Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Schizotypal personality disorder
Synonyms and keywords: Eccentric attitude; odd behavior; odd belief; schizotypal disorder

# Overview
Schizotypal personality disorder is a personality disorder that is characterized by a need for social isolation, odd behaviour and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs such as being convinced of having extra-sensory perception.  There is a high rate of comorbidity with other personality disorders. McGlashan et al. (2000) stated that this may be due to overlapping criteria with other personality disorders, such as avoidant personality disorder and paranoid personality disorder.

# Differential Diagnosis
- Schizophrenia
- Delusional disorder
- Hallucinations
- Communication disorders
- Medical condition that affects the central nervous system
- Avoidant personality disorder

# Epidemiology and Demographics

## Prevalence
The prevalence of schizotypal personality disorder is 600 to 4,600 per 100,000 (0.6% to 4.6%) of the overall population.

# Risk Factors
- First degree relatives with schizophrenia
- Solitariness
- Poor peer relationships
- Social anxiety

# Natural History, Prognosis and Complications
There is a high rate of comorbidity with other personality disorders.  Poor prognostic factors include:
- First degree relatives with schizophrenia
- Odd way of thinking
- Eccentric attitude
- Solitariness

# Diagnostic Criteria

## DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Eletriptan indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
RELPAX is indicated for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.

### Limitations of Use
Use only if a clear diagnosis of migraine has been established. If a patient has no response to the first migraine attack treated with RELPAX, reconsider the diagnosis of migraine before RELPAX is administered to treat any subsequent attacks.
RELPAX is not intended for the prevention of migraine attacks.
Safety and effectiveness of RELPAX have not been established for cluster headache.
Emergency contraception overview

# Overview
Emergency contraception (EC), or emergency postcoital contraception, refers to contraceptive measures that, if taken after sex, may prevent pregnancy.  As its name implies, EC is intended for occasional use, when primary means of contraception fail. Since EC methods act before implantation, they are medically and legally considered forms of contraception. Some pro-life groups define pregnancy as beginning with fertilization, and consider EC to be an abortifacient.

# Historical Perspective
Interest in synthetic hormones as postcoital contraceptives originated several decades ago, with the first published study on the subject appearing in 1967.  A few different drugs were studied, with a focus on high-dose estrogens, and it was originally hoped that postcoital contraception would prove viable as anongoing contraceptive method.

# Classification

## Emergency Contraceptive Pills
Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs)sometimes simply referred to as emergency contraceptives (ECs) or the morning-after pill are drugs that act both to preventovulation or fertilization and possibly post-fertilization implantation of a blastocyst (embryo). Emergency contraceptive pills (sometimes referred to as emergency hormonal contraception (EHC) in the U.K.) may contain higher doses of the same hormones (estrogens, progestins, or both) found in regular combined oral contraceptive pills. Taken after unprotected sexual intercourse, such higher doses may prevent pregnancy from occurring.Mifepristone is another kind of ECP, but is considered an anti-hormonal drug, and does not contain estrogen or progestins. The phrase "morning-after pill" is figurative; ECPs are licensed for use up to 72 hours after sexual intercourse. ECPs are distinct from medical abortionmethods that act after implantation.

## Intrauterine Devices
Intrauterine devices are usually used as a primary contraception method, but sometimes used as emergency contraception. The copper-T intrauterine device (IUD) can be used up to 5 days after unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy. Insertion of an IUD is more effective than use of Emergency Contraceptive Pills - pregnancy rates when used as emergency contraception are the same as with normal IUD use. IUDs may be left in place following the subsequent menstruation to provide ongoing contraception (3-10 years depending upon type).
Episiotomy (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Episiotomy is a procedure in which the skin between the vagina and anus is cut. (This area is called the perineum.) Episiotomy is done occasionally to enlarge the vaginal opening so that a baby can be more easily delivered.

# How is the Episiotomy done?
Just before the baby is born, the obstetrician numbs the vaginal area opening and makes one of two cuts:
A mediolateral cut is angled down away from the vagina and into the muscle.
A midline cut is made straight down between the vagina and anus.
The cut makes the opening to the vagina bigger. The cut is stitched closed after the baby and placenta have been delivered.

# Who needs Episiotomy?
Episiotomies were once routinely performed to prevent vaginal tears during delivery. Today, routine episiotomies are not recommended.
However, episiotomies may still be performed when there is a complicated delivery. An episiotomy may be needed if the baby's head or shoulders are too big for the mother's vaginal opening, or the baby is in a breech position (feet or buttocks coming first) and there is a problem during delivery.
It may also be needed to speed the delivery process if there is concern about the baby's heart rate.

