Multiple mini interview

# Overview
The multiple mini interview (MMI) is an interview format that uses many short independent assessments, typically in a timed circuit, to obtain an aggregate score of each candidates soft skills. In 2001, theMichael DeGroote School of Medicine at McMaster University began developing the MMI system, to address two widely recognized problems. First, it has been shown that traditional interview formats or simulations of educational situations do not accurately predict performance in medical school. Secondly, when a licensing or regulatory body reviews the performance of a physician subsequent to patient complaints, the most frequent issues of concern are those of the non-cognitive skills, such as interpersonal skills, professionalism and ethical/moral judgment.

# Introduction to the Multiple Mini Interview
Interviews have been used widely for different purposes, including assessment and recruitment.  Candidate assessment is normally deemed successful when the scores generated by the measuring tool predict for future outcomes of interest, such as job performance or job retention. Meta-analysis of the human resource literature has demonstrated low to moderate ability of interviews to predict for future job performance. How well a candidate scores on one interview is only somewhat correlated with how well that candidate scores on the next interview. Marked shifts in scores are buffered when collecting many scores on the same candidate, with a greater buffering effect provided by multiple interviews than by multiple interviewers acting as a panel for one interview. The score assigned by an interviewer in the first few minutes of an interview is rarely changed significantly over the course of the rest of the interview, an effect known as the halo effect.
Therefore, even very short interviews within an MMI format provide similar ability to differentiate reproducibly between candidates. Ability to reproducibly differentiate between candidates, also known as overall test reliability, is markedly higher for the MMI than for other interview formats. This has translated into higher predictive validity, correlating for future performance much more highly than standard interviews.

# History
Aiming to enhance predictive correlations with future performance in medical school, post-graduate medical training, and future performance in practice, McMaster University began research and development of the MMI in 2001. The initial pilot was conducted on 18 graduate students volunteering as medical school candidates. High overall test reliability (0.81) led to a larger study conducted in 2002 on real medical school candidates, many of whom volunteered after their standard interview to stay for the MMI. Overall test reliability remained high, and subsequent follow-up through medical school and on to national licensure examination (Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination Parts I and II) revealed the MMI to be the best predictor for subsequent clinical performance, professionalism, and ability to communicate with patients and successfully obtain national licensure. Since its formal inception at the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine at McMaster University in 2004, the MMI subsequently spread as an admissions test across medical schools, and to other disciplines. By 2008, the MMI was being used as an admissions test by the majority of medical schools in Canada, Australia and Israel, as well as other medical schools in the United States and Brunei. This success lead to the development of a McMaster spin-off company, APT Inc., to commercialize the MMI system. The MMI was branded as ProFitHR and made available to both the academic and corporate sector. By 2009, the list of other disciplines using the MMI included schools for dentistry, pharmacy, midwifery, physiotherapy andoccupational therapy, veterinary medicine, ultrasound technology, nuclear medicine technology, X-ray technology, medical laboratorytechnology, chiropody, dental hygiene, and postgraduate training programs in dentistry and medicine.

# MMI Procedure
1. Interview stations  the domain(s) being assessed at any one station are variable, and normally reflects the objectives of the selecting institution. Examples of domains include the soft skills - ethics, professionalism, interpersonal relationships, ability to manage, communicate, collaborate, as well as perform a task.  An MMI interview station takes considerable time and effort to produce; it is composed of several parts, including the stem question, probing questions for the interviewer, and a scoring sheet.
2. Circuit(s) of stations  to reduce costs of the MMI significantly below that of most interviews, the interview stations are kept short (eight minutes or less) and are conducted simultaneously in a circuit as a bell-ringer examination. The preferred number of stations depends to some extent on the characteristics of the candidate group being interviewed, though nine interviews per candidate represents a reasonable minimum. The circuit of interview stations should be within sufficiently close quarters to allow candidates to move from interview room to interview room.  Multiple parallel circuits can be run, each circuit with the same set of interview stations, depending upon physical plant limitations.
3. Interviewers  one interviewer per interview station is sufficient. In a typical MMI, each interviewer stays in the same interview throughout, as candidates rotate through.  The interviewer thus scores each candidate based upon the same interview scenario throughout the course of the test.
4. Candidates  each candidate rotates through the circuit of interviews. For example, if each interview station is eight minutes, and there are nine interview stations, it will take the nine candidates being assessed on that circuit 72 minutes to complete the MMI. Each of the candidates begins at a different interview station, rotating to the next interview station at the ringing of the bell.
4. Administrators  each circuit requires at least one administrator to ensure that the MMI is conducted fairly and on time.

# Utility of the MMI
The MMI requires less expenditure of resources than standard interview formats. Test security breaches tend not to unduly influence results. Sex of candidate and candidate status as under-represented minority tends not to unduly influence results. Preparatory courses taken by the candidate tend not to unduly influence results. The MMI has been validated and tested for over seven years and the product is now available off the shelf.

# Additional Resources

## Student Doctor Network
- The Multiple Mini-Interview for Medical School Admissions: What to Expect and How to Prepare

## Stanford University School of Medicine
- On your mark, get set, interview! A behind the scenes glimpse into the MMI experience at Stanford University School of Medicine.

## McMaster University School of Medicine
- Manual For Interviewers (.doc)
- 9 MMI scenarios used by McMaster University in Spring 2002

## University of Saskatchewan College of Medicine
- Practice MMI Questions (.pdf)

## University of Calgary Medical School
- General Information on the MMI
- 9 MMI scenarios. If inaccessible, the abstract is availablehere
- Video recording of an MMI response

## School of Medical Rehabilitation at the University of Manitoba
- MMI powerpoint presentation with station descriptions and suggestions for appropriate responses (.ppt)

## UC Davis School of Medicine
- Does the MMI format favor extroverts? This study suggests it does.

## Academic Perspectives
- An admissions objective structured clinical examination (OSCE): the multiple mini-interview (.pdf)
- Factors affecting the utility of the multiple mini-interview in selecting candidates for graduate-entry medical school. This article discusses key qualities physicians should share from a variety of sources. This table may help you understand the scenarios and think about what to include in your responses.