Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Aspergilloma (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page on this topic, click here.
For more patient information about aspergillosis and other diseases caused by Aspergillus, click here.

# Overview
Pulmonary aspergilloma is a mass caused by a fungal infection that usually grows in lung cavities. It can also appear in the brain, kidney, or other organs.

# What are the symptoms of Aspergilloma?
Many patients have no symptoms. When symptoms do develop, they can include:
- Chest pain
- Cough
- Coughing up blood or hemoptysis
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Unintentional weight loss

# What causes Aspergilloma?
Aspergillomas are formed when the fungus aspergillus grows in a clump in a lung cavity, or invades previously healthy tissue, causing an abscess.
Aspergillus is a common fungus. It grows on dead leaves, stored grain, bird droppings, compost piles, and other decaying vegetation. Cavities in the lung may have been caused by:
- Coccidioidomycosis
- Cystic fibrosis
- Histoplasmosis
- Lung abscess
- Lung cancer
- Sarcoidosis
- Tuberculosis

# Who is at highest risk?

# Diagnosis
- Blood test for presence of aspergillus in the body (galactomannan)
- Blood test to detect antibodies to aspergillus (serum precipitins for aspergillus)
- Bronchoscopy or bronchoscopy with lavage
- Chest CT
- Chest x-ray
- Sputum culture

# When to seek urgent medical care?
See your health care provider if you cough up blood, and mention any other symptoms that have developed.

# Treatment options
Many patients never develop symptoms. Often, no treatment is needed, unless you are coughing up blood.
Occasionally, antifungal medications may be used.
Sometimes, injecting dye into the blood vessels (angiography) may be used to find the site of bleeding. The bleeding is stopped by shooting tiny pellets into the bleeding vessel.
Surgery is often the only choice if there is life-threatening bleeding.

# Where to find medical care for Aspergilloma?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Condition

# Prevention
People who have had related lung infections or who have weakened immune systems should try to avoid environments where the aspergillus fungus is found.

# What to expect (Outlook/Prognosis)?
The outcome can be good in many patients. However, it depends on the severity of the condition and your overall health.
Surgery may be very successful in some cases, but it is complex and can have a high risk of serious complications.

# Possible complications
- Difficulty breathing that gets worse
- Massive bleeding from the lung
- Spread of the infection (see acute invasive aspergillosis)

# Sources
Australian Counselling Association
The Australian Counselling Association (ACA) is a non-profit, professional organization that is dedicated to the counselling profession. ACA exclusively represents professional counselors in Australia.

# Mission
The mission of the Australian Counseling Association is to enhance the quality of life in society by promoting the development of professional counselors, advancing the counseling profession, and using the profession and practice of counseling to promote respect for human dignity and diversity.

## Government accreditation
The counselling profession in Australia is currently not government regulated so clients are faced with the the task of evaluating qualifications of various counsellors and psychotherapists. ACA is one of two industry associations (with PACFA) that is campaigning for government accreditation of counselling in Australia. 

# History
Azithromycin indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
ZITHROMAX (azithromycin for injection) is indicated for the treatment of patients with infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms in the conditions listed below. As recommended dosages, durations of therapy, and applicable patient populations vary among these infections, please see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION for dosing recommendations.
Community-acquired pneumonia due to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella pneumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, or Streptococcus pneumoniae in patients who require initial intravenous therapy.
Pelvic inflammatory disease due to Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, or Mycoplasma hominis in patients who require initial intravenous therapy. If anaerobic microorganisms are suspected of contributing to the infection, an antimicrobial agent with anaerobic activity should be administered in combination with ZITHROMAX.
ZITHROMAX (azithromycin for injection) should be followed by ZITHROMAX by the oral route as required. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.)
Appropriate culture and susceptibility tests should be performed before treatment to determine the causative microorganism and its susceptibility to azithromycin. Therapy with ZITHROMAX may be initiated before results of these tests are known; once the results become available, antimicrobial therapy should be adjusted accordingly.
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of ZITHROMAX (azithromycin) and other antibacterial drugs, ZITHROMAX (azithromycin) should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Binge eating (patient information)
For the WikiDoc page for this topic, click here
Synonyms and Keywords:  Overeating - compulsive; Compulsive overeating

# Overview
Binge eating is when a person eats a much larger amount of food in a shorter period of time than he or she normally would. During binge eating, the person also feels a loss of control.

