Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Indium gallium arsenide
Indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) is a semiconductor composed of indium, gallium and arsenic. It is used in high-power and high-frequency electronics because of its superior electron velocity with respect to the more common semiconductors silicon and gallium arsenide. InGaAs bandgap also makes it the detector material of choice in optical fiber communication at 1300 and 1550 nm. Gallium indium arsenide (GaInAs) is an alternative name for InGaAs.
The indium content determines the two-dimensional charge carrier density.

# Properties
The optical and mechanical properties of InGaAscan be varied by changing the ratio of In and Ga, InxGa1xAs. The InGaAs device is normally grown on an indium phosphide (InP) substrate. In order to match the lattice constant of InP and avoid mechanical strain, In0.53Ga0.47As, this composition has a cut-off wavelength of 1.68 m.
By increasing the ratio of In further compared to Ga it is possible to extend the cut-off wavelength up to about 2.6 m. In that case special measures have to be taken to avoid mechanical strain from differences in lattice constants.
GaAs is lattice mismatched to Ge by 0.08%.  With the addition of 1.5% In to the alloy, InGaAs, becomes perfectly latticed matched to Ge.  The complete elimination of film stress reduces the defect densities of the epi InGaAs layer compared to straight GaAs.

# Applications
HEMT devices using InGaAs channels are one of the fastest types of transistor .
InGaAs is also a popular material in infrared detectors. It is widely replacing germanium as a detector material mainly due to lower dark current (internally generated current). It is used as the detector material in some short-wave infrared cameras. InGaAs also has lower multiplication noise than germanium when used as the active multiplication layer of an avalanche photodiode.
InGaAs can be used as a laser medium. Devices have been constructed operating at wavelengths of 905 nm, 980 nm, 1060 nm, and 1300 nm. InGaAs quantum dots on GaAs have also been studied as lasers.
In(.015)Ga(.985)As can be used as an intermediate band-gap junction in multi-junction photovoltaic cells with a perfect lattice match to Ge.  The perfect lattice match to Ge reduces defect density, improving cell efficiency.

# Safety and toxicity aspects
The toxicology of InGaAs has not been fully investigated. The dust is an irritant to skin, eyes and lungs. The environment, health and safety aspects of indium gallium arsenide sources (such as trimethylgallium, trimethylindium and arsine) and industrial hygiene monitoring studies of standard MOVPE sources have been reported recently in a review .
Inferior cerebral veins
The inferior cerebral veins, of small size, drain the under surfaces of the hemispheres.
Those on the orbital surface of the frontal lobe join the superior cerebral veins, and through these open into the superior sagittal sinus.
Those of the temporal lobe anastomose with the middle cerebral and basal veins, and join the cavernous, sphenoparietal, and superior petrosal sinuses.
Inferior gluteal artery
The inferior gluteal artery (sciatic artery), the larger of the two terminal branches of the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery, is distributed chiefly to the buttock and back of the thigh.
It passes down on the sacral plexus of nerves and the Piriformis, behind the internal pudendal artery, to the lower part of the greater sciatic foramen, through which it escapes from the pelvis between the Piriformis and Coccygeus.
It then descends in the interval between the greater trochanter of the femur and tuberosity of the ischium, accompanied by the sciatic and posterior femoral cutaneous nerves, and covered by the Glutus maximus, and is continued down the back of the thigh, supplying the skin, and anastomosing with branches of the perforating arteries.
Inferior oblique muscle
The Obliquus oculi inferior (inferior oblique) is a thin, narrow muscle, placed near the anterior margin of the floor of the orbit.

# Action
Its actions are lateral rotation, elevation and abduction of the eye.
Primary action is extorsion; secondary action is elevation; tertiary action is abduction (i.e. it extorts the eye and moves it upward and outward).   The field of maximal inferior oblique elevation is in the adducted position.

# Path
It arises from the orbital surface of the maxilla, lateral to the lacrimal groove.
Passing lateralward, backward, and upward,  between the inferior rectus and the floor of the orbit, the inferior oblique inserts onto the scleral surface between the inferior rectus and lateral rectus.
It is the only muscle of eye movement whose origin is not on the common tendonous ring (annulus of Zinn).

