Persius/hicric huggingface dataset:
Arene substitution patterns
Arene substitution patterns are part of organic chemistry IUPAC nomenclature and pinpoint the position of substituents other than hydrogen in relation to each other on an aromatic hydrocarbon.
In ortho-substitution, two substituents occupy positions next to each other, which may be numbered 1 and 2. In the diagram, these positions are marked G (for Group) and ortho.
In meta-substitution the substituents occupy positions 1 and 3 (corresponding to G and meta in the diagram). In para-substitution, the substituents occupy the opposite ends (positions 1 and 4). The toluidines serve as an example for these three types of substitution.
In special cases, ipso-substitution describes two substituents sharing the same ring position in an intermediate compound in an electrophilic aromatic substitution.
Meso-substitution is observed in compounds such as calixarenes and acridines and refer to the substituents occupying a benzylic position.
In naphthalenes, substitution specifically in the 1 and 8 positions is called peri-substitution.
Two additional terms related to substitution processes are cine-substitution in which the entering group takes up a position adjacent to that occupied by the leaving group for example observed in aryne chemistry and tele-substitution when the new position is more than one atom away on the ring

# Origins
The meanings of the prefixes ortho, meta and para are all derived from Greek: respectively meaning straight or correct, following or after and akin to or similar. The relationship to the current meaning is perhaps not obvious. The ortho description was historically used to designate the original compound and an isomer was often called the meta compound, see for instance the trivial names orthophosphoric acid and trimetaphosphoric acid having nothing to do with aromats at all. Likewise the description para was reserved for just closely related compounds.  Thus Berzelius originally called the racemic form of aspartic acid paraaspartic acid (another obsolete term: racemic acid) in 1830. The use of the descriptions ortho, meta and para for multiple substituted aromatic rings starts with  Wilhelm Korner in the period 18661874 although he chose to reserve the ortho prefix for the 1,4 isomer and the meta prefix for the 1,2-isomer. The current nomenclature (different again from that of Korner) was introduced by the Chemical Society in 1879 .

# Examples
Examples of the use of this nomenclature are given for isomers of cresol:
Catechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone are isomers also:
Phthalic acid has two isomers, the meta isomer isophthalic acid and the para isomer terephthalic acid:
Aristaless related homeobox
Aristaless related homeobox is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARX gene.

# Function
This gene is a homeobox-containing gene expressed during development. The expressed protein contains two conserved domains, a C-peptide (or aristaless domain) and the prd-like class homeobox domain. It is a member of the group-II aristaless-related protein family whose members are expressed primarily in the central and/or peripheral nervous system. This gene is involved in CNS and pancreas development.

# Clinical significance
Mutation in the ARX gene are associated with X-linked intellectual disability, lissencephaly, as well as hypoglycemia (in mice).
Ascending pharyngeal artery
The ascending pharyngeal artery, the smallest branch of the external carotid, is a long, slender vessel, deeply seated in the neck, beneath the other branches of the external carotid and under the Stylopharyngeus.
It arises from the back part of the external carotid, near the commencement of that vessel, and ascends vertically between the internal carotid and the side of the pharynx, to the under surface of the base of the skull, lying on the Longus capitis.

# Additional images
- Superficial dissection of the right side of the neck, showing the carotid and subclavian arteries.
Auditory brainstem response
Auditory brainstem response (ABR) is an electrical signal evoked from the brainstem of a human or other mammal by the presentation of a sound such as a click.
Auditory brainstem response audiometry is a screening test to monitor for hearing loss or deafness, especially notable for its use with newborn infants. It is a method employed to assess the functions of the ears, cranial nerves, and various brain functions of the lower part of the auditory system, prior to the child developing to the point of describing a possible hearing problem.
ABR audiometry is a safe and painless test of auditory pathway and brainstem function in response to auditory or (click) stimuli. The procedure was first described by Jewett and Williston in 1971. ABR audiometry is the most common application of auditory evoked responses. Test administration and interpretation are typically performed by an audiologist. (See reference)

# Infant hearing testing
ABR technology has been used in testing newborns for the past 15 years. Approximately 1 of every 1000 children is born deaf. Many more are born with less severe degrees of hearing impairment, while others may acquire hearing loss during early childhood.
Historically, only infants who met one or more criteria on the high-risk register were tested. Universal hearing screening has been recommended because about 50% of the infants later identified with hearing loss are not tested when neonatal hearing screening is restricted to high-risk groups. Recently, hospitals across the United States have been implementing universal newborn hearing screening programs. These programs are possible because of the combination of technological advances in ABR and otoacoustic emissions (OAE) testing methods and equipment availability, which enables accurate and cost-effective evaluation of hearing in newborns.
Moreover, the auditory brainstem response can also be measured in response to a complex speech signal.  A growing body of literature has evaluated speech-evoked brainstem response differences between normal children and children with learning problems indicates that brainstem measures relating to the encoding of linguistic information can serve as a biological marker for auditory function in children with language-based learning problems, such as dyslexia. A consistent finding is that about one third of children with language-based learning problems exhibit a unique pattern of auditory neural activity that easily distinguishes them from the larger population of children with learning problems.
Augmentation pharyngoplasty

