Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Brook rearrangement
The Brook rearrangement in organic chemistry is a rearrangement reaction in which a organosilyl group switches position with a hydroxyl proton over a carbon to oxygen covalent bond under the influence of a base . It is named for the Canadian chemist Adrian Gibbs Brook (b. 1924). The reaction product is a silyl ether.
The silyl substituents can be aliphatic (methyl) or aromatic (phenyl) and the alcohol is secondary or tertiary with aliphatic or aryl groups. The base is an amine, sodium hydroxide, an organolithium reagent or an alkali metal alloy such as Na/K. When the reactant is a silylcarbinol the reaction is a 1,2-brook rearrangement but rearrangements over larger carbon skeletons are also possible.

# Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism for this rearrangement starts with proton abstraction of the hydroxyl group by base to the alkoxide anion. This nucleophile attacks the silicon atom in a nucleophilic displacement with the methylene group as the leaving group. The proposed transition state for this reaction step is a three-membered ring with the degree of Si-O bond making in step with the Si-C bond breaking process. The additional electron pair is now transferred from oxygen to a carbanion which quickly abstracts a proton from a proton source such as solvent to form the final silyl ether.
When the reactant is (triphenysilyl)methylphenylcarbinol the activation energy is found to be relatively low but that the entropy of activation has a large negative value which supports the cyclic transition state structure. The Hammett results for a group of para-substituted phenyl carbinols conform that electron withdrawing groups help to stabilize the negative charge built up in the carbanionic intermediate.
The thermodynamic driving force for this reaction is the formation of a silicon oxygen  bond. The cleavage of the Si-C bond and O-H bond costs in terms of bond dissociation energy are 451 + 427 = 878 kJ/mol and the gains are 809 (Si-O) + 338 (C-H) = 1147 kJ/mol.
The Brook rearrangement occurs with retention of configuration as demonstrated in a Walden cycle:
The (+)- silyl hydride enantiomer reacts with chlorine to the corresponding silyl chloride with retention of the stereocenter. The subsequent nucleophilic displacement of chlorine with diphenylmethyl lithium occurs with inversion. The next two steps convert the diphenylmethine group through bromination with NBS (or N-bromosuccinimide)  and hydrolysis with silver acetate into a diphenylmethanol group without any change in configuration. The subsequent Brook rearrangement to the silyl ether and reduction with lithium aluminium hydride occur with retention so that the final reaction product is the opposite enantiomer of the starting material with opposite sign for specific rotation.

# Scope
Brook rearrangements are known in acylsilanes  and with special silyl ethers retro-brook rearrangements are also possible . An analogous phospha-Brook rearrangement of 1-hydroxyphosphonates has also been reported.
Brown-Forsythe test

# Overview
In statistics, when a usual one-way ANOVA is performed, it is assumed that the group variances are statistically equal. If this assumption is not valid, then the resulting F-test is invalid.  The Brown-Forsythe test is a statistical test for the equality of group variances based on performing an ANOVA on a transformation of the response variable.

# Transformation
The transformed response variable is constructed to measure the spread in each group. Let
z_{ij}=\left\vert y_{ij} - \tilde{y}_j \right\vert
where \tilde{y}_j is the median of group j. In order to correct for the artificial zeros that come about with odd numbers of observations in a group, any zij that equals zero is replaced by the next smallest zij in group j. The Brown-Forsythe test statistic is the model F statistic from a one way ANOVA on zij:
where p is the number of groups, nj is the number of observations in group j, and N is the total number of observations.
If the variances are indeed heterogenous, techniques that allow for this (such as the Welch one-way ANOVA) may be used instead of the usual ANOVA.