# Innervation
The inferior oblique is innervated by the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III).

# Clinical significance
While commonly affected by palsies of the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve, isolated palsies of the inferior oblique (without affecting other functions of the oculomotor nerve) are quite rare.
"Overaction" of the inferior oblique muscle is a commonly observed component of childhood strabismus, particularly infantile esotropia and exotropia.  Because true hyperinnervation is not usually present, this phenomenon is better termed "elevation in adduction".
- Kushner BJ (2006). "Multiple mechanisms of extraocular muscle 'overaction'". Arch Ophthalmol. 124 (5): 6808. PMID 16682590..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
Surgical procedures of the inferior oblique include: loosening (recession), myectomy, marginal myotomy, and denervation and extirpation.

# Additional images
- Dissection showing origins of right ocular muscles, and nerves entering by the superior orbital fissure.
Inferior petrosal sinus
The inferior petrosal sinus is situated in the inferior petrosal sulcus formed by the junction of the petrous part of the temporal with the basilar part of the occipital.
It begins in the postero-inferior part of the cavernous sinus, and, passing through the anterior part of the jugular foramen, ends in the superior bulb of the internal jugular vein.
The inferior petrosal sinus receives the internal auditory veins and also veins from the medulla oblongata, pons, and under surface of the cerebellum.

# Additional images
- Sagittal section of the skull, showing the sinuses of the dura.
Inferior sagittal sinus
The inferior sagittal sinus (also known as the inferior longitudinal sinus) courses along the inferior border of the falx cerebri, superior to the corpus callosum.
It receives blood from the deep and medial aspects of the cerebral hemispheres and drains into the straight sinus.

# Additional images
- Sagittal section of the skull, showing the sinuses of the dura.
Inferior thyroid artery
The inferior thyroid artery  passes upward, in front of the vertebral artery and Longus colli; then turns medialward behind the carotid sheath and its contents, and also behind the sympathetic trunk, the middle cervical ganglion resting upon the vessel.
Reaching the lower border of the thyroid gland it divides into two branches, which supply the postero-inferior parts of the gland, and anastomose with the superior thyroid, and with the corresponding artery of the opposite side.
The recurrent nerve passes upward generally behind, but occasionally in front, of the artery.

# Branches
The branches of the inferior thyroid are:
- Inferior laryngeal artery
- Esophageal artery
- Tracheal artery
- Ascending cervical artery
- Muscular artery

# Additional images
- Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries.
- The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind.
Inferior vesical artery
The inferior vesical artery is an artery in the pelvis that supplies the lower part of the bladder.

# Structure
The inferior vesical artery is a branch (direct or indirect) of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery.  It frequently arises in common with the middle rectal artery, and is distributed to the fundus of the bladder.  In males, it also supplies the prostate and the seminal vesicles. The branches to the prostate communicate with the corresponding vessels of the opposite side.

## Sex
The inferior vesical artery is present in both males and females.  Many texts, however, consider it to be found only in males, and cite the vaginal artery as the homologous structure in females.  Other texts have the inferior vesical artery in females as a small branch of a vaginal artery.
Inflammatory dermatoses
- Please click here to know more about Zoon's Balanitis
- Please click here to know more about Balanitis xerotica obliterans

# Overview
Inflammatory dermatoses of penis represents a group of inflammatory conditions which effect the penis causing balanitis. Pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical features, laboratory findings and treatment vary from condition to condition.

# Distinguishing clinical features, diagnosis, and management inflammatory dermatoses of penis
Distinguishing clinical features, diagnosis, and management of balanitis due to inflammatory dermatoses, include:
Interleukin-17 receptor
Interleukin-17 receptor (IL-17R) is a cytokine receptor which binds interleukin 17A. Functional IL-17R is a heteromeric complex consisting of at least IL17RA and IL17RC.
A number of additional variants exist including IL17RB, which binds preferentially IL17B and IL17E. A total of five members of the family have been identified. The first identified member, IL-17RA is located on human chromosome 22.

# Evolution
There are two IL17Rs (IL17RA and IL17RD) in the genome of the basal chordate Amphioxus. After two rounds of whole genome duplications, these two IL17R genes expanded into five early vertebrate IL17R genes, IL17RA to IL17RE. Two (IL17RA and IL17RD) are found in most vertebrates, whereas the other three (IL17RB, ILR17RC and IL17RE) have undergone some losses in vertebrates during evolution.

# Structure
IL-17RA is the founding member of a new IL-17R(A-E) subfamily of cytokine receptors. IL-17RA is by far the largest member of the family and has the largest cytoplasmic tail of the family. This cytoplasmic tail provides docking sites for numerous signaling intermediates. IL-17RA is composed of both alpha helices and beta sheets and has fibronectin domains, beta-sandwich domains, and ectodomains.

