Understanding and Complying with Security Procedures/Training (Sections 15, 11(f) and 11(d)(7))23 Inspection of Suspicious Packages (Section 11(d)(4)# Introduction
Section 201 of the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-188)(the Act) requires the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to, by regulation, provide for "the appropriate safeguard and security requirements for persons possessing, using, or transferring a listed agent or toxin commensurate with the risk such agent or toxin poses to public health and safety(including the risk of use in domestic or international terrorism)." 1 Section 212 of the Act requires the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture (USDA) to, by regulation, provide for "the appropriate safeguard and security requirements for persons possessing, using, or transferring a listed agent or toxin commensurate with the risk such agent or toxin pose to animal and plant health, and animal and plant products (including the risk of use in domestic or international terrorism)." 2 The select agent regulations require a registered entity to develop and implement a written security plan that is (1) sufficient to safeguard the select agent or toxin against unauthorized access, theft, loss, or release; and (2) designed according to a site-specific risk assessment, providing graded protection (See section 11 (Security) of the select agent regulations). 3 The purpose of this document is to assist the entity in developing and implementing its site-specific security plan. This document is organized by security function/system with the regulatory citation at the end of the section heading. We have addressed any additional Tier 1 BSAT specific requirements at the end of the section. As used in this document, the word "must" means a regulatory requirement. The use of the word "should" or "consider" is a suggested method to meet that requirement based on generally recognized security "best practices." We recognize that implementation is performance based and that an entity may find other ways to meet the regulatory requirement.
This document addresses the amendments to the select agent regulations with regard to security with one exception. Entities with Tier 1 BSAT have additional pre-access suitably and ongoing suitability assessment requirements which are addressed in the "Guidance for Suitability Assessments" available at www.selectagents.gov.

# Key considerations in developing an effective security system:
- It results from collaboration between scientific and security personnel.
- It is built upon well documented operational processes. Security should reinforce existing processes.
In order to do that, existing processes must be defined. - It accounts for and secures all biological select agents or toxins from creation or acquisition to destruction. - It complements other plans such as safety, disaster recovery, continuity of operations and others.
- It does not violate any laws. This includes the Americans with Disabilities Act, OSHA safety standards, and local building and fire codes. - Personnel are trained so every person understands his or her responsibilities.
- It accounts for the primary and secondary impacts of a threat's action, to include impacts they have beyond the entity. - It requires reporting of all suspected security incidents and suspicious activities.
- It is reviewed at least annually and updated whenever conditions change.
- It is based on a site-specific risk assessment.

# Considerations when performing a risk assessment and developing a site specific security plan (Section 11(b))
Entities should consider forming a team of both entity subject matter experts (SMEs), supporting SMEs and stakeholders. The team should include entity professionals who are experts on the potential consequences of a theft, loss, or release of a select agent or toxin and the daily operations of the entity. Entities are also encouraged to include organizational and governmental members as well.
Entity personnel should provide:
- Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), policies and other organizational controls which can reinforce or be affected by security measures - Public health consequences of the select agent and toxin - Operational requirements - Value of the select agent or toxin work to the organization - Knowledge of current security systems Facility and support personnel should provide:
- Facility wide security measures - Personnel hiring practices (background checks, reference checks, education verifications) - Planned upgrades to the facility - Constraints which affect security (fire code, ordinances, federal laws) Local, state and federal law enforcement and security personnel members may be able to provide:
- Known threats to the entities - Assistance with identifying vulnerabilities - Assistance with designing or vetting the mitigating factors - Economic and psychological impacts of the select agents or toxins Once the team is formed, members should be consulted on a regular basis, including during the plan development. The team should meet annually as part of the security plan review.

# Entities Registered for Tier 1 BSAT must have the following additional requirements (Section 11(f)(2))
Entities must describe procedures for how an entity's Responsible Official (RO) will coordinate their efforts with the entity's safety and security professionals to ensure security of Tier 1 select agents and toxins and share, as appropriate, relevant information which may affect the security plan.

# Specific considerations with the Site Specific Risk Assessment and Graded Security (Section 11(b))
The cornerstone of a good security plan is a site-specific risk assessment. It forms the logical basis for physical and personnel security measures employed to achieve graded security. It should indicate what risks have been identified, and of those, which have been mitigated and any residual risks acceptable to the entity. It does not necessarily have to account for accidental hazards accounted for in a safety plan.
"Risk" comes from the interaction of threats/hazards (T), vulnerabilities (V) and consequence (C). There are many ways to capture these interactions, including qualitative, quantitative, probabilistic, and others. However, any assessment which captures and relates these interactions is sufficient. There are tools available to assist the entities at /.
Below is a discussion of threat, vulnerability and consequence.
1. Understanding and Assessing Threats. A threat is a person or organizations whose actions may cause the theft or release of a select agent or toxin. The threat can be an insider with approved access or an outsider. The threat may target the agent directly (theft), may cause damage to the entity as the result of their action (Animal Rights Terrorists damaging containment), may act on their own or may collude with others. Threats can be captured as a 'probability of attack.' Threats are generally determined in 3 different ways. Useful resources when determining threats include: a. Entities are encouraged to reach out to law enforcement and other experts to determine threats. b. An expert or group of experts model 'threats' in general (Design Basis Threat or DBT). This is most common in federal and state facilities; however, the capability may be present in large entities. c. Historical data, including statistics on past local events (crimes), terrorist events worldwide, social sciences research into terrorists' behavior, official accounts, and/or terrorists own writings about motivation and intent.
2. Understanding and Assessing Natural Hazards. For a tool to help you to determine if you are in a risk area for natural hazards, see the Incident Response Guide at . As with threats, entities should assess the impacts of the hazard to the select agent or toxin as well as the entity as whole.
3. Understanding and Assessing Vulnerabilities. Vulnerability is the relative susceptibility of select agents or toxins to a threat or natural hazard. Vulnerabilities are a threat capability that can be applied which results in the theft or release of the agent or a natural hazard that can impact the select agent or toxin. Vulnerabilities are often captured as "probability of effectiveness" (PE) of a particular system. There are many ways to determine vulnerability that range from "discussion" to "mathematical simulation" depending on the information available. Below are some best practices in conducting vulnerability assessment:

