Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Flutamide (patient information)

# IMPORTANT WARNING
Flutamide can cause liver failure that could lead to death. Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. Your doctor will order lab tests to check your liver function before and during treatment.
If you experience any of the following symptoms, call your doctor immediately: nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, excessive tiredness, loss of appetite, flu-like symptoms, dark yellow or brown urine, and yellowing of the skin or eyes.

# About your treatment
Your doctor has ordered the drug flutamide to help treat your illness. The drug (in capsule form) is taken by mouth.
This medication is used to treat:
- prostate cancer
This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.
Flutamide is in a class of drugs known as antiandrogens. It blocks the activity of testosterone, a hormone produced by the body.

# Precautions
Before taking flutamide:
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to flutamide or any other drugs.
- tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, especially aspirin and vitamins.
- tell your doctor if you have or have ever had liver disease, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, or blood disease, and if you are a smoker.
- you should know that flutamide may stop sperm production in men. However, you should not assume that you cannot get someone else pregnant. You should not plan to have children while receiving chemotherapy or for a while after treatments. (Talk to your doctor for further details.) Use a reliable method of birth control to prevent pregnancy. Flutamide should not be used by women. When used by women during pregnancy, flutamide may harm the fetus.

# Side effects

## Minor side effects
Flutamide may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away:
- hot flashes or sudden sweating
- breast tenderness or enlargement
- decrease in sexual desire or ability
- decrease in appetite
- sensitivity to sunlight
- diarrhea

## Severe side effects
If you experience any of the following symptoms or those listed in the IMPORTANT WARNING section, call your doctor immediately:
- depression
- nervousness
- skin rash
- swelling of the feet or hands
- shortness of breath
- weakness
- fast heartbeat
If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online  or by phone .

# Storage conditions
Keep flutamide in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom). Throw away any medication that is outdated or no longer needed. Talk to your pharmacist about the proper disposal of your medication.

# In case of emergency/overdose
In case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911.

# Brand names
- Eulexin
Foot-and-mouth disease overview

# Overview
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD, Latin binomial Aphtae epizooticae) is a highly contagious and sometimes fatal viral disease of cattle and pigs. It can also infect deer, goats, sheep, and other bovids with cloven hooves, as well as elephants, rats, and hedgehogs.  Humans are very rarely affected. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the prototypic member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family. This picornavirus is the etiological agent of the acute systemic vesicular disease that affects cattle and other animals worldwide. It is a highly variable and transmissible virus.

# Historical Perspective
The cause of FMD was first shown to be viral in 1897 by Friedrich Loeffler.  He passed the blood of an infected animal through a fine porcelain filter and found that the fluid that was collected could still cause the disease in healthy animals.

# Pathophysiology
When FMD virus comes in contact with a host cell, it binds to a receptor site and triggers a folding-in of the cell membrane.  Once the virus is inside the host cell, its protein coat dissolves.  New viral RNA and components of the protein coat are then synthesized in large quantities and assembled to form new viruses. After assembly, the host cell lyses (bursts) and releases the new viruses.

# Causes
Foot-and-mouth disease is caused by FMDV, an Aphthovirus of the viral family Picornaviridae.  The members of this family are small (25-30 nm), nonenveloped icosahedral viruses that contain single-stranded RNA (ribonucleic acid, the viral genetic material). There are seven FMD serotypes: O, A, C, SAT-1, SAT-2, SAT-3, and Asia-1. These serotypes show some regionality, and the O serotype is most common.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
FMD occurs throughout much of the world, and whilst some countries have been free of FMD for some time, its wide host range and rapid spread represent cause for international concern.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
The average incubation period of the Foot and Mouth virus varies but is generally around 3-8 days. The disease is characterized by high fever that declines rapidly after two or three days; blisters inside the mouth that lead to excessive secretion of stringy or foamy saliva and to drooling; and blisters on the feet that may rupture and cause lameness.  Adult animals may suffer weight loss from which they do not recover for several months as well as swelling in the testicles of mature males, and in cows, milk production can decline significantly.
Fosamprenavir drug interactions

# Drug Interactions
If LEXIVA is used in combination with ritonavir, see full prescribing information for ritonavir for additional information on drug interactions.

