Phosphate reactions
Phosphate reactions are chemical reactions that lead to the transformation of one set of phosphates into another.

# Phosphoruses
Def. "a chemical element (symbol P) with an atomic number of 15, that exists in several allotropic forms" is called phosphorus.
"Elemental phosphorus can exist in several allotropes; the most common of which are white and red solids. Solid violet and black allotropes are also known."
"It would appear that violet phosphorus is a polymer of high relative molecular mass, which on heating breaks down into P2 molecules. On cooling, these would normally dimerize to give P4 molecules (i.e. white phosphorus) but, in vacuo, they link up again to form the polymeric violet allotrope."

# Ions
Def. "any salt or ester of phosphoric acid" is called a phosphate.
The phosphate ion is a polyatomic ion with the empirical formula PO34 and a molar mass of 94.97 g/mol. It consists of one central phosphorus atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. The phosphate ion carries a negative three formal charge. The phosphate ion is a hypervalent molecule (the phosphorus atom has 10 electrons in its valence shell).
Each of the phosphate ions: PO43-, hydrogen phosphate, HPO42-, and dihydrogen phosphate H2PO41- may form salts with one or more positive ions, or esters with one or more organics or organophosphates.

# Phosphorus acids

# Orthophosphoric acids
Def. " colourless liquid, H3PO4" is called phosphoric acid.
Def. "rdinary phosphoric acid, H3PO4", after orthophosphoric acid, is called orthophosphoric acid.
"Orthophosphoric acid is a non-toxic, inorganic, rather weak triprotic acid,  is a very polar molecule ... soluble in water. ... Triprotic means that an orthophosphoric acid molecule can dissociate up to three times, giving up an H+ each time, which typically combines with a water molecule, H2O, as shown in these reactions:
The anion after the first dissociation, H2PO4, is the dihydrogen phosphate anion. The anion after the second dissociation, HPO42, is the hydrogen phosphate anion. The anion after the third dissociation, PO43, is the phosphate or orthophosphate anion. For each of the dissociation reactions shown above, there is a separate acid dissociation constant, called Ka1, Ka2, and Ka3 given at 25 C. Associated with these three dissociation constants are corresponding pKa1=2.12 , pKa2=7.21 , and pKa3=12.67 values at 25 C."
"For a given total acid concentration  =  +  +  +  ( is the total number of moles of pure H3PO4 which have been used to prepare 1 liter of solution), the composition of an aqueous solution of phosphoric acid can be calculated using the equilibrium equations associated with the three reactions described above together with the  = 1014 relation and the electrical neutrality equation. Possible concentrations of polyphosphoric molecules and ions is neglected. The system may be reduced to a fifth degree equation for  which can be solved numerically, yielding:"

# Pyrophosphoric acids
Def. the " acid formed by the dehydration of  two molecules of phosphoric acid  H4P2O7" is called pyrophosphoric acid.

# Oligophosphoric acids
Def. a series of phosphoric acids condensed into one molecule when the number of phosphoric acids is small, per the general formula Hn+2PnO3n+1, where n is usually greater than 5, is called an oligophosphoric acid.

# Chemical reaction
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Different chemical reactions are used in combination (chemical synthesis) in order to get a desired product. In biochemistry, series of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes form metabolic pathways, by which syntheses and decompositions ordinarily impossible in conditions within a cell are performed. Organic reactions encompass a wide assortment involving compounds which have carbon as the main element in their molecular structure. The reactions in which an organic compound may take part are largely defined by its functional groups.

# Phosphates
A phosphate salt forms when a positively charged ion attaches to the negatively charged oxygen atoms of the ion, forming an ionic compound. Many phosphates are not soluble in water at standard temperature and pressure. The sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium and ammonium phosphates are all water soluble. Most other phosphates are only slightly soluble or are insoluble in water. As a rule, the hydrogen and dihydrogen phosphates are slightly more soluble than the corresponding phosphates. The pyrophosphates are mostly water soluble.
A phosphate can occur as a salt of phosphoric acid or an ester of phosphoric acid (an organophosphate). Phosphates are found pervasively in biology.
Def. "ny salt or ester of phosphoric acid" is called phosphate.
Def. any "salt or ester of pyrophosphoric acid" is called a pyrophosphate.
Def. "any of a class of inorganic polymers containing linked phosphate groups" is called a polyphosphate.
Phosphate can occur as hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH, which is often dissolved from vertebrate bones and teeth.

# Pnictogen minerals
Def. any "element from the nitrogen group  of the periodic table; nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth" is called a pnictogen.
Some of the pnictogens like phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth, occur as metalloids.
Arsenopyrite on the right is 33.3 at % arsenic.

# Phosphorites
Phosphorite, phosphate rock or rock phosphate, is a non-detrital sedimentary rock which contains high amounts of phosphate bearing minerals. It is also present, where as fluorapatite can originate from hydrothermal veins. Other sources also include chemically dissolved phosphates minerals from igneous and metamorphic rocks.
The phosphate content of phosphorite is at least 15 to 20% which is a large enrichment over the typical sedimentary rock content of less than 0.2%. The phosphate is present as fluorapatite Ca5(PO4)3F typically in cryptocrystalline masses (grain sizes < 1 m) referred to as collophane].
Limestones and mudstones are common phosphate bearing rocks.

# Bio-organics
Inside a cell, phosphate may be structural to a nucleic acid such as DNA, RNA or phospholipid, form high-energy ester bonds (e.g., in adenosine triphosphate), or participate in signaling. Outside the cell, phosphate may be dissolved in extracellular fluid (ECF) or form structures such as bone and teeth.

# Bio-organic phosphates
Notation: let the symbols ATP, CTP, GTP, NTP, and UTP stand for adenosine triphosphate, cytidine triphosphate, guanosine triphosphate, nucleotide triphosphate,  and uridine triphosphate, respectively.
Notation: let the symbols ADP, CDP, GDP, NDP, and UDP stand for adenosine diphosphate, cytidine diphosphate, guanosine diphosphate, nucleotide diphosphate,  and uridine diphosphate, respectively.
Notation: let the symbols AMP, CMP, GMP, NMP, and UMP stand for adenosine monophosphate, cytidine monophosphate, guanosine monophosphate, nucleotide monophosphate,  and uridine monophosphate, respectively.

# Phosphate metabolism
The complete set of chemical reactions that involve changes to or transfer of phosphate constitute phosphate metabolism. Phosphate is often the limiting nutrient in many environments; i.e., its availability governs the rate of growth of many organisms. Bringing phosphate in any form into the cell and when needed transporting phosphate out of the cell is a necessary activity of phosphate homeostasis for that cell. An organism that can regulate its internal environment so as to maintain equilibrium has the property of homeostasis. When an organism changes its phosphate needs according to the transformation of circumstances, it has the property of phosphate transistasis.

