Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Canalicular adenoma

# Overview
Canalicular adenoma is a type of benign salivary gland tumor that occurs most often in minor salivary glands.  In addition to pleomorphic adenoma, the two are the most common tumors of the upper lip.

# Characteristic
In 95% of cases, canalicular adenoma occurs on the upper lip.  The next most common location is the buccal mucosa (inner cheek).  Other sites of the mouth, including the parotid gland, are rare for this disease.
Canalicular adenoma is most likely to occur in older adults around 70 years of age.  There is a predilection for gender with most cases being in females.  Canalicular adenoma is characterized as a slow growing, painless swelling, whose diameter can be up to 2 cm.  It can be normal or bluish in color.

# Histology
The appearance of this tumor microscopically is very distinct.  There are cords of columnar or cuboidal epithelium, which have basophillic nuclei.  Parallel rows of cords appear to form long canals.  Frequently, there are large cystic spaces.  There are no stromal alterations evident.

# Treatment
Treatment usually consists of local surgical removal of the swelling.  Recurrence is unlikely.
Cannizzaro reaction

# Overview
The Cannizzaro reaction, named after its inventor Stanislao Cannizzaro, is a chemical reaction that involves the base-induced disproportionation of an aldehyde lacking a hydrogen atom in the alpha position.  Cannizzaro first accomplished this transformation in 1853, when he obtained benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid from the treatment of benzaldehyde with potash (potassium carbonate).
The oxidation product is a carboxylic acid and the reduction product is an alcohol.  For aldehydes with a hydrogen atom alpha to the carbonyl, i.e. RCHR'CHO, the preferred reaction is an aldol condensation, originating from deprotonation of this hydrogen. Reviews have been published.

# Reaction mechanism
The first reaction step is nucleophilic addition of the base (for instance the hydroxy anion) to the carbonyl carbon of the aldehyde.  The resulting alkoxide is deprotonated to give a di-anion, known as the Cannizzaro intermediate.  Formation of this intermediate requires a strongly basic environment.
Both intermediates can react further with aldehyde to transfer a hydride, "H-.  The hydridic character of the C-H is enhanced by the electron-donating character of the alpha oxygen anion. This hydride transfer simultaneously generates a hydroxyl anion and a carboxylate.   Further evidence for the hydridic character of the Cannizzaro intermediate is provided by the formation of H2 by its reaction with water.
Only aldehydes that cannot form an enolate ion undergo the Cannizaro reaction.  The aldehyde cannot have an enolizable proton. Under the basic conditions that facilitate the reaction, aldehydes that can form an enolate instead undergo aldol condensation.  Examples of aldehydes that can undergo a Cannizaro reaction include formaldehyde and aromatic aldehydes such as benzaldehyde.

# Variations
A special condition is the crossed Cannizzaro reaction. This variation is more common these days because the original Cannizzaro reaction yields a mixture of alcohol and carboxylic acid. For example any aldehyde can be reduced when in the presence of formaldehyde. Formaldehyde is oxidized to formic acid and the corresponding alcohol is obtained in a high yield although the atom economy is still low.
Carbamoyl phosphate
Carbamoyl phosphate is an anion of biochemical significance.  It is involved in ridding the body of excess nitrogen in the urea cycle, and also in the synthesis of pyrimidines.
It is produced from bicarbonate, ammonia, and phosphate, the latter derived from ATP.  The synthesis is catalysed by the enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthase, as follows:
- HCO3- + ATP --> ADP + HO-C(O)-OPO3-2 (carbonyl phosphate)
- HO-C(O)-OPO3-2  +  NH3  + OH-     HPO42-  +  -O-C(O)NH2  +  H2O
- -O-C(O)NH2  +  ATP    ADP +  H2NC(O)OPO32-
Carboxypeptidase A6
Carboxypeptidase A6 (CPA6) is an metallocarboxypeptidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPA6 gene. It is highly expressed in the adult mouse olfactory bulb and is broadly expressed in the embryonic brain and other tissues.
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of carboxypeptidases, which catalyze the release of C-terminal amino acid, and have functions ranging from digestion of food to selective biosynthesis of neuroendocrine peptides. Polymorphic variants and a reciprocal translocation t(6;8)(q26;q13) involving this gene, have been associated with Duane retraction syndrome.
CPA6 processes several neuropeptides, including - and enkephalin, angiotensin I, and neurotensin in vitro. Whereas CPA6 is capable of converting the enkephalins and neurotensin into inactive forms, it can convert the inactive angiotensin I into the active angiotensin II.  CPA6 may have additional roles in processing peptides and proteins in vivo, but the nature of these substrates and the effects of these cleavages are currently unknown.
Carboxypeptidase B2
Carboxypeptidase B2 (CPB2), also known as carboxypeptidase U (CPU), plasma carboxypeptidase B (pCPB) or thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), is an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the gene CPB2.

