Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Procyclidine hydrochloride

# Overview
Procyclidine hydrochloride is an anticholinergic drug principally used for the treatment of:
- Drug-induced parkinsonism, akathisia and acute dystonia;
- Parkinson disease; and
- Idiopathic or secondary dystonia.

# Uses
It is used in patients with schizophrenia to reduce the side effects of antipsychotic treatment, such as parkinsonism and akathisia.
Procyclidine is also a second-line drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.  It improves tremor but not rigidity or bradykinesia.
Procyclidine is also sometimes used for the treatment of dystonia (but not tardive dyskinesia), a rare disorder that causes abnormal muscle contraction, resulting in twisting postures of limbs, trunk, or face.

# Signs of Overdose
Signs of procyclidine overdose are those of an anticholinergic and include confusion, agitation and sleeplessness that can last up to or more than 24 hours. Pupils become dilated and unreactive to light. Tachycardia (fast heart beat), as well as auditory and visual hallucinations have also been reported.
Other known symptoms of overdose are: clumsiness or unsteadiness, being severely drowsy, having a severely dry mouth, nose, or throat, having an altered mood or other mental changes, seizures, being short of breath or having troubled breathing, a dry and warm, flushed skin.
A suspected overdose with severe life-threatening symptoms should immediately be brought to medical attention, where reversal can be attempted with physostigmine administered intravenously or subcutaneously.
Proline-Rich Coiled Coil 1
Proline Rich Coiled Coil-1 (PRCC1) is the commonly identified protein name of CAD38605. The PRCC1 gene is found on the long arm of Chromosome 5. It encodes for 445 amino acids for a predicted total of 6 exons.  The predicted molecular weight is 46.7 kDa, and the isoelectric point is 5.46. Orthologs have been determined in most eukaryotes, the most highly conserved being found in most mammalian species. Moderate conservation is maintained among other distant species such as: Gallus gallus, Xenopus, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Tetraodon, etc.
The PRCC1 gene has two distinct regions: a proline-rich region on the N-terminus, and the DUF84 region on the C-terminus.
The DUF84 region is found in the genome of a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae. The region consists of approximately 183 amino acid residues. V. cholorae causes cholera and stomach flu in humans. The DUF84 region alone is about 160 amino acid residues. It is the only other protein that consists of DUF84 other than PRCC1.
The subcellular localization prediction program pTarget, predicted PRCC1 to be localized in the nucleus with a confidence of 95%. However, a research paper by Kamakari et al. determined the protein to localize in the Golgi Apparatus. PRCC1 is ubiquitously expressed, with high-density expression in the brain, hypothalamus and hippocampus in particular. No evidence of protein-protein interactions were found. No evidence of RNA alternate splicing was determined.
Propylene glycol dinitrate
Propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN, 1,2-propylene glycol dinitrate, or 1,2-propanediol dinitrate) is an organic chemical, an ester of nitric acid and propylene glycol. It is structurally similar to nitroglycerin, except that it has one fewer -O-NO2 group. It is a characteristically and unpleasantly smelling colorless liquid, which decomposes at 121 C, below its boiling point. It is flammable and explosive. It is shock-sensitive.
The principal current use of propylene glycol dinitrate is as a propellant in Otto Fuel II, together with 2-nitrodiphenylamine and dibutyl sebacate. Otto Fuel II is used in some torpedoes as a propellant.
Nitrates of polyhydric alcohols, of which propylene glycol dinitrate is an example, have been used in medicine for the treatment of angina pectoris, and as explosives since the mid-nineteenth century.
PGDN affects blood pressure, causes respiratory toxicity, damages liver and kidneys, distorts vision, causes methoglobinuria, and can cause headache and lack of coordination. It may be absorbed through skin. Its primary toxicity mechanism is methemoglobinemia. It may cause permanent nerve damage. One of the byproducts of its burning is a highly toxic cyanide gas.
Prostatic acid phosphatase
Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), also prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PSAP), is an enzyme produced by the prostate. It may be found in increased amounts in men who have prostate cancer or other diseases.
The highest levels of acid phosphatase are found in metastasized prostate cancer. Diseases of the bone, such as Paget's disease or hyperparathyroidism, diseases of blood cells, such as sickle-cell disease or multiple myeloma or lysosomal storage diseases, such as Gaucher's disease, will show moderately increased levels.
Certain medications can cause temporary increases or decreases in acid phosphatase levels. Manipulation of the prostate gland through massage, biopsy or rectal exam before a test may increase the level.
Its physiological function may be associated with the liquefaction process of semen.

