Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Quantitative proteomics

# Overview
The aim of quantitative proteomics is to obtain quantitative information about all proteins in a sample. Rather than just providing lists of proteins identified in a certain sample, quantitative proteomics yields information about differences between samples. For example, this approach can be used to compare samples from healthy and diseased patients. The methods for protein identification are identical to those used in general (i.e. qualitative) proteomics, but include quantification as an additional dimension.

# Mass spectrometry-based proteomics
Due to differences in ionization efficiency and/or detectability the intensity of a peak in a mass spectrum is not a good indicator of the amount of the analyte. However, differences in peak intensity of the same analyte accurately reflect differences in its abundance. Therefore, in mass spectrometry-based proteomics relative quantification is used to compare protein abundance between samples. This can be achieved by labeling one sample with stable isotopes which leads to a mass shift in the mass spectrum. Differentially labeled samples are be combined and analyzed together. The differences in the peak intensities of the isotope pairs accurately reflect difference in the abundance of the corresponding proteins. Current methods include stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), isotope-coded affinity tags (ICATs) and metal coded tags (MeCATs). MeCAT can be used in combinantion with element mass spectrometry ICP-MS allowing first time absolute quantification of the metal bound by MeCAT reagent to a protein or biomolecule. Thus it is possible to determine the absolute amount of protein down to attomol range using external calibration by metal standard solution. It is compatible to protein separation by 2D electrophoresis and chromatography in multiplex experiments. Protein identification and relative quantification can be performed by MALDI-MS/MS and ESI-MS/MS.

# Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
Modern day gel electrophoresis research often leverages software-based image analysis tools primarily to analyze bio-markers by quantifying individual, as well as showing the separation between one or more protein "spots" on a scanned image of a 2-DE product. Differential staining of gels with fluorescent dyes (difference gel electrophoresis) can also be used to highlight differences in the spot pattern.
Quintiliano de Mesquita
Quintiliano H. de Mesquita (1918  October 28 2000), Brazilian physician and scientist, was born in Joao Pessoa, state of Paraiba.
He obtained his degree of M.D. in 1939 at the Faculdade de Medicina do Recife, state of Pernambuco. In 1940 he moved to Sao Paulo where he made his specialization in cardiology at the Hospital Municipal de Sao Paulo under the direction of Dr. Dante Pazzanese, staying there as voluntary assistant giving annual lectures on arrythmias until 1949. In 1945 he founded and directed the Cardiology Institute of Matarazzo Hospital till 1979. In 1943 he was one of the founders of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. Dr. Mesquita was also appointed as honorary professor at the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Paraiba.
Among Dr. Mesquita's several pioneer contributions to the medical science, the most important are:
1) A new electrocardiographic classification of incomplete branch block with the discovery of 2 new types of bundle branch block in 1948 
2) First case of post-infarction ventricular aneurism operated by Charles Bailey in 1954. Charles P. Bailey in a letter of March 16 1954 accepted the idea offered by Quintiliano H. de Mesquita to perform the aneurysmectomy in his patient 
3) First case of right ventricular infarction diagnosed in vivo by new electrocardiographic patterns. contradicting the ECG Cavity Theory and confirming the ECG Vectorial Theory of Myocardial Infarction, in 1958 . Myron Prinzmetal agreed with his diagnosis on July, 22, 1959 by letter. On November 27 1981 Ary L. Goldberger agreed that the vectorial theory is more flexible than the cavity potential explanation to Q waves  .
4) The Myogenic Theory of Myocardial Infarction, in 1972  supporting the use of cardiac glycosides in prevention and in treatment of acute coronary syndromes. Awarded with the Ernst Edens Tradition Prize by the International Society for Infarct Combat, 1975 .
5) The confirmation of the Prinzmetals Theory of Accelerated Conduction, 1999 

