Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Drug Discovery Today

# Overview
Drug Discovery Today (ISSN 1359-6446) is a monthly review journal that is published by Elsevier and was launched in 1996. The journal publishes 24 issues per year as 12 monthly double issues, and covers the whole of the preclinical drug discovery process from target identification and validation through hit identification, lead identification and optimisation to candidate selection. The journal serves as a source of information for drug researchers, both in industry and academia.
Each issue of the journal contains a short front section and review articles. The front section contains an Editorial (opinion articles intended to engender debate around a topic) and a Perspective article, which might be an Interview with a leading figure in drug discovery or a Biotech Focus that highlights the biotechnology activities in a particular geographic location. Occasionally, Business Trends articles are included, in which experts review trends in the approaches to treat disease classes. In the review section, Keynote Reviews and Foundation Reviews provide broad, authoritative coverage of a particular topic.
The Short Reviews deal with focused topics and are categorised as: Gene To Screen, which deals with the earliest part of drug discovery and all aspects involved in target identification, validation and assay development; Informatics, which deals with all aspects of computational biology and chemistry related to drug discovery; and Post Screen, which covers the science from hit identification to candidate selection, clinical trial design and patent issues. The short Monitor section highlights recent developments in medicinal chemistry, and the Diary section points readers to the most appropriate future conferences in drug discovery.
Topics covered include:
- Genomics and proteomics
- Target identification and validation
- Assay development
- Library design
- Computational chemistry and biology
- Medicinal chemistry
- Novel therapeutic strategies
- Drug delivery
- Formulation
- Biotherapeutics
- ADMETox
- Business strategy
- Clinical trials
In 2004, the Drug Discovery Today journal series expanded with the launch of four online-only review journals: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Mechanisms, Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models, Drug Discovery Today: Therapeutic Strategies and Drug Discovery Today: Technologies. The four journals systematically cover the essential developments across the breadth of therapeutic areas and technologies relevant to the drug discovery and development pipeline.
EO Premium 601 Serie
EO Premium 601 Serie is a brand of hand-made premium cigar owned by EO Brands/United Tobacco.

# History and Background
The brand was created by Jose "Pepin" Garcia and is manufactured at the Tabacalera Cubana factory in the Esteli, Nicaragua. The brand was introduced in August of 2006.

# Honors/Awards/Ratings
- The 601 Connecticut Robusto received an 88 rating in the February, 2007, issue of Cigar Aficionado magazine.
- The 601 Habano (red label) Robusto received a 90 rating in the October 2007 issue of Cigar Aficionado magazine.
"Good oils & deep color make this a beautiful cigar. Rich coffee bean & licorice notes are balanced by a wheaty finish. A medium to full bodied smoke."
- The 601 Oscuro Habano (green label) La Punta received a 91 rating in the Sept./Oct. issue of Cigar Snob magazine.
"Delvers bold, rich flavors of dark coffee, mocha & spice. Balances out well for such full body."

# Description
This brand is available in four ranges of five vitolas each and one range of four. All ranges come in boxes of 20.

## 601 Connecticut
A medium to full-bodied smoke, the filler and binder are Nicaraguan tobacco and the wrapper is Ecuadoran-grown Connecticut-seed tobacco. The band has gold printing on a black background.

### Models/Vitolas

## 601 Habano
A full-bodied smoke, the filler and binder are Nicaraguan tobaccos and the wrapper is the Nicaraguan Habano.
The band has gold printing on a red background.
This line is often erroneously called "maduro" by various dealers.

### Models/Vitolas

## 601 Box-pressed Maduro
Released in late March of 2007, this is the first box-pressed cigar and the first maduro ever made by Pepin Garcia.  It is a full-bodied smoke, the filler and binder are aged Nicaraguan tobaccos and the wrapper is Nicaraguan Maduro. The band has gold printing on a blue background.