# Use in prostatic cancer prognosis

## Serum marker
PSAP was used to monitor and assess progression of prostate cancer until the introduction of prostate specific antigen (PSA), which has now largely displaced it. Subsequent work, suggested that it has a role in prognosticating intermediate and high-risk prostate cancer, and led to renewed interest in it as a biomarker.

## Immunohistochemistry
PSAP immunohistochemical staining is often used with PSA (staining), by pathologists, to help distinguish poorly differentiated carcinomas. For example, poorly differentiated prostate adenocarcinoma (prostate cancer) and urothelial carcinoma (bladder cancer) may appear similar under the microscope, but PSAP and PSA staining can help differentiate them; prostate adenocarcinoma often stains with PSA and/or PSAP, while urothelial carcinoma does not.

# HIV
PAP may play an important role in the transmission of HIV.  Researchers at the University of Ulm in Germany found that PAP forms fibers made of amyloid.  They called the fibers Semen-derived Enhancer of Virus Infection (SEVI) and showed that they capture HIV virions promoting their attachment to target cells.  The association of PAP with HIV may increase the ability of the virus to infect human cells "by several orders of magnitude."  PAP may be a future target of efforts to combat the spread of HIV infection.

# Pain suppression
A study at the University of North Carolina and University of Helsinki suggested that PAP could have potent antinociceptive, antihyperalgesic, and antiallodynic effects that last longer than morphine. One dose of PAP lasted for up to three days, much longer than the five hours gained with a single dose of morphine. When in distress, nerve cells release a chemical known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which in turn invokes a painful sensation.  ATP is broken down into AMP which PAP converts into adenosine, a molecule known to suppress pain.

# History
PSAP was the first useful serum tumour marker and emerged in the 1940s and 1950s.
Psilocybe subaeruginascens
Psilocybe subaeruginascens is a psychedelic mushroom which has psilocybin and psilocin as main active compounds.  This mushroom is closely related to Psilocybe subfimetaria and Psilocybe stuntzii.

# Description
- Cap: 1-6 cm, conical to convex, tan brown, hygrophanous, margin striate when moist, often with a broad umbo.  Bruising bluish where damaged.
- Gills: Crowded, sometimes forking, slightly mottled, cream color when young, violet brown in age, with adnate to adnexed and sometimes subdecurrent attachment.
- Spores: Dark violet brown, rhomboid to subrhomboid to subellipsoid, 7.5-12 x 6.5-8.5 um.
- Stipe: 2.5 to 6.5 cm long, .2 to .3 cm thick, white to grey, finely striate, equal to slightly enlarged near the base.  With a well developed partial veil which leaves a persistent membranous annulus on the upper stem. Bluing where damaged.
- Taste: Farinaceous.
- Odor: Farinaceous.
- Microscopic features:

# Distribution and habitat
Grows in gregariously and in cespitose clusters in wood chips, piles of leaves and woody debris in urban areas and along trails and roads in deciduous forests and gardens.  Found April to July in southern Japan and subtropical Java.  This species or a very similar one has been reported from the Bay Area, California. 
- Psilocybe subaeruginascens
Psilocybe subaeruginascens
- Psilocybe subaeruginascens
Psilocybe subaeruginascens
- Psilocybe subaeruginascens
Psilocybe subaeruginascens
- Psilocybe subaeruginascens
Psilocybe subaeruginascens
- Psilocybe subaeruginascens
Psilocybe subaeruginascens
- Psilocybe subaeruginascens
Psilocybe subaeruginascens
- Psilocybe subaeruginascens
Psilocybe subaeruginascens
- Psilocybe subaeruginascens
Psilocybe subaeruginascens
gl:Psilocybe subaeruginascens
Pulmonary atresia overview