# External link
- Online biography
Raltegravir description

# Description
ISENTRESS contains raltegravir potassium, a human immunodeficiency virus integrase strand transfer inhibitor. The chemical name for raltegravir potassium is N--1,6-dihydro-5-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-amino]ethyl]-6-oxo-4-pyrimidinecarboxamide monopotassium salt.
The empirical formula is C20H20FKN6O5 and the molecular weight is 482.51. The structural formula is:
Raltegravir potassium is a white to off-white powder. It is soluble in water, slightly soluble in methanol, very slightly soluble in ethanol and acetonitrile and insoluble in isopropanol.
Each 400 mg film-coated tablet of ISENTRESS for oral administration contains 434.4 mg of raltegravir (as potassium salt), equivalent to 400 mg of raltegravir free phenol and the following inactive ingredients: microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate, calcium phosphate dibasic anhydrous, hypromellose 2208, poloxamer 407 (contains 0.01% butylated hydroxytoluene as antioxidant), sodium stearyl fumarate, magnesium stearate. In addition, the film coating contains the following inactive ingredients: polyvinyl alcohol, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol 3350, talc, red iron oxide and black iron oxide.
Each 100 mg chewable tablet of ISENTRESS for oral administration contains 108.6 mg of raltegravir (as potassium salt), equivalent to 100 mg of raltegravir free phenol and the following inactive ingredients: hydroxypropyl cellulose, sucralose, saccharin sodium, sodium citrate dihydrate, mannitol, red iron oxide, yellow iron oxide, monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, sorbitol, fructose, natural and artificial flavors (orange, banana, and masking that contains aspartame), crospovidone, magnesium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, ethylcellulose 20 cP, ammonium hydroxide, medium chain triglycerides, oleic acid, hypromellose 2910/6cP, PEG 400.
Each 25 mg chewable tablet of ISENTRESS for oral administration contains 27.16 mg of raltegravir (as potassium salt), equivalent to 25 mg of raltegravir free phenol and the following inactive ingredients: hydroxypropyl cellulose, sucralose, saccharin sodium, sodium citrate dihydrate, mannitol, yellow iron oxide, monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, sorbitol, fructose, natural and artificial flavors (orange, banana, and masking that contains aspartame), crospovidone, magnesium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, ethylcellulose 20 cP, ammonium hydroxide, medium chain triglycerides, oleic acid, hypromellose 2910/6cP, PEG 400.
Rectus abdominis muscle

# Overview
The rectus abdominis muscle (commonly known as "abs") is a paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen (and in some other animals). There are two parallel muscles, separated by a band of connective tissue called the linea alba (white line).  It extends from the pubic symphysis inferiorly to the xiphisternum and lower costal cartilages superiorly.
It is contained in the Rectus sheath.
The Rectus is crossed by fibrous bands, three in number, which are named the tendinous inscriptions. If well-defined, the rectus abdominis is colloquially called a "six pack".

# Function
The rectus abdominis is a key postural muscle. It is responsible for flexing the lumbar spine, as when doing a 'sit-up'. The rectus abdominis can play a role in respiration in the event the patient is short of breath.

# Blood supply
A Mathes and Nahai Type III muscle (2 dominant pedicles)
1 - The inferior epigastric artery and vein (or veins) run superiorly on the posterior surface of the rectus abdominis, enter the rectus fascia at the arcuate line, and help to supply the muscle with blood.
2 - superior epigastric artery ( a terminal branch of the internal mammary)
Also has small segmental contribution from lower 6 intercostal arteries

# Location
The Rectus abdominis is a long flat muscle, which extends along the whole length of the front of the abdomen, and is separated from its fellow of the opposite side by the linea alba.
It is much broader, but thinner, above than below, and arises by two tendons;
- the lateral or larger is attached to the crest of the pubis,
- the medial interlaces with its fellow of the opposite side, and is connected with the ligaments covering the front of the symphysis pubis.
The muscle is inserted by three portions of unequal size into the cartilages of the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs.
The upper portion, attached principally to the cartilage of the fifth rib, usually has some fibers of insertion into the anterior extremity of the rib itself.
Some fibers are occasionally connected with the costoxiphoid ligaments, and the side of the xiphoid process.

# Animals
The Rectus Abdominis is similar in most vertebrates. The most obvious difference between animal and human abdominal musculature is that in animals, there are a different number of tendinous intersections.