# Phosphate bioenergetics
Bioenergetics concerns energy flow through living systems. This area of biological research includes the study of cellular processes such as cellular respiration that can lead to production and utilization of energy in forms such as ATP molecules. Living cells use phosphate to transport cellular energy via nucleotides such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Nearly every cellular process that uses energy obtains it in the form of ATP.

## Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)
ATP + (6S)-6-Hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + NADH : (6S)-6-Hydroxy-1,4,5,6-tetrahydronicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide hydro-lyase (ATP-hydrolysing) EC 4.2.1.93 KEGG R00129, no genes.

# Phosphate decomposition
Chemical decomposition or analysis is the separation of a chemical compound into elements or smaller compounds. It is sometimes defined as the opposite of a chemical synthesis. A broader definition of the term decomposition also includes the breakdown of one phase into two or more phases.

## Polyphosphate
Def. any "compound or anion containing several phosphate groups" is called an oligophosphate.
Def.' "any of a class of inorganic polymers containing linked phosphate groups", or more than five linked phosphoric acids, is called a polyphosphate.
Def. any "of several enzymes that hydrolyze phosphate esters" is called a phosphatase.
Def. any "enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of a polyphosphate to an oligophosphate" is called an endopolyphosphatase.
Polyphosphate + nH2O  (n+1)Oligophosphate : Endopolyphosphatase or Polyphosphate polyphosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.10 KEGG reaction R00001, no human genes.
"More than one hundred years ago, L. Liberman (1890) found high-polymeric inorganic polyphosphates (PolyPs) in yeast." PolyPs are linear polymers containing a few to several hundred residues of orthophosphate (Pi) linked by energy-rich (high-energy phosphate) phosphoanhydride bonds. They occur in representatives of all kingdoms of living organisms, including higher animals. In bacteria PolyPs are directly related to switching-over the genetic program characteristic of exponential growth to the program for cell survival under stationary conditions.
PolyPs have been found in humans with long chains of ~150 residues and short chains of 25-45 residues. PolyP may act as a regulator of calcification and decalcification in bone tissue, in addition to PPi. PolyP is present in blood plasma and serum. And, PolyP occurs in nearly all cellular compartments, including the nucleus (long chains), mitochondria, lysosomes, and plasma membrane.
The enzyme EC 3.6.1.10 polyphosphate polyphosphohydrolase is usually referred to as endopolyphosphatase. Although the KEGG database lists no human genes, endopolyphosphatase activity is present in bone-forming osteoblasts.
Polyphosphate (nPi) + H2O  Polyphosphate (n-1)(Pi) + Orthophosphate (Pi) : Polyphosphate phosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.11 KEGG reaction R03042.
Human GeneID: 58497 PRUNE; prune homolog (Drosophila) (EC:3.6.1.1); exopolyphosphatase . This gene is an ortholog, a copy of an EC 3.6.1.11 gene from another species.
Exopolyphosphatase activity occurs in human-mandible-derived osteoblast-like cells. Its activity has been found extracellularly, e.g., in synovial fluid, human blood plasma and serum.

## Triphosphate
Triphosphate + H2O  Diphosphate + Orthophosphate (Pi) : Triphosphate phosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.25 KEGG reaction R00138, no genes.

## Pyrophosphate
Diphosphate + H2O  2Orthophosphate : diphosphate phosphohydrolase, pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.1 KEGG reaction R00004.
Human GeneID: 5464
PPA1; pyrophosphatase (inorganic) 1 (EC: 3.6.1.1); K01507 inorganic pyrophosphatase 
Human GeneID: 27068
PPA2; pyrophosphatase (inorganic) 2 (EC:3.6.1.1); K01507 inorganic pyrophosphatase 
Human GeneID: 64077
LHPP; phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase (EC: 3.6.1.1); K11725 phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase 
Human GeneID: 89797
NAV2; neuron navigator 2 (EC: 3.6.1.1).
Specificity varies with the source and with the activating metal ion, e.g. Mg2+.
The pyrophosphate (diphosphate) anion has the structure P2O74-, and is an acid anhydride of phosphate. It is unstable in aqueous solution and in the absence of enzymic catalysis hydrolyzes extremely slowly into inorganic phosphate in all but highly acidic media:
This hydrolysis to inorganic phosphate effectively renders the cleavage of ATP to AMP and PPi ultimately irreversible, and biochemical reactions coupled to this hydrolysis are irreversible as well, unless EC 3.6.1.1 is present. EC 3.6.1.1 can reverse the hydrolysis.
Pathways:
- Oxidative phosphorylation

# Phosphate redox reactions
Of the many redox reactions that occur in biochemistry, there are several that use nucleotides to accomplish either the oxidation or reduction.

## Ferredoxin
16 ATP + 16H2O + 8(Reduced ferredoxin)  8e- + 16Orthophosphate + 16ADP + 8(Oxidized ferredoxin) : Dinitrogen oxidoreductase (ATP-hydrolysing), nitrogenase EC 1.18.6.1 KEGG R00002, no human genes.
Nitrogenase is composed of two proteins (dinitrogen reductase and dinitrogenase) required for activity. Nitrogenase needs an iron-molybdenum  cofactor to catalyze the reduction of N2 to ammonia (NH3). It also requires Mg2+.
Dinitrogenase is a molybdenum-iron protein that reduces dinitrogen (N2) in three successive two-electron reductions to (1) diimine, (2) hydrazine, and (3) two molecules of ammonia. Molybdenum may be replaced by vanadium or iron. The reduction is initiated by the formation of hydrogen in stoichiometric amounts.
Dinitrogen reductase is a  protein that generates an electron, using two molecules of ATP and ferredoxin. The electron is transferred to dinitrogenase (molybdoferredoxin).
Each electron (e-) transferred to dinitrogenase by dinitrogenase reductase is coupled to the hydrolysis of 2MgATP molecules.
Electrons passed to dinitrogenase are channeled to the iron-molybdenum cofactor (prosthetic group), which is the ultimate site of substrate reduction.
2e- + 2H+  H2 : dinitrogen oxidoreductase (ATP-hydrolysing), nitrogenase EC 1.18.6.1 R00067, no human genes.
N2 + 2e- + 2H+  Diimine (HN=NH) : dinitrogen oxidoreductase (ATP-hydrolysing), nitrogenase EC 1.18.6.1 R02802, no human genes.
Diimine + 2e- + 2H+  Hydrazine : dinitrogen oxidoreductase (ATP-hydrolysing), nitrogenase EC 1.18.6.1 R04782, no human genes.
Hydrazine + 2e- + 2H+  2NH3 : dinitrogen oxidoreductase (ATP-hydrolysing), nitrogenase EC 1.18.6.1 R00153, no human genes.
Cofactors:
- iron-iron (prosthetic group)
- iron-molybdenum (prosthetic group)
- iron-vanadium (prosthetic group)
Pathways:
- Metabolic pathways
- Nitrogen metabolism
- Tetrachloroethene degradation
16ATP + N2 + 8(Reduced ferredoxin) + 8H+ + 16H2O  16Orthophosphate + 16ADP + 8(Oxidized ferredoxin) + 2NH3 + H2 : dinitrogen oxidoreductase (ATP-hydrolysing), nitrogenase EC 1.18.6.1 R05185, no human genes. Ferredoxin may be replaced by flavodoxin.
Acetylene is also reduced by nitrogenase to ethylene (but only very slowly to ethane).
Acetylene + (Reduced ferredoxin) + 2H+ + ATP + H2O  Ethylene + (Oxidized ferredoxin) + ADP + Orthophosphate : dinitrogen oxidoreductase (ATP-hydrolysing), nitrogenase EC 1.18.6.1 R05496, no human genes.
Azide can be reduced by nitrogenase to N2 and ammonia (NH3).
Nitrogenase can reduce cyanide to methane and ammonia (NH3).
In the absence of a suitable substrate, hydrogen is slowly formed. Ferredoxin may be replaced by flavodoxin.