# Where to find centers that perform Episiotomy?
Directions to Hospitals Performing Episiotomy

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
An episiotomy usually heals without problems and may be easier to repair than multiple tears.
You can resume normal activities shortly after the birth. The stitches are absorbed by the body and do not need to be removed. You can relieve pain and discomfort with medication and ice in the first 24 hours, followed by warm baths.

# Possible complications
Many studies have found that the procedure offers no benefit in routine deliveries, and there is no evidence to suggest that it improves a woman's sexual function. It has also been found that women who have an episiotomy have more intercourse-related pain after pregnancy and take longer to resume having sex after childbirth.
If an episiotomy cut is made, there is more of a chance that it will become a larger tear or even extend into the muscles around the rectum. This can lead to later problems with controlling gas and sometimes stool. When no episiotomy is made and a woman is just allowed to tear, these problems are less likely to happen.
Additional risks include:
- Bleeding
- Bruising
- Incontinence
- Infection
- Swelling

# Sources
Epispadias (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here

# Overview
Epispadias is a rare congenital (present from birth) defect located at the opening of the urethra.
In this condition, the urethra does not develop into a full tube and the urine exits the body from an abnormal location.

# What are the symptoms of Epispadias?
In males:
- Abnormal opening from the joint between the pubic bones to the area above the tip of the penis
- Backward flow of urine into the kidney (reflux nephropathy)
- Short, widened penis with an abnormal curvature
- Urinary tract infections
- Widened pubic bone
In females:
- Abnormal clitoris and labia
- Abnormal opening where the from the bladder neck to the area above the normal urethral opening
- Backward flow of urine into the kidney (reflux nephropathy)
- Widened pubic bone
- Urinary incontinence
- Urinary tract infections

# What causes Epispadias?
The causes of epispadias are unknown at this time. It may be related to improper development of the pubic bone.
In boys with epispadias, the urethra generally opens on the top or side of the penis rather than the tip. However, it is possible for the urethra to be open along the entire length of the penis.
In girls, the opening is usually between the clitoris and the labia, but may be in the belly area.

# Who is at highest risk?
Epispadias can be associated with bladder exstrophy, an uncommon birth defect in which the bladder is inside out, and sticks through the abdominal wall. However, epispadias can also occur with other defects.
Epispadias occurs in 1 in 117,000 newborn boys and 1 in 484,000 newborn girls. The condition is usually diagnosed at birth or shortly thereafter.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call your health care provider if you have any questions or concerns regarding your child's genitourinary tract appearance or function.

# Diagnosis
- Blood test to check electrolyte levels
- Intravenous pyelogram (IVP), a special x-ray of the kidneys, bladder, and ureters
- MRI and CT scans, depending on the condition
- Pelvic x-ray
- Ultrasound of the urogenital system

# Treatment options
Surgical repair of epispadias is recommended in patients with more than a mild case. Leakage of urine (incontinence) is not uncommon and may require a second operation.

# Where to find medical care for Epispadias?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Epispadias

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
Surgery generally leads to the ability to control the flow of urine and a good cosmetic outcome.

# Possible complications
Persistent urinary incontinence can occur in some persons with this condition even after several operations.
Upper urinary tract (ureter and kidney) damage and infertility may occur.

# Prevention
Currently as the cause of the disease is not known, it cannot be prevented.
Hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis

# Overview
Hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis is a genetic disorder which occurs in both humans and horses.  It is characterized by muscle hyperexcitability or weakness which, exacerbated by potassium or cold,  can lead to uncontrolled shaking followed by paralysis.  Onset in humans usually occurs in the twenties.
The mutation which causes this disorder is  dominant with linkage to the
sodium channel expressed in muscle (called SCN4A).  In the presence of high potassium levels, sodium channels fail to activate properly.  The mutation causes single amino acid changes in parts of the channel which important for inactivation.
Equine hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis occurs in 1 in 50 quarter horses and can be traced to a
single ancestor (A stallion named Impressive).  Episodes in these horses are commonly brought on by alfalfa, which contains high levels of potassium.
Etravirine indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
INTELENCE1, in combination with other antiretroviral agents, is indicated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in antiretroviral treatment-experienced patients ages 6 years and older, who have evidence of viral replication and HIV-1 strains resistant to a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and other antiretroviral agents.
The indication for adult use is based on Week 48 analyses from 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of INTELENCE. Both studies were conducted in clinically advanced, 3-class antiretroviral (NNRTI, NRTI, PI) treatment-experienced adults. The indication for pediatric use is based on 24-week analyses of a single-arm, Phase 2 trial in antiretroviral treatment-experienced pediatric subjects 6 years to less than 18 years of age .
In treatment-experienced adult and pediatric patients, the following points should be considered when initiating therapy with INTELENCE:
Treatment history and resistance testing should guide the use of INTELENCE due to concerns for potential cross-resistance.
In patients who have experienced virologic failure on an NNRTI-containing regimen, do not use INTELENCE in combination with only NRTIs .
The use of other active antiretroviral agents with INTELENCE is associated with an increased likelihood of treatment response.
The safety and efficacy of INTELENCE have not been established in pediatric patients less than 6 years of age or in treatment-naive adult or pediatric patients.
Ezetimibe/Simvastatin overdosage

# Overdosage

## VYTORIN
No specific treatment of overdosage with VYTORIN can be recommended. In the event of an overdose, symptomatic and supportive measures should be employed.