# Overview
Augmentation pharyngoplasty brings the posterior pharyngeal wall forward, making it similar to an adenoid pad. Several techniques have been used including: rearranging the soft tissue, implanting cartilage and injection or implanting different types of synthetic materials. (Peterson-Falzone et al., 2001)
Soft Tissue Advancement: Passavant (1862), attempted to advance the soft tissue of the posterior pharyngeal wall by suturing two palatopharyngeal muscles in the middle to exemplify Passavants ridge. Later, he tried to create this ridge by folding a flap of pharyngeal mucosa upon itself. This type of surgery is best for patients with
velopharyngeal defects. (Peterson-Falzone et al., 2001)
Cartilage implants: material, (usually from the patients rib), is implanted to create an anterior projection on the pharyngeal wall. Most of the time, the success rate is low because the surgeons could not get a large enough sample from the ribs to stay in place in the pharyngeal wall. Later, several surgeons only performed this surgery on patients with openings 5 mm wide or less. The ten patients in this study no longer experience hypernasality or audible nasal emissions. Another study was done under the same circumstances (20 patients with gaps 1-3 mm), and had a much lower success rate. (Peterson-Falzone et al., 2001)
Pg 320-321
Synthetic materials: synthetic materials used to augment the posterior pharyngeal wall include: silicone (Silastic) (Blocksma, 1963), Teflon (Ward et al. 1966, Smith & McCabe, 1977), Proplast (Wolford et al. 1989), and collagen.
Many of these procedures were abandoned because results were unpredictable, there were post operative complications or the Food and Drug Administration imposed restrictions. Overall these procedures were deemed undesirable in the long term. (Peterson-Falzone et al., 2001)
Avon Walk for Breast Cancer

# Overview
The Avon Walk for Breast Cancer is a fundraising effort to support the Avon Foundation in researching a cure for breast cancer.
Participants are required to raise a minimum of $1800 for the cause and over the course of two days walk either 26.2 or 39.3 miles.
The walk was first organized in 2003, and is currently held in eight cities across the United States including Washington, DC, Boston, Chicago, Denver, San Francisco, Los Angeles, New York and Charlotte. However, in 2008, the walk will also occur in Houston. In 2006, over 22,000 participants raised over $42 millions of dollars.
In 2008, Houston, TX will be added as a new city. The Walk will be in early April.
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Synonyms and keywords: BWS, Exomphalos-Macroglossia-Gigantism syndrome, EMG syndrome, Wiedemann-Beckwith Syndrome, WBS

# Overview
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a rare genetic or epigenetic overgrowth syndrome associated with an elevated risk of embryonic tumor formation.

# Historical Perspective
BWS was first described by Hans-Rudolf Wiedemann in 1964.

# Pathophysiology
BWS is caused by mutations in growth regulating genes on chromosome 11specifically 11p15or by errors in genomic imprinting.

# Epidemiology and Demographics
The prevalence is about 1 in 15,000.

# Risk Factors
Children conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF) are three to four times more likely to develop the condition.

# Diagnosis

## Symptoms

## Physical Examination
Clinically, patients typically present with omphalocele, macroglossia (large tongue), and macrosomia (large birth weight). Organomegaly, adrenocortical cytomegaly, hemihypertrophy, and neonatal hypoglycemia may also been seen. Not all of these features appear in every individual with BWS. Macroglossia occurs in approximately 80% of cases and often results in 'floppy' airways which may require treatment with a tracheotomy.

# Screening
The BWS gene locus (CDKN1C) is adjacent to the WT1 gene implicated in Wilms' tumor development, and thus the BWS locus has been named WT2. BWS-affected individuals are at an elevated risk of developing Wilms' tumors as well as other neoplasias such as hepatoblastomas. For this reason, physicians may recommend periodic screening for evidence of these tumors in children diagnosed early in life with BWS. Screening tests might include abdominal or renal ultrasound imaging and serum alpha-fetoprotein levels.
EKG in biatrial enlargement

# Overview
In biatrial enlargement, the ECG has signs of both left and right atrial enlargement.
In lead V1 the following are observed:
- The P wave is biphasic with a large initial positive peak followed by a negative deflection.
- The P wave is more than 0.04 seconds in duration.
- The positive initial part of the P wave is > 1.5 mm and the negative terminal part of the P wave is > 1 mm.

