Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)
Glycine decarboxylase also known as glycine cleavage system P protein or glycine dehydrogenase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GLDC gene.

# Reaction
Glycine decarboxylase (EC 1.4.4.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the following chemical reaction:
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are glycine and H-protein-lipoyllysine, whereas its two products are H-protein-S-aminomethyldihydrolipoyllysine and CO2.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH2 group of donors with a disulfide as acceptor.   This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism.  It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.

# Function
Glycine decarboxylase is the P-protein of the glycine cleavage system in eukaryotes.  The glycine cleavage system catalyzes the degradation of glycine. The P protein binds the alpha-amino group of glycine through its pyridoxal phosphate cofactor. Carbon dioxide is released and the remaining methylamine moiety is then transferred to the lipoamide cofactor of the H protein.
Degradation of glycine is brought about by the glycine cleavage system, which is composed of four mitochondrial protein components: P protein (a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent glycine decarboxylase), H protein (a lipoic acid-containing protein), T protein (a tetrahydrofolate-requiring enzyme), and L protein (a lipoamide dehydrogenase).

# Clinical significance
Glycine encephalopathy may be due to a defect in GLDC or AMT of the glycine cleavage system.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue
A gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue, also known as a GnRH analogue, (sometimes analog) is  a synthetic peptide drug  modeled after the human hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). A GnRH analogue is designed to interact with the GnRH receptor and modify the release of pituitary gonadotropins FSH and LH for therapeutic purposes. Shortly after the discovery of GnRH by Nobel laureates Guillemin and Schally researchers tried to modify the GnRH decapeptide with the intent to synthesize stimulating and blocking variants.
Two types of analogues  have to be distinguished:

# Agonists
A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist)  is an analogue that activates the GnRH receptor resulting in increased secretion of  FSH and LH. Initially it was thought that agonists would be able to be used as potent and prolonged stimulators of pituitary gonadotropin release, but it was soon recognized that agonists, after their initial stimulating action  termed a flare effect -, eventually caused a paradoxical and sustained  drop in gonadotropin secretion. This second effect was termed downregulation and can be observed after about 10 days. While this phase is reversible it can be maintained with further GnRH agonist use  for a long time.

# Antagonists
A gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH antagonist) is an analogue that blocks the GnRH receptor resulting in an immediate drop in gonadotropin  (FSH, LH) secretion. The GnRH antagonist is primarily used in IVF treatments to block natural ovulation.
All GnRH analogues are contraindicated in pregnancy (pregnancy category X).
Hirschprung disease here classification

# Overview

# Classification
Based on the extent of colon involvement Hirschsprung's disease can be classified into the following:
- Rectosigmoid form: It is the most common form and is seen in 80 to 75% of infants diagnosed with Hirschsprung's disease.
- Long segment colonic Hirschsprung disease:  also known as total colonic aganglionosis with ileal involvement upto 50 cm proximal to the ileocecal junction. It is uncommon and accounts for 5 to 7% of cases diagnosed with Hirschsprung's disease.
- Ultra short segment Hirschsprung's disease: Only the internal anal sphincter is affected and is called as internal anal sphincter achalasia.
Hydroxychloroquine sulfate How Supplied

# How Supplied
Hydroxychloroquine sulfate tablets, USP are white, to off-white, capsule-shaped tablets, debossed with "HCQS" on one side and plain on the reverse side and are available in bottles of 10, 100, 500 and 1000. Each tablet contains 200 mg hydroxychloroquine sulfate, USP (equivalent to 155 mg base).
NDC 63304-296-03                                 Bottles of 10
NDC 63304-296-01                                 Bottles of 100
NDC 63304-296-05                                 Bottles of 500
NDC 63304-296-10                                 Bottles of 1000
Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP/NF.
Store at 20 - 25C (68 - 77F) excursions permitted to 15 - 30C (59 - 86F) .
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects at 1-800-FDA-1088.
Manufactured for:
Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Jacksonville, FL 32257 USA
By: Ipca Laboratories Limited
48, Kandivli Ind. Estate, Mumbai 400 067, India
May 2009
Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 1 subunit
Interleukin-12 receptor, beta 1, or IL-12R1 in short, is a subunit of the interleukin 12 receptor. IL12RB1, is the name of its human gene.  IL-12R1 is also known as CD212 (cluster of differentiation 212).
The protein encoded by this gene is a type I transmembrane protein that belongs to the hemopoietin receptor superfamily. This protein binds to interleukin-12 (IL-12) with a low affinity, and is part of the IL-12 receptor complex. This protein forms a disulfide-linked oligomer, which is required for its IL-12 binding activity. The coexpression of this and IL-12R2 protein was shown to lead to the formation of high-affinity IL-12 binding sites and reconstitution of IL-12 dependent signaling. 
IL-12R1 can also bind interleukin-23 (IL-23) as part of the IL-23 receptor complex. This complex forms a disulfide-linked oligomer, which is required for its IL-23 binding activity. The coexpression of this and IL-23R protein was shown to lead to the formation of IL-23 binding sites.
Various mutations in this gene were found to result in the immunodeficiency of patients with severe mycobacterial and Salmonella infections. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.
All mutations known in the IL12RB1 gene, as well as many polymorphisms, have been collected in a mutation database
Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 2 subunit
Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 2 subunit is a subunit of the interleukin 12 receptor. IL12RB2 is its human gene. IL12RB2 orthologs have been identified in all mammals for which complete genome data are available.
The protein encoded by this gene is a type I transmembrane protein identified as a subunit of the interleukin 12 receptor complex. The co-expression of this and IL12R1 proteins was shown to lead to the formation of high-affinity IL12 binding sites and reconstitution of IL12 dependent signaling. While the IL12R1 subunit is constitutively expressed, the expression of the IL12RB2 gene is up-regulated by interferon gamma. In Th1 cells, IL-12 signaling through the IL12 receptor leads to the phosphorylation of STAT4 and continued Th1 differentiation. The IL12R2 subunit plays an important role in Th1 cell differentiation, since its absence leads to an abortive Th1 differentiation that has dysfunctional production of Th1 effector molecules. The up-regulation of this gene is found to be associated with a number of infectious diseases, such as Crohn's disease and leprosy, which is thought to contribute to the inflammatory response and host defense.