## Ezetimibe
In clinical studies, administration of ezetimibe, 50 mg/day to 15 healthy subjects for up to 14 days, or 40 mg/day to 18 patients with primary hyperlipidemia for up to 56 days, was generally well tolerated.
A few cases of overdosage have been reported; most have not been associated with adverse experiences. Reported adverse experiences have not been serious.

## Simvastatin
Significant lethality was observed in mice after a single oral dose of 9 g/m2. No evidence of lethality was observed in rats or dogs treated with doses of 30 and 100 g/m2, respectively. No specific diagnostic signs were observed in rodents. At these doses the only signs seen in dogs were emesis and mucoid stools.
A few cases of overdosage with simvastatin have been reported; the maximum dose taken was 3.6 g. All patients recovered without sequelae.
The dialyzability of simvastatin and its metabolites in man is not known at present.
Feline spongiform encephalopathy

# Overview
Feline spongiform encephalopathy affects felines. It is caused by proteins called prions.

# Disease
Feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) is a prion disease thought to be related to Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). This disease is known to affect domestic and captive feline species. Lezmi S. et al (2003), suggested that this infectious agent might be spread by both haematogenous and nervous pathways. Like BSE, this disease can take several years to develop. It is probable, but not proven, that the affected animals contract the disease by eating contaminated bovine meat.

# Clinical signs
Ataxia was observed to last for about 8 weeks in the affected animals. The ultimate result is death of the infected animals.

# Epidemiology
This disease was first reported in the United Kingdom in 1990. Up until about 5 years ago, there were reports of 87 FSE cases (only domestic cats) in the UK, one in Norway, one in Northern Ireland and one in Switzerland. However, since 1990, other feline species in zoos were reported to have contracted this disease.

# Diagnosis
This disease can only be confirmed at the post-mortem, which includes identification of bilaterally symmetrical vacuolation of the neuropil and vacuolation in neurones. Lesions are likely to be found in basal ganglia, cerebral cortex and thalamus of the brain.

# Treatment
Unfortunately this is a terminal condition and there is currently no specific treatment for the disease.
Fever of unknown origin overview
Synonyms and keywords: febris continua e causa ignota; febris e causa ignota; febris E.C.I.; FUO; PUO; pyrexia of unknown origin

# Overview
Fever of unknown origin (FUO) was formally defined for the first time by Petersdorf and Beeson: fever above 38.3 C (100.9 F) on several occasions, persisting without diagnosis for at least three weeks in spite of at least one weeks investigation in hospital.
Durack and Street made four different categories of fever of unknown origin in 1991:
- Classic FUO
- Nosocomial FUO
- Neutropenic FUO
- HIV related FUO
Fibrinogen c domain containing 1
Fibrinogen C domain containing 1 (FIBCD1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FIBCD1 gene localized on chromosome 9q34.1 in close proximity to the genes encoding L- and M-ficolin. FIBCD1 is thought to have a role in both host defence and gut homeostasis.

# Function
FIBCD1 is a type II trans-membrane endocytic receptor that is expressed apically on enterocytes and on airway epithelial cells (Schlosser et al., 2009). It is thought to mediate the endocytosis of bound ligands which are released to the surroundings after degradation, with FIBCD1 being recycled to the plasma membrane.
The homology between FIBCD1 and members of the ficolins, which are extensively characterised pattern-recognition molecules that have roles in the immune response, indicate FIBCD1 may have a role in host defence. Two potential phosphorylation sites in the cytoplasmic part of FIBCD1 suggest that FIBCD1 also may be a signaling protein (Schlosser et al., 2009).

# Structure
FIBCD1 forms homo-tetramers in the plasma membrane, with each protein chain consisting of a short cytoplasmic tail, a trans-membrane helix, and an ectodomain containing a coiled-coil region, a polycationic region, and a C-terminal fibrinogen-like recognition domain, otherwise known as the FReD. (Shrive, et al., 2014)
Fluticasone detailed information

# Overview
Fluticasone propionate is a potent synthetic corticosteroid often prescribed as treatment for asthma and allergic rhinitis. It is marketed with the brand names Flixotide and Flixonase by Allen & Hanburys, and Flovent, and Flonase by GlaxoSmithKline.  GlaxoSmithKline also markets a combination of fluticasone and salmeterol as Advair (US) or Seretide (UK).
It is also used as a cream or ointment for the treatment of eczema and psoriasis (Cutivate UK).