# Communicate the risk:
After the risk assessment is completed, key entity leadership (such as the Principal Investigator (PI), RO, Alternate Responsible Official (ARO), Security Staff, Institutional Biosafety Committee, and Laboratory Management) should determine if the current risk level is acceptable. If the risk level is deemed unacceptable, then the entity is obligated to develop a means to mitigate the risk. Some common risk mitigation measures are given below. It should be noted that any activity involving a select agent or toxin will involve some level of unmitigated risk. The only way to eliminate risk completely would be to not undertake this work.

# Manage the risk: Mitigation measures
If the risk is not acceptable, the entity has multiple paths to mitigate the risks. The entity can:
- Employ additional security measures.
- Change the work with the select agent or toxin.
- Decrease the quantity of toxin on hand, possessing only the amounts necessary for the work. - Change how the select agent or toxin is stored (e.g., not lyophilized).
- When the toxin is a by-product of a larger process, immediately autoclave the agent or destroy the toxin. - Document any risks which have not been mitigated and why.

# Document and Update the risk assessment
The entity should document the risk assessment and review it at least yearly or as the threat changes.

# Security Program Development and Management (Section 11)
A security program implements risk management goals. Security program management consists of the plans, policies, people, processes/procedures and performance assessments that support the security system.

# Plans (Section 11(a) and (b))
Entities are required to develop and implement a written site-specific security plan. A security plan is a documented systematic design for implementing security goals. It is a blue print for how an entity secures its select agents and toxins. It establishes the performance goals for the system and metrics for performance. As stated in the select agent regulations (section 11 (b)), "The security plan must be designed according to a site-specific risk assessment and must provide graded protection in accordance with the risk of the select agent or toxin, given its intended use." Graded protection is a result of mitigating the hazards (threat and natural) and the vulnerabilities based on the consequences of a select agent or toxin in its current form.
Plans also include agreements or arrangements with extra-entity organizations such as local law enforcement.
Reviews, Evaluating Effectiveness: The select agent regulations require that the security plan be reviewed on an annual basis. A security plan should be reviewed after any security incident, as well as after drills and exercises, and revised as needed (Section 11(h)).

# Entities Registered for Tier 1 BSAT should have the following enhancements:
An effective security program for Tier 1 BSAT should include roles and responsibilities for security management, and the possible designation of a Security Officer to manage the entity's security. It should also discuss who manages security control measures. This may include:
- How the entity manages access controls (This management may include keys, card keys, access logs, biometrics and other access control measures for each of the security barriers in the security plan. This may be accomplished by directly controlling or interacting with a service provider (e.g., a guard company).) - Designating personnel to manage the entity's security systems, including intrusion detection - How the intrusion detection alarm code is managed (who has it, when it is changed) - How the entity tests and manages the configuration of the system - How the entity responds to an access control or intrusion detection failure (e.g., alarm) - How the entity screens visitors - A documented security awareness training program for, at a minimum, all employees listed the entity's approved registration that include regular insider threat awareness briefings on how to identify and report suspicious behaviors that occur inside the laboratory or storage area

# Policies
Entities should consider establishing specific policies which support their plan. Security policies, for purposes of this document, are documented strategies, principles, or rules which the entity follows to manage its security risks. They are a clear means of establishing behavioral expectations. They cover the spectrum from directives to standard operating procedures. As part of security program management, the entity should consider formally documenting security policies covering all operational controls (See p. 16: Inventory Control Measures).
- Background checks and other personnel security measures (If practical, these policies should be vetted through the entity's legal and human resources department. Additional guidance on suitability assessment can be found at www.selectagents.gov.

# People
Entities should consider who will implement the plan. People are the core of any security system. The security program should define an individual's roles and responsibilities in the system and solicit their input for improvements.
An entity should be aware of, and collaborate with, the personnel responsible for and/or impacting security. This may include:
- Facility key control and/or access control personnel - Alarm companies - Campus security personnel - Security personnel who observe video - Local law enforcement or other response forces

# Entities Registered for Tier 1 BSAT must have the following enhancements:
Entities registered to possess Tier 1 BSAT must include in their security plan a component for all professionals involved in BSAT safety and security at an entity to share relevant information with the RO in order to coordinate their efforts. (Section 11(f)(2))
Ideally the entity's RO, safety, and security professionals should meet on a regular or defined basis. This may be annually in conjunction with the security plan review, after a security incident, when there is a significant entity change that affects security, or in response to a threat.

# Processes and Procedures
Processes and procedures are how people implement the leadership's plan. They are more than standard operating procedures (SOPs) and policies; they are how well the SOPs are implemented, followed, and supervised.