# Additional images
- Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages.
- The interfoveolar ligament, seen from in front.
- Diagram of sheath of Rectus.
- Diagram of a transverse section through the anterior abdomina wall, below the linea semicircularis.
- The relations of the femoral and abdominal inguinal rings, seen from within the abdomen. Right side.
- Horizontal disposition of the peritoneum in the lower part of the abdomen.
- Transverse section through the middle of the first lumbar vertebra, showing the relations of the pancreas.
- The left side of the thorax.
- Surface anatomy of the front of the thorax and abdomen.
- Muscles of the trunk
- A man showing a large six-pack
A man showing a large six-pack
Relative risk reduction
The relative risk reduction is a measure used in epidemiology. It is calculated by dividing the absolute risk reduction by the control event rate.
The relative risk reduction can be more useful than the absolute risk reduction in determining an appropriate treatment plan, because it accounts not only for the effectiveness of a proposed treatment, but also for the relative likelihood of an incident (positive or negative) occurring in the absence of treatment.
Like many other epidemiological measures, the same equations can be used to measure a benefit or a harm (although the signs may need to be adjusted, depending upon how the data was collected.)

# Worked example
Retrosynthetic analysis
Retrosynthetic analysis is a technique for solving problems in the planning of organic syntheses. This is achieved by transforming a target molecule into simpler precursor structures without assumptions regarding starting materials. Each precursor material is examined using the same method. This procedure is repeated until simple or commercially available structures are reached. E.J. Corey formalized this concept in his book The Logic of Chemical Synthesis.  
The power of retrosynthetic analysis becomes evident in the design of a synthesis. The goal of retrosynthetic analysis is structural simplification. Often, a synthesis will have more than one possible synthetic routes. Retrosynthesis is well suited for discovering different synthetic routes and comparing them in a logical and straightfoward fashion.

# Definitions

# Example
An example will allow the concept of retrosynthetic analysis to be easily understood.
Retrosynthetic analysis of phenylacetic acid
In planning the synthesis of phenylacetic acid, two synthons are identified. A nucleophilic "-COOH" group, and an electrophilic "PhCH2+" group. Of course, both synthons do not exist per se; synthetic equivalents corresponding to the synthons are reacted to produce the desired product. In this case, the cyanide anion is the synthetic equivalent for the -COOH synthon, while benzyl bromide is the synthetic equivalent for the benzyl synthon.
The synthesis of phenylacetylene determined by retrosynthetic analysis is thus:
- PhCH2Br + NaCN  PhCH2CN + NaBr
- PhCH2CN + 2 H2O  PhCH2COOH + NH3
Synthesis of phenylacetic acid after retrosynthetic analysis

# Strategies

## Functional Group Strategies
Manipulation of functional groups can lead to significant reductions in molecular complexity.

## Stereochemical Strategies
Numerous chemical targets have distinct stereochemical demands. Stereochemical transformations (such as the Claisen rearrangement and Mitsunobu reaction) can remove or transfer the desired chirality thus simplifying the target.

## Structure-Goal Strategies
Directing a synthesis toward a desirable intermediate can greatly narrow the focus of an analysis. This allows bidirectional search techniques.

## Transform-based Strategies
The application of transformations to retrosynthetic analysis can lead to powerful reductions in molecular complexity. Unfortuantely, powerful transform-based retrons are rarely present in complex molecules, and additional synthetic steps are often needed to establish their presence.

## Topological Strategies
The identification one or more key bond disconnections may lead to the identification of key substructures or difficult to identify rearrangement transformations.
- Disconnections that preserve ring structures are encouraged.
- Disconnections that create rings larger than 7 members are discouraged.
Rhabdomyolysis overview

# Overview
Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome characterized by skeletal muscle necrosis and the release of intracellular muscle contents, such as myoglobin and electrolytes, into the blood circulation.

# Causes
The causes can be divided into 3 categories:
- Traumatic or muscle compression.
- Nontraumatic exertional.
- Nontraumatic non-exertional.

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination
A physical usually reveals no abnormalities, but there may be tenderness, weakness, or atrophy.