## Flavodoxin
nATP + N2 + 6(Reduced flavodoxin) + nH2O  nOrthophosphate + nADP + 6(Oxidized flavodoxin) + 2NH3 : nitrogenase (flavodoxin) EC 1.19.6.1 R05186, no human genes. The reaction is a multistep process similar to R05185, but with the following differences:
nATP + N2 + 6(Reduced flavodoxin) + 6H+  nPhosphate + nADP + 6(Oxidized flavodoxin) + 2NH3.

# Phosphate isomerisation
A phosphate containing compound that undergoes a structural rearrangement of the phosphate(s) without any change in its net atomic composition has formed an isomer.

# Phosphate synthesis
In a phosphate combination reaction two or more phosphates or phosphate containing compounds unite to form a more complex product.

## D-Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
2(3-Phospho-D-glycerate)  D-Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate + CO2 + H2O : 3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxy-lyase (dimerizing; D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-forming) EC 4.1.1.39 R00024, no human genes.
Cofactors:
- Cu2+
Pathways:
- Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms
- Metabolic pathways

## Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Orthophosphate (Pi) + NAD+  NADP+ + H2O : NADP+ 2'-phosphohydrolase EC 3.1.3.- R00118.
Human GeneID: 8776
MTMR1; myotubularin related protein 1 ; K01112 
Human GeneID: 8898
MTMR2; myotubularin related protein 2 ; K01112 
Human GeneID: 9107
MTMR6; myotubularin related protein 6 ; K01112 
Human GeneID: 9108
MTMR7; myotubularin related protein 7 (EC:3.1.3.-)
Human GeneID: 22876
INPP5F; inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase F (EC:3.1.3.-)
Human GeneID: 29085
PHPT1; phosphohistidine phosphatase 1 (EC:3.1.3.-); K01112 
HumanGeneID: 51095
TRNT1; tRNA nucleotidyl transferase, CCA-adding, 1 (EC:2.7.7.25); K00974 tRNA nucleotidyltransferase (CCA-adding enzyme) 
Human GeneID: 51496
CTDSPL2; CTD (carboxy-terminal domain, RNA polymerase II, polypeptide A) small phosphatase like 2 (EC:3.1.3.-)
Human GeneID: 55613
MTMR8; myotubularin related protein 8 (EC:3.1.3.-)
Human GeneID: 64077
LHPP; phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase (EC:3.6.1.1); K11725 phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase 
Human GeneID: 81537
SGPP1; sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 ; K04716 sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphatase 1 
Human GeneID: 84814
PPAPDC3; phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2 domain containing 3 (EC:3.1.3.-)
Human GeneID: 130367
SGPP2; sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphotase 2 ; K04717 sphingosine-1-phosphate phosphotase 2 

## Adenosine diphosphate
AMP + Orthophosphate (Pi)  ADP + H2O : ADP phosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.5 R00122.
Human GeneID: 953
ENTPD1; ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (EC:3.6.1.5); K01510 apyrase 
Human GeneID: 956
ENTPD3; ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 (EC:3.6.1.5); K01510 apyrase 
Human GeneID: 377841
ENTPD8; ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 8 (EC:3.6.1.5); K01510 apyrase 

# Phosphate anabolism
Similar to phosphate synthesis, phosphate anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that construct phosphates or phosphate containing molecules from smaller phosphates or phosphate containing units. In short, an increase in the number of phosphates per molecule is phosphate anabolism. For example,
Pyrophosphate (R00004).
2Orthophosphate  Diphosphate + H2O : diphosphate phosphohydrolase; pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.1.
This reaction is the second step of the oxidative phosphorylation pathway (ec00190) to convert oligophosphate or polyphosphate to orthophosphate prior to creation of ATP by ATP synthase. In reverse, it is the 3rd step in the ATPase process of converting ATP into oligophosphate or polyphosphate.
Starting with orthophosphate, both directions are anabolic:
Adenosine triphosphate, R00086
ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi)  ATP + H2O : EC ATPase/ATP synthase (See the list of human ATPase genes),
Pyrophosphate, R00004
2Orthophosphate  Diphosphate + H2O : diphosphate phosphohydrolase; pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.1.

## Gp4G
2GTP  Diphosphate + P1,P4-Bis(5'-guanosyl) tetraphosphate (Gp4G) : GTP guanylyltransferase EC 2.7.7.45 R00012, no human genes.
Gp4G may play an important role in regulating human DNA apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1) activity in cells. Among all the nucleosides and nucleotides, the dinucleotide compound Gp4G was the only potent inhibitor of both endonuclease and exonuclease activities of APE1. Gp4G is a product of R00012 or originates (R01232) from the low activity of mRNA capping enzymes.

## D-Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate
2(D-Glucose 1-phosphate)  D-Glucose + D-Glucose 1,6-bisphosphate : D-glucose-1-phosphate 6-phosphotransferase EC 2.7.1.41 R00016, no human genes.
Pathways:
- Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis
- Starch and sucrose metabolism

## Ectonucleoside triphosphate
AMP + 2Orthophosphate(Pi)  ATP + 2H2O : ATP diphosphohydrolase (phosphate-forming) EC 3.6.1.5 R00085.
Human GeneID: 953
ENTPD1; ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (EC:3.6.1.5); K01510 apyrase 
Human GeneID: 956
ENTPD3; ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 (EC:3.6.1.5); K01510 apyrase 
Human GeneID: 377841
ENTPD8; ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 8 (EC:3.6.1.5); K01510 apyrase .

