Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Coagulation factor XIII, A1 polypeptide
Coagulation factor XIII A chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the F13A1 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes the coagulation factor XIII A subunit. Coagulation factor XIII is the last zymogen to become activated in the blood coagulation cascade. Plasma factor XIII is a heterotetramer composed of 2 A subunits and 2 B subunits. The A subunits have catalytic function, and the B subunits do not have enzymatic activity and may serve as plasma carrier molecules. Platelet factor XIII is composed of just 2 A subunits, which are identical to those of plasma origin. Upon cleavage of the activation peptide by thrombin and in the presence of calcium ion, the plasma factor XIII dissociates its B subunits and yields the same active enzyme, factor XIIIa, as platelet factor XIII. This enzyme acts as a transglutaminase to catalyze the formation of gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine crosslinking between fibrin molecules, thus stabilizing the fibrin clot. It also crosslinks alpha-2-plasmin inhibitor, or fibronectin, to the alpha chains of fibrin. Factor XIII deficiency is classified into two categories: type I deficiency, characterized by the lack of both the A and B subunits; and type II deficiency, characterized by the lack of the A subunit alone. These defects can result in a lifelong bleeding tendency, defective wound healing, and habitual abortion.

# Interactions
Coagulation factor XIII, A1 polypeptide has been shown to interact with F13B.
Colistimethate sodium adverse reactions

# Adverse Reactions
The following adverse reactions have been reported:
- Gastrointestinal: gastrointestinal upset
- Nervous System: tingling of extremities and tongue, slurred speech, dizziness, vertigo and paresthesia
- Integumentary: generalized itching, urticaria and rash
- Body as a Whole: fever
- Laboratory Deviations: increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN), elevated creatinine and decreased creatinine clearance
- Respiratory System: respiratory distress and apnea
- Renal System: nephrotoxicity and decreased urine output
For medical advice about adverse reactions contact your medical professional. To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact JHP at 1-866-923-2547 or MEDWATCH at 1-800-FDA-1088 (1-800-332-1088) or /.
Colistimethate sodium drug interactions

# Drug Interactions
Certain other antibiotics (aminoglycosides and polymyxin) have also been reported to interfere with the nerve transmission at the neuromuscular junction. Based on this reported activity, they should not be given concomitantly with Coly-Mycin M Parenteral except with the greatest caution.
Curariform muscle relaxants (e.g., tubocurarine) and other drugs, including ether, succinylcholine, gallamine, decamethonium and sodium citrate, potentiate the neuromuscular blocking effect and should be used with extreme caution in patients being treated with Coly-Mycin M Parenteral.
Sodium cephalothin may enhance the nephrotoxicity of Coly-Mycin M Parenteral. The concomitant use of sodium cephalothin and Coly-Mycin M Parenteral should be avoided.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia overview

# Overview
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) refers to any of several autosomal recessive conditions resulting from biochemical paths of the steroidogenesis of cortisol from cholesterol by the adrenal glands. 
Most of these conditions involve greater or lesser production of sex steroids and can alter development of primary or secondary sex characteristics in affected infants, children, and adults. Only a small minority of people with CAH can be said to have an intersex condition, but this attracted American public attention in the late 1990s and many accounts of varying accuracy have appeared in the popular media.  Approximately 95% of cases of CAH are due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.
Prenatal diagnosis can be made in both of these disorders by chorionic villous sampling, but this can only be done at 8-10 weeks.  In order to prevent the deleterious effect of excess androgens on genital (and brain!) development, therapy must be started earlier.  This is most often considered if there is an affected sibling.  Treatment is dexamethasone, which is not degraded by the placenta, but is associated with significant maternal weight gain, hypertension, and edema.
Congenital disorders of the bone marrow
For the main page of bone marrow disorders click here.
For acquired bone marrow disorders click here.
Synonyms and keywords: Congenital diseases of the bone marrow, hereditary disorders of the bone marrow, inherited disorders of the bone marrow, inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, IBMFS, congenital bone marrow failure syndromes, familial bone marrow failure syndromes, inherited bone marrow failure diseases, inherited bone marrow proliferation syndromes, familial bone marrow proliferation syndromes, congenital bone marrow proliferation syndromes, hereditary bone marrow proliferation syndromes

# Overview
Congenital disorders of the bone marrow are classified into 1) inherited bone marrow failure syndromes which are the most commonly recognized entities of inherited bone marrow disorders", and 2) proliferative bone marrow failure syndromes that are very rare diseases.

# Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes
Inherited bone marrow failure syndrome (IBMFS) is a heterogenous group of diseases characterized by bone marrow failure (defective production of RBC, WBC, and/or platelets).  While they typically manifest during childhood, some IBMFS may not manifest until adulthood.  Differentiation between diseases based on the pattern of inheritance (e.g. X-linked vs. autosomal recessive vs. autosomal dominant) is not possible since many diseases have more than one pattern of inheritance.  All inherited bone marrow failure syndromes manifest with hematological abnormalities, such as pancytopenia and findings consistent with bone marrow failure (e.g. aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome).  Almost all inherited bone marrow failure syndromes are considered pre-malignant conditions and predispose to both solid and hematologic malignancies.  Although classically one gene is implicated in the disease pathogenesis, novel genes are being discovered in almost all inherited bone marrow failure syndromes, demonstrating the genetic heterogeneity of these disorders.  Allogenic stem cell transplantation is not a universal cure for all congenital bone marrow failure syndromes.

## Multiple Lineages Defect

## Single Lineage Defect

# Proliferative Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes

# Congenital Syndromes Associated with Pancytopenia
Other syndromes that are not considered IBMF syndromes but are associated with pancytopenia include:
- Barth syndrome
- Down syndrome
- Dubowitz syndrome
- Glycogen storage diseases
- Pearson syndrome
- Nijmege breakage syndrome
- Noonan syndrome
- Organic acid metabolism defect
- Seckel syndrome
Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 3
Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel alpha-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNGA3 gene.

# Function
This gene encodes a member of the cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel protein family, which is required for normal vision and olfactory signal transduction. Two alternatively-spliced transcripts encoding different isoforms have been described.

# Clinical relevance
Variants in this gene have been shown to cause achromatopsia and colour blindness.
D-Lysergic acid N-(-hydroxyethyl)amide
D-Lysergic acid -hydroxyethylamide, also known as D-lysergic acid methyl carbinolamide, is an alkaloid of the ergoline family, and occurs in various species of vines of the Convolvulaceae and some species of fungi.

# Chemistry
The chemical name for this alkaloid is 9,10-didehydro-N-(1-hydroxyethyl)-6-methylergoline-8-carboxamide.  Its structure is very similar to LSD in that the N,N-diethylamide group is replaced with an N-(1-hydroxyethyl)amide in D-lysergic acid -hydroxyethylamide.

# Human Pharmacology
While animal data involving D-lysergic acid -hydroxyethylamide exists, the physiological and pharmacological actions in humans are unknown.  Animal studies do suggest the alkaloid may have some toxic effects at high levels.

# Effects
The dominant alkaloids in the seeds of Rivea corymbosa (ololiuhqui), Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian baby woodrose) and Ipomoea violacea (tlitliltzin) are ergine (LSA) and isoergine (its epimer).  Both are psychoactive but not psychedelic  ergoline derivatives having mild sedative/vasoconstricting effects.  The human activity of D-lysergic acid -hydroxyethylamide is unknown.

# Legality
D-lysergic acid -hydroxyethylamide is unscheduled and uncontrolled in the United States, but possession and sales of it could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act because of its structural similarities to LSD and ergine.  The legality of this drug, and other related substances, is under scrutiny as of July 2004, due to Operation Web Tryp.
List of fatty acid metabolism disorders
Numerous genetic disorders are caused by errors in fatty acid metabolism. These disorders may be described as fatty oxidation disorders or as a lipid storage disorders, and are any one of several inborn errors of metabolism that result from enzyme defects affecting the ability of the body to oxidize fatty acids in order to produce energy within muscles, liver, and other cell types.
Some of the more common fatty acid metabolism disorders are:

# Coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiencies
- Very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (VLCAD) - Very long-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase
- Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHAD) - Long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A
- Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD) - Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase
- Short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (SCAD) - Short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase
- 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (HADH) - 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase

# Other Coenzyme A enzyme deficiencies
- 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase deficiency - 2,4 Dienoyl-CoA reductase
- 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency - 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase
- Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase deficiency - Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase

# Carnitine related
- Primary carnitine deficiency - SLC22A5 (carnitine transporter)
- Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency - Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase
- Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency (CPT) - Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I
- Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency (CPT) - Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II

# Lipid storage
- Acid lipase diseases
Wolman disease
Cholesteryl ester storage disease
- Wolman disease
- Cholesteryl ester storage disease
- Gaucher disease
- Niemann-Pick disease
- Fabry disease
- Farbers disease
- Gangliosidoses
- Krabbe disease
- Metachromatic leukodystrophy

# Other
- Mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency
- Electron transfer flavoprotein dehydrogenase deficiency|Electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) dehydrogenase deficiency (GAII & MADD)
- Tangier disease
- Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
Divalproex sodium indications and usage

# Indications And Usage

### 1.1 Mania
Depakote (divalproex sodium) is a valproate and is indicated for the treatment of the manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder. A manic episode is a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. Typical symptoms of mania include pressure of speech, motor hyperactivity, reduced need for sleep, flight of ideas, grandiosity, poor judgment, aggressiveness, and possible hostility.
The efficacy of Depakote was established in 3-week trials with patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for bipolar disorder who were hospitalized for acute mania .
The safety and effectiveness of Depakote for long-term use in mania, i.e., more than 3 weeks, has not been demonstrated in controlled clinical trials. Therefore, healthcare providers who elect to use Depakote for extended periods should continually reevaluate the long-term usefulness of the drug for the individual patient.

