Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Streptococcus mitis
Streptococcus mitis is a mesophilic alpha-haemolytic species of Streptococcus that inhabits the human mouth. It can cause endocarditis. It has been widely reported that this organism survived for over two years on the Surveyor 3 probe on the moon. However this claim is now discounted by NASA scientists: see myth of Streptococcus mitis on the moon.
Uri Geller, the famous mentalist, once said that most of his supernatural powers came from a childhood infection involving S. mitis.
nl:Streptococcus mitis

# Gallery
- Two blood agar plates (BAP). Left plate contains Streptococcus mitis, alpha-hemolytic bacteria, while the right plate contains Group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS), a typical beta-hemolytic bacteria.  From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
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String galvanometer
The String galvanometer was one of the earliest instruments capable of detecting and recording the very small electrical currents produced by the human heart and provided the first practical Electrocardiogram (ECG). Moving coil galvanometers were not at the time sufficiently sensitive to record the electrical currents involved.
Willem Einthoven solved the problem by producing a very long filament of negligible mass that conducted the electrical currents from the heart. This filament was acted upon by powerful electromagnets, which caused sideways displacement of the filament in proportion to the current carried. The movement in the filament was measured using sensitive optical devices.
The filament was originally made by drawing out a filament of glass from a crucible of molten glass. To produce a sufficiently thin and long filament an arrow was fired across the room so that it dragged the filament from the molten glass. The filament so produced was then coated with silver to provide the conductive pathway for the current.
The original machine required water cooling for the powerful electromagnets, required 5 people to operate it and weighed some 600 lb. Because the machine was too large to be brought to the patients bedside, the current from the heart was transmitted to the machine using a telephone cable.
Strontium hydroxide
Strontium hydroxide, Sr(OH)2, is a caustic alkali composed of one strontium ion and two hydroxide ions. It is synthesized by combining a strontium salt with a strong base. Sr(OH)2 exists in anhydrous, monohydrate, or octahydrate form.

# Preparation
Because Sr(OH)2 is very slightly soluble in water, its preparation can be easily carried out by the addition of a strong base such as NaOH or KOH, drop by drop to a solution of any strontium salt, most commonly Sr(NO3)2 (strontium nitrate). The Sr(OH)2 will precipitate out as a fine white powder. From here, the solution is filtered, and the Sr(OH)2 is washed with cold water and dried.

# Applications
Strontium hydroxide is used chiefly in the refining of beet sugar and as a stabilizer in plastic. It may be used as a source of strontium ions when the chlorine from strontium chloride is undesirable. Strontium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to form strontium carbonate.

# Safety
Strontium hydroxide is a severe skin, eye and respiratory irritant. It is harmful if swallowed.
Structural genomics
Structural genomics consists in the determination of the three dimensional structure of all proteins of a given organism, by experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy or computational approaches such as homology modelling.
As opposed to traditional structural biology, the determination of a protein structure through a structural genomics effort often (but not always) comes before anything is known regarding the protein function. This raises new challenges in structural bioinformatics, i.e. determining protein function from its 3D structure.
Structural genomics emphasizes high throughput determination of protein structures. This is performed in dedicated centers of structural genomics.
While most structural biologists pursue structures of individual proteins or protein groups, specialists in structural genomics pursue structures of proteins on a genome wide scale.  This implies large scale cloning, expression and purification.  One main advantage of this approach is economy of scale.  On the other hand, the scientific value of some resultant structures is at times questioned.  A Science article from January 2006 analyzes the structural genomics field.
One advantage of structural genomics, such as the Protein Structure Initiative, is that the scientific community gets immediate access to new structures, as well as to reagents such as clones and protein. A disadvantage is that many of these structures are of proteins of unknown function and do not have corresponding publications. This lack of publications is not entirely unanticipated in that a change in the way how protein structures are determined would require corresponding changes in the way this structural information is communicated to the broader research community. The Bioinformatics core of the Joint center for structural genomics (JCSG) has recently developed a wiki-based approach namely The Open Protein Structure Annotation Network (TOPSAN) for annotating protein structures emerging from high-throughput structural genomics centers. Some of the pros and cons of the Protein Structure Initiative are discussed in the December 2007 and January 2008 issues of the journal Structure. It is sometimes assumed that the technical quality of structural genomics structures is lower than that of traditional structures, but this has been shown to be false.
Stylomastoid artery
The stylomastoid artery enters the stylomastoid foramen and supplies the tympanic cavity, the tympanic antrum and mastoid cells, and the semicircular canals.
In the young subject a branch from this vessel forms, with the anterior tympanic artery from the internal maxillary, a vascular circle, which surrounds the tympanic membrane, and from which delicate vessels ramify on that membrane.
It anastomoses with the superficial petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery by a twig which enters the hiatus canalis facialis.
Subcutaneous tissue
The subcutaneous tissue or subcutis is the layer of tissue directly underlying the cutis. It is mainly composed of adipose tissue. Its physiological function includes insulation and storage of nutrients.

