Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Gluteus medius muscle

# Overview
The gluteus medius, one of the three gluteal muscles, is a broad, thick, radiating muscle, situated on the outer surface of the pelvis.
Its posterior third is covered by the gluteus maximus, its anterior two-thirds by the gluteal aponeurosis, which separates it from the superficial fascia and integument.

# Origin and insertion
It arises from the outer surface of the ilium between the iliac crest and posterior gluteal line above, and the anterior gluteal line below; it also arises from the gluteal aponeurosis covering its outer surface.
The fibers converge to a strong flattened tendon, which is inserted into the oblique ridge which runs downward and forward on the lateral surface of the greater trochanter.

# Relations
A bursa separates the tendon of the muscle from the surface of the trochanter over which it glides.

# Action
The Gluti medius and minimus abduct the thigh, when the limb is extended, and are principally called into action in supporting the body on one limb, in conjunction with the Tensor fasci lat.
Their anterior fibers, by drawing the greater trochanter forward, rotate the thigh inward, in which action they are also assisted by the Tensor fasci lat. When the hip is flexed to ninety degrees however the gluti medius aids in rotating the thigh outwards.

# Variations
The posterior border may be more or less closely united to the piriformis, or some of the fibers end on its tendon.
The posterior fibres of gluteus medius contract to produce hip extension, lateral rotation and abduction.  During gait, the posterior fibres help to decelerate internal rotation of the femur at the end of swing phase.

# Additional images
- Right hip bone. External surface.
- Right femur. Posterior surface.
- Structures surrounding right hip-joint.
- The arteries of the gluteal and posterior femoral regions.
- Nerves of the right lower extremity Posterior view.
- Surface anatomy of the back.
Glycine transporter 1
Sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A9 gene.

# Selective inhibitors
Elevation of extracellular synaptic glycine concentration by blockade of GlyT1 has been hypothesized to potentiate NMDA receptor function in vivo and to represent a rational approach for the treatment of schizophrenia and cognitive disorders. Several drug candidates have reached clinical trials.
- ASP2535
- Bitopertin (RG1678), which has entered phase II trials for the treatment of schizophrenia
- Org 25935
- PF-03463275 (in phase II trial)
Glycogenic acanthosis

# Overview
Glycogenic acanthosis is a nodular appearance of the mucosa of the esophagus.  It is seen incidentally in 3.5% of gastroscopies .
On gastroscopy, glycogenic acanthosis is seen as a multitude of small raised plaques of 2 mm to 10 mm in size of the same colour as the esophageal mucosa.  Biopsies of the lesions show hypertrophied stratified squamous mucosa with glycogen deposition in the submucosa .
Clinically, glycogenic acanthosis has no relevance, and does not progress to esophageal cancer or to stricture.  It was originally thought to be associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), but the association is not entirely clear.  One report also shows an association with celiac disease, but again, this has not shown been beyond that.
Goal-directed therapy

# Overview
Goal-Directed Therapy is a technique used in critical care medicine involving intensive monitoring and aggressive management of perioperative hemodynamics in patients with a high risk of morbidy and mortality. In cardiac surgery, GDT has proved effective when commenced after surgery. The combination of goal-directed therapy and Point-of-Care Testing has demonstrated a marked decrease in mortality for patients undergoing congenital heart surgery. Further more, a reduction in morbidity and mortality has been associated with GDT techniques when used in conjunction with an electronic medical record.
Early Goal-Directed Therapy is a more specific form of therapy used for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. This approach involves adjustments of cardiac preload, afterload, and contractility to balance oxygen delivery with an increased oxygen demand before surgery.
Early Goal-Directed Therapy is most likely to benefit patients in institutions where the mortality rate for septic shock is high.
Shown below is a the Forest plot depicting the different trials that evaluated Goal-Directed Therapy for septic shock.

