Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Activating transcription factor 2
Activating transcription factor 2, also known as ATF2, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ATF2 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA-binding proteins. This protein binds to the cAMP-responsive element (CRE), an octameric palindrome. The protein forms a homodimer or heterodimer with c-Jun and stimulates CRE-dependent transcription. The protein is also a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro; thus, it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. Additional transcript variants have been identified but their biological validity has not been determined.
The gene atf2 is located at human chromosome 2q32. The protein ATF-2 has 505 amino acids. Studies in mice indicate a role for ATF-2 in the development of nervous system and the skeleton. ATF-2 is normally activated in response to signals that converge on stress-activated protein kinases p38 and JNK. ATF-2 phosphorylation in response to treatment of cells with tumor promoter phorbol ester has been demonstrated.
Several studies implicate abnormal activation of ATF-2 in growth and progression of mammalian skin tumors. ATF-2 may mediate oncogenesis caused by mutant Ras protein and regulate maintenance of the aggressive cancer phenotype of some types of epithelial cells.
ATF2 has also been shown to be phosphorylated at its C-terminal (Serine 472 and 480 in mouse; Serine 490 and 498 in human) by ATM upon double-stranded breaks. Mice with mutations of these two serines are sensitive to irradiation and easier to tumorigenesis under p53 knockout background.
ATF2 has also been shown to be phosphorylated at its C-terminal (serine 472 and 480 in mouse; serine 490 and 498 in human) by ATM upon double-stranded breaks.

# Interactions
Activating transcription factor 2 has been shown to interact with
- C-jun,
- Casein kinase 2, alpha 1,
- CREB binding protein,
- CSNK2A2,
- JDP2,
- MAPK14,
- MAPK8,
- Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3
- NCOA6,
- RUVBL2,
- UBE2I.
Abdominal internal oblique muscle

# Overview
The internal oblique muscle (of the abdomen) is the intermediate muscle of the abdomen, lying just underneath the external oblique and just above (superficial to) the transverse abdominal muscle.

## Structure
Its fibers run perpendicular to the external oblique muscle, beginning in the thoracolumbar fascia of the lower back, the anterior 2/3 of the iliac crest (upper part of hip bone) and the lateral half of the inguinal ligament.  The muscle fibers run from these points superiomedially (up and towards midline) to the muscle's insertions on the inferior borders of the 10th through 12th ribs and the linea alba (abdominal midline seam.)

## Innervation
The internal oblique is innervated by the lower intercostal nerves, as well as the iliohypogastric nerve and the ilioinguinal nerve.

## Actions
The internal oblique performs two major functions.  First, it acts as an antagonist (opponent) to the diaphragm, helping to reduce the volume of the thoracic (chest) cavity during exhalation.  When the diaphragm contracts, it pulls the lower wall of the chest cavity down, increasing the volume of the lungs which then fill with air.  Conversely, when the internal obliques contract they compress the organs of the abdomen, pushing them up into the diaphragm which intrudes back into the chest cavity reducing the volume of the air filled lungs, producing an exhalation.
Secondly, its contraction rotates and side-bends the trunk by pulling the rib cage and midline towards the hip and lower back, of the same side.  It acts with the external oblique muscle of the opposite side to achieve this torsional movement of the trunk.  For example, the right internal oblique and the left external oblique contract as the torso flexes and rotates to bring the left shoulder towards the right hip.  For this reason, the internal obliques are referred to as "same side rotators."
Accelerated orthodontic treatment

