Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Methysergide warnings and precautions

# Warnings
With long-term, uninterrupted administration, retroperitoneal fibrosis or related conditions  pleuropulmonary fibrosis and cardiovascular disorders with murmurs or vascular bruits have been reported. Patients must be warned to report immediately the following symptoms and to discontinue the drug: cold, numb, and painful hands and feet; leg cramps on walking; any type of girdle, flank, or chest pain, shortness of breath, or any associated symptomatology. Should any of these symptoms develop, methysergide should be discontinued.
Continuous administration should not exceed 6 months. There must be a drug-free interval of 3-4 weeks after each 6-month course of treatment. The dosage should be reduced gradually during the last 2-3 weeks of each treatment course to avoid headache rebound.
The drug is not recommended for use in children.

# Precautions

### General
All patients receiving Sansert (methysergide maleate) should remain under constant supervision of the physician and be examined regularly for the development of fibrotic or vascular complications. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS)
The manifestations of retroperitoneal fibrosis, pleuropulmonary fibrosis, and vascular shutdown have shown a high incidence of regression once Sansert (methysergide maleate) is withdrawn. These facts should be borne in mind to avoid unnecessary surgical intervention. Cardiac murmurs, which may indicate endocardial fibrosis, have shown varying degrees of regression, with complete disappearance in some and persistence in others.
Sansert (methysergide maleate) has been specifically designed for the prophylaxis of vascular headache and has no place in the management of the acute attack.
Sansert (methysergide maleate) tablets contain FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) which may cause allergic-type reactions (including bronchial asthma) in certain susceptible individuals. Although the overall incidence of FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) sensitivity in the general population is low, it is frequently seen in patients who also have aspirin hypersensitivity.
Minocycline hydrochloride description

# Description
Minocycline hydrochloride, a semisynthetic derivative of tetracycline, is 4,7-Bis(dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,10,12,12a-tetrahydroxy-1,11-dioxo-2-naphthacenecarboxamide monohydrochloride. The structural formula is represented below:
Each minocycline hydrochloride capsule, for oral administration, contains the equivalent of 50 mg, 75 mg or 100 mg of minocycline. In addition each capsule contains the following inactive ingredients: magnesium stearate and starch (corn).
The 50 mg, 75 mg and 100 mg capsule shells contain: gelatin, silicon dioxide, sodium lauryl sulfate and titanium dioxide.
The 75 mg and 100 mg capsule shells also contain: black iron oxide.
Muscular branches of the radial nerve
The muscular branches of the radial nerve supply the Triceps brachii, Anconus, Brachioradialis, Extensor carpi radialis longus, and Brachialis, and are grouped as medial, posterior, and lateral.

# Medial
The medial muscular branches supply the medial and long heads of the Triceps brachii.
That to the medial head is a long, slender filament, which lies close to the ulnar nerve as far as the lower third of the arm, and is therefore frequently spoken of as the ulnar collateral nerve.

# Posterior
The posterior muscular branch, of large size, arises from the nerve in the groove between the Triceps brachii and the humerus.
It divides into filaments, which supply the medial and lateral heads of the Triceps brachii and the Anconus muscles.
The branch for the latter muscle is a long, slender filament, which descends in the substance of the medial head of the Triceps brachii.

# Lateral
The lateral muscular branches supply the Brachioradialis, Extensor carpi radialis longus, and the lateral part of the Brachialis.
N-Acetylglutamate synthase deficiency
N-Acetylglutamate synthase deficiency is a urea cycle disorder.

