Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Small nucleolar RNA SNORD79
snoRNA U79 (also known as SNORD79 or Z22)  is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifiying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
U79 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
snoRNA U79 is found in intron 7 of the gas5 gene in humans and is also present in mice.  U79 is predicted to guide the 2'O-ribose methylation of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residue A3809.
Small nucleolar RNA SNORD87
SNORD87 (also known as U87)  is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifiying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA U87 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. 
U87 was identified by purification from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)  and is the orthologue of mouse MBII-276
Sodium dichloroisocyanurate
Sodium dichloroisocyanurate is a stable source of chlorine used as a disinfectant, biocide, industrial deodorant and detergent. In small doses it is common in water purification tablets/filters.

# Chemistry
It is the sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid.  Products containing sodium dichloroisocyanurate may also contain cyanuric acid. It is white in colour, and appears as crystalised granules, powder or tablets. It is a heterocyclic ring compound which is a derivative of triazine.
It is reactive with water, urea, ammonia, reducing agents and strong bases. Reaction produces toxic fumes including chlorine gas.

# Safety
Ventilation exhausts or appropriate breathing apparati should be installed wherever this chemical is handled. Protective gloves and clothing should also be worn.  Exposure symptoms are coughing, sore throat, redness on skin or around eyes, burns, pain and/or loss of vision. Repeated or prolonged exposure can cause dermatitis. Indigestion should be treated with rest, water to rinse out the mouth and medical attention. Vomiting should not be induced. In firefighting, drums and containers may be cooled with water spray on condition that the substance does not come into contact with water. Spills should not be washed into any public sewage system.
Spirometra erinaceieuropaei

# Overview
Spirometra erinaceieuropaei is a tapeworm that infects domestic animals and humans. In humans infection is called sparganosis.

# Causes
Spirometra erinaceieuropaei is a tapeworm that infects domestic animals and humans. In humans infection is called sparganosis. 
The worm has an interesting lifecycle, the adult worm is present in the small intestine of cats and dogs where it may grow as long as 1.5 meters. Eggs from the worm are passed with the host feces, when they develop into a proceroid larva. This larva may be directly ingested by humans or may enter an intermediate host which include frogs, birds, snakes, rats and mice and become a plerocercoid larva. When cats, dogs, foxes or wolves eat the intermediate host the worm completes its life cycle becoming an egg producing adult. Because humans would normally ingest the worm at the proceroid stage the human is a dead-end host.

# Pathogenisis

## Life Cycle

# Treatment

## Antimicrobial therapy
- Sparganosis (Spirometra mansonoides) treatment 
- Preferred treatment: Surgical resection or ethanol injection of subcutaneous masses
- Note: Praziquantel 75 mg/kg/day PO qd for 3 days is controversial. It's been inefective in some cases, but has had some results in patients when surgical therapy wasn't an option.
Standard hydrogen electrode
The standard hydrogen electrode (abbreviated SHE), also called normal hydrogen electrode (NHE), is a redox electrode which forms the basis of the thermodynamic scale of oxidation-reduction potentials. Its absolute electrode potential is estimated to be 4.44  0.02 V at 25 C, but to form a basis for comparison with all other electrode reactions, Hydrogen's standard electrode potential (E0) is declared to be zero at all temperatures. Potentials of any other electrodes are compared with that of the standard hydrogen electrode at the same temperature.
Hydrogen electrode is based on the redox half cell:
This redox reaction occurs at platinized platinum electrode.
The Nernst equation should be written as:
-r
where:
- aH+ is the activity of the hydrogen ions, aH+=fH+ CH+ /C0
- pH2 is the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas, in pascals, Pa
- R is the universal gas constant
- T is the temperature, in kelvins
- F is the Faraday constant (the charge per a mole of electrons), equal to 9.6485309*104 C mol-1
- p0 is the standard pressure 105 in Pa

# Why platinum?
The choice of platinum for the hydrogen electrode is due to several factors:
- inertness of platinum (it does not corrode)
- the capability of platinum to catalyze the reaction of proton reduction
- a high intrinsic exchange current density for proton reduction on platinum (see the data in the table for comparison of platinum with other materials)
- excellent reproducibility of the potential (bias of less than 10 V when two well-made hydrogen electrodes are compared with one another .
The surface of platinum is platinized (i.e., covered with platinum black) because of:
- necessity to employ electrode with large true surface area. The greater the electrode true area, the faster electrode kinetics
- necessity to use electrode material which can adsorb hydrogen at its interface. Platinization improves electrode kinetics
Nevertheless, other metals can be used for building electrodes with a similar function, for example, palladium-hydrogen electrode.