# What are the symptoms of Binge eating disorder?
- A binge eater often:
- Eats 5,000 - 15,000 calories in one sitting
- Frequently snacks, in addition to eating three meals a day
- Overeats throughout the day, rather than simply consuming large amounts of food during binges
- Binge eating by itself usually leads to becoming overweight.
- Binge eating may occur on its own or in the context of an eating disorder, such as bulimia. People with bulimia typically eat large amounts of high-calorie foods, usually in secret. After this binge eating they often force themselves to vomit or take laxatives.

# What causes Binge eating disorder?
The cause of binge eating is unknown. However, binge eating often begins during or after strict dieting.

# When to seek urgent medical care?
Call your health care provider if you think you might have a pattern of binge eating or bulimia.

# Diagnosis
- The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your eating patterns and symptoms.
- Blood tests may be done.

# Treatment options
- Medication is usually not needed for this disorder. However, your doctor may prescribe antidepressants if you are anxious or depressed.
- Talk therapy is often recommended. Individual, group, family, and behavioral therapy may help.
- Biofeedback training may also be recommended.

# Where to find medical care for Binge eating disorder?
Directions to Hospitals Treating Binge eating disorder

# Source
Brain Tumor Funders' Collaborative
The Brain Tumor Funders Collaborative (BTFC) is a partnership of eight private organizations designed to bridge the gap that can sometimes prevent laboratory science from yielding new medical treatments.

# History
Formed over a period of two years, a group of private funders supporting brain cancer research attended a series of workshops with researchers and clinicians, and asked each other to identify new forms of research, and structures within the research community that were needed to produce effective therapies for brain tumors. The result was the outline of a new funding initiative, to attempt to provide new approaches to cancer research. Collaboration among investigators, cooperation between basic science and clinical application, and merging of disciplines and institutions that operate independently, are the foundation of the approach. 
Each participating member of BTFC also maintains its own grant-making program and, in some cases, patient information and advocacy programs. These are accessible through their individual websites.
On March 14, 2006, the Brain Tumor Funders Collaborative announced results of their first joint funding initiative: up to three $2 million multi-year grants, awarded to multi-institutional teams of researchers and clinicians dedicated to finding new treatments for brain cancer patients.

# Membership
The eight members of the Brain Tumor Funders' Collaborative are:
- American Brain Tumor Association
- Brain Tumour Foundation of Canada
- Brain Tumor Society
- Childrens Brain Tumor Foundation
- Goldhirsh Foundation
- James S. McDonnell Foundation
- National Brain Tumor Foundation
- Sontag Foundation
Calcineurin B homologous protein 1
Calcineurin B homologous protein 1 is protein encoded in humans by the CHP1 gene (formerly CHP).

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a phosphoprotein that binds to the sodium-hydrogen exchangers (NHEs). This protein serves as an essential cofactor which supports the physiological activity of NHE family members. It has protein sequence similarity to calcineurin B and it is also known to be an endogenous inhibitor of calcineurin activity.

# Interactions
Calcineurin B homologous protein 1 has been shown to interact with
- sodium-hydrogen antiporter 1,
- sodium-hydrogen antiporter 3, and
- sodium-hydrogen anti porter 9.
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

# Overview
The Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (abbreviated PCWP), as measured by a Swan-Ganz catheter, is the pressure measured in a pulmonary artery after occlusion of that artery.  Because of the large compliance of the pulmonary circulation, it provides an indirect measure of the left atrial pressure.

