Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Sensor induced tachycardia

# Overview
Sensor induced at tachycardia occurs when limb movement during exercise, rapid breathing or acidosis causes the sensor of a modern pacemaker to fire at an inappropriately rapid rate.

# Pathophysiology
There have been advances in the technology of modern pacemakers such that these pacemakers can increase the heart rate in response to metabolic demands such as acidemia or hypercapnea as well as physiologic stimuli such as exercise or tachypnea.  Sensor induced tachycardia occurs when these pacemaker sensors misinterpret stimuli and misfire.

# Causes
Sensor induced tachycardia occurs when these pacemaker sensors misinterpret stimuli and misfire. Stimuli that may cause the pacemaker to misfire include the following:
- Electrocautery during surgery
- Excess limb movement
- Fever
- Hyperventilation
- Loud noises
- Vibrations

# Differential Diagnosis
Sensor induced tachycardia must be differentiated from pacemaker mediated tachycardia.  The rate associated with pacemaker mediated tachycardia is usually slower at around 120 to 130 beats per minute while the heart rate associated with sensor induced tachycardia is more rapid at a rate of 162 180 beats per minute.

# Diagnosis

## Electrocardiogram
The ventricular rate is at the upper limit of the pacemakers range at 162 180 bpm.

# Treatment
Placement of the magnet on the patient will terminate the tachycardia.
Sinoatrial arrest overview

# Overview
Under certain circumstances, the SA node fails to initiate an impulse at the expected time in the cardiac cycle. In the absence of an impulse from the SA node, neither the atria nor the ventricles are stimulated and thus an entire PQRST complex drops out for 1 beat(or more). This is called sinoatrial (SA) arrest. In other instances the impulse is initiated normally but is blocked within the SA Node and never reaches the atria and ventricles. This is called sinus exit block or sinoatrial block. Sinus arrest is one of several variants of sinus node dysfunction.  The word sinus pause is used to indicate a pause in the generation of QRS complexes for 3 seconds or less. If the delay is longer than this, then the term sinus arrest is used.  If there is a markedly prolonged or permanent cessation of P wave and QRS complexes, then the term asystole is applied.

# Pathophysiology
In sinoatrial arrest, the SA node is not generating electrical complexes due to impairment of automaticity.  In patients with sinus arrest, the pause is more frequently associated with either an atrial or an AV junctional escape rhythm. If associated with sick sinus syndrome, lower pacemakers are impaired as well, therefore it can present as a complete absence of electrical activity on EKG.

# Causes
Sinus arrest is fairly uncommon. It can be observed in the setting of myocardial disease (myocarditis) and ischemia or infarction (particularly acute inferior or posterior ST segment elevation MI). It can be a manifestation of digitalis or lidocaine toxicity.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Sinus arrest is fairly uncommon. It is more likely to be observed in elderly patients with a senescent rhythm system.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
If the AV junctional or ectopic ventricular pacemaker is not sufficiently rapid to generate an adequate cardiac output, then end organ hypoperfusion may result.

## Laboratory Findings
Serum K+, Ca+ and Na+ should be checked as should thyroid function tests to rule out hypothyroidism.
Sjogren syndrome antigen B
Sjogren syndrome type B antigen (SS-B) also known as Lupus La protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SSB gene.

# Function
La is involved in diverse aspects of RNA metabolism, including binding and protecting 3-prime UUU (OH) elements of newly RNA polymerase III-transcribed RNA, processing 5-prime and 3-prime ends of pre-tRNA precursors, acting as an RNA chaperone, and binding viral RNAs associated with hepatitis C virus. La protein was originally defined by its reactivity with autoantibodies from patients with Sjogren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus.

# Interactions
Sjogren syndrome antigen B has been shown to interact with nucleolin.
Small bowel follow-through
A small bowel follow-through, also called small bowel series, is a radiologic examination of the small intestine from the distal duodenum/duodenojejunal junction to the ileocecal valve.
An X-ray examination of the most proximal small bowel (duodenum) is typically done together with an examination of the esophagus and stomach and is called an upper GI series.