## Adenosine triphosphate
This one phosphate reaction (R00086) has more human genes (87) and more enzymes (66) to bring it about than any other phosphate reaction.
ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi)  ATP + H2O : ATP phosphohydrolase, R00086
EC 3.6.1.3
Many of the 3.6.1.3 enzymes are dependent on Ca2+, Mg2+, anions, H+, or DNA.
Human GeneID: 954
ENTPD2; ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2 (EC:3.6.1.-); K01509 adenosinetriphosphatase 
Human GeneID: 6683
SPAST; spastin (EC:3.6.1.3)
Human GeneID: 29028
ATAD2; ATPase family, AAA domain containing 2 (EC:3.6.1.3),
Cofactors:
- Ca2+
- Mg2+.
EC 3.6.1.5
Human GeneID: 953
ENTPD1; ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (EC:3.6.1.5); K01510 apyrase 
Human GeneID: 956
ENTPD3; ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3 (EC:3.6.1.5); K01510 apyrase 
Human GeneID: 377841
ENTPD8; ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 8 (EC:3.6.1.5); K01510 apyrase 
EC 3.6.1.8 no human genes
EC 3.6.1.15
Human GeneID: 84284
C1orf57; chromosome 1 open reading frame 57 (EC:3.6.1.15)
EC 3.6.3.1
One activity of the enzyme is the movement of phospholipids from one membrane face to the other.
Human GeneID: 5205
ATP8B1; ATPase, class I, type 8B, member 1 (EC:3.6.3.1); K01530 phospholipid-translocating ATPase 
Human GeneID: 10079
ATP9A; ATPase, class II, type 9A (EC:3.6.3.1); K01530 phospholipid-translocating ATPase 
Human GeneID: 10396
ATP8A1; ATPase, aminophospholipid transporter (APLT), class I, type 8A, member 1 (EC:3.6.3.1); K01530 phospholipid-translocating ATPase 
HumanGeneID: 23120
ATP10B; ATPase, class V, type 10B (EC:3.6.3.1)
Human GeneID: 23200
ATP11B; ATPase, class VI, type 11B (EC:3.6.3.1); K01530 phospholipid-translocating ATPase 
Human GeneID: 23250
ATP11A; ATPase, class VI, type 11A (EC:3.6.3.1); K01530 phospholipid-translocating ATPase 
Human GeneID: 51761
ATP8A2; ATPase, aminophospholipid transporter-like, class I, type 8A, member 2 (EC:3.6.3.1); K01530 phospholipid-translocating ATPase 
Human GeneID: 57194
ATP10A; ATPase, class V, type 10A (EC:3.6.3.1); K01530 phospholipid-translocating ATPase 
Human GeneID: 57198
ATP8B2; ATPase, class I, type 8B, member 2 (EC:3.6.3.1); K01530 phospholipid-translocating ATPase 
Human GeneID: 57205
ATP10D; ATPase, class V, type 10D (EC:3.6.3.1); K01530 phospholipid-translocating ATPase 
Human GeneID: 79895
ATP8B4; ATPase, class I, type 8B, member 4 (EC:3.6.3.1); K01530 phospholipid-translocating ATPase 
Human GeneID: 148229
ATP8B3; ATPase, class I, type 8B, member 3 (EC:3.6.3.1); K01530 phospholipid-translocating ATPase 
Human GeneID: 286410
ATP11C; ATPase, class VI, type 11C (EC:3.6.3.1); K01530 phospholipid-translocating ATPase 
Human GeneID: 374868
ATP9B; ATPase, class II, type 9B (EC:3.6.3.1); K01530 phospholipid-translocating ATPase 
Cofactors:
- Mg2+.
EC 3.6.3.2 no human genes
ATP + H2O + Mg2+(Out)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + Mg2+(In)
This enzyme is a magnesium-translocating P-type ATPase.
Cofactors:
- Mg2+.
EC 3.6.3.3 no human genes
ATP + H2O + Cd2+(In)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + Cd2+(Out)
This enzyme is a cadmium-translocating P-type ATPase.
Cofactors:
- Mg2+.
EC 3.6.3.4
ATP + H2O + Cu2+(In)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + Cu2+(Out)
This enzyme is a copper-translocating P-type ATPase.
Human GeneID: 538
ATP7A; ATPase, Cu2+ transporting, alpha polypeptide (EC:3.6.3.4); K01533 Cu2+-exporting ATPase 
Human GeneID: 540
ATP7B; ATPase, Cu2+ transporting, beta polypeptide (EC:3.6.3.4); K01533 Cu2+-exporting ATPase 
Cofactors:
- Mg2+.
EC 3.6.3.5 no human genes
ATP + H2O + Zn2+(In)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + Zn2+(Out)
This enzyme is a zinc-translocating P-type ATPase that can also export Cd2+ and Co2+.
Cofactors:
- Mg2+.
EC 3.6.3.6 no human genes
ATP + H2O + H+(In)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + H+(Out)
As a proton-translocating P-type ATPase, this enzyme generates an electrochemical potential gradient of protons across the plasma membrane.
Cofactors:
- Mg2+.
EC 3.6.3.7 no human genes
ATP + H2O + Na+(In)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + Na+(Out)
This is a sodium-translocating P-type ATPase.
Cofactors:
- Mg2+.
EC 3.6.3.8
ATP + H2O + Ca2+(Cis)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + Ca2+(Trans)
There are three types of this calcium-translocating P-type ATPase: one found in the plasma membrane, one in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the third in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, where the first two transport one ion per ATP hydrolyzed and the third one transports two.
Human GeneID: 487
ATP2A1; ATPase, Ca2+ transporting, cardiac muscle, fast twitch 1 (EC:3.6.3.8); K05853 Ca2+ transporting ATPase, sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum . The sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPases (SERCAs) are intracellular pumps that translocate calcium (as Ca2+) from the cytosol to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen.
Human GeneID: 488
ATP2A2; ATPase, Ca2+ transporting, cardiac muscle, slow twitch 2 (EC:3.6.3.8); K05853 Ca2+ transporting ATPase, sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum 
Human GeneID: 489
ATP2A3; ATPase, Ca2+ transporting, ubiquitous (EC:3.6.3.8); K05853 Ca2+ transporting ATPase, sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum 
Human GeneID: 490
ATP2B1; ATPase, Ca2+ transporting, plasma membrane 1 (EC:3.6.3.8); K05850 Ca2+ transporting ATPase, plasma membrane 
Human GeneID: 491
ATP2B2; ATPase, Ca2+ transporting, plasma membrane 2 (EC:3.6.3.8); K05850 Ca2+ transporting ATPase, plasma membrane 
Human GeneID: 492
ATP2B3; ATPase, Ca2+ transporting, plasma membrane 3 (EC:3.6.3.8); K05850 Ca2+ transporting ATPase, plasma membrane 
Human GeneID: 493
ATP2B4; ATPase, Ca2+ transporting, plasma membrane 4 (EC:3.6.3.8); K05850 Ca2+ transporting ATPase, plasma membrane 
Human GeneID: 9914
ATP2C2; ATPase, Ca2+ transporting, type 2C, member 2 (EC:3.6.3.8); K01537 Ca2+-transporting ATPase 
Human GeneID: 23400
ATP13A2; ATPase type 13A, member 2 (EC:3.6.3.8)
Human GeneID: 27032
ATP2C1; ATPase, Ca2+ transporting, type 2C, member 1 (EC:3.6.3.8); K01537 Ca2+-transporting ATPase 
Human GeneID: 57130
ATP13A1; ATPase type 13A, member 1 (EC:3.6.3.8)
Human GeneID: 79572
ATP13A3; ATPase type 13A, member 3 (EC:3.6.3.8)
Human GeneID: 84239
ATP13A4; ATPase type 13A, member 4 (EC:3.6.3.8)
Human GeneID: 344905
ATP13A5; ATPase type 13A, member 5 (EC:3.6.3.8)
Cofactors:
- Mg2+.
Pathways:
- Calcium signaling pathway.
EC 3.6.3.9
ATP + H2O + Na+(In) + K+(Out)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + Na+(Out) + K+(In)
A sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase from the plasma membrane of animal cells catalyzes the efflux of three Na+ and influx of two K+ per ATP hydrolyzed while generating the plasma membrane electrical potential.
Human GeneID: 476
ATP1A1; ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 1 polypeptide (EC:3.6.3.9); K01539 Na+/K+-exchanging ATPase alpha subunit 
Human GeneID: 477
ATP1A2; ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 2 (+) polypeptide (EC:3.6.3.9); K01539 Na+/K+-exchanging ATPase alpha subunit 
Human GeneID: 478
ATP1A3; ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 3 polypeptide (EC:3.6.3.9); K01539 Na+/K+-exchanging ATPase alpha subunit 
Human GeneID: 480
ATP1A4; ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 4 polypeptide (EC:3.6.3.9); K01539 Na+/K+-exchanging ATPase alpha subunit 
Human GeneID: 481
ATP1B1; ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, beta 1 polypeptide ; K01540 Na+/K+-exchanging ATPase beta subunit 
Human GeneID: 482
ATP1B2; ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, beta 2 polypeptide (EC:3.6.1.37); K01540 Na+/K+-exchanging ATPase beta subunit 
Human GeneID: 483
ATP1B3; ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, beta 3 polypeptide (EC:3.6.3.9); K01540 Na+/K+-exchanging ATPase beta subunit 
Human GeneID: 23439
ATP1B4; ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, beta 4 polypeptide ; K01540 Na+/K+-exchanging ATPase beta subunit 
Cofactors:
- Mg2+.
EC 3.6.3.10
ATP + H2O + H+(In) + K+(Out)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + H+(Out) + K+(In)
The enzyme is a hydrogen/potassium-exchanging ATPase.
Human GeneID: 479
ATP12A; ATPase, H+/K+ transporting, nongastric, alpha polypeptide (EC:3.6.3.10); K01544 non-gastric H+/K+-exchanging ATPase 
Human GeneID: 495
ATP4A; ATPase, H+/K+ exchanging, alpha polypeptide (EC:3.6.3.10); K01542 H+/K+-exchanging ATPase alpha polypeptide 
Human GeneID: 496
ATP4B; ATPase, H+/K+ exchanging, beta polypeptide ; K01543 H+/K+-exchanging ATPase beta polypeptide 
Cofactors:
- Mg2+.
EC 3.6.3.11 no genes
ATP + H2O + Cl-(Out)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + Cl-(In)
The enzyme is a chloride-translocating ATPase.
Cofactors:
- Mg2+.
EC 3.6.3.12 no human genes
ATP + H2O + K+(Out)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + K+(In)
The bacterial enzyme of di(heterotetrameric) structure is a potassium-transporting ATPase.
Cofactors:
- Mg2+.
EC 3.6.3.14
ATP + H2O + H+(In)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + H+(Out),
Human GeneID: 498
ATP5A1; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1, cardiac muscle; K02132 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit alpha 
Human GeneID: 506
ATP5B; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, beta polypeptide (EC:3.6.3.14); K02133 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit beta 
Human GeneID: 509
ATP5C1; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, gamma polypeptide 1 (EC:3.6.1.14); K02136 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit gamma 
Human GeneID: 513
ATP5D; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, delta subunit (EC:3.6.1.14); K02134 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit delta 
Human GeneID: 514
ATP5E; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, epsilon subunit (EC:3.6.3.14); K02135 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit epsilon 
Human GeneID: 515
ATP5F1; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit B1; K02127 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit b 
Human GeneID: 516
ATP5G1; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9); K02128 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit c 
Human GeneID: 517
ATP5G2; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit C2 (subunit 9); K02128 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit c 