# How it works
Inflammation is recognized as an important component in the pathogenesis of asthma. Glucocorticoids have been shown to inhibit multiple cell types (e.g., mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils) and mediator production or secretion (e.g., histamine, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, and cytokines) involved in the asthmatic response. These anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids may contribute to their efficacy in asthma. Typically, however, the action on the cells affected requires several days.  Therefore, inhaled steroids are not used for immediate relief of asthma, but instead as preventive and maintenance therapy.

# Nasal spray

## Dosage
- Adults: The recommended dosage for adults is 100 micrograms (two sprays) into each nostril once daily. This may be increased to maximum of twice daily use if required.  When control is achieved dose is reduced to 50 micrograms (one spray) to each nostril daily.
- Adolescents and children: The recommended dosage for children (4 years of age or older in US, but only from 12 years in UK) is 50 micrograms (one spray) into each nostril once daily.  This may be increased to maximum of twice daily use if required.

## Flonase patent issues
GlaxoSmithKline's patent on Flonase expired in May 2004.  The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the sale of a generic version of Flonase on February 22, 2006.  On February 23, 2006, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) was able to obtain a temporary 10-day restraining order from a federal judge in Baltimore blocking the shipment and sales of the approved generic versions of Flonase.  The restraining order lasted until March 6, 2006.  The basis of the complaint by GSK was that the FDA failed to follow its own regulations in approving the generics and failed to apply the same quality standards for the generic version as it did for Flonase.  GSK made these arguments in petitions filed with the FDA, but the FDA rejected those petitions.  The Maryland District Court denied the request by GSK to extend the ban on Flonase generics beyond March 6, 2006, and GSK released a statement that they would not appeal the ruling.  The ruling meant that sales of generic versions of Flonase could proceed.
Folic Acid (patient information)

# Why this medication is prescribed
Folic acid is used to treat or prevent folic acid deficiency. It is a B-complex vitamin needed by the body to manufacture red blood cells. A deficiency of this vitamin causes certain types of anemia (low red blood cell count).

# How this medication should be used
Folic acid comes in tablets. It usually is taken once a day. Follow the directions on your prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take folic acid exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor.
If you are taking folic acid to treat a deficiency, you probably will feel better quickly, often within 24 hours. However, do not stop taking this drug until your doctor tells you to do so.

# Other uses for this medicine
This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.

# Special precautions
Before taking folic acid:
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to folic acid or any other drugs.
- tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, especially phenytoin (Dilantin) and vitamins.

# Special dietary instructions
Your doctor may tell you to eat more liver, foods prepared from dried yeast, fruit, and fresh leafy green vegetables to increase the folic acid in your diet.

# What to do if you forget a dose
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one.

# Side effects
Folic acid may cause side effects. If you experience any of the following symptoms, call your doctor immediately:
- skin rash
- itching
- redness
- difficulty breathing
If you experience a serious side effect, you or your doctor may send a report to the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) MedWatch Adverse Event Reporting program online  or by phone .

# Storage conditions needed for this medication
Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom). Throw away any medication that is outdated or no longer needed. Talk to your pharmacist about the proper disposal of your medication.

# In case of emergency/overdose
In case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911.

# Other information
Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. Your doctor will order certain lab tests to check your response to folic acid.
Do not let anyone else take your medication. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription.

# Brand names
- Folvite
Functional near-infrared imaging
fNIR stands for functional near-infrared imaging. fNIR is a spectroscopic neuro-imaging method for measuring the level of neuronal activity in the brain. The method is based on neuro-vascular coupling, that is, the relationship between metabolic activity and oxygen level (oxygenated hemoglobin) in feeding blood vessels.
There are three types of fNIR:
- CW - continuous wave - In this method, infrared light shines at the same intensity level during the measurement period. The detected signal is lower intensity static signal (dc valued)
- FD - frequency domain - In this method, input signal is modulated sinusoid at some frequency and detected output signal has changes in amplitude and phase.
- TR - time resolved - In time resolve spectroscopy, a very short pulse is introduced to measured and the pulse length is usually on the order of picoseconds. The detected signal is usually a longer signal and has a decay time.
- fNIR device was first invented by Dr. Britton Chance of the University of Pennsylvania. Current cwFNIR devices have improved with the advent of electronics. At the Optical Brain Imaging Lab of Drexel University, in collaboration with Penn, battery operated, wireless cwfNIR devices have been developed.