Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Ciprofloxacin labels and packages
CIPRO is a registered trademark of Bayer Aktiengesellschaft.
Rx Only
2013 Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
CIPRO (ciprofloxacin*) 5% and 10% Oral Suspension Manufactured in Italy
CIPRO (ciprofloxacin HCl) Tablets Manufactured in Germany
Cipro 500 mg 100 Tablets Label
83396726 NDC 50419-754-01
Cipro 
(ciprofloxacin hydrochloride)
Equivalent to
500 mg ciprofloxacin
100 Tablets Rx Only
Attention Pharmacist: 
Dispense the enclosed Medication Guide 
to each patient.
Manufactured by:
Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Wayne, NJ 07470
Made in Germany
Cipro 250 mg 100 Tablets Label
83396688 NDC 50419-758-01
Cipro 
(ciprofloxacin hydrochloride)
Equivalent to
250 mg ciprofloxacin
100 Tablets Rx Only
Attention Pharmacist:
Dispense the enclosed Medication Guide
to each patient.
Manufactured by:
Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Wayne, NJ 07470
Made in Germany
Cipro 10% Oral Suspension Microcapsules Label
83399237 NDC 50419-774-01
Ciprofloxacin microcapsules for 
Cipro 10% Oral Suspension
10 g ciprofloxacin Rx Only
Manufactured by:
Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Wayne, NJ 07470
Made in Italy
Cipro 5% Oral Suspension Microcapsules Label
83399199 NDC50419-778-01
Ciprofloxacin microcapsules for 
Cipro 5% Oral Suspension
5 g ciprofloxacin Rx Only
Manufactured by:
Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Wayne, NJ 07470
Made in Italy
Rx Only
ALCON
Manufactured for:
ALCON LABORATORIES, INC.
Fort Worth, Texas 76134 USA
Manufactured by:
S.A. ALCON-COUVREUR N.V.
Puurs, Belgium
 2002, 2008 Alcon, Inc.
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL
NDC 0065-0654-35
Alcon
Ciloxan
(ciprofloxacin HCl
-phthalmic ointment)
0.3% as base
Sterile 3.5 g Net Wt.
Rx Only
Manufactured in India for:
Nexus Pharmaceuticals Inc.,
Distributed by: Pack Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Buffalo Grove, IL, 60089.
PACKAGE LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - Ciprofloxacin Solution 2.5 mL Carton Label
NDC  16571-120-25
CIPROFLOXACIN
OPHTHALMIC
SOLUTION, USP
0.3% (as base)
(2.5 mL)
Sterile
Rx only
FOR TOPICAL
APPLICATION
IN THE EYE
KEEP OUT OF THE
REACH OF CHILDREN
PACKAGE LABEL PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - Ciprofloxacin Solution 5 mL Carton Label
NDC  16571-120-50
CIPROFLOXACIN
OPHTHALMIC
SOLUTION, USP
0.3% (as base)
(5 mL)
Sterile
Rx only
FOR TOPICAL
APPLICATION
IN THE EYE
KEEP OUT OF THE
REACH OF CHILDREN
CIPROFLOXACIN INJECTION, USP:
Active ingredient: ciprofloxacin
Inactive ingredients: dextrose monohydrate as a tonicity agent, lactic acid as a solubilizing agent, hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment
Revised: February 2013
L20USCFX08
Manufactured by
ACS Dobfar Info S.A.
Casai, 7748 - Campascio, Switzerland for
Sandoz Inc.,
Princeton, NJ 08540
This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
100 mL Carton
NDC 0781-3239-09
Ciprofloxacin Injection USP
200 mg (2 mg/mL)
200 mg in 100 mL 5% Dextrose
Rx Only 24 Bags x 100 mL
SANDOZ
200 mL Carton
NDC 0781-3240-09
Ciprofloxacin Injection USP
400 mg (2 mg/mL)
400 mg in 200 mL 5% Dextrose
Rx Only 24 Bags x 200 mL
SANDOZ
Clindamycin phosphate description