# Comparison with Levene's test
Levene's test uses the mean instead of the median. Although the optimal choice depends on the underlying distribution, the definition based on the median is recommended as the choice that provides good robustness against many types of non-normal data while retaining good statistical power. If one has knowledge of the underlying distribution of the data, this may indicate using one of the other choices. Brown and Forsythe performed Monte Carlo studies that indicated that using the trimmed mean performed best when the underlying data followed a Cauchy distribution (a heavy-tailed distribution) and the median performed best when the underlying data followed a Chi-square distribution with four degrees of freedom (a heavily skewed distribution). Using the mean provided the best power for symmetric, moderate-tailed, distributions.
Corticobulbar tract

# Overview
The corticobulbar (or corticonuclear) tract is a white matter pathway connecting the cerebral cortex to the brainstem (the term "bulbar" referring to the brainstem).
The 'bulb' is an archaic term for the medulla oblongata. In clinical usage, it includes the pons as well.
The muscles of the face, head and neck are controlled by the corticobulbar system, which terminates on motor neurons within brainstem motor nuclei. This is in contrast to the corticospinal tract, which connects the cerebral cortex to spinal motor neurons, and controls movement of the torso, upper and lower limbs.
The Corticobulbar tract through the genu of the internal capsule as it passes from the motor cortex down through to the brainstem.
The corticobulbar tract innervates cranial motor nuclei bilaterally with the exception of the lower facial nucleus which is innervated contralaterally.  Among those nuclei that are bilaterally innervated a slightly stronger connection contralaterally than ipisilaterally is observed.
Bulbourethral gland

# Overview
A bulbourethral gland (or Cowper's gland) is one of two small exocrine glands present in the reproductive system of human males. They are homologous to Bartholin's glands in females.

# Location
Bulbourethral glands are located posterior and lateral to the membranous portion of the urethra at the base of the penis, between the two layers of the fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, in the deep perineal pouch.
They are enclosed by the transverse fibers of the sphincter urethrae membranaceae muscle.

# Structure
The bulbourethral glands are compound tubuloalveolar glands, each approximately the size of a pea. They are composed of several lobules held together by a fibrous covering. Each lobule consists of a number of acini, lined by columnar epithelial cells, opening into a duct which joins with the ducts of other lobules to form a single excretory duct. This duct is approximately 2.5 cm long and opens into the urethra at the base of the penis. The glands gradually diminish in size with advancing age.

# Function
During sexual arousal each gland produces a clear, viscous secretion known as pre-ejaculate. This fluid helps to lubricate the urethra for spermatozoa to pass through, and to help flush out any residual urine or foreign matter.  It is possible for this fluid to pick up sperm, remaining in the urethral bulb from previous ejaculations, and carry them out prior to the next ejaculation.
C4b-binding protein
C4b-binding protein (C4BP) is a protein involved in the complement system where it acts as inhibitor. C4BP has an octopus-like structure with a central stalk and seven branching alpha-chains. The main form of C4BP in human blood is composed of 7 identical alpha-chains and one unique beta-chain, which in turn binds anticoagulant, vitamin K-dependent protein S.
C4BP is a large glycoprotein (500 kDa) with an estimated plasma concentration of 200 micrograms/mL synthesized mainly in the liver.
The genes coding for C4BP -chain (C4BPA) and -chain (C4BPB) are located in the regulators of complement activation (RCA) gene cluster on the long arm of chromosome 1 in the vicinity of other complement inhibitors.

# Functions
It inhibits the action the classical and the lectin pathways, more specifically C4. It also has ability to bind C3b. C4BP accelerates decay of C3-convertase and is a cofactor for serine protease factor I which cleaves C4b and C3b.
C4BP binds apoptotic and necrotic cells as well as DNA, to clean up after injury. The interaction with apoptotic and necrotic cells is mediated by the Gla domain of protein S and does not affect the ability of C4BP to inhibit complement.
A number of bacterial and fungal pathogens capture human C4BP, which allows them to establish infection.
No full deficiency of C4BP has been found yet.
C4BP interacts also with heparin, C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid P component (SAP), fibromodulin, osteoadherin, chondroadherin, proline arginine-rich end leucine-rich repeat protein (PRELP), streptococcal M-proteins, gonococcal porins, Outer membrane protein A from E. coli, Ubiquitous surface protein 1 and 2 from Moraxella.
CAS registry number
CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. They are also referred to as CAS numbers, CAS RNs or CAS #s.
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), a division of the American Chemical Society, assigns these identifiers to every chemical that has been described in the literature. The intention is to make database searches more convenient, as chemicals often have many names. Almost all molecule databases today allow searching by CAS number.
As of January 2008, there were 33,565,050 organic and inorganic substances and 59,584,048 sequences in the CAS registry. Around 50,000 new numbers are added each week.
CAS also maintains and sells a database of these chemicals, known as the CAS registry.