# Elements
In the event of hypotension and/or lactate > 4 mmol/L, then deliver an initial minimum of 20 ml/kg of crystalloid (or colloid equivalent).
Apply vasopressors for hypotension not responding to initial fluid resuscitation to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) > 65 mm Hg.
In the event of persistent hypotension despite fluid resuscitation (septic shock) and/or lactate > 4 mmol/L (36 mg/dl):
- Achieve central venous pressure (CVP) of > 8 mm Hg
- Achieve central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) of > 70%
Great auricular nerve
The great auricular nerve originates from the cervical plexus, composed of branches of spinal nerves C2 and C3. It provides sensory innervation for the skin over parotid gland and mastoid process, and both surfaces of the outer ear.

# Terminology
Although this nerve is frequently referred to as the "greater" auricular nerve, this is not the proper nomenclature since there is no "lesser" auricular nerve.  Great refers to the distinction between it and the posterior auricular nerve, which is the less influential of the two.

# Path
It the largest of the ascending branches. It arises from the second and third cervical nerves, winds around the posterior border of the Sternocleidomastoideus, and, after perforating the deep fascia, ascends upon that muscle beneath the Platysma to the parotid gland, where it divides into an anterior and a posterior branch.

# Branches
- The anterior branch (ramus anterior; facial branch) is distributed to the skin of the face over the parotid gland, and communicates in the substance of the gland with the facial nerve.
- The posterior branch (ramus posterior; mastoid branch) supplies the skin over the mastoid process and on the back of the auricula, except at its upper part; a filament pierces the auricula to reach its lateral surface, where it is distributed to the lobule and lower part of the concha. The posterior branch communicates with the smaller occipital, the auricular branch of the vagus, and the posterior auricular branch of the facial.

# Additional images
- Dermatome distribution of the trigeminal nerve
- Side of neck, showing chief surface markings.
Green sulfur bacteria
The green sulfur bacteria are a family of obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria. Most closely related to the nonetheless distant Bacteroidetes, they are accordingly assigned their own phylum.
Green sulfur bacteria are non-motile (except Chloroherpeton thalassium, which may glide) and come in spheres, rods, and spirals. Photosynthesis is achieved using bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c, d, or e, in addition to BChl a and chlorophyll a, in chlorosomes attached to the membrane. They use sulfide ions, hydrogen or ferrous iron as an electron donor and the process is mediated by the type I reaction centre and Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex. Elemental sulfur deposited outside the cell may be further oxidized. By contrast, the photosynthesis in plants uses water as electron donor and produces oxygen.
Chlorobium tepidum has emerged as a model organism for the group, and although only ten genomes have been sequenced, these are quite comprehensive of the family's biodiversity. Their 2-3 Mb genomes encode 1750-2800 genes, 1400-1500 of which are common to all strains. The apparent absence of two-component histidine-kinases and response regulators suggest limited phenotypic plasticity. Their small dependence on organic molecule transporters and transcription factors also indicate that these organisms are adapted to a narrow range of energy-limited conditions, an ecology shared with the simpler cyanobacteria, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus
A species of green sulfur bacteria has been found living near a black smoker off the coast of Mexico at a depth of 2,500 meters beneath the surface of the Pacific Ocean.  At this depth, the bacteria, designated GSB1, lives off the dim glow of the thermal vent since no sunlight can penetrate to that depth.
Guidewire wisper wire

# Overview
The performance characteristics of the Wisper wire include the following:

# Structure
- DurasteelTM Core-to-tip designed to improve steering, durable shape retention and tactile feedback
- Full Polymer cover with Hydrophilic coating intended for deliverability and smooth lesion access
- ResponseaseTM transitionless core grind designed to provide improved tracking and better torque response
- Tip coils designed to provide softer, shapeable tip and also improve tactile feedback
Gymnopilus purpuratus
Gymnopilus purpuratus is mushroom which grows in clusters on dead wood, pig dung and wood chip mulch. It is widely distributed and has been recorded in Argentina, Australia, Chili, the UK and Germany.  It has a rusty orange spore print and contains the hallucinogen psilocybin.
A chemical analysis done by Jochen Gartz found that this species contains 0.34% psilocybin, 0.29% psilocin and          0.05 baeocystin.  