# DESCRIPTION
CLEOCIN T Topical Solution and CLEOCIN T Topical Lotion contain clindamycin phosphate, USP, at a concentration equivalent to 10 mg clindamycin per milliliter. CLEOCIN T Topical Gel contains clindamycin phosphate, USP, at a concentration equivalent to 10 mg clindamycin per gram. Each CLEOCIN T Topical Solution pledget applicator contains approximately 1 mL of topical solution.
Clindamycin phosphate is a water soluble ester of the semi-synthetic antibiotic produced by a 7(S)-chloro-substitution of the 7(R)-hydroxyl group of the parent antibiotic lincomycin.
The solution contains isopropyl alcohol 50% v/v, propylene glycol, and water.
The gel contains allantoin, carbomer 934P, methylparaben, polyethylene glycol 400, propylene glycol, sodium hydroxide, and purified water.
The lotion contains cetostearyl alcohol (2.5%); glycerin; glyceryl stearate SE (with potassium monostearate); isostearyl alcohol (2.5%); methylparaben (0.3%); sodium lauroyl sarcosinate; stearic acid; and purified water.
The structural formula is represented below:
The chemical name for clindamycin phosphate is Methyl 7-chloro-6,7,8-trideoxy-6-(1-methyl-trans-4-propyl-L-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamido)-1-thio-L-threo--D-galacto-octopyranoside 2-(dihydrogen phosphate).
Clindamycin phosphate precautions

# PRECAUTIONS

## General
CLEOCIN T Topical Solution contains an alcohol base which will cause burning and irritation of the eye. In the event of accidental contact with sensitive surfaces (eye, abraded skin, mucous membranes), bathe with copious amounts of cool tap water. The solution has an unpleasant taste and caution should be exercised when applying medication around the mouth.
CLEOCIN T should be prescribed with caution in atopic individuals.

## Drug Interactions
Clindamycin has been shown to have neuromuscular blocking properties that may enhance the action of other neuromuscular blocking agents. Therefore it should be used with caution in patients receiving such agents.

## Pregnancy
Teratogenic effectsPregnancy Categoty B
Oral and subcutaneous reproductive toxicity studies in rats and rabbits revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to clindamycin, except at doses that caused maternal toxicity. Animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response.
In clinical trials with pregnant women, the systemic administration of clindamycin during the second and third trimesters, has not been associated with an increased frequency of congenital abnormalities.
Clindamycin should be used during the first trimester of pregnancy only if clearly needed. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women during the first trimester of pregnancy.

## Nursing Mothers
It is not known whether clindamycin is excreted in human milk following use of CLEOCIN T. However, orally and parenterally administered clindamycin has been reported to appear in breast milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

## Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients under the age of 12 have not been established.

## Geriatric Use
Clinical studies for Cleocin T did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients.
Clostridial necrotizing enteritis
Synonyms and keywords: Enteritis necroticans; pigbel

# Overview
Clostridial necrotizing enteritis (CNE)  is an often fatal type of food poisoning caused by a -toxin of Clostridium perfringens, Type C.  It occurs in some developing countries, but was also documented in Germany following World War II. The toxin is normally inactivated by certain proteolytic enzymes and by normal cooking, but when these protections are impeded, the disease emerges.

# Pathophysiology
CNE is a necrotizing inflammation the small bowel (especially the jejunum but also the ileum). Clinical results may vary from mild diarrhea to a life-threatening sequence of severe abdominal pain, vomiting, bloody stool, ulceration of the small intestine with leakage (perforation) into the peritoneal cavity and possible death within a single day due to peritonitis.

## Other Clostridial Toxemias
- Leukemia patients, cancer chemotherapy recipients and others suffering from suppressed white blood cells (neutropenia) can be afflicted by a similar syndrome, neutropenic enterocolitis, in which the cecum is targeted by Clostridium septicum in much the same way.
- In neonatal intensive care units, the syndrome of  neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis may be caused in a similar way by C. perfringens, C. butyricum, and C. difficile, but this has not been proved.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
All the factors collectively causing CNE are generally only present in the hinterlands of New Guinea and parts of Africa, Latin America, and Asia. These factors include protein deprivation (causing inadequate synthesis of trypsin protease (an enzyme), to which the toxin is very sensitive), poor food hygiene, episodic meat feasting, staple diets containing trypsin inhibitors (sweet potatoes), and infection by Ascaris parasites which secrete a trypsin inhibitor. In New Guinea (origin of the term pigbel), the disease is usually spread through contaminated meat (especially pork) and perhaps by peanuts. (CNE was also diagnosed in post WWII Germany, where it was known as Darmbrand or "fire bowels").