# Distribution
IL-17 RA has been observed at high levels in certain tissues such as: haematopoietic, bone marrow, thymus, and spleen tissue. IL-17 RA is also normally found in low levels in colon, small intestine, and lung tissues.

# Expression and regulation
IL-17RA is expressed in CD8+ T cells, and upregulated by IL-15 and IL-21. IL-17RA may be internalised after binding IL-17A.
IL-17RC expression is low in haematopoietic tissues and high in non-immune cells of the prostate, liver, kidney, thyroid and joints.

# Clinical significance
As of  2010 IL-17A neutralizing antibodies have the potential for the treatment of autoimmune diseases in humans. It also may soon be used for protection against periodontal bone loss as it is currently being tested in mice. IL-17 RA has been observed at high levels in people undergoing treatment for cardiac fibroblasts and in certain tissues such as: haematopoietic, bone marrow, thymus, and spleen tissue.

## As therapy targets
Approved anti-IL17(R) drugs include : Brodalumab (Siliq), an antibody to the receptor, approved for psoriasis.
Ixekizumab, approved for plaque psoriasis, is an antibody to IL-17 itself (rather than the receptor).
Interleukin-23 receptor
Interleukin-23 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor. IL23R is the name of its human gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of the receptor for IL-23. This protein pairs with the receptor molecule IL-12R1 (IL12RB1), together forming the IL-23 receptor complex,  and both are required for IL-23 signaling. This protein associates constitutively with Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), and also binds to transcription activator STAT3 in a ligand-dependent manner.

# Clinical significance
Three variants in the IL23R gene have been shown to protect against Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
The effect of IL-23R variations present in the population have been studied with an in vitro expression model system.

# Model organisms
Model organisms have been used in the study of IL23R function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Il23rtm2a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed:  - In-depth immunological phenotyping
Internal carotid plexus
The internal carotid plexus (carotid plexus) is situated on the lateral side of the internal carotid artery, and in the plexus there occasionally exists a small gangliform swelling, the carotid ganglion, on the under surface of the artery.
The internal carotid plexus communicates with the semilunar ganglion, the abducent nerve, and the sphenopalatine ganglion; it distributes filaments to the wall of the carotid artery, and also communicates with the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve.

# Additional images
- Nerves of the orbit, and the ciliary ganglion. Side view.
- Pathways in the Ciliary Ganglion.
Internal elastic lamina

# Overview
The internal elastic lamina or internal elastic lamella is a layer of elastic tissue that forms the outermost part of the tunica intima of blood vessels. It separates tunica intima from tunica media.

# Histology
It is readily visualized with light microscropy in sections of muscular arteries, where it is thick and prominent, and arterioles, where it is slightly less prominent and often incomplete. It is very thin in veins and venules. In elastic arteries such as the aorta, which have very regular elastic laminae between layers of smooth muscle cells in their tunica media, the internal elastic lamina is approximately the same thickness as the other elastic laminae that are normally present.
There is small amount of subendothelial connective tissue between basement membrane of endothelial cells and internal elastic lamina.
Reduplication of internal elastic lamina can be seen in elderly individuals due to intimal fibroplasia, which is part of the aging process.

# Associated Pathologic Conditions
- Demonstration of fragmentation in this layer by elastin-van Gieson stain aids in diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. It stains muscle tissue in yellow, connective tissue in red and elastic structures (like internal elastic lamina) in black color.
- In chronic allograft nephropathy, disruption or reduplication of internal elastic lamina can be observed, which causes narrowing of the lumen and downstream ischemia.
- In fungal rhinosinusitis, the organism has predilection for internal elastic lamina during phase of spread.
Medial pterygoid muscle

# Overview
The medial pterygoid (or internal pterygoid muscle), is a thick, quadrilateral muscle of mastication.
The mandibular branch of the fifth cranial nerve, the trigeminal nerve, innervates the medial pterygoid muscle.