# Description
The cap ranges from 1.5 to 6 cm across, is convex to obtuse, and is reddish brown with a dry scaly surface which is sometimes cracked in age.  The stem is brown-red and covered by fibers and has blue-green spots where the stem is damaged.  The gills are crowded, yellow to orange, and adnexed.  The stem is dusted with rusty orange spores and has a cottony scanty partial veil.
Gunter Wachtershauser
Gunter Wachtershauser, a chemist turned patent lawyer, is mainly known for his groundbreaking and influential work on the origin of life, and in particular his iron-sulfur world theory, a theory that life on Earth had hydrothermal origins. The theory is consistent with the hypothesis that life originated near seafloor hydrothermal vents.

# Biographical background
Dr Wachtershauser, a chemist by training, has been an international patent lawyer in Munich since 1970. He has published numerous articles in organic chemistry, genetic engineering and patent law, and has made at least two significant contributions to evolutionary theory: the origins of perception and cognition, and the origin of life.

# "Metabolism first"
One of the key ideas advanced by Wachtershauser is that an early form of metabolism predated genetics. Metabolism here means a cycle of chemical reactions that produce energy in a form that can be harnessed by other processes. The idea is that once a primitive metabolic cycle was established, it began to produce ever more complex compounds. His model is known as the iron-sulfur world theory by analogy with the RNA world hypothesis.

# Awards
In 1993 Dr Wachtershauser received the annual award of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and the following year he was made an honorary professor at the University of Regensburg.

# Quotations
- According to my theory, you can imagine life forms continuously, even today.
Histamine H2 receptor
H2 receptors are positively coupled to adenylate cyclase via Gs. It is a potent stimulant of cAMP production, which leads to activation of protein kinase A. PKA functions to phosphorylate certain proteins, affecting their activity. The drug betazole is an example of a histamine H2 receptor agonist.

# Function
Histamine is a ubiquitous messenger molecule released from mast cells, enterochromaffin-like cells, and neurons. Its various actions are mediated by histamine receptors H1, H2, H3 and H4. The histamine receptor H2 belongs to the rhodopsin-like family of G protein-coupled receptors. It is an integral membrane protein and stimulates gastric acid secretion. It also regulates gastrointestinal motility and intestinal secretion and is thought to be involved in regulating cell growth and differentiation.

# Tissue distribution
Histamine H2 receptors are expressed in the following tissues:
- Gastric parietal cells (oxyntic cells)
- Vascular smooth muscle
- Neutrophils
- Mast cells
- Heart
- Uterus
- Caudateputamen
- Cerebral cortex (external layers)
- Hippocampal formation
- Dentate nucleus of the cerebellum

# Physiological responses
Activation of the H2 receptor results in the following physiological responses:
- Stimulation of gastric acid secretion (Target of anti-histaminergics (H2 receptors) for peptic ulcer disease and GERD)
- Smooth muscle relaxation (Experimental  histamine H2 receptor agonist used for asthma and COPD)
- Inhibit antibody synthesis, T-cell proliferation and cytokine production
- Vasodilation  PKA activity causes phosphorylation of MLCK, decreasing its activity, resulting in MLC of myosin being dephosphorylated by MLCP and thus inhibiting contraction. The smooth muscle relaxation leads to vasodilation.
- Inhibition of neutrophil activation and chemotaxis
Hair-grooming syncope