Human GeneID: 518
ATP5G3; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit C3 (subunit 9); K02128 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit c 
Human GeneID: 521
ATP5I; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit E (EC:3.6.1.14); K02129 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit e 
Human GeneID: 522
ATP5J; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit F6 (EC:3.6.1.14); K02131 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit 6 
Human GeneID: 523
ATP6V1A; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 70 kDa, V1 subunit A (EC:3.6.3.14); K02145 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit A 
Human GeneID: 525
ATP6V1B1; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 56/58 kDa, V1 subunit B1 (EC:3.6.3.14); K02147 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit B 
Human GeneID: 526
ATP6V1B2; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 56/58 kDa, V1 subunit B2 (EC:3.6.3.14); K02147 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit B 
Human GeneID: 527
ATP6V0C; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 16 kDa, V0 subunit c (EC:3.6.3.14); K02155 V-type H+-transporting ATPase 16 kDa proteolipid subunit 
Human GeneID: 528
ATP6V1C1; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 42 kDa, V1 subunit C1 (EC:3.6.3.14); K02148 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit C 
Human GeneID: 529
ATP6V1E1; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 31 kDa, V1 subunit E1 (EC:3.6.3.14); K02150 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit E 
Human GeneID: 533
ATP6V0B; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 21 kDa, V0 subunit b (EC:3.6.3.14); K03661 V-type H+-transporting ATPase 21 kDa proteolipid subunit 
Human GeneID: 534
ATP6V1G2; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 13 kDa, V1 subunit G2 (EC:3.6.3.14); K02152 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit G 
Human GeneID: 535
ATP6V0A1; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit a1 (EC:3.6.3.14); K02154 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit I 
Human GeneID: 537
ATP6AP1; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal accessory protein 1 (EC:3.6.3.14); K03662 V-type H+-transporting ATPase S1 subunit 
Human GeneID: 539
ATP5O; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, O subunit (EC:3.6.3.14); K02137 F-type H+-transporting ATPase oligomycin sensitivity conferral protein 
Human GeneID: 4508
ATP6; ATP synthase F0 subunit 6 ; K02126 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit a 
Human GeneID: 4509
ATP8; ATP synthase F0 subunit 8 ; K02125 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit 8 
Human GeneID: 8992
ATP6V0E1; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 9 kDa, V0 subunit e1 (EC:3.6.3.14); K02153 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit H 
Human GeneID: 9114
ATP6V0D1; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 38 kDa, V0 subunit d1 (EC:3.6.3.14); K02146 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit AC39 
Human GeneID: 9296
ATP6V1F; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 14 kDa, V1 subunit F (EC:3.6.3.14); K02151 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit F 
Human GeneID: 9550
ATP6V1G1; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 13 kDa, V1 subunit G1 (EC:3.6.3.14); K02152 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit G 
Human GeneID: 9551
ATP5J2; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit F2 (EC:3.6.1.14); K02130 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit f 
Human GeneID: 10312
TCIRG1; T-cell, immune regulator 1, ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit A3; K02154 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit I 
Human GeneID: 10476
ATP5H; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit d (EC:3.6.1.14); K02138 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit d 
Human GeneID: 10632
ATP5L; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit G (EC:3.6.1.14); K02140 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit g 
Human GeneID: 23545
ATP6V0A2; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit a2 ; K02154 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit I 
Human GeneID: 50617
ATP6V0A4; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit a4 (EC:3.6.3.14); K02154 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit I 
Human GeneID: 51382
ATP6V1D; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 34 kDa, V1 subunit D (EC:3.6.3.14); K02149 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit D 
Human GeneID: 51606
ATP6V1H; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 50/57 kDa, V1 subunit H (EC:3.6.3.14); K02144 V-type H+-transporting ATPase 54 kD subunit 
Human GeneID: 90423
ATP6V1E2; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 31 kDa, V1 subunit E2 ; K02150 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit E 
Human GeneID: 127124
ATP6V1G3; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 13 kDa, V1 subunit G3 (EC:3.6.3.14); K02152 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit G 
Human GeneID: 155066
ATP6V0E2; ATPase, H+ transporting V0 subunit e2 ; K02153 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit H 
Human GeneID: 245972
ATP6V0D2; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 38 kDa, V0 subunit d2 ; K02146 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit AC39 
Human GeneID: 245973
ATP6V1C2; ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 42 kDa, V1 subunit C2 (EC:3.6.3.14); K02148 V-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit C 
Human GeneID: 390424
similar to hCG1639781 ; K02128 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit c 
Human GeneID: 100133737
similar to hCG1809973 ; K02138 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit d 
EC 3.6.3.15 no human genes
ATP + H2O + Na+(In)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + Na+(Out)
EC 3.6.3.16
ATP + H2O + arsenite(In)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + arsenite(Out)
A bacterial multisubunit non-phosphorylated ATPase is involved in the export of arsenite and antimonite anions.
Human GeneID: 439
ASNA1; arsA arsenite transporter, ATP-binding, homolog 1 (bacterial) (EC:3.6.3.16); K01551 arsenite-transporting ATPase 
EC 3.6.3.17 no human genes
ATP + H2O + monosaccharide(Out)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + monosaccharide(In)
This family of bacterial monosaccharide-transporting ATPase enzymes imports ribose, xylose, arabinose, galactose and methylgalactoside.
EC 3.6.3.18 no human genes
ATP + H2O + oligosaccharide(Out)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + oligosaccharide(In)
This bacterial oligosaccharide-transporting ATPase imports lactose, melibiose and raffinose.
EC 3.6.3.19 no human genes
ATP + H2O + maltose(Out)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + maltose(In)
These bacterial maltose-transporting ATPases that import maltose and maltose oligosaccharides.
EC 3.6.3.20 no human genes
ATP + H2O + glycerol-3-phosphate(Out)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + glycerol-3-phosphate(In),
EC 3.6.3.21 no human genes
ATP + H2O + polar amino acid(Out)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + polar amino acid(In)
These bacterial polar-amino-acid-transporting ATPases import His, Arg, Lys, Glu, Gln, Asp, ornithine, octopine and nopaline.
EC 3.6.3.22 no human genes
ATP + H2O + nonpolar amino acid(Out)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + nonpolar amino acid(In)
The bacterial nonpolar-amino-acid-transporting ATPase imports Leu, Ile and Val.
EC 3.6.3.23 no human genes
ATP + H2O + oligopeptide(Out)  ADP + Orthophosphate (Pi) + oligopeptide(In), oligopeptide-transporting ATPase.
EC 3.6.3.24 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.25 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.26 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.27 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.28 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.29 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.30 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.31 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.32 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.33 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.34 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.35 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.36 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.37 no genes
EC 3.6.3.38 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.39 no genes
EC 3.6.3.40 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.41 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.42 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.43 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.44
Human GeneID: 5243
ABCB1; ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 1 (EC:3.6.3.44); K05658 ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (MDR/TAP), member 1
Human GeneID: 5244
ABCB4; ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member 4 (EC:3.6.3.44); K05659 ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (MDR/TAP), member 4
EC 3.6.3.46  no human genes
EC 3.6.3.47 no genes
EC 3.6.3.48 no genes
EC 3.6.3.49
Human GeneID: 1080
CFTR; cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (ATP-binding cassette sub-family C, member 7) (EC:3.6.3.49); K05031 ATP-binding cassette, subfamily C (CFTR/MRP), member 7
EC 3.6.3.50 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.51 no human genes
EC 3.6.3.52 no genes
EC 3.6.3.53 no genes
EC 3.6.4.1
Human GeneID: 79784
MYH14; myosin, heavy chain 14 (EC:3.6.4.1); K10352 myosin heavy chain
EC 3.6.4.2 no human genes
EC 3.6.4.3
Human GeneID: 11104
KATNA1; katanin p60 (ATPase-containing) subunit A 1 (EC:3.6.4.3); K07767 microtubule-severing ATPase 
Human GeneID: 83473
KATNAL2; katanin p60 subunit A-like 2 (EC:3.6.4.3)
Human GeneID: 84056
KATNAL1; katanin p60 subunit A-like 1 (EC:3.6.4.3); K07767 microtubule-severing ATPase 
EC 3.6.4.4
Human GeneID: 9371
KIF3B; kinesin family member 3B (EC:3.6.4.4); K10394 kinesin family member 3/17
EC 3.6.4.5 no human genes
EC 3.6.4.6
Human GeneID: 4905
NSF; N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (EC:3.6.4.6); K06027 vesicle-fusing ATPase 
EC 3.6.4.7 no genes
EC 3.6.4.8 no human genes
EC 3.6.4.9 no human genes
EC 3.6.4.10 no human genes
EC 3.6.4.11 no genes