# Physical Security ((Section 11(c)(1) and 11(d)(3))
The Security Plan must describe how the select agent or toxin is physically secured against unauthorized access. The security plan is performance based and should complement the Incident Response Plan and Biosafety Plan. An effective physical security plan deters, detects, delays, and responds to threats identified by the site-specific risk assessment creating sufficient time between detection of an attack and the time when the attack becomes successful, for response force to arrive. It should include:
- Security barriers which both deter intrusion and deny access (except by approved personnel) to the areas containing select agents and toxins (e.g., perimeter fences, walls, locked doors and security windows and trained person (e.g., security guard, trained laboratorians, or escorts)) - Safety measures and other environmental factors which increase security (e.g., an access or locking system which denies access to the select agent or toxin (i.e., mechanical locks, card key access systems or biometrics) and tamper-evident devices for select agents and toxins held in long-term storage) - A balanced approach so that all access points, including windows and emergency exits, is secured at the same level - A procedure or process to keep the number of nuisance alarms to a minimum The physical security system must control access to the select agents and toxins. An individual will be deemed to have access at any point in time if the individual has possession of a select agent or toxin (e.g., ability to carry, possess, use, transfer, or manipulate) or the ability to gain possession of a select agent or toxin (section 10(b) of the select agent regulations). Based on the site-specific risk assessment, the entity should control access to the facility and to registered areas within the facility beyond the registered area, limiting access to the select agents and toxins to only those individuals with access approvals from the HHS Secretary or Administrator.

# The entity must:
Create an Access Control System (Section 11 (c)(2) and 11(d)(1): Create a system which limits access to select agents and toxins to those approved by the HHS Secretary or APHIS Administrator. This should:
- Include provisions to limit unescorted/unrestricted access to the registered areas to those who have been approved by the HHS Secretary or Administrator to have access to select agents and toxins - Include provisions for the safeguarding of animals and plants exposed to or infected with select agents - Regularly review and update access logs - Be modified when access requirements change or be responsive to changes in personnel's access requirements during personnel changes
- Remain flexible enough so non-approved personnel can be escorted if needed - Appendix III addresses access control measures and security risk assessment (SRA) requirements in detail

# Access considerations for autoclaves
Individuals loading an autoclave with select agents or toxins must be approved for access by the HHS Secretary or Administrator and, if a Tier 1 BSAT, have undergone pre-access suitability and are subject to ongoing suitability assessment. They should check the autoclave to ensure it is loaded properly and comes up to temperature and pressure within guidelines. Once that is complete, the person does not have to remain for the full cycle.
Individuals unloading the autoclave may not require additional personnel security measures. At the end of the cycle, the person removing material from the autoclave should verify the cycle completed within normal parameters. If it has, the person removing the material does not require an SRA nor has additional suitability requirements. However, if the run was not completed with normal parameters, the personnel security requirements remain. The RO should be notified and the material removed by an individual approved for access by the HHS Secretary or Administrator and, if a Tier 1 BSAT agent, has undergone pre-access suitability and are subject to ongoing assessment.

# Provide provisions for escorts (Section 11(d)(2)):
The security plan must contain provisions which allow non-approved persons access only when escorted by an approved person. The escort must be dedicated (no other duties during the time he or she is serving as an escort) to observing the escorted person and must understand what to observe for (e.g., accessing select agents and toxins). Non-approved persons are not allowed to put "hands on" or have access to an agent, even if escorted by an approved person.
Record Access (Section 17(a)(4)): An access log to record information for all entries, including the name of the individual, the name of the escort (if applicable), and date and time of entry must be maintained.
If an electronic log is utilized, the database controlling access must be capable of maintaining three years of access information. Entry records must be safeguarded to prevent alterations and be retained for 3 years (Section 17(c) of the select agent regulations).

# Control Access of Support Personnel for Maintenance, Cleaning, and Repair (Section 11(c)(3)):
The security plan must state how cleaning, maintenance and repairs will be accomplished in areas where select agents and toxins are possessed or used. In allowing maintenance, cleaning, or repair personnel (whether in-house or contract services) into a registered area, an entity should: 1) use only approved individuals; or 2) provide an approved individual as an escort to the non-approved individual; 3) if the non-approved individual will not be escorted, install additional security measures (e.g., additional lock and key, cipher lock, or tamper alarms interfaced with the facility intrusion detection system) to prohibit access to select agents and toxins by non-approved individual; or 4) remove the select agent or toxin to a different area that is appropriately registered. Section 17 (Records) of the select agent regulations requires that access logs must be in place to record the name and date/time of entry into the registered area, including the name of an escort, if applicable.

# Prevent Sharing Access Credentials (Section 11(d)(6)):
The security plan must state that any person accessing select agents and toxins will not share their unique means of access (such as key cards and passwords) with any other person. This should include how the entity prevents:
- "Piggybacking" or "tailgating" on another approved person's access card - Sharing a key card, password or badge - Challenge all individuals who tailgate or piggyback a secured access entry point
Reporting and Removing Unauthorized or Suspicious Persons (Section 11 (d)(4) and 11(d)( 6)): An "unauthorized person" is one who is not approved to have access to select agents and toxins or is not authorized by the entity to be in a particular area or be involved in particular conduct. A "suspicious person" is any individual who has no valid reason to be in or around the areas where select agents and toxins are possessed or used.
The security plan must describe the process for identifying, challenging and removing unauthorized and suspicious persons. It must also require follow-up actions such as reporting the information to the RO, the RO providing an incident report to entity security personnel, and possibly contacting local law enforcement agencies and the Federal Select Agent Program as appropriate.
Unauthorized and suspicious persons attempting to gain entry into registered areas without proper credentials should be identified, challenged and removed immediately and the RO notified. It is important for an entity to train laboratory personnel on what to do when a suspected unauthorized person attempts to access registered areas.
The entity should consider:
- Integrating an access control measure (e.g., card key) into an alarm system which notifies a responder when an unauthorized person attempts to gain access (similar to an IDS, but does not involve an actual break in) - Having a badge system which clearly identifies who does and does not have access to select agents and toxins and training on how to remove unauthorized personnel (e.g., procedures for notification of security personnel and/or local law enforcement)