# Confirmation that the PA catheter is in the "Wedge" position
A saturation can be drawn from the tip of the catheter. If the saturation approximates that of the arterial system, then the column of blood that has been drawn is saturated and is reflective of left atrial pressure.

# Diagnosis of Mitral Regurgitation
The PCWP contains both a waves (reflective of the atrial contraction) and v waves (reflective of ventricular contraction).  In the setting of acute mitral regurgitation, large v waves may be present.

# Reference
-  Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine
-  Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine

# Resources
- Template:GPnotebook
- Overview at cvphysiology.com
- Description at virginia.edu
- Pulmonary+wedge+pressure at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
de:Wedge-Druck
Cefaclor dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration
Cefaclor is administered orally.
Adults -- The usual adult dosage is 250 mg every 8 hours. For more severe infections (such as pneumonia) or those caused by less susceptible organisms, doses may be doubled.
Pediatric Patients -- The usual recommended daily dosage for pediatric patients is 20 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours. In more serious infections, otitis media, and infections caused by less susceptible organisms, 40 mg/kg/day are recommended, with a maximum dosage of 1 g/day.
Cefaclor may be administered in the presence of impaired renal function. Under such a condition, the dosage usually is unchanged (see PRECAUTIONS).
In the treatment of -hemolytic streptococcal infections, a therapeutic dosage of cefaclor should be administered for at least 10 days.
Cefazolin sodium adverse reactions

# Adverse Reactions
The following serious adverse reactions to cefazolin are described below and elsewhere in the labeling:
Hypersensitivity reactions 
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea 

## Clinical Trials Experience
The following adverse reactions were reported from clinical trials:
Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea, oral candidiasis (oral thrush), mouth ulcers, vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps, epigastric pain, heartburn, flatus, anorexia, and pseudomembranous colitis. Onset of pseudomembranous colitis symptoms may occur during or after antibacterial treatment .
Allergic: Anaphylaxis, eosinophilia, urticaria, itching, drug fever, skin rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
Hematologic: Neutropenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, thrombocythemia.
Hepatic: Transient rise in SGOT, SGPT, and alkaline phosphatase levels has been observed. As with other cephalosporins, reports of hepatitis have been received.
Renal: As with other cephalosporins, reports of increased BUN and creatinine levels, as well as renal failure, have been received.
Local Reactions: Instances of phlebitis have been reported at site of injection. Some induration has occurred.
Other Reactions: Pruritus (including genital, vulvar and anal pruritus, genital moniliasis, and vaginitis). Dizziness, fainting, lightheadedness, confusion, weakness, tiredness, hypotension, somnolence and headache.

## Cephalosporin-class Adverse Reactions
In addition to the adverse reactions listed above that have been observed in patients treated with cefazolin, the following adverse reactions and altered laboratory tests have been reported for cephalosporin-class antibacterials: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, toxic epidermal necrolysis, renal impairment, toxic nephropathy, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, hepatic impairment including cholestasis and pancytopenia.
Cefdinir dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration
The recommended dosage and duration of treatment for infections in adults and adolescents are described in the following chart; the total daily dose for all infections is 600 mg. Once-daily dosing for 10 days is as effective as BID dosing. Once-daily dosing has not been studied in pneumonia or skin infections; therefore, cefdinir capsules should be administered twice daily in these infections. Cefdinir capsules may be taken without regard to meals.