# Procedure
- Person drinks radio-opaque contrast.
- X-ray images of abdominal are made.

# Indications
- Suspected small bowel neoplasm.
- Hematochezia.
- Positive fecal occult blood test.
Pathology of the small bowel is uncommon.  Therefore, upper GI and lower GI endoscopy is often done prior to small bowel follow-through.
Social Media Project Media

# Type of Media

## Facebook
- For a link to the Wikidoc Facebook page please click here.

## Instagram
- For a link to the Wikidoc Instagram page please click here.

## Twitter
- For a link to the Wikidoc Twitter page please click here.
Sodium cellulose phosphate

# Overview
Sodium cellulose phosphate is a drug used to treat hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria. It has been used to prevent kidney stones.
This compound is an ion-exchange resin that can not be absorbed by the body. However, it can be used to restore the normal intestinal calcium absorption. When it is taken orally, it binds strongly to calcium and inhibits its absorption into the blood. From there, inhibition is caused due to the lower intraluminal calcium levels, which is typically available for absorption. 
The mechanism of action of the drug compound can cause a couple of internal effects. Due to the binding activity of the compound with calcium, it will also bind with magnesium and cause a depletion in the body. Working off of this effect, sodium cellulose phosphate will bind with divalent intestinal cations. Because of this binding, more oxalate is available in the blood. This high level of oxalate within the intestine can also be a source of renal stones.

# Studies
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, physiological action studies took place to show how intestinal calcium was absorbed and how it affects other functions within the body. By a study done at the University of Texas, it was found that sodium cellulose phosphate inhibited calcium absorption through three separate techniques.
- Calcium balance studies
- External counting method
- Formal kinetic analysis
Through these studies, major conclusions were made regarding the drug compound. Sodium cellulose phosphate reduces the renal excretion of magnesium and calcium. Phosphate and oxalate were both increased in the urine, one due to intestinal hydrolysis and the other to a reduced oxalate complex. Overall, it was noted that the drug could be used to correct the increased calcium absorption that occurs in absorptive hypercalciuria.

# Calcibind
The major US dosage form of sodium cellulose phosphate is Calcibind, which was developed and brought to market by Mission Pharma. Calcibind is a powder dosage form, which comes in small, 2.5 gram doses, individually packaged. The patent for this product was approved on December 28, 1982. The product was eventually removed from the market for reasons that have not been found at this time.

# Hypercalcemia
This condition occurs when there is a raised level of calcium in the blood, compared to the normal range of  2.22.6 mmol/L. Typical symptoms of this condition include renal stones, bone pain, abdominal discomfort, and nausea/vomiting. More severe symptoms are associated with psychiatric overtones which are consumed with anxiety, depression, and insomnia.

# Hypercalciuria
Hypercalciuria occurs when there is an elevated level of calcium in the urine. This condition is due to severe calcium reabsorption within the intestines.
Specification (regression)
In regression analysis and related fields such as econometrics, specification is the process of converting a theory into a regression model.  This process consists of selecting an appropriate functional form for the model and choosing which variables to include.  Model specification is one of the first steps in regression analysis.  If an estimated model is misspecified, it will be biased and inconsistent.

# Specification error and bias
Specification error occurs when an independent variable is correlated with the error term. There are several different causes of specification error:
- incorrect functional form
- a variable omitted from the model may have a relationship with both the dependent variable and one or more of the independent variables (omitted variable bias);
- an irrelevant variable may be included in the model
- the dependent variable may be  part of a simultaneous equation (simultaneity bias)
- measurement errors may affect the independent variables.

# Detection
The Ramsey RESET test can help test for specification error.
Spectinomycin microbiology

# Microbiology
Spectinomycin hydrochloride is an inhibitor of protein synthesis in the bacterial cell; the site of action is the 30S ribosomal subunit.
In vitro studies have shown spectinomycin hydrochloride to be active against most strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (minimum inhibitory concentration <7.5 to 20 mcg/mL).
Definitive in vitro studies have shown no cross-resistance of N. gonorrhoeae between spectinomycin hydrochloride and penicillin. The antibiotic is not significantly bound to plasma protein.
Sperm-associated antigen 9
C-jun-amino-terminal kinase-interacting protein 4 is a scaffold protein that in humans is encoded by the SPAG9 gene.