# Function
CPB2 is synthesized by the liver and circulates in the plasma as a plasminogen-bound zymogen. When it is activated by proteolysis at residue Arg92 by the thrombin/thrombomodulin complex, CPB2 exhibits carboxypeptidase  activity. Activated CPB2 reduces fibrinolysis by removing the fibrin C-terminal residues that are important for the binding and activation of plasminogen.
Carboxypeptidases are enzymes that hydrolyze C-terminal peptide bonds. The carboxypeptidase family includes metallo-, serine, and cysteine carboxypeptidases. According to their substrate specificity, these enzymes are referred to as carboxypeptidase A (cleaving aliphatic residues) or carboxypeptidase B (cleaving basic amino residues). The protein encoded by this gene is activated by thrombin and acts on carboxypeptidase B substrates. After thrombin activation, the mature protein downregulates fibrinolysis.

# Isozymes
Polymorphisms have been described for this gene and its promoter region. Available sequence data analyses indicate splice variants that encode different isoforms.
Cardamine pratensis
Cardamine pratensis (Cuckoo Flower or Lady's Smock), is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, native throughout most of Europe and western Asia.
It is herbaceous perennial plant growing to 40-60 cm tall, with pinnate leaves 5-12 cm long with 3-15 leaflets, each leaflet about 1 cm long. The flowers are produced on a spike 10-30 cm long, each flower 1-2 cm diameter with four pale pink (rarely white) petals. It grows best close to water.
It is grown as an ornamental plant in gardens, and has as a result of cultivation become naturalised in North America.
It was once used as a substitute for Watercress.

# Folklore
In folklore it was said to be sacred to the fairies, and so was unlucky if brought indoors. It was not included in May day garlands for the same reason.