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
Treatment involves suppressing the toxin-producing organisms with antibiotics such as penicillin G or metronidazole. About half of seriously ill patients require surgery for perforation, persistent intestinal obstruction, or failure to respond to the antibiotics. An investigational toxoid vaccine has been used successfully in some developing countries but is not available outside of research.
Clostridium (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Clostridium difficile is a type of bacteria that lives in many peoples intestines normally.  Its also present in the environment like in soil, water and animal feces. Most people will never have any problems with C. diff, but in case the balance is hampered the bacteria start to release toxins that attack the lining of the intestines. This is what leads to symptoms of C. diff. infection.

# What are the symptoms of Clostridium?
Symptoms-
- Frequent, watery diarrhea (may be 3-4 in mild diseases and can go up to 15 in severe infection)
- Abdominal pain
- Decrease appetite
- Low-grade fever
- Blood or pus in the stool
- Sepsis(infection that spreads through the blood) or a perforation (a hole) in the intestines.

# What causes Clostridium?
Most people will never have any problems with C. diff, but in case the balance is hampered the bacteria start to release toxins that attack the lining of the intestines. This is what leads to symptoms of C. diff. infection.

# Who is at highest risk?
Kids, immunocompromised patients are at highest risks

# Diagnosis
- Stool tests
- Rarely a X-ray or computerized tomography (CT) scan of colon is needed.
A carrier may test positive for C. diff. without having any symptoms but they don't have the infection

# Treatment options
- Your doctor may ask you to stop taking antibiotics (as they might be the reason for your disease).
- Correction of dehydration due to diarrhea through increased fluid and electrolyte consumption.
- If stopping antibiotics doesn't help then the doctor might prescribe antibiotics such as metronidazole or vancomycin.
- Probiotics, or good bacteria, such as Saccharomyces boulardii, may be helpful
- Temporarily avoiding milk products and foods that contain wheat flour

# Where to find medical care for Clostridium?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Clostridium

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call your doctor if your symptoms begin after you started taking an antibiotic. Also call if you have symptoms that last longer than three days or get worse

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
- Generally gets better with 48 hour of stopping antibiotics
- In severe cases metronidazole and vancomycin helps decrease the symptom within 72hour

# Possible complications
- Dehydration
- Sepsis

# Prevention
- Wash your hands often using soap and water.
- Use chlorine bleach-based products to disinfect surfaces or items that may have come in contact with an infected person.
- Wash clothing that may be soiled with stool with detergent and chlorine bleach.
- If you are visiting someone in a hospital, wash your hands before, during and after your visit
- Dont use antibiotics unless your doctor recommends them.

# Sources
Colistimethate sodium description

# Description
Coly-Mycin M Parenteral (Colistimethate for Injection, USP) is a sterile parenteral antibiotic product which, when reconstituted (see Reconstitution), is suitable for intramuscular or intravenous administration.
Each vial contains colistimethate sodium or pentasodium colistinmethanesulfonate (150 mg colistin base activity).
Colistimethate sodium is a polypeptide antibiotic with an approximate molecular weight of 1750. The empirical formula is C58H105N16Na5O28S5 and the structural formula is represented below:
Combined injectable contraceptive
Combined injectable contraceptive (CIC) monthly injection of progesterone and estradiol taken to inhibit fertility.  Brand names include Cyclofem, Novafem, Mesigyna, Lunelle.

# History
- October 5, 2000, Pharmacia received FDA approval for LunelleTM Monthly Contraceptive Injection.
- April 2003, Pharmacia acquired by Pfizer (makers of Depo-provera).
- October 2003, Lunelle was discontinued in the U.S.

# Use and packaging
Administered by intramuscular injection into the deltoid, gluteus maximus, or anterior thigh.  Ideally administered every 28 to 30 days, though demonstrated to be effective up to 33 days.