# Format
A CAS registry number is separated by hyphens into three parts, the first consisting of up to 7 digits, the second consisting of two digits, and the third consisting of a single digit serving as a check digit. The numbers are assigned in increasing order and do not have any inherent meaning.
The checksum is calculated by taking the last digit times 1, the next digit times 2, the next digit times 3 etc., adding all these up and computing the sum modulo 10. For example, the CAS number of water is 7732-18-5: the checksum is calculated as (81 + 12 + 23 + 34 + 75 + 76) = 105; 105 mod 10 = 5.
The Chemical Abstracts Service has announced on its web site that it will add an additional digit to new CAS registry numbers, starting about January 2008.

# Isomers, enzymes, and mixtures
Different stereoisomers of a molecule receive different CAS numbers: D-glucose has 50-99-7, L-glucose has 921-60-8, -D-glucose has 26655-34-5, etc. Occasionally, whole classes of molecules receive a single CAS number: the group of alcohol dehydrogenases has 9031-72-5. An example of a mixture with a CAS number is mustard oil (8007-40-7).

# Searches
When using CAS numbers for database searches, it is useful to include the numbers of closely related compounds. For instance, to search for information about cocaine (CAS 50-36-2), one should consider including cocaine hydrochloride (CAS 53-21-4), since that is the most common form of cocaine when used as a drug.

# Notes
Parafollicular cell
Parafollicular cells (also called C cells) are cells in the thyroid which produce and secrete calcitonin.
Embryologically, they associate with the ultimobranchial body, which itself is a ventral derivative of the Fourth Pharyngeal Pouch. The Parafollicular cells themselves are derived from Neural Crest cells.
When parafollicular cells become cancerous, they lead to medullary carcinoma of the thyroid.
Calcitonin overdose

# Overdose information
Effects of large dosages of Calcitonin
Hypocalcemic tetany

## Effects of large dosages of Calcitonin
Single doses of calcitonin-salmon nasal spray up to 1600 International Units, doses up to
800 International Units per day for 3 days and chronic administration of doses up to 600
International Units per day have been studied without serious adverse effects. A 1000
International Units dose of calcitonin-salmon injectable product given subcutaneously may
produce nausea and vomiting. A 32 International Units per kg per day dose of calcitoninsalmon
injectable product for 1or 2 days demonstrated no additional adverse effects. Return to top

## Hypocalcemic tetany
There have been no reports of hypocalcemic tetany. However, the pharmacologic actions
-f Calcitonin suggest that this could occur
in overdose. Therefore, provisions for parenteral administration of calcium should be
available for the treatment of overdose. Return to top
Adapted from the FDA Package Insert.
Calcitonin receptor
The calcitonin receptor (CT) is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds the peptide hormone calcitonin and is involved in maintenance of calcium homeostasis, particularly with respect to bone formation and metabolism.
CT works by activating the G-proteins Gs and Gq often found on osteoclasts, on cells in the kidney, and on cells in a number of regions of the brain. It may also affect the ovaries in women and the testes in men.
The function of the CT receptor protein is modified through its interaction with Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs), forming the multimeric amylin receptors AMY1 (CT + RAMP1), AMY2 (CT + RAMP2), and AMY3 (CT+ RAMP3).