### Models/Vitolas

# Notes
-  Brand News, SmokeShop Magazine, August, 2006.
-  Cigar Aficionado, February, 2007, p. 179.
-  Cigar Insider, vol. 12, no. 7, 10 April 2007, p. 8
Isoelectric focusing

# Overview
Isoelectric focusing, also known as electrofocusing, is a technique for separating different molecules by their electric charge differences. It is a type of zone electrophoresis, usually performed in a gel, that takes advantage of the fact that a molecule's charge changes with the pH of its surroundings.
Molecules to be focused are distributed over a medium that has a pH gradient (usually created by aliphatic ampholytes). An electric current is passed through the medium, creating a "positive" anode and "negative" cathode end. Negatively charged molecules migrate through the pH gradient in the medium toward the "positive" end while positively charged molecules move toward the "negative" end. As a particle moves towards the pole opposite of its charge it moves through the changing pH gradient until it reaches a point in which the pH of that molecules isoelectric point is reached.  At this point the molecule no longer has a net electric charge (due to the protonation or deprotonation of the associated functional groups) and as such will not proceed any further within the gel. The gradient is initially established before adding the particles of interest by first subjecting a solution of small molecules such as polyampholytes with varying pI values to electrophoresis.
The method is applied particularly often in the study of proteins, which separate based on their relative content of acidic and basic residues, whose value is represented by the pI. Proteins are introduced into a gel composed of polyacrylamide, starch, or agarose where a pH gradient has been established. Gels with large pores are usually used in this process to eliminate any "sieving" effects, or artifacts in the pI caused by differing migration rates for proteins of differing sizes. Isoelectric focusing can resolve proteins that differ in pI value by as little as 0.01. Isoelectric focusing is the first step in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, in which proteins are first separated by their pI and then further separated by molecular weight through SDS-PAGE.
Emotional detachment

# Overview
Emotional detachment, in psychology, can mean two different things. In the first meaning, it refers to an inability to connect with others emotionally, as well as a means of dealing with anxiety by preventing certain situations that trigger it; it is often described as "emotional numbing" or dissociation. In the second sense, it is a type of mental assertiveness that allows people to maintain their boundaries and psychic integrity when faced with the emotional demands of another person or group of persons. These senses are within the framework of psychology and academia, not those of everyone else in the world.

# First sense: inability to connect
Emotional detachment in the first sense above often arises from psychological trauma and is a component in many anxiety and stress disorders. The person, while physically present, moves elsewhere in the mind, and in a sense is "not entirely present", making them sometimes be seen as preoccupied or distracted. In other cases, the person may seem fully present but operate merely intellectually when emotional connection would be appropriate. This may present an extreme difficulty in giving or receiving empathy and can be related to the spectrum of Narcissistic Personality Disorder. 
Thus, such detachment is often not as outwardly obvious as other psychiatric symptoms; people with this problem often have emotional systems that are in overdrive. They have a hard time being a loving family member. They avoid activities, places, and people associated with any traumatic events they have experienced. The dissociation can also lead to lack of attention and, hence, to memory problems and in extreme cases, amnesia.
A fictional description of the experience of emotional detachment in the first sense was given by Virginia Woolf in "Mrs Dalloway." In that novel the multi-facted sufferings of a war veteran, Septimus Warren Smith, with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (as this condition was later named) including dissociation, are elaborated in detail. One clinician has called some passages from the novel "classic" portrayals of the symptoms: Herman, Judith Lewis M.D.Trauma and Recovery Basic Books New York, NY. 1992 pp49 and 52.

# Second sense: mental assertiveness
Emotional detachment in the second sense above is a positive and deliberate mental attitude which avoids engaging the emotions of others. It is often applied to relatives and associates of people who are in some way emotionally overly demanding. A simple example might be a person who trains themselves to ignore the "pleading" food requests of a dieting spouse. A more widespread example could be the indifference parents develop towards their children's begging.
This detachment does not mean avoiding the feeling of empathy; it is actually more of an awareness of empathetic feelings that allows the person space needed to rationally choose whether or not to engage or be overwhelmed by such feelings.
Islets of Langerhans

# Overview
The endocrine (i.e., hormone-producing) cells of the pancreas are grouped in the islets of Langerhans. Discovered in 1869 by the German pathological anatomist Paul Langerhans, the islets of Langerhans constitute approximately 1 to 2% of the mass of the pancreas. There are about one million islets in a healthy adult human pancreas, which are interspersed evenly throughout the organ, and their combined weight is 1 to 1.5 grams.