## Cytochrome P450 Inhibitors and Inducers
Amprenavir, the active metabolite of fosamprenavir, is an inhibitor of CYP3A4 metabolism and therefore should not be administered concurrently with medications with narrow therapeutic windows that are substrates of CYP3A4. Data also suggest that amprenavir induces CYP3A4.
Amprenavir is metabolized by CYP3A4. Coadministration of LEXIVA and drugs that induce CYP3A4, such as rifampin, may decrease amprenavir concentrations and reduce its therapeutic effect. Coadministration of LEXIVA and drugs that inhibit CYP3A4 may increase amprenavir concentrations and increase the incidence of adverse effects.
The potential for drug interactions with LEXIVA changes when LEXIVA is coadministered with the potent CYP3A4 inhibitor ritonavir. The magnitude of CYP3A4-mediated drug interactions (effect on amprenavir or effect on coadministered drug) may change when LEXIVA is coadministered with ritonavir. Because ritonavir is a CYP2D6 inhibitor, clinically significant interactions with drugs metabolized by CYP2D6 are possible when coadministered with LEXIVA plus ritonavir.
There are other agents that may result in serious and/or life-threatening drug interactions .

## Drugs That Should Not Be Coadministered With LEXIVA
Table 7 provides a listing of established or potentially clinically significant drug interactions. Information in the table applies to LEXIVA with or without ritonavir, unless otherwise indicated.
Foscarnet clinical pharmacology

# Clinical Pharmacology

## Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of foscarnet has been determined after administration as an intermittent intravenous infusion during induction therapy in AIDS patients with CMV retinitis. Observed plasma foscarnet concentrations in four studies (FOS-01, ACTG-015, FP48PK, FP49PK) are summarized in Table 3:

## Distribution
In vitro studies have shown that 14  17% of foscarnet is protein bound at plasma drug concentrations of 1  1000 M.
The foscarnet terminal half-life determined by urinary excretion was 87.5  41.8 hours, possibly due to release of foscarnet from bone. Postmortem data on several patients in European clinical trials provide evidence that foscarnet does accumulate in bone in humans; however, the extent to which this occurs has not been determined. In animal studies (mice), 40% of an intravenous dose of FOSCAVIR was deposited in bone in young animals and 7% was deposited in adult animals.

## Special Populations
Adults with Impaired Renal Function: The pharmacokinetic properties of foscarnet have been determined in a small group of adult subjects with normal and impaired renal function, as summarized in Table 4:
Total systemic clearance (CL) of foscarnet decreased and half-life increased with diminishing renal function (as expressed by creatinine clearance). Based on these observations, it is necessary to modify the dosage of foscarnet in patients with renal impairment (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).
Group A streptococcal infection

# Overview
Group A streptcocci or streptoccus pyogenes causes a wide range of diseases in many organs in the body. It is important to classify the infections caused by the bacteria in order to understand every disease separately. Classification of the group A streptococcal infections will be based on the pathogenesis of the infection and the organ infected. According to the pathogenesis of the infection, they can be classified into pyogenic, toxogenic or immunogenic infections. Based on the location, the streptococcus pyogenes affects the lungs, ear, nose, throat, blood, female genital system and the central nervous system.
The pathophysiology of the disease depends on various virulence factors. These factors include protein M, streptolysins O and S, hyalourinidase and C5a peptidase.

# Classification
Group A streptococcal infections can be classified according to the pathogenesis of the infection and the organ infected. According to the pathogenesis of the infection, they can be classified into pyogenic, toxogenic or immunogenic infections. Based on the location, the streptococcus pyogenes affects the lungs, ear, nose, throat, blood, female genital system and the central nervous system.

# Pathophysiology

## Transmission
Group A streptococcal infection can be transmitted by the following:
- Direct inoculation transmission
- Infected airborne droplets

## Virulence factors
Group A streptococcus are responsible for various diseases ranging from mild to life threatening cases. The bacteria depends mainly on many virulence factors which are responsible for the pathogenesis of the infections.
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), also known as Impressive Syndrome, is an inherited autosomal dominant disorder which affects sodium channels in muscle cells and the ability to regulate potassium levels in the blood. It is most commonly associated with horses, but also occurs in humans, where it is also called Gamstorp episodic adynamy.