### 1.2 Epilepsy
Depakote is indicated as monotherapy and adjunctive therapy in the treatment of patients with complex partial seizures that occur either in isolation or in association with other types of seizures. Depakote is also indicated for use as sole and adjunctive therapy in the treatment of simple and complex absence seizures, and adjunctively in patients with multiple seizure types that include absence seizures.
Simple absence is defined as very brief clouding of the sensorium or loss of consciousness accompanied by certain generalized epileptic discharges without other detectable clinical signs. Complex absence is the term used when other signs are also present.

### 1.3 Migraine
Depakote is indicated for prophylaxis of migraine headaches. There is no evidence that Depakote is useful in the acute treatment of migraine headaches.

### 1.4 Important Limitations
Because of the risk to the fetus of decreased IQ, neural tube defects, and other major congenital malformations, which may occur very early in pregnancy, valproate should not be administered to a woman of childbearing potential unless the drug is essential to the management of her medical condition .
Depakote is contraindicated for prophylaxis of migraine headaches in women who are pregnant.
Echocardiography or ultrasound template
To go to the main page, click here.

# Introduction to the Echocardiography or Ultrasound Page
- The page name should be "(Disease name) Echocardiography" or "(Disease name) Ultrasound", with only the first letter of the title capitalized.
- Goal: To provide a description o fall the applicable echocardiography and ultrasound tests related to the disease you are describing.
- As with all microchapter pages linking to the main page, at the top of the edit box put {{CMG}}, your name template, and the microchapter navigation template you created at the beginning.
- Remember to create links within Wikidoc by placing ] around key words which you want to link to other pages. For more information on how to create links click here.
- Remember to follow the same format and capitalization of letters  as outlined in the template below.
- You should include the name of the disease in the first sentence of every subsection.

# Overview
- The overview section should include the disease name in the first sentence.
- The goal is to summarize the echocardiography or ultrasound findings page in several sentences. This section can be the same as the echocardiography and ultrasound segment on the overview page.
- To see an example of an overview section on a echocardiography page page, click here.

## Template
- First Sentences:
- Examples:

# Preferred Template Statements
IF there are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with the disease:
- There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with .
IF echocardiography/ultrasound is useful for diagnosis:
- Echocardiography/ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of . Findings on an echocardiography/ultrasound suggestive of/diagnostic of  include , , and .
IF echocardiography/ultrasound is not helpful for diagnosis, but may be helpful in identifying complications of the disease:
- There are no echocardiography/ultrasound findings associated with . However, an echocardiography/ultrasound  may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of , which include , , and .

# Key Echocardiography/Ultrasound Findings in (Disease Name)
- Describe in detail the echocardiography or ultrasound findings that may be seen in the disease you are describing, as well as in sub-classifications of the disease, and associated conditions.
- Describe how the echocardiography and ultrasound findings relate to the underlying pathophysiology of the disease.

# Echocardiography/Ultrasound Examples of (Disease Name)
- Here you should provide visual examples of echocardiography or ultrasound findings for the disease you are describing.
- Good copyleft source to use for images is RadsWiki (), National Library of Medicine (/), Wikipedia (), or Wiki Echo ().
- For help on how to insert images, click here.
Econazole Topical (patient information)

# Why this medication is prescribed
Econazole is used to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm.
This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.

# How this medication should be used
Econazole comes as a cream to apply to the skin. Econazole is usually used once or twice a day, in the morning and evening, for 2 weeks. Some infections require up to 6 weeks of treatment. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Use econazole exactly as directed. Do not use more or less of it or use it more often than prescribed by your doctor.
Thoroughly clean the infected area, allow it to dry, and then gently rub the medication in until most of it disappears. Use just enough medication to cover the affected area. You should wash your hands after applying the medication.
Continue to use econazole even if you feel well. Do not stop using econazole without talking to your doctor.

# Special precautions
Before using econazole:
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to econazole or any other drugs.
- tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription drugs you are taking, including vitamins.
- tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while using econazole, call your doctor.

# What to do if you forget a dose
Apply the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not apply a double dose to make up for a missed one.

# Side effects
Econazole may cause side effects. If you experience any of the following symptoms, call your doctor immediately:
- itching
- burning
- irritation
- stinging
- redness
- rash
If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online  or by phone .