# Address the Loss and Compromise of Access Credentials (Section 11(d)(7)):
The security plan must include the reporting mechanisms for loss or compromise of keys and access cards and how they will be replaced. To be effective this requires prompt and immediate attention to ensure there is no compromise of security. The entity must:
- Require immediate notification if a key or access card is lost - Evaluate whether locking mechanisms need to be replaced if keys are lost - Describing the procedure for deactivating access for a lost or stolen access card and how entry logs will be checked - Describe, in cases where a badge system is used, the means of disseminating information concerning the loss of a badge in order that all personnel know the badge may have been compromised
Address Procedures for Personnel Changes (Section 11(c)(5)): The security plan must describe the procedures for changing access after personnel changes in order to prevent access by personnel who have previous access to select agents and toxins. This can include:
- Deactivating card key access - Deactivating email, network, and local machine computer accounts which provide access to information - Surrendering key cards and badges - Surrendering keys when people leave or change duties Separate storage or laboratories that contain select agents and toxins from public areas of a building (Section 11(d)( 8)): The storage or laboratories that contain select agents and toxins must not be publicly accessible. Public areas are, as the name suggest, places where the general public may congregate or transit in the vicinity of registered spaces.

# Entities Registered for Tier 1 BSAT must have the following enhancements: Three Barriers (Tier 1 only) 
For entities registered for Tier 1 BSAT, the select agent regulations require three barriers (section 11(f)(4)(iv). A barrier is a physical structure that is designed to prevent access by unauthorized persons. Cameras, security lighting, and IDS are not considered security barriers because while they may monitor access, they cannot, by themselves, prevent access. These security barriers must be identified on the entity's registration and discussed in the security plan (Sections 5A and 6A of APHIS/CDC Form 1). Each security barrier must add to the delay in reaching the secured areas where select agents and toxins are used or stored. Most security barriers, in and of themselves, do provide additional delay to forced entry. Entities should also consider the delay they have on covert entry (e.g., faked badges, etc.).
All access points, including emergency exits, must be secured. This means that if there is a card key lock on the main door, the emergency exit should be secured to prevent ingress-for example, by having no outside handle.
One of the security barriers must be monitored in such a way as to detect circumvention of established entry control measures under all conditions. This may include video cameras, monitoring access control logs from a card key reader, or tamper-evident tape on containers used for long term storage.
The final security barrier must limit access to the select agents and toxins to personnel approved for access by the HHS Secretary or Administrator. Also, per CFR Section 11(f) (4) (i), the entity must ensure access to the Tier 1 BSAT is limited to those who have undergone the entity's pre-access suitability and are subject to ongoing assessment. Access records can be used to show that only approved personnel have accessed the final barrier (and the name of the escort if required). See Appendix IV for additional barrier scenarios.

# Intrusion Detection System (Tier 1 only) 
All areas that reasonably afford access to the registered suite/room must be protected by an intrusion detection system (IDS) unless the registered area is physically occupied. An IDS is a system that consists of a sensor device which triggers an alarm when a security breach occurs notifying a response force (e.g., local police, security guard force, etc.) who have the capability to respond to the alarm and stop a threat. See Appendix V for detailed discussion of different types of IDS systems.
Personnel monitoring the IDS must be capable of evaluating and interpreting the alarm and alerting the designated security response force or law enforcement. This may be personnel employed by the entity (an alarm or security operations center), contracted alarm company, local law enforcement or a military police unit. Depending on the system, it may also be dedicated entity personnel.
If the entity contracts monitoring of its IDS from a service provider and local law enforcement respond, the entity should consider coordination with local law enforcement to assist local law enforcement in understanding the importance of the information from the service provider. For example, due to the volume of false alarms, local law enforcement may not treat the alarm as a serious matter. Entities that possess select agents and toxins are encouraged to discuss the consequence of theft of a select agent or toxin with local law enforcement so law enforcement can appreciate the seriousness of the threat.From an entity's viewpoint, it is important that local law enforcement understand that an alarm at an entity housing select agents and toxins should not be regarded as a "typical" property crime.

# Response Time (Tier 1 only) 
The entity must determine the response time and describe the provisions or procedures for the response force in the security plan. Response time is the elapsed time, measured under typical conditions, from the time the response force is notified to the time the response force arrives at the entity.
A response force is a force capable of interrupting a threat. It may be trained laboratory personnel, unarmed guards, armed guards and/or local law enforcement-though law enforcement is preferable.
A reasonable target for response time is 15 minutes. This is based on Department of Defense adopted standards for protecting high consequence assets. Entities have two options to meet the requirement.
The first is to determine that the response time for the response force is less than 15 minutes. This can be achieved in multiple ways. For example, an entity can:
- Enter into a formal agreement with local law enforcement - Discuss with local law enforcement - If you have a dedicated guard force, work with them (generally, you will meet this requirement with a dedicated guard force) - Conduct an exercise with local responders
The second is to calculate the delay time provided by entity security barriers and compare it to the expected response time of the response force. This is a matter of getting the typical response times from the responding personnel and comparing it to the delay times determined through scenarios. If the delay times are greater than the response time under typical conditions, it will meet the standard. Because the delay time is threat dependent, entities are strongly encouraged to coordinate with local law enforcement and/or federal partners to assist with threat capabilities. Local law enforcement, especially in areas where the response time is challenging, will often assist the entity in determining how long the barriers will delay an adversary.
Though not required, entities should consider the effect of natural hazards and other factors when addressing response times. For example, an earthquake may trigger the alarm but may also impact local law enforcement's capabilities to respond to alarms. A mandatory evacuation for a hurricane may prevent the response force from arriving. A tornado may both cut the power to the IDS triggering an alarm but may also block the roads. Entities are strongly encouraged to address these matters in their incident response plans. Key points: If local law enforcement is the response force, it is critical to understand IDS triggering of a Federal Select Agent Program entity involves a high priority response by local authorities. Some police do not respond to property crimes; others only respond as they get time. You want your entity to be a 'higher' priority response.