## Patients With Renal Insufficiency
For adult patients with creatinine clearance <30 mL/min, the dose of cefdinir should be 300 mg given once daily.
Creatinine clearance is difficult to measure in outpatients. However, the following formula may be used to estimate creatinine clearance (CLcr) in adult patients. For estimates to be valid, serum creatinine levels should reflect steady-state levels of renal function.
Males: CLcr =(weight) (140  age)/(72) (serum creatinine)
Females: CLcr = 0.85 x above value
where creatinine clearance is in mL/min, age is in years, weight is in kilograms, and serum creatinine is in mg/dL.
The following formula may be used to estimate creatinine clearance in pediatric patients:
CLcr  =      K x -  body length or height/serum creatininewhere K = 0.55 for pediatric patients older than 1 year and 0.45 for infants (up to 1 year).
In the above equation, creatinine clearance is in mL/min/1.73 m2, body length or height is in centimeters, and serum creatinine is in mg/dL.
For pediatric patients with a creatinine clearance of <30 mL/min/1.73 m2, the dose of cefdinir should be 7 mg/kg (up to 300 mg) given once daily.

## Patients on Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis removes cefdinir from the body. In patients maintained on chronic hemodialysis, the recommended initial dosage regimen is a 300 mg or 7 mg/kg dose every other day. At the conclusion of each hemodialysis session, 300 mg (or 7 mg/kg) should be given. Subsequent doses (300 mg or 7 mg/kg) are then administered every other day.
Cefixime dosage and administration

# Dosage and Administration

### Adults
The recommended dose of cefixime is 400 mg daily. This may be given as a 400 mg tablet or capsule daily or the 400 mg tablet may be split and given as one half tablet every 12 hours. For the treatment of uncomplicated cervical/urethral gonococcal infections, a single oral dose of 400 mg is recommended. The capsule and tablet may be administered without regard to food.
In the treatment of infections due to Streptococcus pyogenes, a therapeutic dosage of cefixime should be administered for at least 10 days.

### Pediatric Patients (6 months or older)
The recommended dose is 8 mg/kg/day of the suspension. This may be administered as a single daily dose or may be given in two divided doses, as 4 mg/kg every 12 hours.
Note: A suggested dose has been determined for each pediatric weight range. Refer to Table 1. Ensure all orders that specify a dose in milliliters include a concentration, because Suprax for oral suspension is available in three different concentrations (100 mg/5 mL, 200 mg/5 mL, and 500 mg/5 mL).
Children weighing more than 45 kg or older than 12 years should be treated with the recommended adult dose. Suprax (cefixime) Chewable Tablets must be chewed or crushed before swallowing.
Otitis media should be treated with the chewable tablets or suspension. Clinical trials of otitis media were conducted with the chewable tablets or suspension, and the chewable tablets or suspension results in higher peak blood levels than the tablet when administered at the same dose.
Therefore, the tablet or capsule should not be substituted for the chewable tablets or suspension in the treatment of otitis media.
In the treatment of infections due to Streptococcus pyogenes, a therapeutic dosage of cefixime should be administered for at least 10 days.

### Renal Impairment
Suprax may be administered in the presence of impaired renal function. Normal dose and schedule may be employed in patients with creatinine clearances of 60 mL/min or greater. Refer to Table 2 for dose adjustments for adults with renal impairment. Neither hemodialysis nor peritoneal dialysis removes significant amounts of drug from the body.

