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The rules say that plans must pay for a medical service or item if regular Medicare would pay for it in this case. 
You can find this rule at 42 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Section 422.101. 
 
The rules say that CT scans are covered if there is literature to support its use for the patients condition and the 
scan is reasonable and necessary for the patient. You can find this rule in the Centers for Medicare and 
Medicaid Services, Internet Only Manual, Publication 100-03, Medicare National Coverage Determinations 
Manual, Section 220.1(A). 
 
The rules say that stress testing with cardiac imaging will be considered medically reasonable and necessary 
for: 
 
1. Patients experiencing new, recurrent, or worsening cardiac symptoms, including otherwise unexplained 
angina equivalent symptoms, AND any of the following: 
 
a. Physical inability to perform a maximum exercise workload 
b. New or previously unrecognized uninterpretable electrocardiogram (ECG) due to any one of the following: 
 
-Complete left bundle branch block (right bundle branch does not render ECG uninterpretable for ischemia), 
-Ventricular paced rhythm, 
-Pre-excitation pattern such as Wolff-Parkinson-White, 
-A more than 1 mm ST segment depression (NOT nonspecific ST/T wave changes), 
-Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) with repolarization abnormalities, also called LVH with strain (NOT 
without repolarization abnormalities or by voltage criteria), or 
-Patient on digoxin therapy. 
 
c. A history of coronary artery disease (CAD) based on a prior anatomic evaluation of the coronary arteries OR 
a history of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI);OR 
d. Syncope and collapse (an abrupt, transient, complete loss of consciousness) for patients with an intermediate 
or high coronary heart disease (CHD) risk (ATP III risk criteria) and where cardiac etiology is suspected based 
on an initial evaluation, including history, physical examination, or ECG and patient is unable to exercise; OR 
e. Evidence or high suspicion of ventricular arrhythmias: OR 
f. Worsening or continuing symptoms in a patient who had a normal or submaximal exercise stress test and 
there is suspicion of a false negative result; OR 
g. Patients with recent equivocal or borderline testing where ischemia remains a concern; OR 
h. Patients on beta blocker, calcium channel blocker, and/or antiarrhythmic medication when the 
documentation supports that an adequate workload may not be attainable to enable a fully diagnostic exercise study; OR 
i. History of false positive exercise stress test (e.g., one that is abnormal, but the abnormality does not appear to 
be due to macrovascular CAD); OR 
j. Evaluation of chest pain syndrome after revascularization or in patients with intermediate to high pre-test 
probability for CAD regardless of ECG interpretability or ability to exercise; OR 
k. High pre-test probability for CAD regardless of ECG interpretability or the ability to exercise, and a decision 
to perform cardiac catheterization or other angiography has not already been made;7,8,10,15 OR 
l. Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM); OR 
 
2. New-onset atrial fibrillation (with no prior cardiac evaluation). 
3. Patients with disease conditions associated with CAD (e.g., atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm, 
peripheral vascular disease, carotid artery disease, chronic renal failure) with no stress imaging evaluation 
performed within the preceding 2 years and are unable to exercise. 
4. Patients without clear cardiac symptoms in the presence of an elevated cardiac troponin. 
5. Patients without cardiac symptoms who underwent a PCI (with stent) procedure more than 2 years prior or a 
CABG more than 5 years prior and have not undergone an evaluation for CAD within the past 2 years (stress 
echocardiogram, SPECT MPI, PET MPI, CMR, coronary computed tomography angiography [CCTA], cardiac 
catheterization) and are unable to exercise. 
6. Patients with established CAD who experienced an ACS event (STEMI, NSTEMI, or unstable angina) 
within the past 90 days provided that they did not undergo coronary angiography at the time of the acute event 
and are currently clinically stable. 
7. Evaluating new, recurrent, or worsening left ventricular dysfunction/congestive heart failure. 
8. Assessing myocardial viability in patients with significant ischemic ventricular dysfunction (suspected 
hibernating myocardium) and persistent symptoms or heart failure such that revascularization would be 
considered.6-9,15,23 
9. Pre-operative cardiac evaluation in patients not able to exercise and who will be undergoing noncardiac 
surgery with one of the following: 
 
a. Intermediate risk for surgery (cardiac risk 1-5%), poor (less than 4 metabolic equivalents [METs]) or 
unknown functional capacity, inability to exercise adequately or ECG uninterpretable for ischemia, and the 
results will affect patient management decisions 
b. High risk for surgery (more than > 5% cardiac risk), poor (less than 4 METs) or unknown functional 
capacity, inability to exercise adequately or ECG uninterpretable for ischemia, and the results will affect patient 
management decisions. 
 
10. Asymptomatic patients with a coronary calcium Agatston score more than 400. 
11. Planned cardiac or other solid-organ transplant when no cardiac evaluation has been performed within the 
past year. 
12. Patients who will be treated with interleukin 2 products for various malignant disorders. The Food and 
Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a black box warning for interleukin 2 products. See the FDA drug label 
for the FDA black box warning: https://labels.fda.gov/  
13. Stress echocardiography for the evaluation of moderate to severe valvular heart disease, suspected 
pulmonary artery hypertension, and re-evaluation of exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension to evaluate 
response to therapy. 
14. Stress echocardiography for the detection and quantification of dynamic left ventricular outflow tract 
(LVOT) obstruction in the absence of resting LVOT in patients with HCM. 
15. CMR in patients with HCM when echocardiography is inconclusive or there are poor echocardiograph 
imaging windows. 
16. Evaluation of transplant coronary artery disease (TCAD) or cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) in 
patients with a history of organ transplantation. 
17. Utilization of PET MPI in the determination of cardiac involvement using fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) 
to diagnose cardiac sarcoidosis in patients who are unable to undergo MRI,have inconclusive MRI findings, or when high probability of disease exists even after a negative MRI. Examples of patients who are unable to 
undergo MRI include, but are not limited to, patients with metal implants. 
18. Utilization of PET MPI using fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) to determine response to 
immunosuppressive therapy in patients diagnosed with cardiac sarcoidosis. 
19. Additional indications for PET Scans and SPECT are outlined in the CMS IOM Publication 100-
03, Medicare National Coverage Determinations (NCD) Manual, Chapter 1, Part 4, Sections 220.6 Positron 
Emission Tomography (PET) Scans, 220.6.1 PET for Perfusion of the Heart, 220.6.8 FDG PET for Myocardial 
Viability, and 220.12 Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). 
20. Cardiovascular stress testing may be performed in conjunction with additional cardiac diagnostic tests 
including echocardiography and nuclear cardiac imaging. However, selection of the test should be made within 
the context of other testing modalities so that the expected information does not become redundant. 
21. Patients with recently demonstrated coronary stenosis of uncertain functional significance in a major 
coronary branch on an anatomic imaging study (coronary angiogram or CCTA) may have one stress test with 
imaging. 
 
You can find this rule in the Local Coverage Determination (LCD) - Cardiology Non-emergent Outpatient 
Stress Testing (L38396) - Effective April 25, 2021. 
 
If you want to read these Medicare rules, you can go to this website www.medicareappeal.com. 
 
The Plan contract says that the Plan covers items and services in accordance with Medicare rules.