# Additional Reading
- Moss and Adams' Heart Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents Hugh D. Allen, Arthur J. Moss, David J. Driscoll, Forrest H. Adams, Timothy F. Feltes, Robert E. Shaddy, 2007 ISBN 0781786843
- Hurst's the Heart, Fuster V, 12th ed. 2008, ISBN 978-0-07-149928-6
- Willerson JT, Cardiovascular Medicine, 3rd ed., 2007, ISBN 978-1-84628-188-4
Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
Synonyms and keywords: Sabia, Sabia virus

# Overview
Brazilian hemorrhagic fever (BzHF) is an infectious disease caused by the Sabia virus, an Arenavirus. The Sabia virus is an enveloped RNA virus and is highly infectious and lethal.
The incubation period is between 716 days, during which signs and symptoms can develop. Initial signs and symptoms can include fever, eye redness, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, loss of strength, and exhaustion. Severe cases show signs of bleeding under the skin, internal organs, or from body orifices like the mouth, eyes, or ears. Severely ill patients show shock, nervous system malfunction, coma, delirium, and seizures.
The Sabia virus can be acquired through inhalation, ingestion, the eyes, and contact with urine, saliva, blood, or feces of rodents.
The Sabia virus is a Biosafety Level 4 pathogen.
To date, there have only been three reported infections of the Sabia virus. Only one known case of naturally contracted Sabia virus occurred in a woman staying in the village of Sabia, outside of Sao Paulo, in 1990. Two other cases occurred in a clinical setting. One of the scientists who was infected was treated with ribavirin.
This virus has also been implicated as a means for bioterrorism, as it can be spread through aerosols.

# Gallery
- Skin surface displayed characteristic maculopapular vesicles of the milder form of smallpox, or the DNA virus, variola minor. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Face and upper body of child whose skin displayed the characteristic maculopapular lesions of the milder form of smallpox, or the DNA virus, variola minor. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Dermal lesions determined to be due to the DNA virus, variola minor. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Characteristic maculopapular vesicles of the milder form of smallpox, or the DNA virus, variola minor. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Mother and her child both manifested the dermal lesions determined to be due to the DNA virus, variola minor, otherwise known as alastrim. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Dermal lesions determined to be due to the DNA virus, variola minor. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Dermal lesions determined to be due to the DNA virus, variola minor. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Childs face revealing the distribution of a mild maculopapular rash due to smallpox. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). 
- Maculopapular lesions on the face of a Brazilian smallpox patient. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).
BuschkeOllendorff syndrome
Synonyms and keywords: Dermatofibrosis lenticularis disseminata.
BuschkeOllendorff syndrome, also known as Dermatofibrosis lenticularis disseminata, is a rare genetic disorder associated with LEMD3. It is believed to be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.
It is named for Abraham Buschke and Helene Ollendorff Curth who described it in a 45 year old woman. Its frequency is almost 1 case per every 20'000 people and is equally found in both males and females.

# Genetics
BuschkeOllendorff syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. This means that the defective gene responsible for the disorder is located on an autosome, and one copy of the defective gene is sufficient to cause the disorder when inherited from a parent who also has the disorder.

# Physical examination

## Gallery

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C-fos-induced growth factor
C-fos-induced growth factor (FIGF) (or vascular endothelial growth factor D, VEGF-D) is a vascular endothelial growth factor that in humans is encoded by the FIGF gene.

# Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (PDGF/VEGF) family and is active in angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and endothelial cell growth. This secreted protein undergoes a complex proteolytic maturation, generating multiple processed forms that bind and activate VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 receptors. The structure and function of this protein is similar to those of vascular endothelial growth factor C.

# Tumor metastasis to lymph nodes
Lymph node metastasis is very often associated with several types of human malignancies. Cancer cells journey to lymph node takes place largely through lymphatic tunnel located in and around of primary tumor. VEGF-D's interactions with VEGFR-3 predominantly expressed in lymphatic vessels plays a key role in restructuring lymphatic channel and, hence, able to alter its functions related to fluid and cell transport along the conduits. VEGF-D has been established to be over-expressed in both tumor tissues and patients serum samples in several types of human cancer. In addition, VEGF-D expression has been implicated with increased incidence of regional lymph node metastasis. In experimental mice study, genetically modified tumor cell that was forced to produce VEGF-D protein have been established to boost up regional lymph nodes metastases.
CLONIDINE patch description

# Description
Clonidine Transdermal System is a transdermal system providing continuous systemic delivery of clonidine for 7 days at an approximately constant rate. Clonidine is a centrally acting alpha-agonist hypotensive agent. It is an imidazoline derivative with the chemical name 2, 6-dichloro-N-2-imidazolidinylidenebenzenamine and has the following chemical structure

