Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Intravascular Imaging During PCI
- Due to angiography limitations, intra-coronary imaging can be used to guide coronary stent implantation, especially in patients with left main coronary artery involvement or complex lesions.
- Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT are two imaging methods that can be used to assess vasculature conditions before and after PCI.
- Both imaging methods can assist in evaluating the need for lesion preparation, stent sizing, diminishing geographic-related errors, confirming stent expansion, identifying complications, and causes of stent failure.

# ACA 2021 Revascularization Guideline

# Intravenous Ultrasound
- Multiple meta-analyses have shown that intravascular ultrasound-guided PCI is more successful in reducing major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) compared to angiographic-guided PCI.
- Furthermore, based on a trial named ULTIMATE (Intravascular Ultrasound Guided Drug Eluting Stents Implantation in All-Comers Coronary Lesions), intravascular ultrasound-guided PCI is more successful in reducing target-vessel failure compared to angiographic-guided PCI.
- The following are the list of pre-PCI evaluations that can be done with intravascular ultrasound:
Full-thickness evaluation of the vessel wall
Plaque burden
Calcification extent
Length of lesion
External elastic lamina diameter for stent sizing
- Full-thickness evaluation of the vessel wall
- Plaque burden
- Calcification extent
- Length of lesion
- External elastic lamina diameter for stent sizing
- The following are the list of post-PCI evaluations that can be done with intravascular ultrasound:
Assessment of stent area
Stent malposition
Stent underexpansion
Tissue protrusion
Edge disease and dissection
- Assessment of stent area
- Stent malposition
- Stent underexpansion
- Tissue protrusion
- Edge disease and dissection

# Optical Coherence Tomography
- Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is capable of generating high-resolution images of vessel walls by using infrared light. This imaging  method has particular advantages in the evaluation of the following:
Calcium thickness
Lipid, thrombus, fibroatheroma, and plaque rupture
Stent strut neointimal thickness
Stent malposition
Edge dissections
- Calcium thickness
- Lipid, thrombus, fibroatheroma, and plaque rupture
- Stent strut neointimal thickness
- Stent malposition
- Edge dissections
- The following are some of the limitations of optical coherence tomography (OCT):
Limited depth of imaging
Usage of OCT is limited in ostial left main disease since blood clearance through the use of contrast injection is necessary for performing OCT
- Limited depth of imaging
- Usage of OCT is limited in ostial left main disease since blood clearance through the use of contrast injection is necessary for performing OCT
Inverse copy gene transcriptions
Def. "a state in which something has been turned (properly) upside down or (loosely) inside out or backwards" is called an inverse. For example, 321 is the inverse of 123.

# Ethylene-responsive elements
For "AGC, one copy in inverse orientation of the AGC box (AGCCGCC)  present as two copies (-1346 and -1314) in the ERE".

# Acknowledgements
The content on this page was first contributed by: Henry A. Hoff.
Ipratropium detailed information
Ipratropium (as ipratropium bromide, trade name Atrovent) is an anticholinergic drug administered by inhalation for the treatment of obstructive lung diseases. It acts by blocking muscarinic receptors in the lung, inhibiting bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion. It is a non-selective muscarinic antagonist, and does not diffuse into the blood, which prevents systemic side effects.  Ipratropium is a derivative of atropine but is a quaternary amine and therefore does not cross the blood-brain barrier, which prevents central side effects (anticholinergic syndrome).
Ipratropium is also combined with albuterol (salbutamol) (trade names Combivent and Duoneb) for the management of COPD and asthma. Ipratropium is also combined with fenoterol (trade names Duovent and Berodual N) for the management of asthma.
Side effects are as those for other anticholinergics.

# Sources
- Brenner, G. M. (2000). Pharmacology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-7757-6
- Canadian Pharmacists Association (2000). Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties (25th ed.). Toronto, ON: Webcom. ISBN 0-919115-76-4
- Boeringer-Ingelheim

# Footnotes
-  Yamatake Y, Sasagawa S, Yanaura S, Okamiya Y (1977). "". Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi (in Japanese). 73 (7): 78591. PMID 145994.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
de:Ipratropiumbromid
Ivermectin clinical pharmacology