# Side-effects
The most prominent side effects are menstrual irregularities during the first 3 to 6 months of use.

# Formulations
- Lunelle contains medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) 25 mg plus estradiol cypionate (E2C) 5 mg.
- Cyclofem contains depomedroxy-progesterone acetate (DMPA) 25 mg and estradiol cypionate 5 mg.
- Mesigyna contains norethisterone enanthate (NET EN) 50 mg and estradiol valerate 5 mg.
- Deladroxate contains dihydroxy-progesterone acetophenide 150 mg and estradiol enanthate 10 mg.
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP - also known as lung plague), is a contagious bacterial disease that afflicts the lungs of cattle, buffalo, zebu, and yaks. Sheep, goats, camels, antelope, and wild bovids are resistant to the disease. Humans are also unaffected.
It is caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides, and the symptoms are pneumonia and inflammation of the lung membranes. The incubation period is 20 to 123 days. It was particularly widespread in the United States in 1879, affecting herds from several states. The outbreak was so severe that it resulted in a trade embargo by the British government, blocking U.S. cattle exports to Britain and Canada. This prompted the United States to the establish the Bureau of Animal Industries, set up in 1884  solely to eradicate the disease, which it succeeded in doing.
The bacteria is widespread in Africa, the Middle East, Southern Europe, as well as parts of Asia. It is an airborne bacteria, and can travel up to several kilometres in the right conditions.
Coronary collaterals case studies

# Case Study 1
Shown below are an animated image and a static image depicting RCA bridging collaterals.  Outlined in yellow in the image on the right is the collateral vessel; encircled in yellow in the same picture is the site of obstruction in the RCA.

# Case Study 2
Shown below are an animated image and a static image depicting coronary artery collaterals from the LAD to the left circumflex artery.  Note that the obstruction in the left circumflex is encircled in yellow in the image on the right.  Outlined in yellow in the image on the right is the collateral vessel from the LAD to the left circumflex after the site of obstruction.

# Case Study 3
Shown below are an animated image and a static image depicting coronary artery collaterals from the left circumflex artery to the right system.  Outlined in yellow in the image on the right is the collateral vessel from left circumflex to the RCA.  Note how the right system fills when the dye is injected in the left system.

# Case Study 4
Shown below are an animated image and a static image depicting coronary artery collaterals.  utlined in yellow in the image on the right is the collateral vessel.

# Case Study 5
Shown below are an animated image and a static image depicting coronary artery collaterals between the RCA and the LAD.  Outlined in yellow in the image on the right is the "whale tail" structure consistent of the distal LAD.

# Case Study 6
Shown below are an animated image and a static image depicting coronary artery collaterals between the RCA and the LAD.  Outlined in yellow in the image on the right are the collateral arteries.

# Case Study 7
Shown below are an animated image and a static image depicting coronary artery collaterals from the left system to the RCA.  Outlined in yellow in the image on the right is the distal part of the RCA.  The collateral arteries exist between the septal branches and the RCA branches.

# Case Study 8
Shown below is an animated image depicting coronary artery collaterals between the RCA and the LAD.
Cutaneous T cell lymphoma staging

# Overview
The staging of cutaneous T cell lymphoma is based on skin and lymph node involvement.

# Staging
The staging of cutaneous T cell lymphoma is based on skin and lymph node involvement. Staging for cutaneous T cell lymphoma  is provided in the following table:
The staging of Sezary syndrome is based on the clinical stages:
- Summary of taging for cutaneous T cell lymphoma is provided in the following table:
Cyclothymia (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Cyclothymic disorder is a mild form of bipolar disorder (manic depressive illness) in which a person has mood swings over a period of years that go from mild depression to euphoria and excitement.

# What are the symptoms of Cyclothymia?
- Episodes of hypomania and mild depression occur for at least 2 years (1 or more years in children and adolescents)
- Mood swings are less severe than in bipolar disorder, major depression, or mania
- Symptoms are persistent, with no more than 2 symptom-free months in a row

# What causes Cyclothymia?
- The causes of cyclothymic disorder are unknown.
- Major depression, bipolar disorder, and cyclothymia often occur together in families. This suggests that these mood disorders share similar causes.
- Cyclothymia usually begins early in life. It appears to be equally common in men and women.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
- Call a mental health professional if you or a loved one has persistent alternating periods of depression and excitement that negatively affect work, school, or social life.
- Seek immediate help if you or a loved one is having thoughts of suicide.

# Diagnosis
- Your description of your mood history usually leads to diagnosis of the disorder.
- Your health care providers may order blood and urine tests to rule out medical causes of mood swings.