# Cell types
Hormones produced in the Islets of Langerhans are secreted directly into the blood flow by (at least) four different types of cells:
- Beta cells producing Insulin and Amylin (65-80% of the islet cells)
- Alpha cells releasing Glucagon (15-20%)
- Delta cells producing Somatostatin (3-10%)
- PP cells containing Pancreatic polypeptide (1%)
- Epsilon cells containing ghrelin
Islets can influence each other through paracrine and autocrine communication, and beta-cells are coupled electrically to beta-cells (but not to other cell-types).

# Paracrine feedback
The paracrine feedback system of the islets of Langerhans has the following structure:
- Insulin: Activates beta cells and inhibits alpha cells.
- Glucagon: Activates alpha which activates beta cells and delta cells.
- Somatostatin: Inhibits alpha cells and beta cells.

# Electrical activity
Electrical activity of pancreatic islets has been studied using patch clamp techniques, and it has turned out that the behavior of cells in intact islets differs significantly from the behaviour of dispersed cells. and is about 30 cm in width

# As a treatment for type I diabetes
Since the beta cells in islets of Langerhans are destroyed in type I diabetes, clinicians and researchers are actively pursuing islet transplantation technology as a means of curing this disease.

# Transplantation
With the possiblity of restoring beta cells, the Chicago Project headed at University of Illinois at Chicago Medical Center is probing for a way to regenerate beta cells in the islets and have them cultivate on their own within a human pancreas. With that being said, beta cells  experience apoptosis early and thus become destroyed within a normal-functioning pancreas. The source of this seems to come from the transfer of Pander, a gene that enters in by attaching to RNA. This process of RNA transportation can be found in the glucose that bombards the beta cells. The genetic encoding found within Pander causes the beta cells to stop during the S phase of mitosis and head straight to apotasis. This ceases much of the reproduction of beta cells within the Islets.
Endometrial ablation

# Overview
Endometrial ablation is a medical procedure that is used to remove (ablate) or destroy the endometrial lining of a woman's uterus.  This technique is most often employed for women who suffer from excessive or prolonged bleeding during their menstrual cycle but can not or do not wish to undergo a hysterectomy.   The procedure is most commonly done on an outpatient basis. Uterine ablation is contraindicated in patients who may want to get pregnant.

# Procedure
A number of competing procedures are available. With the Novasure system a mesh is introduced into the cavity and the lining is destroyed by applying electrical energy to the mesh that will thermally damage the adjacent endometrium.
An alternative is the introduction of a balloon that is filled with heated fluid to destroy the uterine lining.
Older methods utilize hysteroscopy to insert instruments into the uterus to destroy the lining under vision using laser or electrical current in a small loop.
Another system introduces a radiofrequency rod that emits energy to destroy the uterine lining.
The HTA System is another alternative where a small telescope-like device called a hysteroscope is inserted into the uterus through the cervix, to help doctors see the area they are treating. Heated saline is then circulated to destroy the lining of the uterus.
The procedure is done while the patient is either under local anethesia, or, if necessary,  general or spinal anesthesia.  The recovery period can be from one day up to 2 weeks.
After the procedure, the endometrial heals by scarring, reducing or removing the possibility of future uterine bleeding. The patient will develop amenorrhea, however hormonal functioning will remain unaffected.  It is still possible to become pregnant after having this procedure.  Some type of birth control method must be used after having endometrial ablation.

# Effectiveness
Approximately 90% of women who undergo this procedure will have reduced menstrual bleeding.   Of those, approximately 45% will stop having period altogether.   However, a second procedure or a hysterectomy will be required in approximately 22% of cases.