# Injections
Subcutaneous injections are given by injecting a fluid or a solid pellet into the subcutis. It is used to administer a variety of medical treatments. Subcutaneous injections of fluid are used to administer vaccines and medications. A pellet may be injected to deliver long-lasting doses of medication such as goserelin. Subcutaneous injections provide slow and constant absorption and are one of the parenteral routes of administration.
- 10.8mg implant syringe for subcutaneous use
- A typical injection site post-implant. The entry wound and pellet ejection bruise can clearly be seen here
Superficial anatomy
Superficial anatomy (also called surface anatomy) is a descriptive science dealing with anatomical features that can be studied by sight, without dissecting an organism. In particular, in the case of human anatomy, these are the form and proportions of the human body and the surface landmarks which correspond to deeper structures hidden from view, both in static pose and in motion. It is also called "visual anatomy".
In addition, the science of superficial anatomy includes the theories and systems of body proportions and related artistic canons.
Studying of superficial anatomy  is the basis for depiction of human body in classic art.
Some pseudo-sciences such as physiognomy, phrenology and palmistry rely on superficial anatomy. (The relation is one-sided, like that of astrology to astronomy.)
This is a list of superficial anatomical features. That is to say, externally visible parts of the body in humans and animals.
Sorted roughly from cranial to caudal. Homologues share a bullet point and are separated by commas. Subcomponents are nested. Alternative names or category members in parentheses. Class in which component occurs in italic.
- Tentacle  Cephalopoda
- Head
Antler
Crest
Hood
Horn
Mane
Eyes
Ear
Snout
Nose, Trunk
Nostril
Whiskers
Beak Aves only, Mouth
Lip not in Aves
Philtrum
Jaw not in Aves
Gums not in Aves
Teeth not in Aves, Tusk
Tongue
- Antler
- Crest
- Hood
- Horn
- Mane
- Eyes
- Ear
- Snout
Nose, Trunk
Nostril
Whiskers
Beak Aves only, Mouth
Lip not in Aves
Philtrum
Jaw not in Aves
Gums not in Aves
Teeth not in Aves, Tusk
Tongue
- Nose, Trunk
Nostril
- Nostril
- Whiskers
- Beak Aves only, Mouth
Lip not in Aves
Philtrum
Jaw not in Aves
Gums not in Aves
Teeth not in Aves, Tusk
Tongue
- Lip not in Aves
Philtrum
- Philtrum
- Jaw not in Aves
Gums not in Aves
Teeth not in Aves, Tusk
- Gums not in Aves
- Teeth not in Aves, Tusk
- Tongue
- Throat
Adam's apple
Vocal sac Ranidae
- Adam's apple
- Vocal sac Ranidae
- Spine (extends dorsally)
Tail
- Tail
- Arm Mammalia, Amphibia, ..., Fin Fish, Wing Aves
Elbow
Wrist
Hand
Fingers (Thumb: Primate)
Hoof, Claw, Nails
Webbing
- Elbow
- Wrist
- Hand
Fingers (Thumb: Primate)
Hoof, Claw, Nails
Webbing
- Fingers (Thumb: Primate)
Hoof, Claw, Nails
Webbing
- Hoof, Claw, Nails
- Webbing
- Chest (roughly Thorax)
Gills
Breast Mammalia
- Gills
- Breast Mammalia
- Abdomen (roughly Stomach)
Pouch Marsupialia
Genitals
In females
Vulva
In males
Penis
Scrotum
- Pouch Marsupialia
- Genitals
In females
Vulva
In males
Penis
Scrotum
- In females
Vulva
- Vulva
- In males
Penis
Scrotum
- Penis
- Scrotum
- Leg
Thigh
Knee
Kneecap
Shin
Calf
Ankle
Foot
Toe
Hoof
- Thigh
- Knee
Kneecap
- Kneecap
- Shin
- Calf
- Ankle
- Foot
Toe
Hoof
- Toe
Hoof
- Hoof
- Skin
Feather Aves, Scale Reptilia, Hair Mammalia
Shell
- Feather Aves, Scale Reptilia, Hair Mammalia
- Shell
Superhydrophilicity

# Overview
Under light irradiation, water dropped onto titanium dioxide forms no contact angle (almost 0 degrees). This effect, called superhydrophilicity, was discovered in 1995 by the Research Institute of Toto Ltd. for titanium dioxide irradiated by sun light. 
Superhydrophilic material has various advantages. For example, it can defog glass, and it can also enable oil spots to be swept away easily with water. Such materials are already commercialized as door mirrors for cars, coatings for buildings, self-cleaning glass, etc.
Several mechanisms of this superhydrophilicity have been proposed by researchers. One is the change of the surface structure to a metastable structure, and another is cleaning the surface by the photodecomposition of dirt such as organic compounds adsorbed on the surface, after either of which water molecules can adsorb to the surface. The mechanism is still controversial, and it is too soon to decide which suggestion is correct. To decide, atomic scale measurements and other studies will be necessary.
Supraorbital artery
The supraorbital artery is an artery of the head.