# Disease in humans
Although much rarer, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis has also been observed in humans. In humans the disorder causes episodes of extreme muscle weakness, usually beginning in the second decade and depending on the type and severity of the HYPP will increase or stabilize until the fourth or fifth decade where attacks usually decline and can altogether stop. Factors that can trigger attacks include rest after exercise, potassium-rich foods, stress, fatigue, certain pollutants (eg: Cigarette smoke) and periods of fasting. Muscle strength improves between attacks, although many affected people may have increasing bouts of muscle weakness as time goes on (abortive attacks). Sometimes with HYPP those affected may experience degrees of muscle stiffness and spasms (myotonia) in the affected muscles. This can be caused by the same things that trigger the paralysis, dependant on the type of mytonia. (See also paramyotonia).
Some people with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis have increased levels of potassium in their blood (hyperkalemia) during attacks. In other cases, attacks are associated with normal blood potassium levels (normokalemia). Ingesting potassium can trigger attacks in affected individuals, even if blood potassium levels do not go up.
The most common underlying cause is one of several possible point mutations in the gene SCN4A. The SCN4A gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays an essential role in muscles used for movement (skeletal muscles). For the body to move normally, these muscles must tense (contract) and relax in a coordinated way. Muscle contractions are triggered by the flow of certain positively charged atoms (ions), including sodium, into muscle cells. The SCN4A protein forms channels that control the flow of sodium ions into these cells. Mutations in the SCN4A gene alter the usual structure and function of sodium channels. The altered channels cannot properly regulate the flow of sodium ions into muscle cells, which reduces the ability of skeletal muscles to contract. Because muscle contraction is needed for movement, a disruption in normal ion transport leads to episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis.
This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.
Glutamate aspartate transporter
Solute carrier family 1 (glial high-affinity glutamate transporter), member 3, also known as SLC1A3, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the SLC1A3 gene.  SLC1A3 is also often called the GLutamate ASpartate Transporter (GLAST) or Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 1 (EAAT1) .
GLAST is predominantly expressed in the plasma membrane, allowing it to remove glutamate from the extracellular space.  It has also been localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane as part of the malate-aspartate shuttle.

# Mechanism
GLAST functions in vivo as a homotrimer.  GLAST mediates the transport of glutamic and aspartic acid with the cotransport of three Na+ and one H+ cations and counter transport of one K+ cation.  This co-transport coupling (or symport) allows the transport of glutamate into cells against a concentration gradient.
- "Diagram Illustrating the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle Pathway". (Glutamate aspartate transporter labeled at bottom center.)
"Diagram Illustrating the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle Pathway". (Glutamate aspartate transporter labeled at bottom center.)
- Expression of SLC1A3 in the Bergmann glia fibers. Mouse brain at 7th postnatal day, sagittal section; GENSAT database.
Expression of SLC1A3 in the Bergmann glia fibers. Mouse brain at 7th postnatal day, sagittal section; GENSAT database.

# Tissue distribution
GLAST is expressed throughout the CNS, and is highly expressed in astrocytes and Bergmann glia in the cerebellum.  In the retina, GLAST is expressed in Muller cells.  GLAST is also expressed in a number of other tissues including cardiac myocytes.

# Clinical significance
It is associated with type 6 episodic_ataxia.

# Pharmacology
DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA) is an inhibitor of the excitatory amino acid transporters.
Selective inhibitors for GLAST have recently been discovered based on 25 combinations of substitutions at the 4 and 7 positions of 2-amino-5-oxo-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitril.
Goserelin (patient information)

# About your treatment
Your doctor has ordered the drug goserelin to help treat your illness. This drug is given by injection under the skin in the stomach area, usually every 28 days or every 3 months. The medication is slowly released into your bloodstream over that period.
This medication is used to treat:
- prostate cancer
- endometriosis
- advanced breast cancer in premenopausal and perimenopausal women
This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for information.
Goserelin is a synthetic hormone. In men, it stops the production of the hormone testosterone, which may stimulate the growth of cancer cells. In women, goserelin decreases the production of the hormone estradiol (which may stimulate the growth of cancer cells) to levels similar to a postmenopausal state. When the medication is stopped, hormone levels return to normal.

# Precautions
Before taking goserelin:
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to goserelin, gonadorelin (Factrel, Lutrepulse), histrelin (Supprelin), leuprolide (Lupron), menotropins (Humegon, Pergonal, Repronex), or any other drugs.
- tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, especially aspirin and vitamins.
- you should know that goserelin may interfere with the normal menstrual cycle (period) in women and may stop sperm production in men. However, you should not assume that you cannot get pregnant or that you cannot get someone else pregnant. Women who are pregnant or breast-feeding should tell their doctors before they begin taking this drug. You should not plan to have children while receiving chemotherapy or for a while after treatments. (Talk to your doctor for further details.) Use a reliable method of birth control to prevent pregnancy. Goserelin may harm the fetus.

# Side effects

## Minor side effects
Side effects from goserelin are common and include:
- hot flashes
- decreased sexual desire
- weight gain
- swelling and tenderness of the breasts
- headaches
- bone pain
Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away:
- nausea
- vomiting
- vaginal dryness
- emotionality
- increased amount of body hair
- lethargy

## Severe sid effects
If you experience any of the following symptoms, call your doctor immediately:
- chest pain
- difficulty breathing
- fever
- chills
- rapid heartbeat
- painful urination
If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online  or by phone .