# Origin and insertion
It consists of two heads.
- The bulk of the muscle arises as a deep head from the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate.
- The smaller, superficial head originates from the maxillary tuberosity and the pyramidal process of the palatine bone.
Its fibers pass downward, lateral, and posterior, and are inserted, by a strong tendinous lamina, into the lower and back part of the medial surface of the ramus and angle of the mandible, as high as the mandibular foramen. The insertion joins the masseter muscle to form a common tendinous sling which allows the medial pterygoid and masseter to be powerful elevators of the jaw.
As stated by one Dr. Anderson of UDMSD, the medial pterygoid goes from the canoe to the rough water. (The canoe is the depression created by the medial and lateral plates of pterygoid process, and rough water is the rough attachment surface on the medial aspect of the angle of the mandible.)

# Innervation
Like the lateral pterygoid, and all other muscles of mastication, the medial pterygoid is innervated by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (V3).

# Actions
It closes the jaw and help in mastication along with lateral pterygoid in side to side movement of jaw and protrusion.  It elevates the jaw, and in some aspect pulls it forward.
Also it elevates mandible.

# Additional images
- Left palatine bone. Posterior aspect. Enlarged.
- Mandible. Inner surface. Side view.
- Plan of branches of internal maxillary artery.
- Distribution of the maxillary and mandibular nerves, and the submaxillary ganglion.
- Mandibular division of trifacial nerve, seen from the middle line.
- Muscles of the pharynx, viewed from behind, together with the associated vessels and nerves.
Internal pudendal veins
The internal pudendal veins (internal pudic veins) are the ven comitantes of the internal pudendal artery.
They begin in the deep veins of the penis which issue from the corpus cavernosum penis, accompany the internal pudendal artery, and unite to form a single vessel, which ends in the hypogastric vein.
They receive the veins from the urethral bulb, and the perineal and inferior hemorrhoidal veins.
The deep dorsal vein of the penis communicates with the internal pudendal veins, but ends mainly in the pudendal plexus.
Interventricular septum

# Overview
Interventricular septum (or ventricular septum, or during development septum inferius) is the stout wall separating the lower chambers (the ventricles) of the heart from one another.
The ventricular septum is directed obliquely backward and to the right, and is curved with the convexity toward the right ventricle: its margins correspond with the anterior and posterior longitudinal sulci.

# Portions
- The greater portion of it is thick and muscular and constitutes the muscular ventricular septum.
- Its upper and posterior part, which separates the aortic vestibule from the lower part of the right atrium and upper part of the right ventricle, is thin and fibrous, and is termed the membranous ventricular septum (septum membranaceum).

# Disorders
A hole in the interventricular septum is termed a ventricular septal defect (VSD).
Intramuscular injection

# Overview
Intramuscular injection is the injection of a substance directly into a muscle. In medicine, it is one of several alternative methods for the administration of medications (see Route of administration). It is used for particular forms of medication that are administered in small amounts. Depending on the chemical properties of the drug, the medication may either be absorbed fairly quickly or more gradually. Intramuscular injections are often given in the deltoid, vastus lateralis, ventrogluteal and dorsogluteal muscles. When the gluteal muscles are used, injections should be made on the upper, outer quadrant of the buttock to avoid damaging the sciatic nerve. Injection fibrosis is a complication that may occur if the injections are delivered with great frequency or with improper technique.
Thrombocytopenia (low platelet counts) and coagulopathy (bleeding tendency) are contraindications for intramuscular injections, as they may lead to hematomas.
Examples of medications that are sometimes administered intramuscularly are:
- codeine
- methotrexate
- metoclopramide
- olanzapine
- Streptomycin
- diazepam
- prednisone
- Interferon beta-1a
- sex hormones, such as testosterone, estradiol valerate, and Depo Provera
- dimercaprol
- ketamine
- naloxone
- quinine in its gluconate form
In addition, some vaccines are administered intramuscularly:
- Gardasil
- hepatitis A vaccine
Also certain substances (i.e. ketamine) are injected intramuscularly for recreational purposes.

# Complications
If a subcutaneous injection is inadvertently administered as an intramusclular injection, a hematoma can develop such as a rectus sheath hematoma, particularly if the patient is on atiplatelet or anthithrombotic therapy.
Intrinsicoid deflection
In ECG nomenclature it is the downward deflection after the peak of the R wave.
The time of the onset of the intrinsicoid deflection, also referred to as the R wave peak time, is measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the peak of the R wave.
Diagnostic significance:
In the presence of bundle branch block or ventricular hypertrophy, the depolarization impulse takes a longer than normal period of time to reach the recording electrode. This delays the onset of the intrinsicoid deflection. 
This prolongation or delay is an important criterion for diagnosing bundle branch block and ventricular hypertrophy.