# Course
It springs from the ophthalmic artery as that vessel is crossing over to the medial side of the optic nerve.
It passes upward on the medial borders of the superior rectus muscle and levator palpebrae superioris, meeting the supraorbital nerve accompanies it between the roof of the orbit and levator palpebrae superioris to the supraorbital notch.

# Branching
When passing through the supraorbital notch it divides into a superficial and a deep branch. Its terminal branches anastomose with branches of the supratrochlear artery and the superficial temporal arteries.

# Supplies
This artery supplies the levator palpebrae superioris, the diploe of the frontal bone, the frontal sinus, the upper eyelid, and the skin of the forehead and the scalp.
This artery may be absent in 10% to 20% of individuals. 

# Additional images
- The arteries of the face and scalp.
- Bloodvessels of the eyelids, front view.
Suprascapular nerve
The suprascapular nerve arises from the trunk formed by the union of the fifth and sixth cervical nerves. It innervates the supraspinatus muscles and infraspinatus muscles.
It runs lateralward beneath the Trapezius and the Omohyoideus, and enters the supraspinatous fossa through the suprascapular notch, below, the superior transverse scapular ligament; it then passes beneath the Supraspinatus, and curves around the lateral border of the spine of the scapula to the infraspinatous fossa.
In the supraspinatous fossa it gives off two branches to the Supraspinatus muscle, and an articular filament to the shoulder-joint; and in the infraspinatous fossa it gives off two branches to the Infraspinatous muscle, besides some filaments to the shoulder-joint and scapula.

# Disorders
- Suprascapular paralysis is a common condition in veterinary medicine.

# Additional images
- Suprascapular and axillary nerves of right side, seen from behind.
- Brachial plexus
Suture (anatomical)
In anatomy, a suture is a fairly rigid joint between two or more hard elements of an animal, without significant overlap. Sutures are found in a wide range of animals, from the Cambrian period to the present day. Hence they are formed by several methods and between hard parts made of various materials.

# Vertebrate skeletons
These are made of bone, in which the main rigid ingredient is calcium phosphate.

## Cranial sutures
The  crania (brain cases) of most vertebrates consist of sets of bony plates held together by cranial sutures. These sutures are held together mainly by Sharpey's fibers which grow from each bone into the adjoining one.

## Sutures in ankles of land vertebrates
In the type of crurotarsal ankle which is found in crocodilians and some other archosaurs, the astragalus is fixed to the tibia  by a suture and the joint bends around a peg on the astragalus which fits into a socket in the calcaneum.

# Sutures in the shells of cephalopods
In cephalopod mollusks which have external shells (e.g. Nautilus, ammonites), the shell is divided into compartments by  septa ("partitions"). The septa are joined to the external shell by sutures formed by "repeated invagination" (they interlock like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle). The sutures are visible from the outside and often form complex and elaborate patterns. The shells of mollusks are mainly made of calcium carbonate (which is also the main constituent of limestone and chalk).

# Sutures in the carapaces of trilobites
Many trilobites had sutures which divided the cephalon (head section) into  3 pieces. The sutures in trilobites' cephalons were unusual because it seems their main function was to create weaknesses which made it easy for this part of the carapace ("armor") to split when the animal needed to molt. A trilobite's carapace consisted of calcite and calcium phosphate deposited on a lattice of chitin (a complex sugar).
Swan neck deformity
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# Overview
A swan-neck deformity, typically defined as proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) hyperextension with concurrent distal interphalangeal joint flexion, occurs in approximately 50% of patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.
This deformity is not unique to Rheumatoid Arthritis, because it may also be congenital or traumatic in nature. Multiple surgical procedures are available for the correction of this digital abnormality. The deformity of the finger or fingers must be staged accurately to use the most appropriate surgical technique. The staging of the deformed finger is based on the condition of the articular cartilage (determined by radiography) and on the flexibility of the proximal interphalangeal joint.

# Classification
Welsh and Hastings classified swan-neck deformity as mobile, snapping, or fixed, on the basis of the condition of the digital intrinsic muscles and subdivided swan neck deformity into 2 types:
- Type I - Caused primarily by proximal interphalangeal joint involvement
- Type II - Caused primarily by metacarpophalangeal joint involvement
Nalebuff classifies swan-neck deformities into 4 types: 
- Type I - proximal interphalangeal joints are flexible in all positions.
- Type II - proximal interphalangeal joint flexion is limited in certain positions.
- Type III - proximal interphalangeal joint flexion is limited in all positions.
- Type IV - proximal interphalangeal joints are stiff and have a poor radiographic appearance.
The Nalebuff classification guides in the choice of surgical treatment for swan neck deformity, and became the more widely accepted one.

