Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Perioral dermatitis

# Overview
Perioral dermatitis, a condition related to acne vulgaris, consists of red papules that may appear microvesicular that typically effect the nasolabial folds, perioral area or perioccular area.  It usually affects women between the ages of 20 and 45.

# Causes
It is commonly caused by the use of fluorinated topical glucocorticoid steroids (e.g. Clocortolone pivalate, Diflorasone)to this area.

## Drug Induced
- Halcinonide
- Hydrocortisone butyrate

# Diagnosis

## Physical Examination

### Face
- Perioral dermatitis. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.
- Perioral dermatitis. With permission from Dermatology Atlas.
- Perioral dermatitis. Adapted from Dermatology Atlas.

# Treatment
It is treated in a similar manner to acne vulgaris with tetracycline antibiotics or erythromycin but, without the use of topical steroids.
Phytohaemagglutinin
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Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA, or phytohemagglutinin) is a lectin found in plants, especially beans. It is found in the highest concentrations in uncooked red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), and it is also found in lower quantities in many types of green bean. It has a number of physiological effects and is used in medical research. In high doses it is a toxin.
The lectin has a number of effects on cell metabolism: it induces mitosis, and affects the cell membrane in regard to transport and permeability to proteins. It agglutinates most mammalian red blood cell types.
As a toxin it can cause poisoning in monogastric animals, such as humans, through the consumption of raw or improperly prepared kidney beans. Measured in haemagglutinating units (hau) a raw kidney bean can contain up to 70,000 hau. This can be reduced around 200-fold by correct cooking. The bean also contains -amylase inhibitor.
Poisoning can be induced from as few as five raw beans and symptoms occur within three hours, beginning with nausea then vomiting which can be severe and sustained (profuse), then diarrhea. Recovery occurs within four or five hours of onset, usually without the need for any medical intervention.
Medically it is used as a mitogen to trigger cell division in T-lymphocytes, and to activate latent HIV-1 from human peripheral lymphocytes.
PHA actually consists of two closely related proteins, called PHA-L and PHA-E. The letters E and L point to the fact that these proteins agglutinate Erythrocytes and Leukocytes, respectively.
Polygonum aviculare
Polygonum aviculare or Common Knotgrass is a plant related to buckwheat and dock. It is also called birdweed, pigweed and lowgrass. It is an annual found in fields and wasteland, with white flowers from June to October.

# Folklore
Nicholas Culpeper states that the plant is ruled astrologically by Saturn and Capricorn.

# Herbalism
Culpeper recommended knotweed to cure the spitting of blood. Modern herbalists use it to treat dysentery, excessive menstrual flow, lung disorders, bronchitis and jaundice, and gall and kidney stones. Not all of these uses are supported by scientific evidence.
The plant is an astringent, coagulant, diuretic and expectorant.

# Subspecies
- Polygonum aviculare subsp. aviculare
- Polygonum aviculare subsp. depressum (Meisn.) Arcang.
- Polygonum aviculare subsp. rurivagum (Jord. ex Boreau) Berher in Louis

# Source
- Howard, Michael. Traditional Folk Remedies, (Century, 1987); p. 162.
cs:Rdesno ptaci
da:Vej-Pileurt
de:Vogelknoterich
nl:Gewoon varkensgras
no:Tungras (art)
sk:Stavikrv vtaci
fi:Pihatatar
sv:Tramport
Pili pseudoannulati
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# Overview
Pili pseudoannulati (also known as "Pseudo pili annulati":640) is an anomaly of human hair that mimics pili annulati; however, the two differ in that the light bands of pili annulati are caused by internal effects, whereas the bright segments of pili pseudoannulati are caused by reflection and refraction of light by flattened, twisted surfaces of hair.:767
Pineocytoma CT scan

# Overview
There are no CT scan findings associated with .
OR
 CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of . Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of  include , , and .
OR
There are no CT scan findings associated with . However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of , which include , , and .

# CT scan
There are no CT scan findings associated with .
OR
 CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of . Findings on CT scan suggestive of/diagnostic of  include:
OR
There are no CT scan findings associated with . However, a CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of complications of , which include:

## CT
- Head CT scan may be diagnostic of pineocytoma.
- Findings on CT scan suggestive of pineocytoma include a mass of intermediate density similar to the adjacent brain with peripheral calcifications.
Pineocytoma surgery

# Overview
Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of .
OR
Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with . Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either , , and 
OR
The mainstay of treatment for  is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either , , and/or .
OR
The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of  at diagnosis.
OR
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for .