# Access control power failures and personnel changes (Tier 1 only) 
For powered access control systems, the entity must describe procedures to ensure that security is maintained in the event of the failure of the access control system due to power disruption. This may include locks "failing secure" (locked), personnel/guard forces, backup generators or other similar features. For example, if power is lost and the door locks (even if they can be opened only from the inside), then it meets this requirement. If power is lost and door unlocks (it can be open from the outside), then it does not meet "fail secure."
Depending on access controls, the entity may also want to consider changing alarm codes when personnel change. Former employees with the capability to deactivate the IDS may pose vulnerability.

# Personnel Security (Section 10)
Personnel security measures are key to mitigating the 'insider' risk. A good personnel security program reinforces honesty and integrity while identifying those who may pose unacceptable risks.
In some cases, an entity's personnel security is already in place but outside the control of the RO. This is acceptable and often times a much more effective means of conducting personnel security. The RO, however, must be aware of these procedures.
The security plan should describe what personnel security measures are in place. These measures should assess the workers based on their level of responsibilities within the entity. Personnel security measures should be based on insider threats from the site specific security risk assessment.

# Personnel Suitability Assessments (Tier 1 BSAT only) 
Personnel with access to Tier 1 BSAT must have additional pre-access suitably and ongoing assessment requirements. See the "Guidance for Suitability Assessments" on www.selectagents.gov for additional information.

# Security Risk Assessment (Section 10)
An SRA is the method used by the Federal Bureau of Investigation to identify whether an individual is within any of the prohibited or restrictive categories specified in section 10 of the select agent regulations.

# Additional Personnel Security Considerations
Based on the site specific risk assessment, the entity may determine risks that are best managed through additional personnel security measures. These are at the discretion of the entity and subject to many local, state and federal laws. Also, entities should keep in mind parts of a typical background check may already be in place for non-security reasons. For example, verification of a person's educational background and contacting a person's references may be accomplished as part of the hiring process.
The registered entity may also consider continuing evaluation. Some approaches may include:
- Self-reporting (an environment which encourages honesty and self-help)
- Peer reporting (an environment where team members help each other)
- Supervisor observation (to make sure people perform in approved manner)
- Periodic rescreening including the SRA and other background screens Suspicious activity or behavior to consider includes:
- Personnel who deliberately or routinely violate security or safety procedures - Personnel who threaten or support those who threaten to do harm to other people - Personnel who do not properly account for material - Personnel who work after hours without authorization or apparent reason - Personnel displaying nervous or evasive behavior when accounting for material This goes beyond laboratorians and includes support staff with access to select agents and toxins.

# Operational Security (Section 11(d)(3))
Operational Security: Effective operational security builds on existing operational procedures but mitigates threats based on site-specific risk assessments. Operational security are controls and procedural measures which are put in place or modified to control access to access to select agents and toxins; they prevent the unauthorized access, theft or loss a select agent or toxin. The entity may choose to consider:
- Limiting duty hours/after hour operations
- Training personnel on their responsibilities for securing select agents and toxins - Badging procedures, including displaying badges at all times unless in personal protective equipment - Removing signs that indicate where the select agents and toxins are stored (unless required by law, regulation, or as part of a biosafety program) - Having two personnel present while working with select agents and toxins or review of security video by laboratorians or other trained personnel - Screening of visitors, packages, vehicles, etc. as part of allowing them access.
- Requiring that individuals refrain from sharing information about the entity's security Entities should assess lack of adherence to operational security measures because this is a key alert to potential insider threat activity.

# Work hours (Tier 1 BSAT only) :
Entities registered to possess Tier 1 BSAT are required to have procedures that limit access to laboratory and storage facilities outside of normal business hours to only those specifically approved by the RO or designee(s). This requirement is not intended to limit work, only to make an entity aware of the work that is occurring. If the RO is aware and access is limited (card-key limitations, key control), then it is sufficient to meet the regulatory requirement. If any person on the registration can access Tier 1 BSAT after hours on their own, it is not. These procedures must also be addressed in the security plan.

# Screening (Tier 1 BSAT only) :
Entities registered to possess Tier 1 BSAT are required to have procedures for screening visitors, their property, and vehicles at the entry and exit points to the areas registered for Tier 1 BSAT, or at other designated points of entry to the building, facility, or compound based on the entity's site-specific risk assessment.
Screening consists of confirming a person's need to visit and his/her identity prior to allowing access to areas registered for Tier 1 BSAT. The method and detail is determined by the site-specific risk assessment. Screening can be done by any trained person at any point prior to accessing the area registered for Tier 1 BSAT.
Entities are also required to document in the security plan their procedures for visitors and property screening. These procedures should be based on the site-specific security risk assessment along with applicable laws.