# Clinical Pharmacology

### Pharmacokinetics
Following oral administration of ivermectin, plasma concentrations are approximately proportional to the dose. In two studies, after single 12-mg doses of STROMECTOL in fasting healthy volunteers (representing a mean dose of 165 mcg/kg), the mean peak plasma concentrations of the major component (H2B1a) were 46.6 (21.9) (range: 16.4-101.1) and 30.6 (15.6) (range: 13.9-68.4) ng/mL, respectively, at approximately 4 hours after dosing. Ivermectin is metabolized in the liver, and ivermectin and/or its metabolites are excreted almost exclusively in the feces over an estimated 12 days, with less than 1% of the administered dose excreted in the urine. The plasma half-life of ivermectin in man is approximately 18 hours following oral administration.
The safety and pharmacokinetic properties of ivermectin were further assessed in a multiple-dose clinical pharmacokinetic study involving healthy volunteers. Subjects received oral doses of 30 to 120 mg (333 to 2000 mcg/kg) ivermectin in a fasted state or 30 mg (333 to 600 mcg/kg) ivermectin following a standard high-fat (48.6 g of fat) meal. Administration of 30 mg ivermectin following a high-fat meal resulted in an approximate 2.5-fold increase in bioavailability relative to administration of 30 mg ivermectin in the fasted state.
In vitro studies using human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP450 enzymes have shown that ivermectin is primarily metabolized by CYP3A4. Depending on the in vitro method used, CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 were also shown to be involved in the metabolism of ivermectin but to a significantly lower extent compared to CYP3A4. The findings of in vitro studies using human liver microsomes suggest that clinically relevant concentrations of ivermectin do not significantly inhibit the metabolizing activities of CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP1A2, and CYP2E1.
Ivermectin indications and usage

# Indications and Usage
STROMECTOL is indicated for the treatment of the following infections:

### Strongyloidiasis
Strongyloidiasis of the intestinal tract. STROMECTOL is indicated for the treatment of intestinal (i.e., nondisseminated) strongyloidiasis due to the nematode parasite Strongyloides stercoralis.
This indication is based on clinical studies of both comparative and open-label designs, in which 64-100% of infected patients were cured following a single 200-mcg/kg dose of ivermectin. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Clinical Studies.)

### Onchocerciasis
STROMECTOL is indicated for the treatment of onchocerciasis due to the nematode parasite Onchocerca volvulus.
This indication is based on randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled and comparative studies conducted in 1427 patients in onchocerciasis-endemic areas of West Africa. The comparative studies used diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC-C).
NOTE: STROMECTOL has no activity against adult Onchocerca volvulus parasites. The adult parasites reside in subcutaneous nodules which are infrequently palpable. Surgical excision of these nodules (nodulectomy) may be considered in the management of patients with onchocerciasis, since this procedure will eliminate the microfilariae-producing adult parasites.
Jardine Water Purification Plant
The Jardine Water Purification Plant, formerly the Central District Filtration Plant, is the largest capacity water filtration plant in the world, located at 1000 E. Ohio Street north of Navy Pier in Chicago, Illinois. It draws raw water from two of the city's water cribs far offshore in Lake Michigan and sends nearly one billion gallons of water per day to consumers in the north and central portions of the city. Constructed in the 1960s, it began functioning in 1968. Shortly thereafter the Ohio Street Beach formed in the bay created by the plant. Landscaping around the plant and in the adjoining Milton Olive Park was designed by Dan Kiley, and a statue, Hymn to Water, by Milton Horn graces the front entrance.
The southern portion of the city is served by a separate plant, the South Water Purification Plant. Together the two plants supply water to about 5 million people in the city and 118 suburbs.

# Notes
-  "Water Purification". Eastland Memorial Society. Retrieved 2007-09-30..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}
-  "World's Largest Water Treatment Plant Optimizes Procedures Based on ALGOR Fluid Flow Results". ALGOR, Inc. 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
Journal of Experimental Medicine
The Journal of Experimental Medicine is an academic journal that publishes research papers and commentaries in the biomedical area. Topics covered include immunology, inflammation, infectious disease, hematopoiesis, cancer, stem cells and vascular biology. The journal has a history of predominantly publishing basic research, although studies in human subjects form an increasing proportion of papers published (around 10% in 2004).
JEM was founded in 1896, which makes it among the longest established of scientific journals. Initially published at the Johns Hopkins University, it was taken over in 1905 by the Rockefeller University Press, the current publishers, and is published on a not-for-profit basis. There is no single Editor-in-Chief, with eleven academic Editors and a hundred strong Advisory Board.
JEM is published monthly. An online archive of articles back to 1896 is available in text and PDF formats (material from 1996 and earlier is only available in PDF). Material over 6 months old is freely accessible, and access to all papers is also provided free of charge to developing countries.
Its 2005 impact factor was 13.965, putting it amongst the leading biomedical journals.