# In case of emergency/overdose
In case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911.

# Special instructions
Menstruation should stop in women; call your doctor if your regular menstruation continues. 
Hormone replacement therapy may improve some side effects caused by goserelin, including vaginal dryness and hot flashes. Talk to your doctor about whether you should take hormone replacement therapy.

# Brand names
- Zoladex
Graphite intercalation compound

# Overview
Graphite intercalation compounds are intercalation compounds with a graphite host   . In this type of compound the graphite layers remain largely intact and the guest molecules or atoms are located in between. When the host and the guest interact by charge transfer the in-plane  electrical conductivity generally increases. When the guest forms covalent bonds with the graphite layers as in fluorides or oxides the conductivity decreases as the conjugated sp2 system collapses. In a graphite intercalation compound not every layer is necessarily occupied by guests. In so-called stage 1 compounds graphite layers and intercalated layers alternate and in stage 2 compounds two graphite layers with no guest material in between alternate with an intercalated layer. The actual composition may vary and therefore these compounds are an example of non-stoichiometric compounds. It is customary to specify the composition together with the stage.
Potassium graphite is denoted as KC8 and is one of the strongest reducing agents known. It is prepared under inert atmosphere by melting potassium over graphite powder. The potassium is absorbed into the graphite and a color change from black to bronze is observed. The resulting solid is also quite pyrophoric. Structurally, composition can be explained by assuming that the potassium to potassium distance is twice the distance between hexagons in the carbon framework. The bond between graphite and potassium atoms is ionic and the compound is electrically conductive. .
Potassium graphite has also been used as a catalyst in polymerizations and as a coupling reagent for aryl halides to biphenyls .
In one study  freshly prepared KC8 is treated with 1-iodododecane delivering a modification (micrometre scale carbon platelets with long alkyl chains sticking out providing solubility) that is soluble in chloroform. Another potassium graphite compound, KC24, has been used as a neutron monochromator.
Carbon monofluoride is denoted as (CF)x and used as a cathode material in a type of lithium batteries. It is prepared by reaction of gaseous fluorine with graphitic carbon at 420-450 F. The color is grayish, white, or yellow. The bond between the carbon and fluorine atoms is covalent. The compound is not electrically conductive.
Tetracarbon monofluoride is denoted as C4F. It is prepared by reacting gaseous fluorine mixed with hydrogen fluoride with graphite at room temperature. The compound has blackish-blue color.
Other examples are graphite bisulfate and graphite oxide.
Examples of complex graphite intercalation compounds are those with barium and ammonia guests (Ba(NH3)2.5C10.9(st.1)) or those with caesium, hydrogen and potassium  (CsC8.K2H4/3C8(st.1)).
Gynecologic hemorrhage overview

# Overview
Gynecologic hemorrhage represents excessive bleeding of the female reproductive system. Such bleeding could be visible or external, namely bleeding from the vagina, or it could be internal into the pelvic cavity or form a hematoma. Normal menstruation is not considered a gynecologic hemorrhage, as it is not excessive. Hemorrhage associated with a  pregnant state  or during delivery is an obstetrical hemorrhage.
Menstruation occurs typically monthly, lasts 3-7 days, and involves up to 80 ml blood. Bleeding in excess of this norm in a nonpregnant woman constitutes gynecologic hemorrhage. In addition, early pregnancy bleeding has sometimes been included as gynecologic hemorrhage, namely bleeding from a miscarriage or an ectopic pregnancy, while it actually represents obstetrical bleeding. However, from a practical view, early pregnancy bleeding is usually handled like a gynecological hemorrhage.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
A history will establish if gynecologic hemorrhage is acute or chronic, and if external circumstances are involved.

## Laboratory Findings
A blood count determines the degree of anemia and may point out bleeding problems. The pregnancy test is important, particularly as bleeding in early pregnancy presents as gynecological hemorrhage and ectopic pregnancy can be fatal.

## Ultrasound
A physical examination is usually complemented by a gynecologic ultrasonography to find out the cause of gynecologic hemorrhage.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
Gynecologic hemorrhage needs to be evaluated as soon as possible by a physician. The amount and duration of bleeding will dictate whether a bleeding event is an emergency event. Treatment depends on diagnosis and may include hormonal therapy, IV fluids and/ or blood transfusion.

## Surgery
Treatment of gynecologic hemorrhage depends on diagnosis and may include a dilation and curettage. Internal bleeding requires laparoscopy or abdominal surgery.

## Primary Prevention
Generally gynecologic hemorrhage does not arise out of nowhere. Regular gynecologic examinations, cancer screening, and contraceptive measures go a long way in preventing and forestalling unsuspected acute bleeding events.