## Diphosphate-forming
AMP + Diphosphate  ATP + H2O : ATP diphosphohydrolase (diphosphate-forming) EC 3.6.1.8 R00087, no human genes.

## Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP or 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger important in many biological processes. cAMP is derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and used for intracellular signal transduction in many different organisms, conveying the cAMP-dependent pathway.
3',5'-Cyclic AMP (cAMP) + Diphosphate  ATP : ATP diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing); 3',5'-cyclic-AMP-forming) EC 4.6.1.1 R00089.
Human GeneID: 107
ADCY1; adenylate cyclase 1 (brain) (EC:4.6.1.1); K08041 adenylate cyclase 1 
Human GeneID: 108
ADCY2; adenylate cyclase 2 (brain) (EC:4.6.1.1); K08042 adenylate cyclase 2 
Human GeneID: 109
ADCY3; adenylate cyclase 3 (EC:4.6.1.1); K08043 adenylate cyclase 3 
Human GeneID: 111
ADCY5; adenylate cyclase 5 (EC:4.6.1.1); K08045 adenylate cyclase 5 
Human GeneID: 112
ADCY6; adenylate cyclase 6 (EC:4.6.1.1); K08046 adenylate cyclase 6 
Human GeneID: 113
ADCY7; adenylate cyclase 7 (EC:4.6.1.1); K08047 adenylate cyclase 7 
Human GeneID: 114
ADCY8; adenylate cyclase 8 (brain) (EC:4.6.1.1); K08048 adenylate cyclase 8 
Human GeneID: 115
ADCY9; adenylate cyclase 9 (EC:4.6.1.1); K08049 adenylate cyclase 9 
Human GeneID: 55811
ADCY10; adenylate cyclase 10 (soluble) (EC:4.6.1.1); K11265 adenylate cyclase 10 
Human GeneID: 196883
ADCY4; adenylate cyclase 4 (EC:4.6.1.1); K08044 adenylate cyclase 4 

## Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
ATP + NAD+  ADP + NADP+ : NAD+ 2'-phosphotransferase EC 2.7.1.23 R00104.
Human GeneID: 65220
NADK; NAD kinase (EC:2.7.1.23); K00858 NAD+ kinase 
ATP + NADH  ADP + NADPH : NADH 2'-phosphotransferase EC 2.7.1.86 R00105, no human genes.

## P1,P4-Bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate
2ADP   P1,P4-Bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate + H2O : P1,P4-bis(5'-adenosyl)-tetraphosphate nucleotidebisphosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.41 R00125, no human genes.
ADP + ATP  Orthophosphate (Pi) + P1,P4-Bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate : ATP adenylyltransferase EC 2.7.7.53 R00126, no human genes.

## Adenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4)
ATP + Orthophosphate (Pi)  Adenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4) + H2O : Adenosine-tetraphosphate phosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.14 R00128.
Human GeneID: 509
ATP5C1; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, gamma polypeptide 1 (EC:3.6.1.14); K02136 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit gamma 
Human GeneID: 513
ATP5D; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, delta subunit (EC:3.6.1.14); K02134 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit delta 
Human GeneID: 521
ATP5I; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit E (EC:3.6.1.14); K02129 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit e 
Human GeneID: 522
ATP5J; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit F6 (EC:3.6.1.14); K02131 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit 6 
Human GeneID: 9551
ATP5J2; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit F2 (EC:3.6.1.14); K02130 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit f 
Human GeneID: 10476
ATP5H; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit d (EC:3.6.1.14); K02138 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit d 
Human GeneID: 10632
ATP5L; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit G (EC:3.6.1.14); K02140 F-type H+-transporting ATPase subunit g 
Human GeneID: 27109
ATP5S; ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit s (factor B) (EC:3.6.1.14); K07554 ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit s

## P1,P4-Bis(5'-guanosyl) tetraphosphate
GTP + GMP  P1,P4-Bis(5'-guanosyl) tetraphosphate (Gp4G) + H2O : bis(5'-nucleosidyl)-tetraphosphatase EC 3.6.1.17 R01232,
Human GeneID: 318
NUDT2; nudix (nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X)-type motif 2 (EC:3.6.1.17); K01518 bis(5'-nucleosidyl)-tetraphosphatase .

# Phosphate substitution
Although usually characterized by an element being displaced out of a compound by a more reactive element, it can also refer to phosphate transfer benefited by the presence of a catalyst.

## Inorganic substitution in a phosphate
ATP + H2O  ITP + NH3 : ATP aminohydrolase EC 3.5.4.18 R00088, no genes.
ADP + H2O  IDP + NH3 : ADP aminohydrolase EC 3.5.4.7 R00123, no genes.

## Phosphate transfer between phosphates
ATP + ADP  ADP + ATP : ADP phosphatransferase EC 2.7.4.6 R00124.
Human GeneID: 4830
NME1; non-metastatic cells 1, protein (NM23A) expressed in (EC:2.7.4.6); K00940 nucleoside-diphosphate kinase 
Human GeneID: 4831
NME2; non-metastatic cells 2, protein (NM23B) expressed in (EC:2.7.4.6); K00940 nucleoside-diphosphate kinase 
Human GeneID: 4832
NME3; non-metastatic cells 3, protein expressed in (EC:2.7.4.6); K00940 nucleoside-diphosphate kinase 
Human GeneID: 4833
NME4; non-metastatic cells 4, protein expressed in (EC:2.7.4.6); K00940 nucleoside-diphosphate kinase 
Human GeneID: 8382
NME5; non-metastatic cells 5, protein expressed in (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase); K00940 nucleoside-diphosphate kinase 
Human GeneID: 10201
NME6; non-metastatic cells 6, protein expressed in (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) (EC:2.7.4.6); K00940 nucleoside-diphosphate kinase 
Human GeneID: 29922
NME7; non-metastatic cells 7, protein expressed in (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) (EC:2.7.4.6); K00940 nucleoside-diphosphate kinase .
Human GeneID: 654364
NME1-NME2; NME1-NME2 readthrough transcript (EC:2.7.4.6); K00940 nucleoside-diphosphate kinase 
Pathways:
- Metabolic pathways
- Purine metabolism.
ATP + GDP  ADP + GTP : GDP phosphotransferase EC 2.7.4.6 R00330, R00124 with GDP instead of ADP.
Pathways:
- Metabolic pathways
- Purine metabolism.