# Inventory Control Measures (Sections 11(c)(1) and(2) and 17)
Effective inventory control measures for select agents and toxins in long term storage can be a very effective way to deter and detect a variety of insider threats. How the inventory audits are conducted and inventory is maintained must be described in the entity's security plan and inventory records must meet the requirements of section 17 of the select agent regulations. The security requirement includes:
- Current accounting of any animals or plants intentionally or accidentally exposed to, or infected with, a select agent - An accurate and current inventory for each select agent or toxin held in long-term storage - Labeling and identifying select agents and toxins in the entity inventory in a way that leaves no question that the entity's inventory is accurately reflected in the inventory records - Accounting for select agents and toxins from acquisition to destruction - Accounting for select agents and toxins as they are withdrawn from long term storage and returned to storage An inventory audit is an examination of a portion of the inventory or collection sufficient to verify inventory controls are effective. This guidance does not apply to inventories conducted in accordance with Section 17 for further information on long term storage inventories (See the "Guidance on the Inventory of Select Agents and Toxins" which can be found at www.selectagents.gov). This only applies to audits required by section 11. Entities must conduct complete inventory audits of affected select agents and toxins in long-term storage when any of the following occur:
- Upon the physical relocation of a collection or inventory containing select agents and toxins. This includes moving a collection or inventory into a new facility or into a new storage location within the same facility; - Upon the departure or arrival of a principal investigator for select agents or toxins under the control of that principal investigator; or - In the event of a theft or loss of a select agent or toxin, all select agents and toxins under the control of the principal investigator that suffered the theft or loss.
Entities have discretion on how they conduct these audits. The depth of an audit should depend on the circumstances. Entities should consider the following 5 items when conducting entity audits:
1) The timing of the inventory audit. See recommended objectives below.
2) The circumstances that require the inventory audit. For example, an 'emergency' movement to another location (freezer malfunction) may result in a focus on counting full racks and a confirmation of a targeted, smaller number of vials. In the case of a shipment to a new building or campus where there is sufficient time to plan, entities are encouraged to inventory more thoroughly.
3) The criteria used to determine which samples are audited. In the case of a large inventory, the entity may choose to focus on the most recently manipulated samples. In the case of a small inventory, the entity may choose to focus on the entire inventory. 4) Any additional storage measures. If the material is stored in tamper evident systems, the entity may choose to count the sealed containers instead of the individual vials within those containers. 5) The size of the collection being audited and the manner it is stored. Inventories which are intermixed with other samples may require a 'vial by vial' audit. Records of audit must be kept in accordance with section 73.17 (c). The changes to the inventory must be recorded in accordance with section 73.17 (a) as well.
Inventory control measures may include tamper-evident storage containers. They are especially useful when the material is in storage without being accessed for a long period of time (archival collections, while laboratories are under renovation). The material should be inventoried initially then the material is sealed in the container. The entity can check the 'seal' for evidence of tampering instead of inventorying the entire container. Note: as a practical matter, an entity will either have to retain the record of the initial inventory record past the minimum 3 year select agent regulatory requirement, or the entity will have to re-inventory the select agents and toxins if the record is to be destroyed on a 3 year cycle. If the inventory record of what is inside the container is lost or destroyed, the container must be re-inventoried.

# Examples of tamper evident material:
Tamper Evident Tape (useful on boxes and storage devices).
Tamper Evident Seal (useful on freezers and other locking storage devices)
See Appendix VI for an example of a select agent inventory form and Appendix VII for an example of a select toxin inventory form. Re-training is required when the entity significantly amends its security plan. This includes processes which change how people gain access, along with other significant changes to security. Significant changes may be the result of new technology (new badge reader, new IDS, new inventory control system) or new operational processes (new inventory control method, new work hour standard).
There must also be a means to verify that the employee understood the training. This may be a test or practical exercise. In the case of documentation, this can be a 'read and understood' statement.
Entities must keep records of this training and means used to verify understanding per Section17 of the select agent regulations.

# Inspection of Suspicious Packages (Section 11(d)(4))
A suspicious package is any package or item that enters or leaves registered areas that does not appear to be consistent with what is expected during normal daily operations.
The entity should consider the following indicators of suspicious packages:
- Misspelled words - Addressed to a title only or an incorrect title - Badly taped or sealed - Lopsided or uneven - Oily stains, discolorations, or crystallization on the wrapper - Excessive tape or string - Protruding wires - Return address does not exist or does not make sense Inspection of Packages: The security plan must describe how the entity will inspect packages based on the site-specific risk assessment. The entity should inspect all packages and items before they are brought into or removed from areas where select agents and toxins are used or stored (registered laboratory, etc.). Suspicious packages should be inspected visually or with noninvasive techniques before they are brought into, or removed from the area where select agents and toxins are stored or used. Guidelines for recognizing suspicious packages are provided in Appendix VIII.

# Reporting requirements (Section 11(c)(8) and 11(d)(7))
The security plan must indicate that the following incidents must be reported to the RO:
- Any loss or compromise of keys, passwords, and combinations - Any suspicious persons or activities - Any loss or theft of a select agent or toxin - Any release of a select agent or toxin - Any sign that inventory or use records for select agents and toxins have been altered or otherwise compromised
The security plan must describe procedures for how the RO will be informed of suspicious activity that may be criminal in nature and related to the entity, its personnel, or its select agents and toxins; and describe procedures for how the entity will notify the appropriate federal, state, or local law enforcement agencies of such activity. Discussions during the risk assessment's security portion should identify who best can respond to the circumstances.
Suspicious activity of a criminal nature includes:
- Those identified in the site-specific security risk assessment - Insider: o Attempts to create additional inventory not authorized or required o Attempts to "cover up" and not report inventory discrepancies o Attempts to remove inventory without authorization o Attempts by "restricted" persons to intentionally access registered areas containing a select agent or toxin - Outsider:
- Indirect threats against the entity received by e-mail, letter, telephone, or website postings o Unauthorized attempts to purchase or transfer a select agent or toxin o Attempts to coerce entity personnel into a criminal act o Intimidation of entity personnel based on their scientific work (Eco-Terrorism) o Requests for access to laboratories for no apparent legitimate purpose, or for purposes that don't seem legitimate o Unauthorized attempts to probe or gain access to proprietary information systems particularly access control systems (e.g., attempts by unauthorized individuals to gain physical or electronic access to systems) o Theft of identification documents, identification cards, key cards or other items required to access registered areas o Personnel representing themselves as government personnel (federal, state, local) attempting to gain access to the facility or obtain sensitive information that cannot or will not present appropriate identification o Use of fraudulent documents or identification to request access