# Notes
-  Howard, Michael. Traditional Folk Remedies, (Century, 1987); p
Cardiac fluoroscopy
Fluoroscopy is another modality used to study cardiac motion and identify calcifications in the heart and mediastinum. Cardiac fluoroscopy is no longer routinely performed, but may be useful in certain clinical settings to detect coronary calcifications (i.e., when cardiac CT is unavailable or contraindicated), to image calcifications of the heart valves or pericardium, or to analyze the integrity of prosthetic valves. Because the chest radiograph is a static image of the moving heart, small calcifications blur and are not seen; however, dynamic fluoroscopy captures their movement. Fluoroscopy can additionally aid in determining whether a foreign body seen on chest radiograph is embedded in the heart or simply in the chest wall or other non-cardiovascular structure, since during a breath hold, the cardiovascular structures continue moving. For example, a bullet seen on chest radiograph could be lodged in the mediastinum or could have embolized and come to rest in one of the cardiac chambers; in the former case, the bullet would not move during a breath hold under fluoroscopic visualization, but in the latter case, the bullet would have a "to and fro" motion with the cardiac cycle.
Cardiac fluoroscopy is generally performed with the patient upright, similar to a chest radiograph. The position and projection used with depend on the structures under study. The aortic valve, for example, is best imaged in a left anterior oblique projection, and the mitral valve in a right anterior oblique view. Coronary artery calcifications are generally imaged in both the left anterior oblique view to visualize the right, left main, and left circumflex coronary arteries and the right anterior oblique view to visualize the left anterior descending artery.
Excursion of the sewing ring of a prosthetic valve greater than 10 degrees between systole and diastole suggests significant dehiscence of the prosthesis, and limited motion of mechanical valve parts during systole suggests suggests thrombus or vegetation on the prosthesis. These findings correlate well with 2-D echocardiographic findings, however, unlike Doppler echocardiography and angiography, fluoroscopy does not give any information about the degree of regurgitation.
Reference:
Braunwald E, Ed. Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 4th Ed.
Carl Ferdinand Cori
Carl Ferdinand Cori (December 5, 1896  October 20, 1984) was an Austrian-American biochemist and pharmacologist born in Prague (then in Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic) who, together with his wife Gerty Cori and Argentine physiologist Bernardo Houssay, received a Nobel Prize in 1947 for their discovery of how glycogen (animal starch) - a derivative of glucose - is broken down and resynthesized in the body, for use as a store and source of energy.  In 2004 both were designated an ACS National Historical Chemical Landmark in recognition of their work that elucidated carbohydrate metabolism.
Carl was the son of Carl Cori, a physician, and Martha Lippich, he grew up in Trieste where his father was the director of the Marine Biological Station. In late 1914 the Cori family moved to Prague and Carl entered the medical school of the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague. While studying there he met Gerty Theresa Radnitz. He was drafted into the Austro-Hungarian Army and served in the ski corps, and later was transferred to the sanitary corps, for which he set up a laboratory in Trieste. At the end of the war Carl completed his studies, graduating with Gerty in 1920. Carl and Gerty married that year and worked together in clinics in Vienna.
Carl was invited to Graz to work with Otto Loewi to study the effect of the vagus nerve on the heart, Loewi would receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1936 for this work. While Carl was in Graz, Gerty remained in Vienna. A year later Carl was offered a position at the State Institute for the Study of Malignant Diseases (now the Roswell Park Cancer Institute) in Buffalo, New York and the Cori's moved to Buffalo.
While at the Institute the Cori's research focussed on carbohydrate metabolism, leading to the definition of the Cori cycle in 1929, for which they received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947. In 1928, they became naturalized citizens of the United States. In 1931 Carl accepted a position at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri. Carl joined as professor of pharmacology and in 1942 was made professor of biochemistry.
In 1946, he won the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research.
Gerty died in 1957, Carl married Anne Fitz-Gerald Jones in 1960. Carl stayed on at Washington University until 1966, when he retired as chair of the biochemistry department. Following retirement Cori moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University laboratory space at the Massachusetts General Hospital, where he pursued research in genetics.
Carl shares a star with Gerty on the St. Louis Walk of Fame.
Cartilaginous joint
Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline).  Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint.  An example would be the joint between the manubrium and the sternum.  Cartilaginous joints also forms the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column.

# Primary cartilaginous joints
Known as "synchondroses". Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage, sometimes occurring between ossification centers. This cartilage may ossify with age.
Examples in humans are the joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum, and the "growth plates" between ossification centers in long bones. Also, the lesser known and commonly overlooked cartilaginous joint, the talus of the foot. These joints usually allow no movement, or minimal movement in the case of the manubriosternal and first manubriocostal joints.

# Secondary cartilaginous joints
Known as "symphyses". Fibrocartilaginous joints, usually occurring in the midline.
Examples in human anatomy would be the intervertebral discs, and the pubic symphysis.
Articulating bones at a symphasis are covered with hyaline cartilage and have a thick, fairly compressable pad of fibrocartilage between them.
Carvallo's maneuver
Synonyms and keywords: Carvallo sign