## Electrocardiogram
The EKG can show non specific ST T wave changes and T wave inversions.  Despite the very high level of CK, the criteria for MI requires a 5% MB index (may vary by assay and gender).
Rifapentine description

# Description
PRIFTIN (rifapentine) for oral administration contains 150 mg of the active ingredient rifapentine per tablet.
The 150 mg tablets also contain, as inactive ingredients: calcium stearate, disodium EDTA, FD&C Blue No. 2 aluminum lake, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hypromellose USP, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, pregelatinized starch, propylene glycol, sodium ascorbate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium starch glycolate, synthetic red iron oxide, and titanium dioxide.
Rifapentine is a rifamycin derivative antibiotic and has a similar profile of microbiological activity to rifampin (rifampicin). The molecular weight is 877.04.
The molecular formula is C47H64N4O12.
The chemical name for rifapentine is rifamycin, 3-methyl]- or 3- rifamycin or 5,6,9,17,19,21-hexahydroxy-23-methoxy-2,4,12,16,18,20,22-heptamethyl-8--2,7-(epoxypentadecatrienimino)naphthofuran-1,11(2H)-dione 21-acetate. It has the following structure:
Rilpivirine description

# Description
EDURANT (rilpivirine) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). EDURANT is available as a white to off-white, film-coated, round, biconvex, 6.4 mm tablet for oral administration. Each tablet contains 27.5 mg of rilpivirine hydrochloride, which is equivalent to 25 mg of rilpivirine.
The chemical name for rilpivirine hydrochloride is 4--2,6-dimethylphenyl]amino]-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]benzonitrile monohydrochloride. Its molecular formula is C22H18N6 - HCl and its molecular weight is 402.88. Rilpivirine hydrochloride has the following structural formula:
Rilpivirine hydrochloride is a white to almost white powder. Rilpivirine hydrochloride is practically insoluble in water over a wide pH range.
Each EDURANT tablet also contains the inactive ingredients croscarmellose sodium, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, polysorbate 20, povidone K30 and silicified microcrystalline cellulose. The tablet coating contains hypromellose 2910 6 mPa.s, lactose monohydrate, PEG 3000, titanium dioxide and triacetin.
Rizatriptan description

# Description
MAXALT contains rizatriptan benzoate, a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine1B/1D (5-HT1B/1D) receptor agonist.
Rizatriptan benzoate is described chemically as: N,N-dimethyl-5-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-ethanamine monobenzoate and its structural formula is:
Its empirical formula is C15H19N5C7H6O2, representing a molecular weight of the free base of 269.4. Rizatriptan benzoate is a white to off-white, crystalline solid that is soluble in water at about 42 mg per mL (expressed as free base) at 25C.
MAXALT Tablets and MAXALT-MLT Orally Disintegrating Tablets are available for oral administration in strengths of 5 and 10 mg (corresponding to 7.265 mg or 14.53 mg of the benzoate salt, respectively). Each compressed tablet contains the following inactive ingredients: lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized starch, ferric oxide (red), and magnesium stearate.
Each lyophilized orally disintegrating tablet contains the following inactive ingredients: gelatin, mannitol, glycine, aspartame, and peppermint flavor.
Royal Adelaide Hospital
The Royal Adelaide Hospital is Adelaide's largest hospital with over 700 beds. Founded in 1840, the Royal Adelaide  provides tertiary health care services for South Australia and provides secondary care clinical services to residents of Adelaide's inner city.
The hospital is situated on the corner of North Terrace and Frome Road. It neighbours the Adelaide Botanic Gardens, the Adelaide Zoo and both the University of Adelaide and the University of South Australia. The land which it covers is home to the Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide Dental Hospital, The Hanson Institute and the Institute of Medical and Veterinary Sciences.
In June 2007, plans were unveiled by the State Government to build a new central hospital for Adelaide to replace the Royal Adelaide Hospital. The Marjorie Jackson Nelson Hospital, to be completed in 2016, will be built on the railyards at the intersection of North Terrace and West Terrace in Adelaide. The State Government plans that the Royal Adelaide will close when the new hospital is completed and some of the land currently occupied by the hospital will be incorporated as part of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens.

# Blocks
Since the Hospital is so large it is split up into many different blocks and Building names.

## North Wing
The North Wing is home to wards Q3-R3-S3 (Orthapedics), Q5 (ENT and Eyes), Q6 (Colorectal Surgery), Q7-R6 (Gastric and Upper GI Surgery), Q8--R7-R8-S7-S8 (Medical), R4A (Spinal), R5 (NeuroSurgery), S6 (Urology/Gynaecology), S2 (Thoracic Medicine) and S5 (Plastics). Radiology can also be found in the North Wing.