# Interference
Because of the high adsorption activity of the platinized platinum electrode, it's very important to protect electrode surface and solution from the presence of organic substances as well as from oxygen of atmosphere. Inorganic ions that can reduce to a lower valency state at the electrode also have to be avoided (e.g., Fe3+, CrO42-).
Cations that can reduce and deposit on the platinum can be source of interference: silver, mercury, copper, lead, cadmium and thallium.
Substances that can inactivate ("poison") the catalytic sites include arsenic, sulfides and other sulfur compounds, colloidal substances, alkaloids, and material found in living systems.

# Construction
The scheme of the standard hydrogen electrode:
- platinized platinum electrode
- hydrogen blow
- solution of the acid with activity of H+ = 1 mol kg-1
- hydroseal for prevention of the oxygen interference
- reservoir through which the second half-element of the galvanic cell should be attached. This creates an ionically conductive path to the working electrode of interest.
Staphylococcus haemolyticus

# Overview
Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a species of bacterium belonging to the genus Staphylococcus. It is a Gram positive coccus, coagulase negative, and catalase positive. Frequently found as a commensal organism on the skin of humans and animals, S. haemolyticus occurs infrequently as a cause of soft-tissue infections, usually in immunocompromised patients.
S. haemolyticus is resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents. Resistance to vancomycin has been recorded, and this is a cause for concern because such resistance could be acquired by other, more pathogenic staphylococci.

# Treatment

## Antimicrobial regimen
- Staphylococcus, coagulase-negative species (CoNS)
- Staphylococcus epidermidis
- 1. Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Preferred regimen (1): Oxacillin 1-2 g IV q4h
- Preferred regimen (2): Nafcillin 1-2 g IV q4h
- Preferred regimen (3): Cephalothin
- Alternative regimen: Rifampin 600 mg/day PO qd AND Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim ((or) Fluoroquinolones) AND Daptomycin 600 mg PO or IV q12h
- Note: 75% of the S. epidermidis are methicillin-resistant.
- 2. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Preferred regimen: Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h with or without Rifampin 600 mg/day PO qd
- Note: For deep-seated infections consider adding Gentamicin with or without Rifampin 600 mg/day PO qd to the regimen
- 3. Prosthetic device infections
- Preferred regimen: Oxacillin 1-2 g IV q4h ((or) Vancomycin 1 g IV q12h) AND Rifampin 600 mg/day PO qd AND Gentamicin 3 mg/kg/day IV/IM q8-24h is appropriate
- Note: Duration depends on site of infection and severity.
Status asthmaticus overview

# Overview
Status asthmaticus is an medical emergency caused by an acute exacerbation of asthma that does not respond to standard bronchodilator and corticosteroid therapy. Symptoms include chest tightness, rapidly progressive dyspnea, non-productive cough and wheezing. Status asthmaticus if left untreated may result in severe bronchospasm, mucus plugging and rapidly develops acidosis and respiratory failure as a consequent of carbon dioxide retention and hypoxemia.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Approximately 10% of the US population is affected by asthma and an increased prevalence of 60% is observed in all age groups, with status asthmaticus requiring the highest rates of hospitalization.

# Diagnosis

## Electrocardiogram
The presence of supraventricular tachycardia on ECG should raise a suspicion of theophylline toxicity.

## CT
High-resolution CT may reveal several structural changes related to small-airway disease including cylindrical bronchiectasis, bronchial wall thickening, and air trapping.

## Other Diagnostic Studies
FEV1 lower than 60% predicted is strongly suggestive of severe airway obstruction. Peak flow rate measurement is a simple bedside method to assess the severity of airway obstruction. A red zone indicates less than 50% of the usual or normal peak flow reading signifying a severe airway obstruction.

# Treatment

## Medical Therapy
Initial severity assessment is evaluated using arterial blood gas and pulmonary function test and aggressive therapy is initiated to prevent progression to respiratory failure.
Stavudine drug interactions

# Drug Interactions
- Zidovudine: Zidovudine competitively inhibits the intracellular phosphorylation of stavudine. Therefore, use of zidovudine in combination with ZERIT (stavudine) should be avoided.
- Doxorubicin: In vitro data indicate that the phosphorylation of stavudine is inhibited at relevant concentrations by doxorubicin. The clinical significance of this interaction is unknown; therefore, concomitant use of stavudine with doxorubicin should be undertaken with caution.
- Ribavirin: In vitro data indicate ribavirin reduces phosphorylation of lamivudine, stavudine, and zidovudine. The clinical significance of the interaction with stavudine is unknown; therefore, concomitant use of stavudine with ribavirin should be undertaken with caution. No pharmacokinetic (eg, plasma concentrations or intracellular triphosphorylated active metabolite concentrations) or pharmacodynamic (eg, loss of HIV-1/HCV virologic suppression) interaction was observed when ribavirin and lamivudine (n=18), stavudine (n=10), or zidovudine (n=6) were coadministered as part of a multi-drug regimen to HIV-1/HCV co-infected patients .
Stent thrombosis prevention

# Overview
The main principle of the preventive treatment for stent thrombosis is to perform the best PCI possible, including good expansion and apposition of the stent. In this context, the role of intravascular ultrasound has been studied extensively and can be helpful.
Combined antiplatelet therapy for the preventive treatment has been extensively studied and are routinely recommended.
- There are better outcomes noted with the use of aspirin plus ticlopidine or clopidogrel than with aspirin plus warfarin or aspirin alone.
- Preliminary evidence suggests prasugrel resulted in fewer ischaemic outcomes including stent thrombosis than with standard clopidogrel.