# Overview
Hair-grooming syncope (also known as hair-combing syncope) is a form of syncope (a fainting disorder) associated with combing and brushing one's hair. It is most typically seen in children aged five to sixteen.
Hair-grooming syncope typically manifests as presyncopal symptoms during hair combing, brushing, braiding, trimming, curling, or blow drying. These symptoms are followed by loss of consciousness and convulsions. Migraines, abdominal pain, "feeling funny" or blurred vision may also occur before or after seizures. Possible causes of the condition include pain or nerve stimulation on the scalp (similar to parade-ground syncope), or compression of blood vessels or nerves resulting from neck flexion or extension. A 2009 study identified 111 pediatric cases of hair-grooming syncope in the United States, almost three-quarters of which were in female patients; that study found that the condition is most associated with hair cutting in males and brushing in females.
Hair-grooming syncope may be misdiagnosed as epilepsy, but is better described as a "paroxysmal non-epileptic event". It may also be related to orthostatic hypotension. The condition is not associated with heart abnormalities.
This form of syncope is a possible explanation for hair-brushing syndrome, an extremely rare condition in which static electricity is said to interrupt brain or organ function. Only two cases of hair-brushing syndrome have been reported worldwide, one of which garnered media attention in 2011 when the Daily Mail announced that hair brushing could cause death.
Haplogroup K2 (Y-DNA)
Haplogroup K2 (M70, M184, M193, M272) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is a subclade of Haplogroup K.
Haplogroup K2 is present at a low level throughout Africa, Southwest Asia, South Asia, and Southern Europe, and, at an even lower level, throughout Europe. A famous member of the K2 haplogroup is Thomas Jefferson; his Y-chromosomal complement received prominence through the Sally Hemings controversy. Haplogroup K2-M70 has been detected in 10.4% (21/201) of Somali, 8.3% (10/121) of Omani Arab, 8.2% (12/147) of Egyptian, and 7.2% (10/139) of Iraqi males, which is much higher than its frequency in other populations. "K2-M70 individuals, at some later point, proceeded south to Africa. These chromosomes are seen in relatively high frequencies in Egypt, Oman, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Morocco and are especially prominent in the Fulbe (18% ), the highest concentration of this haplogroup found so far."
Other regions that have been found to contain a significant proportion of haplogroup K2 individuals include South India (18/305 or 5.9%), United Arab Emirates (8/164 or 4.9%), Ethiopia (6/126 or 4.8%), East India (14/367 or 3.8%), South Iran (4/117 or 3.4%), and Turkey (13/523 or 2.5%).
Haplogroup L0 (mtDNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup L0 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Confusingly, some scientists use L0 to refer to an extinct haplogroup, while other scientists have identified haplogroups L0-L6 as existing in living humans.

# As extinct
Some scientists use L0 to refer to an extinct haplogroup.  For example, one commercial testing company states, "Another haplogroup, L0, preceded L1, but is long since extinct."  In this model, L1 is considered the haplogroup from which all living humans are descended.

# As existing today
Some scientists use L0 to refer to the first offshoot of Mitochondrial Eve, estimated to have lived in Africa approximately 150,000 to 170,000 years ago. Haplogroup L0 consist of four main branches (L0d, L0k, L0a, L0f). All of them were originally classified into haplogroup L1 as L1d, L1k, L1a and L1f.
Haplogroups L0d and L0k are typical for Khoisan tribes in South Africa.
Haplogroup L0a is most prevalent in South-East African populations (25% in Mozambique).
Among Guineans, it has a frequency between 1% and 5%, with the Balanta group showing increased frequency of about 11%. Haplogroup L0a has a Paleolithic time depth of about 33,000 years and likely reached Guinea between 10,000 and 4,000 years ago.
Haplogroup L0f is present in relatively small frequencies in East Africa.
Haplogroup L1 (mtDNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup L1 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Haplogroup L1 is found in West and Central sub-Saharan Africa. Some of its branches (L1d, L1k, L1a, L1f) were recently re-classified into haplogroup L0 as L0d, L0k, L0a and L0f.
Haplogroup L1 arose with Mitochondrial Eve and haplogroup L0 is an offshoot.
The descendants of haplogroup L1 are also African haplogroups L2 and L3, the latter of which gave rise to all non-African haplogroups.
Haplogroup L1 is believed to have first appeared in Africa approximately 150,000 to 170,000 years ago.
Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)
In human genetics, Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Haplogroup L3 is confined to Africa and emigrant African populations.  It is most common in East Africa.
However, L3 is also the haplogroup from which the macro-haplogroups M and N are believed to have arisen.  These two haplogroups are ancestral to all haplogroups outside Africa, and are believed to represent the initial migration by modern humans out of Africa.
Hearing aid dispenser
A hearing aid dispenser is a person licensed to prescribe and dispense hearing aids.
Hearing Aid Dispensers provide testing for the purpose of supplying hearing aids to individuals with hearing loss. Hearing Aid Dispensers are trained in the interpretation of hearing assessment instrumentation, hearing aid electronics, specifications, analysis, modifications and programming. Hearing aid dispensers do not diagnose hearing loss.
All new hearing aid dispensing trainees must train for two years under the supervision of a licensed hearing aid dispenser. After training, they are allowed to sit for the National Competency Examination to become Board Certified in Hearing Instrument Sciences. Advanced training is provided under the two year International Hearing Society sponsored Audioprostology program.  The State evaluations for licensure include both written and practical examinations to assess competency. All states in the US license Hearing Aid Dispensers for public safety and many use the standardized International Licensing Examination from the International Hearing Society. Minimum educational requirements for a dispenser vary from state to state.
Hearing Aid Dispenser may work for Audiologists, ENT's or in private practices. The average salary for a hearing aid dispenser varies.  As the population ages there may be a resulting shortage of hearing aid dispensers  and dispensing Audiologists.
Hearing Aid Dispensers should not be confused with Audiologists. Audiologists are university trained health professionals who diagnose hearing loss though diagnostic testing as part of comprehensive auditory rehabilitation. Unfortunately, many have never received comprehensive training with modern hearing instruments. Dispensing Audiologists have acquired additional training  in hearing instruments and many have also become Nationally Board Certified in Hearing Instrument Sciences. ==References==
Heart valve dysplasia