## East Wing
The East wing has 10 Wards for Psychiatry, Stroke, Oncology, Cardiology and Vascular Surgery

## Theatre Block
All of the 23 Operating Theatres are in this block. All of the treatment centres for the many Specialties covered can also be found in this block.

## Emergency Block
The Emergency Department and Recovery Rooms are found in this block. This is also the block that has access to the Helipad and Medi-Vac team. The 3 PTL (Patient Transport Lifts) are also in this block which go from Ground Floor, up to the Helipad. The Emergency department has recently undergone a total refurbishment and is now a state of the art Emergency facility.

## Outpatients
All Specialist offices are found in the Outpatient blocks from level 3-9.

## Hone Wing
The Hone Wing is home to the Department of Radiation Oncology and holds 5 bunkers containing Varian Linear Accelerators.

## McEwin Building
The McEwin Building is situated to the east of the hospital. It is home to the Sleep Disorders Laboratory, containing four beds (Level 6), and Transfusion (Level 5).
Salter-Harris fractures

# Overview
Salter-Harris fractures are descriptive terms for fractures affecting the growth plate of a bone. Once bone growth has completed, the term "Salter-Harris Fracture" no longer applies.

# Classification
There are six types of Salter-Harris fractures:
- Type I - A transverse fracture through the growth plate (also referred to as the "physis"): 6% incidence
- Salter-Harris fracture-I Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Salter-Harris fracture-I Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Type II - A fracture through the growth plate and the metaphysis, sparing the epiphysis: 75% incidence
- Salter-Harris fracture-II Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Salter-Harris fracture-II Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Salter-Harris fracture-II Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Type III - A fracture through growth plate and epiphysis, sparing the metaphysis: 8% incidence
- Salter-Harris fracture-III Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Salter-Harris fracture-III Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Salter-Harris fracture-III Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Salter-Harris fracture-III Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Salter-Harris fracture-III Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Salter-Harris fracture-III Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Salter-Harris fracture-III Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Type IV - A fracture through all three elements of the bone, the growth plate, metaphysis, and epiphysis: 10% incidence
- Salter-Harris fracture-IV Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Salter-Harris fracture-IV Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Salter-Harris fracture-IV Image courtesy of RadsWiki and copylefted
- Type V - A compression fracture of the growth plate (resulting in a decrease in the perceived space between the epiphysis and diaphysis on x-ray): 1% incidence
- Type VI - Injury to the peripheral portion of the physis and a resultant bony bridge formation which my produce an angular deformity. (Added in 1969 by Mercer Rang.)
Sandbox: ESC guidelines

# Overview
The Class designation is used to indicate whether a therapy is recommended or not and the certainty surrounding that recommendation.

# Classes of Recommendation 

## Class I:
Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a given procedure or treatment is beneficial, useful, and effective.

## Class II:
Conditions for which there is conflicting evidence and/or a divergence of opinion about the usefulness/efficacy of a procedure or treatment.
Weight of evidence/opinion is in favor of usefulness/efficacy.
Usefulness/efficacy is less well established by evidence/opinion.

## Class III
Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a procedure/treatment is not useful/effective and in some cases may be harmful.

# Level Of Evidence

### Level of Evidence A:
Data derived from multiple randomized clinical trials or meta-analyses of such studies.

### Level of Evidence B:
- Data derived from one or more randomized trials or meta-analysis of such studies.
- Data derived from one or more non-randomized trials or meta-analysis of such studies.

## Level of Evidence C:
- Non randomized observational studies with limitations in design or execution or Metanalysis of such studies.
- Consensus opinion of experts based on clinical experience.

# According to 2012, Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease
Sandbox: GCT management
- The predominant therapy for granulosa cell tumor is surgical resection. Adjunctive chemotherapy may be required among advanced cases.
- Postoperative chemotherapy is indicated to manage both stage III and stage IV granulosa cell tumor patients.
- Chemotherapeutic agents recommended for the management of advanced stage granulosa cell tumors include:
- Adriamycin
- Bleomycin
- Cyclophosphamide
- Etoposide
- Cisplatin
- Vinblastine
- The preferred chemotherapeutic regimens for the treatment of such advanced stage granulosa cell tumors may include:
- Cyclophosphamide AND adriamycin AND cisplatin
- Cyclophosphamide AND cisplatin
- Cisplatin AND vinblastine AND bleomycin
- Bleomycin AND etoposide AND cisplatin