# Clinical Trial Data
- In STARS trial, studying 1653 patients showed superiority of aspirin and ticlopidine over combination of aspirin and warfarin or aspirin alone for reducing subacute stent thrombosis, although there were more hemorrhagic complications than with aspirin alone.
- A similar benefit for combined aspirin plus ticlopidine was noted in another randomized controlled trial.
- Results from double blinded randomized studies- PCI-CURE trial, analyzing 2658 patients and CREDO trial, analyzing 2116 patients, revealed the benefit of clopidogrel therapy increased with time and  provide evidence for at least one year therapy in patients with BMS. However both the studies did not evaluate DES.
- TRITON TIMI-38trial analyzing 12,844 patients who underwent stenting for ACS revealed intensive antiplatelet therapy with prasugrel resulted in fewer ischaemic outcomes including stent thrombosis than with standard clopidogrel.These findings were statistically robust irrespective of stent type, and the data affirm the importance of intensive platelet inhibition in patients with intracoronary stents.

# Guidelines for Prevention
The 2008 American College of Chest Physician illustrates the following guidelines for primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease.
Streptococcus milleri group

# Overview
Streptococcus milleri is an unofficial name applied to a group of basically similar viridans streptococci species showing various hemolytic, serological, and physiological characteristics. The species name Streptococcus anginosus has recently been recognized as the approved name for these organisms. They have been implicated as etiologic agents in a variety of serious purulent infections, but because of their heterogeneous characteristics, these organisms may be unrecognized or misidentified by clinical laboratorians.
The unique characteristic of them from other pathogenic streptococci, such as S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae, is their ability to cause abscesses.

# Species
Members include:
- Streptococcus anginosus
- Streptococcus constellatus
S. constellatus subsp. constellatus
S. constellatus subsp. pharyngis
- S. constellatus subsp. constellatus
- S. constellatus subsp. pharyngis
- Streptococcus intermedius

# Nomenclature
These non-hemolytic viridans streptococci were first described by Guthof in 1956 after being isolated from dental abscesses. He named these organisms "Streptococcus milleri" in honor of the microbiologist W. D. Miller.
Ehy UOu Pnis

# Occurrence
The organisms were subsequently recognized as normal flora of the human oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract with the ability to cause abscesses and systemic infections.
Subvalvular aortic stenosis

# Overview
Aortic insufficiency is more common in this form of aortic stenosis and occurs in 50 to 75% of patients. It can be classified as fixed or dynamic type depending on the dynamics of the obstruction.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
Aortic subvalvular stenosis is the second most common form of congenital left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and occurs in 8-30% of all forms of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.  The level of obstruction is located just beneath the aortic valve. HOCM (a.k.a. idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis or IHSS) is not present at birth and is not considered a congenital lesion.

# Pathophysiology
There are several varieties of congenital aortic subvalvular stenosis (or subaortic stenosis):
- Membranous: A fixed localized membrane 0.5 to 2 cm below the level of the aortic valve and attached to the septum and the base of the anterior mitral leaflet.
- Fibromuscular:
More commonly there is a fibromuscular membrane or tunnel with a significant muscular component which can sometimes be hard to distinguish from IHSS. This is a more severe form and is often associated with a small aortic root.
Associated aortic insufficiency (AI) is often present due to the high speed jet of blood through the aortic cusps resulting in fibrosis and retraction.
- More commonly there is a fibromuscular membrane or tunnel with a significant muscular component which can sometimes be hard to distinguish from IHSS. This is a more severe form and is often associated with a small aortic root.
- Associated aortic insufficiency (AI) is often present due to the high speed jet of blood through the aortic cusps resulting in fibrosis and retraction.
- Congenital anomalies of the mitral valve:
Attachment to ventricular septum of accessory chordae from anterior mitral leaflet
Redundant AV valve tissue causing subaortic obstruction.
- Attachment to ventricular septum of accessory chordae from anterior mitral leaflet
- Redundant AV valve tissue causing subaortic obstruction.
- Aneurysm of the membranous ventricular septum

# Natural History
The symptoms are similar to that of valvular aortic stenosis but begin earlier in infancy or early adulthood.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms
The symptoms are similar to that of valvular aortic stenosis but begin earlier in infancy or early adulthood.