# Overview
A typical Orthodontic treatment (e.g. Dental brace), takes 12-36 months but often takes longer than predicted. The treatment time depends on the distances the teeth need to be moved, the type of brackets used and the style of care offered by the dentist.
Self-ligating brackets are a more complex attachment that accelerates treatment and reduces discomfort. The simple selection of this style of bracket can reduce treatment times by approximately 30% but due to the higher cost of this technology they are not used as much as one would expect. Another way to reduce treatment time is to reduce the size of the teeth by gently polishing the surfaces to reduce the width of the individual teeth, as opposed to the previously common choice of extracting teeth when space was required. Combining all the techniques available to reduce treatment time has been trademarked as "High Speed Braces".
In straight-wire treatment the orthodontist or dentist bonds braces on the teeth and aligns them with a special wire. As the treatment advances the dentist or orthodontist changes the wire from flexible to more rigid, finally aligning the teeth to a very firm arch form.
In many cases fine tuning and adjustments near the end of the treatment are made using wire bending or changing the location of brackets (re-bonding). The minor corrections are referred to as "finishing" techniques and vary with the cosmetic and bite philosophy of the practitioner. "Cosmetic" orthodontics may correct significant aesthetic concerns quite rapidly, sometimes within a few months.
An extreme form of accelerated orthodontics involves the surgical loosening of the individual teeth and the associated bone. The braces then actually relocate the individual tooth-bone units and completes the treatment in the shortest time possible.
Some companies claim to speed up the treatment using a computer system to plan the location of the brackets on each tooth. This can also be achieved without the use of a computer if the practitioner is experienced in the process of bracket placement. Due to individual tooth variations it is impossible to completely delegate this task to a computer model.
Another important factor that can help speed treatment is the choice of dental appliances, including the possible consideration of TAD's (temporary anchorage devices). The advances in orthodontics are helping to reduce treatment time and eliminate the need for the unsightly headgear appliances that have been used in the past.
Active Hexose Correlated Compound
Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) is a nutritional supplement produced from the mycelia of specific species of mushrooms, and should not be confused or used as a drug or medicine. AHCC was originally designed to lower high-blood pressure, however researchers at Tokyo University found AHCC's influence upon the innate immune system highly beneficial and published the results in 1992, though not in the commonly indexed scientific literature. In this study, researchers found that AHCC significantly increased natural killer (NK) cell activity in cancer patients, and also enhanced the effects of killer T-cells, and cytokines (interferon, IL-12, TNF-alpha).
One cohort study published in 2003 reported improved survival associated with AHCC in primary liver cancer patients after surgical resection of the primary tumor. 
The clinical efficacy of AHCC is otherwise unknown as of March 2007. The proponents of AHCC claim enhancement of the immune system as an adjunct to conventional chemotherapy, but these claims are not substantiated outside of testimonials.
Adenomyosis (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Adenomyosis is uterine thickening that occurs when endometrial tissue, which normally lines the uterus, moves into the outer muscular walls of the uterus.

# What are the symptoms of Adenomyosis?
- Long-term or heavy menstrual bleeding
- Painful menstruation , which gets increasing worse
- Pelvic pain during intercourse
Note: In many cases, the woman may not have any symptoms.

# What causes Adenomyosis?
The cause is unknown. Sometimes adenomyosis may cause a mass or growth within the uterus, which is called an adenomyoma.

# Who is at highest risk?
The disease usually occurs in women older than 30 who have had children. It is more likely in women with previous cesarean section or other uterine surgery.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you develop symptoms of adenomyosis.

# Diagnosis
During a pelvic exam, the doctor may find an soft and slightly enlarged uterus. The exam may also reveal a uterine mass or uterine tenderness.
An ultrasound of the uterus may help tell the difference between adenomyosis and other uterine tumors. MRI can be helpful when ultrasound does not give definite results.

# Treatment options
Most women have some adenomyosis as they near menopause but few women have symptoms, and most women dont require any treatment.
In some cases, pain medicine may be needed. Birth control pills and a progesterone-containing intrauterine device (IUD) can help decrease heavy bleeding.
A hysterectomy may be necessary in women with severe symptoms.

# Where to find medical care for Adenomyosis?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Adenomyosis

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Symptoms usually go away after menopause. A hysterectomy completely relieves symptoms.

# Sources
Beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist

# Overview
Beta2-adrenergic receptor agonists are a class of drugs used to treat asthma and other pulmonary disease states.

# Types
They can be divided into short-acting and long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist (LABA) groups:

## Short-acting beta2 agonists
- salbutamol (Albuterol, Ventolin)
- levosalbutamol
- terbutaline
- pirbuterol
- procaterol
- metaproterenol
- fenoterol
- bitolterol mesylate

## Long-acting beta2 agonists
- salmeterol
- formoterol
- bambuterol
- clenbuterol

### Ultra long-acting beta2 agonists
- Indacaterol

# Uses
They act on the 2-adrenergic receptor, thereby causing smooth muscle relaxation resulting in dilation of bronchial passages, vasodilation in muscle and liver, relaxation of uterine muscle and release of insulin.  Side effects such as insomnia, anxiety, and tremor occur in some patients.  All 2 agonists are available in inhaler form (either metered-dose inhalers, which aerosolize the drug, or dry powder which can be breathed in).
Salbutamol (known as albuterol in the U.S.) also comes in a liquid form for nebulization, which is more commonly used in emergency rooms than inhalers.  Salbutamol and terbutaline are also both available in oral forms.
In addition, several of these medications are available in intravenous forms including both salbutamol and terbutaline. It can be used in this form in severe cases of asthma, but more commonly it is used to suppress premature labor because it also relaxes uterine muscle, thereby inhibiting contractions.