## System Structure and Components
Clonidine Transdermal System is a multi-layered film, 0.25 mm thick, containing clonidine as the active agent. The system areas are 3.33 cm2 (0.1 mg/day), 6.67 cm2 (0.2 mg/day), and 10.0 cm2 (0.3 mg/day) and the amount of drug released is directly proportional to the area (see DESCRIPTION: Release Rate Concept). The composition per unit area is the same for all three doses.
Proceeding from the visible surface towards the surface attached to the skin, there are three consecutive layers: (1) a backing layer of pigmented polyethylene and polyester film, (2) a solid matrix reservoir of clonidine, mineral oil, polyisobutylene, and colloidal silicon dioxide, (3) an adhesive formulation of clonidine, mineral oil, polyisobutylene, and colloidal silicon dioxide. Prior to use, a protective slit release liner of polyester that covers the adhesive formulation layer is removed.
Clonidine Transdermal Systems are packaged with additional pieces of protective film above and below the system within each pouch. These pieces of protective film are removed and discarded at the time of use.
Cross Section of the System:

## Release Rate Concept
Clonidine Transdermal System is programmed to release clonidine at an approximately constant rate for 7 days. The energy for drug release is derived from the concentration gradient existing between the patch and the much lower concentration prevailing in the skin. Clonidine flows in the direction of the lower concentration at a constant rate.
Following system application to intact skin, clonidine in the adhesive formulation layer saturates the skin site below the system. Clonidine from the patch then begins to flow into the systemic circulation via the capillaries beneath the skin. Therapeutic plasma clonidine levels are achieved 2 to 3 days after initial application of Clonidine Transdermal System.
The 3.33 cm2, 6.67 cm2, and 10.0 cm2 systems deliver 0.1 mg, 0.2 mg, and 0.3 mg of clonidine per day, respectively. To ensure constant release of drug for 7 days, the total drug content of the system is higher than the total amount of drug delivered. Application of a new system to a fresh skin site at weekly intervals continuously maintains therapeutic plasma concentrations of clonidine. If the Clonidine Transdermal System is removed and not replaced with a new system, therapeutic plasma clonidine levels will persist for about 8 hours and then decline slowly over several days. Over this time period, blood pressure returns gradually to pretreatment levels.
CV chapters work to be done

# Goal 1: Integrate Guidelines Statements
Please integrate guidelines statements regarding the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular conditions from the following guidelines statements.

## Where Can I See Examples of What Shoud be Done?
- Look through the STEMI pages, and look how specific pages are constructed: ST_elevation_myocardial_infarction_beta_blocker_therapy
- Look through chronic stable angina
- Look through Unstable angina / non ST elevation myocardial infarction
Begin at the bottom of the page, and work your way up, as the bottom of the page contains older recommendations that may be replaced by newer recommendations.

# How do I Insert the Guidelines Statement?
We quote and reference guideline statements so that we are not accused of plagiarism.

# ACC/AHA Guidelines- Name of Guidelines Topic Goes Here (DO NOT EDIT)

# What are the Guidelines We Should Work on?

# Goal 2:Insert YouTube videos of Echocardiographic and Physical Examination Findings

# How to Insert a You Tube Video
- Log on to YouTube
- Upload your video onto YouTube
- Look at the url of your video that you uploaded, you can find it on the right hand side of the page on YouTube, an example would be 
- Enter the exact letters and numbers in the web address on the YouTube to your WikiDoc page using the code listed below. Thats is all you need to do to insert a video.
You type what is in the box (Make sure you put a space between the word youtube and the v or it wont work):
This is what plays:
Calcium alpha-ketoglutarate
Calcium-alpha-ketoglutarate C5H4CaO5H2O Is a mineral Calcium in a special form to help normalize concentrations of ordinary calcium in the body. Calcium-alpha-ketoglutarate eliminates excess Phosphate in the blood by binding to it and passed into waste. This helps re-establish the balance between calcium and phosphate in your body.

# Health Benefits
Calcium-alpha-ketoglutarate has been shown to help patients with Hyperparathyroidism by reducing the elevated levels of the mineral phosphate and calcium in the blood. Phosphate and calcium levels are normally kept in balance by our bodies natural chemistry, but hyperparathyroidism disrupts this control mechanism.

# Importance to Bodybuilders:
Importance of  adding Calcium-alpha-ketoglutarate in supplements Bodybuilders consume is to help normalize the calcium levels in blood due to the high intake of proteins such as Micellar casein, Whey protein, and other Bodybuilding supplements that contain high amounts of calcium and phosphate. Hyperparathyroidism will cause muscle weakness, muscle loss, and other health issues that will keep a bodybuilder from developing adequate muscles to compete.