# Interactions
Interleukin 12 receptor, beta 2 subunit has been shown to interact with Janus kinase 2.

# RNA editing
The mRNA of this protein is subject to RNA editing.
IMITREX injection indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
IMITREX Injection is indicated in adults for:
- The acute treatment of migraine, with or without aura.
- The acute treatment of cluster headache.

### Limitations of Use
- Use only if a clear diagnosis of migraine or cluster headache has been established.
- If a patient has no response to the first migraine attack treated with IMITREX, reconsider the diagnosis of migraine before IMITREX is administered to treat any subsequent attacks.
- IMITREX is not indicated for the prevention of migraine attacks.
IMITREX spray dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration
The recommended adult dose of IMITREX Nasal Spray for the acute treatment of migraine is 5 mg, 10 mg, or 20 mg. The 20-mg dose may provide a greater effect than the 5-mg and 10-mg doses, but may have a greater risk of adverse reactions .
The 5-mg and 20-mg doses are given as a single spray in 1 nostril. The 10-mg dose may be achieved by the administration of a single 5-mg dose in each nostril.
If the migraine has not resolved by 2 hours after taking IMITREX Nasal Spray, or returns after a transient improvement, 1 additional dose may be administered at least 2 hours after the first dose. The maximum daily dose is 40 mg in a 24-hour period.
The safety of treating an average of more than 4 headaches in a 30day period has not been established.
In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy

# Overview
In vivo (that is 'in the living organism') magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a specialised technique associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

# Uses
MRS allows doctors to obtain biochemical information about the tissues of the human body in a non-invasive way (without the need for a biopsy), whereas MRI only gives them information about the structure of the body (the distribution of water and fat).
For example, whereas MRI can tell doctors where a tumour (cancer) is located within a patient's body, MRS can, in theory, tell them how aggressive (malignant) the tumour is.
MRS equipment can be tuned (just like a radio receiver) to pick up signals from different chemical nuclei within the body. The most common nuclei to be studied are protons (hydrogen), phosphorus, sodium and fluorine.
The types of biochemicals (metabolites) which can be studied include choline-containing compounds (which are used to make cell membranes), creatine (a chemical involved in energy metabolism), inositol and glucose (both sugars), N-acetyl aspartate (a chemical associated with the myelin sheaths of nerve cell fibres), and alanine and lactate which are elevated in some tumors.
At present MRS is mainly used as a tool by scientists (e.g. medical physicists and biochemists) for medical research projects, but it is becoming clear that it also has the ability to give doctors useful clinical information which can be helpful in diagnosis and treatment of disease.
MRS is currently used to investigate a number of diseases in the human body, most notably cancer (in brain, breast and prostate), epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's Chorea.