# Risks
Although uncommon, the procedure can have serious complications including:
- Perforation of the uterus
- Burns to the uterus (beyond the endometrial lining)
- Pulmonary edema or embolism
Endovascular surgery

# Overview
Endovascular surgery is a form of minimally invasive surgery that was designed to access many regions of the body via major blood vessels.
Endovascular techniques were originally designed for diagnostic purposes.  Basic techniques involve the introduction of a catheter percutaneously or through the skin, into a large blood vessel.  Typically the blood vessel chosen is the femoral artery or vein found near the groin.  Access to the femoral artery for example, is required for coronary, carotid, and cerebral angiographic procedures.  The catheter is injected with a radio-opaque dye that can be seen on live xray or flouroscopy.  As the dye courses through the blood vessels, characteristic images are seen by experienced viewers and can assist in the diagnosis of diseases such as atherosclerosis, vascular trauma, or aneurysms.
In recent years, however, the development of intravascular balloons, stents and coils have allowed for new therapies as alternatives to traditional surgeries such as CABG, Carotid Endarterectomy and Aneurysm clipping.  Stents and coils are composed of fine wire materials such as platinum, that can be inserted through a thin catheter and expanded into a predetermined shape once they are guided into place.
Endovascular surgery is performed by radiologists, neurosurgeons, cardiologists, and vascular surgeons.  The field is rapidly growing as its minimally invasive techniques offer an immediate advantage over more traditional, yet highly invasive surgeries.  However, the science of endovascular surgery and its developing techniques are so new that it is currently difficult to compare the long term outcomes and complications of these patients.  Several trials are underway, including CREST, and ISAT, among others.
The most common and advanced form of endovascular surgery taking place today is an EVAR.  This is a new technique developed to treat aortic aneurysms.
Entoloma rhodopolium
Entoloma rhodopolium, known as the wood pinkgill, is a poisonous mushroom found in Europe and Asia. In fact, it is one of the three most commonly implicated fungi in cases of mushroom poisoning in Japan. Symptoms are predominantly gastrointestinal in nature, though muscarine and choline have been isolated as toxic agents.
The taxonomy of this species is currently unclear, with several different forms identified in North America, and questions over whether the European and North American fungi are even the same species.
Entoloma is a genus of pink spored fungi. An alternate scientific name seen is Rhodophyllus rhodopolius, from Quelet's broader genus containing a larger subsection of pink-spored fungi.
Entoloma nidorosum, previously considered a separate species, is now classified as a variety of this fungus.
Epidural lipomatosis

# Overview
Epidural lipomatosis is an unusual condition. It is most often associated with Cushing syndrome and exogenous corticosteroid drug therapy.
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, asthma, and dermatomyositis as well as transplant recipients have all been reported to develop epidural lipomatosis after undergoing steroid therapy. Long-term steroid treatment is usually required to exacerbate lipomatosis. It usually occurs in thoracic or lumbar spine. Although results of neurologic examination may be normal, patients with epidural lipomatosis usually present with weakness, decreased sensation and reflexes, and mild back pain. Alterations in bowel and bladder function are seen infrequently. The treatment of epidural lipomatosis often consists of reduction in steroid dose and prescribed weight loss. Patients who undergo surgery for decompression may have a mortality rate (up to 22%), probably due to the overall immunosuppressed status of affected patients.
On T1-weighted images, the high signal intensity of prominent epidural fat is generally diagnostic for epidural lipomatosis.
Equivalent air depth
In technical diving, the equivalent air depth (EAD) is a way of expressing the narcotic effect of specific breathing gas mixtures that contain nitrogen, for example nitrox and trimix.
The equivalent air depth is the depth of a dive when breathing air that would have the same partial pressure of nitrogen as the breathing gas in question, which has a different proportion of nitrogen and is being breathed at a different depth. So, for example, a gas mix containing 40% nitrogen being used at 60 metres (200 feet) has an EAD of 25 metres (83 feet).
The equivalent air depth can be calculated, for metric depths, as follows:
Working the earlier example, for a gas mix containing 40% nitrogen being used at 60 metres, the EAD is:
So at 60 metres on this mix, the diver would feel the same narcotic effect as a dive on air to 25 metres.
The severity of nitrogen narcosis depends on the proportion of nitrogen in the gas mix and the depth of the dive. Nitrogen narcosis is a major factor limiting the depth of dives where air is breathed. Air consists of 79% nitrogen. Other gas mixes, such as trimix, heliox and nitrox, contain different proportions of nitrogen.
da:kvivalent luft dybde
no:Ekvivalent luftdybde
Ertapenem overdosage