# Overview
The Mexican cardiologist Jose Manuel Rivero Carvallo described a sign and helpful maneuver during cardiac auscultation as an increase in the intensity of the systolic murmur of tricuspid insufficiency during inspiration.
This maneuver distinguishes it from left sided murmurs such as mitral insufficiency, which do not change with respiration.
It may be difficult to hear the change in murmur intensity during normal respiration. In that case, auscultation is performed during post-inspiratory breath holding and the loudness of the systolic murmur is compared to its loudness during post expiratory breath holding period.
The tricuspid insufficiency related murmur increases in intensity during held, deep inspiration. The murmur may also become higher pitched.
In contrast, mitral insufficiency related murmur does not increase during held, deep inspiration. It may actually decrease in intensity.
One of the explanations for the decreased intensity is the inspiratory interposition of the pulmonary appendage between the apex of the heart and the chest wall.
Catharanthus roseus
Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar Periwinkle) is a species of Catharanthus native and endemic to Madagascar. Synonyms include Vinca rosea (the basionym), Ammocallis rosea, and Lochnera rosea; other English names occasionally used include Cape Periwinkle, Rose Periwinkle, Rosy Periwinkle, and "Old-maid".
In the wild, it is an endangered plant; the main cause of decline is habitat destruction by slash and burn agriculture. It is also however widely cultivated and is naturalised in subtropical and tropical areas of the world.
It is an evergreen subshrub or herbaceous plant growing to 1 m tall. The leaves are oval to oblong, 2.59 cm long and 13.5 cm broad, glossy green, hairless, with a pale midrib and a short petiole 11.8 cm long; they are arranged in opposite pairs. The flowers are white to dark pink with a darker red centre, with a basal tube 2.5-3 cm long and a corolla 25 cm diameter with five petal-like lobes. The fruit is a pair of follicles 24 cm long and 3 mm broad.

# Cultivation and uses
The species has long been cultivated for herbal medicine and as an ornamental plant. 
In traditional Chinese medicine, extracts from it have been used to treat numerous diseases, including diabetes, malaria and Hodgkin's disease. The substances vinblastine and vincristine extracted from the plant are used in the treatment of leukaemia.
This conflict between historical indigenous use, and recent patents on C.roseus-derived drugs by western pharmaceutical companies, without compensation, has led to accusations of biopiracy.
It can be dangerous if consumed orally. It can be hallucinogenic, and is cited (under its synonym Vinca rosea) in the Louisiana State Act 159.
As an ornamental plant, it is appreciated for its hardiness in dry and nutritionally deficient conditions, popular in subtropical gardens where temperatures never fall below 5 C to 7 C, and as a warm-season bedding plant in temperate gardens. It is noted for its long flowering period, throughout the year in tropical conditions, and from spring to late autumn in warm temperate climates. Full sun and well-drained soil are preferred. Numerous cultivars have been selected, for variation in flower colour (white, mauve, peach, scarlet and reddish-orange), and also for tolerance of cooler growing conditions in temperate regions. Notable cultivars include 'Albus' (white flowers), 'Grape Cooler' (rose-pink; cool-tolerant), the Ocellatus Group (various colours), and 'Peppermint Cooler' (white with a red centre; cool-tolerant).
C. roseus is used in plant pathology as an experimental host for phytoplasmas. This is because it is easy to infect with a large majority of phytoplasmas, and also often has very distinctive symptoms such as phyllody and significantly reduced leaf size.

# Alkaloids
- Vincristine, used in cancer chemotherapy.
- Vinblastine
- Reserpine
- Ibogaine
- Yohimbine
Cefaclor overdosage