# Storage conditions needed for this medication
Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom). Throw away any medication that is outdated or no longer needed. Talk to your pharmacist about the proper disposal of your medication.

# Other information
Keep all appointments with your doctor. Econazole is for external use only. Do not let econazole get into your eyes or mouth, and do not swallow it. Do not apply cosmetics, lotions, or other skin medications to the area being treated unless your doctor tells you.
Do not let anyone else use your medication. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription. If you still have symptoms of infection after you finish econazole, call your doctor.

# Brand names
- Spectazole
Emergent stress testing in young people

# Overview
Stress testing has frequently been used to assess adult patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease (CAD) based on pre-test probability. Pre-test probability is the assessment of a patient and their likelihood of CAD based on clinical history and symptoms. Stress testing to diagnose myocardial ischemic syndrome is usually indicated only in patients with an intermediate pre-test probability.
The average age of a patient who undergoes a stress test is typically between 45-60 years.  Increasing age is one of many positive risk factors for CAD.  However, there have been several cases in which young adults and adolescents have presented with chest pain and were found to have had a myocardial infarction (MI).  Since chest pain can be a complaint among children, the question becomes whether or not an emergent stress test is needed.
The most common reason for stress testing is chest pain. All patients who present with acute or chronic chest pain need to be evaluated to determine the course or urgency of further non-invasive vs. invasive testing. Inpatient stress testing can be done if a recent MI or an acute unstable coronary syndrome has been excluded. .
Among children presenting with chest pain, the symptoms often tend to be benign.  Given the fact that the majority of children have no probable cardiac risk factors, their pre-test probability is already very low. Yet there are several conditions that can cause ischemic chest pain and other cardiac abnormalities so a thorough careful history and physical examination should always be performed.  The presenting symptom can be secondary to congenital defects as well as acquired diseases. Kawasaki disease has a common manifestation of coronary artery aneurysms which can progress to coronary stenosis.  Acute MI is one of the main causes of death in children with Kawasaki disease. Another acquired condition is sickle cell disease in which children can frequently present with chest pain, have an MI and have normal coronary arteries.  Other issues that could cause ischemic chest pain are coronary vasospasm, pericarditis or myocarditis, cocaine use, or other conditions causing anatomic congenital cardiovascular abnormalities.
Acute symptoms in children should be dealt with accordingly to rule out an MI, congenital defects or diseases. Based on above indications, an emergent stress test may not be warranted. To help determine the etiology of the symptom, ECG, echocardiogram, MRI, cardiac enzymes, drug screening, blood testing for hypercoagulability and coronary angiograms may be more useful. Or for chronic chest pain associated with exertion, an outpatient stress test could also be helpful.
Whether or not stress testing is emergent in children should again be considered similarly to adult emergent stress testing. Comprehensive assessment of acute or chronic problems and the consideration of the childs pre-test probability being significantly low are compelling points that an emergent stress test may not be necessary.
Emtricitabine dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration

## Recommended Dose
EMTRIVA may be taken without regard to food.

## Adult Patients (18 years of age and older)
EMTRIVA capsules: one 200 mg capsule administered once daily orally.
EMTRIVA oral solution: 240 mg (24 mL) administered once daily orally.

## Pediatric Patients (03 months of age)
EMTRIVA oral solution: 3 mg per kg administered once daily orally.

## Pediatric Patients (3 months through 17 years)
EMTRIVA oral solution: 6 mg per kg up to a maximum of 240 mg (24 mL) administered once daily orally.
EMTRIVA capsules: for children weighing more than 33 kg who can swallow an intact capsule, one 200 mg capsule administered once daily orally.

## Dose Adjustment in Adult Patients with Renal Impairment
Significantly increased drug exposures were seen when EMTRIVA was administered to subjects with renal impairment . Therefore, the dosing interval or dose of EMTRIVA should be adjusted in patients with baseline creatinine clearance less than 50 mL per min using the following guidelines (see Table 1). The safety and effectiveness of these dose adjustment guidelines have not been clinically evaluated. Therefore, clinical response to treatment and renal function should be closely monitored in these patients.
Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique
The Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique, or EMIT, is a common method for screening urine and blood for drugs, whether legal or illicit. It is part of the homogeneous immunoassay.
The technique is relatively nonspecific compared to some other analysis methods, such as mass spectrometry, but has the advantage of being fast and inexpensive. It has, however, been shown in some cases to be somewhat inaccurate in its findings. The patent for EMIT technology is owned by the Syva Corporation of Palo Alto, CA.
In March of 2005, the patent for EMIT technology was sold for an undislosed price to the ORAK Corp, which is based in San Francisco.