# Risks
On November 18, 2005, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) alerted health care professionals and patients that several long-acting bronchodilator medicines have been associated with possible increased risk of worsening wheezing (bronchospasm) in some people, and requested that manufacturers update warnings in their existing product labeling.
On June 29, 2006, Cornell University and Stanford University researchers reported that a meta-analysis they conducted found that "regularly inhaled beta-agonists (Orciprenaline/metaproterenol , formoterol , Fluticasone/salmeterol  and Salbutamol/albuterol ) increased the risk of respiratory death more than twofold, compared with a placebo," while used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Advanced biostructural correction
Advanced Biostructural Correction (ABC) is a recently implemented technique used in Chiropractic Medicine. When adjusted with ABC, the patient immediately retains better
posture. Sports injuries greatly benefit from this treatment. ABC corrects the bodies structure
by focusing on areas of the body that are not self correcting, correcting them, then letting the body heal the rest.
Albendazole indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
ALBENZA is indicated for the treatment of the following infections:

### Neurocysticercosis
ALBENZA is indicated for the treatment of parenchymal neurocysticercosis due to active lesions caused by larval forms of the pork tapeworm, Taenia solium.
Lesions considered responsive to albendazole therapy appear as nonenhancing cysts with no surrounding edema on contrast-enhanced computerized tomography. Clinical studies in patients with lesions of this type demonstrate a 74% to 88% reduction in number of cysts; 40% to 70% of albendazole-treated patients showed resolution of all active cysts.

### Hydatid Disease
ALBENZA is indicated for the treatment of cystic hydatid disease of the liver, lung, and peritoneum, caused by the larval form of the dog tapeworm, Echinococcus granulosus.
This indication is based on combined clinical studies which demonstrated non-infectious cyst contents in approximately 80 to 90% of patients given ALBENZA for 3 cycles of therapy of 28 days each (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Clinical cure (disappearance of cysts) was seen in approximately 30% of these patients, and improvement (reduction in cyst diameter of 25%) was seen in an additional 40%.
NOTE: When medically feasible, surgery is considered the treatment of choice for hydatid disease. When administering ALBENZA in the pre- or post-surgical setting, optimal killing of cyst contents is achieved when 3 courses of therapy have been given.
NOTE: The efficacy of albendazole in the therapy of alveolar hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus multilocularis has not been clearly demonstrated in clinical studies.
Almotriptan indications and usage

# Indications and Usage

# Almotriptan is a 5HT1B/1D receptor agonist (triptan) indicated for:
- Acute treatment of migraine attacks in adults with a history of migraine with or without aura
- Acute treatment of migraine headache pain in adolescents age 12 to 17 years with a history of migraine with or without aura, and who have migraine attacks usually lasting 4 hours or more

## Important limitations
- Use only after a clear diagnosis of migraine has been established
- In adolescents age 12 to 17 years, efficacy of Almotriptan on migraine-associated symptoms was not established
- Not intended for the prophylactic therapy of migraine
- Not indicated for the treatment of cluster headache
American Board of Plastic Surgery

# Overview
The American Board of Plastic Surgery, Inc. was organized as a subsidiary of the American Board of Surgery in 1938. The American Board of Plastic Surgery, Inc. was given the status of a major specialty board in 1941. It is the one certifying body for Plastic and Reconstructive surgery recognised by the American Board of Medical Specialties.
ABPS certification has the following requirements:
- Graduation from an accredited medical school
- Completion of either:
- at least three years of general surgery residency training
- or a complete residency in neurological surgery, orthopaedic surgery, otolaryngology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, or urology.
As well as:
- Completion of plastic surgery residency training of at least two years
- Passing comprehensive oral and written exams
Currently, ABPS certification must be renewed by examination every 10 years.
American College of Pediatricians
The American College of Pediatricians (ACPeds) is a medical association of conservative pediatricians and other healthcare professionals in the United States.  The College was founded in 2002 by Dr. Joseph Zanga, in response to the American Academy of Pediatrics's support for LGBT parental rights.

# Issue positions
The positions taken by the American College of Pediatricians are socially conservative.  These positions include:
- The prohibition of parenting by homosexuals
- The limiting of children's access to television and other media
- Opposition to legislation requiring HPV vaccines
- Opposition to the legalization of marijuana
- Opposition to abortion 

# Opposition
PFLAG identifies the American College of Pediatricians as an anti-equality organization, describing the group as "small splinter group of medical professionals who do not support the mainstream view of the American Academy of Pediatricians (AAP) that homosexuality is a normal aspect of human diversity." 