# Overview
Pulmonary atresia is a congenital malformation of the pulmonary valve in which the outflow of the blood from the right side of the heart to the pulmonary artery is obstructed due to the valve orifice fails to develop. In most instances, the condition is almost always fatal without any intervention. Atresia means "no opening". In a normal healthy functioning heart, the valve consists of three flaps that open on ventricular systole leading to emptying of blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery and ultimately to the lungs for proper oxygenation.
This condition often is accompanied by a shunt/foreman Pulmonary atresia with Ventricular septum defect' that transports the Oxygen-poor blood directly from the right ventricle to the left side of the heart through a shunt, often referred to as 'Tetralogy of Fallot with VSD'. This oxygen-poor blood is then pumped through the aorta to the rest of the body, making fingers, toes, and lips appear blue or cyanotic. In Pulmonary atresia with intact Ventricular ventricular septum, another subtype of Pulmonary Atresia, the blood can not flow from the right side to the left side via shunt and due to this reason, the size of the right ventricle is comparatively smaller than the former one. Early intervention is required in these cases and with the immediate intervention, the 5-year survival is 80 percent.
The type of surgery recommended depends on the size of the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. If they are normal in size and the right ventricle is able to pump blood, open-heart surgery can be performed to make blood flow through the heart in a normal pattern. If the right ventricle is small and unable to act as a pump, doctors may perform an operation called the Fontan procedure. In this procedure, the right atrium is connected directly to the pulmonary artery. Many children with Pulmonary Atresia will go on to lead 'normal' lives.
Pyrimethamine microbiology

# Microbiology
Pyrimethamine is a folic acid antagonist and the rationale for its therapeutic action is based on the differential requirement between host and parasite for nucleic acid precursors involved in growth. This activity is highly selective against plasmodia and Toxoplasma gondii.
Pyrimethamine possesses blood schizonticidal and some tissue schizonticidal activity against malaria parasites of humans. However, the 4-amino-quinoline compounds are more effective against the erythrocytic schizonts. It does not destroy gametocytes, but arrests sporogony in the mosquito.
The action of pyrimethamine against Toxoplasma gondii is greatly enhanced when used in conjunction with Sulfonamides. This was demonstrated by Eyles and Coleman1 in the treatment of experimental toxoplasmosis in the mouse. Jacobs et all demonstrated that combination of the 2 drugs effectively prevented the development of severe uveitis in most rabbits following the inoculation of the anterior chamber of the eye with toxoplasma.
Pyruvate kinase deficiency
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# Overview
Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency is an inherited autosomal recessive genetic disorder which affects the survival of red blood cells.  A variety of mutations can lead to lowered production, activity, or stability of pyruvate kinase, an enzyme essential to glycolysis.  A total lack of this enzyme's activity will be lethal.  Because the ability of erythrocytes to manufacture ATP depends on glycolysis, the cells become deficient in energy and unable to maintain the activity of the basolateral Na+/K+-ATPase.  This will result in an increase in intracellular  which will cause water to diffuse passively into the red blood cell (RBC) and will lead to swelling.  This swelling will lead to lysis of the RBCs and an increase in plasma bilirubin. The increase in plasma bilirubin will lead to jaundice and the lysis of the RBCs will lead to hemolytic anemia.  The buildup of reaction intermediates can also increase the level of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in the cells and affect tissue oxygenation.  This
will cause a "right shift" in the hemoglobin oxygen saturation curve, implying a decreased oxygen affinity for the hemoglobin and earlier oxygen unloading than under normal conditions.
Clincally, this disorder is most common glycolytic enzyme deficiency, that will lead to hemolytic anemia.
Most affected individuals do not require treatment. Individuals who are most severely affected may die in utero of anemia or may require blood transfusions or splenectomy, but most of the symptomatology is limited to early life and times of physiologic stress or infection.
Red blood cells use glycolysis as their sole energy source. In pyruvate kinase deficiency, the last step (phosphoenolpyruvate converted to pyruvate) of glycolsis is unable to occur. A discrepancy between red blood cell energy requirements and ATP generating capacity produces irreversible membrane injury resulting in cellular distortion, rigidity, and dehydration. This leads to premature erythrocyte destruction by the spleen and liver.