# Reconstitution Directions for Oral Suspension
After reconstitution, the suspension may be kept for 14 days either at room temperature, or under refrigeration, without significant loss of potency. Keep tightly closed. Shake well before using. Discard unused portion after 14 days.
Cefoperazone clinical pharmacology
High serum and bile levels of CEFOBID are attained after a single dose of the drug. Table 1 demonstrates the serum concentrations of CEFOBID in normal volunteers following either a single 15-minute constant rate intravenous infusion of 1, 2, 3 or 4 grams of the drug, or a single intramuscular injection of 1 or 2 grams of the drug.
The mean serum half-life of CEFOBID is approximately 2.0 hours, independent of the route of administration.
In vitro studies with human serum indicate that the degree of CEFOBID reversible protein binding varies with the serum concentration from 93% at 25 mcg/mL of CEFOBID to 90% at 250 mcg/mL and 82% at 500 mcg/mL.
CEFOBID achieves therapeutic concentrations in the following body tissues and fluids:
CEFOBID is excreted mainly in the bile. Maximum bile concentrations are generally obtained between one and three hours following drug administration and exceed concurrent serum concentrations by up to 100 times. Reported biliary concentrations of CEFOBID range from 66 mcg/mL at 30 minutes to as high as 6000 mcg/mL at 3 hours after an intravenous bolus injection of 2 grams.
Following a single intramuscular or intravenous dose, the urinary recovery of CEFOBID over a 12-hour period averages 2030%. No significant quantity of metabolites has been found in the urine. Urinary concentrations greater than 2200 mcg/mL have been obtained following a 15-minute infusion of a 2 g dose. After an IM injection of 2 g, peak urine concentrations of almost 1000 mcg/mL have been obtained, and therapeutic levels are maintained for 12 hours.
Repeated administration of CEFOBID at 12-hour intervals does not result in accumulation of the drug in normal subjects. Peak serum concentrations, areas under the curve (AUC's), and serum half-lives in patients with severe renal insufficiency are not significantly different from those in normal volunteers. In patients with hepatic dysfunction, the serum half life is prolonged and urinary excretion is increased. In patients with combined renal and hepatic insufficiencies, CEFOBID may accumulate in the serum.
CEFOBID has been used in pediatrics, but the safety and effectiveness in children have not been established. The half-life of CEFOBID in serum is 610 hours in low birth-weight neonates.
Cefoperazone indications and usage
CEFOBID is indicated for the treatment of the following infections when caused by susceptible organisms:
Respiratory Tract Infections caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. aureus (penicillinase and non-penicillinase producing strains), S. pyogenes1(Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci), P. aeruginosa,Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, and Enterobacter species.
Peritonitis and Other Intra-abdominal Infections caused by E. coli, P. aeruginosa,1 and anaerobic gram-negative bacilli (including Bacteroides fragilis).
Bacterial Septicemia caused by S. pneumoniae, S. agalactiae,1 S. aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,1 E. coli, Klebsiella spp.,1Klebsiella pneumoniae,1Proteus species1 (indole-positive and indole-negative), Clostridium spp.1 and anaerobic gram-positive cocci.1
Infections of the Skin and Skin Structures caused by S. aureus (penicillinase and non-penicillinase producing strains), S. pyogenes,1 and P. aeruginosa.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, Endometritis, and Other Infections of the Female Genital Tract caused by N. gonorrhoeae, S. epidermidis,1 S. agalactiae, E. coli, Clostridium spp.,1Bacteroides species (including Bacteroides fragilis), and anaerobic gram-positive cocci.
Urinary Tract Infections caused by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Enterococcal Infections: Although cefoperazone has been shown to be clinically effective in the treatment of infections caused by enterococci in cases of peritonitis and other intra-abdominal infections, infections of the skin and skin structures, pelvic inflammatory disease, endometritis and other infections of the female genital tract, and urinary tract infections,1 the majority of clinical isolates of enterococci tested are not susceptible to cefoperazone but fall just at or in the intermediate zone of susceptibility, and are moderately resistant to cefoperazone. However, in vitrosusceptibility testing may not correlate directly with in vivo results. Despite this, cefoperazone therapy has resulted in clinical cures of enterococcal infections, chiefly in polymicrobial infections. Cefoperazone should be used in enterococcal infections with care and at doses that achieve satisfactory serum levels of cefoperazone.
Efficacy of this organism in this organ system was studied in fewer than 10 infections.
Susceptibility Testing
Before instituting treatment with CEFOBID, appropriate specimens should be obtained for isolation of the causative organism and for determination of its susceptibility to the drug. Treatment may be started before results of susceptibility testing are available.
Combination Therapy
Synergy between CEFOBID and aminoglycosides has been demonstrated with many gram-negative bacilli. However, such enhanced activity of these combinations is not predictable. If such therapy is considered, in vitro susceptibility tests should be performed to determine the activity of the drugs in combination, and renal function should be monitored carefully. (See PRECAUTIONS, and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION sections.)