# Shipping (Section 11(c)(10))
The security plan must contain provisions and policies for shipping, receiving, and storage of select agents and toxins. This includes procedures for receiving, monitoring, and shipping of all select agents and toxins.
Shipments containing select agents and toxins between entities must be authorized by the Federal Select Agent Program, and coordinated through an APHIS/CDC Form 2 and tracked so the receiving entity knows when the shipment will arrive. The package must be packaged and received by a person approved for access to select agent or toxins.
With respect to outbound shipments, the individual who packaged the BSAT for shipment must have an SRA approval. Once the select agent or toxin is packaged in accordance with DOT regulations and cannot be identified as a select agent or toxin, it can be passed off to a non-SRA approved person for shipping.
With respect to inbound shipments, the package containing select agents and toxins is not considered "received" by the entity until the intended recipient takes possession of the package. The intended recipient must have an SRA and, if the agent is Tier 1, has gone through the entity's pre-access suitability and is subject to entitles ongoing assessment.
When received by the intended recipient, they should immediately be secured in registered space. Ideally, they are taken to the receiving laboratory. However, the package may be stored in other registered space temporarily.
Shipping and receiving areas must be registered if the select agents or toxins packages are identified or accessed. For example:
- If packaging or un-packaging of a select agent or toxin is performed in these areas - If the plan to temporarily store identified select agents If select agent or toxin packages are not identified or accessed, the shipping and receiving area may not need to be registered.
The entity must also have a written contingency plan for receipt and security for unexpected shipments. An "unexpected shipment" is when an entity receives a shipment of a select agent that it had neither requested nor coordinated for, and therefore was not expecting. Upon realizing that a shipment has arrived which contains select agents and toxins, the entity must have a contingency plan to have approved personnel gain control of the shipment without delay and secure it in a registered area.

# Intra-entity Transfers (Section 11(d)(5))
Intra-entity Transfer: A physical transfer of select agents or toxins that takes place between two SRA approved PIs at the same registered entity (e.g., from one PI to another).
Entities that conduct intra-entity transfers must have in their security plan a description of how these transfers will take place, including chain-of-custody documents and provisions for safeguarding the select agents and toxins against theft, loss, or release. An example: A PI removes a select agent or toxin from his long term storage and gives it to another PI. An example of an intra-entity transfer form can be found in Appendix IX.
Transfers accompanied by a chain-of-custody ensure that select agents and toxins will not be left unattended. If intra-entity transfers are not conducted in the entity, this is not required to be covered in the security plan.
Entities with Tier 1 BSAT must have the following enhancements to transfers (See Appendix IX for an example form). Personnel transferring Tier 1 BSAT must ensure that individuals receiving the Tier 1 BSAT are approved by the HHS Secretary or Administrator, have gone through the entity's pre-access suitability and are subject to the entity's on going assessment.

# Appendices
The appendices contain information, suggested diagrams, and examples that an entity may consider in development and implementation of a security plan. The entity is not required to use, or limited to, the information provided in the appendices.

# Deny Threat key information

# Mitigation (in green/double line)

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Security Guide Insider Threat (Someone with authorized access with intent and capability to steal or impact a select agent or toxin) Unlike the Outsider, the entity can take steps to prevent certain tasks. Entities should focus on how one could get a select agent or toxin out of the registered areas without authorization and create control or measures which prevent it.  Example "Relative Risk Score"-This method assesses risk by numerically scoring threats and vulnerabilities. Threat and Venerability are combined into one score (one independent variable) and compared to consequence which is treated as independent variable.

# Threat tasks without mitigation Mitigation and prevention (in green/double lines)
Risk

# Appendix III: Comparison of Access Control Devices and Systems which are used to Control Access to Select Agents and Toxins
Lock Type Physical Security Requirement Additional SRA Requirements

# Mechanical Key
- All keys must be tracked in a log.
- Change locks if key is lost or compromised.
- All keys must be returned when people quit or are terminated.
- The entity must log access and retain for 3 years.
- If the key is secured in a key box, the key box key must meet the requirements above.
- All personnel with access to the key must have SRAs.
If in a key box, all personnel with access to the keybox key must have an SRA.
If there is no IDS, the following people must have SRAs:
- All personnel with access to a master key.
- All personnel with access to a facility or building grand master.
- Entity locksmiths if they have or can make the key and the key can be traced to the door. Cipher Key/Combination lock - The entity must change the code or lock when personnel quit or are terminated. Changes must be reflected in a log.
- The entity must change the code or lock in the event of compromise.
- The entity must log access to registered areas and retain access records for 3 years.
- All personnel with the code/combination or access to the code/combination must have SRAs.
If there is no IDS, the following people must have SRAs:
- All personnel who can change the code.
Card Key - The entity must maintain electronic or physical logs of access to registered areas for 3 years.
- The log must be capable of being printed.
- The access control network must meet the information security requirements.
- All personnel with card-key which can open door (includes facility wide keys)
Card Key+ Pin - The entity must maintain electronic logs of access for 3 years.
- The access control network must meet the information security requirements.
- No additional requirement

# Biometrics
- The entity must maintain electronic logs of access for 3 years.
- The access control network must meet the information security requirements.
- No additional requirement Multiple kinds of access control (i.e., Card Key and Mechanical Lock on same door)
- All the requirements for each type of access control systems when or if used.
- All the SRA requirements for both systems unless use of the access control device triggers the IDS (use of a mechanical key in Card-Key door will often trigger a 'forced door' alarm. The same alarm if someone broke the door down). Remote opening (e.g., someone 'buzzes' a person in)
- Maintain electronic logs of access for 3 years.
- The access control network must meet the information security requirements. Security requirements for shared areas depend on access to the select agents and toxins. All personnel who have access to the Tier 1 BSAT must have gone through the entity's pre-access suitability and be enrolled in the ongoing assessment program. Beyond that, it depends on the parameters for the work or action being done. Below are six common scenarios and the corresponding personnel and physical security requirements.
1) Actively working with Tier 1 BSAT and select agents and toxins simultaneously in the same contiguous registered area. An entity is conducting research or diagnostic work using Tier 1 BSAT along with other work in a single registered suite.