# Treatment
Treatment can include a blood transfusion or removal of the spleen. Treatment is usually effective in reducing the severity of the symptoms.
Qualitiative data analysis
The term qualitative is used to describe certain types of information. Qualitative data are described in terms of quality (that is, 'informal' or relative characteristics such as warmth and flavour). This is the converse of quantitative, which more precisely describes data in terms of quantity (that is, using formal numerical measurement).
Quantitative data falls into two broad categories: Discrete (or attribute) data and Continuous (or variable) data.  Discrete data generally falls into three categories: Category data (eg. car type), Bi-nomial data (eg. pass/fail), and Count / Poisson data (eg. # of hairs on your head).
Qualitative data are generally (but not always) of less value to scientific research than quantitative data, due to their subjective and intangible nature.
It is possible to etertapproximate quantitative data from qualitative data - for instance, asking people to rate their perception of a sensation on a Likert scale.

# Examples
A quantitative way to report room temperature would be "the temperature in this room is 23 degrees Celsius."
A qualitative way to report room temperature would be to say "this room is comfortably warm," or "this room is warmer than it is outside".
A quantitative way to describe a tree would be to say "the tree is 30 feet tall."
A qualitative way to describe a tree would be to say "the tree is taller than the building."
Quaternary ammonium cation
Quaternary ammonium cations, also known as quats, are positively charged polyatomic ions of the structure NR4+ with R being alkyl groups.  Unlike the ammonium ion NH4+ itself and primary, secondary, or tertiary ammonium cations, the quaternary ammonium cations are permanently charged, independent of the pH of their solution. Quaternary ammonium cations are synthesized by complete alkylation of ammonia or other amines. For possible synthesis route, see amines.
Quaternary ammonium salts or quaternary ammonium compounds are salts of quaternary ammonium cations with an anion. They are used as disinfectants, surfactants, fabric softeners, and as antistatic agents (e.g. in shampoo).  In liquid fabric softeners, the chloride salts are often used.  In dryer anticling strips, the sulfate salts are often used.  This is also a common ingredient in many spermicidal jellies.
In organic chemistry, quaternary ammonium salts are used as phase transfer catalysts for reactions involving immiscible solvent systems, such as the synthesis of dichlorocarbenes with chloroform and sodium hydroxide.
The synthesis of this cation from ammonia is referred to as quaternization.
Quinine Sulfate overdosage

# Overdosage
Quinine overdose can be associated with serious complications, including visual impairment, hypoglycemia, cardiac arrhythmias, and death. Visual impairment can range from blurred vision and defective color perception, to visual field constriction and permanent blindness. Cinchonism occurs in virtually all patients with quinine overdose. Symptoms range from headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, tinnitus, vertigo, hearing impairment, sweating, flushing, and blurred vision, to deafness, blindness, serious cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension, and circulatory collapse. Central nervous system toxicity (drowsiness, disturbances of consciousness, ataxia, convulsions, respiratory depression and coma) has also been reported with quinine overdose, as well as pulmonary edema and adult respiratory distress syndrome.
Most toxic reactions are dose-related; however, some reactions may be idiosyncratic because of the variable sensitivity of patients to the toxic effects of quinine. A lethal dose of quinine has not been clearly defined, but fatalities have been reported after the ingestion of 2 to 8 grams in adults.
Quinine, like quinidine, has Class I antiarrhythmic properties. The cardiotoxicity of quinine is due to its negative inotropic action, and to its effect on cardiac conduction, resulting in decreased rates of depolarization and conduction, and increased action potential and effective refractory period. ECG changes observed with quinine overdose include sinus tachycardia, PR prolongation, T wave inversion, bundle branch block, an increased QT interval, and a widening of the QRS complex. Quinine's alpha-blocking properties may result in hypotension and further exacerbate myocardial depression by decreasing coronary perfusion. Quinine overdose has been also associated with hypotension, cardiogenic shock, and circulatory collapse, ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, idioventricular rhythm, and torsades de pointes, as well as bradycardia, and atrioventricular block .
Quinine is rapidly absorbed, and attempts to remove residual quinine sulfate from the stomach by gastric lavage may not be effective. Multiple-dose activated charcoal has been shown to decrease plasma quinine concentrations .
Forced acid diuresis,hemodialysis, charcoal column hemoperfusion, and plasma exchange were not found to be effective in significantly increasing quinine elimination in a series of 16 patients.
Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome

# Overview
Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome is a rare congenital condition characterized by severe insulin resistance, developmental abnormalities, and acanthosis nigricans. A hypertrophic pineal gland has been reported in some cases.

# Pathophysiology
As in leprechaunism, of which Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome may represent a less severe form, the condition is caused by molecular modification of both alleles of the insulin-receptor gene.

## Genetics
The condition is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and mainly affects children of consanguineous parents.

# Diagnosis

## History and Symptoms
Rabson and Mendenhall described 3 siblings (2 girls, 1 boy) who initially presented with dental and skin abnormalities, abdominal distention, and phallic enlargement. The children demonstrated early dentition, a coarse, senile-appearing facies, and striking hirsutism. An "adult growth of hair of head" at 5 years of age was pictured in the case of one of the girls. In the older girl the genitalia were large enough at the age of 6 months to permit vaginal examination for diagnosis of a left ovarian tumor which was removed soon afterward. The children were mentally precocious. Prognathism and very thick fingernails as well as acanthosis nigricans were also described. Insulin-resistant diabetes developed, and the patients died during childhood of ketoacidosis and intercurrent infections. At necropsy pineal hyperplasia was found in all three.

## Laboratory Findings
Biologically, infants display fasting hypoglycemia, postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, which progress to permanent hyperglycemia and recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis.

# Treatment
Cochran et al. reported that treatment of 2 sibs with Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome with pharmacologic doses of human leptin resulted in improvement of fasting hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, basal glucose, and glucose and insulin tolerance.
Range (particle radiation)
In passing through matter, charged particles ionize and thus lose energy in many steps, until their energy is (almost) zero. The distance to this point is called the range of the particle. The range depends on the type of particle, on its initial energy and on the material which it passes.
For example, if the ionising particle passing through the material is a positive ion like alpha particle or proton, it will collide with atomic electrons in the material via Coulombic interaction. Since the mass of the proton or alpha particle is much greater than that of the electron, there will be no significant deviation from the radiation's incident path and very little kinetic energy will be lost in each collision. As such, it will take many successive collisions for such heavy ionising radiation to come to a halt within the stopping medium or material. Maximum energy loss will take place in a head on collision with an electron.
Since large angle scattering is rare for positive ions, a range may be well defined for that radiation, depending on its energy and charge, as well as the ionisation energy of the stopping medium. Since the nature of such interactions is statistical, the number of collisions required to bring a radiation particle to rest within the medium will vary slightly with each particle, i.e. some may travel further and undergo less collisions than others. Hence, there will be a small variation in the range, known as straggling.
The energy loss per unit distance (and hence, the density of ionization), or stopping power also depends on the type and energy of the particle and on the material. Usually, the energy loss per unit distance increases while the particle slows down. The curve describing this fact is called the Bragg curve. Shortly before the end, the energy loss passes through a maximum, the Bragg Peak, and then drops to zero (see the figures in Bragg Peak and in stopping power). This fact is of great practical importance for radiation therapy.
The range of alpha particles in ambient air amounts to several centimeters, this type of radiation can therefore be stopped already by a sheet of paper. Although beta particles scatter much more than alpha particles, a range can still be defined; it, frequently amounts to several hundred centimeters of air.
The mean range can be calculated by integrating the inverse stopping power over energy.