# Diagnosis
Swan-neck deformity is common in persons with Rheumatoid Arthritis. It occurs as the end result of rheumatoid synovitis of the metacarpophalangeal joint (MP), proximal interphalangeal joint, and/or distal interphalangeal joints, which disrupts the balance of flexion and extension forces acting across a joint.
Syncytiotrophoblast

# Overview
Syncytiotrophoblasts are multinucleated cells found in the placenta of human embryos.
They are the outer syncytial layer of the trophoblasts and actively invade the uterine wall.
They form the outermost fetal component of the placenta (also known as 'syntrophoblast') and massively increase the surface area available for nutrient exchange between the mother and the fetus.
Cells from the syncytiotrophoblast secrete human chorionic gonadotropin.

# Additional images
- Section through embryonic area of Vespertilio murinus to show the formation of the amniotic cavity.
Section through embryonic area of Vespertilio murinus to show the formation of the amniotic cavity.
Syntrophin, alpha 1
Alpha-1-syntrophin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNTA1 gene.

# Function
Dystrophin is a large, rod-like cytoskeletal protein found at the inner surface of muscle fibers. Dystrophin is missing in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy patients and is present in reduced amounts in Becker Muscular Dystrophy patients. The protein encoded by this gene is a peripheral membrane protein found associated with dystrophin and dystrophin-related proteins. This gene is a member of the syntrophin gene family, which contains at least two other structurally related genes. The PDZ domain of syntrophin-1(SNTA1), the most abundant isoform in the heart, has been reported to bind to the C-terminal domain of murine cardiac voltage-gated sodium channels (SkM2) causing altering ion channel activity leading to Long QT syndrome.

# Interactions
Syntrophin, alpha 1 has been shown to interact with Dystrophin, Nav1.1 and Nav1.5.
Trichophyton rubrum

# Overview
Trichophyton rubrum is a fungus that is the most common cause of athlete's foot , jock itch and ringworm. This fungus was first desribed by Malmsten in 1845. 
The growth rate of Trichophyton colonies is slow to moderately rapid. The texture is waxy, glabrous to cottony. From the front, the color is white to bright yellowish beige or red violet. Reverse is pale, yellowish, brown, or reddish-brown.  Although the tricophyton rubum is the most common of the dermatophytes causing fingernail fungus infections, there are others. Tricophytum mentagrophytes is the second most common source of fungal nail infections from the dermatophyte group.

# Common Skin Diseases
- Ringworm properly known as dermatophytosis
- Athlete's foot properly known as Tinea pedis
- Jock itch properly known as Tinea cruris
- Fungal Folliculitis of the Scalp properly known as Tinea capitis
- Fungal Folliculitis of the Beard properly known as Tinea barbae
- Fungal Folliculitis of the Legs properly known as Majocchi granuloma often occurs in females who shave their legs.
- Onychomycosis

# Identification
Positive, selective diagnosis of T. rubrum is difficult as many members of the genus react similarly with test reagents.
The Mycology Unit at the Adelaide Women's and Children's Hospital uses a dermatophyte identification scheme, devised by the late Gerraldine Kaminski, comprising 6 different media to help identify and differentiate the various species and strains of Trichophyton. The media in this scheme are Littman Oxgall agar, Lactritmel agar, Sabouraud's agar with 5% NaCl, 1% Peptone agar, Trichophyton agar No. 1, and hydrolysis of urea.
TEK tyrosine kinase
Angiopoietin-1 receptor also known as  CD202B (cluster of differentiation 202B)  is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TEK gene. Also known as TIE2, it is an angiopoietin receptor.

# Function
The TEK receptor tyrosine kinase is expressed almost exclusively in endothelial cells in mice, rats, and humans. (TEK is closely related to the TIE receptor tyrosine kinase.)
This receptor possesses a unique extracellular domain containing 2 immunoglobulin-like loops separated by 3 epidermal growth factor-like repeats that are connected to 3 fibronectin type III-like repeats. The ligand for the receptor is angiopoietin-1. TEK has also been suggested as a marker for nucleus pulposus progenitor cells, from the intervertebral disc, which upon activation by Angiopoietin-1 starts to multiply and differentiate. 
Defects in TEK are associated with inherited venous malformations; the TEK signaling pathway appears to be critical for endothelial cell-smooth muscle cell communication in venous morphogenesis.

# Interactions
TEK tyrosine kinase has been shown to interact with:
- ANGPT2,
- Angiopoietin 1,
- DOK2.