# Overdosage
No specific information is available on the treatment of overdosage with INVANZ. Intentional overdosing of INVANZ is unlikely. Intravenous administration of INVANZ at a dose of 2 g over 30 min or 3 g over 1-2h in healthy adult volunteers resulted in an increased incidence of nausea. In clinical trials in adults, inadvertent administration of three 1 g doses of INVANZ in a 24 hour period resulted in diarrhea and transient dizziness in one patient. In pediatric clinical trials, a single intravenous dose of 40 mg/kg up to a maximum of 2 g did not result in toxicity.
In the event of an overdose, INVANZ should be discontinued and general supportive treatment given until renal elimination takes place.
INVANZ can be removed by hemodialysis; the plasma clearance of the total fraction of ertapenem was increased 30% in subjects with end-stage renal disease when hemodialysis (4 hour session) was performed immediately following administration. However, no information is available on the use of hemodialysis to treat overdosage.
Erythrina lysistemon
thumb|Erythrina lysistemon Flowers
Erythrina lysistemon (Hutch.) aka "Common coral tree", "lucky bean tree", "kaffir boom" or "Transvaal kafferboom" is a deciduous tree native from South Africa. It is regularly cultivated as a tree for gardens and parks.
Coral tree is 30 to 40 feet tall (9-12 m) with a smooth grayish bark, not corky; hooked prickles scattered on trunk and branches; leaves with 3 leaflets, up to 7 inches long (17 cm), petiole and midrib prickly. The tree is leafless for up to 4 or 5 months of the year. The lovely scarlet red flower are borne in dense racemes in spring before leaves and attract numerous birds and insects to the garden. Recommended Temperature Zone USDA: 9b-12

# Uses
Erythrina lysistemon is a very decorative tree but it is also an important component of the ecosystem, providing food and shelter for a variety of birds, animals and insects.
Erythrina lysistemon is also widely used and enjoyed by mankind. They have been regarded as royal trees, and were planted on the graves of Zulu chiefs.
The flowering of the trees has been, and still is, a good signal to the people that it is time to plant their crops.
Erythrina lysistemon is thought to have both medicinal and magical properties by many people. Crushed leaves placed on a maggot-infested wound are said to clear the maggots. The bark applied as a poultice is used to treat sores, wounds, abscesses and arthritis. Infusions of the leaves are used as ear drops to relieve earache, and decoctions of the roots are applied to sprains. Erythrina lysistemon does contain a large number of alkaloids that are known to be highly toxic, but its use in traditional medicine suggests that they have antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.
The seeds are used as lucky charms. They also contain toxic alkaloids as well as anti-blood-clotting substances that may be of value in the treatment of thromboses.
Euphorbia resinifera
Euphorbia resinifera (Resin spurge) is a species of spurge native to Morocco, where it occurs on the slopes of the Atlas Mountains.
It is a shrub growing to 60 cm tall, forming multi-stemmed cushion-shaped clumps up to 2 m wide. The stems are erect, succulent, superficially like a cactus (an example of convergent evolution in a similar semi-desert climate), four-angled, with short but sharp pairs of 6 mm spines on the angles, spaced about 1 cm apart up the stem.
It is similar to its relative Euphorbia echinus, which occurs on the Moroccan coast and the Canary Islands.
It contains a high concentration of resiniferatoxin and is being used to develop a novel and powerful class of analgesics.