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The rules say that plans must pay for a medical service or item if regular Medicare would pay for it in this case.
You can find this rule at 42 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Section 422.101.
The rules say proton beam therapy will be considered medically reasonable and necessary for the following
conditions:
Group #1 Conditions
- Benign or malignant conditions otherwise not suitable for intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
or 3- dimensional conformal therapy involving the base of the skull or axial skeleton, including but not
limited to chordomas and chondrosarcomas.
- Solid tumors in children up to age 18.
- Benign or malignant central nervous system tumors to include primary and variant forms of
medulloblastoma, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, arteriovenous malformations, acoustic neuroma
craniopharyngioma, benign and atypical meningiomas and pineal gland tumors.
- Intraocular melanomas
Because many radiological oncologists believe that proton beam therapy is a legitimate treatment option in
certain circumstances where 3-dimensional conformal or intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is
deemed medically necessary, proton beam therapy will be considered as medically reasonable and necessary
for certain other conditions (i.e., Group #2 of ICD-10-CM Codes that Support Medical Necessity) not listed
above, as long as the following criteria are met:
Either #1, #2, or #3 must be present and
Either #4 or #5 must be present and
#6 must always be present.
1. When dose constraints to normal tissues limit the total dose of radiation safely deliverable to the tumor with
other indicated methods
2. When there is a reason to believe that doses generally thought to be above the level otherwise attainable
with other methods might improve control rates
3. In circumstances when the higher levels of precision associated with proton beam therapy as compared to
other radiation methods are necessary, i.e., clinically relevant
4. For the treatment of primary lesions, the intent of treatment must be curative
5. For the treatment of metastatic lesions, there must be
a. the expectation of a long-term benefit (> 2y) that could not have been attained with conventional
therapy
b. the expectation of a complete eradication of the metastatic lesion that could not have been safely
accomplished with conventional therapy, as evidenced by a dosimetric advantage for proton beam
radiotherapy over other forms of radiation therapy
6. The patient's record demonstrates why Proton beam radiotherapy is considered the treatment of choice for
the individual patient. Specifically, the record must address the lower risk to normal tissue, the lower risk of
disease recurrence, and the advantages of the treatment over IMRT or 3-dimensional conformal Dosimetric
evidence of reduced normal tissue toxicity and/or improved tumor control must be maintained.
If the above provisions are met and the patient is treated in a protocol that is designed for evidence
development and for future publication, it is expected that future published data will support an outcome
advantage for patients for continued coverage of the specific diagnosis. The protocol in and by itself does not
constitute criteria for coverage. The presence of an Institutional Review Board review, when appropriate, and
patient informed consent are also expected.
Proton beam treatment of the following conditions may be considered medically reasonable and necessary only
if the above criteria are met as specified.
Group #2 Conditions
- Malignant lesions of the head and neck when the intent of treatment is to be curative.
- Malignant lesions of the Para nasal sinus, and other accessory sinuses
- Malignant lesions of the prostate
- Malignant advanced stage, non-metastatic tumors of the bladder
- Advanced pelvic tumors including malignant lesions of the cervix
- Left breast tumors
- Pancreatic and adrenal tumors
- Skin cancer with perineural/cranial nerve invasion
- Unresectable retroperitoneal sarcoma and extremity sarcoma
- Cancers of the lung and upper abdominal/peri-diaphragmatic cancers
- Malignant lesions of the liver, biliary tract, anal canal and rectum

You can find this rule in the Local Coverage Determination (LCD): Proton Beam Radiotherapy (L33937)
effective December 16, 2019.
If you want to read these Medicare rules, you can go to this website www.medicareappeal.com.
The Plan contract says that the Plan covers items and services in accordance with Medicare rules.