## Echocardiography
- High doppler gradient and normal AV.
- It may require a repeat TTE or TEE

# Treatment
The membrane can be resected as shown in the videos below:

# 2008 ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease (DO NOT EDIT)

## Surgical Intervention (DO NOT EDIT)

## Key Issues to Evaluate and Follow-Up (DO NOT EDIT)
Sulfamethoxazole overdosage

# Overdosage
Acute: The amount of a single dose of BACTRIM that is either associated with symptoms of overdosage or is likely to be life-threatening has not been reported. Signs and symptoms of overdosage reported with sulfonamides include anorexia, colic, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, drowsiness and unconsciousness. Pyrexia, hematuria and crystalluria may be noted. Blood dyscrasias and jaundice are potential late manifestations of overdosage.
Signs of acute overdosage with trimethoprim include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, mental depression, confusion and bone marrow depression.
General principles of treatment include the institution of gastric lavage or emesis, forcing oral fluids, and the administration of intravenous fluids if urine output is low and renal function is normal. Acidification of the urine will increase renal elimination of trimethoprim. The patient should be monitored with blood counts and appropriate blood chemistries, including electrolytes. If a significant blood dyscrasia or jaundice occurs, specific therapy should be instituted for these complications. Peritoneal dialysis is not effective and hemodialysis is only moderately effective in eliminating sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim.
Chronic: Use of BACTRIM at high doses and/or for extended periods of time may cause bone marrow depression manifested as thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and/or megaloblastic anemia. If signs of bone marrow depression occur, the patient should be given leucovorin 5 to 15 mg daily until normal hematopoiesis is restored.
Superficial temporal artery

# Overview
In human anatomy, the superficial temporal artery is a major artery of the head.  It arises from the external carotid artery when it bifurcates into the superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery.
Its pulse is palpable superior to the zygomatic arch, anterior and superior to the tragus.

# Anatomical details
The superficial temporal artery, the smaller of the two terminal branches of the external carotid, appears, from its direction, to be the continuation of that vessel.
It begins in the substance of the parotid gland, behind the neck of the mandible, and crosses over the posterior root of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone; about 5 cm. above this process it divides into two branches, a frontal and a parietal.

## Relations
As it crosses the zygomatic process, it is covered by the Auricularis anterior muscle, and by a dense fascia; it is crossed by the temporal and zygomatic branches of the facial nerve and one or two veins, and is accompanied by the auriculotemporal nerve, which lies immediately behind it.

# Clinical relevance
The superficial temporal artery is often affected in temporal arteritis and biopsied if the diagnosis is suspected.

# Additional images
- Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries.
- The arteries of the face and scalp.
- Plan of branches of internal maxillary artery.
- Plan of branches of internal maxillary artery.
- Bloodvessels of the eyelids, front view.
Symphysis pubis dysfunction

# Overview
Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction (SPD) is a mild to severe pelvic joint pain that is experienced by some women after the first trimester of pregnancy or after childbirth. SPD affects approximately one in 35 women. 
SPD affects the symphysis pubis, the joint where two of the four pelvic bones (the sacrum and coccyx at the back, and the two hip bones at the sides) meet at the front of the pelvis. The pelvic joints are held together by very strong ligaments that are designed to prevent movement. During pregnancy the body generates the hormone relaxin that gradually loosens all the pelvic ligaments to allow slight movement at the time of birth. A widening of 2-3 mm at the symphysis pubis during pregnancy above the normal gap of 4-5 mm is normal. Occasionally, the ligaments loosen too much and too early before birth, thereby causing pain to occur. In severe cases, diastasis symphysis pubis results.
The main symptoms of SPD are pain in the pubic area, groin, inside the thighs, and sometimes in the lower back and hips. A clicking sound may sometimes be heard while walking and the pain can become severe.
SPD usually occurs during the second trimester of pregnancy onwards.  After childbirth the body stops producing relaxin and the ligaments usually regain their original tight form and for most women the symptoms will resolve.

# Pelvic girdle pain
Symphysis pubis dysfunction is a symptom of Pelvic girdle pain (PGP).
Systemic-to-pulmonary shunt
A systemic-to-pulmonary shunt is a cardiac shunt which allows, or is designed to cause, blood to flow from the systemic circulation to the pulmonary circulation. This occurs when:
- there is a passage between two or more of the great vessels; and,
- systemic pressure is higher than pulmonic pressure and/or the shunt has a one-way valvular opening.
A systemic-to-pulmonary shunt functions as follows:
- left-to-right in the absence of arterioventricular discordance.
- right-to-left if the great vessels are transposed.