# Function
Extracellular signals are transduced into cells through mitogen-activated protein kinases. The structural organization of these kinases into specific signaling domains is facilitated by scaffolding proteins involved in closely tethering different kinases so that successive phosphorylation events can occur. The protein encoded by this gene is a scaffolding protein that brings together mitogen-activated protein kinases and their transcription factor targets for the activation of specific signaling pathways. This gene which is abundantly expressed in testicular haploid germ cells encodes a protein that is recognized by sperm-agglutinating antibodies and implicated in infertility.

# Clinical significance
SPAG9 is a potential biomarker for early cervical carcinoma bladder cancer,  and lung cancer.

# Interactions
SPAG9 has been shown to interact with MAX.
Stavudine clinical studies

# Clinical Studies

## Combination Therapy
The combination use of ZERIT is based on the results of clinical studies in HIV-1-infected patients in double- and triple-combination regimens with other antiretroviral agents.
One of these studies (START 1) was a multicenter, randomized, open-label study comparing ZERIT (40 mg twice daily) plus lamivudine plus indinavir to zidovudine plus lamivudine plus indinavir in 202 treatment-naive patients. Both regimens resulted in a similar magnitude of inhibition of HIV-1 RNA levels and increases in CD4+ cell counts through 48 weeks.

## Monotherapy
The efficacy of ZERIT was demonstrated in a randomized, double-blind study (AI455-019, conducted 19921994) comparing ZERIT with zidovudine in 822 patients with a spectrum of HIV-1-related symptoms. The outcome in terms of progression of HIV-1 disease and death was similar for both drugs.
Stent thrombosis treatment

# Overview
Stents are usually placed in the proximal segments of major epicardial vessels, hence in-stent thrombotic occlusion clinically present as severe ischemia or infarction.

# Treatment
- Emergent target lesion or target vessel revascularization is the treatment of choice in stent thrombosis to restore vessel patency.
- Revascularization may be carried out by PCI or in some instances, thrombolytics if PCI is not available .
- If revascularization is not successful, urgent CABG should be considered.

## The Underlying Cause of Stent Thrombosis Should Guide Management
The probable cause for stent thrombosis should be evaluated as the treatment varies with etiology.

### Modifiable Procedural Related Causes
While the patient is undergoing cardiac catheterization, a careful evaluation should be undertaken to exclude procedure related variables that could be amenable to further treatment such as:
- Suboptimal stent expansion and poor apposition,
- Procedure-related variables of persistent dissection, total stent length, and final lumen diameter were significantly associated with the probability of stent thrombosis.

### Modifiable Clinical Risk Factors
Likewise, the patient should be questioned thoroughly for the following clinical risk factors for stent thrombosis:
- Noncompliance with dual antiplatelet therapy,
- Premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy

### Clopidogrel Resistance: A Clinical Diagnosis of Exclusion
If neither angiographic, procedural nor clinical variables appear to play a role, then clopidogrel resistance should be considered.  This diagnosis can of course be confirmed through platelet function testing and genetic testing.   If this is the case consideration should be made to switching the patient to prasugrel. The TIMI 38 or TRITON trial demonstrated that newer antiplatelet agents such as prasugrel may be used after weighing the risks of bleeding against benefits of decreased recurrence of stent thrombosis/coronary events.  Patients who present with stent thrombosis after completing the recommended duration of treatment with clopidogrel restarting clopidogrel 75 mg daily along with aspirin and continuing for a minimum of one year should be considered.
Step-growth polymerization
Step-growth polymerization is a polymerization process that involves a chemical reaction between multifunctional monomer molecules.  In a step-growth reaction, the growing chains may react with each other to form even longer chains. This applies to chains of all lengths. Thus, a monomer or dimer may react in just the same way as a chain hundreds of monomer units long.  This is in contrast to a chain-growth polymerization, where only monomers may react with growing chains (In chain-growth polymerization, two growing chains can't join together the way they can in a step-growth polymerization).
Irreconcilable Differences:  One variety of step-growth polymerization is called condensation polymerization and the product a condensation polymer because the chemical reaction by which the monomer molecules bond is often a condensation reaction that produces a small molecule byproduct. 
A multifunctional monomer is a molecule that has more than one potential reactive site by which it can form intermolecular chemical bonds. The easiest way to visualize a step growth polymerization is a group of people holding hands to form a human chain: each person has two hands (=reactive sites).
A pioneer in step-growth polymerisation is Wallace Carothers who invented nylon, a condensation product of hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid. Each monomer has two functional groups (two amino groups or two carboxyl group) and so each monomer can form an amide link with each of its neighbour.
The functionality of a monomer is the number of reactive sites. A functionality of 2 will yield a linear polymer. Examples:
- hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid create nylon
- terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol create PET
In theory the polymerisation will continue to result in a single macromolecule. The relationship between the extent of the reaction and the average number of monomer units in a polymer chain is given by the Carothers equation. High molecular weight polymer is formed only at high degrees of conversion (extent of reaction). In practise the average length of the polymer chain is limited by such things as the purity of the reactants and the viscosity of the medium.
A monomer with functionality 3 will introduce branching in a polymer and will ultimately form a cross-linked macrostructure. The point at which this three-dimensional structure is formed is known as the gel point because it is signalled by an abrupt change in viscosity. One of the earliest so-called thermosets is known as bakelite.
It is not always water that is released in step-growth polymerization: in acyclic diene metathesis or ADMET dienes polymerize with loss of ethylene.
Sternocleidomastoid muscle

# Overview
In human anatomy, the sternocleidomastoid (pronounced Template:IPA) muscles are anterior muscles in the neck that act to flex and rotate the head.
It also acts as an accessory muscle of inspiration, along with the scalene muscles of the neck.

# Etymology
It is given the name sternocleidomastoid because it originates with the sternum (sterno-) and clavicle (cleido-), and articulates with the mastoid process of the temporal bone of the skull. It is also called the sternomastoid muscle.

# Origins and insertions of the two heads
The Sternocleidomastoideus (Sternomastoid muscle) passes obliquely across the side of the neck.
It is thick and narrow at its central part, but broader and thinner at either end. It arises from the sternum and clavicle by two heads.
- The medial or sternal head is a rounded fasciculus, tendinous in front, fleshy behind, which arises from the upper part of the anterior surface of the manubrium sterni, and is directed upward, lateralward, and backward.
- The lateral or clavicular head, composed of fleshy and aponeurotic fibers, arises from the superior border and anterior surface of the medial third of the clavicle; it is directed almost vertically upward.
The two heads are separated from one another at their origins by a triangular interval, but gradually blend, below the middle of the neck, into a thick, rounded muscle which is inserted, by a strong tendon, into the lateral surface of the mastoid process, from its apex to its superior border, and by a thin aponeurosis into the lateral half of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone.

# Variations
The Sternocleidomastoideus varies much in the extent of its origin from the clavicle: in some cases the clavicular head may be as narrow as the sternal; in others it may be as much as 7.5 cm. in breadth.
When the clavicular origin is broad, it is occasionally subdivided into several slips, separated by narrow intervals.
More rarely, the adjoining margins of the Sternocleidomastoideus and Trapezius have been found in contact.
The Supraclavicularis muscle arises from the manubrium behind the Sternocleidomastoideus (also known as the wing and named after a large prehistoric bird) and passes behind the Sternocleidomastoideus to the upper surface of the clavicle.

# Additional images
- Anterior surface of sternum and costal cartilages.
- Occipital bone. Outer surface.
- Left temporal bone. Outer surface.
- Base of skull. Inferior surface.
- Left clavicle. Superior surface.
- Section of the neck at about the level of the sixth cervical vertebra.
- Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries.
- Veins of the head and neck.
- The veins of the neck, viewed from in front.
- The nerves of the scalp, face, and side of neck.
- Anterolateral view of head and neck.
- Front view of neck.
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
A subconjunctival hemorrhage (or subconjunctival haemorrhage) is bleeding underneath the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva contains many small, fragile blood vessels that are easily ruptured or broken. When this happens, blood leaks into the space between the conjunctiva and sclera.
Whereas a bruise typically appears black or blue underneath the skin, a subconjunctival hemorrhage initially appears bright red underneath the transparent conjunctiva. Later the hemorrhage may spread and become green or yellow, like a bruise. Usually this disappears within 2 weeks. 
Although its appearance may be alarming, a subconjunctival hemorrhage is generally a painless and harmless condition; however, it may be associated with high blood pressure, or trauma to the eye.