# Indications
- Surgical intervention is not recommended for the management of .
OR
- Surgery is not the first-line treatment option for patients with . Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either:
- The mainstay of treatment for  is medical therapy. Surgery is usually reserved for patients with either:

# Surgery
- The feasibility of surgery depends on the stage of  at diagnosis.
OR
- Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for .

# Contraindications
Piperacillin sodium

# Overview
PIPRACIL, sterile piperacillin sodium, is a semisynthetic broad-spectrum penicillin for parenteral use, which is rapidly absorbed after intramuscular injection.
PIPRACIL is indicated for the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms in different conditions.

# Category
Semisynthetic broad-spectrum penicillin

# US Brand Names
PIPRACIL

# FDA Package Insert
Description

# Mechanism of Action
Piperacillin is an antibiotic which exerts its bactericidal activity by inhibiting both septum and cell wall synthesis. It is active against a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
Plasmopara viticola
Plasmopara viticola is a plant pathogen.
Plasmopara viticola, causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, is a heterothallic oomycete that overwinters as oospores in the leaf litter and soil. In the spring, oospores germinate to produce macrosporangia, which under wet conditions release zoospores. Zoospores are splashed by
rain into the canopy, where they swim to and infect through stomata. After 7-10 days, yellow lesions appear on foliage. During favorable
weather, the lesions sporulate and new secondary infections occur (Kennelly et al., 2006)
For more information:
Platelet activation
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# Overview
Platelet activation is the process whereby a normally quiescent and round platelet undergoes functional and anatomic changes.  These changes include:
- Development of long pseudopods which increase the surface area of the platelet allowing for a greater probability or area for cross linking with fibrin strands
- Expression glycoprotein IIbIIIa receptors which will bind fibrin strands to cross link platelets
- Release ADP and other platelet activators into the local micro environment. Relase of ADP causes further platelet activation in a positive feedback loop.
Stimulatnts of platelet activation include:
- Thrombin
- Tethering and binding to vWF on the endothelial surface at an area of vascular injury
- ADP
Polycyclic compound
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# Overview
In organic chemistry, a polycyclic compound is a cyclic compound with more than one hydrocarbon loop or ring structures (benzene rings)  . The term generally includes all polycyclic aromatic compounds, including the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the heterocyclic aromatic compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, or another non-carbon atoms, and substituted derivatives of these.
See also Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
Polyene antimycotic
Polyene antimycotics, sometimes referred to as polyene antibiotics, are a class of antimicrobial polyene compounds that target fungi. Amphotericin B, nystatin, and natamycin are examples of polyene antimycotics. Their chemical structures feature a large ring of atoms (essentially a cyclic ester ring) containing multiple conjugated carbon-carbon double bonds (hence polyene) on one side of the ring and multiple hydroxyl groups bonded to the other side of the ring. Their structures also often have a d-mycosamine (a type of amino-glycoside) group bonded to the molecule.  The series of conjugated double bonds typically absorbs strongly in the ultraviolet-visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, often resulting in the polyene antibiotics having a yellow color.
These polyene antimycotics are typically obtained from some species of Streptomyces bacteria.  The polyenes bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane and promote leakiness which may contribute to fungal cell death.
-  Solution NMR structure of five representative glycosylated polyene macrolide antibiotics
Polymyxin B sulfate

# Overview
Neosporin is an antibiotic product marketed for the prevention of infections and speeding the healing of wounds.
The original ointment contains three different antibiotics: bacitracin, neomycin, and polymyxin B, in a relatively low molecular weight patented base of cocoa butter, cottonseed oil, sodium pyruvate, tocopheryl acetate, and petroleum jelly.

# Category
Polymyxin antibiotic

# US Brand Names
NEOSPORIN

# FDA Package Insert
Description

# Mechanism of Action
Polymyxin antibiotic is a surface active agent which penetrates into and disrupts the bacterial cell membrane. It has been shown to have bactericidal activity against most strains of the microorganisms.
Positional asphyxia

# Overview
Positional asphyxia, also known as postural asphyxia, is a form of asphyxia which occurs when someone's position prevents them from breathing adequately. A small but significant number of people die suddenly and without apparent reason during sex or restraint by police, prison (corrections) officers and health care staff. Positional asphyxia may be a factor in some of these deaths.

# Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
- Positional asphyxia is a potential danger of some physical restraint techniques
- People may die from positional asphyxia by simply getting themselves into a breathing-restricted position they cannot get out of, either through carelessness or as a consequence of another accident.

