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The rules say that plans must pay for a medical service or item if regular Medicare would pay for it in this case. 
You can find this rule at 42 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Section 422.101. 
 
 
 
  
  The rules say that proton beam therapy (PBT) is considered reasonable in instances where sparing the 
surrounding normal tissue cannot be adequately achieved with photon-based radiotherapy and is of added 
clinical benefit to the patient. Examples of such an advantage might be: 
1. The target volume is in close proximity to one or more critical structures and a steep dose gradient 
outside the target must be achieved to avoid exceeding the tolerance dose to the critical structure(s). 
2. A decrease in the amount of dose inhomogeneity in a large treatment volume is required to avoid an 
excessive dose "hotspot" within the treated volume to lessen the risk of excessive early or late normal 
tissue toxicity. 
3. A photon-based technique would increase the probability of clinically meaningful normal tissue toxicity 
by exceeding an integral dose-based metric associated with toxicity. 
4. The same or an immediately adjacent area has been previously irradiated, and the dose distribution 
within the patient must be sculpted to avoid exceeding the cumulative tolerance dose of nearby normal 
tissue. 
 
PBT may offer dosimetric advantages as well as added complexity over conventional radiotherapy, 3D 
Conformal Radiation Therapy (3-D CRT) or Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT). Before applying 
PBT techniques, a comprehensive understanding of the benefits and consequences is required. In addition to 
satisfying at least one of the four selection criteria noted above, the radiation oncologist's decision to employ 
PBT requires an informed assessment of the benefits and risks including: 
 Determination of patient suitability for PBT allowing for reproducible treatment delivery 
 Adequate definition of the target volumes and OARs 
 Equipment capability, including ability to account for organ motion when relevant 
 Physician, physicist and staff training 
 Adequate quality assurance procedures. 
 
Coverage of proton beam therapy in Group 2 is limited to providers who have demonstrated experience in data 
collection and analysis with a history of publication in the peer-reviewed medical literature. 
 Unresectable lung cancers and upper abdominal/peri-diaphragmatic cancers 
 Advanced stage, unresectable pelvic tumors including those with peri-aortic nodes or malignant lesions 
of the cervix 
 Breast cancers 
 Unresectable pancreatic and adrenal tumors 
 Skin cancer with macroscopic perineural/cranial nerve invasion of skull base 
 Unresectable malignant lesions of the liver, biliary tract, anal canal and rectum 
 Prostate cancer, without distant metastases 
 Hodgkin or Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma involving the mediastinum or in non-mediastinal sites where 
PBT has the potential to reduce the risk of pneumonitis or late effects of radiation therapy (secondary 
malignancy, cardiovascular disease, or other chronic health conditions) 
 Re-irradiation where prior radiation therapy to the site is the governing factor necessitating PBT in lieu 
of other radiotherapy. 
 
You can find this rule in the Local Coverage Determination for Proton Beam Therapy, L35075.  
 
If you want to read these Medicare rules, you can go to this website www.medicareappeal.com. 
 
The Plan contract says that the Plan covers items and services in accordance with Medicare rules.