# Example
Shown below is an MRI brain scan (in the axial plane, that is slicing from front-to-back and side-to-side through the head) showing a brain tumour (meningioma) at the bottom right. The red box shows the volume of interest from which chemical information was obtained by MRS (a cube with 2 cm sides which produces a square when intersecting the 5 mm thick slice of the MRI scan).
The proton MRS spectrum from this tumour is also shown (as acquired with a 1.5 tesla whole-body MRI scanner). The horizontal axis is NMR frequency (or chemical shift in parts per million, p.p.m., relative to a reference chemical at 0 p.p.m. rather than in the absolute units of hertz) and the vertical axis is signal strength (in arbitrary units).
Each biochemical, or metabolite, has a different peak in the spectrum which appears at a known frequency.  The peaks corresponding to the chemical alanine, a distinctive chemical which is generally only seen in meningiomas, are highlighted in red (at 1.4 p.p.m). This is an example of the kind of biochemical information which can help doctors to make their diagnosis. Other metabolites of note are choline (3.2 p.p.m.) and creatine (3.0 p.p.m.).
Both of the above images are kindly provided by The University of Hull Centre for Magnetic Resonance Investigations ().
Infantile neuronal ceroid lipfuscinosis
INCL, also known as Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses or Santavuori Disease  is a form of NCL and inherited as a recessive autosomal genetic trait. The disorder is progressive, degenerative and fatal, extremely rare worldwide  with 60 official cases reported by 1982,perhaps 100 sufferers in total today  but relatively common in Finland due to the local founder effect.
The development of children born with INCL is normal for the first 818 months, but will then flounder and start to regress both physically and mentally. Motor skills and speech are lost, and optic athropy causes blindness. A variety of neurological symptoms, such as epilepsy and myoclonic seizures, appear. The senses of hearing and touch remain unaffected, and sufferers have been known to enjoy music. The average lifespan of an INCL child is 911 years.
Treatment is limited. Drugs can alleviate the symptoms, such as sleep difficulties and epilepsy. Physiotherapy helps affected children retain the ability to remain upright for as long as possible, and prevents some of the pain. Recent attempts to treat INCL with Cystagon have been unsuccessful.
Infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve
The infrapatellar branch of saphenous nerve is a nerve of the lower limb.
The saphenous nerve, about the middle of the thigh, gives off a branch which joins the subsartorial plexus.
It pierces the Sartorius and fascia lata, and is distributed to the skin in front of the patella.
This nerve communicates above the knee with the anterior cutaneous branches of the femoral nerve; below the knee, with other branches of the saphenous; and, on the lateral side of the joint, with branches of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, forming a plexiform net-work, the plexus patellae.
The infrapatellar branch is occasionally small, and ends by joining the anterior cutaneous branches of the femoral, which supply its place in front of the knee.
Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group

# Overview
The Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group (IRS) was a U.S. and Canadian clinical trial cooperative group created with the mission of studying childhood cancers. In 2000, IRS merged with several other pediatric cooperative groups to form the Children's Oncology Group (COG). This merger has seen its fair share of problems, especially with regard to integrating the various databases associated with each individual cooperative group. Yet with time and persistence, many of these difficulties will become non-issues. One such initiative to consolidate these databases involves caBIG or cancer BIG, which is guided and supported by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Bethesda, Maryland.

# Quality Assurance
The Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group used to have all of its protocol driven cases reviewed at the Quality Assurance Review Center (QARC). As formerly mandated by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), every radiotherapy department participating in a IRS study used to have to submit their data to QARC for review. QARC is located in Providence, Rhode Island and reviews thousands of cases per year. The center was founded in 1977 as a not-for-profit healthcare organization designed initially to provide quality assurance for CALGB studies. Radiotherapy data from around one-thousand hospitals in both the United States and abroad is reviewed and archived at QARC.
Another center for quality assurance is the Radiological Physics Center (RPC) in Houston, Texas. The primary responsibility of the RPC is to assure the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and its former cooperative group IRS that all participating institutions were following the guidelines set-forth for the physics-related aspects of radiotherapy. Established in 1968, the RPC has consistently received funding from the NCI in order to perform the aforementioned mission.
Kallmann syndrome (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Kallmann syndrome is a disorder characterized by absent or decreased function of the male testes or the female ovaries. It is a rare kind of hereditary disease. Usual signs and symptoms include anosmia, short stature, underdeveloped testicles and lack of development at puberty and absence of secondary sexual characteristics. Researches have demonstrated gene mutations in the KAL1, FGFR1, PROKR2, and PROK2 cause Kallmann syndrome. Clinical appearance of the patient, hormone tests and crinial MRI may help doctor diagnose the disorder. Treatment for patients with Kallmann syndrome involves gonadal steroids to induce and maintain  secondary sex characteristics and help fertility. Many patients have good prognosis with the right hormone treatment.

# How do I know if my child has Kallmann syndrome and what are the symptoms of Kallmann syndrome?
Usual signs and symptoms include:
- Underdeveloped testicles
- Lack of development at puberty and absence of secondary sexual characteristics such as pubic, facial, and underarm hair
- Short stature
- Anosmia

# Who is at risk for Kallmann syndrome?
Researches have demonstrated gene mutations in the KAL1, FGFR1, PROKR2, and PROK2 cause Kallmann syndrome.