# Risk Factors
Research has suggested that restraining a person in a face down position is likely to cause greater restriction of breathing than restraining a person face up. Many law enforcement and health personnel are now taught to avoid restraining people face down or to do so only for a very short period of time. Risk factors which may increase the chance of death include obesity, prior cardiac or respiratory problems, and the use of illicit drugs such as cocaine. Almost all subjects who have died during restraint have engaged in extreme levels of physical resistance against the restraint for a prolonged period of time. Other issues in the way the subject is restrained can also increase the risk of death, for example kneeling or otherwise placing weight on the subject and particularly any type of restraint hold around the subject's neck.

# Laboratory Findings
There is a degree of controversy amongst researchers regarding the extent to which restraint positions restrict breathing. Some researchers report that when they conducted laboratory studies of the effects of restraint on breathing and oxygen levels, the effect was limited. Other researchers point out that deaths in real life situations occur after prolonged, violent resistance which has not been studied in laboratory simulations.
Post-auricular cyst
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Related Key Words and Synonyms:

# Ear Nose and Throat
- Asymptomatic post-auricular cystic mass in a healthy 3 year-old boy.
- Axial CT scan picture shows an ovoid cyst medial to the concha and protruding slightly into the post-auricular sulcus.
- The cyst was excised and the defect was repaired primarily.  There were no connections with the external auditory canal or middle ear.
- Post-auricular cyst specimen
Post PCI management

# Post-PCI Management

# 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization (Please do not edit).

## Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients After PCI

## Beta Blockers in Patients After Revascularization

## Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation on Anticoagulation After PCI

# 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (DO NOT EDIT)

## Post-procedural Antiplatelet Therapy (DO NOT EDIT)

## Post-Procedural Proton Pump Inhibitors and Anti-platelet Therapy (DO NOT EDIT)

## Post-Procedural Clopidogrel Genetic Testing (DO NOT EDIT)

## Post-Procedural Platelet Function Testing (DO NOT EDIT)

## Exercise Testing (DO NOT EDIT)

## Cardiac Rehabilitation (DO NOT EDIT)
Postoperative fever

# Overview
Postoperative fever is a common condition challenging doctor's to find the right diagnosis, because it can be a hallmark of serious underlying conditions.

# Differential diagnosis of causes of postoperative fever
The most common causes have been summarized in a handy mnemonic: the five W's. These tend to occur at specific days after surgery (postoperative days or POD).
- Wind, POD1-2: the lungs, i.e. pneumonia, aspiration, and pulmonary embolism, but not atelectasis
- Water, POD3-5: urinary tract infection
- Walking (or VEINS, which then sounds like "Weins"), POD4-6: deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism
- Wound, POD5-7: surgical site infection, which in obstetrics or gynaecology, may refer to the uterus.
- Wonder drugs or What did we do?, POD7+: drug fever, infections related to intravenous lines
Numerous variants on the same theme may exist: sometimes another W for "Wonder why" may indicate an abscess somewhere in the body or the site of surgery. Of course, this list is not comprehensive: catheter-related sepsis is also frequent, but also easily recognised.
Potassium manganate
Potassium manganate is the chemical compound with the formula K2MnO4.  This green salt is an intermediate in the industrial synthesis of potassium permanganate, a common chemical.  Occasionally, potassium manganate and potassium permanganate are confused, but they are different compounds with distinctly different properties.

# Structure
K2MnO4 is a salt, consisting of K+ cations and MnO42- anions.  X-ray crystallography shows that the anion is tetrahedral, with Mn-O distances of 1.66 A, ca. 0.03 A longer than the Mn-O distances in KMnO4.

# Synthesis
The industrial route entails treatment of MnO2 with air:
The transformation gives a green-colored melt.  In fact, one can test an unknown substance for the presence of manganese by heating the sample in strong KOH in air.  The production of a green coloration indicates the presence of Mn.  This green color results from an intense absorption at 610 nm.
In laboratory, K2MnO4 can be synthesized by heating a solution of KMnO4 in concentrated KOH solution followed by cooling to give green crystals:
This reaction illustrates the relatively rare role of hydroxide as a reducing agent.  Solutions of K2MnO4 are generated by allowing a solution of KMnO4 in 5-10 M KOH to stir for a day at room temperature followed by removal of MnO2, which is insoluble.  The concentration of K2MnO4 in such solutions can be checked by measuring their absorbance at 610 nm.
The one-electron reduction of permanganate to manganate can also be effected using iodide as the reducing agent:
The conversion is signaled by the color change from purple, characteristic of permanganate, to the green color of manganate.  This reaction also illustates the fact that manganate(VII) can serve as an electron acceptor in addition to its usual role as an oxygen-transfer reagent.  Barium manganate, BaMnO4, is generated by the reduction of KMnO4 with iodide in the presence of barium chloride.  Just like BaSO4, BaMnO4 exhibits low solubility in virtually all solvents.

# Reactions
At lower pH's, the manganate ion will disproportionate to permanganate ion and manganese dioxide:
The colorful nature of this reaction has led the manganate/manganate(VII) pair to be referred to as a "chemical chameleon."  This disproportionation reaction, which becomes rapid when < 1M, follows bimolecular kinetics.
see also Manganate

# Literature cited
-  Palenik, G. J. Crystal Structure of Potassium Manganate Inorganic Chemistry 1967, Volume 6, pp 507 - 511. DOI: 10.1021/ic50049a01
-  Nyholm, R. S.; Woolliams, P. R. "Manganates" Inorganic Syntheses, 1986 volume XI, pages = 5661

# Other references
- Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
See category for a list.
Potassium periodate
Potassium periodate has formula KIO4.
Density is 3,618 kg m-3.  It melts at 581.85 C.
It is slightly soluble in water (one of the less soluble of potassium salts, owing to a large anion), giving rise to a solution that is slightly alkaline. On heating (especially with manganese(IV) oxide as catalyst), it decomposes to form potassium iodate, releasing oxygen gas.
The low solubility of KIO4 makes it useful for the determination of potassium.
Note that the pronunciation is per-iodate, not period-ate.
Potiguar University

# Overview
Portiguar University (Portuguese: Universidade Potiguar) is a private University in Natal, Brazil. It offers degree programs in technology, law, environment, architecture, tourism, social work, arts and sciences. UnP is the first private University in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
Founded in 1981, Universidade Potiguar (UnP) has earned a reputation for excellence in higher education, offering undergraduate and graduate degree programs through seven different academic faculties at campuses located in the cities of Natal and Mossoro, which are in Brazils northeast region. With over 32,600 students, UnP is one of the biggest post-secondary institutions in the region and its School of Health Sciences is one of the most modern in Latin America.
UnPs online and distance learning and its health sciences programs are among one of the most respected programs.

# Faculties
These are the 7 faculties in which the Potiguar University is divided into:
- Faculty of Business and Management
- Faculty of Communication and Arts
- Faculty of Culinary Arts
- Faculty of Education
- Faculty of Engineering / Information Technology
- Faculty of Health Sciences
- Faculty of Law

# Campus
The University has sites throughout Natal and Mossoro:
- Unidade Floriano Peixoto (City of Natal)
- Unidade Nascimento de Castro (City of Natal)
- Unidade Roberto Freire (City of Natal)
- Unidade Salgado Filho (City of Natal)
- Unidade Mossoro (City of Mossoro)

# Social Responsibility
UnP offers high quality services to the local community, involving students from all areas of the University, including: health clinics that provide services to thousands of outpatients every year, legal aid services, digital education programs, formal educational projects focused on helping people of low socioeconimic status, business and entrepreneurship projects, and projects to help support the environment and sustainability matters.
Prelingual deafness
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A profoundly prelingually deaf individual is someone who was born with insufficient hearing to acquire speech normally, or who lost their hearing prior to the age at which speech is acquired.
Also called "Prelingual hearing impairment", it exists when the impairment is congenital or otherwise acquired before the individual has acquired speech and language, thus rendering the disadvantages more difficult to treat because the child is unable to access audible /spoken communication from the outset.  It is important to note that those children born into signing families have no delay in language development and communication. Most pre-lingual hearing impairment is due to an acquired condition, usually either disease or trauma; therefore, families commonly have no prior knowledge of deafness.
In children, this type of hearing loss can lead to social isolation for several reasons. First, the child experiences delayed social development that is in large part tied to delayed language acquisition. It is also directly tied to their inability to pick up auditory social cues. This can result in a deaf person becoming generally irritable. A child who uses sign language, or identifies with the deaf sub-culture does not generally experience this isolation, particularly if he/she attends a school for the deaf, but may conversely experience isolation from his parents if they do not know, or make an effort to learn sign language.  A child who is exclusively or predominantly oral (using speech for communication) can experience social isolation from his or her hearing peers, particularly if no one takes the time to explicitly teach them social skills that other children acquire independently by virtue of having normal hearing. Finally, a child who has a severe impairment and uses some sign language may be rejected by his or her deaf peers, because of an understandable hesitation in abandoning the use of existent verbal and speech-reading skills. Some in the deaf community can view this as a rejection of their own culture and its mores, and therefore will reject the individual preemptively.