# Interactions
Calcitonin receptor has been shown to interact with Apolipoprotein B and LRP1.
Calcium bicarbonate

# Overview
Calcium bicarbonate (Ca(HCO3)2), also called calcium hydrogen carbonate, does not refer to a known solid compound; it exists only in a solution containing the ions calcium (Ca2+), dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2), bicarbonate (HCO3), and carbonate (CO32). The relative concentrations of these carbon-containing species depend on the pH; bicarbonate predominates within the range 6.36-10.25 in fresh water.
All waters in contact with the atmosphere absorb carbon dioxide, and as these waters come into contact with rocks and sediments they acquire metal ions, most commonly calcium and magnesium, so most natural waters that come from streams, lakes, and especially wells, can be regarded as dilute solutions of these bicarbonates.   These hard waters tend to form carbonate scale in pipes and boilers and they react with soaps to form an undesirable scum.
Attempts to prepare compounds such as calcium bicarbonate by evaporating its solution to dryness invariably yield the solid carbonate instead: Ca(HCO3)2(aq)  CO2(g)  +  H2O(l)  +  CaCO3(s). Very few solid bicarbonates other than those of the alkali metals  are known to exist.
The above reaction is very important to the formation of stalactites, stalagmites, columns, and other speleothems within caves and, for that matter, in the formation of the caves themselves.  As water containing carbon dioxide (including extra CO2 acquired from soil organisms) passes through limestone or other calcium carbonate containing minerals, it dissolves part of the calcium carbonate and hence becomes richer in bicarbonate.  As the groundwater enters the cave, the excess carbon dioxide is released from the solution of the bicarbonate, causing the much less soluble calcium carbonate to be deposited.

# Additional Resources
- Baking Soda
cs:Hydrogenuhlicitan vapenaty
de:Calciumhydrogencarbonat
it:Bicarbonato di calcio
th:
Calculator Template
Synonyms and keywords: (add synonyms and create redirects)

# Overview
 is a ( validated) risk assessment tool designed to assess the (30-day/10-year/other timeframe) risk of (bleeding/ischemia/other end point) associated with (antiplatelet/antithrombotic/other treatment) among patients with (coronary heart disease/heart failure/other condition).
 was invented by (Author) et al in (year), and has been externally validated in (other populations/subsequent studies).(add references)
 is a (risk assessment tool/risk stratification scheme) designed to assess the (30-day/5-year) risk of (bleeding/ischemia/other end point) associated with (antiplatelet/antithrombotic/other treatment) among patients with (coronary heart disease/heart failure/other condition).
 is a (clinical prediction rule) devised to assess the severity of (acute pancreatitis/other disease) among (hospitalized patients/healthy individuals/other population) in the (outpatient/inpatient/surgical/medical/emergency room) setting.
 is a (prediction model) developed to estimate the (mortality/bleeding rate/pre-test probability) of (acute pulmonary embolism/other disease) among (hospitalized patients/healthy individuals/other population).
 is a (decision tool) designed to assist the decision-making pertaining to the (risk/benefit) of (antiplatelet/antithrombotic/other treatment) for (acute coronary syndrome/other conditions) among (hospitalized patients/healthy individuals/other population).

#  Calculator
Shown below is the calculator for  (check all the boxes that apply):
(insert widget here)

# Interpretation
- Score  1: low-risk (< 1% mortality); no treatment or hospital admission is required.
- Score 23: intermediate-risk (1 to 5% mortality); consider treatment or hospitalization.
- Score  4: high-risk (> 5% mortality); treatment/hospitalization is warranted.
Caloric reflex test
In medicine, the caloric reflex test is a test of the vestibulo-ocular reflex.  It is used by audiologists and other trained professionals to validate a diagnosis of asymmetric function in the peripheral vestibular system. Calorics are usually a subtest of the electronystagmography (ENG) test battery.

# Technique and results
It involves irrigating cold or warm water or air into the external auditory canal.
- If the water is cold (30oC) the eyes turn toward the ipsilateral ear, with horizontal nystagmus (quick horizontal eye movements) to the contralateral ear.
- If the water is warm (44oC) the eyes turn toward the contralateral ear, with horizontal nystagmus to the ipsilateral ear.
- Absent reactive eye movement suggests vestibular weakness of the horizontal semicircular canal of the side being stimulated.

# Mnemonic
Mnemonics are common in the medical literature.  One mnemonic used to remember the direction of nystamgus is COWS.
COWS: Cold water = nystagmus to the Opposite side, Warm water = nystagmus to the Same side.
Camouflage Cosmetic

# Overview
Camouflage Cosmetic is a make-up and is the application of creams and/or powders to conceal colour or contour irregularities or abnormalities of the face or body. Cosmetic camouflage creams were first developed by plastic surgeons during World War II to cover the massive burns received by fighter pilots. Nowadays, men, women and children can use cosmetic camouflage.