# Reference
-  Steinman RM (2005) Research on human subjects in the JEM. J Exp Med 201: 1349-1350

# External link
- JEM website
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease

# Overview
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease (LPRD) is a reflux disease similar to Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) but with some differences. Heartburn is not very common in patients diagnosed with LPRD.

# Symptoms
- Hoarseness
- Chronic (ongoing) cough
- Frequent throat clearing
- Pain or sensation in throat
- Feeling of lump in throat
- Problems while swallowing
- Bad/bitter taste in mouth (Especially in morning)
- Frequent coughing and choking, especially in the middle of the night
- Asthma-like symptoms
- Referred ear pain
- Post-nasal drip
- Singing: Difficulty with high notes

# Treatment
Various treatments include diet adjustments coupled with medication, posture changes and sensible eating. Smoking can aggravate this condition and must be stopped at all costs.
Latanoprost detailed information
Latanoprost (pronounced la-TA-noe-prost) ophthalmic solution is a topical medication used for controlling the progression of glaucoma or ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a prostaglandin analogue that works by increasing the outflow of aqueous fluid from the eyes.
It is also known by the brand name of Xalatan manufactured by Pfizer.

# Side effects
Possible side effects:
- May cause reddening of the eyes (hyperemia)
- May cause blurred vision;
- May cause eyelid redness;
- May permanently darken eyelashes;
- May cause eye discomfort;
- May eventually cause permanent darkening of the iris to brown (heterochromia);
- May cause a temporary burning sensation during use.
- May cause thickening of the eyelashes.
- Rarely, herpes simplex keratitis.
Lecithin retinol acyltransferase
Lecithin retinol acyltransferase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the LRAT gene.

# Function
Lecithin retinol acyltransferase is a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the esterification of all-trans-retinol into all-trans-retinyl ester during phototransduction, an essential reaction for the retinoid cycle in visual system and vitamin A status in liver.

# Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene have been associated with early-onset severe retinal dystrophy.
LRAT was overexpressed in colorectal cancer cells compared to normal colonic epithelium. Strong LRAT expression was associated with a poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer.
Lincomycin clinical pharmacology

# CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Intramuscular administration of a single dose of 600 mg of lincomycin produces average peak serum levels of 11.6 g/mL at 60 minutes and maintains therapeutic levels for 17 to 20 hours for most susceptible gram-positive organisms. Urinary excretion after this dose ranges from 1.8 to 24.8 percent (mean: 17.3 percent).
A two hour intravenous infusion of 600 mg of lincomycin achieves average peak serum levels of 15.9 g/mL and yields therapeutic levels for 14 hours for most susceptible gram-positive organisms. Urinary excretion ranges from 4.9 to 30.3 percent (mean: 13.8 percent).
The biological half-life after intramuscular or intravenous administration is 5.4  1.0 hours. The serum half-life of lincomycin may be prolonged in patients with severe impairment of renal function compared to patients with normal renal function. In patients with abnormal hepatic function, serum half-life may be twofold longer than in patients with normal hepatic function. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are not effective in removing lincomycin from the serum.
Tissue level studies indicate that bile is an important route of excretion. Significant levels have been demonstrated in the majority of body tissues. Although lincomycin appears to diffuse into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), levels of lincomycin in the CSF appear inadequate for the treatment of meningitis.
Lincomycin indications and usage

