcoma often mimic the symptoms of a pulmonary embolism, steps need to be taken to differentiate the diseases. Some of the clinical data that can help in differentiating the two from each other are as follows:
- Fever
- Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- Anemia
- Weight loss
- Absence of a procoagulant state
- Lack of history for deep vein thrombosis

# Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis
The prognosis for a pulmonary artery sarcoma is very poor. The life expectancy is typically reported in weeks instead of months or years.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
- Hemoptysis
- Dyspnea
- Chest pain
- Cough

## Laboratory Findings

### CT
Many different imaging studies can be used to evaluate a pulmonary artery sarcoma, but the standard test is the CT scan.

# Treatment

## Pharmacotherapy

### Chronic Pharmacotherapies
Typically in cases of cancer, chemotherapy is the preferred treatment method. In the case of a pulmonary artery sarcoma, treatment with chemotherapy is not ideal. There is not currently a preferred treatment regimen.

## Surgery and Device Based Therapy
Many of the interventional treatments involve extensive surgical techniques. Some of these techniques include:
- Palliative stenting
- Pneumonectomy
- Debulking
- Endarterectomy
- Excision
Pyrimethamine overdosage

# Overdosage
Following the ingestion of 300 mg or more of pyrimethamine, gastrointestinal and/or central nervous system signs may be present, including convulsions. The initial symptoms are usually gastrointestinal and may include abdominal pain, nausea, severe and repeated vomiting, possibly including hematemesis. Central nervous system toxicity may be manifest by initial excitability, generalized and prolonged convulsions which may be followed by respiratory depression, circulatory collapse, and death within a few hours. Neurological symptoms appear rapidly (30 minutes to 2 hours after drug ingestion), suggesting that in gross overdosage pyrimethamine has a direct toxic effect on the central nervous system.
The fatal dose is variable, with the smallest reported fatal single dose being 375 mg. There are, however, reports of pediatric patients who have recovered after taking 375 to 625 mg.
There is no specific antidote to acute pyrimethamine poisoning. In the event of overdosage, symptomatic and supportive measures should be employed. Gastric lavage is recommended and is effective if carried out very soon after drug ingestion. Parenteral diazepam may be used to control convulsions. Folinic acid should be administered within 2 hours of drug ingestion to be most effective in counteracting the effects on the hematopoietic system (see Warnings). Due to the long half-life of pyrimethamine, daily monitoring of peripheral blood counts is recommended for up to several weeks after the overdose until normal hematologic values are restored.
Pyruvate decarboxylation
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# Overview
Pyruvate decarboxylation is the biochemical reaction that uses pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA, releasing reducing equivalents and carbon dioxide.  Pyruvate decarboxylation, which links the metabolic pathways glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, is referred to as "the transition reaction," "the link reaction," or "the oxidative decarboxylation reaction." This reaction is usually catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex as part of aerobic respiration. In eukaryotes, pyruvate decarboxylation takes place exclusively inside mitochondria; in prokaryotes similar reactions take place in the cytoplasm and at the plasma membrane.
The oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate in anaerobic organisms differs from the aerobic process in that the electron acceptor is an iron-sulfur protein, not NAD+.  The conversion is catalyzed by a thiamine-dependent enzyme that also acylates coenzyme A.  The reducing equivalents are disposed of by the production of H2 via hydrogenase.
Quadratus plantae muscle

# Overview
The Quadratus plant (Flexor accessorius) is separated from the muscles of the first layer by the lateral plantar vessels and nerve.
It arises by two heads, which are separated from each other by the long plantar ligament: the medial or larger head is muscular, and is attached to the medial concave surface of the calcaneus, below the groove which lodges the tendon of the Flexor hallucis longus; the lateral head, flat and tendinous, arises from the lateral border of the inferior surface of the calcaneus, in front of the lateral process of its tuberosity, and from the long plantar ligament.
The two portions join at an acute angle, and end in a flattened band which is inserted into the lateral margin and upper and under surfaces of the tendon of the Flexor digitorum longus, forming a kind of groove, in which the tendon is lodged. It usually sends slips to those tendons of the Flexor digitorum longus which pass to the second, third, and fourth toes.

# Variations
Lateral head often wanting; entire muscle absent. Variation in the number of digital tendons to which fibers can be traced. Most frequent offsets are sent to the second, third and fourth toes; in many cases to the fifth as well; occasionally to two toes only.

# Additional images
- Bones of the right foot. Plantar surface.
- Coronal section through right talocrural and talocalcaneal joints.