# How to know you have Kallmann syndrome?
- Clinical appearance is the base for the diagnosis of Kallmann syndrome.
- Hormone tests:  Hormones such as estrogen, FSH, LH or testosterone, and thyroid, prolactin are needed to check to help doctors identify the diagnosis.
- LH response to GnRH: This test is used to tell the difference between primary and secondary hypogonadism and can indirectly determine the pituitary gland's ability to appropriately respond to GnRH, a hormone produced in the hypothalamus. During the procedure, blood samples are drawn before and after the injection of GnRH.
- Cranial MRI: This imaging in patients with Kallmann syndrome may show deficient of olfactory bulb.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call your health care provider if you have any signs and symptoms of Kallmann syndrome.

# Treatment options
Treatment for Kallmann syndrome is to use gonadal steroids to induce and maintain secondary sex characteristics, to stimulate spermatogenesis and folliculogenesis.

# Diseases with similar symptoms
- Hypopituitarism
- Delayed puberty

# Where to find medical care for Kallmann syndrome?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Kallmann syndrome

# Prevention of Kallmann syndrome
As Kallmann syndrome is a kind of hereditary disease, genetic counseling for the carrier parents is very necessary and important.

# What to expect (Outook/Prognosis)?
With the right hormone treatment, the person can begin puberty and fertility may be recoverd.

# Copyleft Sources
Kaolin and Pectin (patient information)

# IMPORTANT WARNING
Kaolin and pectin is no longer available in the US. Kaopectate and other products that used to contain kaolin and pectin are now make with another ingredient. Please see the Bismuth Subsalicylate monograph for more information about these medications. Read this new information carefully as the dosage is different and the new product should not be given to children under 12 years of age, unless your child's doctor tells you to do so.

# Why this medication is prescribed
Kaolin and pectin are used to treat mild to moderate diarrhea.
This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.

# How this medication should be used
Kaolin and pectin come as a tablet, chewable tablet, and liquid to take by mouth. This medication usually is taken after each loose bowel movement. The label tells you how much to take at each dose. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take kaolin and pectin exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor.
Shake the liquid well before each use to mix the medicine evenly.
Drink plenty of water or other beverages to replace fluids lost while having diarrhea. If your diarrhea does not get better within 48 hours or if you get a fever, call your doctor.

# Special precautions
Before taking kaolin and pectin:
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to kaolin and pectin or any other drugs.
- tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, including vitamins. If you take digoxin (Lanoxin) or thyroid medicine (such as Synthroid), wait at least 2 hours after taking it before taking kaolin and pectin.
- tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while taking kaolin and pectin, call your doctor.

# What to do if you forget a dose
This medication usually is taken as needed. If your doctor has told you to take kaolin and pectin regularly, take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one.

# Side effects
Kaolin and pectin may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if the following symptom is severe or does not go away:
- constipation

# Storage conditions needed for this medication
Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom). Throw away any medication that is outdated or no longer needed. Talk to your pharmacist about the proper disposal of your medication.

# Other information
Do not let anyone else take your medication. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription.

# Brand names
*Kapectolin
*K-C
*K-Pek
Keratosis pilaris (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Keratosis pilaris is a common skin condition in which a protein in the skin called keratin forms hard plugs within hair follicles.

# What are the symptoms of Keratosis pilaris?
- Fine, bumpy texture to skin over the outer upper arm and thigh or elsewhere
- Skin-colored bumps the size of a grain of sand
- Slight pinkness may be seen around some bumps

# What causes Keratosis pilaris?
Keratosis pilaris is harmless (benign), does not get worse over time, and often disappears with age.
In mild cases, small bumps, similar in appearance to "goose bumps," are found on the backs of the upper arms. The texture is that of very coarse sandpaper.
Bumps may also appear on the buttocks and thighs. Less commonly, bumps appear on the face and may be mistaken for acne.
Individual bumps are small, skin-colored papules that form within hair openings (follicles). The condition is generally worse in winter and often clears in the summer.

# Who is at highest risk?
It is more common in patients who have very dry skin, or who have atopic dermatitis (eczema). It seems to run in families.

# Diagnosis
Physical examination is usually all that is needed for your health care provider to make this diagnosis. Testing is usually not necessary.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call for an appointment with your health care provider (or discuss the condition during a routine visit) if you suspect that you have keratosis pilaris and the condition does not respond to use of over-the-counter moisturizing lotions.

# Treatment options
Moisturizing lotions are often soothing and may help the appearance of the skin. Skin creams with medications containing urea, lactic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, tretinoin, or vitamin D may be recommended by your physician. However, improvement often takes months and the bumps are likely to come back.

# Where to find medical care for Keratosis pilaris?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Keratosis pilaris

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Keratosis pilaris may fade slowly with age.

# Sources