# Conceal Abnormalities
- Birthmarks
- Rosacea
- Vitiligo
- Chloasma
- Cutaneous lupus erythematosus
- Jessner lymphocytic infiltrate
- Veins
- Burns
- Scarring from surgery, trauma, acne, etc
- Tattoos
- Many other dermatological conditions

# How to Use
Concealing  concealers are thicker and more opaque than regular foundation makeup. They effectively cover healed incision lines from surgery, scars and/or bruises on your face or body. Concealers are usually creamy products and come in a variety of shades to match the natural color of the skin. Sometimes they are blended with color correctors to achieve a good color match.
Color correcting  color correctors are used to disguise the yellowish shade of a bruise or the overall redness from a burn. Color correctors come in tints, purple corrector blended with concealer neutralises yellow skin tones, while green corrector yields a brown tone to neutralise redness.
Contouring  contouring corrects the irregular facial surface contours by creating dimension using light and shadow. Dark colors make swellings or protrusions appear to recede, while light colors make surface depressions appear shallower. To achieve contouring you need a highlighter, which is about 2 shades lighter than your concealer, and a contour shadow, which is about 2 shades darker. Powdered blush-type products are best suited for contouring.
It is important to remove camouflage cosmetics from your face and neck every night before you go to bed. Because of their waterproof nature, an oily cleansing cream or lotion may be needed to wipe off the makeup. Follow by cleaning with soap and water or your normal facial cleansing routine. Camouflage cosmetics used elsewhere on the body can be left on for 3 or 4 days before removing them and re-applying.

# Advice for cosmetic camouflage
It may take some practice to achieve a satisfactory final appearance. In some countries, hospitals, charities or societies hold cosmetic camouflage clinics where individual's camouflage requirements are assessed. For example, Look Good Feel Better, a charitable programme sponsored by the Cosmetic Toiletry and Fragrance Association (CFTA) and organised by the Cancer Society in New Zealand, runs cosmetic workshops throughout the country to improve the self-esteem of women dealing with the side-effects of cancer. Similar programmes are available in the USA and many other countries.
Standard everyday makeup may be sufficient for your needs. The important thing is to use products that are hypoallergenic and fragrance free. Your doctor or dermatologist may recommend special cosmetic camouflage products available through your pharmacy.
Campylobacter fetus

# Overview
Campylobacter fetus is a species of Gram-negative, motile bacteria with a characteristic "S-shaped" rod morphology similar to members of the genus Vibrio

# Pathogenesis
In addition to causing some cases of abortion in cattle and sheep, C. fetus is an opportunistic human pathogen and can cause bacteremia and thrombophlebitisTemplate:Ref N. Though rare, C. fetus can lead to fatal septicemia in newborns and immunocompromised individualsTemplate:Ref N. Bacteremia can lead to localized infections of the meninges in the brain, the respiratory pleural spaces or lungs, jointsTemplate:Ref N, the pericardial sac around the heart, or the peritoneum.

# Gallery
- Blood agar plate culture of Campylobacter fetus s. intestinalis. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Campylobacter fetus. Leifson flagella stain. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Campylobacter fetus (C. fetus ss. jejuni) cultures were grown on Skirrow's and Butzler's medium. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Scanning electron micrograph depicts a grouping of Gram-negative Campylobacter fetus bacteria (4,976x mag). From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Gram-stained image shows the spiral rods of Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus taken from an 18hr brain-heart infusion. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 

# Antimicrobial regimen
- 1. Gastroenteritis
- Preferred regimen: Gentamicin 5 mg/kg IV q24h
- Alternative regimen (1): Ampicillin 100 mg/kg IV q6h
- Alternative regimen (2): Imipenem 500 mg IV q6h
Canal of the cervix
In the anatomy of the female reproductive system, the canal of the cervix (also called the endocervical canal, cervical canal, cervical canal of uterus, or the cavity of cervix) is the spindle-shaped, flattened canal of the cervix, the neck of the uterus.
It communicates with the uterine cavity via the internal orifice of the uterus, and with the vagina via the external orifice.
The wall of the canal presents an anterior and a posterior longitudinal ridge, from each of which proceed a number of small oblique columns, the palmate folds, giving the appearance of branches from the stem of a tree; to this arrangement the name arbor vit uteri is applied.
The folds on the two walls are not exactly opposed, but fit between one another so as to close the cervical canal.