# Mechanism
Carbamyl phosphate synthase 1 is an enzyme found in mitochondrial matrix and it catalyzes the very first reaction of the Urea cycle, in which carbamyl phosphate is produced.
Carbamyl Phosphate Synthase 1, abbreviated as CPS1, is activated by its biologically natural activator N-Acetyl glutamate, which in turn is synthesized from acetyl-CoA and glutamic acid in the reaction catalyzed by N-Acetyl glutamate synthase, commonly called NAGS. N-Acetyl Glutamate is required for the Urea cycle to take place.
Deficiency in N-Acetyl Glutamate Synthase or a genetic mutation in the gene coding for the enzyme, will lead to failure of the Urea cycle in which ammonia is not converted to urea, but rather accumulated in blood leading to the condition called Type I Hyperammonemia, severe neonatal disorder with fatal consequences, if not detected immediately upon birth.

# Genetics
The chromosome found to be carrying the gene encoding for N-Acetyl Glutamate synthetase is chromosome 17q (q stands for longer arm of the chromosome) in humans and chromosome 11 in mice. In both organisms, the chromosome consists of seven exons and six introns and non-coding sequence.
The cause for this disorder is a single base deletion that led to frameshift mutation, and thus the error in genes coding for this specific enzyme.

# Presentation and treatment
The symptoms are visible within the first week of life and if not detected and diagnosed correctly immediately consequences are fatal.
Treatment does exist, but not the cure. The treatment includes injections of structurally similar compound, N-Carbamyl phosphate, an analogue of N-Acetyl Glutamate. Scientists that discovered this compound theorized that injected N-Carbamyl Phosphate could trick the organism into substituting N-Carbamyl Phosphate for N-Acetyl Glutamate and thus activate much required CPS1 enzyme, the catalyst in the very first reaction of the Urea Cycle. This treatment does not cure the disorder but rather mitigates the intensity of the disorder. If symptoms are detected early enough and the patient is injected with this compound, levels of severe mental retardation can be slightly lowered, but brain damaged done to the organism is irreversible.
Early symptoms include lethargy, vomiting, and deep coma.
Naratriptan dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration
In controlled clinical trials, single doses of 1 and 2.5 mg of naratriptan tablets, USP taken with fluid were effective for the acute treatment of migraines in adults. A greater proportion of patients had headache response following a 2.5 mg dose than following a 1 mg dose (see CLINICAL TRIALS). Individuals may vary in response to doses of naratriptan tablets, USP. The choice of dose should therefore be made on an individual basis, weighing the possible benefit of the 2.5 mg dose with the potential for a greater risk of adverse events. If the headache returns or if the patient has only partial response, the dose may be repeated once after 4 hours, for a maximum dose of 5 mg in a 24-hour period. There is evidence that doses of 5 mg do not provide a greater effect than 2.5 mg.
The safety of treating, on average, more than 4 headaches in a 30-day period has not been established.

### Renal Impairment
The use of naratriptan tablets, USP is contraindicated in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance, <15 mL/min) because of decreased clearance of the drug (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY). In patients with mild to moderate renal impairment, the maximum daily dose should not exceed 2.5 mg over a 24-hour period and a lower starting dose should be considered.

### Hepatic Impairment
The use of naratriptan tablets, USP is contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh grade C) because of decreased clearance (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY). In patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment, the maximum daily dose should not exceed 2.5 mg over a 24-hour period and a lower starting dose should be considered (seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY).
Neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1
Neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (NCEH) also known as arylacetamide deacetylase-like 1 (AADACL1) or KIAA1363 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NCEH1 gene.
NCEH is an enzyme located in the endoplasmic reticulum.  NCEH hydrolyzes 2-acetyl monoalkylglycerol ether, as part of an enzymatic pathway regulating the levels of platelet activating factor and lysophospholipids that may be involved in cancer development.

# Function
The enzymatic reaction catalyzed by NCEH is:
- 2-acetyl monoalkylglycerol ether  monoalkylglycerol ether
Monoalkylglycerol ethers (MAGEs) can then be converted to lysophospholipids alkyl-lysophosphatidic acid (alkyl-LPA) and alkyl-lysophosphatidylcholine (alkyl-LPC).
Controversial studies by one group also implicate the protein in the hydrolysis of cholesterol esters.  However, loss of the protein in mice selectively reduces 2-acetyl monoalkylglycerol ether activity throughout the body.

# Clinical significance
Evidence suggests a role for NCEH in cancer.  Cancer cell lines contain unusually high levels of the protein.  Reduction of the amount of NCEH1 in cancer cells reduces tumor migration and growth in mice and addition of alkyl-LPA restores these processes.
NCEH can break down organophosphates like the pesticide metabolite chlorpyrifos oxon.  Conversely, enzymatic activity can be inhibited by organophosphates.

# Structure
NCEH is a serine hydrolase that contains an N-terminal transmembrane domain, a central catalytic domain and a lipid-binding domain at its C-terminus.  The protein exists in three isoforms that result from differences in mRNA splicing.  Transcripts encode a protein for isoform a of 448, b of 440 and c of 275 amino acids long.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

# Overview
Below is a list of the winners of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) from 1901 to the present, administered by the Nobel Foundation, in Stockholm, Sweden.
In some instances, the national status (nation state) of some countries changed after a Nobel laureate lived in the country and became a Nobel Laureate.
The flag that precedes the country of citizenship reflects the earlier of the following circumstances:
- the state of the country when the Nobel Laureate emigrated; or
- the state of the country when he/she became a Nobel Laureate.
Some laureates obtained additional citizenships during their lifetime.
For those with multiple citizenships, the year they obtained an additional citizenship, when known, precedes the country of citizenship.
For Nobel Laureates who obtained additional citizenships after winning the Nobel Prize, the flag that precedes the country of citizenship reflects the earlier of the following two circumstances:
- the state of the country at their death; or
- the current state of the country.

# Laureates
- Years with multiple motivations for a Nobel Prize.
Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies
The nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies is a naming scheme for assigning generic, or nonproprietary, names to a group of medicines called monoclonal antibodies. This scheme is used for both the World Health Organizations International Nonproprietary Names and the United States Adopted Names. In general, suffixes are used to identify a class of medicines; all monoclonal antibody pharmaceuticals end with the suffix -mab. However, different substems (infixes) are used depending on the structure and function of the medicine.

# Components

## Substem for origin/source
The substem preceding the -mab suffix denotes the animal origin of the antibodies. Although the original monoclonal antibodies were produced in mice (infix, -o-), these antibodies are recognized as foreign by human immune systems and may be rapidly cleared, provoke an allergic reaction, or both. Therefore, parts of the antibody may be replaced with human sequences. If the constant region is replaced with the human form, it is termed chimeric and the infix used is -xi-. Part of the variable regions may also be substituted, in which case it is termed humanized and the infix used is -zu-. Antibodies originating in humans use -u-.

## Substem for target
The substem preceding the source of the antibodies refers to medicines target. Most of these consist of a consonant, vowel, then another consonant. For ease of pronunciation and to avoid awkwardness, the final consonant is dropped if the following infix begins with a consonant (such as -zu- or -xi-). Examples of these include -ci(r)- for the circulatory system and -tu(m)- for miscellaneous tumors (cancers).

## Prefix and second word
Finally, the prefix carries no special meaning and should be unique for each medicine. A second word may be added if there is another substance attached or linked.

# Examples
Abciximab is a commonly used medication to prevent platelets from clumping together.  It can be broken down into ab- + -ci(r)- + -xi- + -mab. Therefore, it is a chimeric monoclonal antibody used on the cardiovascular system.
Another example is the breast cancer medication trastuzumab, which can be broken down into tras- + -tu(m)- + -zu- + -mab. Therefore, it is a humanized monoclonal antibody used against a tumor.
Norfloxacin dosage and administration

# Dosage And Administration
Tablets NOROXIN should be taken at least one hour before or at least two hours after a meal or ingestion of milk and/or other dairy products. Multivitamins, other products containing iron or zinc, antacids containing magnesium and aluminum, sucralfate, or Videx (Didanosine), chewable/buffered tablets or the pediatric powder for oral solution, should not be taken within 2 hours of administration of norfloxacin. Tablets NOROXIN should be taken with a glass of water. Patients receiving NOROXIN should be well hydrated (see PRECAUTIONS).

## Normal Renal Function
The recommended daily dose of NOROXIN is as described in the following chart:

## Renal Impairment
NOROXIN may be used for the treatment of urinary tract infections in patients with renal insufficiency. In patients with a creatinine clearance rate of 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or less, the recommended dosage is one 400-mg tablet once daily for the duration given above. At this dosage, the urinary concentration exceeds the MICs for most urinary pathogens susceptible to norfloxacin, even when the creatinine clearance is less than 10 mL/min/1.73 m2.
When only the serum creatinine level is available, the following formula (based on sex, weight, and age of the patient) may be used to convert this value into creatinine clearance. The serum creatinine should represent a steady state of renal function.
Males:       (weight in kg)  (140  age) /  (72)  serum creatinine (mg/100 mL)
Females:   (0.85)  (above value)

## Elderly
Elderly patients being treated for urinary tract infections who have a creatinine clearance of greater than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 should receive the dosages recommended underNormal Renal Function.
Elderly patients being treated for urinary tract infections who have a creatinine clearance of 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or less should receive 400 mg once daily as recommended under Renal Impairment.
Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array
The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array, or NuSTAR, was intended to be a space-based X-ray telescope such as Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton. The program was cancelled in February 2006 as NASA presented its 2007 budget.  On September 21, 2007 it was announced that the program had been restarted, with an expected launch in 2011 .
NuSTAR was intended to use grazing incidence mirrors to focus high energy X-rays from astrophysical sources. Its primary goals were to conduct a deep survey for supermassive black holes, study particle acceleration in active galaxies, and measure radioactive isotopes in young supernova remnants in our own Galaxy. NuSTAR was a NASA Small Explorer class mission. The Principal Investigator was Fiona Harrison, of the California Institute of Technology. Other partners included the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Columbia University, the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, the University of California, Santa Cruz, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Sonoma State University, and the Danish Space Research Institute. NuSTAR's planned launch date was February 2009. It was planned to cost NASA a total of US$134,000,000.
Columbia University's contribution centered on developing the curved glass used in the array, which was formed using specific heat cycles in specialized slumping ovens.  Most of this research took place at Columbia's Nevis Laboratories research facility in Irvington, NY.

# Sources and notes
Oseltamivir dosage and administration

# Dosage And Administration
Treatment with TAMIFLU should begin within 2 days of onset of symptoms of Influenza or following close contact with an infected individual.
TAMIFLU may be taken with or without food . However, when taken with food, tolerability may be enhanced in some patients.
For patients who cannot swallow capsules, TAMIFLU for oral suspension is the preferred formulation. If the oral suspension product is not available, TAMIFLU capsules may be opened and mixed with sweetened liquids such as regular or sugar-free chocolate syrup, corn syrup, caramel topping, or light brown sugar (dissolved in water). If the appropriate strengths of TAMIFLU capsules are not available to mix with sweetened liquids and the oral suspension product is not available, then a pharmacist may compound an emergency supply of oral suspension from TAMIFLU 75 mg capsules .

## Treatment of Influenza

### Adults and Adolescents (13 years of age and older)
The recommended oral dose of TAMIFLU for treatment of Influenza in adults and adolescents 13 years and older is 75 mg twice daily for 5 days. TAMIFLU for oral suspension may be used by patients who cannot swallow a capsule (12.5 mL of TAMIFLU for oral suspension  delivers 75 mg) .

### Pediatric Patients (2 weeks to 12 years of age)
The recommended oral dose of TAMIFLU for treatment of Influenza in pediatric patients 1 year to 12 years of age is shown in Table 1.
The recommended oral dose of TAMIFLU for treatment of Influenza in pediatric patients 2 weeks to less than 1 year of age is 3 mg/kg twice daily for 5 days (shown inTable 1).

## Prophylaxis of Influenza

### Adults and Adolescents (13 years of age and older)
The recommended oral dose of TAMIFLU for prophylaxis of Influenza in adults and adolescents 13 years and older following close contact with an infected individual is 75 mg once daily for at least 10 days. The recommended dose for prophylaxis during a community outbreak of Influenza is 75 mg once daily. Safety and efficacy have been demonstrated for up to 6 weeks in immunocompetent patients. The duration of protection lasts for as long as dosing is continued. Safety has been demonstrated for up to 12 weeks in immunocompromised patients. TAMIFLU for oral suspension may also be used by patients who cannot swallow a capsule (12.5 mL of TAMIFLU for oral suspension  delivers 75 mg).

### Pediatric Patients (2 weeks to 12 years of age)
The recommended oral dose of TAMIFLU for prophylaxis of Influenza in pediatric patients 1 to 12 years of age based on body weight is shown in Table 1. Prophylaxis in pediatric patients following close contact with an infected individual is recommended for 10 days. For prophylaxis in pediatric patients during a community outbreak of Influenza, dosing may be continued for up to 6 weeks.
Osteoid osteoma (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
An osteoid osteoma is a benign (noncancerous) bone tumor that usually develops in long bones, such as femur, tibial and phalanges. Although osteoid osteomas can cause pain and discomfort, they do not spread throughout the body. Osteoid osteomas mainly affect adolescents.

# What are the symptoms of Osteoid Osteoma?
Osteomas are usually present with night limb pain and swelling. In some cases, a person will suffer from bowing deformity before seeing a doctor for diagnosis.

# Who is at highest risk?
Children and adolescents.

# Diagnosis
Diagnosis of osteoid osteoma consists on early detection of symptoms. Any time a bulk deformity appears, go to see a orthopedics specialist. Diagnosis of osteoma is incidental, but sometimes CT scan and x-ray can be useful.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call your Orthopedics specialist if symptoms of osteoid osteoma occur, such as nocturnal limb pain (relieved by low doses of salicylates) and local tenderness.

# Treatment Options
Patients with osteoid osteoma have a multiple treatment options. The selection depends on the patient. The conservative option is support treatment with NSAIDs. Before treatment starts, ask your health care team about possible side effects and how treatment may change your normal activities. Surgery is the main treatment for most cases of osteoid osteoma.

# Diseases with similar symptoms
- Osteosarcoma
- Osteoblastoma
- Stress fracture
- Bone abscess

# Where to find medical care for Osteoid Osteoma?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Osteoid osteoma

# Prevention of Osteoid Osteoma
There is no prevention for osteoid osteoma.

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
The prognosis of osteoma will depends on location and adjacent structures to the tumor.

# Resources
Oxiconazole dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration
OXISTAT Cream or Lotion should be applied to affected and immediately surrounding areas once to twice daily in patients with tinea pedis, tinea corporis, ortinea cruris. OXISTAT Cream should be applied once daily in the treatment of tinea versicolor (pityriasis).
Tinea corporis, tinea cruris, and tinea (pityriasis) versicolor should be treated for 2 weeks and tinea pedis for 1 month to reduce the possibility of recurrence.
If a patient shows no clinical improvement after the treatment period, the diagnosis should be reviewed.
Note: Tinea (pityriasis) versicolor may give rise to hyperpigmented or hypopigmented patches on the trunk that may extend to the neck, arms, and upper thighs. 
Treatment of the infection may not immediately result in restoration of pigment to the affected sites. Normalization of pigment following successful therapy is variable and may take months, depending on individual skin type and incidental sun exposure.
Although tinea (pityriasis) versicolor is not contagious, it may recur because the organism that causes the disease is part of the normal skin flora.