# Personnel Requirements
All people with access to the agent within the suite/shared area have gone through the entity's pre-access suitability and are subject to ongoing assessment. Physical Security Requirements The suite/shared area meet all the physical security requirements for Tier 1. Final barrier usually the door to the suite.

# Verification Check
Access logs to the suite must reflect only entity personnel who have gone through the entity's pre-access suitability and ongoing access.
2) Storage only within a registered space. A Tier 1 storage location or freezer location inside registered laboratory or a shared freezer inside a registered laboratory.

# Personnel Requirements
All people with access to the locking storage device (i.e., freezer) have gone through the entity's pre-access suitability and on-going assessment. All people with access to the room but not to the Tier 1 BSAT do not need to be in the entity's pre-access suitability and ongoing assessment program. Physical Security Requirements Storage location meets the security requirement for Tier 1. Final barrier is the locking mechanism of the storage device.

# Verification Check
Access logs to storage device that contains Tier 1 BSAT (i.e., freezer) must reflect only entity personnel who have gone through the entity's pre-access suitability and ongoing access.
3) Working with Tier 1 BSAT and select agents and toxins inside the same contiguous registered space separated by time. This entails only working with Tier 1 during certain well defined times and conditions. The entity restricts access during times when Tier 1 BSAT is outside of locked storage units such as a locked freezer or a locked incubator.

# Personnel Requirements
All people with access to the suite/shared area when Tier 1 BSAT is present have gone through the entity's pre-access suitability and ongoing assessment. Physical Security Requirements The suite/shared area meet all the physical security requirements for Tier 1 BSAT. Depending on how the work is organized, the final barrier may be the door to the suite or to any freezers /devices containing Tier 1 BSAT during work with select agents and toxins. Verification Check Access logs to room and written procedures in the security plan that detail how access is restricted when Tier 1 BSAT are outside of locked storage.

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Security Guide 4) Shared Autoclave. Using an autoclave for both Tier1 BSAT and select agents and toxins.

# Personnel Requirements
For select agents and toxins, individuals operating the autoclave must be SRA approved.
For Tier 1 BSAT, individuals operating the autoclave Tier 1 BSAT must be SRA approved and have gone through the entity's pre-access suitability and subject to on-going assessment. Physical Security Requirements For select agents and toxins, agent or toxin secured by SRA approved persons until the autoclave reaches desired operational parameters.
For Tier 1 BSAT, the agent or toxin secured by individuals who is SRA approved and has gone through the entity's pre-access suitability and subject to on-going assessment. That person must remain until the autoclave reaches desired operational parameters.
It is recommended that autoclaved cycles be scheduled so materials can be autoclaved without delay. Verification Check Autoclave records.
Animals exposed to a Tier 1 BSAT-An animal that is experimentally infected or exposed to a Tier 1 BSAT must be secured as a Tier 1 BSAT itself until such time as it is demonstrated to be free of that select agent.

# Personnel Requirements
Individuals who exposed the animal must be SRA approved and have gone through the entity's pre-access suitability and subject to ongoing assessment.
Personnel who handle or care for the animal must be SRA approved and have gone through the entity's pre-access suitability and subject to on-going assessment. Physical Security Requirements The area where the animal is handled and housed meets all the physical security requirements for Tier 1 agents. Final barrier usually the door to the suite. Verification Check Access logs.

# 6) Animals inoculated with a Select Toxin Personnel Requirements
For select toxins, persons inoculating the animals must be SRA approved.
For Tier 1 select toxin, individuals who inoculated the animal must be SRA approved and have gone through the entity's pre-access suitability and subject to on-going assessment. Physical Security Requirements For all select toxins, room used for inoculation must be registered.
Animal inoculated with select toxins are not subject to additional security requirements. However, any equipment used for inoculation of animals (syringe, aerosol chamber) must be managed as a select toxin until decontaminated.
For Tier 1 select toxin, registered room must meet Tier 1 security requirements (e.g., 3 barriers, IDS). Verification Check Inventory Logs with respect to toxin only.

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Security Guide

# Appendix XI: Access and Barrier Scenarios
Regulatory Requirements -Access:  73.10 (b): To access any select agent or toxin (e.g., ability to carry, use, or manipulate) or the ability to gain possession of a select agent or toxin), a person must be approved by the HHS Secretary or Administrator after an SRA (i.e., have an SRA approval). -Records:  73.17 (a) 5: Entity must retain records about all entries into areas containing select agents or toxins including the name of the individual, name of the escort (if applicable), and date and time of entry.

# Areas containing Tier 1 agents or toxins also have the following requirements:
-Access:  73.11 (f) 4 (i): To access any Tier 1 select agent, a person must meet the 73.10 (b) requirement, have had an entity-conducted pre-access suitability assessment and are subject to the entity's procedures for ongoing suitability assessment (i.e., Suitability Program). -Barriers  73.11 (f) 4(iv): A minimum of three security barriers. Only the final barrier must limit access to the select agent or toxin to personnel with an approved SRA. A "security barrier" is a physical structure that is designed to prevent entry by unauthorized persons. The entity must have procedures to control access though security barriers.

# Scenarios (Tier 1 Barriers and Access Controls):
Scenarios (Tier 1 Barriers and Access Controls):
Scenarios (Non-Tier 1 Barriers and Access Controls):