# Treatment options
- Mood stabilizers, antidepressants, talk therapy, or some combination of these three therapies may be used to treat cyclothymic disorder.
- Some of the more commonly used mood stabilizers are:
- Lithium: Lithium has been used for years in patients with bipolar disorder, and it may also help patients with cyclothymic disorder.
- Anti-seizure drugs: Valproic acid (Depakote), carbamazepine (Tegretol), oxcarbazepine (Trileptal), and lamotrigine (Lamictal) are the most established mood stabilizing antiseizure drugs.
- People with cyclothymia may not respond to medications as strongly as patients with bipolar disorder.

# Where to find medical care for Cyclothymia?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Cyclothymia

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
- Less than half of people with cyclothymic disorder will eventually develop bipolar disorder.
- In other people, cyclothymia will continue as a chronic condition or disappear with time.

# Possible complications
The condition can progress to bipolar disorder.

# Source
D1D2 dopamine receptor heteromer
The D1D2 dopamine receptor heteromer is a receptor heteromer consisting of D1 and D2 protomers.

# Structure
D1 and D2 receptors interact primarily through discrete amino acids in the cytoplasmic regions of each receptor, with no involvement of transmembrane parts. The intracellular loop 3 of the D2 receptor contains two adjacent arginine residues, while the carboxyl tail of the D1 receptor possesses two adjacent glutamic acid residues. The two receptors can form a heteromer complex via a salt bridge between the guanidine moiety and the carboxylic group.

# Signal transduction
The signalling of the D1D2 receptor heteromer is distinct from that of the parent receptor monomers. It comprises Gq/11 coupling, phospholipase C activation, intracellular calcium release from inositol trisphosphate receptor-sensitive stores, CaMKII activation and BDNF production. In comparison, signalling of the homologous D5D2 receptor heteromer involves the influx of extracellular calcium.

# Physiology
The D1D2 receptor is upregulated in individuals suffering from major depression, and especially the ratio D1D2 to D1 receptor is markedly shifted towards the heteromer. Counteracting this upregulation decreases depressive symptoms. Disruption of the heteromer can be achieved either directly by ligands interacting with the cytoplasmic interface, less directly by ligands that target the extracellular binding site, or indirectly as a downstream effect of classical antidepressant treatment. One study found negative results regarding a shift from Gs/a coupling to Gq/11 signaling; so such dynamics could be mediated by cAMP-dependent cascades rather from phospholipase C regulation.

# Ligands
- SKF-83,959
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3, also known as C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), is a pro-apoptotic transcription factor that is encoded by the DDIT3 gene.

# Interactions
DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 has been shown to interact with :
- ATF3,
- C-Fos,
- C-jun and
- CEBPB,
- CSNK2A1,
- JunD,  and
- RPS3A.

# Clinical significance
During endoplasmic reticulum stress (such as occurs in beta cells of the pancreas or in macrophages causing atherosclerosis), CHOP can induce activation of Ero1, causing calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytoplasm, resulting in apoptosis.  CHOP also induces apoptosis during endoplasmic reticulum stress by activating growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein GADD34.
Mutations or fusions of CHOP (e.g. with FUS to form FUS-CHOP) can cause Myxoid liposarcoma.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
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# Overview
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency (PDHA) is a human genetic disease. It follows a sex-linked, dominant inheritance pattern, but is approximately equally prevalent in both males and females. It affects a gene which codes for a critical enzyme complex, the Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) which links the metabolic pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by transforming pyruvate into Acetyl CoA
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex facilitates oxidative decarboxylation, the chemical reaction between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

# Presentation
PDHA causes Lactic acidosis; large amounts of lactic acid in the blood but with a normal pyruvate/lactate ratio. Symptoms are varied, and include developmental defects (especially of the brain and nervous system), muscular spasticity and early death.

# Differential diagnosis
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency must be differentiated from other diseases that cause neurological manifestations in infants.

# Genetics
PDHA is most commonly linked to the alpha unit of E1, but recessive variants exist.

# Treatment
Use of a ketogenic diet has been described.
Current research is being conducted on the viability of Dichloroacetic acid to treat the lactic acidosis commonly accompanied by this disorder. Additionally, there is research being conducted on the viability of gene therapy for sufferers of this condition as well as many other mitochondrial defects.