# Overview
Heart valve dysplasia is a congenital heart defect which affects the aortic, pulmonary, mitral, and tricuspid heart valves.  Pulmonary valve stenosis and aortic valve stenosis are discussed separately.  Dysplasia of the mitral and tricuspid valves can cause leakage of blood or stenosis.
Dysplasia of the mitral and tricuspid valves - also known as the atrioventricular (AV) valves - can appear as thickened, shortened, or notched valves.  The chordae tendinae can be fused or thickened.  The papillary muscles can be enlarged or atrophied.  The cause is unknown, but genetics play a large role.  Dogs and cats with tricuspid valve dysplasia often also have an open foramen ovale, an atrial septal defect, or inflammation of the right atrial epicardium.  In dogs, tricuspid valve dysplasia can be similar to Ebstein's anomaly in humans.
Mitral valve stenosis is one of the most common congenital heart defects in cats.  In dogs, it is most commonly found in Great Danes, German Shepherd Dogs, Bull Terriers, Golden Retrievers, Newfoundlands, and Mastiffs.  Tricuspid valve dysplasia is most common in the Old English Sheepdog, German Shepherd Dog, Weimaraner, Labrador Retriever, Great Pyrenees, and sometimes the Papillon. It is inherited in the Labrador Retriever.
The disease and symptoms are similar to progression of acquired valve disease in older dogs.  Valve leakage leads to heart enlargement, arrhythmias, and congestive heart failure.  Heart valve dysplasia can be tolerated for years or progress to heart failure in the first year of life.  Diagnosis is with an echocardiogram.  The prognosis is poor with significant heart enlargement.
Hemifacial microsomia

# Overview
Hemifacial microsomia is a congenital disorder that affects the development of the lower half of the face, most commonly the ears, the mouth and the mandible.  It can occur on one side of the face or both.  If severe it can lead to difficulties in breathing, obstructing the trachea and requiring a tracheotomy.  It is the second most common facial birth defect after clefts, with an incidence in the range of 1 in 3500 to 4500 .

# Other names
The condition is also known by various other names:
- Lateral facial dysplasia
- First and second brachial arch syndrome
- Oral-mandibular-auricular syndrome
- Otomandibular dysostosis
- Craniofacial microsomia

# Cause
The condition develops during the fetal stage of pregnancy when some form of vascular problem leads to clotting and a poor supply of blood to the face.  This is usually caused by a physical trauma, though there is some evidence of it being hereditary .  This restricts the developmental ability of that area of the face.

# Severity
The severity of hemifacial microsomia depends on the extent of the physical injury (the area with a short supply of blood) and the gestational age of the fetus  the earlier the injury, the greater the chance of wide-scale problems.
In some cases, the central nervous system is affected, causing difficulties moving the face symmetrically.

# Treatment
Depending upon the treatment required, it is sometimes most appropriate to wait until later in life for a surgical remedy  the childhood growth of the face may highlight or increase the symptoms.  When surgery is required, particularly when there is a severe disfiguration of the jaw, it is common to use a rib graft to help correct the shape.