# Notes
-  "History of ACPeds"..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  Kranish, Michael (2005-07-31). "Beliefs drive research agenda of new think tanks". boston.com. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
-  "Position Statements". American College of Pediatricians. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
-  "Anti-Equality Organizations". PFLAG. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
Amoxicillin clinical pharmacology

# Clinical Pharmacology
Amoxicillin is stable in the presence of gastric acid and is rapidly absorbed after oral administration. The effect of food on the absorption of amoxicillin from amoxicillin tablets and amoxicillin suspension has been partially investigated.  The 400 mg and 875 mg formulations have been studied only when administered at the start of a light meal. However, food effect studies have not been performed with the 200 mg and 500 mg formulations.  Amoxicillin diffuses readily into most body tissues and fluids, with the exception of brain and spinal fluid, except when meninges are inflamed. The half-life of amoxicillin is 61.3 minutes. Most of the amoxicillin is excreted unchanged in the urine; its excretion can be delayed by concurrent administration of probenecid. In blood serum, amoxicillin is approximately 20% protein-bound.
Orally administered doses of 250 mg and 500 mg amoxicillin capsules result in average peak blood levels 1 to 2 hours after administration in the range of 3.5 mcg/mL to 5 mcg/mL and 5.5 mcg/mL to 7.5 mcg/mL, respectively.
Mean amoxicillin pharmacokinetic parameters from an open, two-part, single-dose crossover bioequivalence study in 27 adults comparing 875 mg of amoxicillin with 875 mg of amoxicillin/ clavulanate potassium showed that the 875 g tablet of amoxicillin produces an AUC0- of 35.4 8.1 mcg.hr/mL and a Cmax of 13.8 4.1 mcg/mL. Dosing was at the start of a light meal following an overnight fast.
Orally administered doses of amoxicillin suspension, 125 mg/5 mL and 250 mg/5 mL, result in average peak blood levels 1 to 2 hours after administration in the range of 1.5 mcg/mL to 3 mcg/mL and 3.5 mcg/mL to 5 mcg/mL, respectively.
Oral administration of single doses of 400 mg amoxicillin chewable tablets and 400 mg/5 mL suspension to 24 adult volunteers yielded comparable pharmacokinetic data:
 Administered at the start of a light meal.
 Mean values of 24 normal volunteers. Peak concentrations occurred approximately 1 hour after the dose.
Detectable serum levels are observed up to 8 hours after an orally administered dose of amoxicillin. Following a 1 gram dose and utilizing a special skin window technique to determine levels of the antibiotic, it was noted that therapeutic levels were found in the interstitial fluid. Approximately 60% of an orally administered dose of amoxicillin is excreted in the urine within 6 to 8 hours.
Amoxicillin indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
Amoxicillin is indicated in the treatment of infections due to susceptible (ONLY -lactamase-negative) strains of the designated microorganisms in the conditions listed below:
- Infections of the ear, nose, and throat - due to streptococcus spp. (- and -hemolytic strains only), S. pneumoniae, staphylococcus spp., or H. influenzae.
- Infections of the genitourinary tract - due to E. coli, P. mirabilis, or E. faecalis.
- Infections of the skin and skin structure - due to streptococcus spp. (- and -hemolytic strains only), Staphylococcus spp., or E. coli.
- Infections of the lower respiratory tract -due to streptococcus spp. (- and -hemolytic strains only), S. pneumoniae, Staphylococcus spp., or H. influenzae.
- Gonorrhea, acute uncomplicated (ano-genital and urethral infections) - due to N. gonorrhoeae (males and females).
- H. pylori eradication to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence
- Triple Therapy: Amoxicillin/clarithromycin/lansoprazole
Amoxicillin, in combination with clarithromycin plus lansoprazole as triple therapy, is indicated for the treatment of patients with H. pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease (active or 1-year history of a duodenal ulcer) to eradicate H. pylori.  Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence. (See CLINICAL STUDIES and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.)
- Dual Therapy: Amoxicillin/lansoprazole
Amoxicillin, in combination with lansoprazole delayed-release capsules as dual therapy, is indicated for the treatment of patients with H. pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease (active or 1-year history of a duodenal ulcer) who are either allergic or intolerant to clarithromycin or in whom resistance to clarithromycin is known or suspected.  (See the clarithromycin package insert, MICROBIOLOGY.) Eradication of H. pylori has been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcer recurrence.  (See CLINICAL STUDIES and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.)
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of amoxicillin capsules, amoxicillin tablets, amoxicillin tablets (chewable) and amoxicillin for oral suspension and other antibacterial drugs, amoxicillin capsules, amoxicillin tablets, amoxicillin tablets (chewable) and amoxicillin for oral suspension should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy.  In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Indicated surgical procedures should be performed.