# Overdosage
Signs and Symptoms - The toxic symptoms following an overdose of cefaclor may include nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, and diarrhea. The severity of the epigastric distress and the diarrhea are dose related. If other symptoms are present, it is probable that they are secondary to an underlying disease state, an allergic reaction, or the effects of other intoxication.
Treatment - To obtain up-to-date information about the treatment of overdose, a good resource is your certified Regional Poison Control Center. Telephone numbers of certified poison control centers are listed in the Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR). In managing overdosage, consider the possibility of multiple drug overdoses, interaction among drugs, and unusual drug kinetics in your patient.
Unless 5 times the normal dose of cefaclor has been ingested, gastrointestinal decontamination will not be necessary.
Protect the patient's airway and support ventilation and perfusion. Meticulously monitor and maintain, within acceptable limits, the patient's vital signs, blood gases, serum electrolytes, etc. Absorption of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract may be decreased by giving activated charcoal, which, in many cases, is more effective than emesis or lavage; consider charcoal instead of or in addition to gastric emptying. Repeated doses of charcoal over time may hasten elimination of some drugs that have been absorbed. Safeguard the patient's airway when employing gastric emptying or charcoal.
Forced diuresis, peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, or charcoal hemoperfusion have not been established as beneficial for an overdose of cefaclor.
Censuses of Armenia
The first Armenian census after the dissolution of the Soviet Union was conducted by the Republic of Armenia in 2001-2002.  The Azgayin Zhoghov (National Assembly) adopted the law "On Census" in 1999, but the government lacked the necessary funds to carry out the count immediately.  According to Armenian law, a census must take place every 10 years.
It is worth noting the demographic trends in modern Armenia during its history.  While Armenians formed a consistent majority, Azerbaijanis were historically the second largest population in the republic under Soviet rule (forming about 10% by 1939).  However, due to hostilities with neighboring Azerbaijan over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh virtually all Azeris emigrated from Armenia.  Conversely, Armenia received a large influx of Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan, thus giving Armenia a more homogeneous character.  This forceful population exchange also had an impact on the Christian Udi people of Azerbaijan, many of whom were perceived as Armenians due to close cultural ties between both peoples.  The number of Udis residing in Armenia has increased from 19 in 1989 to about 200 by 2006.
Additionally since independence, several other ethnic groups have emigrated especially Russians (who decreased from 51,555 persons in 1989 to 14,660 in 2001), Ukrainians (8,341 in 1989 to 1,633 in 2001), Greeks (4,650 in 1989 to 1,176 in 2001), and Belarusians (1,061 in 1989 to 160 in 2001).  The numbers of Yazidis, Kurds, and Assyrians have remained consistent for the most part (though approximately 2,000 Assyrians have left Armenia between 1989 and 2001).  Georgians have also historically been counted among the largest ethnic groups in modern Armenia, though it is likely that their numbers have dropped substantially since the 1989 Soviet census when they numbered 1,364 persons.

# Soviet Armenia censuses
1 Azerbaijanis were simply referred to as "Turks" in the 1926 census, though it should be noted that Turks from Turkey were counted separately as "Ottoman Turks." Figure also includes the Azerbaijani subgroup of Karapapaks who were distinguished as a separate ethnic group in the 1926 census but were counted as ethnic Azerbaijanis in subsequent censuses.
2 Includes numbers of both Yazidi and Kurdish populations which were counted separately in the 1926 census but were combined in subsequent censuses.

# Republican Armenia censuses
Cephalexin overdose

# Overdose Information
Anxiety disorders
Panic disorder

## Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of oral overdose may include nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, diarrhea, and hematuria. If other symptoms are present, it is probably secondary to an underlying disease state, an allergic reaction, or toxicity due to ingestion of a second medication. Return to top

## Treatment
To obtain up-to-date information about the treatment of overdose, a good resource is your certified Regional Poison Control Center. Telephone numbers of certified poison control centers are listed in the Physicians Desk Reference (PDR). In managing overdosage, consider the possibility of multiple drug overdoses, interaction among drugs, and unusual drug kinetics in your patient.
unless 5 to 10 times the normal dose of cephalexin has been ingested, gastrointestinal decontamination should not be necessary.
Protect the patients airway and support ventilation and perfusion. Meticulously monitor and maintain, within acceptable limits, the patients vital signs, blood gases, serum electrolytes, etc. Absorption of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract may be decreased by giving activated charcoal, which, in many cases, is more effective than emesis or lavage; consider charcoal instead of or in addition to gastric emptying. Repeated doses of charcoal over time may hasten elimination of some drugs that have been absorbed. Safeguard the patients airway when employing gastric emptying or charcoal.
Forced diuresis, peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, or charcoal hemoperfusion have not been established as beneficial for an overdose of cephalexin; however, it would be extremely unlikely that one of these procedures would be indicated. Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.