# Causes
- Minor eye trauma
- Spontaneously with increased venous pressure
- Strenuous Exercising
- Coughing
- Touching/widening eyes
- Sneezing
- Pulling extreme g-forces
- Vomiting, particularly forced vomiting as seen in bulimia nervosa
- Straining
- Severe alcohol intoxication, leading to raised blood pressure
- Blood dyscrasia (rare)
- Severe hypertension
- LASIK
- Blood thinners, such as ginger, capsaicin, ginseng, garlic, aspirin, or Herba if taken in high doses or combined. These can also make the vessels in the eye more susceptible to the pressure causes listed above.
- Drug Side effect - Moxifloxacin ophthalmic
Subconjunctival hemorrhages in infants may be associated with scurvy (a vitamin C deficiency),, abuse or traumatic asphyxia syndrome .

# Treatment and management
A subconjunctival hemorrhage is typically a self-limiting condition that requires no treatment in the absence of infection or significant trauma. The elective use of aspirin and NSAIDs is typically discouraged.
A common symptom of a subconjunctival hemorrhage, itchy eyes, is often treated by applying eye drops or artificial tears to the affected eye(s), however, this is discouraged, as it may slow down the healing time.
Sulfanilamide how supplied

# How Supplied
AVC Cream
NDC 66663-103-04 4 oz tube with applicator
Store at room temperature, below 86F.
Protect from cold.
Product darkens with age. Potency is maintained throughout labeled shelf life when stored as directed.
This leaflet provides a summary of the important information about AVC Cream. You can get more information by calling the toll free number (1-800-890-3098).
Manufactured for:
Azur Pharma, Inc.
1818 Market Street Suite 2350
Philadelphia, PA 19103, www.azurpharma.com
Manufactured by:
DPT Laboratories, Ltd.
San Antonio, TX 78215
AVC is a registered trademark of Azur Pharma International II Limited.
AVCCp-11-01
Rev. 09/11
Transverse cervical artery
The transverse cervical artery (transverse artery of neck, transversalis colli artery) is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk, running at a higher level than the suprascapular artery; it passes transversely above the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle to the anterior margin of the trapezius, beneath which it divides into an ascending and a descending branch.
It crosses in front of the phrenic nerve and the scalene muscles, and in front of or between the divisions of the brachial plexus, and is covered by the platysma and sternocleidomastoid muscles, and crossed by the omohyoid and trapezius.

# Branches
The transverse cervical artery splits into two branches, a superficial one and a deep one:
- Superficial branch (also known as the superficial cervical artery)
- Deep branch (also called the dorsal scapular artery)

## Superficial branch
The superficial cervical artery is another name for the superficial branch of transverse cervical artery.  It ascends beneath the anterior margin of the trapezius, distributing branches to it, and to the neighboring muscles and lymph glands in the neck, and anastomosing with the superficial branch of the descending branch of the occipital artery.

## Deep branch
See dorsal scapular artery.

# Additional images
- Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries.
Superior cervical ganglion
The superior cervical ganglion (SCG), the largest of the cervical ganglia, is placed opposite the second and third cervical vertebr. It contains neurons that supply sympathetic innervation to the face.
It is of a reddish-gray color, and usually fusiform in shape; sometimes broad and flattened, and occasionally constricted at intervals; it is believed to be formed by the coalescence of four ganglia, corresponding to the upper four cervical nerves.
It is in relation, in front, with the sheath of the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein; behind, with the Longus capitis muscle.
It receives input from the ciliospinal center.

# Additional images
- The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses.
- Diagram of efferent sympathetic nervous system.
- Sympathetic connections of the ciliary and superior cervical ganglia.
- The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind.