Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3
Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3), also known as dimethylaniline monooxygenase  3 and trimethylamine monooxygenase, is a flavoprotein enzyme (EC 1.14.13.148) that in humans is encoded by the FMO3 gene.
This enzyme catalyzes the following chemical reaction:
FMO3 is the main flavin-containing monooxygenase isoenzyme that is expressed in the liver of adult humans.  The human FMO3 enzyme catalyzes several types of reactions, including: the N-oxygenation of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines; the S-oxygenation of nucleophilic sulfur-containing compounds; and the 6-methylhydroxylation of DMXAA.
FMO3 is the primary enzyme in humans which catalyzes the N-oxidation of trimethylamine into trimethylamine N-oxide; FMO1 also N-oxygenates trimethylamine, but to a much lesser extent than FMO3. Genetic deficiencies of the FMO3 enzyme cause primary trimethylaminuria, also known as "fish odor syndrome". FMO3 is also involved in the metabolism of many xenobiotics (i.e., exogenous compounds which are not normally present in the body), such as the oxidative deamination of amphetamine.

# Ligands
Flexor digitorum profundus muscle

# Overview
In human anatomy, the flexor digitorum profundus is a muscle in the forearm that flexes the fingers. It is considered to be an extrinsic muscle because its action is at a different location than the main body of the muscle.
Flexor digitorum profundus, along with flexor digitorum superficialis have long tendons that run down the arm and through the carpal tunnel and attach to the palmar side of the phalanges of the fingers. This muscle originates from the anterior side of the ulna.
Flexor digitorum profundus lies deep to superficialis, but it attaches more distally. To get around this problem profundus's tendons go through the tendons of superficialis, and end up attaching to the distal phalanx.

# Innervation
Flexor digitorum profundus is innervated by the median and ulnar nerves.
- The medial aspect of the muscle (which flexes the 4th and 5th digit) is supplied by the ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
- The lateral aspect (which flexes the 2nd and 3rd digit) by the median nerve (via its anterior interosseous branch) (C8, T1).
It is one of two flexor muscles that is not exclusively supplied by the median nerve (the other is flexor carpi ulnaris).

# Additional images
- Bones of left forearm. Anterior aspect.
- Bones of left forearm. Posterior aspect.
- Bones of the left hand. Volar surface.
- Front of the left forearm. Deep muscles.
- Cross-section through the middle of the forearm.
- Posterior surface of the forearm. Deep muscles.
- Transverse section across distal ends of radius and ulna.
- Transverse section across the wrist and digits.
- The mucous sheaths of the tendons on the front of the wrist and digits.
- Ulnar and radial arteries. Deep view.
- Tendons of forefinger and vincula tendina. (Flexor digitorum profundus labeled at bottom right.)
Fluconazole indications and usage

# Indications And Usage

## Treatment
- Vaginal candidiasis (vaginal yeast infections due to Candida).
- Oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis.
In open noncomparative studies of relatively small numbers of patients, DIFLUCAN was also effective for the treatment of Candida urinary tract infections, peritonitis, and systemic Candida infections including candidemia, disseminated candidiasis, and pneumonia.
Cryptococcal meningitis. Before prescribing DIFLUCAN (fluconazole) for AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis, please see CLINICAL STUDIES section. Studies comparing DIFLUCAN to amphotericin B in non-HIV infected patients have not been conducted.

### Prophylaxis
DIFLUCAN is also indicated to decrease the incidence of candidiasis in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation who receive cytotoxic chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.
Specimens for fungal culture and other relevant laboratory studies (serology, histopathology) should be obtained prior to therapy to isolate and identify causative organisms. Therapy may be instituted before the results of the cultures and other laboratory studies are known; however, once these results become available, anti-infective therapy should be adjusted accordingly.
Flucytosine indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
Ancobon is indicated only in the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible strains of Candida and/or Cryptococcus.
Candida: Septicemia, endocarditis and urinary system infections have been effectively treated with flucytosine. Limited trials in pulmonary infections justify the use of flucytosine.
Cryptococcus: Meningitis and pulmonary infections have been treated effectively. Studies in septicemias and urinary tract infections are limited, but good responses have been reported.
Ancobon should be used in combination with amphotericin B for the treatment of systemic candidiasis and cryptococcosis because of the emergence of resistance to Ancobon.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

# Overview
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is a cytosolic enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (see image), a metabolic pathway that supplies reducing energy to cells (such as erythrocytes) by maintaining the level of the co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). The NADPH in turn maintains the level of glutathione in these cells that helps protect the red blood cells against oxidative damage. Of greater quantitative importance is the production of NADPH for tissues actively engaged in biosynthesis of fatty acids and/or isoprenoids, such as the liver, mammary glands, adipose tissue, and the adrenal glands.

## Regulation
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is stimulated by its substrate NADP+. The usual ratio of NADPH/NADP+ in the cytosol of tissues engaged in biosyntheses is about 100/1. Increased utilization of NADPH for fatty acid biosynthesis will dramatically increase the level of NADP+, thus stimulating G6PD to produce more NADPH.
G6PD converts glucose-6-phosphate into 6-phosphoglucono--lactone and is the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is very common worldwide, and cause acute hemolytic anemia in the presence of simple infection, ingestion of fava beans, or reaction with certain medicines, AAA, antibiotics, antipyretics, and antimalarials.
G6PD is remarkable for its genetic diversity. Many variants of G6PD, mostly produced from missense mutations, have been described with wide ranging levels of enzyme activity and associated clinical symptoms. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

# Overview
An Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (commonly abbreviated as IPSP) is the change in membrane voltage of a postsynaptic neuron which results from synaptic activation of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors.  The most common inhibitory neurotransmitters in the nervous system are GABA and glycine.
A postsynaptic potential is considered inhibitory when the resulting change in membrane voltage makes it more difficult for the cell to fire an action potential, lowering the firing rate of the neuron. They are the opposite of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), which result from the flow of ions like glutamate into the cell.

# Ionic basis of IPSP
At a typical inhibitory synapse the postsynaptic neural membrane permeability increases for positive potassium (K+) ions and/or negative chloride (Cl-) ions but not sodium (Na+) ions. This generally causes an influx of Cl- ions and/or efflux of K+ ions, thereby bringing the membrane potential closer to the equilibrium potential of these ions.
In addition IPSPs may be produced by closure of sodium or calcium channels.
Generalized Gaussian distribution

# Generalized Gaussian Distribution (GGD)
A random variable X has generalized Gaussian distribution if its probability density function (pdf) is given by
f(x;m,\sigma,\alpha)=a\ \exp(-|(x-m)/b|^\alpha) ,x \in \R 
Where m is the mean of the distribution, \sigma is the standard deviation, \alpha is the shape parameter and \sigma , \alpha>0. a & b are computed according to :
b = \sigma\,\sqrt{\frac{\Gamma(1/\alpha)}{\Gamma(3/\alpha)}}  
b is a scaling factor which allows the variance to be \sigma^2.
When \alpha=1 , f(x;m,\sigma,\alpha) corresponds to a Laplacian or double exponential
distribution, \alpha=2 corresponds to a Gaussian distribution, whereas in the limiting cases where \alpha approches +\infty the pdf ( f(x;m,\sigma,\alpha) ) converges to a uniform distribution in (m-\sqrt{3}\sigma, m+\sqrt{3}\sigma).
As GGD is symmetric around its mean (m), even central moments are zero.
Reference:
Knock knees (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Knock knees is a condition in which the knees touch, but the ankles do not touch. The legs angle inward.

# What causes Knock knees?
Infants start out with bowlegs because of their folded position in the uterus. The infant's bowlegs begin to straighten once the child starts to walk (at about 12 to 18 months). By age 3, the child becomes knock-kneed. When the child stands, the knees touch but the ankles are apart.
By puberty, the legs straighten out and most children can stand with the knees and ankles touching (without forcing the position).
Knock knees can also develop as a result of a medical problem or disease, such as:
- Injury of the shinbone (only one leg will be knock-kneed)
- Osteomyelitis (bone infection)
- Overweight or obesity
- Rickets (a disease caused by a lack of vitamin D)

# Diagnosis
If a doctor's examination and review of the child's medical history indicate a specific cause for the knock knees other than normal development, your health care provider will order the appropriate studies.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call your health care provider to schedule an evaluation if you suspect your child has knock knees.

# Treatment options
Knock knees are usually not treated.
If the problem is still present after age 7, the child may use a night brace, which is attached to a shoe or orthopedic shoe.
Surgery may be considered for knock knees that persist beyond late childhood and in which the separation between the ankles is severe.

# Where to find medical care for Knock knees?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Knock knees

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Children normally outgrow knock knees without treatment, unless it is caused by a disease. For cases needing surgery, the procedure provides good cosmetic results.

# Possible complications
- Difficulty walking (very rare)
- Self-esteem changes related to cosmetic appearance of knock knees
- If left untreated, knock knees can lead to early arthritis of the knee

# Prevention of Knock knees
There is no known prevention for normal knock knees.

# Sources
Glutathione synthetase deficiency
Glutathione synthetase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that prevents the production of glutathione. Glutathione helps prevent damage to cells by neutralizing harmful molecules generated during energy production. Glutathione also plays a role in processing medications and cancer-causing compounds (carcinogens), and building DNA, proteins, and other important cellular components.

# Diagnosis
Glutathione synthetase deficiency can be classified into three types: mild, moderate and severe.
- Mild glutathione synthetase deficiency usually results in the destruction of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia). Rarely, affected people also excrete large amounts of a compound called 5-oxoproline in their urine (5-oxoprolinuria). This compound builds up when glutathione is not processed correctly in cells.
- Individuals with moderate glutathione synthetase deficiency may experience symptoms beginning shortly after birth including hemolytic anemia, 5-oxoprolinuria, and elevated acidity in the blood and tissues (metabolic acidosis).
- In addition to the features present in moderate glutathione synthetase deficiency, individuals affected by the severe form of this disorder may experience neurological symptoms. These problems may include seizures; a generalized slowing down of physical reactions, movements, and speech (psychomotor retardation); mental retardation; and a loss of coordination (ataxia). Some people with severe glutathione synthetase deficiency also develop recurrent bacterial infections.

# Genetics
Mutations in the GSS gene cause glutathione synthetase deficiency. This gene provides instructions for making the enzyme glutathione synthetase. This enzyme is involved in a process called the gamma-glutamyl cycle, which takes place in most of the body's cells. This cycle is necessary for producing a molecule called glutathione. Glutathione protects cells from damage caused by unstable oxygen-containing molecules, which are byproducts of energy production. Glutathione is called an antioxidant because of its role in protecting cells from the damaging effects of these unstable molecules which are byproducts of energy production. Mutations in the GSS gene prevent cells from making adequate levels of glutathione, leading to the signs and symptoms of glutathione synthetase deficiency.
This disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means the defective gene is located on an autosome, and two copies of the gene - one from each parent - are required to be born with the disorder. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder each carry one copy of the defective gene, but usually are not affected by the disorder.
Guess the culprit artery from EKG

# This Page is Under Construction

# Which coronary artery is the culprit one?
- Click on the ECG for magnification. Click on answer for the results of the coronary angiography.
- Check the chapter on myocardial infarction if you would like to review related EKG and angiographic characteristics of the different culprit lesions in detail.
- Answer example 1
Answer example 1
- Answer example 2
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- Answer example 3
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- Answer example 4
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- Answer example 5
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- Answer example 10
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- Image courtesy of C. Michael Gibson MS. MD. and copylefted Answer
- Answer example 12
Answer example 12
HPV vaccine (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
The HPV vaccine protects against infection by certain strains of the human papilloma virus (HPV). HPV can cause cervical cancer and genital warts.

# What diseases are caused by HPV?
HPV is a common virus that is spread through sexual contact. There are many different types of HPV, and many do not cause problems. However, certain types of HPV can lead to:
- Cervical cancer in women
- Genital warts in men and women
- Cancer of the penis or anus in men

# Who needs HPV vaccine?
Gardasil is approved for:
- Females ages 9-26 to protect against cervical cancer and to prevent genital warts
- Males ages 9 - 26 to prevent genital warts
Cervarix is approved for:
- Females age 10 - 26 to help protect against cervical cancer
Girls ages 11 and 12 should receive the HPV vaccine series:
- The vaccine is given in three shots over a 6-month period. (The second and third doses are given 2 and 6 months after the first dose.)
- One brand of vaccine can be substituted for another in the 3-dose series. The HPV vaccine can be given at the same time as other vaccines.
- Girls as young as age 9 can receive the vaccine if their doctor recommends it.
Girls and women ages 13 - 26:
- Those who have not received the HPV vaccine in the past should get a series of three vaccines.
- Those who have not completed the full vaccine series should catch up on missed doses. (Note: Some experts do not recommend that women between ages 19 and 26 receive catch-up doses of this vaccine. Talk with your provider if you are in this age group.)
Boys and men ages 9 - 26:
- May receive Gardasil to reduce the chance of becoming infected with genital and anal warts.
- The vaccine is not yet being recommended for all boys and men up to age 26.
- The vaccine can prevent genital warts in men and decrease the risk for cancer of the penis and anus.
Pregnant women should not receive this vaccine. However, there have been no problems found in women who received the vaccine during pregnancy, before they knew they were pregnant.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
- You aren't sure whether you or your child should receive the HPV vaccine
- You or your child develops complications or severe symptoms after getting an HPV vaccine
- You have other questions or concerns about the HPV vaccine

# Where to find medical care for HPV vaccine?
Directions to Hospitals Providing HPV vaccine

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
The HPV vaccine does not protect against all types of HPV that lead to cervical cancer. Girls and women should still receive regular screening (Pap tests) to look for any early signs of cervical cancer.
The HPV vaccine does not protect against other infections that can be spread during sexual contact.

# Possible complications
The most common side effects are fainting, dizziness, nausea, headache, and skin reactions at the site where the shot was given.
To prevent injury from fainting, adolescent girls should be watched for 15 minutes after getting the vaccination.

# Sources
Halobetasol (patient information)

# Why this medication is prescribed
Halobetasol is used to treat swelling, inflammation, and itching associated with skin conditions such as eczema, dermatitis, rashes, insect bites, poison ivy, and allergies.
This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.

# How this medication should be used
Halobetasol comes in ointment and cream for use on the skin. Halobetasol usually is used two to four times a day. Halobetasol should not be used for longer than 2 weeks. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Use halobetasol exactly as directed. Do not use more or less of it or use it more often than prescribed by your doctor.
Thoroughly clean the infected area, allow it to dry, and then gently rub the medication in until most of it disappears. Use just enough medication to cover the affected area. You should wash your hands after applying the medication.
Do not use halobetasol if you have an infection or sores on the area to be treated.

# Special precautions
Before using halobetasol:
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to halobetasol or any other drugs.
- tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, especially skin products containing hydrocortisone.
- tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while using halobetasol, call your doctor.

# What to do if you forget a dose
Apply the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not apply a double dose to make up for a missed one.

# Side effects
Halobetasol may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away:
- burning
- stinging
- itching
- redness

# Storage conditions needed for this medication
Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom). Throw away any medication that is outdated or no longer needed. Talk to your pharmacist about the proper disposal of your medication.

# Other information
Keep all appointments with your doctor. Halobetasol is for external use only. Do not let halobetasol get into your eyes, nose, or mouth, and do not swallow it. Do not apply dressings, bandages, cosmetics, lotions, or other skin medications to the area being treated unless your doctor tells you.
Do not let anyone else use your medication. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription.
Tell your doctor if your skin condition gets worse or does not go away.

# Brand names
- Ultravate
Hemiparesis and Hemiplegia causes

# Overview
Hemiplegia is total paralysis of the arm, leg, and trunk on the opposite side of the body. Hemiplegia is more severe than hemiparesis, wherein one half of the body has less marked weakness.Hemiplegia and Hemiparesis may be congenital, or they might be acquired conditions resulting from an illness, an injury, or a stroke.
The most common cause of hemiplegia is stroke. Other causes of hemiplegia include spinal cord injury, specifically Brown-Sequard syndrome, traumatic brain injury, or disease affecting the brain.
The incidence of hemiplegia is much higher in premature babies than term babies. There is also a high incidence of hemiplegia during pregnancy and experts believe that this may be related to either a traumatic delivery, use of forceps or some event which causes brain injury.
Other causes of hemiplegia in adults include trauma, bleeding, brain infections and cancers. Individuals who have uncontrolled diabetes, hypertension or those who smoke have a higher chance of developing a stroke. Weakness on one side of the face may occur and may be due to a viral infection, stroke or a cancer.

# Causes

## Common Causes

## Causes by Organ System
Causes by Organ System developed by WikiDoc.org, Copyleft 2013

## Causes in Alphabetical Order
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A) also known as NR2A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group A, member 1) is a nuclear receptor that in humans is encoded by the HNF4A gene.

# Function
HNF-4 is a nuclear transcription factor that binds DNA as a homodimer. The encoded protein controls the expression of several genes, including hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha, a transcription factor which regulates the expression of several hepatic genes. This gene plays a role in development of the                 liver            ,                 kidney            , and                 intestines            . Alternative splicing of this gene results in multiple transcript variants.
HNF4A is required for the PXR and CAR-mediated transcriptional activation of CYP3A4. Genetic mutations in the HNF4A gene can influence the activity of HNF4's downstream proteins such as CYP2D6, in vitro and in vivo.
The alkaloid berberine upregulates the expression of HNF4A.
This gene also plays a pivotal role in the expression and synthesis of SHBG, an important glycoprotein made primarily in the liver, which in addition to lowering insulin-resistance also serves in reducing levels of free Estrogen as-well as prolonging the half-life of Testosterone.
Function of HNF4A gene can be effectively examined by siRNA knockdown based on an independent validation.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in the HNF4A gene are associated with a form of diabetes called maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY).
Increased amplification of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha has been observed in colorectal cancer.

# Interactions
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha has been shown to interact with:
- Beta-catenin,
- CREB binding protein,
- MED1,
- MED14,
- Small heterodimer partner
- Testicular receptor 4,