# INDICATIONS AND USAGE
LINCOCIN Sterile Solution is indicated in the treatment of serious infections due to susceptible strains of streptococci, pneumococci, and staphylococci. Its use should be reserved for penicillin-allergic patients or other patients for whom, in the judgment of the physician, a penicillin is inappropriate. Because of the risk of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis, as described in the WARNING box, before selecting lincomycin the physician should consider the nature of the infection and the suitability of less toxic alternatives (eg,erythromycin).
Bacteriologic studies should be performed to determine the causative organisms and their susceptibility to lincomycin.
Indicated surgical procedures should be performed in conjunction with antibiotic therapy.
Lincomycin has been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of staphylococcal infections resistant to other antibiotics and susceptible to lincomycin. Staphylococcal strains resistant to LINCOCIN have been recovered; culture and susceptibility studies should be done in conjunction with therapy with LINCOCIN. In the case of macrolides, partial but not complete cross resistance may occur (see Microbiology). The drug may be administered concomitantly with other antimicrobial agents when indicated.
Lincomycin is not indicated in the treatment of minor bacterial infections or viral infections.
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of LINCOCIN and other antibacterial drugs, LINCOCIN should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Linker for Activation of T cells
The Linker for Activation of T cells, also known as Linker of Activated T cells or LAT, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the LAT gene. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is phosphorylated by ZAP70/Syk protein tyrosine kinases following activation of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signal transduction pathway. This transmembrane protein localizes to lipid rafts (also known as glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains or GEMs) and acts as a docking site for SH2 domain-containing proteins. Upon phosphorylation, this protein recruits multiple adaptor proteins and downstream signaling molecules into multimolecular signaling complexes located near the site of TCR engagement.

# Discovery
LAT was described in the early 1990s as a phosphoprotein of 3638 kDa (pp. 3638) rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosine residues following TCR ligation. Cloning of the gene revealed that the protein product is a type III (leaderless) transmembrane protein of 262 aminoacids (long form) or 233 aminoacids (short form) in humans, 242 aminoacids in mouse, and 241 aminoacids in rat.

# Interactions
The Linker for Activation of T cells has been shown to interact with:
- GRAP2,
- GRAP,
- Grb2,
- ITK,
- MAP4K1
- PIK3R1,
- PLCG1,
- SHB,
- VAV1, and
- ZAP-70.
Liposclerosing myxofibrous tumor

# Overview
Liposclerosing myxofibrous tumor (LSMFT) of bone, a benign fibro-osseous lesion, is characterized by a complex mixture of histologic elements. These include lipoma, fibroxanthoma, myxoma, myxofibroma, fibrous dysplasia like features, cyst formation, fat necrosis, ischemic ossification, and, rarely, cartilage. LSMFT has a striking predilection for the femur (approximately 85% of the lesions). Approximately 91% of the femoral lesions are in the intertrochanteric region. The prevalence of malignant transformation in LSMFT has been reported to be 10%16%. The increased propensity of LSMFT for malignant transformation is likely to be secondary to its extensive involutional and ischemic change, with the associated sarcoma arising from areas of ischemic ossification within the lesion or from progressive in situ atypism of the altered lipomatous elements.

# Diagnosis
The imaging findings are
- Radiographs typically showed a geographic lesion with a well-defined, often extensively sclerotic margin; such findings indicate an indolent pattern of growth.
- Despite its name, lipomatous tissue was not identified on CT and MR imaging studies.
- Myxoid tissue causes decreased attenuation seen in portions of the lesions on the CT scans and causes the high signal intensity seen on the T2-weighted MR images.
- LSMFT can be readily distinguished from intraosseous lipoma on CT scans or MR images by the identification of fat within a lipoma.
CT images of a liposclerosing myxofibrous tumor in the right femur
List of publications in medicine

# Foundations
De Materia Medica
The Canon of Medicine
The Principles and Practice of Medicine: Designed for the Use of Practitioners and Students of Medicine

# Recent studies
Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observation on male British doctors
Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study
Heart Protection Study

# Publications in Medicine by field

## Cardiology
Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction

## Endocrinology
Pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus: its differentiation into insulin-sensitive and insulin-insensitive types.

## Other Fields
- Anesthesiology
- Bioethics
- Clinical chemistry
- Dermatology
- Embryology
- Emergency medicine
- Gastroenterology
- General practice
- General surgery
- Geriatrics
- Gynecology
- Hematology
- Hospital medicine
- Hyperbaric medicine
- Infectious diseases
- Intensive care medicine
- Internal medicine
- Interventional radiology
- Medical informatics
- Nephrology
- Neurology
- Neurosurgery
- Nosology
- Nuclear Medicine
- Nutrition
- Obstetrics
- Oncology
- Ophthalmology
- Orthopedic surgery
- Otolaryngology
- Pain medicine
- Palliative care
- Pediatrics
- Plastic surgery
- Psychiatry
- Public health
- Pulmonology
- Radiation therapy
- Radiology
- Rheumatology
- Transfusion medicine
- Urology
- Vascular surgery