# Phosphate metathesis
This is a double displacement reaction in which two phosphate compounds exchange ions or bonds to form different phosphate compounds.
ATP + AMP  2 ADP : AMP phosphotransferase EC 2.7.4.3 R00127.
Human GeneID: 203
AK1; adenylate kinase 1 (EC:2.7.4.3); K00939 adenylate kinase 
Human GeneID: 204
AK2; adenylate kinase 2 (EC:2.7.4.3); K00939 adenylate kinase 
Human GeneID: 205
AK3L1; adenylate kinase 3-like 1 (EC:2.7.4.3); K00939 adenylate kinase 
Human GeneID: 6880
TAF9; TAF9 RNA polymerase II, TATA box binding protein (TBP)-associated factor, 32kDa (EC:2.7.4.3); K03133 transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit D7
Human GeneID: 26289
AK5; adenylate kinase 5 (EC:2.7.4.3); K00939 adenylate kinase 
Human GeneID: 122481
AK7; adenylate kinase 7 (EC:2.7.4.3); K00939 adenylate kinase 
Human GeneID: 158067
C9orf98; chromosome 9 open reading frame 98 (EC:2.7.4.3)

# Phosphate acid-base reactions
Acid-base reactions between a phosphate containing acid and a phosphate base may have different definitions depending upon the acid-base concept employed.

# Phosphate combustion
The term combustion is usually used for only large-scale oxidation of whole molecules, i.e. a controlled oxidation of a single functional group is not combustion. Combustion is a kind of redox reaction in which any combustible substance combines with an oxidizing element, usually oxygen, to generate heat and form oxidized products.

# Phosphate disproportionation
One phosphate reactant forms two distinct phosphate products varying in oxidation state.

# Phosphorylation
Def. "the process of transferring a phosphate group from a donor to an acceptor; often catalysed by enzymes" is called phosphorylation.

## Phosphorylase a
4ATP + 2(Phosphorylase b)  4ADP + (Phosphorylase a) :  phosphotransferase EC 2.7.11.19 R00076.
Human GeneID: 801
CALM1; calmodulin 1 (phosphorylase kinase, delta) (EC:2.7.11.19); K02183 calmodulin,
Human GeneID: 5255
PHKA1; phosphorylase kinase, alpha 1 (muscle) (EC:2.7.11.19); K07190 phosphorylase kinase alpha/beta subunit,
Human GeneID: 5256
PHKA2; phosphorylase kinase, alpha 2 (liver) (EC:2.7.11.19); K07190 phosphorylase kinase alpha/beta subunit,
Human GeneID: 5260
PHKG1; phosphorylase kinase, gamma 1 (muscle) (EC:2.7.11.19); K00871 phosphorylase kinase gamma subunit ,
Human GeneID: 5261
PHKG2; phosphorylase kinase, gamma 2 (testis) (EC:2.7.11.19); K00871 phosphorylase kinase gamma subunit .
Enzyme activators:
- Ca2+
- calmodulin
2(Phosphorylase b) + 4Orthophosphate (Pi)  Phosphorylase a + 4H2O :  phosphohydrolase EC 3.1.3.17 R00077, no genes.

## Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide + ADP-ribose  NAD+ + H2O : NAD+ glycohydrolase R00102.
EC 3.2.2.5
Human GeneID: 683
BST1; bone marrow stromal cell antigen 1 (EC:3.2.2.5); K01242 NAD+ nucleosidase ,
Human GeneID: 952
CD38; CD38 molecule (EC:3.2.2.5); K01242 NAD+ nucleosidase ,
EC 3.2.2.6 no genes.
AMP + Nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide  NAD+ + H2O : NAD+ phosphohydrolase R00103.
EC 3.6.1.9
Human GeneID: 5169
ENPP3; ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 3 (EC:3.1.4.1 3.6.1.9); K01113 phosphodiesterase/alkaline phosphatase D ; K01513 nucleotide pyrophosphatase 
Human GeneID: 5167
ENPP1; ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (EC:3.1.4.1 3.6.1.9); K01113 phosphodiesterase/alkaline phosphatase D ; K01513 nucleotide pyrophosphatase 
EC 3.6.1.22
Human GeneID: 83594
NUDT12; nudix (nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X)-type motif 12 (EC:3.6.1.22); K03426 NAD+ diphosphatase 
ATP + Nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide  Diphosphate + Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) : nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase EC 2.7.7.1 R00137.
Human GeneID: 23057
NMNAT2; nicotinamide nucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 (EC:2.7.7.1 2.7.7.18); K00952 nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase 
Human GeneID: 64802
NMNAT1; nicotinamide nucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (EC:2.7.7.1 2.7.7.18); K00952 nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase 
Human GeneID: 349565
NMNAT3; nicotinamide nucleotide adenylyltransferase 3 (EC:2.7.7.1 2.7.7.18); K00952 nicotinamide-nucleotide adenylyltransferase 
Nicotinate nucleotide can also act as an electron acceptor in place of Nicotinamide D-ribonucleotide.
and
ATP + Nicotinate ribonucleotide  Diphosphate + Deamido-NAD+ EC 2.7.7.18 same human genes as EC 2.7.7.1.

## Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Nicotinamide + ADPribose 2'-phosphate  NADP+ + H2O : NADP+ glycohydrolase R00119.
EC 3.2.2.5
Human GeneID: 683
BST1; bone marrow stromal cell antigen 1 (EC:3.2.2.5); K01242 NAD+ nucleosidase 
Human GeneID: 952
CD38; CD38 molecule (EC:3.2.2.5); K01242 NAD+ nucleosidase 
EC 3.2.2.6 no genes

## Coenzyme A
Notation: let Coenzyme A be represented by CoA
ATP + Dephospho-CoA  ADP + CoA : dephospho-CoA 3'-phosphotransferase EC 2.7.1.24 R00130,
Human GeneID: 80347
COASY; Coenzyme A synthase (EC:2.7.7.3, 2.7.1.24); K00859 dephospho-CoA kinase ; K02201 pantetheine-phosphate adenylyltransferase .

## 2'-Deoxy-5-hydroxymethylcytidine-5'-triphosphate
2'-Deoxy-5-hydroxymethylcytidine-5'-diphosphate + ATP  2'-Deoxy-5-hydroxymethylcytidine-5'-triphosphate + ADP : 2'-deoxy-5-hydroxymethylcytidine-5'-diphosphate phosphotransferase EC 2.7.4.6 R00139, same human genes as R00124.

## Hydroxymethylcytidine-5'-diphosphate
5-Hydroxymethyldeoxycytidylate + ATP  Hydroxymethylcytidine-5'-diphosphate + ADP : 5-hydroxymethyldeoxycytidylate phosphotransferase EC 2.7.4.12 R00140, no human genes.

## Phosphoramidate
ATP + NH3  ADP + Phosphoramidate : ammonia phosphotransferase EC 2.7.3.8 R00141, no genes.

# Hypotheses
- Phosphate reactions may have been the initiator of life.